Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6798 844335 578930 2026-06-01T05:48:34Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirata da '''Kogin Nijar''' na da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinta arubba’in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinta 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] oajwhv0hznjiqbc8qme39xpf4zjmtsr 844336 844335 2026-06-01T05:50:07Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' na da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinta arubba’in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinta 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] tp62c0d8v3l66jpo350kqmrc1pbw9fi 844337 844336 2026-06-01T05:51:02Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinta arubba’in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinta 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] b1vsz5w40vqt90lvkeaurvzu97s9kq9 844338 844337 2026-06-01T05:51:38Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arubba’in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinta 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] eobf6rxxrye81kuvns8jinajr9rxw46 844339 844338 2026-06-01T05:54:43Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinta 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] k95trz475zamacvjbtnq1rb092wm2ud 844340 844339 2026-06-01T05:55:37Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinta daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] czjvjt2eek4kx16rppjemna41v5sfax 844341 844340 2026-06-01T05:57:01Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan Gine, a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] ltyw58auyrb29a2rkr791c1w0u0u3e6 844342 844341 2026-06-01T05:58:33Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar irnsu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] mr7xt03o97yvtstdnan5yd1pf1wsfjz 844343 844342 2026-06-01T06:00:12Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] en3el41ewzrd32sdr99ytvollpiao7i 844344 844343 2026-06-01T06:02:50Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasar)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ta bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] 6frw18xzpdim7qs6df8928bhl8o6ry1 844345 844344 2026-06-01T06:03:43Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe]]. Ta bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasar)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ya bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] np6g79f3y3mfmsjwss69mfrajyleqjk 844346 844345 2026-06-01T06:04:24Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe] ya bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasar)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ya bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] 3mi8ubr47snlusjxhatdeotze7yumza 844347 844346 2026-06-01T06:08:36Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 844347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kogin Neja a Kulikoro, Mali.]] [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|Harkar kasuwanci a garin Boubon na bakin kogin neja a [[Nijer|Jamhuriyar Nojar]].]] [[File:Fisherman on the Niger River.tif|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani masunci mai kamun kifi a Kogin Neja]] [[File:Crossing Lokoja bridge.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja da gadar [[Lokoja]] a [[Najeriya]].]] [[Fayil:Le fleuve Niger(Niger river) 15.jpg|thumb|kogin neja]] '''Kogin Neja''' ,wasu kan kirashi da '''Kogin Nijar''' yana da tsawon kilomita 4,180. Zurfinsa arba'in kilomita 2,117,700,a kasa. Matsakaicin ,saurinsa 5,589 m3/s wanda ya bambanta daga saurin 500 m3/s zuwa 27,600 m3/s.<ref>Gleick, Peter H. (2000), ''The World's Water, 2000-2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater'', Island Press, p. 33, ISBN <bdi>978-1-55963-792-3</bdi> – via Internet Archive</ref> Mafarinsa daga tsaunukan [Gine], a kudu maso gabashin [[Gine]]. Ƙananan rafufukanta su ne kamar ire irensu kogin [[Bani]], kogin [[Sokoto (kogi)|Sokoto]], kogin [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] da na kogin [[Benue (kogi)|Benuwe] ya bi cikin [[Mali]], [[Nijar (kasar)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] zuwa, [[Tekun Atalanta]] wanda ya bi [[Neja Delta]]. Waɗannan biranen na samuwa a gefen kogin Neja: [[Tembakounda]], [[Bamako]], [[Timbuktu]], [[Niamey]].<ref>"Rivers of the World: The Niger River". ''Radio Netherlands Archives''. 2002-12-04.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nijar}} [[Category:Koguna]] frxs6g9hwfljxqk1hp5c2y9vrvlznlp 0 8684 844096 506715 2026-05-31T18:53:12Z Nasiru kano 45390 "Ƙara bayani game da raguwar tabkin" 844096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu dasunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30. Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi) Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). 1hj7gslqn4ujwbt4ku3ja7r77oxobll 844194 844096 2026-05-31T23:13:56Z Baban Asiya 15906 844194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30. Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi) Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). 42k6hvjcysh8jujehav3h4bhq804umo 844195 844194 2026-05-31T23:23:18Z Baban Asiya 15906 844195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30. Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi) Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Alfanun Tafkin Chadi== 868z3p27b45g3vkn0zpp835l1yi35o3 844196 844195 2026-06-01T00:56:54Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi) Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Alfanun Tafkin Chadi== 8yl9br0b6xdv6ro2r07auvsbswaoeea 844197 844196 2026-06-01T00:57:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref><ref name="hd32">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi) Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Alfanun Tafkin Chadi== hfd2ungmq9t1vwqtv13njgah6q04z38 844198 844197 2026-06-01T00:58:02Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]], kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref><ref name="hd32">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi).<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|access-date=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1|page=95}}</ref> Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Alfanun Tafkin Chadi== b4gacu8q57v1g5k45glzwp49x7lbe5y 844199 844198 2026-06-01T00:58:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leblanc |first1=M. |last2=Favreau |first2=G. |last3=Maley |first3=J. |last4=Nazoumou |first4=Y. |last5=Leduc |first5=C. |last6=Stagnitti |first6=F. |last7=van Oevelen |first7=P. J. |last8=Delclaux |first8=F. |last9=Lemoalle |first9=J. |year=2006 |title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=239 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–27 |bibcode=2006PPP...239...16L |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162944/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298_Reconstruction_of_Megalake_Chad_using_Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_data |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref> kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref><ref name="hd32">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi).<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|access-date=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1|page=95}}</ref> Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Alfanun Tafkin Chadi== iewhwphanyzsd4yp5sud7cqlxup95qo 844200 844199 2026-06-01T00:58:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leblanc |first1=M. |last2=Favreau |first2=G. |last3=Maley |first3=J. |last4=Nazoumou |first4=Y. |last5=Leduc |first5=C. |last6=Stagnitti |first6=F. |last7=van Oevelen |first7=P. J. |last8=Delclaux |first8=F. |last9=Lemoalle |first9=J. |year=2006 |title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=239 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–27 |bibcode=2006PPP...239...16L |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162944/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298_Reconstruction_of_Megalake_Chad_using_Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_data |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref> kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref><ref name="hd32">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi).<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|access-date=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1|page=95}}</ref> Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Manazarta== qkxld8rygrjsu2vmt4fn4l09wc6r9fh 844201 844200 2026-06-01T00:59:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mittelholzer-tschadsee.jpg |thumb|Tafkin]] [[File:Lake Chad from Apollo 7.jpg|thumb|right|Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968]] [[File:An_evergreen_lake_chad_shore_(detilt).jpg |thumb| Tafkin]] [[Fayil:S66-38444 Lake Chad.jpg|thumb|tafkin cadi]] '''Tabkin Cadi''' ko '''Chadi''' wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne tsakanin jihar [[Borno]], Kasar [[cadi|chadi]], kasar [[Kamaru]] da kasar [[Nijar]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leblanc |first1=M. |last2=Favreau |first2=G. |last3=Maley |first3=J. |last4=Nazoumou |first4=Y. |last5=Leduc |first5=C. |last6=Stagnitti |first6=F. |last7=van Oevelen |first7=P. J. |last8=Delclaux |first8=F. |last9=Lemoalle |first9=J. |year=2006 |title=Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=239 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–27 |bibcode=2006PPP...239...16L |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162944/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222672298_Reconstruction_of_Megalake_Chad_using_Shuttle_Radar_Topographic_Mission_data |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mathieu Schuster |author2=Claude Roquin |author3=Philippe Duringer |author4=Michel Brunet |author5=Matthieu Caugy |author6=Michel Fontugne |author7=Hassan Taïsso Mackaye |author8=Patrick Vignaud |author9=Jean-François Ghienne |date=2005 |title=Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=16–17 |pages=1821–1827 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1821S |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001}}</ref> kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.<ref name="w2">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Gritzner|first1=J. A.|title=Lake Chad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|location=Chicago|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|access-date=2023-06-13|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722235543/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Chad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref><ref name="hd32">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|year=1992|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|publisher=[[IUCN]] / [[UNEP]] / [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3|pages=329–330|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-14|archive-date=2012-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf}}</ref> Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanaicin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi).<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=J.B.|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBDbdZrHosMC&pg=PA94|access-date=2013-05-06|date=1985-11-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-04-556001-1|page=95}}</ref> Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na haɗin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC). ==Manazarta== al1wz69xiofhzz8lhqy80f81hzfy15e 0 10164 844372 840537 2026-06-01T07:57:04Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo a wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . A shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> adwfgqz0g8934e10hciz20fntb4uxcw 844373 844372 2026-06-01T08:00:37Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . A shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 88hxnqhizmhl6thwc6d8iapw2mr0dvc 844374 844373 2026-06-01T08:03:10Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . A shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tc6rrk2mq0bmkfuax7frteezwe2cslp 844375 844374 2026-06-01T08:05:00Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . A shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> bsb0q4k8ri8u4z29r3hue5qbk54dh1t 844376 844375 2026-06-01T08:07:25Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> m6ug0qwdde6ctw63fyyydxklb7ozcm5 844379 844376 2026-06-01T08:11:33Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7e9f0zoqnea0alsrjzb79lgkcdoems8 844380 844379 2026-06-01T08:15:09Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 9x1grk4yzgshtwl3m5ikkk0maeti1ko 844381 844380 2026-06-01T08:21:11Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 24, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ox2jqtldofn4lvwhgp2nk99w3n8wu0p 844382 844381 2026-06-01T08:25:17Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal a watan Janairun 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> a1nr8gikv290wzij480oo4jhatjal8k 844383 844382 2026-06-01T08:31:36Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 8euarsxu8lwqo78ew9a2j0rigbyjxal 844384 844383 2026-06-01T08:35:42Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> p5s1wbt3ek3jvvvfky4nrdzl0lc0em3 844386 844384 2026-06-01T08:37:35Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup a 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> spffkztu0vtdsqcyu8ri2zy48hzpkrr 844388 844386 2026-06-01T08:41:29Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-90 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 952gcvigltjhazwl0xkh5mnl0gami9s 844393 844388 2026-06-01T08:52:25Z Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu 45259 844393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala karni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya haye birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shine Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1890 da London Senior Cup a 1890-91; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko a 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi a shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> === 1912-1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === A shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin 1914-15. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman a shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na 1933-34, 1934-35, da 1937-38, sannan kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kofin FA na 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin 1947-48. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko a 1971), wanda aka zana a 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin 1962 da 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko a 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din a shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoba 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu a 1997-98 da na uku a 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 24 ga Oktoba 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama kakar 2019-20 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga 1994-95, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar 2020-21 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (a 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu a kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> i1lb8h6opnfjj8knwnjvab5s2hq1gpv 0 14530 844076 843876 2026-05-31T17:19:43Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko Rafin Watari''' Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o86wjcadwu1zj7fxrjk1smfit0j74su 844077 844076 2026-05-31T17:22:09Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wa Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gaicnwzay5hmq04efx3pvd6ixgby9bu 844078 844077 2026-05-31T17:23:50Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar Shanono ta jihar Kano Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5ksegxn97afsdjeh40kbkznrt0snk5i 844079 844078 2026-05-31T17:27:42Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar Shanono ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar Bagwai Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k1k3bu8v189ik2zcuee1n3wfxinh1l1 844080 844079 2026-05-31T17:28:52Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b340xvru3sbdbglbj3nnk3bafydfscs 844081 844080 2026-05-31T17:33:07Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 31a0vz32uxj0lnqfip7uzdg759qhvgx 844082 844081 2026-05-31T17:36:33Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s17ncr4m2po176ju5htjgedv7i4f65a 844083 844082 2026-05-31T17:39:06Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. * '''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira i Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lem4ss99ezg5oq1u32rv2rnl1enkcbs 844186 844083 2026-05-31T22:07:29Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7xygrsp942vdrprigxunkpsgj9274w4 844187 844186 2026-05-31T22:10:30Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari'''. Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9vt4248mspv7o7w731x63986pdxkwb8 844188 844187 2026-05-31T22:14:07Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari'''. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sga8338we8vx07ioyl6q6f77m5ivt6k 844189 844188 2026-05-31T22:15:57Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan Gogori da Gwani, sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin Koɗo da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari'''. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qdvc7iu1i92ubxmi6wsl5zajllrc8d3 844190 844189 2026-05-31T22:19:42Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwani]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9xjf7syr4p94tfpfhnyps63r1m1saj9 844193 844190 2026-05-31T23:06:38Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa */ 844193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari== [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i819qe3m0he730zjhbfr8rxxvxqc57i 844202 844193 2026-06-01T01:00:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5xnacd0h82t43ruhafejhk3x5jm5e4j 844203 844202 2026-06-01T01:00:29Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ocnjvhrwkzyk616n124d7b7af4qsioc 844204 844203 2026-06-01T01:01:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7rcdtcknyk6hl65qhuooc2fvt83ylw0 844205 844204 2026-06-01T01:02:48Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00. {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6e1hpcrwxf2en149rls0rm5nigityc5 844206 844205 2026-06-01T01:03:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 75zmjmftn1b1ynsvh2hrw5d3q5axk1l 844207 844206 2026-06-01T01:03:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} eatrw45u03xnpzkgt247w1wn6h9gdym 844208 844207 2026-06-01T01:04:33Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2npheun8ya8uhl8bcznc56e7gwktqq7 844209 844208 2026-06-01T01:05:35Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano, tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9f17t5w5dn0zn7pcy9ru6m58m9m2gpw 844210 844209 2026-06-01T01:06:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano tare da ikon ajiyar ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 57i89bg4fzl345g854fvsd5emqxkumv 844211 844210 2026-06-01T01:07:37Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano tare da ikon ajiyar ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. An gina ta ne don kariya daga ambaliyan ruwa, noman rani, kamun kifi da dai sauran su. Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9x5mg41a8seq7tuyjycnk3131covsrf 844212 844211 2026-06-01T01:07:57Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano tare da ikon ajiyar ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. An gina ta ne don kariya daga ambaliyan ruwa, noman rani, kamun kifi da dai sauran su.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-07 |title=Kano to spend N200m on Watari irrigation scheme to aid food security |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/kano-to-spend-n200m-on-watari-irrigation-scheme-to-aid-food-security/ |access-date=2020-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} c824534mx01zput41whimhkqll2mogy 844213 844212 2026-06-01T01:09:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano tare da ikon ajiyar ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. An gina ta ne don kariya daga ambaliyan ruwa, noman rani, kamun kifi da dai sauran su.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-07 |title=Kano to spend N200m on Watari irrigation scheme to aid food security |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/kano-to-spend-n200m-on-watari-irrigation-scheme-to-aid-food-security/ |access-date=2020-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abunda ya faru na al'ajabi a madatsar ruwan shine iftila'in kwale-kwale wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamban 2021. Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sxgoq5rnje6sj8m4tbb7xibab0935tx 844214 844213 2026-06-01T01:10:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Watari dam]] '''Watari Dam''' madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> An gina ta ne a tsakanin 1977 da 1980 a kan kudin Najeriya ₦7,108,000.00.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasiu |first=Yalwa Ibrahim |date=28 December 2014 |title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137 |access-date= |website=Standard Research Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}</ref> {{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}} An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]]. Itace madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Kano tare da ikon ajiyar ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. An gina ta ne don kariya daga ambaliyan ruwa, noman rani, kamun kifi da dai sauran su.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-07 |title=Kano to spend N200m on Watari irrigation scheme to aid food security |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/kano-to-spend-n200m-on-watari-irrigation-scheme-to-aid-food-security/ |access-date=2020-09-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Daya daga cikin abunda ya faru na al'ajabi a madatsar ruwan shine iftila'in kwale-kwale wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamban 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-01 |title=Nigeria boat capsize: At least 29 die in Kano state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59490699 |access-date=2023-12-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 "N da 8 ° 8'12" E tare da yanayi biyu daban. Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410C da kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm. ==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa== A nan ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya. *'''Watari''' ko '''Rafin Watari''' ya faro ne daga wani yanki na ƙaramar hukumar [[Shanono]] ta jihar Kano, a inda ya ratso garuruwa da dama, har ya fada cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a inda daga ƙarshe-ƙarshe ya ratso ta tsakankanin garuruwan [[Gogori]] da [[Gwanki]], sai kuma ya wuce tsakanin [[Koɗo]] da Bata. Daga nan ne ya dira inda suka hade da Rafin Tsamiya kuma nan ne inda cibiyar Dam din ta fara. *'''Rafin Tsamiya''' shi ne rafi na biyu da ya fi kai wa Dam ɗin ruwa, baya ga Rafin Watari. Wannan rafi, akasarinsa ya faro ne daga wasu sassa na ƙaramar hukumar [[Tsanyawa]] Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} shgaonq84c1834le2oqe1fr3vzq31l0 0 14892 844494 548000 2026-06-01T11:00:38Z Nura Bello 24854 844494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Jide kosoko at 2020 AMVCA 02.jpg|thumb|'''Jide Kosoko''']] [[Fayil:Jide kosoko at 2020 AMVCA 03.jpg|thumb|Jide Kosoko]] [[Fayil:Jide kosoko at 2020 AMVCA 01.jpg|thumb|jide kosoko]] '''Jide Kosoko''' (an haife shi 12 ga watan junairu shekarar 1954) ya kasance dan [[Najeriya]] mai shiri da tsara fina-finai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/how-i-survived-car-crash-jide-kosoko/ |title=How I survived car crash – Jide Kosoko |publisher=punchng.com |accessdate=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802190753/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/how-i-survived-car-crash-jide-kosoko/ |archivedate= 2 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name="punch">{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/life-times/i-would-have-been-disappointed-if-none-of-my-children-became-an-actor-jide-kosoko/ |title=I would have been disappointed if none of my children became an actor – Jide Kosoko |publisher=punchng.com |accessdate=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812001156/http://www.punchng.com/feature/life-times/i-would-have-been-disappointed-if-none-of-my-children-became-an-actor-jide-kosoko/ |archivedate=12 August shekarar 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/07/25/jide-kosoko-reveals-diabetes/ | title=Jide Kosoko reveals he has diabetes | publisher=dailypost.ng | accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/glitz/item/12368-my-life-as-jide-kosoko-s-daughter-abidemi-kosoko/12368-my-life-as-jide-kosoko-s-daughter-abidemi-kosoko |title=My life as Jide Kosoko’s daughter—Abidemi Kosoko |publisher=tribune.com.ng |accessdate=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813075430/http://tribune.com.ng/glitz/item/12368-my-life-as-jide-kosoko-s-daughter-abidemi-kosoko/12368-my-life-as-jide-kosoko-s-daughter-abidemi-kosoko |archivedate=13 August 2014 }}</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa da karatu== [[Fayil:Yo-Jide Kosoko.ogg|thumb|furucin jide kosoko]] An haife shi 12 ga watanJanairu, shekarar 1954 a [[Lagos]] daga gidan sarautar [[Kosoko]] dake a [[Lagos Island]]. Ya karanta business administration a [[Yaba College of Technology]].<ref name=naij/> Ya fara aikin shirin fim a 1964 a television production ''Makanjuola''. Ya kuma fito a shirye-shiryen [[Nollywood]] acikin turanci da yarbanci.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/jide-kosoko-a-true-actor-at-60/ |title=Jide Kosoko: A true actor at 60 |publisher=Daily Independent |accessdate=February 24, 2015 |date=January 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225011437/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/jide-kosoko-a-true-actor-at-60/ |archivedate=February 25, 2015 }}</ref> Matashi Kosoko ya girma ne a [[Ebute Metta]] Kuma ya samu shahara neda [[Hubert Ogunde]] da tafiyar sa zuwa shirin fim, sanda suka hadu <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/10/03/i-got-beating-life-first-performance-jide-kosoko/ |title=I Got The Beating Of My Life After My First Performance – Jide Kosoko • Channels Television |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/02/11/my-regrets-at-60/ |title=PM NEWS Nigeria |date=2014-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> played a character called Alabi.<ref name="thes">{{Cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507230973.html |title=Nigeria: Jide Kosoko - Thespian With Panache |last=Duru |first=Anthonia |date=2015-07-23 |work=Daily Independent (Lagos) |access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref> Kosoko ya cigaba da shirin fim tare da Kungiyar Awada Kerikeri wanda ya kunshi [[Sunday Omobolanle]], [[Lanre Hassan]] da [[Oga Bello]],<ref name="how">{{Cite news |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/492678-2/ |title=How Ogunde inspired me into acting – Veteran actor Jide Kosoko - The Nation Nigeria |date=2016-03-05 |work=The Nation Nigeria |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kuma yana karbar baki a shirye-shiryen telebijin na, [[New Masquerade]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602221406.html |title=Nigeria: I Will Bring Back the New Masquerade - Chief Zebrudaya |last=Abraham |first=Anthony Ada |date=2016-02-22 |work=Leadership (Abuja) |access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref> In 1972, he formed his own group theatre troupe.<ref name="how" /> [[File:Jide kosoko at 2020 AMVCA 03.jpg|thumb|Jide Kosoko]] Yana shiryawa da rubuta fina-finan sa na kansa, kamar ''Ogun Ahoyaya''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/26873/i-am-a-prince-but-i-wont-be-oba-jide-kosoko.html |title=I AM A PRINCE, BUT I WON'T BE OBA â€" JIDE KOSOKO |work=Nigerian Voice |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> Kosoko ya fara fitowa a lokacin da aka fara nuna shirye-shiryen a vidiyo, da shirya fim din sa n'a kansa, ''Asiri n la'' a 1992, tare da ''Asewo to re Mecca''<ref name="thes" /> da [[Tunde Kelani]]'s ''Ti Oluwa Ni'Le'' part 2. ==Rayuwarsa== Kosoko nada aure da mata biyu; Karimat da Henrietta<ref name=naij>{{cite news|url=http://www.naij.com/58328.html|website=Naij|title=Nollywood Actor, Jide Kosoko talks about life at the age of 60|author=Yetunde Bamidele|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}</ref> with children and grandchildren.<ref name= punch/> Shine mahaifin shahararrun yan'fim din nan, sune; Bidemi, Shola, Temilade, Tunji, Muyiwa, Tunde kosoko ==Fina-finai== *Nkan La (1992) *Oro Nla (1993) *''[[Out of Luck (2015 film)|Out of Luck]]'' *''[[The Department (film)|The Department]]'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title='The Department' Watch Osas Ighodaro, OC Ukeje, Majid Michel in trailer|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-department-watch-osas-ighodaro-oc-ukeje-majid-michel-in-trailer-id3413176.html|website=Pulse Nigeria|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|accessdate=16 January 2015|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320235945/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-department-watch-osas-ighodaro-oc-ukeje-majid-michel-in-trailer-id3413176.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2014) (TV Series) *''[[Doctor Bello]]'' (2013) *''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'' (2012) *''[[Last Flight to Abuja]]'' (2012) *''[[I'll Take My Chances]]'' (2011) *''[[The Figurine]]'' (2009) *''[[Jenifa]]'' *''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]'' *''[[King of Boys]]'' (2018) *''[[Kasala (film)|Kasala]]'' *Merrymen (2019) *Bling Lagosians (2019) *Love is war (2019) ==Duba kuma== *[[List of Yoruba people]] *[[List of Nigerian actors]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hadin waje== *{{IMDb_name|1367313|Jide Kosoko}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosoko, Jide}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7fcrbbamqxfcp2ultnvj4kqbnnh39rf 0 15946 844498 546655 2026-06-01T11:04:41Z Nura Bello 24854 844498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hans Brinker; or, The silver skates .. (IA hansbrinkerorsil00dodg6).pdf|thumb|Littafi game da joke silver]] '''Joke Silva''', MFR an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1961, ’yar fim ce ta [[Nigeria|Nijeriya]], darekta, kuma’ yar kasuwa. Dalibar da ta kammala karatu a Jami’ar Legas da kuma Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art da ke Landan, ta fara harkar fim ne a farkon shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta sami babban matsayi, wanda suka fito tare da Colin Firth da Nia Long a fim din Burtaniya da Kanada Kanar ''Sirrin Mata''. A shekara ta 2006, ta lashe "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayi na Gwarzo" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka a ''gadon mata'', da kuma "''Gwarzuwar Jaruma'' a Matsayin Tallafawa" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ''ta Fina-Finan'' a na hiyar Afirka a shekarar 2008 don rawar da ta taka kaka a ''Farin Ruwa.''<ref>http://thenet.ng/2016/06/how-joke-silva-influenced-my-career-nollywood-actress-bimbo-akintola/</ref> Silva ya auri jarumi Olu Jacobs. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, wani kamfanin dillancin labarai wanda ya kunshi samar da fina-finai, kadarorin rarrabawa da kuma Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts. Silva shine Daraktan Nazarin a karshen. Ita ce kuma babbar manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar Kwara . [[File:Olu Jacobs and Joke Silva.jpg|thumb|Joke Silva]] A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2014, Silva ta samu amincewa a matsayin wani mamba na Order of tarayyar, ɗaya daga Najeriya ta National Daraja, a taron kasa da kasa Center a [[Abuja]].<ref>http://thenet.ng/2015/07/photos-from-the-burial-of-joke-silvas-mum/</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Silva a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], cikin dangin Amaro mai yara huɗu. Mahaifiyarta, Adebimbola Silva, likita ce na farko, ta mutu a watan Yulin shekarar 2015. Mahaifinta lauya ne. Ta halarci kwalejin Holy Child a Legas. A jami'a tana daga cikin kungiyar al'adu wadanda suka haɗa da da marubuciya Bode Osanyin da mawakiya Stella Monye. Silva ta dauki shekara guda daga karatunta, a lokacin ne ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar fim. Daga nan Silva ya koma Ingila, yana karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art a London. Da farko iyayenta sun yi adawa da shawarar Silva na shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara tallafa mata, suna farin cikin nasarar da ta samu na aikinta. A lokacin tafiyarta sannu a hankali, ta koma makaranta, tana karatun Turanci a Jami’ar Legas . == Ayyuka == Silva ta yi fice a fina-finai da yawa da shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin yarukan Ingilishi da Yarbanci. Daya daga cikin matsayinta na farko ita ce a fim din Turanci na shekara ta 1990 ''Mind Bending'' . A shekarar 1993 ta bayyana a ''Owulorojo,'' bi da ''keta'' a shekara ta 1995. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta alamar tauraro gaban Colin Firth da Nia Long a Birtaniya-Kanad film ''Asirin dariya na mata,'' a cikin abin da ta bayyana Nene. Marubuciya Finola Kerrigan ta lura fiye da yadda Silva ya yi fice a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a masana'antar fim ta Nijeriya bayan ambaton rawar da ta taka. [10] A cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ta fara fitowa a gaban [[Bimbo Akintola]] a cikin ''Ci gaba da Imani'' . Daga baya Akintola ya ambaci Silva, wanda take kira da "Aunty Joke", a matsayin babban tasirin aiki, inda ta kara da cewa, "Silva ta yi abubuwa da yawa, amma ba ma game da abubuwan da ta yi ba ne, game da abubuwan da ba ta ankara ba ne cewa tayi ". Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ya shirya tare kuma ya fito a cikin ''The Kingmaker'' tare da Olu Jacobs . [12] Wannan ya biyo bayan matsayi a cikin hotuna kamar ''Matar Miji'' (2003), ''Shylock'' (2004), da kuma ''Aikin da Ya Zo Ya Taɓa'' (2004). === Nasara mai mahimmanci (2006-present) === A shekarar 2006, an ba Silva lambar yabo "Kyakkyawar 'Yar wasa a Gaban Matsayi" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na 2 saboda rawar da ta taka a ''gadon mata'' . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Silva ya yi rawar gani a gaban Genevieve Nnaji a wasan kwaikwayo na Mildred Okwo na ''Kwanaki 30'', wanda ya sami takara 10 a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka a shekara ta 2008. Ta kuma ruwaito labarin Jeta Amata 'Anglo-Nigerian' na ''The Amazing Grace'', [18] wanda aka harba a [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. Masu sharhi sun yaba fim din, kuma an zaɓi shi ne don bayar da lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards 11. ''Labarin ya'' lura da "muryar kamar waka, [wacce] ke ba da hankali ga ayyukan". A cikin shekarar 2007, Silva ta fara wasa a gaban Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Michael Okon da Fred Essien a cikin Ndubuisi Okoh's ''Don Soyayya da Riƙe.'' Silva ta sami kyautuka mafi kyawu a matsayin Jaruma a cikin shekarar 2008 saboda “yadda take nuna tsohuwar kaka” a cikin ''White Water'' (2007), duk da cewa ba ta halarci bikin ba don karɓar lambar yabo da kanta. A cikin wata hira ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008, Silva ta yi da'awar cewa "duk lokacin da ta yi wasa da mugayen halaye a cikin fim, za ta yi addu'a kuma ta yi amfani da Yesu a matsayin 'shinge'. Silva kuma shine mai karɓar lambar yabo ta EMOTAN daga African Independent Television (AIT) da SOLIDRA Award don Kayayyakin Kayayyakin. A cikin shekarar 2011, Silva ta fito tare da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], Wale Ojo da Lydia Forson a cikin Kunle Afolayan 's ''Swap'' mai ban dariya ta ''Waya Swap. Wanda'' masu suka suka yaba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin finafinan da ake jira a shekarar, ya samu takara har sau hudu a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka karo na 8, gami da gabatarwa ga Fim din Najeriyar Mafi Kyawu Hakanan ya sami lambar yabo don Nasarori a cikin Designirƙirar Samarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Silva ta hau fage don bayyana a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thespian Family Theater da Production wanda yake nuna "Mad King na Ijudiya" a zauren Agip na Muson Centre na Legas a lokacin Kirsimeti. An nuna nunin biyu a 3&nbsp;maraice da 6&nbsp;a ranar 21, 22, 28 da 29 ga Disamba, wanda ''Vanguard ta'' bayyana a matsayin "tatsuniyoyin almara na gargajiya, raye-raye da kade-kade na gargajiya wadanda ke daukar masu sauraro zuwa wani kauye na Afirka". == Ambasada na fatan alheri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya nada Joke Silva a matsayin jakadiya ta fatan alheri. Dangane da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na neman fitattun mutane a fannonin fasaha, kide-kide, fina-finai, wasanni da wallafe-wallafe don taimaka wa yakin neman zabensu, rawar da Silva ta taka a kan shigar ta cikin yaki da fataucin mutane a Najeriya. Aikin yaki da fataucin mutane na daga cikin kamfen din "Ni Ba Na da Kima", wanda shi ma ya samu tallafi daga hukumomin Najeriya. Nadin Silva ya kasance na tsawon shekaru uku. == Rayuwar mutum == [[File:Olu_Jacobs_and_Joke_Silva.jpg|thumb| Silva, tare da mijinta Olu Jacobs a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers 2014]] Silva ya auri fitaccen jarumi Olu Jacobs kuma yana da yara biyu. Ma'auratan sun hadu a shekarar 1981 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Lagos yayin bikin cika shekaru 21 da samun 'yancin kai. Silva ita ce Daraktar Nazari a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lufodo, yayin da mijinta ke shugabancin makarantar. Kwalejin Lufodo tana ɗaya daga cikin kadarorin da ma'auratan suka mallaka a matsayin ɓangare na rukunin Lufodo, gami da Lufodo Production, Lufodo Consult, da Lufodo Distribution. Silva ya sami kulawa ga Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim, Documentary da Shayari da Gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012, sannan kuma shi ne babban manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Jihar Kwara. Baya ga aikinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Silva mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma mai matukar goyon bayan kwato' yancin mata da karfafa mata, tana bayar da gudummawa ga iliminsu, horo da ci gaban su. [[File:Joke Silva.jpg|thumb|Joke Silva]] A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2014, an girmama Silva a matsayin memba na Umurnin Tarayyar, ɗayan girmamawa ta ƙasa a Nijeriya, a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya a [[Abuja]]. A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, an bayyana ta a matsayin jakadiyar alama ta AIICO Pension Managers Limited (APML). == Filmography da aka zaba == *''The Secret Laughter of Women'' (1999) as Nene *''Last Wedding'' (2004) as Mrs. Daniel *''[[Women's Cot]]'' (2005) *''30 Days'' (2006)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0798364/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> as Dupe Ajayi * ''Eewo Orisa'' (2007) as Eyinade *''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]'' (2017) as Augustina *''[[Potato Potahto]] (2017)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso's 'Potato Potahto' makes it to Netflix - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-mansoaes-potato-potahto-makes-it-to-netflix/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.myjoyonline.com|date=15 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Frimpong-Manso|first=Shirley|title=Potato Potahto|date=2019-12-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6950250/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4|type=Comedy|others=O. C. Ukeje, Joselyn Dumas, Joke Silva, Kemi Lala Akindoju|publisher=19 April Entertainment, Ascend Studios, Lufodo Productions|access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref> as Mrs. Wilson *''[[Chief Daddy]]'' (2018) as Lady Kay Beecroft *''[[Light In The Dark (film)|Light in the Dark]]'' (2019) as Mama Jumoke *[[Diamonds In The Sky|''Diamonds in the Sky'']] (2019) as Aisha Dalhatu *''[[Two Weeks in Lagos]]'' (2019) as Mrs. Chukwuemeka *''[[Namaste Wahala]]'' (2021) as Shola *The Wait (2021) as Akin's Mom *[[Chief Daddy 2: Going for Broke]] (2022) as Lady Kay *''[[Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman]] (2022) *Rise (2022) as Cecelia *Over the Bridge (2023) as Engineer Suleiman *''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (film)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]'' (2024) as older Funmilayo *''[[Curse From Beyond]]'' (1999) as Janet's Mother ===Talabijin=== *''[[Battleground (Nigerian TV series)|Battleground]]'' (2017–2019) as Mama Egba *The Olive (2021-2023) as Madam Elaine == Duba kuma == *[[List of Yoruba people]] * [[List of Nigerian actresses]] * [[Philanthropy|List of Nigerian philanthropists]] * == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Joke Silva on IMDb * Joke Silva at the TCM Movie Database [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qwcy2rweacuqvlkl16wwodqz45zbo70 844500 844498 2026-06-01T11:07:51Z Nura Bello 24854 844500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hans Brinker; or, The silver skates .. (IA hansbrinkerorsil00dodg6).pdf|thumb|Littafi game da joke silver]] '''Joke Silva''', MFR an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1961, ’yar fim ce ta [[Nigeria|Nijeriya]], darekta, kuma’ yar kasuwa. Dalibar da ta kammala karatu a Jami’ar Legas da kuma Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art da ke Landan, ta fara harkar fim ne a farkon shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta sami babban matsayi, wanda suka fito tare da Colin Firth da Nia Long a fim din Burtaniya da Kanada Kanar ''Sirrin Mata''. A shekara ta 2006, ta lashe "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayi na Gwarzo" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka a ''gadon mata'', da kuma "''Gwarzuwar Jaruma'' a Matsayin Tallafawa" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ''ta Fina-Finan'' a na hiyar Afirka a shekarar 2008 don rawar da ta taka kaka a ''Farin Ruwa.''<ref>http://thenet.ng/2016/06/how-joke-silva-influenced-my-career-nollywood-actress-bimbo-akintola/</ref> Silva ya auri jarumi Olu Jacobs. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, wani kamfanin dillancin labarai wanda ya kunshi samar da fina-finai, kadarorin rarrabawa da kuma Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts. Silva shine Daraktan Nazarin a karshen. Ita ce kuma babbar manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar Kwara . [[File:Olu Jacobs and Joke Silva.jpg|thumb|Joke Silva]] A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2014, Silva ta samu amincewa a matsayin wani mamba na Order of tarayyar, ɗaya daga Najeriya ta National Daraja, a taron kasa da kasa da ke da Center a [[Abuja]].<ref>http://thenet.ng/2015/07/photos-from-the-burial-of-joke-silvas-mum/</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Silva a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], cikin dangin Amaro mai yara huɗu. Mahaifiyarta, Adebimbola Silva, likita ce na farko, ta mutu a watan Yulin shekarar 2015. Mahaifinta lauya ne. Ta halarci kwalejin Holy Child a Legas. A jami'a tana daga cikin kungiyar al'adu wadanda suka haɗa da da marubuciya Bode Osanyin da mawakiya Stella Monye. Silva ta dauki shekara guda daga karatunta, a lokacin ne ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar fim. Daga nan Silva ya koma Ingila, yana karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art a London. Da farko iyayenta sun yi adawa da shawarar Silva na shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara tallafa mata, suna farin cikin nasarar da ta samu na aikinta. A lokacin tafiyarta sannu a hankali, ta koma makaranta, tana karatun Turanci a Jami’ar Legas . == Ayyuka == Silva ta yi fice a fina-finai da yawa da shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin yarukan Ingilishi da Yarbanci. Daya daga cikin matsayinta na farko ita ce a fim din Turanci na shekara ta 1990 ''Mind Bending'' . A shekarar 1993 ta bayyana a ''Owulorojo,'' bi da ''keta'' a shekara ta 1995. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta alamar tauraro gaban Colin Firth da Nia Long a Birtaniya-Kanad film ''Asirin dariya na mata,'' a cikin abin da ta bayyana Nene. Marubuciya Finola Kerrigan ta lura fiye da yadda Silva ya yi fice a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a masana'antar fim ta Nijeriya bayan ambaton rawar da ta taka. [10] A cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ta fara fitowa a gaban [[Bimbo Akintola]] a cikin ''Ci gaba da Imani'' . Daga baya Akintola ya ambaci Silva, wanda take kira da "Aunty Joke", a matsayin babban tasirin aiki, inda ta kara da cewa, "Silva ta yi abubuwa da yawa, amma ba ma game da abubuwan da ta yi ba ne, game da abubuwan da ba ta ankara ba ne cewa tayi ". Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ya shirya tare kuma ya fito a cikin ''The Kingmaker'' tare da Olu Jacobs . [12] Wannan ya biyo bayan matsayi a cikin hotuna kamar ''Matar Miji'' (2003), ''Shylock'' (2004), da kuma ''Aikin da Ya Zo Ya Taɓa'' (2004). === Nasara mai mahimmanci (2006-present) === A shekarar 2006, an ba Silva lambar yabo "Kyakkyawar 'Yar wasa a Gaban Matsayi" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na 2 saboda rawar da ta taka a ''gadon mata'' . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Silva ya yi rawar gani a gaban Genevieve Nnaji a wasan kwaikwayo na Mildred Okwo na ''Kwanaki 30'', wanda ya sami takara 10 a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka a shekara ta 2008. Ta kuma ruwaito labarin Jeta Amata 'Anglo-Nigerian' na ''The Amazing Grace'', [18] wanda aka harba a [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. Masu sharhi sun yaba fim din, kuma an zaɓi shi ne don bayar da lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards 11. ''Labarin ya'' lura da "muryar kamar waka, [wacce] ke ba da hankali ga ayyukan". A cikin shekarar 2007, Silva ta fara wasa a gaban Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Michael Okon da Fred Essien a cikin Ndubuisi Okoh's ''Don Soyayya da Riƙe.'' Silva ta sami kyautuka mafi kyawu a matsayin Jaruma a cikin shekarar 2008 saboda “yadda take nuna tsohuwar kaka” a cikin ''White Water'' (2007), duk da cewa ba ta halarci bikin ba don karɓar lambar yabo da kanta. A cikin wata hira ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008, Silva ta yi da'awar cewa "duk lokacin da ta yi wasa da mugayen halaye a cikin fim, za ta yi addu'a kuma ta yi amfani da Yesu a matsayin 'shinge'. Silva kuma shine mai karɓar lambar yabo ta EMOTAN daga African Independent Television (AIT) da SOLIDRA Award don Kayayyakin Kayayyakin. A cikin shekarar 2011, Silva ta fito tare da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], Wale Ojo da Lydia Forson a cikin Kunle Afolayan 's ''Swap'' mai ban dariya ta ''Waya Swap. Wanda'' masu suka suka yaba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin finafinan da ake jira a shekarar, ya samu takara har sau hudu a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka karo na 8, gami da gabatarwa ga Fim din Najeriyar Mafi Kyawu Hakanan ya sami lambar yabo don Nasarori a cikin Designirƙirar Samarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Silva ta hau fage don bayyana a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thespian Family Theater da Production wanda yake nuna "Mad King na Ijudiya" a zauren Agip na Muson Centre na Legas a lokacin Kirsimeti. An nuna nunin biyu a 3&nbsp;maraice da 6&nbsp;a ranar 21, 22, 28 da 29 ga Disamba, wanda ''Vanguard ta'' bayyana a matsayin "tatsuniyoyin almara na gargajiya, raye-raye da kade-kade na gargajiya wadanda ke daukar masu sauraro zuwa wani kauye na Afirka". == Ambasada na fatan alheri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya nada Joke Silva a matsayin jakadiya ta fatan alheri. Dangane da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na neman fitattun mutane a fannonin fasaha, kide-kide, fina-finai, wasanni da wallafe-wallafe don taimaka wa yakin neman zabensu, rawar da Silva ta taka a kan shigar ta cikin yaki da fataucin mutane a Najeriya. Aikin yaki da fataucin mutane na daga cikin kamfen din "Ni Ba Na da Kima", wanda shi ma ya samu tallafi daga hukumomin Najeriya. Nadin Silva ya kasance na tsawon shekaru uku. == Rayuwar mutum == [[File:Olu_Jacobs_and_Joke_Silva.jpg|thumb| Silva, tare da mijinta Olu Jacobs a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers 2014]] Silva ya auri fitaccen jarumi Olu Jacobs kuma yana da yara biyu. Ma'auratan sun hadu a shekarar 1981 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Lagos yayin bikin cika shekaru 21 da samun 'yancin kai. Silva ita ce Daraktar Nazari a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lufodo, yayin da mijinta ke shugabancin makarantar. Kwalejin Lufodo tana ɗaya daga cikin kadarorin da ma'auratan suka mallaka a matsayin ɓangare na rukunin Lufodo, gami da Lufodo Production, Lufodo Consult, da Lufodo Distribution. Silva ya sami kulawa ga Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim, Documentary da Shayari da Gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012, sannan kuma shi ne babban manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Jihar Kwara. Baya ga aikinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Silva mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma mai matukar goyon bayan kwato' yancin mata da karfafa mata, tana bayar da gudummawa ga iliminsu, horo da ci gaban su. [[File:Joke Silva.jpg|thumb|Joke Silva]] A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2014, an girmama Silva a matsayin memba na Umurnin Tarayyar, ɗayan girmamawa ta ƙasa a Nijeriya, a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya a [[Abuja]]. A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, an bayyana ta a matsayin jakadiyar alama ta AIICO Pension Managers Limited (APML). == Filmography da aka zaba == *''The Secret Laughter of Women'' (1999) as Nene *''Last Wedding'' (2004) as Mrs. Daniel *''[[Women's Cot]]'' (2005) *''30 Days'' (2006)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0798364/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> as Dupe Ajayi * ''Eewo Orisa'' (2007) as Eyinade *''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]'' (2017) as Augustina *''[[Potato Potahto]] (2017)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso's 'Potato Potahto' makes it to Netflix - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-mansoaes-potato-potahto-makes-it-to-netflix/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.myjoyonline.com|date=15 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Frimpong-Manso|first=Shirley|title=Potato Potahto|date=2019-12-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6950250/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4|type=Comedy|others=O. C. Ukeje, Joselyn Dumas, Joke Silva, Kemi Lala Akindoju|publisher=19 April Entertainment, Ascend Studios, Lufodo Productions|access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref> as Mrs. Wilson *''[[Chief Daddy]]'' (2018) as Lady Kay Beecroft *''[[Light In The Dark (film)|Light in the Dark]]'' (2019) as Mama Jumoke *[[Diamonds In The Sky|''Diamonds in the Sky'']] (2019) as Aisha Dalhatu *''[[Two Weeks in Lagos]]'' (2019) as Mrs. Chukwuemeka *''[[Namaste Wahala]]'' (2021) as Shola *The Wait (2021) as Akin's Mom *[[Chief Daddy 2: Going for Broke]] (2022) as Lady Kay *''[[Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman]] (2022) *Rise (2022) as Cecelia *Over the Bridge (2023) as Engineer Suleiman *''[[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (film)|Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]'' (2024) as older Funmilayo *''[[Curse From Beyond]]'' (1999) as Janet's Mother ===Talabijin=== *''[[Battleground (Nigerian TV series)|Battleground]]'' (2017–2019) as Mama Egba *The Olive (2021-2023) as Madam Elaine == Duba kuma == *[[List of Yoruba people]] * [[List of Nigerian actresses]] * [[Philanthropy|List of Nigerian philanthropists]] * == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Joke Silva on IMDb * Joke Silva at the TCM Movie Database [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s5n0os5zl32mdhqyob5af1ag294g8gc 10 17787 844385 825424 2026-06-01T08:36:08Z Gwanki 3834 844385 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border-style: solid; background:#fafcfe; border:1px solid #a3b0bf;">[[File:Arsenal logo, Emirates Stadium N7 - geograph.org.uk - 2516224.jpg|300px|thumbnail|]] ‎'''[[Arsenal F.C.|Kungiyar kwallon kafa Arsenal]]''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila 8h91gz5tptwgpj8f85gufmwnn3ff7yt 844387 844385 2026-06-01T08:37:40Z Gwanki 3834 844387 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border-style: solid; background:#fafcfe; border:1px solid #a3b0bf;">[[File:Arsenal logo, Emirates Stadium N7 - geograph.org.uk - 2516224.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Tambarin Arsenal, Filin Wasan Emirates N7]] ‎'''[[Arsenal F.C.|Kungiyar kwallon kafa Arsenal]]''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila hii6aooto69octzng4cnm7ktk0oqapr 10 17821 844389 808160 2026-06-01T08:42:19Z Gwanki 3834 844389 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Sabon Sashe na Labarai--> {{Shafukan da ake bukata}} <div style="margin: 3px 1px 4px 1px; padding: 5px; text-align:left; border-style: solid; border:1px solid #000080;"> '''Sabbin Shirye-shiryen Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Najeriya''': Gwamnatin Najeriya na ci gaba da aiwatar da sababbin yarjejeniyoyin bunƙasa tashoshin jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin sufuri domin ƙarfafa kasuwanci da jawo hannun jarin ƙasashen waje. '''Matsalar 'Yan Bindiga a Arewa maso Yamma''': Hare-haren 'yan bindiga da garkuwa da mutane na ci gaba da zama babban ƙalubale a jihohin [[Katsina]], [[Zamfara]] da [[Sakkwato]], yayin da jami'an tsaro ke ƙara kai samame a yankunan da ake zargin maboyarsu suke. '''Sabbin Zuba Jari a Afirka''': Kasashen Afirka na ci gaba da samun sabbin yarjejeniyoyin zuba jari a fannoni kamar makamashi, fasaha da ma'adinai, yayin da ƙasashen duniya ke ƙara nuna sha'awar tattalin arzikin nahiyar. '''Matsalar Yunwa a Sudan''': Rikicin da ke gudana a [[Sudan]] ya ƙara tsananta matsalar yunwa da ƙarancin kayan abinci, inda ƙungiyoyin agaji suka yi gargadin yiwuwar ƙaruwar matsalar jin kai a yankuna da dama. '''Tasirin Rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya ga Afirka''': Hauhawar farashin mai da kayayyaki sakamakon rikicin da ke tsakanin [[Iran]] da [[Isra'ila]] na ci gaba da shafar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka, musamman masu dogaro da shigo da makamashi. '''Sabuwar Damar Fasaha a Nahiyar Afirka''': Matasa da kamfanonin fasaha a ƙasashen Afirka na ƙara samun damar saka hannun jari da tallafi daga ƙasashen duniya domin bunƙasa kirkire-kirkire da tattalin arzikin zamani. '''Dangantakar Siyasa a Kahon Afirka''': Tattaunawa kan alaƙar diflomasiyya da tsaro na ci gaba a yankin Kahon Afirka, musamman bayan sababbin sauye-sauyen siyasa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin wasu ƙasashen yankin. '''Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli''': Ƙasashe da dama na duniya na ƙara ɗaukar matakai domin rage tasirin sauyin yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa da fari, yayin da masana ke gargadin ƙarin matsalolin muhalli a shekarun gaba. '''Yaƙin Ukraine da Rasha''': Faɗace-faɗace tsakanin [[Ukraine]] da [[Rasha]] na ci gaba a yankunan gabashin Turai, tare da ƙoƙarin ƙasashen duniya na neman hanyoyin sulhu da tsagaita wuta. '''Agajin Jin Kai na Duniya''': [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da ƙungiyoyin agaji na ƙara kira ga ƙasashe masu arziki da su ƙara tallafawa yankunan da rikice-rikice da yunwa suka fi shafa a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. </div> <noinclude> [[Category:Template na babban shafi‎ ]] </noinclude> ihtd7uyrr6prg5zbu0lg0qhsp36tlt7 10 17850 844391 818201 2026-06-01T08:46:33Z Gwanki 3834 844391 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Sabon A rana mai kamar ta yau--> {{A wasu ranaku}} '''Yau 1 ga Yuni''' Ga wasu muhimman abubuwan tarihi da suka faru a wannan rana. * 1792: Jihar [[Kentucky]] ta shiga cikin jihohin [[Amurka]] a matsayin jiha ta 15. * 1831: Masanin bincike [[James Clark Ross]] ya taimaka wajen gano wurin da ake kira [[North Magnetic Pole]]. * 1962: An kashe tsohon jami’in Nazi [[Adolf Eichmann]] bayan shari’ar laifukan yaƙi a Isra’ila. * 1967: An fitar da kundin wakoki na shahararriyar ƙungiyar [[The Beatles]] mai suna ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. * 1979: An kafa hukumar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ta zamani a wasu ƙasashen duniya (ciki har da sauye-sauyen kafafen yada labarai na zamani). * 1980: Tashar labarai ta duniya [[CNN]] ta fara watsa shirye-shiryenta a karon farko. * 1990: An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa [[European Central Bank]] a matsayin ginshiƙin tsarin kuɗin Turai. * 2001: An fara ƙarin tattaunawa a duniya kan tsaron yanar gizo sakamakon haɓakar amfani da intanet a duniya. * 2009: Jirgin sama na [[Air France Flight 447]] ya yi hatsari a Tekun Atlantika, lamarin da ya girgiza duniya. * 2019: An ƙara zanga-zangar neman dimokuraɗiyya a [[Hong Kong]] wacce ta ja hankalin ƙasashen duniya. <noinclude> [[Category:Template na babban shafi‎ ]] </noinclude> p0dy2pg19j7rg4zenpmovahnhgjh38c 10 17862 844392 818860 2026-06-01T08:51:03Z Gwanki 3834 844392 wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Hoto|Hoton mu na wannan ranan]] {{wide image|File: Gumel 1.jpg|400px|Fadar Sarkin '''[[Gumel]]'''}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Sauti|Sautin mu na wannan ranan]]''' {{listen|filename=Kakaki Sound.ogg|title=Busar kakaki.|left|description=Tamburan ban girma na [[Kakaki]]|format=[[wav]]}} ----- <div dir="ltr"><div class="color-bar" style="background: #069; height: .40em; margin-bottom: .5em; clear: both;"><div style="height: .40em; background: #900; width: 33%; float: left;"></div><div style="height: .40em; background: #396; width: 33%; float: right;"></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div style="font-size:3.5em; color:#2E8B57; letter-spacing:1px;"></div> [[Bidiyo|Bidiyon mu na wannan ranan]] [[File:Hausa traditional horse rider.webm||200px|frameless|left]] Yayan masu mulkin gargajiya na [[Hausawa]] akan dawaki. [[Category:Template na babban shafi]] 4tjck424gx04v5qr22karvqh028f4ov 10 18152 844390 776857 2026-06-01T08:44:11Z Gwanki 3834 844390 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Sabon Ko ka sani?--> {{Ko ka sani/A}} * '''[[Hausa Wikipedia]]''' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan Wikipedia na harsunan Afirka ta fuskar yawan maƙaloli? * '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' na [[Daular Mali]] ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajirai mafiya arziki a tarihin duniya? * '''[[Kilimanjaro]]''' shi ne dutse mafi tsawo a Afirka, yana da tsayin sama da mita 5,800? * '''[[Timbuktu]]''' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi da kasuwanci a Afirka a ƙarni na tsakiya? * '''[[Jirgin ƙasa]]''' na farko a Najeriya ya fara aiki ne a farkon ƙarni na 20 domin sauƙaƙa sufuri da kasuwanci? * '''[[Habasha]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka kaɗan da ba su taɓa kasancewa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turawa na dogon lokaci ba? * '''[[Kogin Nilu]]''' shi ne ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsawo a duniya, yana ratsawa ta ƙasashe da dama na Afirka? * '''[[Ahmadu Bello]]''' ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban Arewacin Najeriya kafin samun 'yancin kai? * '''[[Sankore Madrasa]]''' da ke Timbuktu ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a duniya tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata? * '''[[Tafkin Victoria]]''' shi ne tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fuskar faɗin fili? 4thv5wwvlfhb7pzlfypn4bvnd6bd3gj 4 21908 844181 843695 2026-05-31T21:28:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 844181 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:SupportiveAnt043|SupportiveAnt043]] |[[Special:Contributions/SupportiveAnt043|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 26 ga Mayu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Yakubu Yakubu|Yakubu Yakubu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yakubu Yakubu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Alisar.888|Alisar.888]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alisar.888|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Kolpaak|Kolpaak]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kolpaak|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Varivalge|Varivalge]] |[[Special:Contributions/Varivalge|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:90nikos|90nikos]] |[[Special:Contributions/90nikos|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Daydream moon|Daydream moon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Daydream moon|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:IcedEarthMinistries|IcedEarthMinistries]] |[[Special:Contributions/IcedEarthMinistries|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:PaganTerror|PaganTerror]] |[[Special:Contributions/PaganTerror|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Sp Gamawa|Sp Gamawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sp Gamawa|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Merriman88|Merriman88]] |[[Special:Contributions/Merriman88|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu|Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Mitrovica02|Mitrovica02]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mitrovica02|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Surajr7|Surajr7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Surajr7|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Vanmacdonald|Vanmacdonald]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vanmacdonald|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Mvanrenssen|Mvanrenssen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mvanrenssen|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |17 |[[User:MOHAMMED I MUSTAPHA|MOHAMMED I MUSTAPHA]] |[[Special:Contributions/MOHAMMED I MUSTAPHA|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Գայանե Սողոմոնյան|Գայանե Սողոմոնյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Գայանե Սողոմոնյան|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Jomitdemnas|Jomitdemnas]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jomitdemnas|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Naija Wikipediano|Naija Wikipediano]] |[[Special:Contributions/Naija Wikipediano|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Danfinklerr|Danfinklerr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Danfinklerr|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Zakster9191|Zakster9191]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zakster9191|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Ramkoretome|Ramkoretome]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ramkoretome|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Dolhaemjjiii|Dolhaemjjiii]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dolhaemjjiii|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Vinodsharmabrainscience1|Vinodsharmabrainscience1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vinodsharmabrainscience1|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Macrakis|Macrakis]] |[[Special:Contributions/Macrakis|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Muhammadsanijalingo003|Muhammadsanijalingo003]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammadsanijalingo003|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |28 |[[User:TifennD|TifennD]] |[[Special:Contributions/TifennD|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Bookwood112|Bookwood112]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bookwood112|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Radziulon|Radziulon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Radziulon|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Damselette0114|Damselette0114]] |[[Special:Contributions/Damselette0114|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026 |- |32 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2026 |- |67 |[[User:Pwnshell|Pwnshell]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pwnshell|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Yabroq|Yabroq]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yabroq|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Анори Уньойл|Анори Уньойл]] |[[Special:Contributions/Анори Уньойл|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Kim Nito|Kim Nito]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kim Nito|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |71 |[[User:브릴란떼|브릴란떼]] |[[Special:Contributions/브릴란떼|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |72 |[[User:الطيب اجديع|الطيب اجديع]] |[[Special:Contributions/الطيب اجديع|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Ahmed310302 wiki|Ahmed310302 wiki]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmed310302 wiki|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Sreehari lijinas|Sreehari lijinas]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sreehari lijinas|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Memetik|Memetik]] |[[Special:Contributions/Memetik|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Sonicflashcars|Sonicflashcars]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sonicflashcars|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Dr-Andr888|Dr-Andr888]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dr-Andr888|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Charekaprivate|Charekaprivate]] |[[Special:Contributions/Charekaprivate|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Nareto|Nareto]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nareto|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Narpsyweatherlike|Narpsyweatherlike]] |[[Special:Contributions/Narpsyweatherlike|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |81 |[[User:GIOVANe Kjær|GIOVANe Kjær]] |[[Special:Contributions/GIOVANe Kjær|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Musty Dan Mal|Musty Dan Mal]] |[[Special:Contributions/Musty Dan Mal|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Salihou maman|Salihou maman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salihou maman|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Musa Kalanda|Musa Kalanda]] |[[Special:Contributions/Musa Kalanda|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |85 |[[User:أبو براء|أبو براء]] |[[Special:Contributions/أبو براء|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |86 |[[User:AnnComms|AnnComms]] |[[Special:Contributions/AnnComms|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |87 |[[User:العالم العامل|العالم العامل]] |[[Special:Contributions/العالم العامل|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Rmanfirst|Rmanfirst]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rmanfirst|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |89 |[[User:ElWanoOficial|ElWanoOficial]] |[[Special:Contributions/ElWanoOficial|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |90 |[[User:MdTukur|MdTukur]] |[[Special:Contributions/MdTukur|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Vision L1|Vision L1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vision L1|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Bozqurd77|Bozqurd77]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bozqurd77|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |93 |[[User:Trish stratus19|Trish stratus19]] |[[Special:Contributions/Trish stratus19|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 30 ga Mayu 2026 |- |94 |[[User:OhanaUnited|OhanaUnited]] |[[Special:Contributions/OhanaUnited|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Mamasy2007|Mamasy2007]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mamasy2007|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |96 |[[User:Bloggerebonyi|Bloggerebonyi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bloggerebonyi|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |97 |[[User:Kiara2026|Kiara2026]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kiara2026|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Keyx9y|Keyx9y]] |[[Special:Contributions/Keyx9y|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Tabu Makiadi|Tabu Makiadi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tabu Makiadi|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |100 |[[User:Mrlover322|Mrlover322]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mrlover322|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Isleepalott|Isleepalott]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isleepalott|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Betìi02|Betìi02]] |[[Special:Contributions/Betìi02|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Nederlandse Leeuw|Nederlandse Leeuw]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nederlandse Leeuw|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Godfreydifu|Godfreydifu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Godfreydifu|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Simxaraba|Simxaraba]] |[[Special:Contributions/Simxaraba|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |106 |[[User:Wiklekka|Wiklekka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wiklekka|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Houstička|Houstička]] |[[Special:Contributions/Houstička|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |108 |[[User:Rasbombom|Rasbombom]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rasbombom|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |109 |[[User:Marshy60000|Marshy60000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Marshy60000|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Rocker J.(RJ)|Rocker J.(RJ)]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rocker J.(RJ)|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |111 |[[User:Ubenhagen|Ubenhagen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ubenhagen|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |112 |[[User:Ilovesymphonybar|Ilovesymphonybar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ilovesymphonybar|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |113 |[[User:Andrafaelli|Andrafaelli]] |[[Special:Contributions/Andrafaelli|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |114 |[[User:Milocean|Milocean]] |[[Special:Contributions/Milocean|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |115 |[[User:Payden Hautrosi Nières|Payden Hautrosi Nières]] |[[Special:Contributions/Payden Hautrosi Nières|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |116 |[[User:Nasiru kano|Nasiru kano]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nasiru kano|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |117 |[[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |118 |[[User:Ibraheemly|Ibraheemly]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibraheemly|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |119 |[[User:Cicada1010|Cicada1010]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cicada1010|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |120 |[[User:Chikguybardo|Chikguybardo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chikguybardo|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |121 |[[User:Saldrisazara|Saldrisazara]] |[[Special:Contributions/Saldrisazara|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |} 83fai1bktqdp50dkwp2tagfmhd9rcmg 0 23004 844442 489292 2026-06-01T09:47:08Z Fateemah usman 29326 An kirkira ta fassara "Chemistry" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356439560|Sugar]]" 844442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Suger Cane.jpg|thumb|rakenda ake suga]] [[File:Sugar packages with olympia motifs (1).jpg|thumb|fakitin suga dunƙule]] [[Fayil:Sugar falling into coffee.webm|thumb|Suga acikin kunu]] [[Fayil:Sugar 1.jpg|thumb|Suga]] [[Fayil:Sugar models.jpg|thumb|suga]] [[Fayil:Sugar falling into coffee.webm|thumb|suga]] [[Fayil:Würfelzucker -- 2018 -- 3564.jpg|thumb|sukari]] '''Sukari''' ko '''suga''', '''Siga''' sinadarin dandanone wanda ake amfani dashi wajen zaƙaƙa abu musamman kayan sha, kuma ana samarda shine daga rake sai a sarrafashi zuwa suga ta hanyar matse ruwan [[rake|raken]]. [[Fayil:Cube sugar bowl at Matching Green, Essex, England.jpg|thumb|suga]] == Chemistry == [[Fayil:Saccharose2.svg|frame|Sucrose: disaccharide na glucose (hagu) da fructose (dama) ]] A fa_n kimiyya, ''sukari'' yana nufin mahadi da yawa yawanci tare da tsari (CH₂) n. Wasu manyan nau'ikan sukari, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa na nauyin kwayoyin sune monosaccharides, disakacharides ko oligosaccharids. === Monosaccharides === Monosaccharides kuma ana kiransu "sugar mai sauƙi", mafi mahimmanci shine Glucose. Yawancin monosaccharides suna da tsari wanda ya dace da CnH2nOn tare da n tsakanin 3 da 7 (deoxyribose ya kasance banda). Glucose yana da Tsarin kwayoyin C6H12O6. Sunayen sukari na yau da kullun sun ƙare da -ose, kamar yadda yake a cikin "glucose" da "fructose". Irin waɗannan alamomi na iya nufin kowane nau'in waɗannan mahadi. Fructose, galactose da glucose duk sukari ne mai sauƙi, monosaccharides, tare da tsari na . Suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda ''bear'' (−OH) da ƙungiyar carbonyl (C=O) kuma suna da cyclic lokacin da aka narke su cikin ruwa. Kowannensu ya wanzu a matsayin isomers da yawa tare da siffofin dextro- da laevo-rotatory waɗanda ke haifar da hasken polarised ya rabu zuwa dama ko hagu.  * Fructose, ko sukari na 'ya'yan itace, yana faruwa ne a cikin 'ya'ya itatuwa, wasu kayan lambu, sukari da zuma kuma shine mafi zuma daga cikin sukari. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sukari ko sukari na tebur. Ana amfani dashi azaman syrup mai tsami, wanda aka ƙera shi daga starch na masara wanda aka sarrafa shi don samar da syrup na masara, tare da enzymes sannan aka kara don canza wani ɓangare na glucose zuwa fructose. * Galactose gabaɗaya ba ya faruwa a cikin jihar kyauta amma yana da ƙwayoyin glucose na lactose disaccharide ko sukari na madara. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose. Yana da wani bangare na antigens da aka samu a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke ƙayyade Ƙungiyoyin jini. * Glucose yana faruwa ta halitta a cikin 'ya'yan itace da ruwan 'ya'ya kuma shine samfurin farko na [[photosynthesis]]. Starch yana canzawa zuwa glucose yayin narkewa, kuma glucose shine nau'in sukari wanda ake jigilar shi a jikin dabbobi a cikin jini. Kodayake a ka'ida akwai enantiomers guda biyu na glucose (hotunan madubi ɗaya daga ɗayan), glucose da ke faruwa na halitta shine D-glucose. Wannan kuma ana kiransa ''dextrose'', ko ''sukari na inabi'' saboda bushe ruwan inabi yana samar da lu'ulu'u na dextrose wanda za'a iya sieved daga sauran abubuwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teller |first=George L. |date=January 1918 |title=Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |journal=The American Food Journal |pages=23–24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> acyclic monosaccharides (da disaccharides) suna dauke da ko dai kungiyoyin aldehyde ko kungiyoyin ketone. Wadannan haɗin carbon-oxygen guda biyu (C = O) sune cibiyoyin amsawa. Dukkanin saccharides tare da zobe fiye da ɗaya a cikin tsarin su sun fito ne daga biyu ko fiye da monosaccharides da aka haɗa da haɗin glycosidic tare da asarar kwayar ruwa (H2O) ta hanyar haɗin. === Rashin jinin === Lactose, maltose da sucrose sune disaccharides, wanda kuma ake kira "sukari mai hade". Suna raba dabarar C12H22O11. Ana samar da su ta hanyar daskarewar ƙwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu tare da fitar da kwayar ruwa.  * Lactose shine sukari na halitta wanda aka samu a cikin madara. Kwayar lactose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar galactose tare da kwayar glucose. Ana rushe shi lokacin da enzyme lactase ya cinye shi a cikin sassansa yayin narkewa. Yara suna da wannan enzyme, amma wasu manya ba sa samar da shi kuma ba sa iya narke lactose. * An kafa [[malt]]" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maltose">Maltose a lokacin tsiro na wasu hatsi, wanda ya fi shahara shine [[sha'ir]], wanda aka canza shi zuwa malt, tushen sunan sukari. Kwayar maltose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose, fructose ko sucrose. An kafa shi a cikin jiki yayin narkewar starch ta hanyar enzyme amylase kuma an rushe shi a lokacin narkewa ta hanyar enymer maltase. * Ana samun sukari a cikin rassan sukari da tushen sukari. Hakanan yana faruwa ta halitta tare da fructose da glucose a wasu tsire-tsire, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da wasu tushen kamar carot. Rarraba daban-daban na sukari da aka samu a cikin waɗannan abinci yana ƙayyade kewayon zaki da aka samu yayin cin su.<ref name="Manual" /> Kwayar Sucrose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar glucose tare da kwayar fructose. Bayan an ci shi, an raba sucrose zuwa sassan da ke tattare da shi yayin narkewa ta hanyar enzymes da yawa da aka sani da sucrases. === Polysaccharides === Oligosaccharides da polysaccharides sun fi disaccharides tsayi. Cellulose da chitin polymers ne, galibi suna da lu'ulu'u, waɗanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da kwari daban-daban, bi da bi. Ba a iya narkar da cellulose kai tsaye ta dabbobi. Sitaci wani polymer ne mai kama da glucose wanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar sukari. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} apuwxt525kax53rinzhg5h5axz86p85 844445 844442 2026-06-01T09:48:53Z Fateemah usman 29326 An kirkira ta fassara "Chemistry" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356439560|Sugar]]" 844445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Suger Cane.jpg|thumb|rakenda ake suga]] [[File:Sugar packages with olympia motifs (1).jpg|thumb|fakitin suga dunƙule]] [[Fayil:Sugar falling into coffee.webm|thumb|Suga acikin kunu]] [[Fayil:Sugar 1.jpg|thumb|Suga]] [[Fayil:Sugar models.jpg|thumb|suga]] [[Fayil:Sugar falling into coffee.webm|thumb|suga]] [[Fayil:Würfelzucker -- 2018 -- 3564.jpg|thumb|sukari]] '''Sukari''' ko '''suga''', '''Siga''' sinadarin dandanone wanda ake amfani dashi wajen zaƙaƙa abu musamman kayan sha, kuma ana samarda shine daga rake sai a sarrafashi zuwa suga ta hanyar matse ruwan [[rake|raken]]. [[Fayil:Cube sugar bowl at Matching Green, Essex, England.jpg|thumb|suga]] == Chemistry == [[Fayil:Saccharose2.svg|frame|Sucrose: disaccharide na glucose (hagu) da fructose (dama) ]] A fa_n kimiyya, ''sukari'' yana nufin mahadi da yawa yawanci tare da tsari (CH₂) n. Wasu manyan nau'ikan sukari, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa na nauyin kwayoyin sune monosaccharides, disakacharides ko oligosaccharids. === Monosaccharides === Monosaccharides kuma ana kiransu "sugar mai sauƙi", mafi mahimmanci shine Glucose. Yawancin monosaccharides suna da tsari wanda ya dace da CnH2nOn tare da n tsakanin 3 da 7 (deoxyribose ya kasance banda). Glucose yana da Tsarin kwayoyin C6H12O6. Sunayen sukari na yau da kullun sun ƙare da -ose, kamar yadda yake a cikin "glucose" da "fructose". Irin waɗannan alamomi na iya nufin kowane nau'in waɗannan mahadi. Fructose, galactose da glucose duk sukari ne mai sauƙi, monosaccharides, tare da tsari na . Suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda ''bear'' (−OH) da ƙungiyar carbonyl (C=O) kuma suna da cyclic lokacin da aka narke su cikin ruwa. Kowannensu ya wanzu a matsayin isomers da yawa tare da siffofin dextro- da laevo-rotatory waɗanda ke haifar da hasken polarised ya rabu zuwa dama ko hagu.  * Fructose, ko sukari na 'ya'yan itace, yana faruwa ne a cikin 'ya'ya itatuwa, wasu kayan lambu, sukari da zuma kuma shine mafi zuma daga cikin sukari. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sukari ko sukari na tebur. Ana amfani dashi azaman syrup mai tsami, wanda aka ƙera shi daga starch na masara wanda aka sarrafa shi don samar da syrup na masara, tare da enzymes sannan aka kara don canza wani ɓangare na glucose zuwa fructose. * Galactose gabaɗaya ba ya faruwa a cikin jihar kyauta amma yana da ƙwayoyin glucose na lactose disaccharide ko sukari na madara. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose. Yana da wani bangare na antigens da aka samu a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke ƙayyade Ƙungiyoyin jini. * Glucose yana faruwa ta halitta a cikin 'ya'yan itace da ruwan 'ya'ya kuma shine samfurin farko na [[photosynthesis]]. Starch yana canzawa zuwa glucose yayin narkewa, kuma glucose shine nau'in sukari wanda ake jigilar shi a jikin dabbobi a cikin jini. Kodayake a ka'ida akwai enantiomers guda biyu na glucose (hotunan madubi ɗaya daga ɗayan), glucose da ke faruwa na halitta shine D-glucose. Wannan kuma ana kiransa ''dextrose'', ko ''sukari na inabi'' saboda bushe ruwan inabi yana samar da lu'ulu'u na dextrose wanda za'a iya sieved daga sauran abubuwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teller |first=George L. |date=January 1918 |title=Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |journal=The American Food Journal |pages=23–24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> acyclic monosaccharides (da disaccharides) suna dauke da ko dai kungiyoyin aldehyde ko kungiyoyin ketone. Wadannan haɗin carbon-oxygen guda biyu (C = O) sune cibiyoyin amsawa. Dukkanin saccharides tare da zobe fiye da ɗaya a cikin tsarin su sun fito ne daga biyu ko fiye da monosaccharides da aka haɗa da haɗin glycosidic tare da asarar kwayar ruwa (H2O) ta hanyar haɗin. === Rashin jinin === Lactose, maltose da sucrose sune disaccharides, wanda kuma ake kira "sukari mai hade". Suna raba dabarar C12H22O11. Ana samar da su ta hanyar daskarewar ƙwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu tare da fitar da kwayar ruwa.  * Lactose shine sukari na halitta wanda aka samu a cikin madara. Kwayar lactose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar galactose tare da kwayar glucose. Ana rushe shi lokacin da enzyme lactase ya cinye shi a cikin sassansa yayin narkewa. Yara suna da wannan enzyme, amma wasu manya ba sa samar da shi kuma ba sa iya narke lactose. * An kafa [[malt]]" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maltose">Maltose a lokacin tsiro na wasu hatsi, wanda ya fi shahara shine [[sha'ir]], wanda aka canza shi zuwa malt, tushen sunan sukari. Kwayar maltose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose, fructose ko sucrose. An kafa shi a cikin jiki yayin narkewar starch ta hanyar enzyme amylase kuma an rushe shi a lokacin narkewa ta hanyar enymer maltase. * Ana samun sukari a cikin rassan sukari da tushen sukari. Hakanan yana faruwa ta halitta tare da fructose da glucose a wasu tsire-tsire, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da wasu tushen kamar carot. Rarraba daban-daban na sukari da aka samu a cikin waɗannan abinci yana ƙayyade kewayon zaki da aka samu yayin cin su.<ref name="Manual" /> Kwayar Sucrose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar glucose tare da kwayar fructose. Bayan an ci shi, an raba sucrose zuwa sassan da ke tattare da shi yayin narkewa ta hanyar enzymes da yawa da aka sani da sucrases. === Polysaccharides === Oligosaccharides da polysaccharides sun fi disaccharides tsayi. Cellulose da chitin polymers ne, galibi suna da lu'ulu'u, waɗanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da kwari daban-daban, bi da bi. Ba a iya narkar da cellulose kai tsaye ta dabbobi. Sitaci wani polymer ne mai kama da glucose wanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar sukari. == Chemistry == [[Fayil:Saccharose2.svg|frame|Sucrose: disaccharide na glucose (hagu) da fructose (dama) ]] A fa_n kimiyya, ''sukari'' yana nufin mahadi da yawa yawanci tare da tsari (CH₂) n. Wasu manyan nau'ikan sukari, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsari mai ƙaruwa na nauyin kwayoyin sune monosaccharides, disakacharides ko oligosaccharids. === Monosaccharides === Monosaccharides kuma ana kiransu "sugar mai sauƙi", mafi mahimmanci shine Glucose. Yawancin monosaccharides suna da tsari wanda ya dace da CnH2nOn tare da n tsakanin 3 da 7 (deoxyribose ya kasance banda). Glucose yana da Tsarin kwayoyin C6H12O6. Sunayen sukari na yau da kullun sun ƙare da -ose, kamar yadda yake a cikin "glucose" da "fructose". Irin waɗannan alamomi na iya nufin kowane nau'in waɗannan mahadi. Fructose, galactose da glucose duk sukari ne mai sauƙi, monosaccharides, tare da tsari na . Suna da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda ''bear'' (−OH) da ƙungiyar carbonyl (C=O) kuma suna da cyclic lokacin da aka narke su cikin ruwa. Kowannensu ya wanzu a matsayin isomers da yawa tare da siffofin dextro- da laevo-rotatory waɗanda ke haifar da hasken polarised ya rabu zuwa dama ko hagu.  * Fructose, ko sukari na 'ya'yan itace, yana faruwa ne a cikin 'ya'ya itatuwa, wasu kayan lambu, sukari da zuma kuma shine mafi zuma daga cikin sukari. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sukari ko sukari na tebur. Ana amfani dashi azaman syrup mai tsami, wanda aka ƙera shi daga starch na masara wanda aka sarrafa shi don samar da syrup na masara, tare da enzymes sannan aka kara don canza wani ɓangare na glucose zuwa fructose. * Galactose gabaɗaya ba ya faruwa a cikin jihar kyauta amma yana da ƙwayoyin glucose na lactose disaccharide ko sukari na madara. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose. Yana da wani bangare na antigens da aka samu a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke ƙayyade Ƙungiyoyin jini. * Glucose yana faruwa ta halitta a cikin 'ya'yan itace da ruwan 'ya'ya kuma shine samfurin farko na [[photosynthesis]]. Starch yana canzawa zuwa glucose yayin narkewa, kuma glucose shine nau'in sukari wanda ake jigilar shi a jikin dabbobi a cikin jini. Kodayake a ka'ida akwai enantiomers guda biyu na glucose (hotunan madubi ɗaya daga ɗayan), glucose da ke faruwa na halitta shine D-glucose. Wannan kuma ana kiransa ''dextrose'', ko ''sukari na inabi'' saboda bushe ruwan inabi yana samar da lu'ulu'u na dextrose wanda za'a iya sieved daga sauran abubuwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teller |first=George L. |date=January 1918 |title=Sugars Other Than Cane or Beet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |journal=The American Food Journal |pages=23–24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415074234/https://books.google.com/books?id=kynnAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> Monosaccharides masu acyclic (da disaccharides) suna ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin aldehyde ko ƙungiyoyin ketone. Waɗannan haɗin gwiwa biyu na carbon-oxygen (C=O) sune cibiyoyin amsawa. Duk saccharides masu zobe fiye da ɗaya a cikin tsarinsu suna fitowa ne daga monosaccharides guda biyu ko fiye da suka haɗu da haɗin gwiwar glycosidic tare da asarar kwayar ruwa (H 2O) a kowace haɗin gwiwa. === Rashin jinin === Lactose, maltose da sucrose sune disaccharides, wanda kuma ake kira "sukari mai hade". Suna raba dabarar C12H22O11. Ana samar da su ta hanyar daskarewar ƙwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu tare da fitar da kwayar ruwa.  * Lactose shine sukari na halitta wanda aka samu a cikin madara. Kwayar lactose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar galactose tare da kwayar glucose. Ana rushe shi lokacin da enzyme lactase ya cinye shi a cikin sassansa yayin narkewa. Yara suna da wannan enzyme, amma wasu manya ba sa samar da shi kuma ba sa iya narke lactose. * An kafa [[malt]]" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maltose">Maltose a lokacin tsiro na wasu hatsi, wanda ya fi shahara shine [[sha'ir]], wanda aka canza shi zuwa malt, tushen sunan sukari. Kwayar maltose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ba shi da ɗanɗano fiye da glucose, fructose ko sucrose. An kafa shi a cikin jiki yayin narkewar starch ta hanyar enzyme amylase kuma an rushe shi a lokacin narkewa ta hanyar enymer maltase. * Ana samun sukari a cikin rassan sukari da tushen sukari. Hakanan yana faruwa ta halitta tare da fructose da glucose a wasu tsire-tsire, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da wasu tushen kamar carot. Rarraba daban-daban na sukari da aka samu a cikin waɗannan abinci yana ƙayyade kewayon zaki da aka samu yayin cin su.<ref name="Manual" /> Kwayar Sucrose ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da kwayar glucose tare da kwayar fructose. Bayan an ci shi, an raba sucrose zuwa sassan da ke tattare da shi yayin narkewa ta hanyar enzymes da yawa da aka sani da sucrases. === Polysaccharides === Oligosaccharides da polysaccharides sun fi disaccharides tsayi. Cellulose da chitin polymers ne, galibi suna da lu'ulu'u, waɗanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da kwari daban-daban, bi da bi. Ba a iya narkar da cellulose kai tsaye ta dabbobi. Sitaci wani polymer ne mai kama da glucose wanda ake samu a cikin shuke-shuke da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar sukari. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8art37qqebaxwulh0zyatuhjyyxic54 0 23593 844033 803093 2026-05-31T15:00:46Z Andre Engels 71 Redirected page to [[Gandun -Daji]] 844033 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gandun -Daji]] p7er17vq48kuu4bdy20f4uw3esi3sjz 0 26572 844450 832727 2026-06-01T09:53:43Z Fateemah usman 29326 An kirkira ta fassara "Awards and nominations" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345768810|Baaj Adebule]]" 844450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Baaj Adebule''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1988) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga [[Jihar Ogun]] a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021-01-17 |title=Nollywood / Baaj Adebule : "L’amour ne suffit pas pour faire fonctionner une relation" |url=https://l-frii.com/nollywood-baaj-adebule-lamour-ne-suffit-pas-pour-faire-fonctionner-une-relation/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=L-FRII |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwnq="">Gwamna\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Pulse Nigeria\">Pulse Nigeria<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. 19 September 2016.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Baaj_Adebule#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2"/> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin shekarar 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2"/> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2"/> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2"/> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Sunan !Halinsa !Matsayi !Fitarwa !Daraktan |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Taimako |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Asirin da abin kunya'' |Victor |Lead |Jerin |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'' |Chris |Taimako |Jerin |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''<nowiki/>'Yan wasa huɗu da Rookie'' |Toba |Taimako |Fim din |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Yankuna Biyu na tsabar kudi'' |Mai Hacking |Taimako |Jerin | - |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Lokaci na ƙarshe'' |Dauda |Lead |Jerin |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Nazarin'' |Matashi |Taimako |Jerin |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives|Matan Lekki]]'' |Daraktan |Taimako |Jerin |Albarka da Egbe |- |''Ganin Cin amana'' |Miji |Lead |Gajeren fim |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|Labarin Soja]]'' |Kyaftin Dave |Taimako |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Hanyar zuwa jiya]]'' |Mai ba da abinci / Nurses |Taimako |Fim din |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Mai ba da abinci |Taimako |Jerin |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batir Ba a haɗa su ba'' |Mutumin da ya faru |Lead |Gajeren fim |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''Gwamna'' |Carl |Taimako |Jerin |Ema E. |- |''5 Ka yi'' |Segun |Lead |Jerin |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Ba a rufe shi ba'' |Godiya gaisuwa |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Wadanda suka ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Fim din |Seyi Babatope |- |''Abin sha'awa'' |Kevin |Taimako |Gajeren fim |Deolu Owu |- |''Kasancewa'' |Rashin Mata |Lead |Gajeren fim |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyi'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Dokta |Taimako |Gajeren fim |Fim din Maverick |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S.'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Jerin |7 Jerin |- |''Ranar Biya&nbsp;&nbsp;'' |Bulus |Lead |Fim din |Lawrence Cheta |- |''Minti 30'' |Johnbull / JB |Taimako |Jerin |7 Jerin |- |''Magana'' |Miji |Lead |Gajeren fim |Amaka Sandra |- |''Jam'iyyar Bachelor'' |Abdul |Lead |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Ta hanyar Fast Lane'' |Yakubu |Lead |Jerin |Abiodun Williams |- |''Kungiyar'' |Tunde |Taimako |Fim din |Imoh Umoren |- |''Gidan Yaƙi'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Louis |Lead |Jerin Yanar Gizo |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles a kan tebur'' |Segun |Lead |Jirgin Sama |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Ba daidai ba'' |Yahaya |Lead |Gajeren fim |Charles Obiemere |- |''Dabbar Cikinta'' |Stanley |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Fim din |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Kungiyar Maza Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Jerin Yanar Gizo |Tola Odunsi |} Ba a sake shi ba {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ru'ya ta Shekara - namiji|{{N/a}}|{{Nom}} | |} {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ru'ya ta Shekara - namiji|{{N/a}}|{{Nom}} | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4dluro9gyb3nexromctay84gku3dpky 0 27761 844496 555683 2026-06-01T11:03:33Z Nura Bello 24854 844496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} [[Fayil:OluJacobs.jpg|thumb|Olu Jacobs]] '''Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs''', (an haife shi ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da biyu (1942A.c), wanda akafi sani da sana'a da '''Olu Jacobs''', ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|wasan]] kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwar fina-finai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=editor|date=2021-07-31|title=July: Of Exuberance and Melancholy|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/31/july-of-exuberance-and-melancholy/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fito a matsayin tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Burtaniya da dama da fina-finai na duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/103563?view=credit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522052823/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/103563?view=credit|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2009|title=Filmography of Olu Jacobs|publisher=[[British Film Institute|The British Film Institute]]|access-date=12 August 2010|location=London, UK}}</ref> Olu Jacobs ya samu yabo daga mutane da yawa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a zamaninsa. Tare da Pete Edochie, kafofin watsa labaru da yawa, masu sharhi na fina-finai, masu sharhi, da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a kowane lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar al'adu.<ref name=njoku >{{cite web |last1=Njoku |first1=Benjamin |title=Pete Edochie, Olu Jacobs: The living 'godfathers' of Nollywood |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/pete-edochie-olu-jacobs-the-living-godfathers-of-nollywood/ |website=Vanguard News |access-date=10 July 2020 |date=4 March 2019}}</ref> Ana ganinsa a matsayin tsani tsakanin tsofaffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sabbi. Jacobs yayi fice a fannin harkar fim a [[Najeriya]]. Tare da kwarewa a fannin harkan wasan kwaikwayo fiye da shekaru 40, ana kallonsa a matsayin gada tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbin nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} horarwa, a Royal Academy of Arts ban mamaki, Ingila, ya kuma yi aiki tare da daban-daban repertoire sinimomi a kasar Birtaniya da kuma alamar tauraro a cikin wasu kasashen duniya fina-finai. A cikin shekara ta (200) ya lashe kyautar [[African Movie Academy Award]] don ''Mafi hazakar Jarumi a rawar Jagoran fim''.<ref name="newswatch">{{cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/10420161422.htm|title=A Race for Stars Only|last=Ogbu|first=Rachel|work=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]|access-date=9 August 2010|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013023039/https://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/10420161422.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="amaa2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-awards.com/winners2007.html|title=Nominees & Winners of AMAA 2007 @ a glance|publisher=The African Movie Academy Awards|access-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210070846/http://www.ama-awards.com/winners2007.html|archive-date=10 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="male">{{cite news|url=http://www.mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1407|title=Africa Celebrates Film Industry at AMAA 2007|last=Coker|first=Onikepo|date=4 May 2007|work=Mshale Newspaper|publisher=Mshale Communications|access-date=5 September 2010|location=Minneapolis, USA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303204433/http://www.mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1407|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=amaa07>{{cite web|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007|title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007|publisher=[[African Movie Academy Awards]]|access-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007|archive-date=12 October 2010}}</ref> Olu Jacobs ya banbanta kansa a matsayin ubangida a Nollywood, inda ya bayar da kyakkyawar turba ga ’yan fim da dama da suka fito a masana’antar. Soyayyar wasan kwaikwayo ta samo asali ne daga wurin shagalin shagalin shekara na Marigayi jarumin fina-finai, Hubert Ogunde wanda aka gudanar a Otal din Colonial dake Kano, daga nan ya wuce Ingila inda ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. An bayyana shi a matsayin 'daya daga cikin [[Nollywood|fitattun]] 'yan wasan Nollywood, mafi kyawun aikin fassara da kuma mafi kyawun sarrafa kalmomi'. Domin sadaukarwar da ya yi ga aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo sama da shekaru 50 da suka wuce, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta (2013) Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards.' Hakanan, AMAA ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Nasarar Rayuwa a gare shi a cikin shekara ta (2016). Olu Jacobs ya auri tsohuwar yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Joke Silva]]. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, kamfanin watsa labaru wanda ya ƙunshi shirya fina-finai, rarrabawa kadarori da kuma sha'anin fasahohin Lufodo Academy of Performing....... == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs ga iyaye 'yan asalin Egba Alake. Ya yi kuruciyarsa a garin Kano<ref name="Ota">{{cite news |last=Otagbo |first=Olasumbo |date=18 October 2014 |title=How Hubert Ogunde inspired me to become an actor -Olu Jacobs |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/how-hubert-ogunde-inspired-me-to-become-an-actor-olu-jacobs/ |newspaper=The Nation |location=Lagos }}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar Holy Trinity inda ya kasance memba a kungiyoyin muhawara da wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>[https://archive.today/20130629223516/http://www.naijarules.com/vb/nollywood-movie-stars/20070-my-happiest-moment-acting-olu-jacobs.html "My Happiest Moment In Acting – Olu Jacobs"], Naijarules.com.</ref> Ya samu kwarin gwuiwar samun damar yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da ya halarci bikin shekara-shekara na Cif Hubert Ogunde a Otal din Colonial Hotel da ke jihar [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. <ref name="Ota" /> Bayan haka, ya sami takardar visa kuma ya tafi Ingila don yin karatun acting. A Ingila, Jacobs ya sami horo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. Daga nan ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da shirye-shirye daban-daban na Burtaniya a cikin shekara ta 1970 a ciki har da ''The Goodies,'' ''[[Till Death Us Do Part (British TV series)|Till Death Us Do Part]], [[Barlow at Large]], [[The Venturers]], [[Angels (TV series)|Angels]], [[A shekara ta 1990 (TV series)|1990]], [[The Tomorrow People]]'' and ''[[The Professionals (TV series)|The Professionals]]'').<ref name="vanguard">{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/11/21/i-disobeyed-my-dad-to-become-an-actor-olu-jacobs/|title=I disobeyed my dad to become an actor – Olu Jacobs|last=Njoku|first=Benjamin|work=The Vanguard|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref> A cikin a shekara ta (1978) ya taka rawar Shugaba Mageeba a cikin gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda Michael Codron yayi kokarin gabatar da Sir Tom Stoppard a shirinsa na ''[[Night and Day (play)|Night and Day]]''. A cikin shekara ta (1980) Jacobs ya fito a cikin fina-finai na duniya da dama, ciki har da fim din yakin John Irvin ''The Dogs of War'', Roman Polanski 's adventure-comedy ''Pirates'' a shekara ta (1986) da kuma fim din iyali-kasada ''Baby: Sirrin Lost Legend a shekara ta'' (1985). A talabijin ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a TVS 's ''The Witches da Grinnygog'' . <ref>A BBC-2 series that traces the history of acting. (14 July 1983). The Stage and Television Today (Archive: 1959–1994),, 15</ref> [[File:OluJacobs.jpg|thumb|Olu Jacobs]] Daga baya Jacobs ya fito a [[Nollywood|fina]] -finan Nollywood sama da fim guda (120) Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan jaruman Nollywood na Najeriya.<ref name=njoku /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[File:Joel Okuyo (Right) in Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Olu Jacobs a tsakiya ]] Jacobs ya auri [[Nollywood|']] yar wasan [[Joke Silva|Nollywood Joke Silva]] tun a shekara ta (1989) Suna da yara.<ref name="sun2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2009/oct/16/showtime-16-10-2009-001.htm|title=How I met Joke Sylva – Olu Jacobs|publisher=The Sun Publishing Limited|access-date=9 August 2010|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202133427/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2009/oct/16/showtime-16-10-2009-001.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa har yanzu matarsa ke da sunanta, Jacobs ya amsa: “Ita ce tata. Lokacin da na hadu da ita, yar wasan kwaikwayo ce da aka fi sani da Joke Silva to me zai hana aurena yanzu ya hana ta da masu sauraronta sunanta<Ita ce Miss Joke Silva wacce ita ce Mrs. Barkwanci Jacobs. Yana da sauƙi kamar wancan. Yanzu mutane sun fara faɗin abin da suke so. Har ma sun rubuta cewa mun rabu da kowane irin kaya. Lokacin da take aiki, ita ce Joke Silva amma ita ce Mrs. Barci Jacobs a gida.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/wife-still-bears-maiden-name-actor-olu-jacobs/|title=Why My Wife Still Bears Her Maiden Name – Actor Olu Jacobs – MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=9 December 2013|newspaper=MJ Celebrity Magazine|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Jita-jita ya nuna cewa Olu Jacob ya mutu a cikin shekara ta (2021) amma ya halarci Afriff a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta ( 2021) inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Obey|first=Yinka|date=2021-11-17|title=Pale-looking Olu Jacobs attends Afriff, wins lifetime achievement award|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/nollywood/1443447-pale-looking-veteran-actor-olu-jacobs-attends-afriff-with-wife-joke-silva-wins-lifetime-achievement-award/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> Matarsa [[Joke Silva]] daga baya ta bayyana yanayin lafiyarsa a wata hira da Chude Jideonwo cewa yana fama da Dementia tare da jikin Lewy.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I miss di old Olu Jacobs well-well' - Joke Silva open up on her husband dementia and her life tori|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59355183|access-date=2021-11-22}}</ref> == Lambobin Yabo == Olu Jacobs ya sami karramawa da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu wajen wasanninsa na kwaikwayo a kyautar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da aka gabatar a shekara ta (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/olu-jacobs-honoured-at-amvca-awards-as-genevieve-and-funke-akindele-lose-out/ |title=Olu Jacobs honoured at AMVCA awards as Genevieve, Funke Akindele lose out |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> == Zababbun Shirye-shiryensa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:95%;" !Shekara ! Nuna ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" width="60%" | Bayanan kula |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1971 | ''Mala'iku masu kisan kai: Bala'in Siyasa da Barkwanci a Baki da Fari (wasa)'' | | Conor Cruise O'Brien ne ya rubuta kuma ya yi a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Dublin a 1971 |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1972 | ''Richard's Cork Leg'' | | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court, London |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1974 | ''Black Mans Kasar'' | Baba Zachary Azuka | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kofa |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1977 | ''Julius Kaisar'' | Daya daga cikin augerers | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National Theatre 1977 gabatarwa wanda John Schlesinger ya jagoranta |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1976 | ''Bar Beach Prelude'' da Transistor Radio | | Wasan gajerun wando guda biyu an daidaita su daga ayyukan Bode Sowande da [[Ken Saro-Wiwa|Ken Saro Wiwa]] |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1976 | Wani Irin Aure | Obi | Wasan tsakiya |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1977 | ''Tsofaffin Fina-finai'' | Chris Hunter (jandar) | Gabatarwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta kasa |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1978 | ''Dare da Rana'' | Shugaba Mageeba | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Phoenix (London) |} == Fina-finai == [[File:Olu_Jacobs_and_Joke_Silva.jpg|right|thumb| Olu Jacobs da matarsa]] === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | 1979 | ''Ashanti'' | Kwamishinan Batak | |- | 1980 | ''Karnukan Yaki'' | Jami'in Kwastam | |- | 1985 | ''Baby: Sirrin Bataccen labari'' | Col. Matsala | |- | 1986 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashin teku'' | Boomako | |- | 2012 | ''[[Adesuwa]]'' | Ezomo | |- | 2013 | ''[[Potomanto]]'' | Bankole | |- | 2014 | ''bushewa'' | Mai magana | |- | 2015 | ''Oloibiri'' | Timipre | |- | 2017 | ''Royal Hibiscus Hotel'' | Richard | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Shirin ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | 1971 | ''The Goodies'' | | Season 2, Episode 4 - "Lost Tribe of the Orinoco" |- | 1974 | ''Har Mutuwa Muyi Rabe'' | Mai gyaran talabijin | Kashi na 5, Kashi na 3 - "Bugu da Kashewa" |- | 1975 | ''Barlow a Large'' | Motamba | Season 4, Episode 8 - "Kariya" |- | 1975 | ''Masu Venturers'' | Mbela | Kashi na 1, Kashi na 10 - "Masu Haɗari da Ƙaunar Zuciya" |- | 1976 | ''Mala'iku'' | Musa Ladipo | 3 sassa |- | 1978 | ''1990'' | Alan Misawi | Kashi na 2, Kashi na 2 - "Farashin Kasuwa" |- | 1975 | ''Jama'ar Gobe'' | General Papa Minn | Season 6, Episode 5 &amp;amp; 6 - "The Thargon Menace: Part 1 & 2" |- | 1979 | ''Masu sana'a'' | Sylvester | Season 3, Episode 5 - "Hauka na Mickey Hamilton" |- | 1982 | ''Squadron'' | Shugaba Gadin | Season 1, Episode 10 - "Cyclone" |- | 1983 | ''Bokaye da Grinnygog'' | Malam Alabaster | Fitowa ta 1–4, 6 |- | 1983 | ''Rumpole na Bailey'' | David Mazenze | Season 3, Episode 2 - "Rumpole and the Golden Thread" |- | 1984 | ''Yi wasa don Yau'' | David Mazenze | Season 14, Episode 16 - "The Amazing Miss Stella Estelle" |- | 1990 | ''Ido Na Uku'' | Inspector Best Idafa | Matsayin Jagora (1990-1993) |- |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0414570}} * Olu Jacobs at the TCM Movie Database == Manazarta == [[Category:Yan Najeriya da sukayi karatu a Ingila]] [[Category:'Yan wasa maza daga sinima ta yarbawa]] [[Category:Memba na Order of the Federal Republic]] [[Category:'Yan wasan gidan telebijin maza 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Jaruman fim maza na karni na 21]] [[Category:Jaruman fim maza na karni na 20\]] [[Category:Tsaffin daliban makarantar Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1942]] [[Category:Fitaccen jarumi na Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:Jaruman fim maza 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Jaruman fim maza yarbawa]] [[Category:Jarumai maza daga Abeokuta]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] l7hee88prnkhpr1ghf659j26ovvuvid 0 31924 844519 788359 2026-06-01T11:48:52Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */ 844519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:ALHAJI ADAMU BELLO.JPG|thumb|Alhaji Adamu Bello]] {{Infobox officeholder|image=ALHAJI ADAMU BELLO.JPG|imagesize=150px|caption=Adamu Bello|name=Adamu Bello|office1=Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development|term_start1=February 2001|term_end1=January 2007|predecessor1=[[Sani Daura]]|successor1=|office2=Federal Minister of Agriculture and Water Resources|term_start2=January 2007|term_end2=May 2007|predecessor2=|successor2=[[Abba Sayyadi Ruma]]|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|party=|spouse=|profession=Banker, Politician}} [[Fayil:Politicorum libri decem, in quibus de perfectæ reipubl. forma, virtutibus, et vitiis, institutione ciuium, legibus, magistratu ecclesiastico, civili, potentia reipublicæ; item? seditione et - Upper cover (low resolution) (C47l14).jpg|thumb|jadawalin yan siyasa]] '''Adamu Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da daya 1951A.c) dan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance ministan noma da raya Karkara na gwamnatin tarayya daga shekarar 2001, zuwa 2007. Ya kuma jagoranci hadaddiyar ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun ruwa a shekara ta 2007.<ref>"Adamu Bello - Summary". 2022-07-27. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-22.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bello a shekarar alif 1951, a garin [[Numan (Nijeriya)|Numan]] [[Adamawa|dake jihar Adamawa a]] Arewacin Najeriya, da ne ga mai shari'a Mohammed Bello. Ya kasance dan gata a kuruciya tare da cikakken ilimi. Mai shari’a Bello ya rasu a shekarar 1956, ya bar Adamu a hannun babban yayansa mai shari’a Aminu Bello<ref>"Hon. Justice Adamu Bello (Honourable Member)". ICPC Nigeria. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2022-11-22.</ref>.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu_Bello#cite_note-2</ref> Bello ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke jihar Kaduna a karamar hukumar Zaria]] a shekarar 1975<ref>"Board of Trustees". Jaiz Foundation. 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</ref>.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}} kuma ya kammala digirinsa na Kasuwanci (MBA) a Jami'ar Pittsburgh a shekarar 1982.<ref>"Board of Trustees". ''Jaiz Foundation''. 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}}Ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard na mako shida na Advanced Management Programme a cikin shekarar alif 1990.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu_Bello#cite_note-2</ref> == Aikin bankinsa da yayi == Bello ya fara aikin banki ne a shekarar 1976 a matsayin babban mai kula da harkokin zuba jari a kamfanin ''New Nigerian Development Company'' (NNDC). Tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981, ya tashi ya zama Janar Manaja na "New-Devco Finance", reshen (NNDC). A shekara ta alif 1983 Bello ya koma Habib Bank a matsayin mataimakin Manajan Darakta, daga nan kuma ya kuma zama manajan Darakta, sannan ya zama babban darakta a shekarar 1988, ya ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta alif 1994. Bayan ya bar bankin ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi, mai gina gidaje, kuma mai hannun jari a fannoni da dama har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar gudanarwar "bankin Intercity" a shekarar 1998, sannan ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. na "Habib Nigeria Bank" a shekarar 1999, inda a baya ya taba zama babban jami’in gudanarwa. == Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara == A watan Janairun shekarar 2001, Shugaba, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], ya zabi Bello a matsayin Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara na Nijeriya, kuma ya fara aiki a watan Fabrairun Shekarar 2001. Shugaba Obasanjo ya sake nada Bello ne bayan an sake zabensa a shekara ta 2003. Bello a matsayin Minista, Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara ta inganta hanyoyin sadarwa tun daga yankunan karkara zuwa kasuwannin birane da samar da ruwan sha domin taimakawa noman rani, wani lokacin tare da hadin gwiwar Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Bello shi ne Ministan Noma na Najeriya da ya fi kowane minista dadewa a mukamin. == Ministan noma da albarkatun ruwa == A cikin Janairu shekara ta 2007, an rage adadin ma'aikatun daga 34 zuwa 19. An kuma haɗe ma’aikatar noma da raya karkara ta tarayya da ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa in da ta koma babbar ma’aikatar a gwamnatin tarayya, inda Bello ya zama ministan noma da albarkatun ruwa tare da kananan ministocinsa kwara biyu. === Rigimar da ta faru yana Minista === Watanni hudu bayan da Bello ya hau sabon mukaminsa na minista, ya amince da shigo miliyoyi tan na wake zuwa Najeriya daga Burkina Faso, matakin da ya sha suka sosai a kafafen yada labarai na cikin Nijeriya. Bello ya sha zargi daga tsohon shugaban kwamitin noma na majalisar dattawan Nijeriya, wato Sanata Bode Olowoporoku in da ya zarge shi da hada baki da wasu kamfanoni na kasashen waje, wajen damfarar kasar nan kudi naira biliyan 3.4 don shigo da takin zamani na noma. Daga zarge-zargen, akwai cewar ya sayo buhun takin Naira dubu goma sha biyar 1500 a kasar Ukraine, wadda ita ce kasar da tafi shigowa da taki Nijeriya, amma ana zargin ministan da sayar da takin kan Naira 2800 tare da cewar duk kudin da aka dora na ministan ne. Amma Bello ya shaidawa majalisar ministocin tarayya cewa an samu banbancin rabe-raben ne saboda sufuri da kudaden haraji da aka yi a lokacin jigilar takin daga kasar Ukraine zuwa Najeriya, wanda majalisar ta amince da hujjojinshi. Hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta (EFCC) da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa (ICPC) ne suka yi watsi da karar ta sanatan akan ministan. Olowoporoku dai bai hakura ba ya ci gaba da shari’ar da ya ke yi da Bello, har ma ya raka karamin ministan noma, wato Bamidele Dada daga zauren majalisar dattawa a lokacin da ya zo tattaunawa akan lamarin. Bello ya ce, Olowoporoku yana yi ma sa bi ta da kulli ne saboda rashin ba shi kwangilar shigowa da takin da ake magana a kai, wanda kwangilar zai iya ba shi Naira miliyan dari biyu 200. Sanatan ya musanta cewa ya taba neman kwangila daga ma’aikatar, amma bincike ya tabbatar da cewa Bello ya yi gaskiya anan, kuma majalisar ta sauke Olowoporoku daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin noma tare da cire shi daga dukkan kwamitoci na majalisar dattawa. Daga karshe ma dai an kore shi daga jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] mai mulki. An yi ta yada al’amarin a kafafen yada labarai a Nijeriya. == Lakabi da nade-nade da akayi masa == Bello ya samu sarautar “Dan Iyan Adamawa” a shekarar alif 1989 daga masarautar mahaifarsa ta tsohuwar jihar Gongola wato adamawa a yanzu. A shekarar dubu biyu da uku 2003 kuma, ya sake samun wani mukami na sarauta; wato "Otun Babalakin" a jihar Ekiti. Bello ya zama ''fellow'' Chartered Institute of Nigeria (FCIB) a shekarar alif 1991. [[Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola ta]] ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate (Honoris Causa). An nada Bello a matsayin [[:en:Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Federal_Republic|''Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic'']] CFR, a watan Disambar shekarar 2006, wanda shi ne mamba na farko a majalisar ministocin tarayya da aka yi wa ado ta wannan hanya. Ya kuma samu lambobin yabo na shugabanci da dama, kuma kungiyoyin yada labarai da dama a Najeriya sun zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon minista a lokacinsa. == Rayuwarsa == Bello ya auri ''pharmacist'' Lubabatu Bello, kuma suna da ‘ya’ya shida.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}} == Manazarta == <references /> * Babatunde, Jimoh. [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Adamawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa daga jihar Adamawa]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Maza]] jfhuw5akil26ftdlpm7p4osk4cktapk 0 39757 844513 820123 2026-06-01T11:33:35Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Siyasa */ 844513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ummarun Kwabo''' an haifi shi a ranar 10 ga Maris shekarata 1954 Jihar Sokoto [[File:Ummarun kwabo.ogg|thumb|Yadda ake furta Ummarun kwabo]]ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan agaji kuma ɗan kasuwa . Kuma shugaban STCC Group na kamfanoni tare da kamfanoni fiye da 10 sun shiga cikin Ginin, sufuri, mai da iskar gas, Real Estate, Pharmaceutical, Construction and General contractors<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2015/03/28/sokoto-state-apc-chieftains-arrested</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/rejoinder-on-meeting-of-pdp-bigwigs-with-senator-gobir-uncovered/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202008120049.html</ref><ref>http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5158.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn3451.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725213348/http://pointblanknews.com/Articles/artopn3451.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/campaign-daniya-cautions-politicians-against-harassment-intimidation-of-opponents/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalpatriotnews.com/political-thuggery-sokoto-deputy-governor-spits-fire/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725214851/https://globalpatriotnews.com/political-thuggery-sokoto-deputy-governor-spits-fire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [ Jarma ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Peace Achievers International Award<ref>https://peaceachieversawards.com/2020/11/21/alh-dr-ummarun-kwabo-aa-jarman-sokoto-to-receive-peace-achievers-international-award/</ref><ref>https://www.xtra.net/news/nigeria/governor-sule-agf-malami-bags-peace-achievers-international-awards-330304{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Siyasa== Kwabo ya kasance mai muhimmanci a siyasar Sokoto shekaru da dama. Ya goyi bayan Attahiru Bafarawa da Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Jama'a (DPP) a zabukan 2007,wanda aka yi suka sosai kan rashin bin ka'ida.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummarun_Kwabo#cite_note-ThisDay2007-5</ref> Daga baya ya shiga Majalisar All Progressives Congress (APC), kafin ya koma jam'iyyar People PDP tare da magoya bayansa a shekarar 2023, yana mai nuni da rashin gamsuwa da APC. ==Marayu== Bayan [[Boko Haram]] sun kuma ruguza Maiduguri, yara da yawa sun zama marayu suna yawo akan titi. A shekararI 2018, Jarma ya kirkiri gidan marayu mai suna UK Jarma Academy a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]] inda kwabo ya sadaukar da gidan shi a Abuja wanda yayi rancen kudi naira miliyan sittin a shekara a gidan marayun sannan ya ƙara da niyyar sa na karo marayu 200 daga [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], da [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] haɗi da kananonin hukumomi 23 na [[Sokoto (birni)|sokoto]] don karatun su daga Firamare har zuwa Jami'ah inda ya bayyana a hirar da akayi da shi a Muryar Amurka sashin Hausa.<ref>https://nnn.ng/orphanages-in-north-east-seek-support-as-cultural-religious-factors-hamper-domestication-of-child-rights-act/</ref><ref>https://mmawt.org/2018/03/10/wife-sokoto-state-governor-visits-orphans-adopted-idp-camps-sokoto-state-elder-statesman-philanthropist-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318014141/http://mmawt.org/2018/03/10/wife-sokoto-state-governor-visits-orphans-adopted-idp-camps-sokoto-state-elder-statesman-philanthropist-2/ |date=2018-03-18 }}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=367000117227975&story_fbid=705473426713974</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/280971-eid-el-kabir-sokoto-govt-sultan-donate-cows-to-idps-camp.html?tztc=1</ref> A shekarar 2017 ya dauki nauyin daurin auren ma'aurata 100 da ba za su iya yin aure a jihar Sokoto ba.<ref>https://punchng.com/sokoto-philanthropist-to-sponsor-wedding-of-100-couples/</ref><ref>https://dailynigerian.com/hausa/ummarun-kwabo-aa-jarman-sakkwato-zai-aurar-da-samari-100-jihar-sakkwato-fit/</ref><ref>https://www.xtra.net/news/nigeria/philanthropist-sponsor-wedding-100-couples-sokoto-53903{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sarautar Gargajiya== Kwabo yana rike da sarautar Jarman Sokoto,daya daga cikin muhimman sarautun gargajiya a Masarautar Sakkwato, wanda ke da alaka da tsarin jagoranci na gargajiya da na siyasa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummarun_Kwabo#cite_note-DailyTrust2019-3</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar sokoto]] hswnh0xn74xm6mz0hcoz5dr8q9lftp9 0 45710 844507 456423 2026-06-01T11:22:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 844507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == ==Manazarta== 06jiaf043wtg88w20qa9nlkp2hbi5ep 844508 844507 2026-06-01T11:24:43Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin Ibrahim da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar Ibrahim na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun Musulunci na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. ==Manazarta== pvlj6k61lttzi124mzhy1azld057a8j 844510 844508 2026-06-01T11:27:23Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin Ibrahim da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. ==Manazarta== 2dnwo33uj1xlmh9ndup28lyfk7zcy41 844511 844510 2026-06-01T11:30:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. ==Manazarta== 36m163wdn4kaoncwvcgoqjjzamh3mfa 844512 844511 2026-06-01T11:32:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 844512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. === Tarihin Rayuwa a Littafin Musulunci === ==Manazarta== 9jct55wx8ganfejeij2dcabgwnk1pex 844514 844512 2026-06-01T11:33:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 844514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. == Tarihin Rayuwa a Littafin Musulunci == ==Manazarta== p5aikc2jtt9x1yulxyh9i5irfbc1b3q 844516 844514 2026-06-01T11:38:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa Isma'ilawa da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. == Tarihin Rayuwa a Littafin Musulunci == === A Matashi === Duba kuma: Daular Akkadian, Sumer, da addinin Sumer Kazamin tarihi a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Iraki, 2016, inda ake tsammanin an haifi Ibrahim, don haka ake kiransa "Gidan Ibrahim". An haifi Ibrahim a gidan masu bautar gumaka a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Kaldiyawa, wataƙila wurin da ake kira 'Ur' a Iraki ta yanzu, a wannan yanayin, masu bautar gumaka za su kasance masu bin addinin Mesopotamiya na zamanin da. [ana buƙatar ambato] Mahaifinsa Azar sanannen mai sassaka gumaka ne wanda mutanensa suka bauta wa. Tun yana ƙarami, Ibrahim ya kan kalli mahaifinsa yana sassaka waɗannan gumaka daga duwatsu ko itace. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gama da su, Ibrahim zai tambayi mahaifinsa dalilin da yasa ba za su iya motsawa ko amsa duk wata buƙata ba sannan ya yi musu ba'a; saboda haka, mahaifinsa koyaushe zai tsawata masa saboda rashin bin al'adun kakanninsa da kuma yi wa gumakansu ba'a. Duk da adawarsa ga bautar gumaka, mahaifinsa Azar har yanzu zai aika Ibrahim ya sayar da gumakansa a kasuwa. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwa da yawa da ake yi a cikin birnin, mutane za su taru a haikalinsu su miƙa hadayu na abinci a gaban gumakansu. Babban haikalin Ur shine Babban Ziggurat, wanda ake iya gani a yau. Ibrahim zai tambaye su, "Me kuke bautawa? Shin waɗannan gumakan suna ji lokacin da kuka kira su? Za su iya taimaka muku ko su cutar da ku?" Mutane za su amsa, "Halin kakanninmu ne." Ibrahim ya ce "Na gaji da allolinku! Hakika ni maƙiyinsu ne." ==Manazarta== gwf98svw42m5qome4jthon70msxm7f4 3 63021 844240 827503 2026-06-01T01:54:31Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Alaman gogewa (Copper shark) */ sabon sashe 844240 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pharouqenr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pharouqenr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 25 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC) == Barka da Kokari == @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]....barka da kokari da kuma jajircewarka wurin tabbatar da ailimi a wikipedia ta hausa[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 20:09, 18 Mayu 2024 (UTC) == Gyara == Brk da wannan lokaci @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]. Na ga kana ta editing ko gyara hakan yayi. Amman mu riƙa sanin ya kamata wurin gyaran na mu. Ma'ana mu riƙa mai ma'ana sosai. Misali kaga ana rubuta shekarar da lambobin (1999), ka kuma sai ka goge ko kara rubuta wannan sunan shekara da kalmomi. Wanda hakan kuskure ne kasancewar duk wani bahaushe da yaga an rubuta '''1999''' to ya san mi aka saka ba kukatar kuma a sake rubuta shekarar da kalmomi. Idan da ba'a saka da lambobin ba kai kuma ka saka da kalmomi hakan ba wani abu bane. Ina fatan za mu kula!. Nagode. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 06:30, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Gaisuwa == Sannu da aiki Ammar [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:29, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Sunana umarkhan daga garin daya fika l.g yobe state unguwar tsamiya daya. == Nima inakarantar electrial ne nima inaso na zama perfect nima. == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:23, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> :Thank you for alerting me, I'm glad to contribute as much as I can.🙏 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 10:47, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) == [[Chancellor Williams]] == Assalam, Jinjina da kokari sannan kuma wannan mukala da ka kirkira tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, Da fatan a gaba za'a rika kulawa. Mu huta lafiya [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:22, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Wassalam, :Ina gidiya @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] za'a cigaba da kulawa in sha Allah. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 12:38, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Natasha Ntlangwini == Jinjina da kokari malam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Amma sai dai wannan mukala [[Natasha Ntlangwini]] kaman ba kai ka kirkireta ba saboda na san ayyukan ka suna da inganci, amma a wannan shafin na ga gyararraki da yawa. Na yi duk wata gyara da ake bukata amma a gaba ka inganta fassarar ka. Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:04, 20 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Nagede @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ina godiya da dukkan gyararrakin da kakeyi😊 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:59, 22 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Sauya suna Zanga Zangar Al'ummar Togo zuwa [[Gangamin al'ummar Togo]] == Aslm, Na canza taken mukala da ke sama saboda zanga-zanga bai yi dai dai da taken ba (Rally). Da fatan zaka cigaba da aiki mai kyau da kake yi. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:15, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] wannan gyara yayi kuma naji dadin hakan. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 11:25, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == linkin mukala == ya ake linking na mukala [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 13:17, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Domin samun cikakken video na linking muƙala yiman magana da hanyar sadarwa na Whatsapp. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:21, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Sannu da kokari == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Ina ganin ayyukan da kake da kwazo da kake nunawa. Saboda haka ina jinjina maka. A cigaba da aiki mai kyau! [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 05:37, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode sosai @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] kana bani karsashi sosai domin jajircewa. Allah ya saka da Alkhairi. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:31, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Goyon baya - Kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member) == == Goyon baya == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members<nowiki>] ayi comment.</nowiki> Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Diff/715571]] == Good day. What was the revert for? It was done to fix the lint errors [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:42, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :As well as [[Special:Diff/715572]] [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:44, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :But you are repeating the same thing, instead to add or improve, but you deleted "1790" and repeated "1790" what is the meaning of this? [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:45, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::I have no idea what you're saying. I simply just replaced the obsolete HTML tags with "div" tag. [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:48, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :::Ok i was confused, but let me revert it again [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:51, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-10-18 07:55:02. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:43, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)</div> :Thanks for the reminder, i will request for renewal. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:45, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Tambaya == Barka da aiki @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] shin zan iya Yin gyara goma ko fiye da haka a mukala daya? [[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] ([[User talk:Aliyu aminu ingawa|talk]]) 10:58, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Barka dai @[[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] tabbas zaka iya gyara goma ko fiye da haka a muƙala ɗaya indai gyaran yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana da inganci [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 11:32, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Ugwueze Chijioke == Judging from the sources, [[Ugwueze Chijioke]] should be moved to [[Chijioke Ugwueze]]. Best, [[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] ([[User talk:Sam Sailor|talk]]) 19:33, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Thank you @[[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] for reaching out. Done✅ [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:02, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2026-04-22 18:56:47. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 15 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</div> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Alaman gogewa ([[Copper shark]]) == Assalam, sannu da kokari. Wannan mukala da ke sama na da kurai-kurai da dama kuma yana bukatan gyara sosai don bada ma'ana. Na masa alaman gogewa amma na dan baka lokaci kadan don a gyara. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 01:54, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) m3il3wb3qzpxe07v5pv9s8n2eqinoqu 844273 844240 2026-06-01T04:28:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Alaman gogewa (Copper shark) */ Mayarwa 844273 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pharouqenr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pharouqenr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 25 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC) == Barka da Kokari == @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]....barka da kokari da kuma jajircewarka wurin tabbatar da ailimi a wikipedia ta hausa[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 20:09, 18 Mayu 2024 (UTC) == Gyara == Brk da wannan lokaci @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]. Na ga kana ta editing ko gyara hakan yayi. Amman mu riƙa sanin ya kamata wurin gyaran na mu. Ma'ana mu riƙa mai ma'ana sosai. Misali kaga ana rubuta shekarar da lambobin (1999), ka kuma sai ka goge ko kara rubuta wannan sunan shekara da kalmomi. Wanda hakan kuskure ne kasancewar duk wani bahaushe da yaga an rubuta '''1999''' to ya san mi aka saka ba kukatar kuma a sake rubuta shekarar da kalmomi. Idan da ba'a saka da lambobin ba kai kuma ka saka da kalmomi hakan ba wani abu bane. Ina fatan za mu kula!. Nagode. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 06:30, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Gaisuwa == Sannu da aiki Ammar [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:29, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Sunana umarkhan daga garin daya fika l.g yobe state unguwar tsamiya daya. == Nima inakarantar electrial ne nima inaso na zama perfect nima. == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:23, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> :Thank you for alerting me, I'm glad to contribute as much as I can.🙏 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 10:47, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) == [[Chancellor Williams]] == Assalam, Jinjina da kokari sannan kuma wannan mukala da ka kirkira tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, Da fatan a gaba za'a rika kulawa. Mu huta lafiya [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:22, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Wassalam, :Ina gidiya @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] za'a cigaba da kulawa in sha Allah. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 12:38, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Natasha Ntlangwini == Jinjina da kokari malam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Amma sai dai wannan mukala [[Natasha Ntlangwini]] kaman ba kai ka kirkireta ba saboda na san ayyukan ka suna da inganci, amma a wannan shafin na ga gyararraki da yawa. Na yi duk wata gyara da ake bukata amma a gaba ka inganta fassarar ka. Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:04, 20 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Nagede @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ina godiya da dukkan gyararrakin da kakeyi😊 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:59, 22 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Sauya suna Zanga Zangar Al'ummar Togo zuwa [[Gangamin al'ummar Togo]] == Aslm, Na canza taken mukala da ke sama saboda zanga-zanga bai yi dai dai da taken ba (Rally). Da fatan zaka cigaba da aiki mai kyau da kake yi. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:15, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] wannan gyara yayi kuma naji dadin hakan. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 11:25, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == linkin mukala == ya ake linking na mukala [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 13:17, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Domin samun cikakken video na linking muƙala yiman magana da hanyar sadarwa na Whatsapp. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:21, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Sannu da kokari == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Ina ganin ayyukan da kake da kwazo da kake nunawa. Saboda haka ina jinjina maka. A cigaba da aiki mai kyau! [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 05:37, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode sosai @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] kana bani karsashi sosai domin jajircewa. Allah ya saka da Alkhairi. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:31, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Goyon baya - Kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member) == == Goyon baya == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members<nowiki>] ayi comment.</nowiki> Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Diff/715571]] == Good day. What was the revert for? It was done to fix the lint errors [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:42, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :As well as [[Special:Diff/715572]] [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:44, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :But you are repeating the same thing, instead to add or improve, but you deleted "1790" and repeated "1790" what is the meaning of this? [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:45, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::I have no idea what you're saying. I simply just replaced the obsolete HTML tags with "div" tag. [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:48, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :::Ok i was confused, but let me revert it again [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:51, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-10-18 07:55:02. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:43, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)</div> :Thanks for the reminder, i will request for renewal. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:45, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Tambaya == Barka da aiki @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] shin zan iya Yin gyara goma ko fiye da haka a mukala daya? [[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] ([[User talk:Aliyu aminu ingawa|talk]]) 10:58, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Barka dai @[[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] tabbas zaka iya gyara goma ko fiye da haka a muƙala ɗaya indai gyaran yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana da inganci [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 11:32, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Ugwueze Chijioke == Judging from the sources, [[Ugwueze Chijioke]] should be moved to [[Chijioke Ugwueze]]. Best, [[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] ([[User talk:Sam Sailor|talk]]) 19:33, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Thank you @[[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] for reaching out. Done✅ [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:02, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2026-04-22 18:56:47. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 15 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</div> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Alaman gogewa ([[Copper shark]]) == Assalam, sannu da kokari. Wannan mukala da ke sama na da kurai-kurai da dama kuma yana bukatan gyara sosai don bada ma'ana. Na masa alaman gogewa amma na dan baka lokaci kadan don a gyara. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 01:54, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :Wassam @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] a matsayin ka na edita zaka iya bada gudunmawa domin gyarawa, amma na ƙara gyara wasu abubuwa, kaima zanyi maraba da gudunmawarka domin inganta shafin da Wikipedia baki ɗaya. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 04:28, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) cnnogdcgx3pshnoxrfuhasp1hh1pyom 844459 844273 2026-06-01T10:34:52Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Alaman gogewa (Copper shark) */ Mayarwa 844459 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pharouqenr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pharouqenr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 25 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC) == Barka da Kokari == @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]....barka da kokari da kuma jajircewarka wurin tabbatar da ailimi a wikipedia ta hausa[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 20:09, 18 Mayu 2024 (UTC) == Gyara == Brk da wannan lokaci @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]. Na ga kana ta editing ko gyara hakan yayi. Amman mu riƙa sanin ya kamata wurin gyaran na mu. Ma'ana mu riƙa mai ma'ana sosai. Misali kaga ana rubuta shekarar da lambobin (1999), ka kuma sai ka goge ko kara rubuta wannan sunan shekara da kalmomi. Wanda hakan kuskure ne kasancewar duk wani bahaushe da yaga an rubuta '''1999''' to ya san mi aka saka ba kukatar kuma a sake rubuta shekarar da kalmomi. Idan da ba'a saka da lambobin ba kai kuma ka saka da kalmomi hakan ba wani abu bane. Ina fatan za mu kula!. Nagode. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 06:30, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Gaisuwa == Sannu da aiki Ammar [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:29, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Sunana umarkhan daga garin daya fika l.g yobe state unguwar tsamiya daya. == Nima inakarantar electrial ne nima inaso na zama perfect nima. == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:23, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> :Thank you for alerting me, I'm glad to contribute as much as I can.🙏 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 10:47, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) == [[Chancellor Williams]] == Assalam, Jinjina da kokari sannan kuma wannan mukala da ka kirkira tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, Da fatan a gaba za'a rika kulawa. Mu huta lafiya [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:22, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Wassalam, :Ina gidiya @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] za'a cigaba da kulawa in sha Allah. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 12:38, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Natasha Ntlangwini == Jinjina da kokari malam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Amma sai dai wannan mukala [[Natasha Ntlangwini]] kaman ba kai ka kirkireta ba saboda na san ayyukan ka suna da inganci, amma a wannan shafin na ga gyararraki da yawa. Na yi duk wata gyara da ake bukata amma a gaba ka inganta fassarar ka. Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:04, 20 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Nagede @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ina godiya da dukkan gyararrakin da kakeyi😊 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:59, 22 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Sauya suna Zanga Zangar Al'ummar Togo zuwa [[Gangamin al'ummar Togo]] == Aslm, Na canza taken mukala da ke sama saboda zanga-zanga bai yi dai dai da taken ba (Rally). Da fatan zaka cigaba da aiki mai kyau da kake yi. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:15, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] wannan gyara yayi kuma naji dadin hakan. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 11:25, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == linkin mukala == ya ake linking na mukala [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 13:17, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Domin samun cikakken video na linking muƙala yiman magana da hanyar sadarwa na Whatsapp. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:21, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Sannu da kokari == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Ina ganin ayyukan da kake da kwazo da kake nunawa. Saboda haka ina jinjina maka. A cigaba da aiki mai kyau! [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 05:37, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode sosai @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] kana bani karsashi sosai domin jajircewa. Allah ya saka da Alkhairi. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:31, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Goyon baya - Kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member) == == Goyon baya == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members<nowiki>] ayi comment.</nowiki> Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Diff/715571]] == Good day. What was the revert for? It was done to fix the lint errors [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:42, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :As well as [[Special:Diff/715572]] [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:44, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :But you are repeating the same thing, instead to add or improve, but you deleted "1790" and repeated "1790" what is the meaning of this? [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:45, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::I have no idea what you're saying. I simply just replaced the obsolete HTML tags with "div" tag. [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:48, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :::Ok i was confused, but let me revert it again [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:51, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-10-18 07:55:02. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:43, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)</div> :Thanks for the reminder, i will request for renewal. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:45, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Tambaya == Barka da aiki @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] shin zan iya Yin gyara goma ko fiye da haka a mukala daya? [[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] ([[User talk:Aliyu aminu ingawa|talk]]) 10:58, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Barka dai @[[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] tabbas zaka iya gyara goma ko fiye da haka a muƙala ɗaya indai gyaran yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana da inganci [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 11:32, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Ugwueze Chijioke == Judging from the sources, [[Ugwueze Chijioke]] should be moved to [[Chijioke Ugwueze]]. Best, [[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] ([[User talk:Sam Sailor|talk]]) 19:33, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Thank you @[[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] for reaching out. Done✅ [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:02, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2026-04-22 18:56:47. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 15 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</div> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Alaman gogewa ([[Copper shark]]) == Assalam, sannu da kokari. Wannan mukala da ke sama na da kurai-kurai da dama kuma yana bukatan gyara sosai don bada ma'ana. Na masa alaman gogewa amma na dan baka lokaci kadan don a gyara. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 01:54, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :Wassam @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] a matsayin ka na edita zaka iya bada gudunmawa domin gyarawa, amma na ƙara gyara wasu abubuwa, kaima zanyi maraba da gudunmawarka domin inganta shafin da Wikipedia baki ɗaya. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 04:28, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], a matsayinka na wanda ya kirkira shafin ka yi fassara mai kyau tun farko, idan kura-kuran kadan ne sai in gyara. Amma wannan ya wuce gyara. Saboda ma na ga kai ne ka saba kirkirar masu inganci sai yasa na gyara maka. Amma ya cancan SPEEDY DELETION. Saboda bai da ma'ana. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:34, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) n7pcv0wkwo2555yy1h69bxi9m2u8avx 844492 844459 2026-06-01T10:55:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Alaman gogewa (Copper shark) */ Mayarwa 844492 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pharouqenr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pharouqenr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 25 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC) == Barka da Kokari == @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]....barka da kokari da kuma jajircewarka wurin tabbatar da ailimi a wikipedia ta hausa[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 20:09, 18 Mayu 2024 (UTC) == Gyara == Brk da wannan lokaci @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]]. Na ga kana ta editing ko gyara hakan yayi. Amman mu riƙa sanin ya kamata wurin gyaran na mu. Ma'ana mu riƙa mai ma'ana sosai. Misali kaga ana rubuta shekarar da lambobin (1999), ka kuma sai ka goge ko kara rubuta wannan sunan shekara da kalmomi. Wanda hakan kuskure ne kasancewar duk wani bahaushe da yaga an rubuta '''1999''' to ya san mi aka saka ba kukatar kuma a sake rubuta shekarar da kalmomi. Idan da ba'a saka da lambobin ba kai kuma ka saka da kalmomi hakan ba wani abu bane. Ina fatan za mu kula!. Nagode. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 06:30, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Gaisuwa == Sannu da aiki Ammar [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:29, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Sunana umarkhan daga garin daya fika l.g yobe state unguwar tsamiya daya. == Nima inakarantar electrial ne nima inaso na zama perfect nima. == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:23, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> :Thank you for alerting me, I'm glad to contribute as much as I can.🙏 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 10:47, 26 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) == [[Chancellor Williams]] == Assalam, Jinjina da kokari sannan kuma wannan mukala da ka kirkira tana dauke da gyararraki da yawa, Da fatan a gaba za'a rika kulawa. Mu huta lafiya [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:22, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Wassalam, :Ina gidiya @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] za'a cigaba da kulawa in sha Allah. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 12:38, 12 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Natasha Ntlangwini == Jinjina da kokari malam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Amma sai dai wannan mukala [[Natasha Ntlangwini]] kaman ba kai ka kirkireta ba saboda na san ayyukan ka suna da inganci, amma a wannan shafin na ga gyararraki da yawa. Na yi duk wata gyara da ake bukata amma a gaba ka inganta fassarar ka. Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:04, 20 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :Nagede @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] ina godiya da dukkan gyararrakin da kakeyi😊 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:59, 22 Mayu 2025 (UTC) == Sauya suna Zanga Zangar Al'ummar Togo zuwa [[Gangamin al'ummar Togo]] == Aslm, Na canza taken mukala da ke sama saboda zanga-zanga bai yi dai dai da taken ba (Rally). Da fatan zaka cigaba da aiki mai kyau da kake yi. Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:15, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] wannan gyara yayi kuma naji dadin hakan. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 11:25, 16 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == linkin mukala == ya ake linking na mukala [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 13:17, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) :Domin samun cikakken video na linking muƙala yiman magana da hanyar sadarwa na Whatsapp. Nagode [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:21, 25 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Sannu da kokari == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], Ina ganin ayyukan da kake da kwazo da kake nunawa. Saboda haka ina jinjina maka. A cigaba da aiki mai kyau! [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 05:37, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Nagode sosai @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] kana bani karsashi sosai domin jajircewa. Allah ya saka da Alkhairi. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 07:31, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == Goyon baya - Kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member) == == Goyon baya == Assalam @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members<nowiki>] ayi comment.</nowiki> Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == [[Special:Diff/715571]] == Good day. What was the revert for? It was done to fix the lint errors [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:42, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :As well as [[Special:Diff/715572]] [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:44, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :But you are repeating the same thing, instead to add or improve, but you deleted "1790" and repeated "1790" what is the meaning of this? [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:45, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) ::I have no idea what you're saying. I simply just replaced the obsolete HTML tags with "div" tag. [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|talk]]) 06:48, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) :::Ok i was confused, but let me revert it again [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 06:51, 23 Satumba 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-10-18 07:55:02. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:43, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)</div> :Thanks for the reminder, i will request for renewal. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 19:45, 11 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Tambaya == Barka da aiki @[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] shin zan iya Yin gyara goma ko fiye da haka a mukala daya? [[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] ([[User talk:Aliyu aminu ingawa|talk]]) 10:58, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Barka dai @[[User:Aliyu aminu ingawa|Aliyu aminu ingawa]] tabbas zaka iya gyara goma ko fiye da haka a muƙala ɗaya indai gyaran yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana da inganci [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 11:32, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Ugwueze Chijioke == Judging from the sources, [[Ugwueze Chijioke]] should be moved to [[Chijioke Ugwueze]]. Best, [[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] ([[User talk:Sam Sailor|talk]]) 19:33, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) :Thank you @[[User:Sam Sailor|Sam Sailor]] for reaching out. Done✅ [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 20:02, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2026-04-22 18:56:47. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 15 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)</div> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. 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In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Alaman gogewa ([[Copper shark]]) == Assalam, sannu da kokari. Wannan mukala da ke sama na da kurai-kurai da dama kuma yana bukatan gyara sosai don bada ma'ana. Na masa alaman gogewa amma na dan baka lokaci kadan don a gyara. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 01:54, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :Wassam @[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] a matsayin ka na edita zaka iya bada gudunmawa domin gyarawa, amma na ƙara gyara wasu abubuwa, kaima zanyi maraba da gudunmawarka domin inganta shafin da Wikipedia baki ɗaya. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 04:28, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]], a matsayinka na wanda ya kirkira shafin ka yi fassara mai kyau tun farko, idan kura-kuran kadan ne sai in gyara. Amma wannan ya wuce gyara. Saboda ma na ga kai ne ka saba kirkirar masu inganci sai yasa na gyara maka. Amma ya cancan SPEEDY DELETION. Saboda bai da ma'ana. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:34, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] zan samu time in gyarata sosai. Nagode da gyara🙂🤝 [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 10:55, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 4nx9z7otijrlmigmo3dk0z15fcvo7rk 0 68094 844185 839332 2026-05-31T21:40:19Z Antiaichecker 45397 korvaaminen paremmalla valokuvalla 844185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:La Fouine (Laouni Mouhid) at OM Seraing, February 8, 2026.jpg|thumb|Rapper '''La Fouine''' tare da tawagarsa a OM Seraing a Belgium a cikin 2026.]] [[Fayil:La Fouine (rappeur) - Besançon.jpg|thumb|'''La Fouine''' a shagon kasina]] '''Laouni Muhid''' (Larabci; an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1981) wanda aka fi sani da suna '''La Fouine''' (Faransa: [[la 'fwin] ]; lit. 'The beech marten'), tare da ƙarin sunayen da ake kira Fouiny Babe ko kawai Fouiny (/fwiːni/), mawaƙi ne na kasar Faransa kuma mawaƙi na zuriyar Maroko. Shi ne mai mallakar Banlieue Sale da layin tufafi "Street Swagg".  == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Trappes a cikin iyali na yara bakwai ga iyaye yan asalin Maroko daga Casablanca, Laouni ya girma a wajen Paris a cikin Yvelines . Shi ne na karshe daga cikin 'yan uwansa maza da mata shida, Hakim (wanda aka fi sani da rapper Canardo), Kamel, Illham, Samira, Naima da Adil. La Fouine ya yi magana game da wannan a cikin "Je regarde là-haut". [[Fayil:La Fouine 10 Sep 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru goma sha biyar don ya ba da kansa ga rap kuma ya ɗauki darussan kiɗa na farko. La Fouine, wanda ake kira "Forcené" memba ne mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar "GSP". Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɗan gajeren ƙungiyar "FORS" tare da ''DJ RV'' (Hervé), Le ''Griffin'' (Tarek Medimegh) da ''LaylaD'' (Layla Melloni Forcé), wanda aka kirkira galibi don shiga cikin 2 R puissance ART a La Verrière, inda ya lashe kyautar ta biyu. A shekara ta 1998, an daure La Fouine. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Laouni ta yi aure, sannan ta sake aure bayan ta zama mahaifin wata yarinya, an haife ta a shekara ta 2002, mai suna Fatima, mai suna bayan mahaifiyar La Fouine. Mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 2005 ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙarsa "Je regarde là-haut" Ya kuma sami lokacin duhu a gidajen kula da gidaje da kurkuku. "Ina da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai lokacin da aka kore ni daga makaranta kuma aka sanya ni a gidajen kulawa. Na zama mai fama da rashin barci a mafi yawan lokuta. Amma bai dauki ni in kwana da ni ba, idan 'yan sanda suna neman ni kai tsaye. Na yi barci tare da mutane a cikin motoci, gidaje, da sauransu". Ya ce wa mujallar Planète Rap. Fouine mai sha'awar kulob din mai suna ESA Linas-Montlhéry ne. == Ayyuka == === 2005: An yi amfani da shi a cikin sauti''An bugu da shi'' === [[Fayil:La_Fouine_in_a_gym_with_boxing_gloves_and_four_other_people_in_Paris_Region_France.jpg|thumb|273x273px|'''La Fouine''' a lokacin zaman horo a dakin motsa jiki.]] Bayan ya saki takardar shaidarsa ta farko ta titin Planète Trappes wanda ya sa ya sami izini na farko a cikin rap, ya saki kundi na farko a shekara ta 2005 mai suna Bourré au Son wanda ke da alamar salon California. Waƙoƙin "L'unité" da "Quelque chose de spécial" sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an watsa su a yawancin tashoshin rediyo na Faransa.<ref>http://hitparade.ch/artist/La_Fouine</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] m1kxarso1ai9w000anybq643he2cwmz 0 88845 844477 716482 2026-06-01T10:41:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 844477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Corey Charles Garth Main''' (an haife shi 27 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na New Zealand wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da za a yi a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], a tseren mita 100 na maza.<ref>https://olympic.org.nz/athletes/corey-main</ref> ==Farkon rayuwar== An haifi Main a Auckland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1995. Daga zuriyar Māori, Manyan masu alaƙa da Ngāti Porou da Ngāpuhi iwi. Ya halarci Kwalejin Macleans da ke Auckland kuma yanzu yana karatu a Jami'ar [[Florida]] kan tallafin karatu, inda ya yi horo a karkashin Gregg Troy kuma ya yi takara ga kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Florida Gators. ==Aiki== Main memba ne na kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Howick Pakuranga inda Gary Hollywood ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. Ya yi takara a gasar matasa ta Commonwealth na shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a tsibirin Man, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo hudu a wasannin ninkaya. Babban ya sami lambobin zinare a cikin mita 50, 100 mita, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na baya na mita 200, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar New Zealand waɗanda suka ci lambar tagulla a cikin 4 × 200 mita mai ba da kyauta.<ref>http://www.cyg2011results.com/Competitor.aspx?RegID=21348</ref> Don Gasar Swimming Junior Pan Pacific ta 2012 da aka fafata a Cibiyar Ruwa na Tsohon Soja a Honolulu, Amurka, Main ya lashe lambar yabo na azurfa a tseren mita 100 tare da lokacin dakika 54.96, lambar yabo ta tagulla a tseren mita 200 tare da 1: 59.67, an sanya na biyar akan tseren medley na mita 4 × 100 a ciki 3:58.53, kuma na shida akan gudun ba da sanda mai ƙwanƙwasa 4×100 a cikin 3:37.06. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] 2w5a877av0z1udmy4dzo78coe57sv5v 844482 844477 2026-06-01T10:44:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 844482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Corey Charles Garth Main''' (an haife shi 27 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na New Zealand wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da za a yi a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], a tseren mita 100 na maza.<ref>https://olympic.org.nz/athletes/corey-main</ref> ==Farkon rayuwar== An haifi Main a Auckland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1995. Daga zuriyar Māori, Manyan masu alaƙa da Ngāti Porou da Ngāpuhi iwi. Ya halarci Kwalejin Macleans da ke Auckland kuma yanzu yana karatu a Jami'ar [[Florida]] kan tallafin karatu, inda ya yi horo a karkashin Gregg Troy kuma ya yi takara ga kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Florida Gators. ==Aiki== Main memba ne na kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Howick Pakuranga inda Gary Hollywood ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. Ya yi takara a gasar matasa ta Commonwealth na shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a tsibirin Man, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo hudu a wasannin ninkaya. Babban ya sami lambobin zinare a cikin mita 50, 100 mita, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na baya na mita 200, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar New Zealand waɗanda suka ci lambar tagulla a cikin 4 × 200 mita mai ba da kyauta.<ref>http://www.cyg2011results.com/Competitor.aspx?RegID=21348</ref> Don Gasar Swimming Junior Pan Pacific ta 2012 da aka fafata a Cibiyar Ruwa na Tsohon Soja a Honolulu, Amurka, Main ya lashe lambar yabo na azurfa a tseren mita 100 tare da lokacin dakika 54.96, lambar yabo ta tagulla a tseren mita 200 tare da 1: 59.67, an sanya na biyar akan tseren medley na mita 4 × 100 a ciki 3:58.53, kuma na shida akan gudun ba da sanda mai ƙwanƙwasa 4×100 a cikin 3:37.06.<ref>https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/meet-results/international-event-results/junior-pan-pacs/2012-junior-pan-pacific-championships.pdf</ref> 27 August 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] 5wsd98sd2evsef5pv6zlppy7gkeymna 844490 844482 2026-06-01T10:49:35Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 844490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Corey Charles Garth Main''' (an haife shi 27 ga Fabrairu 1995) ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na New Zealand wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da za a yi a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], a tseren mita 100 na maza.<ref>https://olympic.org.nz/athletes/corey-main</ref> ==Farkon rayuwar== An haifi Main a Auckland a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1995. Daga zuriyar Māori, Manyan masu alaƙa da Ngāti Porou da Ngāpuhi iwi. Ya halarci Kwalejin Macleans da ke Auckland kuma yanzu yana karatu a Jami'ar [[Florida]] kan tallafin karatu, inda ya yi horo a karkashin Gregg Troy kuma ya yi takara ga kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Florida Gators.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160822090610/http://31.13.130.233:8080/uploads/info/file/868/Total_Ranking_M_100_Bc_H.pdf</ref> ==Aiki== Main memba ne na kungiyar wasan ninkaya ta Howick Pakuranga inda Gary Hollywood ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. Ya yi takara a gasar matasa ta Commonwealth na shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a tsibirin Man, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo hudu a wasannin ninkaya. Babban ya sami lambobin zinare a cikin mita 50, 100 mita, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na baya na mita 200, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar New Zealand waɗanda suka ci lambar tagulla a cikin 4 × 200 mita mai ba da kyauta.<ref>http://www.cyg2011results.com/Competitor.aspx?RegID=21348</ref> Don Gasar Swimming Junior Pan Pacific ta 2012 da aka fafata a Cibiyar Ruwa na Tsohon Soja a Honolulu, Amurka, Main ya lashe lambar yabo na azurfa a tseren mita 100 tare da lokacin dakika 54.96, lambar yabo ta tagulla a tseren mita 200 tare da 1: 59.67, an sanya na biyar akan tseren medley na mita 4 × 100 a ciki 3:58.53, kuma na shida akan gudun ba da sanda mai ƙwanƙwasa 4×100 a cikin 3:37.06.<ref>https://www.usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/eventsdocuments/meet-results/international-event-results/junior-pan-pacs/2012-junior-pan-pacific-championships.pdf</ref> 27 August 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] efj2mhpnles1trbg0zyyf7012mn8ha3 0 108869 844460 837836 2026-06-01T10:34:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trimingham''' ƙauyen bakin teku ne kuma Ikklesiya ta farar hula a gundumar North Norfolk na Norfolk, Ingila. <ref>Ordnance Survey, Explorer Sheet 252, Norfolk Coast East, {{ISBN|978-0-319-46726-8}}</ref> Ƙauyen yana da {{Convert|5|mi|km|0}} arewa da Arewa Walsham, {{Convert|4|mi|km|0}} gabas da Cromer, {{Convert|20|mi|km}} arewa da birni da gundumar Norwich, kuma yana kan titin B1159 bakin teku tsakanin Cromer da Mundesley . Sunan ƙauyen yana nufin 'Gida / ƙauyen mutanen Trymma'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key to English Place-names |url=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Trimingham |website=kepn.nottingham.ac.uk |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221234920/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Trimingham |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cocin Ikklisiya == Cocin Ikklisiya na Trimingham an sanya masa suna ne don Shugaban [[Yahaya mai Baftisma|St John the Baptist]] . [[Listed building|Ginin da aka jera]] na Grade II ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stuff |first=Good |title=Church of St John the Baptist, Trimingham, Norfolk |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101049787-church-of-st-john-the-baptist-trimingham |website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHURCH OF ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, Trimingham - 1049787 &#124; Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1049787 |website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref> An keɓe shi ne a zamanin da, lokacin da aka ajiye shugaban alabaster mai girman gaske na saint a cocin. Hajji ne suka ziyarci bagaden St John's shrine wadanda suka zo cocin maimakon yin tafiya zuwa Amiens Cathedral a arewacin Faransa, inda aka ajiye wani abu, wanda aka ce shi ne ainihin shugaban Yahaya Maibaftisma. Shugaban alabaster bai tsira ba, kuma kodayake ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru da shi ba, an ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa masu gyarawa Anglican sun lalata shi sakamakon umarnin 1538 game da hotuna a lokacin mulkin Sarki Henry na takwas. Wata ka'ida ita ce an lalata shugaban ne sakamakon ƙarin umarni wanda aka sanya shi sosai a cikin 1547, a farkon makonni na mulkin Edward VI. A yau wani shugaban alabaster ya tsira a cikin Victoria da Albert Museum a London, kuma ana tunanin cewa shugaban a Trimingham daidai yake. Ana kiran zauren ƙauyen 'mazaunin mahajjata' a matsayin tunatarwa game da baya na Trimingham a matsayin wurin aikin hajji. Majami'ar tana da hasumiya ta tsugunne da ake tunanin ba a gama ba. Tana da manyan buttresses a hawan yamma wanda ke nuna cewa kuskuren da aka samu a ginin cocin na iya zama dalilin ginin hasumiya da ba a kammala ba. Nave na gabas yana yanke kewaye da gindin gindi don rungume shi. Wannan keɓancewar na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare sakamakon sabuntawa ta Thomas Jeckyll a cikin 1850s. Pevsner ya bayyana a cikin littafin binciken gundumarsa cewa Jeckyll ya sake gina ginin gaba ɗaya, wanda mafi kyawun fasalin shi ne hanyar da hasumiya ta tuddai a gefen gabas ta shiga cikin teku. Gidan bangon cocin yana da siffofi hudu a kowane gefen ƙofar shiga: St Edmund tare da kibiyansa, St Clare tare da littafinta da monstrance, St Clement tare da anga da crozier, da St James a cikin riguna na mahajjaci. A gefen kudu akwai St Petronella da littafinta da makullanta, St Cecilia tare da adonta na furanni, St Barbara tare da hasumiyarta, da St Jerome tare da shaho. An ba da tagar gabas na coci ga H Wilkinson kuma kwanan wata daga 1925; <ref name="auto" /> taga yana nuna Almasihu cikin ɗaukaka kusa da St Michael da [[Mala'ika Jibril|St Gabriel]], tare da alamomin masu bishara huɗu kewaye da su. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Trimingham "golf ball" == [[Fayil:Trimingham_Early_warning_station.jpg|thumb|RAF Trimingham]] [[File:Trimingham_Beach_Aug07.jpg|thumb|Gidan rairayin bakin teku na Trimingham]] RAF Trimingham akwai tashar radar ta tsaron iska RAF Triminghan, tashar tauraron dan adam ta RAF Neatishead a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke da tsari mai kama da babban kwallon golf kuma yana kan gefen dutsen a kan hanyar bakin teku. An cire wannan tsari a farkon 2023. Bayan da ya musanta matsaloli a baya, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ce, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, za ta yi la'akari da da'awar diyya bayan binciken da aka gano cewa radar na Type 93 da ke juyawa a cikin dome "ba daidai ba ne". Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta bayyana cewa radar ya kasance ba daidai ba tsakanin Nuwamba 2005 da Fabrairu 2006, wanda ya haifar da injunan mota da fitilu su yanke, da kuma saurin gudu su motsa har zuwa 150 mph yayin da masu motoci suka wuce. Wani mai garage na gida wanda ke gudanar da garage mafi kusa a Mundesley, ya ce ya yi kira 30 a cikin watanni biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOD 'fesses up to car-molesting radar |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/11/03/radar_mystery_solved/ |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref>&nbsp; == Rairayin bakin teku na Trimingham == Trimingham yana da rairayin bakin teku wanda [[Surfing|masu hawan igiyar ruwa]], masu hawan jirgin sama, masu tafiya da karnuka da masu kamun kifi na dare ke amfani da shi. Ana isa ta hanyar hanya mai tsayi guda ɗaya kawai da aka isa tare da hanya da ta wuce ginin da ya kasance Gidan jama'a na Ingleside, yanzu zama mai zaman kansa. Fuskar dutsen da ke [[Trimingham]] tana da ƙaramin ƙanƙara a Ƙasar Ingila; ya ƙunshi harsashi, bivalves, crinoids da oysters, kuma yana ƙarƙashin lalacewar bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Science & Nature - UK Wildlife - Nature near you |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/nature_near_you/venue.shtml?vid=46534&rid= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111203932/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/nature_near_you/venue.shtml?vid=46534&rid= |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2008-02-10}}</ref> An gina titin da aka bari a kan rairayin bakin teku a wani lokaci tsakanin 1945 da 1973. Ba a san ainihin amfani da shi ba, amma mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da shi don bam din da za a iya zubar da shi bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] kuma an yi amfani dashi don gina tsaron teku na 1973 a kan rairayin bakin teku. An binne shi a wani bangare daga baya a wannan shekarar ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa daga dutsen da ke kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIMINGHAM BEACH RAILWAY &#124; NORFOLK &#124; DISUSED &#124; UK |url=https://www.norfolksdisusedrailways.com/trimingham |website=NORFOLKS DISUSED RAILWAYS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Mystery of Trimingham beach railway track solved |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c20le73e54vo |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remains-of-post-war-bomb-disposal-railway - Norfolk Heritage Explorer |url=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?MNF46193-Remains-of-post-war-bomb-disposal-railway&Index=39041&RecordCount=57339&SessionID=142deb54-a323-4a8d-9100-e31b0aea1520 |website=www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=WWII Bomb Disposal Railway remains, The Beach, Trimingham. |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/139375961@N08/52682304617 |via=Flickr}}</ref> == Sufuri == Tashar jirgin kasa mafi kusa tana [[Gunton railway station|Gunton]] don Bittern Line wanda ke tsakanin [[Sheringham]], Cromer da Norwich. Filin jirgin saman da ya fi kusa yana [[Norwich International Airport|Filin jirgin saman Norwich]]. Trimingham ya taɓa yin amfani da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Trimingham akan Norfolk da Suffolk Joint Railway tsakanin Cromer da North Walsham . Ya rufe a 1953. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Trimingham_Village_Sign_10_Nov_2007.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Alamar ƙauyen]] Ƙauyen yana da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ake kira Trimingham Pilgrims, wanda aka fi sani da "The Trimms". == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qubykczpbt5uihcpkb9tox940e6ihwz 0 109591 844256 685290 2026-06-01T04:02:18Z BnHamid 12586 844256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Harin bam na Şemdinli na 2016 wani hari ne na bam a kan sansanin soja na Turkiyya wanda reshen makamai na Kurdish PKK HPG ya gudanar a Turkiyya wanda ya faru a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2016. A cewar hukumomin Turkiyya, bam din mota ya kashe akalla mutane 18 ciki har da sojoji 10 da fararen hula 8. Har ila yau, wasu mutane 27 sun ji rauni bisa ga rahotanni na farko. Rundunar soji ta PKK ta HPG ta yi ikirarin harin kuma ta yi ikirari cewa ta kashe sojoji sama da 32.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PKK terrorists kill 18, injure 27 in bomb laden vehicle attack on gendarmerie checkpoint |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/10/09/pkk-terrorists-kill-18-injure-27-in-bomb-laden-vehicle-attack-on-gendarmerie-checkpoint |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009132318/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/10/09/pkk-terrorists-kill-18-injure-27-in-bomb-laden-vehicle-attack-on-gendarmerie-checkpoint |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> Wata rana bayan haka, an gano wadanda suka mutu, duk bayanan asibitoci da asibitocin a yankin an bincika su kuma bisa ga sabbin maganganu; yawan wadanda suka mutu shine 15 a halin yanzu, ba 18, tare da 5 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu fararen hula ne. 1 farar hula ɗan ƙasar Iran ne wanda ke cikin gari don ziyartar iyali. Wani daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, wani yaro ne dan kasar Turkiyya mai shekaru 15 daga yankin. Tare da ta'addanci, wanda ya fashe da kansa, jimlar mutuwar ta kai 16, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba. Wanda ya kai farmaki, wanda har yanzu ba a gano jikinsa ba don sanin ainihin asusun sa da zama ɗan ƙasa, an yi iƙirarin cewa memba ne na PKK kuma ana zaton ya isa Turkiyya daga makwabciyar Iraki jim kadan kafin harin. Hanyar harin ta dogara ne akan shirin bam din mota kuma harin bam ne. Hukumomin Turkiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa mayakan, ya tuka motar da ke dauke da tan 5 na fashewa kuma "ba tare da kula da kasancewar farar hula ba", ya shiga cikin sansanin sojojin Turkiyya kuma ya fashe fashe fasinja. A sakamakon haka, jami'ai da fararen hula sun rasa rayukansu. A cewar wata hukumar yada labarai ta jihar Anadolu Ajansi, bayan harin, a wannan rana, a wani taron wakilan kabilun da ke goyon bayan gwamnati da wakilan dangi na kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya a Van, wakilan dangin Kurdawa 181 daga larduna 16 daban-daban a Turkiyya sun yi Allah wadai da ayyukan PKK da dalilan rabuwa. == Halin da ake ciki == === Halin da jami'ai suka yi === Firayim Minista Binali Yıldırım ya yi Allah wadai da harin da kuma "ra'ayoyin rabuwa na PKK wanda ya kawo zafi kawai ga duk wanda ke zaune a yankin" kuma ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen kowane irin ta'addanci, Islama ko rabuwa, don amfanin kowane ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya. Shugaban Turkiyya [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] ya yi Allah wadai da ayyukan zalunci na PKK kuma ya nuna ta'aziyya ga sojoji da fararen hula. Ya kuma jaddada cewa "amincin kasarmu zai ga PKK ba zai iya yin wani tashin hankali ba" kuma ya bayyana cewa "don amfanin al'ummarmu, za mu dauki duk wani matakin diflomasiyya, soja da siyasa a ciki da waje da iyakokinmu". === Halin daga wakilan farar hula na Kurdawa === Bayan abin da ya faru, a wani taron wakilan dangin masu goyon bayan gwamnati daga yankin kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya ya faru a Van. Anadolu Ajansi ya yi iƙirarin cewa wakilan dangin Kurdawa 181 daga larduna 16 daban-daban a yankin sun buga wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa. A cikin sanarwar, wakilan dangin sun yi Allah wadai da PKK da kuma sabon hari. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sanarwa, wakilan waɗannan dangin sun nuna goyon bayansu ga amincin da hadin kan Turkiyya da kuma yakin da jihar ke yi da PKK, wanda suka nemi a dakatar da ayyukansu. Wakilan sun nuna cewa suna goyon bayan siyasar shari'a maimakon tashin hankali. Bayan afkuwar lamarin, an gudanar da taron wakilan dangi masu goyon bayan gwamnati daga yankin kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya a birnin Van.  Anadolu Ajansi ya yi ikirarin cewa wakilan kabilun Kurdawa 181 daga larduna 16 daban-daban na yankin sun fitar da sanarwar hadin gwiwa.  A cikin sanarwar, wakilan dangi sun yi tir da PKK da kuma harin na baya-bayan nan.  Ban da wannan kuma, a cikin sanarwar, wakilan wadannan kabilun sun nuna goyon bayansu ga daidaito da hadin kan Turkiyya da kuma yaki da 'yan ta'addar PKK ke yi, inda suka nemi a dakatar da ayyukansu.  Wakilan sun nuna cewa suna goyon bayan siyasar doka maimakon tashin hankali Jaridar mai goyon bayan gwamnati Anadolu Ajansi ta yi iƙirarin cewa taron shine babbar martani daga wakilan Kurdawa masu goyon bayan gwamnati a kan PKK, kuma an kwatanta shi da Majalisa ta Erzurum da Majalisi na Sivas na Yakin Kasa na Turkiyya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] kuma an kimanta shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan saƙonni da fatan samun daidaito mafi kyau na Turkiyya da ƙarshen Rikicin Kurdawa da Turkiyya.Jaridar Anadolu Ajansi mai goyon bayan gwamnati ta yi ikirarin cewa taron shi ne mafi girman martanin da wakilan Kurdawa masu goyon bayan gwamnati suka bayar kan PKK, kuma an kwatanta shi da Majalisar Erzurum da Majalisar Sivas na yakin neman zaben Turkiyya bayan yakin duniya na farko kuma an kiyasta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sakonni da fatan samun ingantacciyar amincin Turkiyya da kawo karshen rikicin Kurdawa da Turkiyya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} o6xykmsuhngiwthz9au1omsc41z5vi6 0 111545 844270 692837 2026-06-01T04:10:31Z BnHamid 12586 844270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:LocationMorocco.svg|thumb|Yanayin Maroko]] [[Fayil:Modis_morocco_lrg.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Hoton launi na gaskiya na Morocco daga jirgin sararin samaniya na Terra]] [[Fayil:Morocco_Topography.png|thumb|310x310px|Yanayin ƙasar Morocco]] [[Moroko|Maroko]] ita ce ƙasar da ta fi arewa maso yammacin da ta shimfiɗa daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewa da yamma bi da bi, cikin manyan yankunan tsaunuka a ciki, zuwa hamadar [[Sahara]] a kudu maso kudu. [[Moroko|Maroko]] ƙasa ce ta [[Arewacin Afirka]], da ke cikin iyakar arewa maso yammacin Afirka a gefen nahiyar Turai. Strait of Gibraltar ya raba Spain daga Morocco tare da kilomita 13 (8.1 na ruwa. Maroko tana da iyaka da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa]] zuwa yamma, da yammacin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] zuwa arewa, kuma tana da iyuka da [[Aljeriya]] da kuma jayayya da Yammacin Sahara. Yankin Maroko yafi yawan tsaunuka. Duwatsun Atlas sun shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar arewa zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ya fadada zuwa kimanin kilomita 1,350 (840 kuma shine kashin baya na kasar. A arewacin Dutsen Atlas, akwai Dutsen Rif, sarkar da ke cikin tsaunukan Sierra Nevada a Andalusia, Spain. Babban kewayon ya fadada zuwa kimanin kilomita 250 (160 daga [[Tanja|Tangier]] a yamma zuwa Nador zuwa gabas. A yammacin kasar, tare da gabar tekun Atlantika, Dutsen Maroko ya shimfiɗa daga Tangier zuwa essaouira kuma ya shiga ciki zuwa Saiss Plains kusa da [[Fas|Fes]] da Tansift-Alhaouz kusa da [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]]. Wadannan manyan filayen suna inganta filayen noma masu kyau kuma suna tallafawa 15% na tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin matsanancin kudu maso gabashin kasar, ƙasashen sun bushe saboda kusanci da hamadar Sahara. An bunkasa itatuwan dabino a yankuna da yawa, musamman a Figuig da Zagora. == Kididdigar yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png|thumb|350x350px|Birane da manyan garuruwan Morocco da Yammacin Sahara]] [[Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa|Ma'auni]]: 32°00′N 5°00′W / 32.000°N 5.000°W / 32.000.{{Coord|32|00|N|5|00|W|type:country}} '''Yankin''': ''jimillar:'': 446,550 km2 ''ƙasa:'' 446,302 km2 (ko 712,200 km2) ''ruwa:'' 250 km2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yankin ƙasa: ''jimillar:'': ''Kasashen iyaka:'' na kilomita 2,018.9: [[Aljeriya]] 1 559 km, Yammacin Sahara 444 km, [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ([[Ceuta]]) 6.3 km, Spain&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Maritime claims:''' ''Territorial sea:'' {{Convert|12|nmi|km mi|1}} ''Contiguous zone:'' {{Convert|24|nmi|km mi|1}} ''Exclusive economic zone:'' {{Convert|575,230|km2|mi2}} with {{Convert|200|nmi|km|1}} ''Continental shelf:'' 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation [[Fayil:Morocco_Köppen.svg|thumb|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen a Maroko]] Ana iya raba yanayin Maroko zuwa kashi biyu: Arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas. A kudu maso gabas, yanayin ya bushe kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a. Arewa maso yamma yana da yanayi mai sauƙi, kuma kashi 95% na yawan mutanen Maroko suna zaune a waɗannan yankuna. Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a a arewa maso yammacin kasar galibi suna da Yanayin Bahar Rum, amma tunda kasar tana da [[Yanayin Alpine|tsaunuka]] masu yawa, tasirin nahiyar da alpine a bayyane yake, da kuma tasirin teku a bakin tekun Atlantika. Kuma a ƙarshe, ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, waɗanda ke rufe yankuna kaɗan a arewa maso gabas, tsakiya-kudu, da kudu maso yamma. A gefen Tekun Bahar Rum, yanayin yanayi yawanci Rum ne kuma yana tallafawa kowane nau'in ciyayi na Bahar Rum.  Lokacin zafi yana da matsakaici kuma lokacin sanyi yana da laushi.  Daga nesa daga bakin teku, zuwa cikin tsaunukan Rif, yanayin ya fara zama nahiya a cikin halaye, tare da lokacin sanyi da lokacin zafi.  A tsayi sama da mita 1,000 (3,300 ft), yanayin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi da lokacin sanyi.  Ruwan sama ya fi girma a gefen yamma fiye da na gabas.  Matsakaicin hazo na shekara yana tsakanin 600 da 1,500 mm (24 da 59 in), da 300 da 700 mm (12 da 28 in) bi da bi.  Dusar ƙanƙara tana da yawa a tuddai masu tsayi. # Biranen yanayi na Bahar Rum: [[Tanja|Tangier]], Tetuan, Al Hoceima, NadorMai iyo # Biranen da ke da tasiri a nahiyar: Chefchaouen, Issaguen, Targuist, TazaKofin # Biranen da ke da tasirin alpine: Bab Berred Tare da Tekun Atlantika, yanayi shine Bahar Rum tare da tasirin teku. Tambarin yanayin teku ya bambanta tare da bakin teku daga yanki zuwa yanki. Gabaɗaya ana gabatar da shi daga Asilah zuwa Essaouira. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi zuwa matsakaicin zafi, kuma lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi fiye da bakin tekun Bahar Rum. Nisa daga ƙasashen da ke bakin teku, zuwa tsaunin Atlas, yanayin ya fara zama nahiya cikin hali, tare da lokacin sanyi da lokacin zafi. A tsaunuka sama da mita 1,000 (3,300 ft), yanayin yanayi yawanci tsaunuka ne, tare da lokacin zafi da lokacin sanyi. Gabaɗaya ruwan sama yana da yawa. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 500 da 1,800 mm (20 da 71 in) a arewa, amma yayin da kuke matsawa kudu, matsakaicin yana raguwa da kusan 100 zuwa 200 mm (3.9 zuwa 7.9 in). Dusar ƙanƙara tana da yawa a tuddai masu tsayi. Akwai tashoshin kankara guda biyu, ɗaya a tsakiyar-Atlas Mischliffen, ɗayan kuma a cikin High-Atlas Oukaïmeden. # Biranen da ke da tasirin teku: [[Rabat]], [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Essaouira, Larache # Biranen da ke da tasiri a nahiyar: Fès, [[Ameknas|Meknes]], Khenifra, Beni Mellal # Biranen da ke da tasirin alpine: Ifrane, Azru, Midelt, Imouzzer Kandar Yankunan kudancin arewa maso yammacin suna da tsaka-tsaki. Ruwan sama ya fi ƙasa, kuma yana tsakanin 250 da 350 in) a kowace shekara. Kodayake yanayin zafin jiki gabaɗaya ba ya canzawa idan aka kwatanta da larduna na sama, ba za a kori karuwar matsakaicin matsakaicin ba. Yawanci saboda ƙananan latitudes inda suka fadi. Biranen da ke da irin wannan yanayi sune [[Agadir]] da [[Marrakesh]]. === Canjin yanayi === {{Excerpt|Climate change in Morocco}} == Yanayin kasa == [[Fayil:Valley_of_Ammeln.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tsawon tsaunuka Masu adawa da Atlas]] Yankin arewacin gabar teku da ciki suna da tsaunuka tare da manyan yankuna na iyaka, kwarin intermontane, da filayen bakin teku masu arziki. Duwatsun arewa ba su da daidaituwa kuma suna fuskantar girgizar ƙasa. Maroko tana da wuri mai mahimmanci tare da Strait of Gibraltar, hanyar ruwa da ke haɗa Bahar Rum da Tekun Atlantika. Matsayi mai zurfi: ''Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci:'' Sebkha Tah -55 m Matsayi mafi girma: Dutsen Toubkal 4,165 m '''Kogin da ya fi tsayi:''' Kogin Draa (1,100 km) &nbsp; == Amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa == '''Albarkatun halitta:''' Phosphates, Karfe, Manganese, Lead, [[Zinc]], [[Kifi]], [[Gishiri]] '''Amfani da ƙasa:''' ''Yankin noma:'' 17.5% ''Amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 2.9% Makiyaya na dindindindin: 47.1% ''dazuzzuka:'' 11.5% ''Sauran:'' 21.61% (2011) '''Hadarin halitta:''' fari na lokaci-lokaci ==== dazuzzuka na Bahar Rum, da kuma shuke-shuke ==== * Yankunan da suka bushe a Bahar Rum da tsaunuka * Yankunan Bahar Rum da gandun daji * Yankin da ya bushe na Acacia-Argania da kuma bishiyoyi masu daɗi ==== Kudancin gandun daji ==== * Conifer na Bahar Rum da gandun daji masu gauraye ==== Yankunan ciyawa da shrublands ==== * Yankin tsaunuka na Mediterranean High Atlas ==== Yankin hamada da shrublands ==== * Yankin Arewacin Sahara da gandun daji ==== Yankunan ruwa mai laushi ==== * Maghreb na Dindindin * [[Temporary Maghreb|Maghreb na ɗan lokaci]] ==== Yankunan ruwa ==== * Tekun Alboran * [[Saharan Upwelling|Rashin Hawan Sahara]] === Batutuwan muhalli na yanzu === Rashin lalacewar ƙasa / hamada (rugujewar ƙasa sakamakon noma na yankuna masu iyaka, wuce gona da iri, lalata ciyayi); samar da ruwa da aka gurɓata ta hanyar datti; yaduwar tafkuna; gurɓataccen man fetur na ruwan bakin teku. === Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa === Maroko ta kasance cikin: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution ([[MARPOL 73/78]]), Wetlands, Whaling ''sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:'' Canjin Muhalli == Abubuwa masu tsanani == Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na [[Moroko|Maroko]], wuraren da suka fi arewa, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. * Yankin arewacin - [[Pointe Leona]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical Names: Pointe Leona, Morocco |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-61992&fid=3969&c=morocco |access-date=29 April 2021 |publication-date=}}</ref> [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima|Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]] * Gabashin Gabas - wanda ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Aljeriya]] nan da nan gabashin garin [[Iche, Morocco|Iche]], yankin Gabas * Yammacin Yamma - inda iyakar da Yammacin Sahara ta shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], yankin Guelmim-Oued Noun Lura: Maroko ba ta da kudancin kudu, iyakarta ta kudu da Yammaci Sahara bayan latitude 27 ° 40 ' arewa. ** ''Lura: Maroko ba ta da iyakar kudu, iyakarta ta kudu da Yammacin Sahara bayan latitude 27 ° 40 ' arewa.'' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Yanayi]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 77vgc1hlx7dsqhpvpcobkxq1ibcqds6 0 113902 844191 701768 2026-05-31T22:21:49Z Black men are hot 45401 844191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Black Male Human Penis (Erect).jpg|thumb|White b***tches love riding bbc]] Girman fifiko shi ne imani cewa farar fata sun fi na sauran jinsi.<ref>John Philip Jenkins (April 13, 2021). "white supremacy". britannica. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.</ref> Imani yana goyon bayan kiyayewa da kare duk wani iko da gata da fararen fata ke da shi. Girman fata yana da tushe a cikin rukunan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya da ba a yarda da su ba kuma ya kasance mabuɗin hujja ga mulkin mallaka na Turai.<ref>American Association of Physical Anthropologists (March 27, 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2020. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination</ref><ref>Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".</ref> A matsayinta na akidar siyasa, tana dorawa tare da kiyaye al'adu, zamantakewa, siyasa, tarihi ko ma'aikatun farar fata da magoya bayan ba fararen fata. A baya, an aiwatar da wannan akidar ta hanyar tsarin tattalin arziki da na doka kamar cinikin bayi na Atlantic, aikin mulkin mallaka na Turai da ayyukan zamantakewa, Scramble for Africa, Jim Crow dokokin a Amurka, ayyukan Kotun Ƙasar Ƙasa a New Zealand, [4] manufofin White Ostiraliya daga 1890s zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, da Afirka ta Kudu [6]. Wannan akidar ita ma a yau tana nan a tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Maɗaukakin fari yana ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi na zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da farar kishin ƙasa, farar wariyar launin fata, Neo-Nazism, da ƙungiyar Identity na Kirista.[7] A cikin Amurka, fifikon farar fata yana da alaƙa da farko tare da Aryan Nations, White Aryan Resistance, da Ku Klux Klan (KKK), waɗanda kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin antisemitic, kodayake wannan ba lallai ba ne abin da ake buƙata. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gidajen yanar gizo irin su Twitter (wanda aka sani da X tun Yuli 2023), Reddit, da Stormfront, sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka aiki da sha'awar fifikon fari.[9] Daban-daban nau'o'i na girman girman farar fata suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da wanda ake ganin farar fata (ko da yake misalin gabaɗaya mai haske ne, masu launin gashi, da masu launin shuɗi - halayen da aka fi sani da su a arewacin Turai kuma waɗanda ake kallon pseudoscientifically a matsayin halaye na kabilar Aryan), kuma ba dukkanin ƙungiyoyin fararen fata sun yarda a kan wanene babban abokin gaba ba. Kungiyoyi daban-daban na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun gano kabilanci, kabilanci, addini, da sauran abokan gaba, [10] galibi na zuriyar Saharar Afirka, 'yan asalin Amurka da Oceania, Asiya ta Gabas, Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas, Asiya ta Kudu, Asiya ta Tsakiya, mutane da yawa, mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya / Arewacin Afirka, Yahudawa, [11] [12] [13] mutane.[14][15][16][17] A cikin amfani da ilimi, musamman a ka'idar kabilanci mai mahimmanci ko tsaka-tsaki, "fararen fifiko" kuma yana nufin tsarin zamantakewa wanda fararen fata ke jin daɗin fa'ida (gata) akan sauran kabilu, a matakin gamayya da daidaikun mutane, duk da daidaiton shari'a.[18][19][20][21][22 == Tarihi == Mulkin fari yana da ginshiƙan akida waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na 18 na kimiyyar wariyar launin fata, mafi girman yanayin bambancin ɗan adam wanda ya tsara dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin launin fata tun daga ƙarshen zamanin wayewa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20.<ref>Curran, Andrew (July 10, 2020). "Facing America's History of Racism Requires Facing the Origins of 'Race' as a Concept". TIME. Retrieved May 22, 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == 4wzpr8zjcvilthxuqpy30o5ssghhak5 844192 844191 2026-05-31T22:22:50Z NDG 37615 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Black men are hot|Black men are hot]] ([[User talk:Black men are hot|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] 701768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Girman fifiko shi ne imani cewa farar fata sun fi na sauran jinsi.<ref>John Philip Jenkins (April 13, 2021). "white supremacy". britannica. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.</ref> Imani yana goyon bayan kiyayewa da kare duk wani iko da gata da fararen fata ke da shi. Girman fata yana da tushe a cikin rukunan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya da ba a yarda da su ba kuma ya kasance mabuɗin hujja ga mulkin mallaka na Turai.<ref>American Association of Physical Anthropologists (March 27, 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2020. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination</ref><ref>Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".</ref> A matsayinta na akidar siyasa, tana dorawa tare da kiyaye al'adu, zamantakewa, siyasa, tarihi ko ma'aikatun farar fata da magoya bayan ba fararen fata. A baya, an aiwatar da wannan akidar ta hanyar tsarin tattalin arziki da na doka kamar cinikin bayi na Atlantic, aikin mulkin mallaka na Turai da ayyukan zamantakewa, Scramble for Africa, Jim Crow dokokin a Amurka, ayyukan Kotun Ƙasar Ƙasa a New Zealand, [4] manufofin White Ostiraliya daga 1890s zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, da Afirka ta Kudu [6]. Wannan akidar ita ma a yau tana nan a tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Maɗaukakin fari yana ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi na zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da farar kishin ƙasa, farar wariyar launin fata, Neo-Nazism, da ƙungiyar Identity na Kirista.[7] A cikin Amurka, fifikon farar fata yana da alaƙa da farko tare da Aryan Nations, White Aryan Resistance, da Ku Klux Klan (KKK), waɗanda kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin antisemitic, kodayake wannan ba lallai ba ne abin da ake buƙata. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gidajen yanar gizo irin su Twitter (wanda aka sani da X tun Yuli 2023), Reddit, da Stormfront, sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka aiki da sha'awar fifikon fari.[9] Daban-daban nau'o'i na girman girman farar fata suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da wanda ake ganin farar fata (ko da yake misalin gabaɗaya mai haske ne, masu launin gashi, da masu launin shuɗi - halayen da aka fi sani da su a arewacin Turai kuma waɗanda ake kallon pseudoscientifically a matsayin halaye na kabilar Aryan), kuma ba dukkanin ƙungiyoyin fararen fata sun yarda a kan wanene babban abokin gaba ba. Kungiyoyi daban-daban na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun gano kabilanci, kabilanci, addini, da sauran abokan gaba, [10] galibi na zuriyar Saharar Afirka, 'yan asalin Amurka da Oceania, Asiya ta Gabas, Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas, Asiya ta Kudu, Asiya ta Tsakiya, mutane da yawa, mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya / Arewacin Afirka, Yahudawa, [11] [12] [13] mutane.[14][15][16][17] A cikin amfani da ilimi, musamman a ka'idar kabilanci mai mahimmanci ko tsaka-tsaki, "fararen fifiko" kuma yana nufin tsarin zamantakewa wanda fararen fata ke jin daɗin fa'ida (gata) akan sauran kabilu, a matakin gamayya da daidaikun mutane, duk da daidaiton shari'a.[18][19][20][21][22 == Tarihi == Mulkin fari yana da ginshiƙan akida waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na 18 na kimiyyar wariyar launin fata, mafi girman yanayin bambancin ɗan adam wanda ya tsara dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin launin fata tun daga ƙarshen zamanin wayewa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20.<ref>Curran, Andrew (July 10, 2020). "Facing America's History of Racism Requires Facing the Origins of 'Race' as a Concept". TIME. Retrieved May 22, 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == o8uodvjfmknjzlibua7r6d4r5zvjjcd 0 119822 844024 843475 2026-05-31T14:37:10Z Aluja 30485 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356895419|Zohran Mamdani]]" 844024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|'''Zohran Kwame Mamdani'''}} (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan asalin [[Uganda]] da [[Indiya]] wanda yake zaune a [[Amurka]]. Shi ne ɗan majalisar jiha a New York mai wakiltar Gunduma ta 36, wanda ya haɗa yankuna irin su Astoria da Birnin Long Island a Birnin [[New York]]. Mamdani ɗan jam’iyyar Democrat ne, kuma yana daga cikin mambobin Democratic Socialists na Amurka. A shekarar 2025, ya tsaya takara don zama Magajin Garin Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Assembly District 36 – Video |work=Assembly Member Directory |publisher=[[New York State Assembly]] |date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526191854/https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Esz9XzuzOo8&t=12s |title=New York for the Many {{!}} Zohran Mamdani (Vote June 23) |first=Zohran |last=Mamdani |time=00:12 |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DKPKzEguiz2 |user=zohrankmamdani |title=Our new TV + digital ad is now live: freeze the rent. |date=May 29, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Singh2025">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Anshul |script-title=hi:ज़ोहरान ममदानी: न्यूयॉर्क मेयर का चुनाव लड़ रहे भारतीय मूल के नेता कौन हैं? |trans-title=Zohran Mamdani: Who are the Indian-American leaders running for New York mayor? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c07dz9298zgo |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 27, 2025 |language=hi |date=June 25, 2025}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zohran Mamdani an haife shi a [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. Mahaifinsa, Mahmood Mamdani, sanannen masanin siyasa ne kuma malami, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Mira Nair fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Indiya. Iyalinsa sun koma Amurka tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Maine, inda ya karanci Africana. Bayan kammala karatunsa, yayi aiki a matsayin mai taimakon jama’a da kuma mai shirya harkokin al’umma a New York. == Siyasa == [[File:Zohran Mamdani at the Resist Fascism Rally in Bryant Park on Oct 27th 2024.jpg||thumb||Mamdani a wajen gangamin adawa da wariyar launin fata a [[Bryant Park]], Oktoba 27, 2024]] A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya kasance mai tsayawa kan kare haƙƙoƙin masu haya, rage farashin sufuri, da tallafawa masu karamin karfi. Har ila yau, yana da ra’ayin “democratic socialist”, wato ra’ayin dake neman daidaito a tsakanin talakawa da masu kuɗi. == Manufofi == # '''Gidaje masu arha:''' Mamdani yana goyon bayan tsare-tsaren da za su kare masu haya daga hauhawar farashin haya da kuma hana korar su daga gidajensu. # '''Sufuri kyauta:''' Ya yi kira da a fara shirin gwaji na sufuri kyauta (''free bus pilot'') domin rage wa jama’a wahala. #'''Abinci mai rahusa:''' Ya nemi gwamnati ta bude kantunan abinci a kowanne yanki na birnin domin rage tsadar kayan abinci. # '''Kare ma’aikata:''' Ya goyi bayan dokokin dake kare hakkin ma’aikata masu motar haya, musamman bayan matsalolin bashi na "taxi medallion". == Takarar Magajin Garin New York == A shekarar 2025, Mamdani ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Magajin Garin Birnin New York a karkashin jam’iyyar Democrat. Ya samu goyon baya daga matasa da masu ra’ayin canji a Siyasa. A watan Yuni shekarata 2025, ya lashe zaben sharar fage na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ya doke tsofaffin shahararrun yan siyasa, wannan nasara ta sashi cikin manyan ‘yan takarar da ke neman kujerar Magajin Gari. == Rayuwa ta kashin kai == Zohran Mamdani yana zaune a Astoria, Queens, tare da matarsa. Yana magana a fili game da adalcin jama’a, yaƙi da wariya, da kuma kare marasa ƙarfi. Tushen rayuwarsa daga Uganda, Indiya da Amurka hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan siyasa da ke haɗa al’adun duniya cikin ra’ayinsa na adalci da hadin kai. == Girmamawa da tasiri == Mamdani yana daga cikin sabbin matasan siyasa da suka kawo sauyi a tsarin siyasa na New York. Ra’ayinsa na siyasa ya jawo hankalin al’umma, musamman matasa da ma’aikata, kuma yana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan ''Democratic Socialists'' na Amurka a halin yanzu. == Farkon rayuwa == Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi wanda aka haife shi a Rourkela kuma ya girma a Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigal |first=Shinibali Mitra |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Namesake a tribute to Ritwik Ghatak, says Mira Nair |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204013611/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |archive-date=December 4, 2005 |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=Kolkata Newsline}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Kakan mahaifiyarsa, Amrit Lal Nair, tsohon jami'in gudanarwa ne na Indiya (IAS), kuma kakarsa ta mahaifiyarsa, Praveen Nair, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce kuma ta kafa Salaam Baalak Trust a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet director whose father is an IAS officer, her film made it to the Oscars, and who married a Ugandan scientist, her name is... {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223130735/https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |archive-date=December 23, 2024 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=www.india.com}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKitunzi2025">Kitunzi, Yahudu (June 7, 2025). </cite></ref> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavids2024">Davids, Monah (October 26, 2024). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin mutanen New York. " Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda mambobin ma'aikatan fim ɗin suka ƙaunace shi, waɗanda suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da "Nonstop Mamdani". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Uganda]] 7otzgiockl88mulx81o6zw5nezk8p0v 844026 844024 2026-05-31T14:38:44Z Aluja 30485 /* Farkon rayuwa */ 844026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|'''Zohran Kwame Mamdani'''}} (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan asalin [[Uganda]] da [[Indiya]] wanda yake zaune a [[Amurka]]. Shi ne ɗan majalisar jiha a New York mai wakiltar Gunduma ta 36, wanda ya haɗa yankuna irin su Astoria da Birnin Long Island a Birnin [[New York]]. Mamdani ɗan jam’iyyar Democrat ne, kuma yana daga cikin mambobin Democratic Socialists na Amurka. A shekarar 2025, ya tsaya takara don zama Magajin Garin Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Assembly District 36 – Video |work=Assembly Member Directory |publisher=[[New York State Assembly]] |date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526191854/https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Esz9XzuzOo8&t=12s |title=New York for the Many {{!}} Zohran Mamdani (Vote June 23) |first=Zohran |last=Mamdani |time=00:12 |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DKPKzEguiz2 |user=zohrankmamdani |title=Our new TV + digital ad is now live: freeze the rent. |date=May 29, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Singh2025">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Anshul |script-title=hi:ज़ोहरान ममदानी: न्यूयॉर्क मेयर का चुनाव लड़ रहे भारतीय मूल के नेता कौन हैं? |trans-title=Zohran Mamdani: Who are the Indian-American leaders running for New York mayor? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c07dz9298zgo |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 27, 2025 |language=hi |date=June 25, 2025}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zohran Mamdani an haife shi a [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. Mahaifinsa, Mahmood Mamdani, sanannen masanin siyasa ne kuma malami, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Mira Nair fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Indiya. Iyalinsa sun koma Amurka tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Maine, inda ya karanci Africana. Bayan kammala karatunsa, yayi aiki a matsayin mai taimakon jama’a da kuma mai shirya harkokin al’umma a New York. == Siyasa == [[File:Zohran Mamdani at the Resist Fascism Rally in Bryant Park on Oct 27th 2024.jpg||thumb||Mamdani a wajen gangamin adawa da wariyar launin fata a [[Bryant Park]], Oktoba 27, 2024]] A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya kasance mai tsayawa kan kare haƙƙoƙin masu haya, rage farashin sufuri, da tallafawa masu karamin karfi. Har ila yau, yana da ra’ayin “democratic socialist”, wato ra’ayin dake neman daidaito a tsakanin talakawa da masu kuɗi. == Manufofi == # '''Gidaje masu arha:''' Mamdani yana goyon bayan tsare-tsaren da za su kare masu haya daga hauhawar farashin haya da kuma hana korar su daga gidajensu. # '''Sufuri kyauta:''' Ya yi kira da a fara shirin gwaji na sufuri kyauta (''free bus pilot'') domin rage wa jama’a wahala. #'''Abinci mai rahusa:''' Ya nemi gwamnati ta bude kantunan abinci a kowanne yanki na birnin domin rage tsadar kayan abinci. # '''Kare ma’aikata:''' Ya goyi bayan dokokin dake kare hakkin ma’aikata masu motar haya, musamman bayan matsalolin bashi na "taxi medallion". == Takarar Magajin Garin New York == A shekarar 2025, Mamdani ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Magajin Garin Birnin New York a karkashin jam’iyyar Democrat. Ya samu goyon baya daga matasa da masu ra’ayin canji a Siyasa. A watan Yuni shekarata 2025, ya lashe zaben sharar fage na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ya doke tsofaffin shahararrun yan siyasa, wannan nasara ta sashi cikin manyan ‘yan takarar da ke neman kujerar Magajin Gari. == Rayuwa ta kashin kai == Zohran Mamdani yana zaune a Astoria, Queens, tare da matarsa. Yana magana a fili game da adalcin jama’a, yaƙi da wariya, da kuma kare marasa ƙarfi. Tushen rayuwarsa daga Uganda, Indiya da Amurka hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan siyasa da ke haɗa al’adun duniya cikin ra’ayinsa na adalci da hadin kai. == Girmamawa da tasiri == Mamdani yana daga cikin sabbin matasan siyasa da suka kawo sauyi a tsarin siyasa na New York. Ra’ayinsa na siyasa ya jawo hankalin al’umma, musamman matasa da ma’aikata, kuma yana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan ''Democratic Socialists'' na Amurka a halin yanzu. == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi wanda aka haife shi a Rourkela kuma ya girma a Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigal |first=Shinibali Mitra |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Namesake a tribute to Ritwik Ghatak, says Mira Nair |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204013611/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |archive-date=December 4, 2005 |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=Kolkata Newsline}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Kakan mahaifiyarsa, Amrit Lal Nair, tsohon jami'in gudanarwa ne na Indiya (IAS), kuma kakarsa ta mahaifiyarsa, Praveen Nair, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce kuma ta kafa Salaam Baalak Trust a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet director whose father is an IAS officer, her film made it to the Oscars, and who married a Ugandan scientist, her name is... {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223130735/https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |archive-date=December 23, 2024 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=www.india.com}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKitunzi2025">Kitunzi, Yahudu (June 7, 2025). </cite></ref> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavids2024">Davids, Monah (October 26, 2024). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin mutanen New York. " Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda mambobin ma'aikatan fim ɗin suka ƙaunace shi, waɗanda suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da "Nonstop Mamdani". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Uganda]] ljgs411u8pzixn6gs4dgcou6vfxsbwj 844027 844026 2026-05-31T14:40:53Z Aluja 30485 /* Farkon rayuwa */ 844027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|'''Zohran Kwame Mamdani'''}} (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan asalin [[Uganda]] da [[Indiya]] wanda yake zaune a [[Amurka]]. Shi ne ɗan majalisar jiha a New York mai wakiltar Gunduma ta 36, wanda ya haɗa yankuna irin su Astoria da Birnin Long Island a Birnin [[New York]]. Mamdani ɗan jam’iyyar Democrat ne, kuma yana daga cikin mambobin Democratic Socialists na Amurka. A shekarar 2025, ya tsaya takara don zama Magajin Garin Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Assembly District 36 – Video |work=Assembly Member Directory |publisher=[[New York State Assembly]] |date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526191854/https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Esz9XzuzOo8&t=12s |title=New York for the Many {{!}} Zohran Mamdani (Vote June 23) |first=Zohran |last=Mamdani |time=00:12 |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DKPKzEguiz2 |user=zohrankmamdani |title=Our new TV + digital ad is now live: freeze the rent. |date=May 29, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Singh2025">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Anshul |script-title=hi:ज़ोहरान ममदानी: न्यूयॉर्क मेयर का चुनाव लड़ रहे भारतीय मूल के नेता कौन हैं? |trans-title=Zohran Mamdani: Who are the Indian-American leaders running for New York mayor? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c07dz9298zgo |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 27, 2025 |language=hi |date=June 25, 2025}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zohran Mamdani an haife shi a [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. Mahaifinsa, Mahmood Mamdani, sanannen masanin siyasa ne kuma malami, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Mira Nair fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Indiya. Iyalinsa sun koma Amurka tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Maine, inda ya karanci Africana. Bayan kammala karatunsa, yayi aiki a matsayin mai taimakon jama’a da kuma mai shirya harkokin al’umma a New York. == Siyasa == [[File:Zohran Mamdani at the Resist Fascism Rally in Bryant Park on Oct 27th 2024.jpg||thumb||Mamdani a wajen gangamin adawa da wariyar launin fata a [[Bryant Park]], Oktoba 27, 2024]] A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya kasance mai tsayawa kan kare haƙƙoƙin masu haya, rage farashin sufuri, da tallafawa masu karamin karfi. Har ila yau, yana da ra’ayin “democratic socialist”, wato ra’ayin dake neman daidaito a tsakanin talakawa da masu kuɗi. == Manufofi == # '''Gidaje masu arha:''' Mamdani yana goyon bayan tsare-tsaren da za su kare masu haya daga hauhawar farashin haya da kuma hana korar su daga gidajensu. # '''Sufuri kyauta:''' Ya yi kira da a fara shirin gwaji na sufuri kyauta (''free bus pilot'') domin rage wa jama’a wahala. #'''Abinci mai rahusa:''' Ya nemi gwamnati ta bude kantunan abinci a kowanne yanki na birnin domin rage tsadar kayan abinci. # '''Kare ma’aikata:''' Ya goyi bayan dokokin dake kare hakkin ma’aikata masu motar haya, musamman bayan matsalolin bashi na "taxi medallion". == Takarar Magajin Garin New York == A shekarar 2025, Mamdani ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Magajin Garin Birnin New York a karkashin jam’iyyar Democrat. Ya samu goyon baya daga matasa da masu ra’ayin canji a Siyasa. A watan Yuni shekarata 2025, ya lashe zaben sharar fage na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ya doke tsofaffin shahararrun yan siyasa, wannan nasara ta sashi cikin manyan ‘yan takarar da ke neman kujerar Magajin Gari. == Rayuwa ta kashin kai == Zohran Mamdani yana zaune a Astoria, Queens, tare da matarsa. Yana magana a fili game da adalcin jama’a, yaƙi da wariya, da kuma kare marasa ƙarfi. Tushen rayuwarsa daga Uganda, Indiya da Amurka hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan siyasa da ke haɗa al’adun duniya cikin ra’ayinsa na adalci da hadin kai. == Girmamawa da tasiri == Mamdani yana daga cikin sabbin matasan siyasa da suka kawo sauyi a tsarin siyasa na New York. Ra’ayinsa na siyasa ya jawo hankalin al’umma, musamman matasa da ma’aikata, kuma yana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan ''Democratic Socialists'' na Amurka a halin yanzu. == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi wanda aka haife shi a Rourkela kuma ya girma a Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigal |first=Shinibali Mitra |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Namesake a tribute to Ritwik Ghatak, says Mira Nair |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204013611/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |archive-date=December 4, 2005 |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=Kolkata Newsline}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Kakan mahaifiyarsa, Amrit Lal Nair, tsohon jami'in gudanarwa ne na Indiya (IAS), kuma kakarsa ta mahaifiyarsa, Praveen Nair, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce kuma ta kafa Salaam Baalak Trust a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet director whose father is an IAS officer, her film made it to the Oscars, and who married a Ugandan scientist, her name is... {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223130735/https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ |archive-date=December 23, 2024 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=www.india.com}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor|Monitor]]}}</ref> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin mutanen New York. " Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda mambobin ma'aikatan fim ɗin suka ƙaunace shi, waɗanda suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da "Nonstop Mamdani". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Uganda]] rs974f732frsk2jiaqziug06xp33zc2 0 121200 844268 738830 2026-06-01T04:09:25Z BnHamid 12586 844268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg|thumb|400x400px|Tarihin shekaru miliyan 5, wakiltar Lisiecki da [[Maureen Raymo|Raymo]] (2005) LR04 Benthic Stack]] Marine Isotope Stage 5 ko '''MIS 5''' wani mataki ne na isotope na ruwa a cikin rikodin zafin jiki, tsakanin shekaru 130,000 da 80,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medley, S. Elizabeth |date=2011 |title=High Resolution Climate Variability from Marine Isotope Stage 5: a Multi-Proxy Record from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela |url=http://gradworks.umi.com/34/82/3482005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727073831/http://gradworks.umi.com/34/82/3482005.html |archive-date=2014-07-27 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=University of California}}</ref> Mataki na MIS 5e ya dace da Interglacial na Ƙarshe, wanda ake kira Eemian (a Turai) ko Sangamonian (a Arewacin Amurka), babban lokaci na ƙarshe kafin [[Holocene]], wanda ya kai har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shackleton |first=Nicholas J. |last2=Sánchez-Goñi |first2=Maria Fernanda |last3=Pailler |first3=Delphine |last4=Lancelot |first4=Yves |year=2003 |title=Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial |url=http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_5241_f09/media/Readings/shackletonetal.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=151–155 |bibcode=2003GPC....36..151S |citeseerx=10.1.1.470.1677 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183334/http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_5241_f09/media/Readings/shackletonetal.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2014-08-07}}</ref> Ana bincika lokutan Interglacial waɗanda suka faru a lokacin Pleistocene don fahimtar sauyin yanayi na yanzu da na gaba. Don haka, ana kwatanta interglacial na yanzu, Holocene, da MIS 5 ko interglacials na Marine Isotope Stage 11. == Ƙananan matakai == MIS 5, an raba shi zuwa ƙananan matakai, an raba shi a cikin haruffa ko tare da tsarin lambobi don ambaton "horizons" (al'amuran maimakon lokutan), tare da MIS 5.5 wakiltar matsayi mafi girma na MIS 5e, da 5.51, 5.52 da dai sauransu wakiltar tsaunuka da kwari na rikodin a matakin da ya fi cikakke.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lisiecki |first=L.E. |author-link=Lorraine Lisiecki |date=2005 |title=Ages of MIS boundaries |url=https://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt |website=LR04 Benthic Stack |publisher=[[Boston University]]}}</ref> === Mataki na Isotope na Marine (MIS) 5th === {{Blockquote|We argue that ice sheets in contact with the ocean are vulnerable to non-linear disintegration in response to ocean warming, and we posit that ice sheet mass loss can be approximated by a doubling time up to sea level rise of at least several meters. Doubling times of 10, 20 or 40 years yield sea level rise of several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. Paleoclimate data reveal that subsurface ocean warming causes ice shelf melt and ice sheet discharge. Our climate model exposes amplifying feedbacks in the Southern Ocean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stability. Ocean surface cooling, in the North Atlantic as well as the Southern Ocean, increases tropospheric horizontal temperature gradients, eddy kinetic energy and baroclinicity, which drive more powerful storms.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/20059/2015/acpd-15-20059-2015.pdf |doi=10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015 |title=Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: Evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming is highly dangerous |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions |volume=15 |issue=14 |pages=20059–20179 |year=2015 |last1=Hansen |first1=J. |last2=Sato |first2=M. |last3=Hearty |first3=P. |last4=Ruedy |first4=R. |last5=Kelley |first5=M. |last6=Masson-Delmotte |first6=V. |last7=Russell |first7=G. |last8=Tselioudis |first8=G. |last9=Cao |first9=J. |last10=Rignot |first10=E. |last11=Velicogna |first11=I. |last12=Kandiano |first12=E. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=K. |last14=Kharecha |first14=P. |last15=Legrande |first15=A. N. |last16=Bauer |first16=M. |last17=Lo |first17=K.-W.|bibcode=2015ACPD...1520059H |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, wanda ake kira Eemian (Ipswichian a Burtaniya) a kusa da shekaru 1{{Convert|2|°C-change}},000-119,000 da suka gabata, shine lokacin interglacial na ƙarshe kafin yanzu (Holocene), kuma idan aka kwatanta matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya kasance aƙalla 2 ° C (3.6 ° F) mai dumi. Matsakaicin matakin teku ya kasance 4-6 m (13-20 sama da a halin yanzu, biyo bayan raguwar kankara na Greenland. Abubuwan da ke tattare da burbushin halittu suna nuna sauye-sauyen matakin teku har zuwa {{Convert|10|m}} a kusa da matsakaici. Dangane da bayanan da aka samo daga isotopes na isotopes of planktonic foraminifera da ƙuntatawa na shekaru daga murjani, kimantawa yana ba da shawarar matsakaicin ƙimar hauhawar matakin teku na {{Convert|1.6|m}} ft ) a kowace ƙarni. Binciken yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na yanzu]], saboda yanayin zafi na duniya a lokacin MIS-5e yayi kama da canjin yanayi da aka tsara a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rohling |first=E. J. |last2=Grant |first2=K. |last3=Hemleben |first3=Ch. |last4=Siddall |first4=M. |last5=Hoogakker |first5=B. A. A. |last6=Bolshaw |first6=M. |last7=Kucera |first7=M. |year=2007 |title=High rates of sea-level rise during the last interglacial period |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1038/ngeo.2007.28}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ta hanyar masana masu tasowa a matakin teku sun kammala cewa bisa ga bayanan MIS 5e, tasowa a cikin teku na iya hanzarta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da ninka lokaci na shekaru 10, 20 ko 40. Nazarin ya bayyana cewa: {{Reflist|2}} Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 wanda ya danganci tsarin kogo a cikin Bahar Rum ya gano hauhawar matakin teku har zuwa mita 6, yana mai lura da cewa idan za a wuce zafin jiki na masana'antu da 1.5 zuwa 2 ° C, matakin teku zai amsa kuma ya tashi mita 2 zuwa 6 (6.6 zuwa 19.7 sama da matakin teku na yanzu. " [1] Shaida daga Bahamas da Bermuda sun ba da aikin guguwa mai ƙarfi a lokacin, mai ƙarfi don jigilar raƙuman ruwa, tuddai na chevron, da raƙuman raƙuman guguwa.[2] === Sauran matakai === Eemian ya biyo bayan raguwar zafin jiki a kusa da shekaru 116,000 da suka gabata da kuma MIS mai dumi 5c, daga kimanin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata, mai yiwuwa lokacin da aka sani da Chelford Interstadial a Burtaniya. Rashin sanyi daga kimanin shekaru 90,000 da suka gabata ya biyo bayan MIS 5a mai dumi, kimanin shekaru 80,000 da suka wuce, wanda ake kira a Burtaniya Brimpton Interstadial . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=P. |display-authors=etal |title=Devensian glaciations, Quaternary, Southern Uplands |url=https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Devensian_glaciations,_Quaternary,_Southern_Uplands |access-date=19 November 2019 |series=Earthwise |publisher=British Geological Survey}}</ref> Daga MIS 5c zuwa MIS 5a, ko kuma daga kimanin shekaru 104,000 zuwa 82,000 da suka gabata, Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) ya ragu a cikin ƙarfin gaba ɗaya.<ref name="SouthernHemisphereIndianSummerMonsoonVariability">{{Cite journal |last=Band |first=Shraddha T. |last2=Yadava |first2=M. G. |last3=Kaushal |first3=Nikita |last4=Midhun |first4=M. |last5=Thirumalai |first5=Kaustubh |last6=Francis |first6=Timmy |last7=Laskar |first7=Amzad |last8=Ramesh |first8=R. |last9=Henderson |first9=Gideon M. |last10=Narayana |first10=A. C. |date=16 June 2022 |title=Southern hemisphere forced millennial scale Indian summer monsoon variability during the late Pleistocene |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10136 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1210136B |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-14010-6 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9203564 |pmid=35710914 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin ruwa mai narkewa 1A * Paleothermometer * [[Wakilin yanayi|Wakilin (yanayi)]] * [[Jerin lokaci na ƙanƙara]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pd1jzqihenumdac7r82s8exfsnshec2 0 121212 844503 837422 2026-06-01T11:11:14Z Nura Bello 24854 844503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Satellite_image_of_Philippines_in_March_2002.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Philippines a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002 yana nuna murfin gandun daji a cikin kore mai duhu]] [[Fayil:Oriod_burnt.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ayyukan katako da yin kwal a ƙananan yankuna na tsaunukan Sierra MadreDutsen Sierra Madre]] Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sare dazuzzuka a Philippines babban laifi ne. A cikin karni na 20, yawan gandun daji na kasar ya ragu daga kashi 70 zuwa kashi 20 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lasco |first=R. D. |last2=R. D. |year=2001 |title=Secondary forests in the Philippines: formation and transformation in the 20th century |url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SecondaryForest/Lasco.pdf |journal=Journal of Tropical Forest Science |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=652–670 |access-date=2025-11-27 |archive-date=2006-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903005908/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SecondaryForest/Lasco.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taswirorin taswirar ƙasa na 2010 da Hukumar Kula da Taswira ta ƙasa ta yi ya nuna cewa jimillar gandun daji na Philippines ya kai kadada 6,839,718 (68,397.18 km2) ko kuma kashi 23% na jimillar kadada 30,000,000 na ƙasar (300,000 km2). <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=County Report; Philippines |url=https://www.fao.org/3/a-az306e.pdf |journal=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 |location=Rome |page=4}}</ref> An bayyana saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, ba da ka'ida ba tare da ka'ida ba musamman a lokacin gwamnatin Ferdinand Marcos, saren itatuwa da hako ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, da mahaukaciyar guguwa a matsayin manyan dalilan sare itatuwa a kasar. Rashin gandun daji yana shafar bambancin halittu a cikin Philippines kuma yana da mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci akan samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippines: The Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-mechanism/our-work/countries/philippines/en/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113043855/https://www.fao.org/in-action/forest-landscape-restoration-mechanism/our-work/countries/philippines/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rashin gandun daji a kasar kuma an haɗa shi da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, mutuwar, da lalacewar dukiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tacio |first=Henrylito |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Deforestation Negative Impacts: Flooding, Erosion and Damage |url=https://www.gaiadiscovery.com/climate-change_adaptation/deforestation-negative-impacts-flooding-erosion-and-damage.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Gaia Discovery |language=en-US}}</ref> Don magance sare dazuzzuka, gwamnatin Philippines ta yi kokarin kiyayewa da kuma dawo da dazuzzuka ta hanyar ayyukan sake dazuzzuka kamar shirin noma na kasa. An kuma samar da dokar da za ta kare dazuzzukan da ake da su, yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ‘yan asalin kasar, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke gudanar da ayyukan dashen itatuwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar nan. == Tarihi == === Kashe daji a zamanin mulkin mallaka === Bayanai game da gandun daji kafin 1946 ba su da yawa, an bayar da rahoton saboda gobarar 1897 da yakin duniya na biyu wanda ya lalata bayanan [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Amurka bi da bi. Kusan kashi 90% na Philippines, wanda ke da yawan jama'a kasa da miliyan, an yi dazuzzuka a cikin karni na 16 a farkon shekarun mulkin mallaka na Spain. A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka a 1903, wannan adadi ya ragu zuwa kashi 70% yayin da yawan al'ummar kasar ya karu zuwa miliyan 7.6. Bayan mamayar kasar [[Japan]] da yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1950, yawan dazuzzukan kasar ya kara raguwa zuwa kashi 50%, inda yawan al'ummar kasar ya karu zuwa miliyan 20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippine deforestation: A national Spoliarium |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/2009/12/03/528500/philippine-deforestation-national-spoliarium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124043754/https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/2009/12/03/528500/philippine-deforestation-national-spoliarium |archive-date=2020-11-24}}</ref> Sharar daji ya kasance sananne a cikin Visayas, musamman a tsibiran Negros, Bohol da Cebu, inda yawancin gandun dajin ya riga ya ɓace. An ci gaba da faɗaɗa aikin noma a cikin ƙarni na 20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippine Forests |url=https://www.birdlife.org/action/science/asia_strategy/pdf_downloads/forestsFO9.pdf |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=BirdLife |page=3}}</ref> ’Yan asali, irin su Yapayao da Isneg da ke zaune a yankin Ilocos, sannu a hankali an tura su zama a cikin tsaunukan da ba su da yawa amma masu albarkatu, wanda hakan zai haifar da rikici da masu haɓakawa a zamanin baya, musamman lokacin dokar Martial karkashin Ferdinand Marcos. <ref name="Pawilen2021SolidNorthMyth">{{Cite web |last=Pawilen |first=Reidan M. |date=May 2021 |title=The Solid North myth: an Investigation on the status of dissent and human rights during the Marcos Regime in Regions 1 and 2, 1969-1986 |url=https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=journal-articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132016/https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=journal-articles |archive-date=2021-11-13 |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=University of the Philippines Los Baños University Knowledge Digital Repository}}</ref> : 47   === Kashe daji a lokacin dokar soja === Shekaru na 1960 da 1970 sun ga ci gaba a Masana'antar katako, tare da masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a [[Ferdinand Marcos]]">zamanin shugaban kasa na 10 Ferdinand Marcos. A karkashin Marcos, shiga ya ɗauki babban matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin Philippine. Bayan ayyana dokar ta-baci a cikin 1972, Marcos ya ba da izini ga manyan filaye ga manyan jami’an sojansa, abokan aikinsa,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Marlon |date=2016-01-05 |title=Gov’t wins case vs top Marcos crony |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/752589/govt-wins-case-vs-top-marcos-crony |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> da en uwan sa. Gwamnati ta ƙarfafa fitar da katako zuwa Japan sakamakon hauhawar buƙatun itace a lokacin saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Japan, da kuma matsin lamba don biyan bashin kasashen waje. Kamfanonin da aka kafa sun yi amfani da albarkatun gandun daji kuma ba a cika yin aikin sake dazuzzuka ba. Dillalan katako na Jafananci sun sayi ɗimbin gundumomi masu arha daga tushen da ba su dorewa ba, suna haɓaka sare itatuwa.Samar da log ɗin ya ƙaru daga mita cubic miliyan 6.3 (220×106 cu ft) a cikin 1960 zuwa matsakaicin mitoci cubic miliyan 10.5 (370×106 cu ft) tsakanin 1968 da 1975, wanda ya kai sama da miliyan 15 cubic mita (530×106 kimanin dala miliyan 1) Cubic meters (140×106 cu ft) a cikin 1987.<ref name="Kahl" /> A shekarun 1970s da 1980 sun ga kusan kashi 2.5% na dazuzzukan Philippine suna bacewa kowace shekara, wanda shine sau uku na sare itatuwa a duniya. === Kashe daji bayan 1986 === Ana ci gaba da saran gandun daji sosai a lokacin gwamnatocin Corazon Aquino da Fidel V. Ramos duk da kokarin dashen itatuwa saboda cin hanci da rashawa da rashin inganci a hukumomin gwamnati da abin ya shafa. A cewar Global Forest Watch, daga 2001 zuwa 2020, yawancin asarar dazuzzukan dajin a Philippines ya faru ne a Palawan. Sauran lardunan da suka yi asarar manyan gandun daji sun hada da Agusan del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao Oriental, da Lardin Quezon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |date=Aug 26, 2002 |title=Palawan Leads Deforestation in the Philippines and No One Knows About It |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/news/palawan-leads-deforestation-a00293-20210826-lfrm |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Esquire}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dangane da binciken Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya game da gandun daji na duniya, akwai kimanin hekta miliyan 4.1 (Mha) a cikin gandun daji a cikin shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deforestation |url=https://www.rainforestcoalition.org/deforestation-and-degradation |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Coalition for Rainforest Nation |publisher=Coalition for Rainforest Nation}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da tan biliyan 2.7 na hayakin carbon dioxide, yana mai da shi daidai da hayakin shekara-shekara a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deforestation |url=https://www.rainforestcoalition.org/deforestation-and-degradation |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Coalition for Rainforest Nations |publisher=Coalition for Rainforest Nations}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga bayanan yanzu na Forest Watch na duniya, shekarun 2001 zuwa 2024 sun rasa hekta miliyan 520 na bishiyoyi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kashi 13% a cikin bishiyoyi na duniya, wanda ya kai tan biliyan 220 na hayakin carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Deforestation Rates |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/global/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Global Forest Watch |publisher=Global Forest Watch}}</ref> Hakazalika, jimlar kadada miliyan 1.42 na bishiyoyi sun bace a Philippines daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2022. Yawanci saboda karuwar birane a birane da larduna. Yana nuna raguwar kashi 7.6 cikin 100 na gaba dayan itatuwan kasar da ya kai kadada miliyan 18.684, wanda kuma ya kara zuwa metric ton 848 na hayakin carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community-Based Forest Management in the Philippines |url=https://ap-plat.nies.go.jp/adaptation-database/list/case-study/db1358.html |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform |publisher=AP-PLAT}}</ref> Dangane da kididdigar gandun daji na Philippine na 2022, Philippines tana da sama da hekta miliyan 7.22 na gandun daji ko kashi 24.07% na yawan ƙasar. Wannan ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa da hekta miliyan 17.8 na gandun daji da aka rubuta a 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping up with deforestation |url=https://climate.gov.ph/news/851 |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Climate Change Commission}}</ref> === Manufofin gwamnati === A cewar wata masaniyar Jessica Mathews, tsare-tsare na gajeren hangen nesa na gwamnatin Philippines ya taimaka wajen yawaitar sare itatuwa: <blockquote>Gwamnati a kai a kai ta ba da izinin katako na kasa da shekaru goma. Tun da yake yana ɗaukar shekaru 30-35 don gandun daji na biyu ya girma, masu katako ba su da wani motsawa don sake dasa. Da yake ƙara kuskuren, sarauta ta karfafa masu katako su cire nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa kawai. Wani mummunan kashi 40 cikin dari na katako bai taba barin gandun daji ba, amma, saboda an lalata shi a cikin katako, ya ruɓe ko kuma an ƙone shi a wurin. Sakamakon da ba a mamaki ba na waɗannan da manufofi masu alaƙa shi ne cewa daga cikin hekta miliyan 17 na gandun daji da aka rufe waɗanda suka bunƙasa a farkon karni, miliyan 1.2 ne kawai suka rage a yau.</blockquote>Bayyanawar sare daji ga Matsin yawan jama'a ko fadada aikin gona an gano cewa ba a goyi bayan shaidar da ke akwai a cikin binciken 1992 ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kummer |first=D. M. |date=1992-04-01 |title=Upland agriculture, the land frontier and forest decline in the Philippines |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114815 |journal=Agroforestry Systems |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=31–46 |doi=10.1007/BF00114815 |issn=1572-9680 |s2cid=32324140 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa karuwar manoma da ke akwai da kuma inganta kudaden shiga a waje da gona sun rage matsin gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shively |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Shively |last2=Pagiola |first2=Stefano |date=May 2004 |title=Agricultural intensification, local labor markets, and deforestation in the Philippines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1355770X03001177/type/journal_article |journal=Environment and Development Economics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–266 |doi=10.1017/S1355770X03001177 |issn=1355-770X |s2cid=154633988 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Koyaya, a wasu sassan ƙasar cinyewar gandun daji har yanzu yana faruwa ne saboda babban buƙata ga kayan lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Averting an agricultural and ecological crisis in the Philippines' salad bowl |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/03/averting-an-agricultural-and-ecological-crisis-in-the-philippines-salad-bowl/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ma'adinai da katako === Ma'adinai da katako sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare daji a Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2010 |title=Philippines: Deforestation through mining subsidized by CDM project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/other-information/philippines-deforestation-through-mining-subsidized-by-cdm-project |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=World Rainforest Movement |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Elyssa |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Mining in the Philippines: Of disasters and regulatory failures |url=https://pcij.org/article/8048/mining-in-the-philippines-of-disasters-and-regulatory-failures |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun share manyan yankuna na gandun daji kuma sun haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa, lalacewar muhalli, asarar rayuwa, da asarar halittu iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-10-23 |title=Mining in the Philippines: The steep price our people pay to line the pockets of a few |url=https://www.bulatlat.com/2018/10/23/mining-in-the-philippines-the-steep-price-our-people-pay-to-line-the-pockets-of-a-few/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Bulatlat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarmiento |first=Bong |date=2021-04-27 |title=Mining and logging threaten a wildlife wonderland on a Philippine mountain |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/04/mining-and-logging-threaten-a-wildlife-wonderland-on-a-philippine-mountain/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar Jamhuriyar 7942, ko Dokar Ma'adinai ta Philippines, ta ba da damar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai don share bishiyoyi da sake komawa 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'ummomin yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Leilani |date=2021-04-15 |title=‘Complete turnaround’: Philippines’ Duterte lifts ban on new mining permits |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/04/complete-turnaround-philippines-duterte-lifts-ban-on-new-mining-permits/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar ta ba da damar kamfanonin mallakar kasashen waje su shiga cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. A cewar kungiyar muhalli ta Alyansa Tigil Mina, dokar "ta ba da izini ga cinye dukiyarmu ta ƙasa," kuma cewa "yanayin zai kara muni ne kawai idan aka ba da izinin ChaCha masu ci gaba da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa suyi aiki ba tare da hukunci ba".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cabico |first=Gaea Katreena |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Profits over planet and people? Green, indigenous groups oppose charter change |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2024/02/15/2333583/profits-over-planet-and-people-green-indigenous-groups-oppose-charter-change |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Philippine Star}}</ref> Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba yana faruwa a cikin Philippines <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teehankee |first=Julio C. |year=1993 |title=The State, Illegal Logging, and Environmental NGOs, in the Philippines |url=http://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/930/928 |journal=Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=2012-080X |access-date=2025-11-27 |archive-date=2019-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111124729/http://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/930/928 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma yana kara lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Rashin gandun daji wanda ya haifar da hakar ma'adinai ko katako an danganta shi da irin waɗannan bala'o'in muhalli kamar Bala'in Ormoc da Bala'in Ondoy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-08 |title=Irreversible: envionmental costs of large-scale mining |url=https://www.ibon.org/irreversible-envionmental-costs-of-large-scale-mining/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hance |first=Jeremy |date=2012-12-06 |title=Illegal logging, mining worsened impact of Philippines’ killer typhoon |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2012/12/illegal-logging-mining-worsened-impact-of-philippines-killer-typhoon/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Francisco |first=Katerina |date=2016-11-05 |title=Look back: The 1991 flash flood that devastated Ormoc City |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/151178-look-back-1991-flash-flood-ormoc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715135705/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/151178-look-back-1991-flash-flood-ormoc/ |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=2014-07-06 |title=After Ondoy: Hope for the Upper Marikina Watershed |url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/62389-after-ondoy-hope-upper-marikina-watershed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420012959/https://www.rappler.com/environment/62389-after-ondoy-hope-upper-marikina-watershed/ |archive-date=April 20, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref> === Canjin ƙasa === Ana kuma haifar da saran gandun daji ta hanyar sauya ƙasa don aikin noma na kamfanoni, amfanin gona na kuɗi, gidaje, da ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-27 |title=A glimpse at the critical state of the Philippine environment |url=https://www.ibon.org/a-glimpse-at-the-critical-state-of-the-philippine-environment/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=IBON Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Gidauniyar IBON ta bada misali da kadada miliyan daya da aka ware domin noman dabino a Mindanao, da Ginawa, Ginawa, Gina ayyukan more rayuwa da zasu lalata dazuzzuka, wuraren ruwa, gonaki, da sana’o’i, tare da raba al’ummar yankin.<ref name=":2" /> === Bala'o'i na halitta === [[Fayil:Coconut_trees_destroyed_by_Typhoon_Bopha_in_Boston,_Davao_Oriental.jpg|thumb|Itacen kwakwa da Typhoon Bopha ya lalata a Boston, Davao Oriental a cikin 2012]] Hadari masu lalacewa a cikin Philippines, kamar Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) a cikin 2013, suma suna haifar da lalacewar gandun daji da defoliation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tolentino |first=Pamela Louise |last2=Geronia |first2=Mart Cyrel |last3=Clutario |first3=Mark Vincent |last4=David |first4=Carlos Primo |date=25 November 2015 |title=Potential long-term impact of Typhoon Haiyan on the water resources of Tacloban and its vicinity |url=https://www.cddjournal.org/article/view/vol01-iss01-003 |journal=Climate, Disaster and Development Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |doi=10.18783/cddj.v001.i01.a02 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malabrigo |first=Pastor L. Jr. |last2=Umali |first2=Arthur Glenn A. |last3=Replan |first3=Enrico L. |date=2016 |title=Damage Assessment and Recovery Monitoring of the Mangrove Forests in Calauit Island Affected by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) |url=https://ovcre.uplb.edu.ph/journals-uplb/index.php/JESAM/article/download/494/471/ |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Management |issue=Special |pages=39, 43 |issn=0119-1144 |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303050204/https://ovcre.uplb.edu.ph/journals-uplb/index.php/JESAM/article/download/494/471/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karewa == [[Fayil:FLII_Philippines.png|thumb|Cini kayya na Kasuwanci 2019 Taswirar Philippines]] Shirin [[REDD da REDD+|REDD+]] + na ƙasar Philippines, wanda ke da niyyar rage hayakin gas daga sare daji, an tsara shi kuma an gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-13 |title=The Philippines National REDD+ Strategy |url=https://www.un-redd.org/document-library/philippines-national-redd-strategy |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=UNREDD Programme |language=en}}</ref> Sabuntawa ga dabarun da Ofishin Kula da dazuzzuka da Gudanarwa na Philippines ya buga ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 2017, gundumar har yanzu tana cikin farkon shirin aiwatar da dabarun REDD +.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilagan |first=Karol |date=May 12, 2021 |title=7M hectares of Philippine land are forested — and that’s bad news |url=https://pcij.org/article/5628/the-philippines-has-7m-hectares-of-forests-why-thats-bad-news |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |language=en}}</ref> An rattaba hannu kan dokar zartarwa ta 23 a watan Fabrairun 2011 ta hana yin caca a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabico |first=Gaea Katreena |date=March 15, 2018 |title=Timeline: Logging bans from Cory to Rody |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/03/15/1797166/timeline-logging-bans-cory-rody |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> An dakatar da sabbin yarjejeniyar hakar ma'adinai a cikin 2012 don kare muhalli, kodayake an ba da izinin ma'adanai na yanzu su ci gaba da aiki. An kafa dokar hana hako ma'adinai a fadin kasar baki daya a shekarar 2017. Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa (DENR) Gina Lopez ta dakatar da ba da izini ga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai 26 da suka saba wa ka'idojin muhalli. An dage haramcin buda-baki da sauran ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a shekarar 2021.<ref name=":0"/> Dangane da waɗannan ƙalubalen muhalli, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun ƙasa (DENR) ta lissafa nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban waɗanda za a iya dasa su a duk faɗin ƙasar don haɓaka ciyawar birane da sake dazuzzuka. Bisa ga littafin Jagoran Philippine akan Tsire-tsire masu dacewa da Greening Urban, waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'in asali kamar Pakpak-Lauin (Bird's Nest Fern), Anahaw, Manila Palm, Kapa-kapa, da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya dasa wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba saboda daidaitawar gida kuma ba su da halayen ɓarna waɗanda ke yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin ɗan adam da dukiyoyinsu. Ana ba da shawarar tsire-tsire na asali da waɗanda ba na asali ba don iyawarsu don daidaitawa da yanayin gida, ba da gudummawa ga bambance-bambancen halittu, da tallafawa maido da muhalli. === Sabuntawa === ==== Manufofin gwamnati ==== A watan Yunin 1977, Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ke buƙatar dasa itace daya a kowane wata na shekaru biyar a jere ta kowane ɗan ƙasar Philippines.<ref name="GovPH-PD1153">{{Cite web |title=Presidential Decree No. 1153, s. 1977 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/06/06/presidential-decree-no-1153-s-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102153/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/06/06/presidential-decree-no-1153-s-1977/ |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> Shugaba Corazon Aquino ya soke dokar a watan Yulin 1987, ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa ta 287, wanda ya bayyana cewa dasa bishiyoyi "za a iya cimma su ba tare da tilastawa da azabtarwa ba don rashin bin doka kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar". <ref name="GovPH-EO287">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 287, s. 1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-287-s-1987/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916173118/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-287-s-1987/ |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> Shugaban kasar Benigno Aquino III ya kafa tsarin Greening na kasa (NGP) tare da rattaba hannu kan dokar zartarwa mai lamba 26 a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2011 |title=Executive Order No. 26, s. 2011 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/02/24/executive-order-no-26-s-2011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523045132/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/02/24/executive-order-no-26-s-2011/ |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> Shirin na nufin kara yawan gandun dajin kasar a hekta miliyan 1.5 (kilomita 15,000) mai dauke da bishiyoyi biliyan 1.5 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2015, an fadada shirin don rufe duk sauran dazuzzukan da ba su da noman noma, da gurbacewar yanayi da gurbacewar dazuzzukan da kuma lokacin aiwatar da shi daga 2018 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Executive Order No. 193, s. 2015 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/11/12/executive-order-no-193-s-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911094726/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/11/12/executive-order-no-193-s-2015/ |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, Shugaba Benigno Aquino III ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ke buƙatar duk 'yan ƙasa masu iyawa na Philippines, waɗanda ke da akalla shekaru 12, su dasa itace ɗaya a kowace shekara.<ref name="GovPH-RA10176">{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 10176 |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/09/12/republic-act-no-10176/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417144007/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/09/12/republic-act-no-10176/ |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> Babu wani tanadi a cikin doka don tilastawa da saka idanu kan bin wannan buƙata. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, DENR ta fara ba da izinin "hanyar iyali" a ƙarƙashin Shirin Greening na ƙasa, yana ba da damar iyalai su kafa dazuzzuka da suka ƙunshi katako da nau'ikan da ba na katako, waɗanda suka haɗa da bamboo da rattan. ==== Ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi ==== [[Fayil:Man-made_Forest,_Bilar,_Bohol.jpg|thumb|Dajin mahogany da mutum ya yi a Bilar, Bohol]] Akwai ayyukan dashen itatuwa da ake gudanarwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar. A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2012, an dasa itatuwan mangrove 1,009,029 a cikin sa'a daya, ta hanyar hadin gwiwar Gwamna Lray Villafuerte na El Verde Movement da mutanen San Rafael na Ragay, Camarines Sur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most mangrove trees planted within one hour (team) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/101647-most-mangrove-trees-planted-within-one-hour-team |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2014, Philippines ta karya rikodin Guinness na Duniya na "Mafi yawan bishiyoyi da aka dasa lokaci guda (wuri da yawa)", inda aka dasa bishiyoyi 2,294,629 a wurare 29 a duk faɗin ƙasar ta mahalarta 122,168 a taron da TreeVolution: Greening MindaNOW (Philippine) suka shirya. Bishiyoyin da aka dasa a yayin taron sun hada da roba, cacao, kofi, katako, bishiyar mahogany, da kuma itatuwan 'ya'yan itace iri-iri da sauran nau'in halittun kasar. === Dokokin da aka gabatar === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta Philippines ta amince da Dokar Majalisar 8728, ko kuma "Gaskiya ta Graduation for the Environment Act," wanda wakilin Magdalo Party-List Gary Alejano da wakilin Gundumar Cavite na 2 ya Strike Revilla, yana buƙatar duk daliban da suka kammala karatun firamare, makarantar sakandare, da kwaleji su dasa akalla bishiyoyi 10 kowannensu kafin su kammala karatu. An gabatar da irin wannan dokar Majalisar Dattijai amma ba a wuce ba. Dokar House 5240, ko Dokar Amfani da Filaye ta Ƙasa, da Dokar House 9088, ko Dokar Kula da Daji mai Dorewa, an amince da su a cikin Majalisar Wakilai don magance sare itatuwa, canza amfani da ƙasa, da sauran matsalolin muhalli. Kudirin doka na takwaransa a majalisar dattawa ya tsaya cak a cikin kwamitin kan muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilagan |first=Karol |last2=Teodoro |first2=Martha |date=July 16, 2021 |title=Land use bill, other measures protecting forests stuck in Cynthia Villar's Senate committee |url=https://pcij.org/article/6724/land-use-bill-other-measures-protecting-forests-stuck-in-cynthia-villars-senate-committee |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun yi kira da a sake duba dokar haƙar ma'adinai ta Philippine, da ka'idojin kamun kifi, da cikakken tsarin amfani da ƙasa, da kuma Faɗaɗɗen Tsarin Tsarin Kare Yankuna na ƙasa don tabbatar da alhakin kula da muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa. Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun kuma yi kira da a amince da dokar hakar ma'adanai da kuma dokar kare muhalli.<ref name=":1"/> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Kananan hukumomi, al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan ayyuka masu lalata kamar su sare itatuwa da ma'adanai. Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Alyansa Tigil Mina da Kalikasan People's Network for Environment. <ref name=":0"/> === Barazanar masu kula da muhalli === Ana zargin kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam Global Witness, kashi uku na masu kare filaye da aka kashe a Philippines daga 2012 zuwa 2024, masu fafutukar yaki da hakar ma'adinai ne.<ref name=":1"/> == Dubi kuma == * [[Gurɓatar muhalli da filaye a Philippines|Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Philippines]] * Dajin ruwan sama na Luzon * Magana da Factoran == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *  {{cite book|last1=Cavanagh|first1=John|last2=Broad|first2=Robin|title=Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-08921-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520089211}} * {{Cite journal |last=Magno |first=Francisco |date=April 2001 |title=Forest Devolution and Social Capital: State-Civil Society Relations in the Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985087 |journal=Environmental History |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=264–286 |doi=10.2307/3985087 |jstor=3985087 |s2cid=73544321 |url-access=subscription}} == Haɗin waje == * [[Mongabay]].com/20philippines.htm" id="mwBG8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">dazuzzuka na Philippines a Mongabay * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120219142414/http://www.illegal-logging.info/approach.php?a_id=88 Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Phililpines] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101231111807/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/vanishing_treasures/Deforestation_1.htm Dajin da ya ɓace] a Fieldmuseum.org [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24j8rucnoz2zjae5qg5gw0api3ygglp 0 123282 844259 747880 2026-06-01T04:04:44Z BnHamid 12586 844259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan Devarakonda Harish Kumar''' ya faru ne a jihar [[Telangana]] ta Indiya. An kashe Harish a cikin [[Kashewa da girmamawa|kisan girmamawa]] yayin da shi, Dalit, ya tsere tare da Manisha, yarinya daga wani matsayi kuma ya yi niyyar auren ta. Dan uwan Manisha Deendayal da sauransu ne suka kashe shi.<ref name="The Siasat Daily 2023 z954">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2023 |title=Hyderabad honour killing: Dalit man killed by lover's brother; 10 held |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-honour-killing-dalit-man-killed-by-lovers-brother-10-held-2540864/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref><ref name="The News Minute 2023 j386">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2023 |title=Dalit man killed for eloping with woman in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/dalit-man-killed-eloping-woman-hyderabad-174073 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express 2023 k045">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=Dalit man’s ‘honour killing’ in Hyderabad: Best friend, lover's brother among 10 arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/dalit-man-honour-killing-hyderabad-best-friend-lovers-brother-among-arrested-8481450/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> == Tarihi == Devarakonda Harish ta kasance mai sarrafa tsarin sauti na DJ. Harish ya zauna a Sooraram, Hyderabad, yayin da Manisha ke zaune a Ziyaguda a Hyderabad. Duk da gargadi da dangin Manisha suka yi musu, sun ci gaba da dangantakarsu. Sun tsere a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2023 kuma sun yi hayar gida a Petbasheerabad, Hyderabad . [1][2] Dan uwan Manisha Deendayal ya san dangantakar bayan ya ga Manisha yana magana da Harish a Instagram.[3] == Kisan kai == A ranar 1 ga Maris 2023, Deendayal da ƙungiyar abokansa sun yi wa Harish kwanton bauna a kan babura kuma sun yi masa wuka. Harish ya sami raunuka a kai da kirji kuma ya mutu a wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2023 |title=Petbasheerabad honour killing: Victim's brother-in-law arrested for gruesome murder |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/050323/petbasheerabad-honour-killing-victims-brother-in-law-arrested-for.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ocyuhve0vnwdul9dcox92ydf81rbtu 0 125690 844269 755198 2026-06-01T04:09:52Z BnHamid 12586 844269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabarin Basket Creek, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Cocin Baptist na Basket Creek, wani kabari ne na tarihin Afirka na Amurka wanda aka kafa a 1886 kuma yana kan 7829 Capps Ferry Road kusa da Douglasville a Douglas County, Georgia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=W. African roots seen at Basket Creek Cemetery |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/photos/african-roots-seen-basket-creek-cemetery/UAVE9wFxvS3MDKNIhZSr0M/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] (AJC) |language=English}}</ref> Yana da nau'in makabartar Kudancin Folk kuma har yanzu yana dauke da kaburbura na gargajiya. An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places tun daga Mayu 20, 2009, saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'adun Afirka ta Amirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basket Creek Cemetery |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/09000326 |website=NPGallery, Digital Asset Management System}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kabari na Basket Creek a 1886, kuma yana kusa da Douglasville, kimanin kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin garin Atlanta, Jojiya. Da yake kusa da shi shine Kabari na Iyali na Chapman, wurin binnewa ga fararen iyali, wanda ba shi da alaƙa ta tarihi da Kabari na Basket Creek . <ref name="nrhpdoc" /> [[Fayil:Basket_Creek_Cemetery_-_White_Section.jpg|alt=Chapman Family Cemetery near the Basket Creek Cemetery, with a white burial section|left|thumb|200x200px|Kabarin Iyali na Chapman, wanda ke kusa]] Kabarin Basket Creek ya ƙunshi sanannun kaburbura 110 na Black membobin Cocin Baptist na Basket Creek . [1] Wannan makabartar an rarraba ta a matsayin salon Kudancin Folk, wanda ke da alamun kaburbura, ƙasa mai laushi, wuri a saman tudu, gabas zuwa yammacin kabarin, alamun kabarin da kayan ado da aka yi ta amfani da kayan da ke cikin gida (ba a sayar da su ba), wasu nau'ikan ciyayi, amfani da mafaka na kabarin, da kuma shaidar sadaukarwa ga Allah da / ko iyali a cikin hanyar tunawa.[1] Wasu wasu halaye na irin makabartar Kudancin Folk sun hada da makircin iyali, jana'izar matar zuwa hagu, da jana'izar ƙafa zuwa gabas.[1] Wannan wurin misali ne mai ban sha'awa na rayuwar al'adar jana'izar cocin Afirka ta Amurka na Hawan kabari; al'ada ce da ke da tushe a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. Kabarin Basket Creek shine kawai misalin da aka rubuta na kabari a jihar Georgia.<ref name="nrhpdoc" /><ref name="nrhpdoc" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tuddai na binnewa a Amurka * Isaac Nettles Kabari a Alabama * Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin Douglas County, Jojiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1wwh4t0seswuh3dbxr3m2ece7er000a 0 127289 844246 759600 2026-06-01T03:57:10Z BnHamid 12586 844246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fujitsu FLEPia''' na'urar [[E-reader|karanta e-reader]] ce da aka daina amfani da ita, wadda za ta iya nuna launuka har 260,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-18 |title=Fujitsu Begins On-Line Consumer Sales of World's First Color E-Paper Mobile Terminal FLEPia |url=http://www.frontech.fujitsu.com/en/release/20090318.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031042214/http://www.frontech.fujitsu.com/en/release/20090318.html |archive-date=2011-10-31 |access-date=2009-12-31 |publisher=fujitsu.com}}</ref> An sake shi a [[Japan]] a shekarar 2009. <ref name="pcw2">{{Cite web |last=Melissa Perenson |date=2010-01-09 |title=Fujitsu FLEPia e-reader makes a U.S. appearance |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/186458/fujitsu_flepia_ereader_makes_a_us_appearance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120073413/http://www.pcworld.com/article/186458/fujitsu_flepia_ereader_makes_a_us_appearance.html |archive-date=2010-01-20 |access-date=2010-01-28 |website=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]}}</ref> == Bayani dalla-dalla == * Girman: 158 mm x 240 mm x 12.5&nbsp;mm * Nauyi: 385 g * Nuni: inci 8 * ƙuduri: 768 x 1024 pixels * Adadin launukan da za a iya nunawa: launuka 260,000 (dubawa 3); 4,096 (dubawa 2); launuka 64 (dubawa 1) * Saurin sake zanawa: daƙiƙa 1.8 (dubawa 1), daƙiƙa 5 (dubawa 2), daƙiƙa 8 (dubawa 3) * Ƙwaƙwalwa: Katin Ƙwaƙwalwa na SD (Matsakaicin har zuwa 4GB) * Baturi: Awowi 40 masu ci gaba (yana nuna shafuka 2,400/a minti 1 a kowane shafi/tare da launuka 64) * Mara waya: WiFi da Bluetooth * MSRP: 99,750 JPY (~$1075) * Launukan da ake da su: fari da baƙi. == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22332/?a=f Sharhin Fasaha - Mai Karatu Mai Launi ta E-Reader] * [http://www.pcworld.com/article/161508/fujitsu_launches_color_epaper_terminal_bad_news_for_kindle.html Duniyar PC - Fujitsu Ta ƙaddamar da Tashar Takardar Launi ta E-Paper: Labari mara daɗi ga Kindle?] krg4jsjpqxtdtpw241ny5eciig2k1ur 0 133782 844264 774851 2026-06-01T04:07:59Z BnHamid 12586 844264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Schine Crown''' (25 ga Yuni, 1953 - 25 ga Yuni, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma magaji na Amurka. Ya kasance shugaban Henry Crown da Kamfanin, kamfanin saka hannun jari na iyali. Crown ya kasance darektan JPMorgan Chase &amp;amp; Co., Janar Dynamics da Sara Lee . Ya kuma kasance manajan abokin tarayya na Kamfanin Aspen Skiing. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Crown ɗan Renée (née Schine) da Lester Crown . Mahaifiyarsa 'yar'uwar furodusa G. David Schine ce kuma 'yar mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo da otal, Junius Myer Schine. Kakansa shi ne masanin masana'antu na Chicago Henry Crown . 'Yar'uwarsa ita ce Susan Crown . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1976, Crown ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Kwalejin Hampshire da ke Amherst, Massachusetts, da kuma Juris Doctor daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford a shekara ta 1980. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Chicago daga 2003 zuwa 2009.[1][2] Bayan makarantar shari'a, Crown ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya ga Salomon Brothers a Birnin New York inda ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa a cikin Capital Markets Service Group a 1983 A shekara ta 1985, ya koma Chicago don shiga kamfanin saka hannun jari na iyalinsa. Ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2002 kuma shugaban da kuma shugaban zartarwa a shekara ta 2018. A watan Yunin 2023, Crown ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kasuwanci ta kwamitin tsaro na jama'a na Chicago. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == A shekara ta 1985, Crown ta auri Paula Hannaway, mai digiri na 1980 na Jami'ar Duke kuma mai digiri na 2012 na MA na [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago]] . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref name="Aspen" /> Crown ya mutu a hadarin mota guda daya a Aspen Motorsports Park a Woody Creek, Colorado, a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2023, ranar haihuwarsa ta 70. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 4b9hrk5r0edxm0nma1t11z0to08biv0 844265 844264 2026-06-01T04:08:14Z BnHamid 12586 844265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Schine Crown''' (25 ga Yuni, 1953 - 25 ga Yuni, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma magaji na Amurka. Ya kasance shugaban Henry Crown da Kamfanin, kamfanin saka hannun jari na iyali. Crown ya kasance darektan JPMorgan Chase &amp;amp; Co., Janar Dynamics da Sara Lee . Ya kuma kasance manajan abokin tarayya na Kamfanin Aspen Skiing. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Crown ɗan Renée (née Schine) da Lester Crown . Mahaifiyarsa 'yar'uwar furodusa G. David Schine ce kuma 'yar mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo da otal, Junius Myer Schine. Kakansa shi ne masanin masana'antu na Chicago Henry Crown . 'Yar'uwarsa ita ce Susan Crown . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1976, Crown ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Kwalejin Hampshire da ke Amherst, Massachusetts, da kuma Juris Doctor daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford a shekara ta 1980. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Chicago daga 2003 zuwa 2009.[1][2] Bayan makarantar shari'a, Crown ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya ga Salomon Brothers a Birnin New York inda ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa a cikin Capital Markets Service Group a 1983 A shekara ta 1985, ya koma Chicago don shiga kamfanin saka hannun jari na iyalinsa. Ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2002 kuma shugaban da kuma shugaban zartarwa a shekara ta 2018. A watan Yunin 2023, Crown ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kasuwanci ta kwamitin tsaro na jama'a na Chicago. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == A shekara ta 1985, Crown ta auri Paula Hannaway, mai digiri na 1980 na Jami'ar Duke kuma mai digiri na 2012 na MA na [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago]] . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref name="Aspen" /> Crown ya mutu a hadarin mota guda daya a Aspen Motorsports Park a Woody Creek, Colorado, a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2023, ranar haihuwarsa ta 70. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] brtmde436ghgbgeua51pcetmggbs728 0 134122 844243 775487 2026-06-01T03:55:12Z BnHamid 12586 844243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chariton Charitonidis''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]: Χαρίτων Χαριίδης; an haife shi 1878 Makri, Asia Minor [yau Fethiye, [[Turkiyya]]] - ya mutu 8 ko 9 Mayu 1954, [[Athens]], Girka) masanin ilimin gargajiya ne na Girka, farfesa a Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki kuma memba na Kwalejin Athens . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry for Chariton Charitonidis in the ''International Biographical Dictionary'' of Εκδοτική Αθηνών Α.Ε. (1990, in Greek) |url=http://www.greekencyclopedia.com/xaritwnidis-xaritwn-makri-mikros-asias-1878-athina-1954-p5719.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Article for Chariton Charitonidis by Αλέξης Σαββίδης in the journal ''Νέα Εστία'', no. 1600, p. 335 (1994, in Greek) |url=http://www.ekebi.gr/magazines/ShowImage.asp?file=164464&code=5647 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006143136/http://www.ekebi.gr/magazines/ShowImage.asp?file=164464&code=5647 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |access-date=2018-07-16 |website=}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Chariton Charitonidis a Makri, Asia Minor . Ya yi karatu a makarantar Pythagorian Gymnasium ta Samos, amma ya kammala karatu daga 3rd Gymnasium na Athens. Daga nan sai ya yi karatun ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Athens . A can an haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Farfesa Konstantinos S. Kontos . Ya sami digiri a shekarar 1902. A shekara ta 1909 an ba shi Ph.D. na Faculty of Philosophy a Jami'ar Athens . A shekara ta 1907 an nada shi zuwa Arsakeio inda ya kasance har zuwa 1926. A shekara ta 1926 Chariton Charitonidis ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Thessaloniki . Shi ne na farko da ya koyar da Tsohon Girkanci a wannan sabuwar jami'a da aka kafa. Shi ne wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kalmar alama ta jami'ar ːΜούσαις Marcosρισι Θῦέ́́ (="Hadayar ga Muses da Alheri"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Chariton Charitonidis in the ''Proceedings of the Archeological Society at Athens for the Year 1954'', vol. 109, p. 4 (1957, in Greek) |url=http://ir.lib.uth.gr/bitstream/handle/11615/3690/P0003690.pdf |website=}}{{Dead link}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1940, bayan ya kasance Dean na Makarantar Falsafa sau biyu. A shekara ta 1948 an zabe shi cikakken memba na Kwalejin Athens . Ya mutu yana da shekaru 76 daga [[ciwon zuciya]]. == Littattafai == Chariton Charitonidis ya buga maganganu da yawa na ilimin lissafi, masu mahimmanci da fassarar ga marubutan zamanin d ̄ a. Ana iya samun cikakken jerin ayyukansa a cikin Yearbook of the School of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, vol. [http://epet.nlg.gr/db/icon/1957/57_02.pdf 7, shafi na vii-xviii (1957, a cikin Girkanci)] . Ana iya dawo da nau'ikan PDF na wasu ayyukansa ta amfani da [http://search.lib.auth.gr/Author/Home?author=%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82%2C+%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C Injin bincike na kan layi na Laburaren Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki]. * 1904. ''Ποικίλα φιλολογικά.'' Ainihin: Π. Δ. Σακελλαρίου (a cikin Girkanci) * 1935. Daga labarin. Θεσσαλονίκη: Μιχ. Τριανταφύλλου (sunan rubutu: Εύιος Ληναίου, a cikin Girkanci) * 1938. Κριτικά και γραμματικά (=Επιστημονική Επετηρίς εκδιδομένη υπό της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης 4). Θεσσαλονίκη: Κορν. Oδ. Θεοδωρίδου (a cikin Girkanci). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3j54vsqxr1io2upcvnxmhfpi8s6c0t5 0 134141 844025 775519 2026-05-31T14:38:20Z ~2026-32490-57 45385 844025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fadar Libertad, Cibiyar al'adu ta Domingo Faustino Sarmiento''' (Spanish: Palacio Libertad, Centro Cultural Domingo Faustino Sarmiento) cibiyar al'adu ce da ke [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. Ita ce mafi girma a Latin Amurka, kuma ta uku ko ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya. An buɗe ginin ne a 1928 a matsayin Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Buenos Aires ("Palacio de Correos"), yana aiki har zuwa 2002. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an sake gyara shi kuma an sake buɗe shi a cikin 2015 a matsayin cibiyar al'adu. An sanya masa suna na 'yan shekaru bayan tsohon shugaban Argentina Néstor Kirchner, wanda ya kula da juyowa. Sunan yana da rikice-rikice na siyasa a Argentina, tare da shugabancin kasar da ya sanar da cewa za a canza sunan a watan Maris na shekara ta 2024.<ref>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/734724-el-gobierno-cambiara-el-nombre-del-centro-cultural-kirchner- El Gobierno cambiará el nombre del Centro Cultural Kirchner por "Palacio Libertad"] on Página/12, 6 May 2024</ref> Duk da haka, sunan "Palacio Libertad" ya shafi ginin da kansa kawai. Ya zuwa 10 ga Oktoba, 2024, an sake sunan ginin "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento". Cibiyar bene tara tana da zauren kide-kide; wasu dakuna biyar don gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kiide; dakuna 18 don karatun shayari, zane-zane, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru; dakuna 40 na zane-zane da tarihi jimillar mita 15,000 (160,000 sq a kan bene shida; ɗakunan maimaitawa 16; da kuma rufin rufin rufi biyu. Yana yiwuwa a isa cibiyar tare da Layin B da Layin E na karkashin kasa na birnin, a Leandro N. Alem da Correo Central bi da bi. == Tarihi == === Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Buenos Aires === Bukatar sabon ofishin gidan waya na tsakiya a Buenos Aires an fara gabatar da shi ne a cikin 1888 ta hanyar darektan Correo Argentino (Argentine Postal Service) a lokacin, Dokta Ramón J. Cárcano. Daga baya a wannan shekarar Shugaba Miguel Juárez Celman ya sanya hannu kan dokar majalisa da ke ba da izinin gina shi. Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta ba da izini ga masanin gine-ginen Faransa Norbert Maillart don ƙirar ta a cikin shekara ta 1889.<ref name="tour">[http://www.intertournet.com.ar/capfederal/monumentos/correo.htm Intertour net: Palacio de Correos] {{In lang|es}}</ref> [[Fayil:Palacio_de_Correos_(Buenos_Aires,_1920).jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Ofishin gidan waya da ake ginawa (c. 1920) ]] Da yake sanya mita 12,500 (135,000 sq a kusurwar Leandro Alem da Corrientes Avenues don gina shi, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta zaɓi shafin a matsayin hanyar da za a kyautata wurin sake farfado da ƙasa inda bakin tekun Rio de la Plata ya kai shekaru goma da suka gabata. Farkon kwatsam na Tsoro na 1890 da Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya haifar da murabus din Shugaba Juárez Celman, duk da haka, da kuma dakatar da aikin.<ref name="alameda">''Buenos Aires Nos Cuenta'' nº 10 (1994). "La Alameda, el primer paseo de la ciudad." {{In lang|es}}</ref> Gwamnatin ƙasa ta farfado da tsare-tsaren ne kawai a cikin 1905, kuma a cikin 1908 Maillart ya koma Buenos Aires, inda aka amince da sabbin tsare-tsare na babban ofishin gidan waya a watan Afrilu mai zuwa. Bambance-bambance daga baya sun tashi tsakanin Maillart da gwamnatin Argentina, kuma masanin gine-ginen Faransa ya watsar da aikin a 1911. Ginin, wanda ya fara, an bar shi a hannun babban mataimakin Maillart, Jacques Spolsky. Spolsky ya sake fasalin zane, wanda ya ƙunshi goyon bayan masonry, don ya ƙunshi tsarin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, wanda aka sanya ginshiƙan ƙarfe 2,882 a kan dutse, zurfin mita 10 (33 . [1] [[Fayil:WLM2013_PalacioCorreos_(1).JPG|thumb|A karkashin gini da sabuntawa a cikin 2012]] [[Fayil:Cck_kirchner_panoramica_1200_dia.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Cibiyar Al'adu da aka nuna a cikin saitin tsakanin Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Buenos Aires da Puerto Madero]] <gallery mode="packed" heights="90"> Fayil:Area_noble_CCK.jpg|Area Noble Fayil:Centro_Cultural_Kirchner_-_Ballena_Azul.jpg|''Ballena Azul'' Fayil:Centro_Cultural_Kirchner_-_large_auditorium_seat_view.jpg|Auditorium Fayil:Centro_Cultural_Kirchner_-_Main_hall.jpg|Main hall Fayil:Gran_lámpara_-_CCK_(1).jpg|Lamp Fayil:Hall_del_Correo_Central_-_Centro_Cultural_Bicentenario.jpg|Former post office hall </gallery> == Manazarta == 1wb7ih370e72mx2qumuftotq5tfdupy 0 134500 844255 776144 2026-06-01T04:01:48Z BnHamid 12586 844255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokta Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadwi''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1934) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama . Shi ne Editan ''Al-Baas El-Islami'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Nadvi a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1934. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa na D Litt daga Jami'ar Harshe ta Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2019. Nadvi shine babban editan ''Al-Baas El-Islami'' . Har ila yau, babban memba ne na All India Muslim Personal Law Board . A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, Cibiyar Nazarin Dalibai, New Delhi ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HT Correspondent |date=1 November 2020 |title=Doctor Saeedur Rahman Al-Azmi had conferred with honorary D Litt degree in Urdu Convocation at Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu Arabi-Farsi University |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/cities/rss-leader-shia-cleric-and-others-to-be-honoured-at-urdu-varsity-convocation/story-sVDt2PxT7bJIUSmJu1T7JL.html |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{Dead link}}</ref> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == * ''Musulunci mai suna Maghrib'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai ==  * [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/202914 Saeed Al Azmi Al Nadwi da gudummawarsa ga ci gaban harshen Larabci da adabi], PhD   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 9fhcy5e8m945rzi9uskhy7av3mh3yyu 0 135242 844242 777565 2026-06-01T03:54:48Z BnHamid 12586 844242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anna Megale Komnene''' (Greek: Άννα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή, romanized: Anna Megalē Komnēnē; Georgian: ანა კომნენა; 6 April 1357 - after 30 November 1406) was a Trapezuntine queen of Georgia as the second wife of King Bagrat V. She was the mother of his youngest son, Constantine I, who would in 1407 succeed his half-brother, King George VII, and reign as king. Anna ta kasance memba na Daular Komnenos mai iko ta [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] Girka wanda Isaac I Komnenos ya kafa a cikin 1057. == Iyali da riƙo == [[Fayil:Ο_Αλέξιος_Γ’_Μεγάλος_Κομνηνός_1349-1390_με_τη_σύζυγο_του_Θεοδώρα_σε_μικρογραφία_του_κτιτορικού_χρυσόβουλλου_της_Μονής_Διονυσίου_του.jpg|left|thumb|208x208px|Sarkin sarakuna Alexios III na Trebizond da Theodora Kantakouzene, iyayen Anna na Trebizund]] An haifi Anna a Trebizond a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1357, ranar da ta gabata kafin Jumma'a Mai Tsarki, [1] 'yar fari da kuma ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Alexios III na Trebizond da Theodora Kantakouzene. [2] Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Basil da Manuel; da' yan'uwa mata uku: Eudokia, Maria, da kuma wani wanda ba a san sunansa ba; dukansu uku daga baya sun auri sarakunan Turkmen Musulmi. Anna kuma tana da aƙalla ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Andronikos, ta hanyar haɗin mahaifinta da wata uwargidan da ba a bayyana sunanta ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1362, wata tawagar da ta hada da ''[[Magana ta Megas|magas logothetes]]'' George, Scholaris, Sebastos da masanin tarihi Michael Panaretos sun tafi Constantinople, don tattauna alkawarinta da Andronikos Palaiologos wanda daga baya zai yi mulki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Andronikos IV . Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, an soke riƙon, kuma daga baya aka zaɓi wani miji a madadin ta. == Sarauniyar Georgia == A watan Yunin 1367, tana da shekaru 10 da watanni biyu, ta zama matar ta biyu ta Sarki Bagrat V na Georgia, wanda aka fi sani da Bagrat the Great . Matarsa ta farko Helena ta mutu a shekarar da ta gabata daga annoba ta bubonic, ta bar 'ya'ya maza biyu. Anna ta kasance tare da mahaifinta da kakarta mai ban tsoro, Irene na Trebizond zuwa Georgia. A wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba, wani lokaci bayan 1369, Anna ta haifi ɗa, Constantine (ya mutu 1411/1412). Daga baya zai yi mulki a matsayin Sarki Constantine I na Georgia, ya gaji ɗan'uwansa marar haihuwa, Sarki George VII a cikin 1407. A cewar Cyril Toumanoff, Anna tana da wasu 'ya'ya biyu daga Bagrat: Olympias da David . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1386, sojojin mamayewar Mongol Tamerlane sun kewaye Tbilisi kuma sun kama ta; kuma an kama ta, tare da mijinta da ɗanta. A matsayin hanyar tabbatar da sakin su, Sarki Bagrat ya amince ya zama Musulmi, kuma Tamerlane ya mayar da su Georgia tare da sojojin Mongol 20,000. Koyaya, Yarima George, ɗan mijinta daga aurensa na farko, ya sami damar hallaka sojojin Mongol gaba ɗaya kuma ya saki sarki da sarauniya daga bauta. A ƙarshe ba su tuba zuwa addinin [[Musulunci]] ba, kodayake an ci gaba da fada da Tamerlane kafin ya bar masarautar Georgia ta kasance [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. Mijin Anna ya mutu a shekara ta 1393; ta mutu wani lokaci bayan 1406. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1zhtgfnunk9sc7b31o8ral7l5o5u3r5 0 135693 844258 778338 2026-06-01T04:03:34Z BnHamid 12586 844258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stavros Karampelas''' ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma a halin yanzu Shugaban Jam'iyyar siyasa ta Girka Enosi Dimokratikou Kentrou (Union of the Democratic Center). == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a Petroupoli (Athens) a watan Yulin 1973. Ya yi karatun Kimiyya ta Siyasa da Gudanar da Jama'a a Jami'ar Panteion ta Athens kuma a halin yanzu dan takarar PhD ne a wannan Jami'ar a Sashen Sociology (ƙwarewa: Modern Greek Society). Ya shiga E.DI. K. Yankin Matasa a shekarar 1989 kuma ya zama shugaban kungiyar a ranar 13/08/1993. Yana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Yannis Zighdis da Farfesa Neoklis Sarris, waɗanda suka kasance shugabannin da suka gabata na E.DI. K jam'iyya. An zabi Stavros Karampelas a matsayin Shugaban Union of the Democratic Center ta 3rd Congress (9 Maris 2012). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa, Sakataren Shirye-shiryen da Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na zartarwa a bangaren masu zaman kansu, a fagen Sadarwar Gudanarwa amma kuma a matsayin mai hulɗa na Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Dodecanese 'Kleovoulos Lindos'. A yau yana aiki a matsayin marubuci kuma memba ne na Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Girka. Ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa (E.SY.N.) kuma an zabe shi shugaban wannan kungiyar na shekarun 2001-2003. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sidjlikhc43kqfc83t5alh6gqe7ozdc 0 135697 844247 778344 2026-06-01T03:57:40Z BnHamid 12586 844247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Karygiannis''' PC (/ˌkærɪdʒiˈænɪs/ i KARR-ij-ee-AN-iss; Girkanci: , , [ðiˈmitris kaˈriːanis]; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1955) tsohon ɗan siyasan Kanada ne. Ya yi aiki a cikin House of Commons na Kanada a matsayin dan majalisa na Liberal daga 1988 zuwa 2014, kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Toronto daga 2014 har zuwa 2020, lokacin da aka bar kujerarsa saboda cin zarafin kudin yakin neman zabe.{{IPA|el|ðiˈmitris kaˈriʝanis|IPA}}{{IPA|el|ðiˈmitris kaˈriʝanis|IPA}}{{IPA|el|ðiˈmitris kaˈriʝanis|IPA}} Karygiannis served concurrently as the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development and Minister responsible for Democratic Renewal (2005) and was previously parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Transport (2003–2005). A cikin adawa, Karygiannis ya ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da kungiyoyin kabilun daban-daban yayin da ya dauki matsayi na jayayya kan batutuwan manufofin kasashen waje kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai sukar al'adu da yawa. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa a matsayin memba na majalisa don tsayawa a Zaben birni na Toronto na Councillor a Ward 39, kuma daga baya aka zabe shi a wannan kujerar. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an cire Karygiannis daga ofis saboda wuce kudaden zabe a zaben birni na shekara ta 2018. Daga nan aka sake dawo da shi kuma aka cire shi sau biyu a lokacin shari'ar da ta biyo baya wanda ya haifar da cire shi na karshe daga ofis a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2020. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pagliaro |first=Jennifer |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Jim Karygiannis removed from city council — for a third and final time |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/09/24/jim-karygiannis-removed-from-city-council-for-a-third-and-final-time.html |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Karygiannis a [[Athens]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, Karygiannis ɗan kasuwa ne kuma injiniyan masana'antu. Ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada a shekarar 1966, kuma yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin Injiniya na Masana'antu daga Jami'ar Toronto . Har ila yau, yana da digiri na Fellowship of Business Administration daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kanada. Ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya mata biyar. == Siyasa == Karygiannis ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980, da farko a cikin siyasar lardin sannan daga baya a matsayin dan majalisa na tarayya. Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Ontario Liberal Party na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario a Zaben lardin 1987. Ya sha kashi a hannun David Reville na New Democratic Party na Ontario da kusan kuri'u 1,500. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Kanada a shekara mai zuwa a Zaben tarayya, inda ya doke mai rike da mukamin Progressive Conservative W. Paul McCrossan da kuri'u 858 a cikin sabon hawa na Scarborough - Agincourt . Karygiannis na ɗaya daga cikin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na jam'iyyar Liberal, kuma yana adawa da [[zubar da ciki]] da auren jinsi ɗaya. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, duk da haka, ya soki wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda suka yi barazanar kawo karshen gwamnati kan batun aure. === A cikin gwamnati === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbh9ekxz9khfibv1j9gksew7p7xrvx2 0 135972 844244 778848 2026-06-01T03:56:19Z BnHamid 12586 844244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Archipelago Division (Greek) wani rukuni ne na sojan ƙasa na [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a yakin duniya na farko da farkon matakan Yakin Asiya Ƙananan . == Kafawa == Gwamnatin Tsaro ta Kasa ta fara tayar da rukunin ne a watan Satumbar 1916 [1] a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin da take yi na kirkirar rundunarta don hidima tare da Allies a gaban Makidoniya. {{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} Shirye-shiryen farko ya bukaci a kafa ƙungiyoyin sojoji huɗu da za a dauka a yankunan da gwamnatin tsaron kasa ke sarrafawa (Crete, Tsibirin Aegean, da Makidoniya). {{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} Kamar yadda sunanta ke nunawa, an dauki rukunin tsibirin (Μεραρχία Ōρχιπελά:-)) a tsibirin Aegean, musamman Chios, Lesbos, da Samos. Babban sa shine maza da suka riga sun yi aiki a tsibirin, da kuma azuzuwan 1915 da 1916; wannan ya tabbatar da cewa bai isa ba don kammala daukar ma'aikata, kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta 1917 an tattara tsofaffin azuzuwan takwas don cika rukunin rukunin. An sami ƙarin matsaloli saboda rashin makamai da ƙwararrun NCOs, wanda ya haifar da kafa cibiyar horar da NCO a Mytilini . {{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} Rukunin ya kunshi rundunonin sojan ƙasa guda uku (asalin 7th, 8th, da 9th, amma a ƙarshen 1916 an sake kiranta 4th, 5th, da 6th bi da bi) da kuma ayyukan tallafi.{{Sfn|Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία}} Rundunar Archipelago ta 4 (4ο Σύνταγμα ńρχιπελά:-)) tare da battalions biyu an kafa su a Lesbos, rundunar Archipelag ta 5 (5ο Σύνάταγμα ̆ ̆ Ō ̆ ♂) tare da batallion daya a Lesbos da daya a Lemnos, da kuma rundunar Archipelago ta 6 (6ο Σύννταγμα -)) a Samos, tare da batliya daya a Chios.{{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} Kwamandansa na farko shi ne Colonel (daga baya Major Janar da Lieutenant Janar) Dimitrios Ioannou, tare da Lieutenant Colonel Dimitrios Katheniotis a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatansa.{{Sfn|Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία}}{{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} Daga cikin mutanen da aka dauka a cikin rukuni shine marubucin Stratis Myrivilis, wanda littafinsa mai adawa da yaki Life in the Tomb ya bayyana rayuwa a gaban Makidoniya bisa ga abubuwan da marubucin ya samu tare da rukuni. == Yankin Makidoniya, 1917-1918 == === Farko na gaba a Monastir === Bayan an kammala horo a watan Maris na shekara ta 1917, an kai rukunin zuwa Toumba a Thessaloniki a watan Afrilu. [1][1] Daga 1 ga Mayu zuwa gaba, ya fara tafiya zuwa gaba, kuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1917 ƙungiyar ta taru a kusa da ƙauyen Kladorachi a yankin Florina, kuma an sanya ta ƙarƙashin umurnin Armée d'Orient na Faransa. [1][1] A can ne aka horar da ƙungiyar a cikin yaƙi da kuma amfani da bindigogi, grenades, da dai sauransu.[1] Daga 24 ga Mayu, battalions na ƙungiyar sun fara mamaye bangarorin gaba a yankin Monastir, a ƙarƙashin ikon Rundunar Sojojin Faransa ta 57: ɗayan battalions an haɗa su da rundunonin ƙungiyar Faransa don a hankali su saba da su ga yanayin gaba.{{Sfn|Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία}}{{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} A watan Yulin, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da bangaren gaba na gaba.{{Sfn|Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία}} A watan Agustan 1917, Lt. Colonel Achilleas Protosyngellos ya zama shugaban ma'aikatan ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π.}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cza5tjyyfjtgyc66aisskr1jliu7zth 0 135984 844248 778867 2026-06-01T03:58:03Z BnHamid 12586 844248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Glory of Iqbal (Urdu: نقوش اقبال, romanized: Nuqoosh-e-Iqbal) littafi ne da Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi ya rubuta wanda ke neman gabatar da mawaki Muhammad Iqbal ga kasashen Larabawa. An fara buga shi da harshen Larabci a matsayin Rawa-e Iqbal sannan Shams Tabriz Khan ya fassara shi zuwa Urdu da Nuqoosh-e-Iqbal. Shi ne aikin Nadwi da ya fi shahara, kuma ana sayar da shi a duk fadin duniyar musulmi, musamman a Indiya da kasashen Larabawa.[1][2][3] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Haɗin waje == * {{Google books|m_djEAAAQBAJ}} {{Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}} sel44rtw0pnxxbl7uzzhcextz2gl8ig 0 136065 844266 778991 2026-06-01T04:08:46Z BnHamid 12586 844266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr.''' / / ˈs aɪz ɔːr / ; Nuwamba 29, 1961 - Maris 3, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An haife shi a [[Detroit]], ya fara aikinsa da fitowa a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (1989), ''Lock Up'' (1989), da ''Blue Steel'' (1990). Fitowar ta haifar da fitattun rawa a cikin fina-finai kamar ''Passenger 57'' (1992), ''True Romance'' (1993), ''Striking Distance'' (1993), ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994), ''Strange Days'' (1995), ''Heat'' (1995), da ''The Relic'' (1997). A shekarar 1998, Sizemore ya fito a fim ɗin Saving Private Ryan, fim ɗinsa mafi nasara a fannin kasuwanci. Daga baya ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Bringing Out the Dead (1999), Black Hawk Down (2001), da Pearl Harbor (2001). Ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe saboda rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin talabijin mai suna Witness Protection (1999). Ya kuma bayar da muryar ɗan daba Sonny Forelli a cikin wasan bidiyo mai suna Grand Theft Auto: Vice City wanda aka yi a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2007, VH1 ta nuna shirin gaskiya ''Shooting Sizemore'' (2007), wanda ya nuna gwagwarmayar da Sizemore ke yi na sake samun aikinsa a lokacin da yake shan methamphetamine da heroin. Ya kuma shiga cikin wasu shirye-shiryen gaskiya da suka shafi jarabarsa, ciki har da ''Celebrity Rehab tare da Dr. Drew'' (2010) da ''Celebrity Rehab Presents Sober House'' (2010). Ya bayyana a cikin shirin farfadowa na ''Twin Peaks'' (2017). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr. a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1961 a Detroit. Mahaifiyarsa, Judith (née Schannault), memba ce a ma'aikatan ombudsman na birnin Detroit kuma mahaifinsa, Thomas Edward Sizemore Sr., lauya ne kuma farfesa a fannin falsafa. <ref name=":1" /> Thomas Jr. ya girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] kuma iyayensa sun sake aure tun yana matashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For Detroit-born actor Tom Sizemore, dead at 61, the action was the juice |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/03/03/for-detroit-born-actor-tom-sizemore-the-action-was-the-juice/69964463007/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}</ref> Thomas Sizemore Jr. ya ce kakansa na uwa ya fito ne daga zuriyar Faransa da 'yan asalin Amurka kuma kakansa [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke ne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2011 |title=Tom Sizemore's one-man show: The secret he's been keeping from Hollywood |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/culture-monster-blog/story/2011-02-16/tom-sizemores-one-man-show-the-secret-hes-been-keeping-from-hollywood |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne kusa da tsakiyar birnin Detroit a 1983; ya sami digiri na farko a wasan kwaikwayo a wurin. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Temple da ke [[Philadelphia]] a 1986. <ref name=":22" /> == Sana'a == Ɗaya daga cikin farkon rawar da Sizemore ta taka a fim ɗin Oliver Stone mai suna ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (1989). Sauran fitowarsa ta farko sun haɗa da ''Lock Up'' (1989), ''Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man'' (1991), ''Point Break'' (1991), ''Passenger 57'' (1992), ''True Romance'' (1993), ''Striking Distance'' (1993), ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994), da ''Strange Days'' (1995). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> Ya taka rawar da ta sake dawowa a shirin talabijin ''na China Beach'' (1988–1991) a matsayin mutum mai suna Vinnie wanda ke ƙaunar halin Dana Delany . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Made You Uncomfortable |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/tom-sizemore-obituary-remembrance.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Heart and Souls'' (1993), an zaɓe shi don kyautar Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa mai ''suna Love Is Like That'' (1993) tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai tallata kaya Pamela Gidley kuma ya taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin Kevin Costner mai suna ''Wyatt Earp'' (1994) a matsayin Bat Masterson . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore: Filme, Serien und Biografie |url=https://www.serienjunkies.de/person/tom-sizemore/29738/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Serienjunkies |language=de}}</ref> An ci gaba da samun nasarori da dama a cikin jerin fina-finan tallafi, tun daga lokacin da ya nuna Michael Cheritto a cikin fim ɗin da ya yi wa wawa ''Heat'' (1995). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> Babban rawar da Sizemore ya taka a matsayin Vincent D'Agosta a cikin ''fim ɗin The Relic'' (1997). Sizemore ya ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin fina-finan ''Devil in a Blue Dress'' (1995), ''Bringing Out the Dead'' (1999), da ''Witness Protection'' (1999). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998) ya zama aikin da ya fi samun nasara a fannin kasuwanci, inda ya kawo dala miliyan 217 a ofishin talla. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Made You Uncomfortable |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/tom-sizemore-obituary-remembrance.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, ya fito a cikin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''na Pearl Harbor'' (2001), waɗanda suka fito a cikin fim ɗin [[Ben Affleck]] da Ridley Scott mai suna ''Black Hawk Down'' (2001). <ref name=":2" /> Sizemore ya taka rawar murya a matsayin Sonny Forelli a wasan bidiyo ''na Grand Theft Auto: Vice City'' . <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani a ''Ticker'' (2001), wani fim mai ban sha'awa wanda Albert Pyun ya jagoranta, tare da Steven Seagal da Dennis Hopper . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Bryan |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref> Sizemore ya kuma taka rawar gani a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin ''mai suna Robbery Homicide Division'' (2002-2003) wanda aka yi nazari sosai amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref name=":1" /> Ya fito a cikin shirin Mel Gibson mai suna ''Paparazzi'' (2004), ya taka rawar [[Pete Rose]] a cikin shirin Hustle (2004) wanda ke nuna caca ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin da yake jagorantar Cincinnati Reds, kuma ya taka rawar dan sanda na ɓoye a cikin ''shirin Swindle'' (2006), tare da Sherilyn Fenn . <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Dead at 61 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2023/03/03/tom-sizemore-actor-dead-dies/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=TMZ |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Pietro |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore è morto: 10 film per ricordare l'attore di Salvate il soldato Ryan e Assassini Nati |url=https://www.cineblog.it/post/tom-sizemore-morto-film-curiosita-attore |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cineblog |language=it}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Sizemore ya fito a cikin ''The Genius Club'' (2006), inda ya taka rawar dan ta'adda wanda ke yi wa hazikai bakwai ba'a don magance matsalolin duniya cikin dare ɗaya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya taka rawa a fim ɗin ''Splinter'' (2006) tare da Edward James Olmos . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Bryan |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Pietro |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore è morto: 10 film per ricordare l'attore di Salvate il soldato Ryan e Assassini Nati |url=https://www.cineblog.it/post/tom-sizemore-morto-film-curiosita-attore |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cineblog |language=it}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, gidan talabijin na VH1 ya watsa wani shirin talabijin mai shirye-shirye shida mai suna ''Shooting Sizemore'' (2007), wanda ke nuna rayuwar jarumin yayin da yake fama da matsalar sake samun aikinsa a tsakiyar yaƙin da ake yi da jarabar methamphetamine da heroin na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For Detroit-born actor Tom Sizemore, dead at 61, the action was the juice |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/03/03/for-detroit-born-actor-tom-sizemore-the-action-was-the-juice/69964463007/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirin ya kuma ƙunshi ƙarar da ake ci gaba da yi kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa na cin zarafin tsohuwar [[Karuwanci|uwar]] gidan Hollywood Heidi Fleiss . <ref>''By Some Miracle I Made It Out of There: A Memoir'', Tom Sizemore, Simon and Schuster, 2013, [http://books.simonandschuster.ca/By-Some-Miracle-I-Made-It-Out-of-There/Tom-Sizemore/9781451681673/excerpt transcript] {{Webarchive}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, jarumin ya fito a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na indie ''Oranges'' (2007) tare da Tom Arnold da Jill Hennessy, wanda darakta kuma furodusa na Siriya Joseph Merhi ya ba da umarni. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años; deja un legado de más de 200 películas |url=https://www.diariodemorelos.com/noticias/muere-el-actor-tom-sizemore-los-61-os-deja-un-legado-de-m-s-de-200-pel-culas |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Diario de Morelos |language=es-mx}}</ref> Sizemore ya yi fice a fina-finai biyu da aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2008, ''Red'' (2008) da ''American Son'' (2008). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Riaño |first=Raquel |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años: su vida marcada por las drogas y los escándalos |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/celebrities/2023-03-04/tom-sizemore-muerte-vida-adiccion-drogas_3586783/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=El Confidencial |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi fice sosai a wannan shekarar a cikin fim ɗin ''The Last Lullaby'' (2008), ''The Flyboys'' (2008) tare da Stephen Baldwin, fim ɗin aiki ''Stiletto'' (2008) tare da Tom Berenger da Michael Biehn, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ''Toxic'' (2008) tare da Costas Mandylor, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada ''A Broken Life'' (2008) tare da Ving Rhames . <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore, star of 'Saving Private Ryan,' dies at 61 |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/actor-tom-sizemore-dies-61-97523639 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore kimdir? Tom Sizemore neden öldü? Tom Sizemore hangi filmlerde oynadı? |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/tom-sizemore-kimdir-tom-sizemore-neden-oldu-tom-sizemore-hangi-filmlerde-oynadi-2057527 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cumhuriyet |language=tr}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] nyq28db9hw27g6o9r44ae3l6htxdjtk 844267 844266 2026-06-01T04:08:58Z BnHamid 12586 844267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr.''' / / ˈs aɪz ɔːr / ; Nuwamba 29, 1961 - Maris 3, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An haife shi a [[Detroit]], ya fara aikinsa da fitowa a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (1989), ''Lock Up'' (1989), da ''Blue Steel'' (1990). Fitowar ta haifar da fitattun rawa a cikin fina-finai kamar ''Passenger 57'' (1992), ''True Romance'' (1993), ''Striking Distance'' (1993), ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994), ''Strange Days'' (1995), ''Heat'' (1995), da ''The Relic'' (1997). A shekarar 1998, Sizemore ya fito a fim ɗin Saving Private Ryan, fim ɗinsa mafi nasara a fannin kasuwanci. Daga baya ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Bringing Out the Dead (1999), Black Hawk Down (2001), da Pearl Harbor (2001). Ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe saboda rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin talabijin mai suna Witness Protection (1999). Ya kuma bayar da muryar ɗan daba Sonny Forelli a cikin wasan bidiyo mai suna Grand Theft Auto: Vice City wanda aka yi a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2007, VH1 ta nuna shirin gaskiya ''Shooting Sizemore'' (2007), wanda ya nuna gwagwarmayar da Sizemore ke yi na sake samun aikinsa a lokacin da yake shan methamphetamine da heroin. Ya kuma shiga cikin wasu shirye-shiryen gaskiya da suka shafi jarabarsa, ciki har da ''Celebrity Rehab tare da Dr. Drew'' (2010) da ''Celebrity Rehab Presents Sober House'' (2010). Ya bayyana a cikin shirin farfadowa na ''Twin Peaks'' (2017). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr. a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1961 a Detroit. Mahaifiyarsa, Judith (née Schannault), memba ce a ma'aikatan ombudsman na birnin Detroit kuma mahaifinsa, Thomas Edward Sizemore Sr., lauya ne kuma farfesa a fannin falsafa. <ref name=":1" /> Thomas Jr. ya girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] kuma iyayensa sun sake aure tun yana matashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For Detroit-born actor Tom Sizemore, dead at 61, the action was the juice |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/03/03/for-detroit-born-actor-tom-sizemore-the-action-was-the-juice/69964463007/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}</ref> Thomas Sizemore Jr. ya ce kakansa na uwa ya fito ne daga zuriyar Faransa da 'yan asalin Amurka kuma kakansa [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke ne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2011 |title=Tom Sizemore's one-man show: The secret he's been keeping from Hollywood |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/culture-monster-blog/story/2011-02-16/tom-sizemores-one-man-show-the-secret-hes-been-keeping-from-hollywood |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne kusa da tsakiyar birnin Detroit a 1983; ya sami digiri na farko a wasan kwaikwayo a wurin. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Temple da ke [[Philadelphia]] a 1986. <ref name=":22" /> == Sana'a == Ɗaya daga cikin farkon rawar da Sizemore ta taka a fim ɗin Oliver Stone mai suna ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (1989). Sauran fitowarsa ta farko sun haɗa da ''Lock Up'' (1989), ''Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man'' (1991), ''Point Break'' (1991), ''Passenger 57'' (1992), ''True Romance'' (1993), ''Striking Distance'' (1993), ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994), da ''Strange Days'' (1995). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> Ya taka rawar da ta sake dawowa a shirin talabijin ''na China Beach'' (1988–1991) a matsayin mutum mai suna Vinnie wanda ke ƙaunar halin Dana Delany . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Made You Uncomfortable |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/tom-sizemore-obituary-remembrance.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> Saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Heart and Souls'' (1993), an zaɓe shi don kyautar Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya fito a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa mai ''suna Love Is Like That'' (1993) tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai tallata kaya Pamela Gidley kuma ya taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin Kevin Costner mai suna ''Wyatt Earp'' (1994) a matsayin Bat Masterson . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore: Filme, Serien und Biografie |url=https://www.serienjunkies.de/person/tom-sizemore/29738/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Serienjunkies |language=de}}</ref> An ci gaba da samun nasarori da dama a cikin jerin fina-finan tallafi, tun daga lokacin da ya nuna Michael Cheritto a cikin fim ɗin da ya yi wa wawa ''Heat'' (1995). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> Babban rawar da Sizemore ya taka a matsayin Vincent D'Agosta a cikin ''fim ɗin The Relic'' (1997). Sizemore ya ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin fina-finan ''Devil in a Blue Dress'' (1995), ''Bringing Out the Dead'' (1999), da ''Witness Protection'' (1999). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998) ya zama aikin da ya fi samun nasara a fannin kasuwanci, inda ya kawo dala miliyan 217 a ofishin talla. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Made You Uncomfortable |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/tom-sizemore-obituary-remembrance.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, ya fito a cikin fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo ''na Pearl Harbor'' (2001), waɗanda suka fito a cikin fim ɗin [[Ben Affleck]] da Ridley Scott mai suna ''Black Hawk Down'' (2001). <ref name=":2" /> Sizemore ya taka rawar murya a matsayin Sonny Forelli a wasan bidiyo ''na Grand Theft Auto: Vice City'' . <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya taka rawar gani a ''Ticker'' (2001), wani fim mai ban sha'awa wanda Albert Pyun ya jagoranta, tare da Steven Seagal da Dennis Hopper . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Bryan |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref> Sizemore ya kuma taka rawar gani a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin ''mai suna Robbery Homicide Division'' (2002-2003) wanda aka yi nazari sosai amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. <ref name=":1" /> Ya fito a cikin shirin Mel Gibson mai suna ''Paparazzi'' (2004), ya taka rawar [[Pete Rose]] a cikin shirin Hustle (2004) wanda ke nuna caca ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin da yake jagorantar Cincinnati Reds, kuma ya taka rawar dan sanda na ɓoye a cikin ''shirin Swindle'' (2006), tare da Sherilyn Fenn . <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Dead at 61 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2023/03/03/tom-sizemore-actor-dead-dies/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=TMZ |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Pietro |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore è morto: 10 film per ricordare l'attore di Salvate il soldato Ryan e Assassini Nati |url=https://www.cineblog.it/post/tom-sizemore-morto-film-curiosita-attore |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cineblog |language=it}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Sizemore ya fito a cikin ''The Genius Club'' (2006), inda ya taka rawar dan ta'adda wanda ke yi wa hazikai bakwai ba'a don magance matsalolin duniya cikin dare ɗaya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019 |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229// |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |work=[[United Press International]] |quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> Ya taka rawa a fim ɗin ''Splinter'' (2006) tare da Edward James Olmos . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Bryan |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Pietro |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore è morto: 10 film per ricordare l'attore di Salvate il soldato Ryan e Assassini Nati |url=https://www.cineblog.it/post/tom-sizemore-morto-film-curiosita-attore |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cineblog |language=it}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, gidan talabijin na VH1 ya watsa wani shirin talabijin mai shirye-shirye shida mai suna ''Shooting Sizemore'' (2007), wanda ke nuna rayuwar jarumin yayin da yake fama da matsalar sake samun aikinsa a tsakiyar yaƙin da ake yi da jarabar methamphetamine da heroin na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For Detroit-born actor Tom Sizemore, dead at 61, the action was the juice |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/03/03/for-detroit-born-actor-tom-sizemore-the-action-was-the-juice/69964463007/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirin ya kuma ƙunshi ƙarar da ake ci gaba da yi kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa na cin zarafin tsohuwar [[Karuwanci|uwar]] gidan Hollywood Heidi Fleiss . <ref>''By Some Miracle I Made It Out of There: A Memoir'', Tom Sizemore, Simon and Schuster, 2013, [http://books.simonandschuster.ca/By-Some-Miracle-I-Made-It-Out-of-There/Tom-Sizemore/9781451681673/excerpt transcript] {{Webarchive}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, jarumin ya fito a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na indie ''Oranges'' (2007) tare da Tom Arnold da Jill Hennessy, wanda darakta kuma furodusa na Siriya Joseph Merhi ya ba da umarni. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años; deja un legado de más de 200 películas |url=https://www.diariodemorelos.com/noticias/muere-el-actor-tom-sizemore-los-61-os-deja-un-legado-de-m-s-de-200-pel-culas |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Diario de Morelos |language=es-mx}}</ref> Sizemore ya yi fice a fina-finai biyu da aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2008, ''Red'' (2008) da ''American Son'' (2008). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Riaño |first=Raquel |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años: su vida marcada por las drogas y los escándalos |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/celebrities/2023-03-04/tom-sizemore-muerte-vida-adiccion-drogas_3586783/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=El Confidencial |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi fice sosai a wannan shekarar a cikin fim ɗin ''The Last Lullaby'' (2008), ''The Flyboys'' (2008) tare da Stephen Baldwin, fim ɗin aiki ''Stiletto'' (2008) tare da Tom Berenger da Michael Biehn, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ''Toxic'' (2008) tare da Costas Mandylor, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada ''A Broken Life'' (2008) tare da Ving Rhames . <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore, star of 'Saving Private Ryan,' dies at 61 |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/actor-tom-sizemore-dies-61-97523639 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore kimdir? Tom Sizemore neden öldü? Tom Sizemore hangi filmlerde oynadı? |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/tom-sizemore-kimdir-tom-sizemore-neden-oldu-tom-sizemore-hangi-filmlerde-oynadi-2057527 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cumhuriyet |language=tr}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] lbnr1tcxue5nwrsz1gtb2ltlmlmll4v 0 136265 844245 779374 2026-06-01T03:56:50Z BnHamid 12586 844245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Evangelos "Vangelis" Marinakis (Ευάγγελος (Βαγγέλης) Μαρινάκης, an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1967) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai saka hannun jari na Girka, babban mai hannun jari na kamfanoni da yawa da ke aiki a bangarorin sufuri, kafofin watsa labarai da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]]. Marinakis ɗan mai mallakar jirgin ruwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa [[Miltiadis Marinakis]] daga tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]] . Ya shiga masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta Girka a shekara ta 2005 ta hanyar kafa "Capital Maritime & Trading Corp". A shekara ta 2010, ya sami rinjaye a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Girka Olympiacos kuma ya zama shugabanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Marinakis a matsayin wakilin gari na Piraeus tare da jam'iyyar "Πειραιάς Νικητής" (Piraeus Victor) kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=Δήμος Πειραιά: «Σάρωσε» σε ψήφους ο Βαγγέλης Μαρινάκης |url=https://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/894420/dimos-peiraia-sarose-se-psifous-o-vaggelis-marinakis/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, ya sayi kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Nottingham Forest . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Nottingham Forest Football |title=Nottingham Forest FC |url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2017/may/marinakis-heads-a-100-take-over-of-nottingham-forest-fc/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> A cikin 2016, ya shiga sashin kafofin watsa labarai na Girka tare da Alter Ego Media S.A., wanda ya sami Lambrakis Press Group (DOL) a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=London (undefined) |first=Harry Papachristou in Athens and Nick Roumpis in |date=2016-09-02 |title=Marinakis wins Greek TV licence |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/marinakis-wins-greek-tv-licence/1-1-775802 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=TradeWinds {{!}} Latest shipping and maritime news |language=en}}</ref> Marinakis sananne ne a bangarorin sufuri da kwallon kafa. Lloyd's List ya haɗa shi a cikin "Mutanen Ɗari Mafi Muhimmanci a Masana'antar Shipping" tun daga shekara ta 2010, wanda ya sanya shi na 16 a cikin jerin 2024. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=One Hundred Edition Fifteen |url=https://www.lloydslist.com/one-hundred-edition-fifteen |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Lloyd's List}}</ref> Marinakis an fi saninsa da muhimmiyar hannu a kwallon kafa, wanda aka haɗa shi da zarge-zarge daban-daban, gami da gyaran wasan da tsoma baki. Koyaya, an wanke shi a duk shari'o'in da suka shafi. A cikin 2018, an kuma haɗa shi da batun jirgin ruwa na ''Noor 1'' amma an wanke shi daga duk tuhume-tuhumen saboda rashin isasshen shaida. Kasancewar Marinakis a cikin wasanni na Girka, siyasa da kasuwancin duniya ya haifar da sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da Girka. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Evangelos Marinakis a Piraeus, Girka, a ranar 30 ga Yulin 1967. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan [[Miltiadis Marinakis]] da Irini Marinaki (née Karakatsani). Mahaifinsa, Miltiadis Marinakis, an haife shi ne a tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]]. Ya kasance mai mallakar jiragen ruwa, memBA na majalisar dokokin Girka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> kuma, a wasu lokuta, mai tallafawa kudi na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Piraeus, Olympiacos . Marinakis tana da B.A. a cikin 'Dokar Kasuwanci ta Duniya' da M.Sc. a cikin 'Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> Ya yi aure shekaru da yawa ga Athanasia Marinakis, kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu, 'yan mata uku da yaro. Ɗansa Miltiades Marinakis, mazaunin London, ya kafa kamfaninsa, "Shopflix".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> Gidan dindindin na iyali a Athens yana cikin Paleo Psychiko . Marinakis da New Democracy siyasa [[Dora Bakoyannis]] suna da alaƙa da kansu, kamar yadda Marinakis ya kasance mafi kyau lokacin da Bakoyanni ya auri Isidoros Kouvelos a 1998, kuma Bakoyans ya zama mahaifiyar ɗansa, Miltiadis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-30 |title=Ο «κόκκινος» καπετάνιος |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/70156/o-kokkinos-kapetanios/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=ProtoThema |language=el}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Marinakis shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Capital Maritime & Trading Corp . [undefined] Babban Kamfanin Maritime wanda ke karkashin ikon dangin Marinakis, ya gudanar a cikin 2025 da hadin gwiwar jiragen ruwa sama da 146, gami da tankuna, jiragen kwantena, LNG, LPG / ammonia, LCO2, sassan bakin teku da bushewa.[1] Capital Group ta shiga sashin LNG a cikin 2018, ta ba da umarni har zuwa jiragen ruwa goma na LNG na jimlar darajar biliyan 1.8. Daga Maris 2010 har zuwa Satumba 2011, Marinakis ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban da Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Crude Carriers Corp wanda aka jera a NYSE.[undefined] Tsakanin Maris 2007 da Disamba 2014 ya kasance shugaban Capital Product Partners L.P. (NASDAQ:CPLP).[1] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Capital Product Partners L.P. ta ba da sanarwar haɗuwa da rundunar tankar ta tare da DSS Holdings, wanda babban mai hannun jari shine WL Ross & Co., don haka ya haifar da ɗayan manyan kamfanonin tankar da aka jera a duniya, a cikin ma'amala mai daraja a $ 1.65bn.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 7ug6d8z1v0eixqvnsye9fjnlkvhgfhb 0 136454 844241 779691 2026-06-01T03:54:08Z BnHamid 12586 844241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Spiros Kaloudis (Girkanci: ; 1936 - 13 Janairu 2024) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka. Wani memba na Pasok, ya yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Hellenic daga 1981 zuwa 1996. [1] Kaloudis ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2024, yana da shekaru 88. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6xmjad7ierhpmllkqaufo0ltiie190g 0 136582 844253 779868 2026-06-01T04:01:05Z BnHamid 12586 844253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Donohue Sr.''' (12 ga Agusta, 1938 - 14 ga Oktoba, 2024) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] daga 1997 zuwa 2021. <ref name="Thomas J. Donohue">{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2013 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/thomas-j-donohue |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, Donohue ya kafa Cibiyar Gyaran Shari'a ta Amurka kuma ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa. <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> <ref name="WTO">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Thomas J. DONOHUE |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dft_panel_e/thomas_donohue_bio_e.htm |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=WTO.org}}</ref> Kafin ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, Donohue shi ne Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Motocin Sufuri ta Amurka . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Thomas Joseph Donohue a Brooklyn, New York a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1938 ga wani manajan shirye-shirye a American Can Company, kuma asalinsa ɗan asalin Ireland ne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> Ya girma a Rockville Centre da ke Long Island . <ref name="stjohns">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=In Memoriam: Retired US Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue '63C, '85HON |url=https://www.stjohns.edu/news-media/news/2024-10-15/memoriam-retired-us-chamber-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue-63c-85hon |access-date=October 15, 2024 |publisher=St. John's.edu}}</ref> <ref name="wpobit" /> Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar St. John's, kafin ya nemi digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Adelphi (1965). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 20, 2008 |title=Adelphi University's Eighth Annual President's Gala Honors Outstanding Executives and Alumni |url=http://www.adelphi.edu/giving/news/20080220.php |access-date=March 9, 2015 |website=University Advancement News |publisher=Adelphi University}}</ref> Ya yi aiki har zuwa kwaleji a matsayin direban babbar mota kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi ga Boy Scouts of America da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Nakasa ta Ƙasa. == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Amo_Houghton_and_Tom_Donohue.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Donohue tare da ɗan majalisa Amo Houghton a shekara ta 2004]] Donohue ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja a Jami'ar Fairfield da kuma a matsayin amintacce a Jami'ar Marymount . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> Daga 1969 zuwa 1976, shi ne Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Wasiƙa na Amurka, inda ya taimaka wajen "sanya" Ofishin Wasiƙa daga ma'aikatar gwamnati zuwa Sabis ɗin Wasiƙa na Amurka mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1976, ya shiga sashen ci gaban Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin shugabanta, Richard Lesher. [1] A shekarar 1978, aikinsa ya haɗa da gudanar da "kayan siyasa na jama'a" da "dangantaka da Fadar White House da Majalisa". A shekarar 1984, ya tafi ya zama Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Masu Motoci ta Amurka, "wanda ya mayar da abin da ya ɓace cikin sauri ya zama babban birnin Washington" a cewar jaridar ''Washington Monthly'' . A shekarar 1997 ya koma Majalisar a matsayin Shugabanta. <ref name="axiosobit">{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Tom Donohue, titan of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, dies at 86 |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/10/14/tom-donohue-chamber-commerce-dies-86 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Axios}}</ref> Donohue ya kasance Amintaccen Cibiyar Emeritus Hudson kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Qwest, Sunrise Assisted Living Corporation, Union Pacific, da XM . <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, Donohue ya taimaka wajen kafa wata ƙungiyar shugabannin kasuwanci da manufofi na Amurka waɗanda ke da burin yin mu'amala mai kyau da China domin inganta dangantakar Amurka da China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> === Ɗakin Kasuwanci === [[Fayil:Navy_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_talks_with_Thomas_J._Donohue_during_the_kickoff_of_the_Military_Spouse_Employment_Partnership.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Donohue (hagu) tare da Navy Admiral Michael Mullen a watan Yunin 2011.]] A shekarar 1997, Donohue ya karɓi muƙamin Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, inda ya maye gurbin Richard Lesher. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Lesher, Majalisar ta amince da shirin kula da lafiya na Clinton na 1993, wanda ya fusata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa. <ref name="toplobby">{{Cite web |title=Top lobbyists in the US |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?showYear=a&indexType=s |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 20, 2008 |title=Adelphi University's Eighth Annual President's Gala Honors Outstanding Executives and Alumni |url=http://www.adelphi.edu/giving/news/20080220.php |access-date=March 9, 2015 |website=University Advancement News |publisher=Adelphi University}}</ref> Ɗan Majalisa John Boehner ya jagoranci wani kamfen na tura kamfanoni su bar Majalisar saboda goyon bayan kudirin. Lokacin da Donohue ya karɓi mulki, an yi la'akari da ikon Majalisar a matsayin ƙasa. ''Jaridar Washington Post'' ta rubuta, "Babu wanda ya ƙware wannan sabon wasan Washington fiye da Thomas J. Donohue." A cewar ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'', "[Donohue] sabuwar ƙirƙira mai ban sha'awa ita ce ta bai wa kamfanoni da masana'antu damar amfani da majalisar a matsayin hanyar bin manufofinsu na siyasa ba tare da ɓoye ba." Donohue ya kafa Cibiyar Gyaran Shari'a ta Amurka, wadda ta lashe manyan shari'o'i a kotuna, a matakin jiha da tarayya, da kuma a zaɓen manyan lauyoyi na jiha da kuma alkalan Kotun Ƙoli. <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> Donohue ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa da kuma Cibiyar Kasuwanci Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa, wata babbar cibiya ta Ƙasa ta Ba da Lamuni ga Dimokuraɗiyya . <ref name="hudson" /> <ref name="WTO">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Thomas J. DONOHUE |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dft_panel_e/thomas_donohue_bio_e.htm |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=WTO.org}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] m70wwesxnk2pi12yvk81f7el5e274bf 844254 844253 2026-06-01T04:01:18Z BnHamid 12586 844254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Donohue Sr.''' (12 ga Agusta, 1938 - 14 ga Oktoba, 2024) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] daga 1997 zuwa 2021. <ref name="Thomas J. Donohue">{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2013 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/thomas-j-donohue |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, Donohue ya kafa Cibiyar Gyaran Shari'a ta Amurka kuma ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa. <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> <ref name="WTO">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Thomas J. DONOHUE |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dft_panel_e/thomas_donohue_bio_e.htm |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=WTO.org}}</ref> Kafin ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, Donohue shi ne Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Motocin Sufuri ta Amurka . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Thomas Joseph Donohue a Brooklyn, New York a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1938 ga wani manajan shirye-shirye a American Can Company, kuma asalinsa ɗan asalin Ireland ne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> Ya girma a Rockville Centre da ke Long Island . <ref name="stjohns">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=In Memoriam: Retired US Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue '63C, '85HON |url=https://www.stjohns.edu/news-media/news/2024-10-15/memoriam-retired-us-chamber-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue-63c-85hon |access-date=October 15, 2024 |publisher=St. John's.edu}}</ref> <ref name="wpobit" /> Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar St. John's, kafin ya nemi digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Adelphi (1965). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 20, 2008 |title=Adelphi University's Eighth Annual President's Gala Honors Outstanding Executives and Alumni |url=http://www.adelphi.edu/giving/news/20080220.php |access-date=March 9, 2015 |website=University Advancement News |publisher=Adelphi University}}</ref> Ya yi aiki har zuwa kwaleji a matsayin direban babbar mota kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi ga Boy Scouts of America da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Nakasa ta Ƙasa. == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Amo_Houghton_and_Tom_Donohue.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Donohue tare da ɗan majalisa Amo Houghton a shekara ta 2004]] Donohue ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja a Jami'ar Fairfield da kuma a matsayin amintacce a Jami'ar Marymount . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> Daga 1969 zuwa 1976, shi ne Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Wasiƙa na Amurka, inda ya taimaka wajen "sanya" Ofishin Wasiƙa daga ma'aikatar gwamnati zuwa Sabis ɗin Wasiƙa na Amurka mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1976, ya shiga sashen ci gaban Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin shugabanta, Richard Lesher. [1] A shekarar 1978, aikinsa ya haɗa da gudanar da "kayan siyasa na jama'a" da "dangantaka da Fadar White House da Majalisa". A shekarar 1984, ya tafi ya zama Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Masu Motoci ta Amurka, "wanda ya mayar da abin da ya ɓace cikin sauri ya zama babban birnin Washington" a cewar jaridar ''Washington Monthly'' . A shekarar 1997 ya koma Majalisar a matsayin Shugabanta. <ref name="axiosobit">{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Tom Donohue, titan of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, dies at 86 |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/10/14/tom-donohue-chamber-commerce-dies-86 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Axios}}</ref> Donohue ya kasance Amintaccen Cibiyar Emeritus Hudson kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Qwest, Sunrise Assisted Living Corporation, Union Pacific, da XM . <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, Donohue ya taimaka wajen kafa wata ƙungiyar shugabannin kasuwanci da manufofi na Amurka waɗanda ke da burin yin mu'amala mai kyau da China domin inganta dangantakar Amurka da China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> === Ɗakin Kasuwanci === [[Fayil:Navy_Admiral_Mike_Mullen_talks_with_Thomas_J._Donohue_during_the_kickoff_of_the_Military_Spouse_Employment_Partnership.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Donohue (hagu) tare da Navy Admiral Michael Mullen a watan Yunin 2011.]] A shekarar 1997, Donohue ya karɓi muƙamin Shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, inda ya maye gurbin Richard Lesher. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Statement on the Passing of Former U.S. Chamber of Commerce CEO Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.uschamber.com/about/statement-on-the-passing-of-former-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-ceo-thomas-j-donohue |website=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Lesher, Majalisar ta amince da shirin kula da lafiya na Clinton na 1993, wanda ya fusata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa. <ref name="toplobby">{{Cite web |title=Top lobbyists in the US |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?showYear=a&indexType=s |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 20, 2008 |title=Adelphi University's Eighth Annual President's Gala Honors Outstanding Executives and Alumni |url=http://www.adelphi.edu/giving/news/20080220.php |access-date=March 9, 2015 |website=University Advancement News |publisher=Adelphi University}}</ref> Ɗan Majalisa John Boehner ya jagoranci wani kamfen na tura kamfanoni su bar Majalisar saboda goyon bayan kudirin. Lokacin da Donohue ya karɓi mulki, an yi la'akari da ikon Majalisar a matsayin ƙasa. ''Jaridar Washington Post'' ta rubuta, "Babu wanda ya ƙware wannan sabon wasan Washington fiye da Thomas J. Donohue." A cewar ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'', "[Donohue] sabuwar ƙirƙira mai ban sha'awa ita ce ta bai wa kamfanoni da masana'antu damar amfani da majalisar a matsayin hanyar bin manufofinsu na siyasa ba tare da ɓoye ba." Donohue ya kafa Cibiyar Gyaran Shari'a ta Amurka, wadda ta lashe manyan shari'o'i a kotuna, a matakin jiha da tarayya, da kuma a zaɓen manyan lauyoyi na jiha da kuma alkalan Kotun Ƙoli. <ref name="hudson">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Thomas J. Donohue |url=https://www.hudson.org/experts/680-thomas-j-donohue |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Hudson.org}}</ref> Donohue ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa da kuma Cibiyar Kasuwanci Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa, wata babbar cibiya ta Ƙasa ta Ba da Lamuni ga Dimokuraɗiyya . <ref name="hudson" /> <ref name="WTO">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Thomas J. DONOHUE |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dft_panel_e/thomas_donohue_bio_e.htm |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=WTO.org}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 8dwqb9orrvqxtk6ggc0mosbokn90g3x 0 137230 844262 781110 2026-06-01T04:07:01Z BnHamid 12586 844262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aristidis Kokkoris (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kungiyar Super League 2 ta Panargiakos . [1] == Karramawa == * Gasar kwallon kafa: 2018-192018–19 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 67xsyphkcfxclswf4a8ul66443gnm9x 0 137497 844261 781669 2026-06-01T04:06:27Z BnHamid 12586 844261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tariq Ghazniwal''' na ɗaya daga cikin masu magana da yawun [[Afghanistan|Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan]] . Ya rarraba sanarwa ga kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar imel don mayar da martani ga harin da aka kai wa Marjah, mutuwar [[Osama bin Laden]], da kuma shiga tsakani na Yamma a Libya. == Dubi kuma == * Zabiullah Mujahid * Abdul Qahar Balkhi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hh9hotqvcb1oh97fakaea89o0zvq65p 0 138467 844250 783439 2026-06-01T03:59:12Z BnHamid 12586 844250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah ʿAzīz al-ʿUlūm Bābūnagar''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''Babunagar [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrassa]]''' (Bengali), yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun madrasahs na Qawmi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hefazat announces fresh programmes |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/politics/2013/sep/21/hefazat-announces-fresh-programmes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042718/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/politics/2013/sep/21/hefazat-announces-fresh-programmes |archive-date=2017-12-01 |access-date=2017-11-27 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> a [[Chittagong]]. An kafa shi a 1924, wanda ke Babunagar, Fatikchhari, a halin yanzu akwai kimanin dalibai 3000 da ke samun ilimi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} == Tsarin ilimi == ''Al-Jamiatul Islamiah Azizul Uloom Babunagar'' kasancewa daya daga cikin [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Jamiahs]] mafi tsufa a [[Bangladesh]] yana ba wa ɗaliban ilimin Islama daga matakin farko har zuwa matakin mafi girma. Har ila yau, yana ba da ƙwarewa (Kamarka da Phd) a cikin batutuwa daban-daban ga ɗaliban da suka kammala ''Takmil (MA) ''. == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Allama Junaid Babunagari{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}} * Abdus Salam Chatgami == Mashahuriyar ƙwarewa == * Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} egyq321movnouq7df1k9vop6e2f4drj 0 140927 844251 796323 2026-06-01T03:59:50Z BnHamid 12586 844251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Muhammad Salih''' ibn Yansaran Said ibn Ghafiyyan ibn al-Haj Yahya al-Dukkali al-Majiri''' (Arabic) (wani lokacin ana rubuta '''al-Magiri'''), wanda aka fi sani da Abu Muhammad Salihi (1155-1234), ya kasance mai tsarki na Maghrebi kuma ɗaya daga cikin magajin Abu Madyan. <ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, ''The Sufi Orders in Islam'', 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-19-512058-5}} , p. 51</ref> Ya kasance mai kula da Safi kuma ya rayu a lokacin mulkin Almohad Caliphate . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Salih a shekara ta 1155 a garin Asfi (Safi). Iyalinsa dangin Berber ne da suka zauna a Asfi a tsakiyar karni na 11. Sun kasance daga kabilar Banu Hayy, wato kabilar Banu Nasr, kabilar Banu Magir, kabilar Masmuda Berber ta Kudu. Ya yi karatu a wurin Abu Abdallah Mohammed Amghar a Ribat Shakir[2]. Ya bar Asfi a c. 1180 ya yi karatu a Alexandria, inda ya yi shekaru ashirin. A cikin c. 1194,[3] sannan ya kafa ribat a Safi (a kasar Morocco a yau).[4] == Manazarta == <references /> == Bayanan littattafai == * Y. Benhima: "Cibiyar mazauna da kuma tsara yankin yankin Safi a zamanin Almohad", a cikin: Los Almohades, Problemas y Perspectivas''Almohades, Matsaloli da Ra'ayoyi'' * Abu Muhammad Silih, ''Al-Manaqib wa-l-ta'rikh'', Rabat, 1990 {{Authority control}} kf667qdm5377ttn20n67pej8z93spy5 0 141184 844252 797045 2026-06-01T04:00:41Z BnHamid 12586 844252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Muhammad ''' (أبو محمد عبيد الله بن أحمد بن খিলঞ্জীয়া) wanda aka fi sani da Ubaydalah ibn Ahmad ko kuma kawai kamar yadda ibn Ma'ruck ya kasance shugaban {{Transl|ar|[[qadi]]}} sau uku a Iraki ga Khalifancin Abbasid a ƙarƙashin [[Amir al-umara|Emirs]] [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]] . == Rayuwa == Wani Mu'tazilite, {{Sfn|Busse|2004}} Ibn Ma'ruf ya kasance fitaccen memba na al'adun al'adu a kusa da [[vizier]] Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi (950/1-963). {{Sfn|Busse|2004}} A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 967, an nada Ibn Ma'ruf a matsayin {{Transl|ar|qadi}} na Yammacin [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]], Birnin al-Mansur, da kuma fadar Khalifa.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} [[Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Sayyar]] abokin aikinsa ne a matsayin {{Transl|ar|qadi}} na sauran Gabashin Bagadaza sai dai a watan Maris na shekara ta 968 zuwa Janairu na shekara ta 970, lokacin da Ibn Sayyar ya ɗauki alhakin dukan Gabashin Bagandaza.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} An nada Ibn Ma'ruf a matsayin shugaban {{Transl|ar|qadi}} na Iraki a watan Yunin 971 kuma ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi murabus a 973/4 don nuna rashin amincewa da tsoma baki na sarakunan [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]] a cikin gudanar da adalci.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} An kori magajinsa, Muhammad ibn Salih al-Hashimi, a watan Mayu / Yuni na shekara ta 975, kuma an mayar da Ibn Ma'ruf zuwa ofishin shugaban {{Transl|ar|qadi}}.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} Khalifa al-Ta'i (r. 974-991) ya ba Ibn Ma'ruf matsayin sakataren Khalifa ({{Transl|ar|[[katib]]}}), amma Ibn Ma'ruck ya ki.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} Mai mulkin [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]] Adud al-Dawla ya kore shi kuma ya tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Fars a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 979, tare da sauran mambobin ma'aikatar Baghdad kusa da Khalifa.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} An soke matsayin shugaban {{Transl|ar|qadi}} a Bagadaza gaba ɗaya, kuma gwamnatin shari'a ta Iraki ta mika wa shugaban {{Transl|ar|qadi}} na [[Shiraz]]. Ta haka ne aka rage Iraki zuwa lardin yau da kullun na daular Buyid, wanda ke mulki daga sabon cibiyar mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} Kodayake wanda ya gaji Adud al-Dawla, Sharaf al-Dowla, ya saki Ibn Ma'ruf daga bauta, a cikin 983, babu wani shugaban {{Transl|ar|qadi}} da aka nada a Bagadaza har sai da Ibn Ma'ruck ya dawo a cikin 987, lokacin da ya ci gaba da matsayinsa kuma ya riƙe shi har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 991. {{Sfn|Busse|2004}}{{Sfn|Busse|2004}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 57c62jb8j6znwh1b4r6t7bfoxxzxfx6 0 142938 844491 802878 2026-06-01T10:52:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 844491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Parmentier''', mai suna '''Marie Hackin''', (1905-1941) masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi ne kuma memba ne na Resistance wanda ya yi aiki tare da mijinta Joseph Hackin, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin kimiyya ne, masanin ilimin harshe, kuma memba ne ya Resistance. Mahaifin Marie Hackin ya fito ne daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée de la résistance en ligne |url=http://museedelaresistanceenligne.org/media5735-Marie-Hackin-Compagnon-de-la-LibA |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=museedelaresistanceenligne.org}}</ref> Ta mutu a shekara ta 1941 lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na teku da ke ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka, lokacin da Jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == tare da Joseph Hackin: Shafin binciken kayan tarihi na Bamyan. Jagoran Baƙo Fitowa da Tarihi, Paris 1934. Jamusanci: Bamian. Führer zu den buddhistischen Höhlenklöstern und Kolossalstatuen . Littafin nan "Fasahar" da aka buga a birnin Paris 1939. == Tushen == zane-zane na Asiya da Faransa. Nunin da aka shirya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta Franco-Luxembourg an yi shi tare da taimakon Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha Gidan Tarihin Jiha - Luxembourg. Nunin daga 11 ga Nuwamba 1987 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1988, Luxembourg. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha, Luxembourg 1987. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 6sbllmw38p8cya1ed706btll5k56hyg 844493 844491 2026-06-01T10:59:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 844493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Parmentier''', mai suna '''Marie Hackin''', (1905-1941) masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi ne kuma memba ne na Resistance wanda ya yi aiki tare da mijinta Joseph Hackin, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin kimiyya ne, masanin ilimin harshe, kuma memba ne ya Resistance. Mahaifin Marie Hackin ya fito ne daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée de la résistance en ligne |url=http://museedelaresistanceenligne.org/media5735-Marie-Hackin-Compagnon-de-la-LibA |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=museedelaresistanceenligne.org}}</ref> Ta mutu a shekara ta 1941 lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na teku da ke ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka, lokacin da Jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse. == Tarihin Rayuwa == == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == tare da Joseph Hackin: Shafin binciken kayan tarihi na Bamyan. Jagoran Baƙo Fitowa da Tarihi, Paris 1934. Jamusanci: Bamian. Führer zu den buddhistischen Höhlenklöstern und Kolossalstatuen . Littafin nan "Fasahar" da aka buga a birnin Paris 1939. == Tushen == zane-zane na Asiya da Faransa. Nunin da aka shirya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta Franco-Luxembourg an yi shi tare da taimakon Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha Gidan Tarihin Jiha - Luxembourg. Nunin daga 11 ga Nuwamba 1987 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1988, Luxembourg. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha, Luxembourg 1987. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] edbz7lqjothwybc2pbdi02awvdqvf8j 844495 844493 2026-06-01T11:01:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Parmentier''', mai suna '''Marie Hackin''', (1905-1941) masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi ne kuma memba ne na Resistance wanda ya yi aiki tare da mijinta Joseph Hackin, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin kimiyya ne, masanin ilimin harshe, kuma memba ne ya Resistance. Mahaifin Marie Hackin ya fito ne daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée de la résistance en ligne |url=http://museedelaresistanceenligne.org/media5735-Marie-Hackin-Compagnon-de-la-LibA |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=museedelaresistanceenligne.org}}</ref> Ta mutu a shekara ta 1941 lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na teku da ke ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka, lokacin da Jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Mahaifin Marie Hackin ɗan ƙasar Luxembourg ne. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1928, ta auri Joseph Hackin, wani masanin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Faransa sannan kuma mai kula da kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet. Ta yi karatu a École du Louvre. Tare da mijinta, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Kayan Tarihi ta Faransa a Afghanistan a tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1930, 1934 zuwa 1935, da kuma 1936 zuwa 1937. Ta jagoranci tono kayan tarihi a Begram wanda ya haifar da gano Taskar Begram. A shekarar 1937, ta ɗauki hotunan wuraren tarihi da kuma yanayin ƙasar Afghanistan; ta mayar da wannan fim ɗin gaskiya mai launi iri-iri wanda ta yi a Luxembourg a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1938. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1939, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an tura mijinta Joseph Hackin. Ma'auratan sun koma Turai, suna tafiya zuwa Landan a watan Oktoban 1940. Ta shiga rundunar sojojin Faransa ta 'Yanci, tare da rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jami'ai mata uku. Ta sami horo ta hannun Sashen Horar da Jami'an 'Yan Kadet na Burtaniya. Ta mutu a shekarar 1941 lokacin da take cikin ayarin jiragen ruwa na teku tana ƙoƙarin tafiya daga Liverpool zuwa Tekun Atlantika a kan hanyarta ta zuwa Afirka, lokacin da jirgin ruwan Jamus ya nutse a cikin teku. An aika ta da mijinta zuwa Asiya. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 da tabarmar hannu, lambar yabo ta yaƙin tunawa da 1939–1945, ban da nadinta Compagnon de la Libération (Companion of the Liberation) a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1941. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == tare da Joseph Hackin: Shafin binciken kayan tarihi na Bamyan. Jagoran Baƙo Fitowa da Tarihi, Paris 1934. Jamusanci: Bamian. Führer zu den buddhistischen Höhlenklöstern und Kolossalstatuen . Littafin nan "Fasahar" da aka buga a birnin Paris 1939. == Tushen == zane-zane na Asiya da Faransa. Nunin da aka shirya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta Franco-Luxembourg an yi shi tare da taimakon Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha Gidan Tarihin Jiha - Luxembourg. Nunin daga 11 ga Nuwamba 1987 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1988, Luxembourg. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha, Luxembourg 1987. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] i8eqvr3wuhkib68qd43a5ox69830j0x 844497 844495 2026-06-01T11:03:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 844497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Parmentier''', mai suna '''Marie Hackin''', (1905-1941) masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi ne kuma memba ne na Resistance wanda ya yi aiki tare da mijinta Joseph Hackin, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin kimiyya ne, masanin ilimin harshe, kuma memba ne ya Resistance. Mahaifin Marie Hackin ya fito ne daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée de la résistance en ligne |url=http://museedelaresistanceenligne.org/media5735-Marie-Hackin-Compagnon-de-la-LibA |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=museedelaresistanceenligne.org}}</ref> Ta mutu a shekara ta 1941 lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na teku da ke ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka, lokacin da Jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Mahaifin Marie Hackin ɗan ƙasar Luxembourg ne. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1928, ta auri Joseph Hackin, wani masanin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Faransa sannan kuma mai kula da kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet. Ta yi karatu a École du Louvre. Tare da mijinta, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Kayan Tarihi ta Faransa a Afghanistan a tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1930, 1934 zuwa 1935, da kuma 1936 zuwa 1937. Ta jagoranci tono kayan tarihi a Begram wanda ya haifar da gano Taskar Begram. A shekarar 1937, ta ɗauki hotunan wuraren tarihi da kuma yanayin ƙasar Afghanistan; ta mayar da wannan fim ɗin gaskiya mai launi iri-iri wanda ta yi a Luxembourg a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1938.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090905205247/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/449.html</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1939, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an tura mijinta Joseph Hackin. Ma'auratan sun koma Turai, suna tafiya zuwa Landan a watan Oktoban 1940. Ta shiga rundunar sojojin Faransa ta 'Yanci, tare da rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jami'ai mata uku. Ta sami horo ta hannun Sashen Horar da Jami'an 'Yan Kadet na Burtaniya. Ta mutu a shekarar 1941 lokacin da take cikin ayarin jiragen ruwa na teku tana ƙoƙarin tafiya daga Liverpool zuwa Tekun Atlantika a kan hanyarta ta zuwa Afirka, lokacin da jirgin ruwan Jamus ya nutse a cikin teku. An aika ta da mijinta zuwa Asiya. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 da tabarmar hannu, lambar yabo ta yaƙin tunawa da 1939–1945, ban da nadinta Compagnon de la Libération (Companion of the Liberation) a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1941. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == tare da Joseph Hackin: Shafin binciken kayan tarihi na Bamyan. Jagoran Baƙo Fitowa da Tarihi, Paris 1934. Jamusanci: Bamian. Führer zu den buddhistischen Höhlenklöstern und Kolossalstatuen . Littafin nan "Fasahar" da aka buga a birnin Paris 1939. == Tushen == zane-zane na Asiya da Faransa. Nunin da aka shirya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta Franco-Luxembourg an yi shi tare da taimakon Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha Gidan Tarihin Jiha - Luxembourg. Nunin daga 11 ga Nuwamba 1987 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1988, Luxembourg. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha, Luxembourg 1987. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 8xzkziopu0h4609bc5yqi6qm7gw2eav 844502 844497 2026-06-01T11:10:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 844502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Parmentier''', mai suna '''Marie Hackin''', (1905-1941) masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi ne kuma memba ne na Resistance wanda ya yi aiki tare da mijinta Joseph Hackin, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin kimiyya ne, masanin ilimin harshe, kuma memba ne ya Resistance. Mahaifin Marie Hackin ya fito ne daga [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée de la résistance en ligne |url=http://museedelaresistanceenligne.org/media5735-Marie-Hackin-Compagnon-de-la-LibA |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=museedelaresistanceenligne.org}}</ref> Ta mutu a shekara ta 1941 lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na teku da ke ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kan hanyar zuwa Afirka, lokacin da Jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya nutse. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Mahaifin Marie Hackin ɗan ƙasar [[Luxembourg]] ne. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1928, ta auri Joseph Hackin, wani masanin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Faransa sannan kuma mai kula da kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet. Ta yi karatu a École du Louvre. Tare da mijinta, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Kayan Tarihi ta Faransa a Afghanistan a tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1930, 1934 zuwa 1935, da kuma 1936 zuwa 1937. Ta jagoranci tono kayan tarihi a Begram wanda ya haifar da gano Taskar Begram. A shekarar 1937, ta ɗauki hotunan wuraren tarihi da kuma yanayin ƙasar [[Afghanistan]]; ta mayar da wannan fim ɗin gaskiya mai launi iri-iri wanda ta yi a Luxembourg a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1938.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090905205247/http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/449.html</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1939, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an tura mijinta Joseph Hackin. Ma'auratan sun koma Turai, suna tafiya zuwa Landan a watan Oktoban 1940. Ta shiga rundunar sojojin Faransa ta 'Yanci, tare da rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jami'ai mata uku. Ta sami horo ta hannun Sashen Horar da Jami'an 'Yan Kadet na Burtaniya. Ta mutu a shekarar 1941 lokacin da take cikin ayarin jiragen ruwa na teku tana ƙoƙarin tafiya daga [[Liverpool]] zuwa Tekun Atlantika a kan hanyarta ta zuwa [[Afirka]], lokacin da jirgin ruwan [[Jamus]] ya nutse a cikin teku. An aika ta da mijinta zuwa Asiya. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 da tabarmar hannu, lambar yabo ta yaƙin tunawa da 1939–1945, ban da nadinta Compagnon de la Libération (Companion of the Liberation) a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1941. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == tare da Joseph Hackin: Shafin binciken kayan tarihi na Bamyan. Jagoran Baƙo Fitowa da Tarihi, Paris 1934. Jamusanci: Bamian. Führer zu den buddhistischen Höhlenklöstern und Kolossalstatuen . Littafin nan "Fasahar" da aka buga a birnin Paris 1939. == Tushen == zane-zane na Asiya da Faransa. Nunin da aka shirya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta Franco-Luxembourg an yi shi tare da taimakon Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha Gidan Tarihin Jiha - Luxembourg. Nunin daga 11 ga Nuwamba 1987 zuwa 3 ga Janairu 1988, Luxembourg. Gidan Tarihi da Fasaha, Luxembourg 1987. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] mv0yu1ktyq6ct7k1xlhhq97iigfd8bh 0 143851 844257 805306 2026-06-01T04:02:59Z BnHamid 12586 844257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yassine Fall (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Yacine Fall) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Senegal wanda ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na ƙasar tun watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. Ta yi aiki na shekaru goma sha biyar a fannoni daban-daban na tattalin arziki da jagoranci ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin Afirka da kungiyoyi daban-daban kan manufofin tattalin arziki. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Yassine Fall a Ndiangue <ref name="LDW">{{Cite web |title=Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr |url=https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ |publisher=Def Lila War |language=French}}</ref> a Richard Toll a cikin Waalo kuma ya girma a Pikine . Mahaifinta [[Liman|imam]] ne kuma mahaifiyarta manomi ce wacce ke yin aikin gargajiya.<ref name="LDW" /> Fall ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta John F. Kennedy a [[Dakar]] da kuma Ecole Normale des Filles a Thiès . <ref name="leral">{{Cite web |last=Sall |first=Adama |date=7 April 2024 |title=Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Leral |language=French}}</ref> Fall ya fara karatun Mutanen Espanya a Jami'ar Dakar kafin ya koma [[Paris]]_North_University" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Jami'ar Villetaneuse a Paris.<ref name="LDW">{{Cite web |title=Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr |url=https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ |publisher=Def Lila War |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ "Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr"] (in French). Def Lila War.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Tana da Masters a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Howard]] kuma ta yi karatu don PhD a Jami'ar Texas, <ref name="leral">{{Cite web |last=Sall |first=Adama |date=7 April 2024 |title=Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Leral |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSall2024">Sall, Adama (7 April 2024). [https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html "Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ?"] (in French). Leral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref name="DA">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Nouveau gouvernement : Voici Yassine Fall nommée ministre des Affaires étrangères et de l'intégration africaine |url=https://www.dakaractu.com/Nouveau-gouvernement-Voici-Yassine-Fall-nommee-ministre-des-Affaires-etrangeres-et-de-l-integration-africaine_a246757.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Dakaractu |language=French}}</ref> amma ta zaɓi kada ta kare rubutunta don komawa Senegal kuma ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="LDW" /><ref name="APS">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=SENEGAL-INSTITUTIONS / Yassine Fall, une experte des Nations unies à la tête de la diplomatie sénégalaise |url=https://aps.sn/yacine-fall-une-experte-des-nations-unies-a-la-tete-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-02 |title=SS17_CS50_Yassine Fall |url=https://www.nairobisummiticpd.org/speaker/ss17cs50yassine-fall |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Nairobi Summit |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Fall ya koyar da lissafi a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] kafin ya kafa wani kamfani mai ba da shawara na kasa da kasa da ke zaune a Dakar da [[Nairobi]] a 1983 da ake kira African Economists for Social Change . <ref name="leral">{{Cite web |last=Sall |first=Adama |date=7 April 2024 |title=Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Leral |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSall2024">Sall, Adama (7 April 2024). [https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html "Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ?"] (in French). Leral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ta yi aiki na shekaru goma sha uku a kan batutuwan ci gaba ciki har da rarraba abinci da taimako, kula da ƙasa, da kuma kawar da talauci.<ref name="leral" /> Fall ya yi aiki ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref name="leral">{{Cite web |last=Sall |first=Adama |date=7 April 2024 |title=Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Leral |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSall2024">Sall, Adama (7 April 2024). [https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html "Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ?"] (in French). Leral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ta kasance Daraktan Shirin Yankin UNIFEM na kasashen Francophone da Lusophone a Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref name="NS">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Mrs Yassine Fall |url=https://www.nairobisummiticpd.org/speaker/ss17cs50yassine-fall |publisher=Nairobi Summit on ICPD}}</ref><ref name="PA">{{Cite web |last=Bwakali |first=DJ |date=7 April 2024 |title=Meet Yassine Fall - Senegal's New Most Powerful Woman |url=https://bwakali.com/index.php/panafrican/meet-yassine-fall-senegal-s-new-most-powerful-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222001312/https://bwakali.com/index.php/panafrican/meet-yassine-fall-senegal-s-new-most-powerful-woman |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=PanAfrican}}</ref> Shekaru biyar, ta kasance Babban Darakta na Ƙungiya Mata ta Afirka don Bincike da Ci gaba, <ref name="leral" /> <ref name="NS" /> tana tattara albarkatu don sauƙaƙe tattaunawar manufofi tsakanin gwamnatoci.<ref name="PA" /> Tare da wasu mata masana tattalin arziki daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ta kafa kungiyar Casablanca Dream Initiative wacce ta samar da littafin Vision of a Better World: From Crisis to Equality . <ref name="leral" /> <ref name="LDW">{{Cite web |title=Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr |url=https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ |publisher=Def Lila War |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ "Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr"] (in French). Def Lila War.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> A matsayinta na Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an tura ta zuwa Shirin Millennium na Majalisar Dattijai a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin Babban Manufar Daidaita Jima'i.<ref name="NS" /> Ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin The End of Poverty . <ref name="leral" /> A shekara ta 2006, Fall ta kafa kungiyar Afirka ta Mata Millennium Initiative (AWOMI), <ref name="leral">{{Cite web |last=Sall |first=Adama |date=7 April 2024 |title=Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ? |url=https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Leral |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSall2024">Sall, Adama (7 April 2024). [https://www.leral.net/Originaire-de-Dagana-Qui-est-Yassine-Fall-elue-ministre-de-l-Integration-africaine-et-des-Affaires-etrangeres_a364358.html "Originaire de Dagana: Qui est Yassine Fall, élue ministre de l'Intégration africaine et des Affaires étrangères ?"] (in French). Leral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> wacce ta tattara mata da matasa a Senegal, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]] da [[Ghana]] don gina iyawa da gano shugabannin don canjin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=AWOMI (African Women Millennium Initiative) |url=https://www.nepad.org/nepadspanishfund/project/awomi-african-women-millennium-initiative |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=African Union Development Agency}}</ref> An gayyaci Fall tare da shugabannin kasashen Afirka [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Amadou Toumani Toure da [[Alassane Ouattara]] ta hanyar biliyan [[George Soros]] don kafa Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA). <ref name="LDW">{{Cite web |title=Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr |url=https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ |publisher=Def Lila War |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://deflilawar.com/yassine-fall/ "Yassine FALL Présidente du Mouvement Def Lila Wàr"] (in French). Def Lila War.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ta gudanar da rarraba kudaden OSIWA na tsawon shekaru hudu.<ref name="LDW" /> Fall kuma ta kafa Gender and Economic Reforms a Afirka, Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i da Kasuwanci ta Duniya da Cibiyar Nazaren Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka.<ref name="NS">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Mrs Yassine Fall |url=https://www.nairobisummiticpd.org/speaker/ss17cs50yassine-fall |publisher=Nairobi Summit on ICPD}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nairobisummiticpd.org/speaker/ss17cs50yassine-fall "Mrs Yassine Fall"]. Nairobi Summit on ICPD. 2 November 2019.</cite></ref> Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki da jinsi, talauci, da kasuwanci ga Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona, Shirin Abinci na Duniya, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, [[UNESCO]] da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . <ref name="NS" /> Ita ce shugabar Def Lila War, ƙungiya ce don 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki, adalci na zamantakewa da ɗabi'a.<ref name="DA">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Nouveau gouvernement : Voici Yassine Fall nommée ministre des Affaires étrangères et de l'intégration africaine |url=https://www.dakaractu.com/Nouveau-gouvernement-Voici-Yassine-Fall-nommee-ministre-des-Affaires-etrangeres-et-de-l-integration-africaine_a246757.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Dakaractu |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dakaractu.com/Nouveau-gouvernement-Voici-Yassine-Fall-nommee-ministre-des-Affaires-etrangeres-et-de-l-integration-africaine_a246757.html "Nouveau gouvernement : Voici Yassine Fall nommée ministre des Affaires étrangères et de l'intégration africaine"] (in French). Dakaractu. 5 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name="APS">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=SENEGAL-INSTITUTIONS / Yassine Fall, une experte des Nations unies à la tête de la diplomatie sénégalaise |url=https://aps.sn/yacine-fall-une-experte-des-nations-unies-a-la-tete-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://aps.sn/yacine-fall-une-experte-des-nations-unies-a-la-tete-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ "SENEGAL-INSTITUTIONS / Yassine Fall, une experte des Nations unies à la tête de la diplomatie sénégalaise"] (in French). Agence de Presse Sénégalaise. 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2019, <ref name="APS">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=SENEGAL-INSTITUTIONS / Yassine Fall, une experte des Nations unies à la tête de la diplomatie sénégalaise |url=https://aps.sn/yacine-fall-une-experte-des-nations-unies-a-la-tete-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Agence de Presse Sénégalaise |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://aps.sn/yacine-fall-une-experte-des-nations-unies-a-la-tete-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ "SENEGAL-INSTITUTIONS / Yassine Fall, une experte des Nations unies à la tête de la diplomatie sénégalaise"] (in French). Agence de Presse Sénégalaise. 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Fall ya shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ta Ousmane Sonko The African Patriots of Senegal for Work, Ethics and Fraternity (PASTEF). <ref name="Qui">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Qui est Yassine Fall, la nouvelle cheffe de la diplomatie sénégalaise ? |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/qui-est-yassine-fall-la-nouvelle-cheffe-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413004457/https://fr.apanews.net/news/qui-est-yassine-fall-la-nouvelle-cheffe-de-la-diplomatie-senegalaise/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=APA News |language=French}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Yacine Fall, brillante intellectuelle et femme engagée, rejoint Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Yacine-Fall-brillante-intellectuelle-et-femme-engagee-rejoint-Ousmane-Sonko_a194278.html#google_vignette |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=PressAfrik |language=French}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an nada ta mataimakiyar shugaban kasa mai kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na PASTEF . <ref name="Qui" /> An dakatar da jam'iyyar a 2023 bayan da aka kama Sonko saboda tayar da kayar baya, dokar da aka soke bayan Babban Sakataren PASTEF [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 2024. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Fall ta fitar da wani shirin kwasfan fayiloli inda ta soki Shugaba Macky Sall game da 'yancin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2024, Shugaba Faye ya nada Fall a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin kan Afirka. <ref name="DA">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Nouveau gouvernement : Voici Yassine Fall nommée ministre des Affaires étrangères et de l'intégration africaine |url=https://www.dakaractu.com/Nouveau-gouvernement-Voici-Yassine-Fall-nommee-ministre-des-Affaires-etrangeres-et-de-l-integration-africaine_a246757.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Dakaractu |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dakaractu.com/Nouveau-gouvernement-Voici-Yassine-Fall-nommee-ministre-des-Affaires-etrangeres-et-de-l-integration-africaine_a246757.html "Nouveau gouvernement : Voici Yassine Fall nommée ministre des Affaires étrangères et de l'intégration africaine"] (in French). Dakaractu. 5 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Tsohon Shugaban Laberiya, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ya taya ta murna a fili game da nadin ta, yana cewa a shafinta na X, "Ta kawo wa rawar da aka kammala a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki da fahimtar muhimmancin ci gaba da # rashin daidaito don saduwa da burin ci gaban nahiyar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=Former President Sirleaf Congratulates Yassine Fall on her appointment as Minister of African Integration and Foreign Affairs in Senegal |url=https://informerliberia.com/former-president-sirleaf-congratulates-yassine-fall-on-her-appointment-as-minister-of-african-integration-and-foreign-affairs-in-senegal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624194607/https://informerliberia.com/former-president-sirleaf-congratulates-yassine-fall-on-her-appointment-as-minister-of-african-integration-and-foreign-affairs-in-senegal/ |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=Informer Liberia}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Fall |first=Yassine |year=1997 |title=Gender Relations in the Democratization Process: An Analysis of Agrarian Policies in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1166736 |journal=African Issues |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=8–11 |doi=10.2307/1166736 |jstor=1166736 |url-access=subscription}}  == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0h1vykajg87fmcphc24pwo68uxapp0q 0 148225 844249 836178 2026-06-01T03:58:24Z BnHamid 12586 844249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucy Mutumba Muyoyeta''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Zambiya, mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban zamantakewa kuma marubuciya. Ta yi aiki a kungiyoyin Zambiya ciki har da Mata don Canji, Dama Zambia da Kwamitin Gudanar da Gwamnati, da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ciki har da Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Oxfam, Action Aid International da Comic Relief . == Tarihi == Muoyeta 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Zambiya kuma mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban zamantakewa. Tana da harsuna da yawa kuma tana magana da [[Yaren Lozi|Lozi]], [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Tonga]], [[Harshen Tumbuka|Tumbuka]] da [[Turanci]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Mutumba M. |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/experts/view/207324/lucy-m |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=DevelopmentAid |language=en}}</ref> Tana da digiri na farko a kimiyyar siyasa da gwamnati daga [[Jami'ar Zambia]] da kuma digiri na biyu a ilimin zamantakewar karkara daga Jami'an Reading a Ingila.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lucy Muyoyeta - Project Lead at Comic Relief |url=https://theorg.com/org/comic-relief-limited/org-chart/lucy-muyoyeta |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi da Horar da Ilimi == Lucy Muyoyeta ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Gwamnati daga Jami'ar Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lucy_Muyoyeta |url-status=live}}</ref> Daga baya ta kammala Jagora na Kimiyya a Ci gaban Jama'a na Karkara a Jami'ar Reading a Ƙasar Ingila, tare da mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaba da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Tushen tarihin rayuwa da ke akwai ba su lissafa wasu ƙwarewar ilimi ko takaddun shaida ba. == Ayyuka == Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Muoyeta ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Zambiya na Oxfam. A lokacin wannan aikin ta yi tafiya zuwa taron Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya don isar da wasiƙu sama da 1,500 ga Kenneth Clarke MP, sannan shugaban Birtaniya na asusun ajiya, kuma ta yi kira ga sauya bashin ga ƙasashen Afirka. Muoyeta daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta a Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa daga 1999 zuwa 2004. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Mata don Canji a Zambia da kuma kwamitin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Gwamnati. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Oasis Forum da kuma Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata. Bayan mamayewar Iraki a shekara ta 2003, Muoyeta ya yi Allah wadai da shawarar da Amurka da Burtaniya suka yanke na daukar matakin soja a kan Iraki ba tare da izinin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ba. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma soki maganganun Shugaban Zambia na lokacin Levy Mwanawasa cewa halayen mata sun hana daidaito tsakanin jinsi. A shekara ta 2006, Muoyeta ta soki yadda yawan mata a cikin matsayi na yanke shawara ya kasance ƙasa sosai a Zambia, da kuma yadda ba a cika burin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da burin sanarwar jinsi da ci gaban Zambiya ba. Ta kuma yi magana game da bukatar a inganta bangarorin zamantakewa a Zambia, don tallafawa ci gaba da rage talauci tare da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar kuma ta bukaci 'yan jarida na cikin gida su yi yaƙi da warewa mata. Daga 2006 zuwa 2010 Muoyeta ya kasance darektan ƙasa a Action Aid International . <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, ta rike mukamin darektan aikin a kungiyar Norwegian Disability Consortium / Opportunity Zambia . <ref name=":0" /> Tun daga shekara ta 2022, Muoyeta ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Ayyuka a Comic Relief . <ref name=":0"/> == Littattafai da Gudummawar Ilimi == '''Babban Ayyuka kan Jima'i da Ci gaba''' Muyoyeta ta wallafa ɗan littafin shafi 28 Women, Gender and Development (2004, 80:20 Educating and Acting for a Better World), wanda ya tsara ra'ayoyi da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka cimma akan mata a ci gaban duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welfare Citizenship and Intersectional Feminism, 1940-2000 - A Leverhulme Trust-funded project |url=https://wcif.blogs.bristol.ac.uk/2024/04/19/nothing-without-a-woman-or-a-girl-emerging-perspectives-on-the-status-of-women-1975-1980/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[University of Bristol]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya bayyana kalubalen da mata na Zambiya ke fuskanta a cikin tsarin shari'a na gargajiya, wanda ya bambanta daga kabilanci zuwa kabilanci amma gabaɗaya yana ba da izinin auren mata da yawa kuma yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin mata a matsayin yara a cikin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada |date=13 April 2005 |title=Zambia: Forced marriages, particularly within the Bemba ethnic group, and availability of state protection; existence, among the Bemba people, of the practices called "Ichisungu" and "Ndembo" prior to such a marriage, and if so, information on how those practices are conducted, including the persons who conduct them (April 2005) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61cb2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915174245/https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61cb2.html |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|The United Nations Refugee Agency]]}}</ref> Aikin ya samo asali ne daga bayanan Zambiya wanda ke [[noma]] cewa mata sun ƙunshi kashi 51% na yawan jama'a amma suna fuskantar talauci mai yawa (72.6% suna rayuwa a ƙasa da $ 1 a kowace rana a shekara ta 2001), ƙarancin aiki na yau da kullun (12% idan aka kwatanta da 88% ga maza), da kuma aikin gona mai nauyi da ba a biya ba (70% a kan ƙananan gonaki), tare da bambancin kiwon lafiya, babban yaduwar cutar kan [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] (58% na kamuwa da cuta tsakanin mata masu shekaru 15-49 a yankin Sahara), ƙaranciyar shiga jami'a (20%), da tashin hankali na jinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin gudummawar da ta bayar a 1999 ga Ayyukan [[Jinsi|Jima'i]]: Kwarewar Oxfam a cikin Manufofin da Ayyuka, mai taken "Kwarewar [[Beijing]] daga hangen nesa na Zambiya," Muyoyeta ta soki shirye-shiryen gyaran tsari don kara yawan aiki mata da ba a biya ba ta hanyar yanke sabis a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], tana ba da shawara don saka la'akari da jinsi a cikin shirin tattalin arziki, kuma ta ba da shawarar cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, bashi da damar ƙasa ga mata, da kuma yin lobbying na NGO don inganta daidaito.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Works |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/10546/122789/23/bk-gender-works-oxfam-experience-contents-010199-en.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Jigogi da Mahimmanci''' Rubuce-rubucen Muyoyeta sun mayar da hankali kan yadda rashin daidaito na tsari ke kara rashin fa'idodin mata a cikin samun damar samun albarkatu, yanke shawara, da shiga cikin [[tattalin arziki]], suna motsawa fiye da tsoma baki na jin dadin jama'a zuwa dabarun karfafawa waɗanda ke inganta dogaro da kai da sake fasalin manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Wani jigo mai maimaitawa shine sukar dokokin al'ada da na doka a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Afirka]] waɗanda ke ci gaba da Bambancin jinsi - gami da shingen mallaka ƙasa, [[Gado a Musulunci|gado]], da wakilcin siyasa - tare da nauyin da ba a biya ba (70% na ƙananan aikin gona a [[Zambiya|Zambia]]) da kuma tasirin jinsi na HIV / AIDS (58% na kamuwa da cutar Sahara tsakanin mata masu shekaru 15-49). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A zahiri, Muyoyeta ta ba da hujjojin ta a cikin alamun ƙididdiga daga rahotanni na UNDP, ta bambanta da Ci gaban Ci gaban Dan Adam na Zambia (0.378 a cikin 1995) tare da Ci gaban Daidaitaccen Jima'i (0.372) da Ma'aunin Ƙarfafawa na Jima'a (0.236), kuma tana amfani da bayanai SADC na yanki don ba da sauye-sauye-bayani daga taimakon da aka dogara da haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke canza tsarin wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Gender and Development |url=https://www.developmenteducation.ie/media/documents/women_gender_dev.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7u14arce53uolds1jj38rrx6w9fabmn 0 148332 844263 822967 2026-06-01T04:07:21Z BnHamid 12586 844263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lydia Aimée Vololona Rahantasoa''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Madagascar . Wani memba na Majalisar Dokokin Madagascar, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar Tiako I Madagasikara; tana wakiltar mazabar Manjakandriana . Ta kasance memba na majalisa a shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2014 an sake zabar ta a jam'iyyar Movansy Ravalomanana . Ta kasance Ministan Ilimi na Fasaha da Horar da Kwarewa a karkashin Gwamnatin Ntsay daga Yuni 2018 - Janairu 2019. == Dubi kuma == * Gwamnatin Ntsay == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 00dzw52318ye4uexr9o6owba7k3io45 0 148449 844260 839225 2026-06-01T04:05:47Z BnHamid 12586 844260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benedict Ako''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1968) [[Tanzaniya|Dan kasar Tanzania]] ne mai tsere mai nisa. Ako ta kasance zakara sau uku na [[Mount Meru Marathon|Dutsen Meru Marathon]] a [[Arusha]] (1993, 1994, 2002). <ref name="ARRS1">{{Cite web |title=Mount Meru Marathon |url=https://www.arrs.run/HP_MMeMa.htm |access-date=30 October 2010 |website=Association of Road Racing Statisticians |quote=}}</ref> Yana da rikodin "dukan masu zuwa" don aikin marathon mafi sauri a Tanzania, 2:13:46, wanda aka kafa 1 ga Agusta 1993 a Arusha.<ref name="ARRS2">{{Cite web |title=All-Comers Records- Marathon |url=https://www.arrs.run/AC_Mara.htm |access-date=30 October 2010 |website=Association of Road Racing Statisticians |quote= |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405064140/https://www.arrs.run/AC_Mara.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Gasar !Wurin da ake ciki !Sakamakon !Abin da ya faru |- |1997 |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya |[[Torino|Turin]], Italiya | align="center" |Na 25 |Tsawon tseren |- | rowspan="2" |1998 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | rowspan="2" |[[Marrakesh]], Maroko | align="center" |26th |Tsawon tseren |- | align="center" |Na 6 |Gasar ƙungiya |- | rowspan="2" |2001 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Half Marathon | rowspan="2" |[[Bristol]], Ingila | align="center" |Na 22 |Rabin marathon |- | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Gasar ƙungiya |} === Mafi kyawun mutum === * Rabin marathon - 1:02:33 hours (2001) * Marathon - 2:13:53 hours (2001) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{World Athletics}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] taguu3e9ene35ons7042w3ve0e89slb 0 148643 844271 828228 2026-06-01T04:10:54Z BnHamid 12586 844271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucinda Collette Evans''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1972) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce kuma mai fafutukar mata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vivier |first=Tyler |date=2019-10-16 |title=This is the only South African to be chosen as one of the BBC top 100 Women of 2019! |url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/sa-bbc-100-women/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Good Things Guy |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An san ta da jagorantar zanga-zangar kasa da kasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu magana a zanga-zambe na ''#AmINext'' a waje da majalisar dokokin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ke kira ga matakin gwamnati game da tashin hankali na jinsi da Kisan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Suné |date=17 September 2019 |title=IN THEIR OWN WORDS: #AMINEXT ACTIVISTS: 'You will not moer us today': Lucinda Evans to police at the #AmINext Parliament protest |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-18-you-will-not-moer-us-today-lucinda-evans-to-police-at-the-aminext-parliament-protest/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Here's what being a BBC top 100 woman means to Lucinda Evans {{!}} IOL News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/watch-heres-what-being-a-bbc-top-100-woman-means-to-lucinda-evans-35544116 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-23 |title=Lucinda Evans is one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in the World |url=https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Coloured South Africa |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lucinda Evans makes BBC's top 100 women list |url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/news/lucinda-evans-makes-bbcs-top-100-women-list-35184197 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.dailyvoice.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Evans a Gundumar shida, Cape Town, kuma an sake komawa Lavender Hill sakamakon Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya lokacin da take da shekaru biyar. A lokacin da take da shekaru tara, ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a ci gaban al'umma, kuma ta fara aikin sa kai ga Asibitin Red Cross a farkon shekarun rayuwarta. Bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Cape Town College of Education|Kwalejin Ilimi ta Cape Town]] a shekarar 1996, ta yi aikin al'umma tare da mai da hankali kan tashin hankali na jinsi da [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau]] a KwaZulu-Natal, Gabashin Cape da Beaufort West, inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bude sabis na farko na asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ust |first=Homeabout |last2=FunDza |first2=C'sCONTACTHELP © 2019 |title=Lucinda Evans – Healing her Hood {{!}} FunDza |url=https://live.fundza.mobi/home/library/non-fiction-articles-profiles/lucinda-evans-healing-her-hood/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Taimako == A shekara ta 2008, bayan ta sake shaida wani mutum yana cin zarafin matarsa a kan titin budewa, a ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar fara kungiyarta mai zaman kanta [[Philisa Abafazi Bethu]]; "Philisa Abafazi Belhu" ita ce [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] kuma tana nufin "Ka warkar da Matamu". A cikin ƙungiyarta, Lucinda Evans tana tallafawa wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida, [[fyade]], da cin zarafin kowane irin. Duk da yake ta fara mayar da hankali kan tallafawa mata da yara, Philisa Abafazi Bethu yanzu tana aiki tare da maza, mutanen da ba na biyu ba, da dukan iyalai. Evans ta fara kungiyar ta a shekara ta 2008 a cikin ɗakinta da garage a Lavender Hill; da farko tare da ƙungiyar tallafi ga mata da shirin bayan makaranta ga yara. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Philisa Abafazi Bethu ta girma cikin sauri don bayar da ba kawai kungiyoyin tallafin mata da shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta ga yara ba, amma kuma tana da rukuni don tsofaffi da aka wulakanta, ƙungiyar matasa, mai adana jariri, asibitin shari'a, mafaka ta mata, da kuma gida mai aminci ga membobin LGBTQIA + waɗanda suka sha wahala daga tashin hankali na jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.philisaabafazi.org/ |website=philisaabafazi.org}}</ref> Dukkanin gidaje masu aminci a halin yanzu sune kawai mafaka na gaggawa a yankin da ke karɓar mutane ba tare da la'akari da launi na fata ba, asalin zamantakewa, yanayin kiwon lafiya ko jaraba. A cikin 2017, Lucinda Evans da tawagarta sun taimaka wa dangin mai shekaru 13 mai suna Rene Roman, ta hanyar ba su goyon baya da kuma taimaka musu wajen neman 'yarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavender Hill woman among world's most influential |url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/lavender-hill-woman-among-worlds-most-influential/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.capetownetc.com}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta kafa ƙungiyar bincike a madadin mai shekaru 13 wanda ke fita a kai a kai lokacin da yara da mata suka ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search group formed after teen's murder |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/search-group-formed-after-murder-20170327}}</ref> A sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali ga mata da yara da kuma karuwar ayyuka ga masu gwagwarmaya, Evans yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da shawara na yau da kullun ga mutane daga Lavender Hill da al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Tun daga 2020, ayyukan Philisa Abafazi Bethu - ban da mafakar mata - duk suna ƙarƙashin laima na Cibiyar Iyali ta Philisa Abafemisa Bethu a Steenberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title='This will become a sacred space' - Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre |url=https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/402863/this-will-become-a-sacred-space-philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu Family Centre launches in Retreat to support victims of gender-based violence - Peninsula Beverage Co. (Pty) Ltd |url=https://www.peninsulabeverage.co.za/news-events/philisa-abafazi-bethu-family-centre-launches-in-retreat-to-support-victims-of-gender-based-violence-1/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316013135/https://www.peninsulabeverage.co.za/news-events/philisa-abafazi-bethu-family-centre-launches-in-retreat-to-support-victims-of-gender-based-violence-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=THE INTERVIEW: A space of healing and hope: Philisa Abafazi Bethu's new family centre in Retreat |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-14-a-space-of-healing-and-hope-philisa-abafazi-bethus-new-family-centre-in-retreat/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre |url=https://www.southernmail.co.za/news/philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre-172d3aaa-6060-4d4b-b194-1b10e8dd5ef6}}</ref> Lucinda Evans ta kasance mai aiki a siyasa game da [[Rikicin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu|cin zarafin jima'i]] da Kisan mata duk rayuwarta kuma ta fara kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan zanga-zangar da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Misali, ita ce mai farawa da kuma mai tsara "Biliyan daya da ke tasowa a Afirka ta Kudu" <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Archives |url=https://www.onebillionrising.org/category/locations/south-africa/}}</ref> kuma ta taimaka wajen fara aikin zanga-zangar "Shin ni na gaba? / #amInext?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=IN THEIR OWN WORDS: #AMINEXT ACTIVISTS: 'You will not moer us today': Lucinda Evans to police at the #AmINext Parliament protest |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-18-you-will-not-moer-us-today-lucinda-evans-to-police-at-the-aminext-parliament-protest/}}</ref> inda mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar suka nuna rashin amincewa da karuwar tashin hankali na jima'i a Afirka ta kudu. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * An zabi Evans kwanan nan don mukamin kwamishinan yara a Yammacin Cape . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Local activist makes BBC 100 Women 2019 list |url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/local-activist-makes-bbc-100-women-2019-list/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Voice of the Cape |language=en-GB}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2016, an girmama ta da Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur daga jakadan [[Faransa]] a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0"/> * A cikin 2019, an lasafta ta daya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC.<ref name=":2"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] py0phuj7g3nk9pqek8dit381a679mho 0 152132 844506 839797 2026-06-01T11:20:01Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349859366|Login]]" 844506 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]] A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu.(((((logging in (or logging on, signing in, or signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system or program by identifying and authenticating themselves.)))Typically, [[:en:User_(computing)|user]] [[:en:Credential|credentials]] consist of a [[:en:User_(computing)|username]] and a [[:en:Password|password]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Detail and definition of ''login'' and ''logging in'' |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2014 |website=[[Linux Foundation|The Linux Information Project]]}}</ref> These credentials themselves are sometimes referred to as ''a'' '''login'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''login'' |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207023500/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]}}.</ref> Modern secure systems often require a [[:en:2FA|second factor]], such as [[:en:Email|email]] or [[:en:SMS|SMS]] confirmation for extra security. [[:en:Social_login|Social login]] allows a user to use an existing cell phone number or user [[:en:Credential|credentials]] from another email or [[:en:Social_networking_service|social networking service]] to sign in or create an account on a new website.)) Y''a'', takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detail and definition of ''login'' and ''logging in'' |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2014 |website=[[Linux Foundation|The Linux Information Project]]}}</ref> Wadannan takaddun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ''login'' |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207023500/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]}}.</ref> Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar abu na biyu, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da zamantakewa yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar zamantakewa don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon. Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya fita, fita, fita ko fita. == Hanyar da ake bi == [[Fayil:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]] Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin. Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci. Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne <code>returnto=</code> a kan wannan shafin. Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama maras amfani. Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru. Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin. '''Hanyoyin shiga''' Sun hada da: * Sanar da hoton * Binciken yatsunsu * Binciken ido * Binciken fuska * kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) == Tarihi da asalin == [[Fayil:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]] Kalmomin "login" da "logon" sun zama ruwan dare tare da tsarin raba lokaci na shekarun 1960 da Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) a cikin shekarun 1970. Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s. Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar "''log''" ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista. Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko Littafin baƙo. Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce "Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... " <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 & 97}}</ref> Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista. A baya, [[Microsoft]] ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet, amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>  {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k1sat8k9qxu93k4p00bry758kpe88fa 844509 844506 2026-06-01T11:25:13Z Saa063 43144 844509 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]] A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu. Y''a'', takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detail and definition of ''login'' and ''logging in'' |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2014 |website=[[Linux Foundation|The Linux Information Project]]}}</ref> Wadannan takaddun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ''login'' |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207023500/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]}}.</ref> Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar abu na biyu, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da zamantakewa yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar zamantakewa don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon. Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya fita, fita, fita ko fita. == Hanyar da ake bi == [[Fayil:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]] Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin. Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci. Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne <code>returnto=</code> a kan wannan shafin. Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama maras amfani. Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru. Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin. '''Hanyoyin shiga''' Sun hada da: * Sanar da hoton * Binciken yatsunsu * Binciken ido * Binciken fuska * kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) == Tarihi da asalin == [[Fayil:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]] Kalmomin "login" da "logon" sun zama ruwan dare tare da tsarin raba lokaci na shekarun 1960 da Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) a cikin shekarun 1970. Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s. Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar "''log''" ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista. Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko Littafin baƙo. Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce "Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... " <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 & 97}}</ref> Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista. A baya, [[Microsoft]] ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet, amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> ==  Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qvg1rkgdnr2v75kc8twzng7g3swhgzm 0 152591 844414 841145 2026-06-01T09:19:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimin ƙasa */ 844414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 2m95t7gegxsajndcw240mpd57rr0evv 844415 844414 2026-06-01T09:21:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwa */ 844415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == qq52gki8rlox1b371s0xr6q80pc9l6r 844416 844415 2026-06-01T09:22:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hydrology da Limnology */ 844416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == 6s734quap10qpvvn8pyii1h5pdjrtff 844417 844416 2026-06-01T09:26:24Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) */ 844417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> == Manazarta == ph26kr1dj0jrmuquclx87rk9ncju5ti 844418 844417 2026-06-01T09:26:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauran kifaye */ 844418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> == Manazarta == b5p4tdedbop40z3nala8nb6xfn14o6y 844419 844418 2026-06-01T09:29:12Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauran kifaye */ 844419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0on4l2iyqrospnnq5tkkolhfw5pb6sn 844420 844419 2026-06-01T09:31:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gizo-gizo */ 844420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] {{Main|Kamun kifi a Tafkin Victoria}} Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Manazarta == qt7zr7gcg789l00kkwyigossfl4a3cd 844421 844420 2026-06-01T09:31:57Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kamun kifi */ 844421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Manazarta == 8uw0a3a8n06p7r0srhs7h57gwd2l7w4 844423 844421 2026-06-01T09:35:16Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kamun kifi */ 844423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Manazarta == ac18jida8eht3zxtuw74wbk9bjj7vdk 844424 844423 2026-06-01T09:36:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bayanai na muhalli */ 844424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Manazarta == 1dema059ybt7y971wfxjm5m2ez7i34n 844427 844424 2026-06-01T09:39:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi da Bincike */ 844427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === {{Main|Nalubaale Power Station}} [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Manazarta == 41p54d8oafowlp6moujsumx1hdwqmcx 844428 844427 2026-06-01T09:39:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dam ɗin Nalubaale */ 844428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Manazarta == 5zl5edjn2mf2trdoy5qxbkorgl1ejyy 844431 844428 2026-06-01T09:41:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dam ɗin Nalubaale */ 844431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Sufuri == [[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]] Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == 24abgdzo4kwmvxvvigadwx9p90nsvpa 844432 844431 2026-06-01T09:41:45Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 844432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Sufuri == [[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]] Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ryygv2rxubqa1sz18887g5njv9sjfnk 844435 844432 2026-06-01T09:42:35Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 844435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]] '''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}} na ruwa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon. Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Sunayen == Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili ; Dholuo ; Luganda ; Kinyarwanda ), <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}</ref> == Ilmin ƙasa == {{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}} [[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]] Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,<ref>{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009 | orig-date= 4 June 2007 | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}</ref> ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.<ref name="Reader">{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}</ref>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}</ref> A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.<ref name="Reader"/>{{better source|date = December 2024}} A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref>]] Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hydrology da Limnology== Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Hickling61"/>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).<ref>{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}</ref> Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]] A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa. Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630 | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6 |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}</ref> inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,<ref name="OchumbaKibaara">{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}</ref> da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}</ref> wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) == [[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}</ref>]] Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.<ref name=":0"/> Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.<ref name=":0"/> ===Sauran kifaye=== Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa. A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.<ref name="Witte1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}</ref> Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].<ref name="Turner2001">{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}</ref> Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Verheyen2003"/><ref name="Meier2017"/> Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}</ref> kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).<ref name="Lowe2009"/> Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.<ref name="DeWeerdt2004"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}</ref> Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.<ref name="Chapman1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}</ref> Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.<ref name="Witte2000"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/> A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> ===Crustaceans=== Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009). "Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin". Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]] Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}</ref> wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> ===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)=== Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.<ref name="Darwall2011"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.<ref name="Sayer2018"/> Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People & the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> ===Gizo-gizo=== ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}</ref> == Kamun kifi == [[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]] Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).<ref name="Geheb97">{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}</ref> A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="LVFO2016">Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}</ref><ref name="Njiru2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref>{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA & Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}</ref> Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.<ref name="Njiru2005"/> A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> == Matsalolin Muhalli == Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.<ref name="Fiedler1998"/> === Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) === Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.<ref name="Witte1992"/> Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).<ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/><ref name="Pringle2005"/> Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).<ref name="Witte1992"/><ref name="Lowe2009"/><ref name="Njiru2005"/> [[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.<ref name="Pringle2005"/> Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.<ref name="Lowe2009"/> === Mamayar ruwan hyacinth === Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria. Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.<ref name="Luilo"/><ref>...</ref> Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.<ref name="Luilo"/> A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.<ref/> An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.<ref/> An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.<ref/> Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.<ref/> === Gurɓatar muhalli === Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki. Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.<ref/> Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.<ref/> === Bayanai na muhalli === Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai. A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin. == Tarihi da Bincike == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]]. [[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]] Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.<ref name = "DNB">{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}</ref> [[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]] A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin. == Amfani da Ruwa == Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> === Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi === Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> === Dam ɗin Nalubaale === [[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]] Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin. A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}</ref> kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan. == Sufuri == [[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]] Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahaɗu == {{Commons category|Lake Victoria}} {{EB1911 Poster|Victoria Nyanza|Lake Victoria}} * [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries] * [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow. * [http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }} * [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria] * Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation] 7pwda39kuicylyjbamdeghr48pwa2ed 0 152931 844499 841991 2026-06-01T11:07:43Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357209826|Eldryd Parry]]" 844499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry''' KCMG OBE (27 ga Nuwamba, 1930 – 13 ga Nuwamba, 2022) wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne wanda ya kasance masani a fannin ilimi, likita, kuma wanda ya kafa Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET),<ref>{{Cite web |title=THET - Working in partnership to support health workers across the world |url=http://www.thet.org}}</ref>wata ƙungiya da ke taimaka wa makarantun koyar da aikin likitanci da asibitoci a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin da matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga wajen inganta ƙwarewa da basirar ma’aikatansu. Parry ya sami DSc mai daraja (Kumasi) da kuma wasu Fellowships masu daraja kuma ya kasance mai kafa ni na Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Jami'ar Amoud, Somaliland . Ya kafa Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET) a cikin 1988, <ref>{{Cite web |title=THET - Working in partnership to support health workers across the world |url=http://www.thet.org}}</ref> kuma ya kasance babban editan ka'idodin magani a Afirka (revised edition, 2004). Parry ta yi karatu a Makarantar Shrewsbury kuma ta yi karatun likita a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows &#124; Contact &#124; Emmanuel College, Cambridge |url=http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/admissions/fellows/display/?fellow=259 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005195004/http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/admissions/fellows/display/?fellow=259 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=16 December 2009}}</ref> Ya gudanar da Fellowship na girmamawa, kuma a Jami'ar Cardiff. Ya yi aiki a Royal Postgraduate Medical School a London kafin a tura shi asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan, Najeriya, a shekarar 1960. Bayan shekaru uku a [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa|Jami'ar Haile Selassie]], Addis Ababa, Habasha, ya koma Najeriya a 1969 a matsayin Shugaban Kiwon Lafiya a Jami'an Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, Najeriya. a shekara ta 1977 ya ɗauki matsayin Dean na Foundation of Medicine, a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], Najeriya. A Ilorin ne ya gabatar da wani shirin da ya shafi al'umma, COBES tare da Farfesa [[Ladipo Akinkugbe]] . Ya kasance Dean kuma Farfesa na Medicine a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]], Kumasi, Ghana, daga 1980 zuwa 1985. Parry ya kasance mai girmamawa na Jami'ar Cardiff da kuma Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta London, inda ya kasance Farfesa mai girmamawa; mai girmamawa a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Ghana; kuma memba na Gidauniyar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar da Kiwon Laushi na Jami'a Amoud, Somaliland. A shekara ta 2007, Parry ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa daga Royal Society of Medicine don nasarorin da ya samu a fannin kiwon lafiya na wurare masu zafi, kuma an sanya shi Fellow na girmamawa na Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge. Ya kuma kasance mai girmamawa na Royal College of Surgeons na Ingila . An nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a 1982 da kuma Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) a cikin 2011 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga ci gaban kiwon lafiya a Afirka.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=59647|date=31 December 2010|page=3|supp=y}}</ref> Buga na uku na ''Ka'idodin Magunguna a Afirka'' ya lashe: Society of Authors da Royal Society of Medicine Book Awards Winner 2005 - Winner 2005 British Medical Association First Prize a cikin rukunin 2005 - Winning. Parry ya auri malamin Helen Parry tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki hudu. Helen ta kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin rawar da ta taka na dogon lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiristanci ta zamani ta London, da kuma koyarwarta da kuma shiga tare da daliban kasashen waje. Eldryd Parry ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2022, yana da shekaru 91.<ref>[http://www.licc.org.uk/about-licc/staff/helen-parry/ Helen Parry] bio at [[London Institute for Contemporary Christianity]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2022 |title=Professor Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry death notice |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-november-17-2022-ql95j78pg |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da ke ƙasa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 1xfb7wfnuaolhd5vzjjzfdq6t2z4pm8 844501 844499 2026-06-01T11:08:49Z Zainab118 44654 844501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry''' KCMG OBE (27 ga Nuwamba, 1930 – 13 ga Nuwamba, 2022) wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne wanda ya kasance masani a fannin ilimi, likita, kuma wanda ya kafa Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET),<ref>{{Cite web |title=THET - Working in partnership to support health workers across the world |url=http://www.thet.org}}</ref>wata ƙungiya da ke taimaka wa makarantun koyar da aikin likitanci da asibitoci a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin da matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga wajen inganta ƙwarewa da basirar ma’aikatansu. Parry ya sami DSc mai daraja (Kumasi) da kuma wasu Fellowships masu daraja kuma ya kasance mai kafa ni na Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Jami'ar Amoud, Somaliland . Ya kafa Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET) a cikin 1988, <ref>{{Cite web |title=THET - Working in partnership to support health workers across the world |url=http://www.thet.org}}</ref> kuma ya kasance babban editan ka'idodin magani a Afirka (revised edition, 2004). Parry ta yi karatu a Makarantar Shrewsbury kuma ta yi karatun likita a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows &#124; Contact &#124; Emmanuel College, Cambridge |url=http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/admissions/fellows/display/?fellow=259 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005195004/http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/admissions/fellows/display/?fellow=259 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=16 December 2009}}</ref> Ya gudanar da Fellowship na girmamawa, kuma a Jami'ar Cardiff. Ya yi aiki a Royal Postgraduate Medical School a London kafin a tura shi asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan, Najeriya, a shekarar 1960. Bayan shekaru uku a [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa|Jami'ar Haile Selassie]], Addis Ababa, Habasha, ya koma Najeriya a 1969 a matsayin Shugaban Kiwon Lafiya a Jami'an Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, Najeriya. a shekara ta 1977 ya ɗauki matsayin Dean na Foundation of Medicine, a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], Najeriya. A Ilorin ne ya gabatar da wani shirin da ya shafi al'umma, COBES tare da Farfesa [[Ladipo Akinkugbe]] . Ya kasance Dean kuma Farfesa na Medicine a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]], Kumasi, Ghana, daga 1980 zuwa 1985. Parry ya kasance mai girmamawa na Jami'ar Cardiff da kuma Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta London, inda ya kasance Farfesa mai girmamawa; mai girmamawa a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Ghana; kuma memba na Gidauniyar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar da Kiwon Laushi na Jami'a Amoud, Somaliland. A shekara ta 2007, Parry ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa daga Royal Society of Medicine don nasarorin da ya samu a fannin kiwon lafiya na wurare masu zafi, kuma an sanya shi Fellow na girmamawa na Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge. Ya kuma kasance mai girmamawa na Royal College of Surgeons na Ingila . An nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a 1982 da kuma Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) a cikin 2011 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga ci gaban kiwon lafiya a Afirka.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=59647|date=31 December 2010|page=3|supp=y}}</ref> Buga na uku na ''Ka'idodin Magunguna a Afirka'' ya lashe: Society of Authors da Royal Society of Medicine Book Awards Winner 2005 - Winner 2005 British Medical Association First Prize a cikin rukunin 2005 - Winning. Parry ya auri malamin Helen Parry tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki hudu. Helen ta kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin rawar da ta taka na dogon lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiristanci ta zamani ta London, da kuma koyarwarta da kuma shiga tare da daliban kasashen waje. Eldryd Parry ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2022, yana da shekaru 91.<ref>[http://www.licc.org.uk/about-licc/staff/helen-parry/ Helen Parry] bio at [[London Institute for Contemporary Christianity]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2022 |title=Professor Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry death notice |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-november-17-2022-ql95j78pg |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 28fxof08l3w2q6misfkq22ib45l1hjo 0 152933 844455 841996 2026-06-01T10:06:29Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287713347|Eme Awa]]" 844455 wikitext text/x-wiki Farfesa '''Eme Awa''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1921 - 11 ga Maris 2000) ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa ta Najeriya (NECON), wanda Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada. Ya rike mukamin daga 1987 zuwa 1989, lokacin da ya yi murabus saboda rashin jituwa da Babangida.<ref name="imam">{{Cite web |last=Imam Imam |date=9 June 2010 |title=Past INEC Chairmen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090203.html |access-date=2010-06-10 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> == Ilimi == Awa ta halarci makarantar Ohafia ta tsakiya, Ohafia tsakanin 1928 da 1934. Cibiyar Horar da Hope Waddell, Calabar tsakanin 1935 da 1939, Jami'ar Lincoln Pennsylvania, Amurka tsakanin 1949 da 1951, Jami'ar New York, Amurka tsakanin 1951 da 1955 == Ayyuka da rayuwar siyasa == Eme Awa farfesa ne a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a . Da yake magana kan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da suka bunƙasa tsakanin ƙarshen shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, amma daga baya aka dakile su, Awa ya ce:<blockquote>“Manyan nasarorin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi wajen samar da aminci da biyayya ga ƙabilu masu miliyoyin mutane a tsakanin ’yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya share hanya ga samun babbar biyayya ga ƙasa baki ɗaya, an mayar da su baya. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su kaɗai ne suka yi ƙoƙari cikin tsari wajen dasa tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa (nationality) a zukatan ’yan Najeriya, amma ba a tsara ayyukansu yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an karkatar da wannan yunƙuri zuwa matakin yankuna maimakon matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.”<ref>{{cite book|page=389|title=Nigerian history, politics and affairs: the collected essays of Adiele Afigbo|author=Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, Toyin Falola|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2005|ISBN=1-59221-324-3}}</ref> Awa ya kuma kare tsarin dimokuraɗiyya, yana mai cewa ba baƙon abu ba ne ga Afirka. Ya bayyana cewa dimokuraɗiyya ta samo asali ne daga tsofaffin al’adu da tsarin mulki na gargajiya, inda:“Muna da irin wannan tsari a biranen da suka kasance jihohi masu cin gashin kansu, inda kowa ke fitowa fili a kasuwa ya bayyana ra’ayinsa, ko dai ta hanyar ɗaga hannu ko wata hanya makamanciyar haka.”<ref>{{cite book|page=65|title=Africa betrayed|author=George B. N. Ayittey|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1992|ISBN=0-312-10400-6}}</ref></blockquote>Kwamitin Eme Awa ya gudanar da zaben kananan hukumomi na 1987, wanda ba a gudanar da shi sosai ba, tare da rashin daidaito wanda ya hada da rikodin masu jefa kuri'a da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma wuraren zabe masu yawa. Ya kasance malami kuma mai ba da shawara ga Humphrey Nwosu, wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin shugaban NEC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=HANK ESO |date=18 June 2008 |title=A Jaded Humphrey Nwosu Finds his Mislaid Voice |url=http://www.kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2008/jaded_humphrey_nwosu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926164955/http://kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2008/jaded_humphrey_nwosu.htm |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=2010-06-10}}</ref> Eme Awa ya mutu yana da shekaru 79 a asibitin Holy Cross a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2000 |title=Former Chairman of NEC Dies |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200003150220.html |access-date=2010-06-10 |website=Tempo (Lagos)}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == * == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] rgep5skmvesqunymxb7x34recuxnmt4 844456 844455 2026-06-01T10:09:36Z Zainab118 44654 Tran 844456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Eme Awa |image = |office1 = Chairman of the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON) |term_start1 = 1987 |term_end1 = 1989 |predecessor1 = [[Victor Ovie Whisky]] |successor1 = [[Humphrey Nwosu]] |birth_date = 15 December 1921 |birth_place = |death_date = {{death date and age|2000|03|11|1921|12|15|df=y}} |party = |Educational background = }} Farfesa '''Eme Awa''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1921 - 11 ga Maris 2000) ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa ta Najeriya (NECON), wanda Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada. Ya rike mukamin daga 1987 zuwa 1989, lokacin da ya yi murabus saboda rashin jituwa da Babangida.<ref name="imam">{{Cite web |last=Imam Imam |date=9 June 2010 |title=Past INEC Chairmen |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090203.html |access-date=2010-06-10 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> == Ilimi == Awa ta halarci makarantar Ohafia ta tsakiya, Ohafia tsakanin 1928 da 1934. Cibiyar Horar da Hope Waddell, Calabar tsakanin 1935 da 1939, Jami'ar Lincoln Pennsylvania, Amurka tsakanin 1949 da 1951, Jami'ar New York, Amurka tsakanin 1951 da 1955 == Ayyuka da rayuwar siyasa == Eme Awa farfesa ne a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a . Da yake magana kan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da suka bunƙasa tsakanin ƙarshen shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, amma daga baya aka dakile su, Awa ya ce:<blockquote>“Manyan nasarorin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi wajen samar da aminci da biyayya ga ƙabilu masu miliyoyin mutane a tsakanin ’yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya share hanya ga samun babbar biyayya ga ƙasa baki ɗaya, an mayar da su baya. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su kaɗai ne suka yi ƙoƙari cikin tsari wajen dasa tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa (nationality) a zukatan ’yan Najeriya, amma ba a tsara ayyukansu yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an karkatar da wannan yunƙuri zuwa matakin yankuna maimakon matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.”<ref>{{cite book|page=389|title=Nigerian history, politics and affairs: the collected essays of Adiele Afigbo|author=Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, Toyin Falola|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2005|ISBN=1-59221-324-3}}</ref> Awa ya kuma kare tsarin dimokuraɗiyya, yana mai cewa ba baƙon abu ba ne ga Afirka. Ya bayyana cewa dimokuraɗiyya ta samo asali ne daga tsofaffin al’adu da tsarin mulki na gargajiya, inda:“Muna da irin wannan tsari a biranen da suka kasance jihohi masu cin gashin kansu, inda kowa ke fitowa fili a kasuwa ya bayyana ra’ayinsa, ko dai ta hanyar ɗaga hannu ko wata hanya makamanciyar haka.”<ref>{{cite book|page=65|title=Africa betrayed|author=George B. N. Ayittey|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1992|ISBN=0-312-10400-6}}</ref></blockquote>Kwamitin Eme Awa ya gudanar da zaben kananan hukumomi na 1987, wanda ba a gudanar da shi sosai ba, tare da rashin daidaito wanda ya hada da rikodin masu jefa kuri'a da ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma wuraren zabe masu yawa. Ya kasance malami kuma mai ba da shawara ga Humphrey Nwosu, wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin shugaban NEC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=HANK ESO |date=18 June 2008 |title=A Jaded Humphrey Nwosu Finds his Mislaid Voice |url=http://www.kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2008/jaded_humphrey_nwosu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926164955/http://kwenu.com/publications/hankeso/2008/jaded_humphrey_nwosu.htm |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=2010-06-10}}</ref> Eme Awa ya mutu yana da shekaru 79 a asibitin Holy Cross a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2000 |title=Former Chairman of NEC Dies |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200003150220.html |access-date=2010-06-10 |website=Tempo (Lagos)}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == *{{cite book |title=Regionalism in Nigeria: a study in federalism |author=Eme O. Awa |publisher=New York University. |year=1955 |pages=594}} *{{cite book |title=Federal government in Nigeria |url=https://archive.org/details/federalgovernmen0000awae |url-access=registration |author=Eme O. Awa |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/federalgovernmen0000awae/page/349 349]}} *{{cite book |title=Issues in federalism |author=Eme O. Awa |publisher=Ethiope Pub. Corp. |year=1976 |pages=117}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] qiouosoyjlub4fa6m6ocvsapyg6ouzn 0 152935 844504 842019 2026-06-01T11:16:07Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345366505|Emmanuel Unuabonah]]" 844504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah''' (16 ga Janairu, 1975 – 26 ga Maris, 2025) wani ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance masani a fannin ilimi, masanin kimiyyar muhalli, kuma farfesa a fannin '''Sinadaran Masana’antu (Industrial Chemistry)'''.[1] An san shi saboda bincikensa kan '''tsabtace ruwa''' da '''dorewar muhalli'''. Shi ne darektan kafa na '''African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER)''' a '''Jami'ar Redeemer's University''' da ke Najeriya. Haka kuma, ya taba zama shugaban '''Nigerian Young Academy''', ƙungiyar matasan masana kimiyya ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Unuabonah ya sami B.Sc. digiri a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a 1999, da kuma M.Sc. da digiri na PhD a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a 2003 da 2007, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> A lokacin da yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Redeemer a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], Najeriya, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Ilimi da Tabbatar da Inganci da Cibiyar Kwarewar Afirka don Ruwa da Binciken Muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Brief History |url=https://run.edu.ng/directorate-of-academic-planning-and-quality-assurance/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=About ACEWATER |url=https://run-acewater.org/about-acewater/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah, Founding President, Nigerian Young Academy (NYA) |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 8, 2025}}</ref> Unuabonah ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In memoriam |url=https://twas.org/memoriam |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == Unuabonah mai bincike ne tare da littattafai sama da 100 da aka sake dubawa, tare da nassoshi sama da 5500 da h-index na 41, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=Google Scholar}}</ref> mafi yawansu sun mai da hankali kan Fasahar maganin ruwa, gurɓata muhalli, da bincike na kayan ɗorewa. Kungiyar bincikensa ta haɓaka ƙarancin farashi, adsorbents na gida don cire maganin rigakafi, masu rushe endocrine, [[microplastics]], da mahaɗan phenolic daga ruwa mai gurbatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PositiveNaija |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah Wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize |url=https://www.positivenaija.com/emmanuel-iyayi-unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya hada da Springer Water volume Strategic Management of Wastewater daga Intensive Rural Industries (2025), yana ba da gudummawa ga surori kan ruwa mai guba daga dyeing, textile, mai-palm processing, da sauran yankunan karkara. Zaɓuɓɓukan bincike sun haɗa da: membranes na photocatalytic na yumɓu, kayan da ba su da tsada don maganin ruwa, Kayan aiki na yumbu mai ɗorewa don rage benzenediols, ingantaccen tsari da ƙarfin aiki don tsarkake ruwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuja |first=Chidinma |last2=Olorunnisola |first2=Damilare |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Clay-based Photocatalytic Membranes: Low-cost Alternative Materials for Water Treatment |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00313j |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Binciken haɗari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da ƙwayoyi a cikin tushen ruwa daga Ede, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Gloria |last2=Ogunlaja |first2=Aemere |last3=Olukanni |first3=Olumide |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Risk assessment and photo-disinfection of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources from Ede, Nigeria |journal=Heliyon |volume=11 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025Heliy..1141538T |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41538 |pmc=11759553 |pmid=39866425 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken yiwuwar ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙwayoyin ruwa mai ƙwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin jini da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙwayoyin adsorption na ruwa masu guba da su (Afrilu na adsorption Blueca), [2] Bincike .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfred |first=Moses |last2=Ibeh |first2=Samson |last3=Adesina |first3=Morenike |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Sustainable biomass-clay-ZnWO4 combos for the abatement of benzenediols: Process optimization and dynamics for water purification |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714425013145 |journal=Journal of Water Process Engineering |volume=76 |doi=10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108242 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oladoja |first=NA |last2=Ogunniyi |first2=JA |date=2025 |title=Evaluating the feasibility of creating a zero waste discharge aquaculture system |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/ew/d4ew01080a |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1325–1338 |doi=10.1039/D4EW01080A |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolujoko |first=Nathaniel |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Toxicity and removal of parabens from water: A critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721031636 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=792 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.79248092B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148092 |pmid=34147811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |last2=Babalola |first2=Jonathan |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398624037020 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unuabonah |first=Emmanuel |last2=Adie |first2=Gilbert |last3=Onah |first3=Lora |last4=Adeyemi |first4=Olalere |date=December 15, 2009 |title=Multistage optimization of the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto defatted Carica papaya seeds |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894709004999 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=567–579 |bibcode=2009ChEnJ.155..567U |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Tasiri da ambato a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya === Takardar da ya yi a shekarar 2013 a kan yumbu mai haɗari da aka shirya daga tsaba na [[Gwanda|Carica papaya]] da Kaolinite an ambaci shi a matsayin ingantaccen madadin mai tsada don cire ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin sake dubawa na baya na abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaspal |first=Dipika |last2=Malviya |first2=Arti |date=2020-05-01 |title=Composites for wastewater purification: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519330292 |journal=Chemosphere |volume=246 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.24625788J |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125788 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=31918098 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai na kimiyya na duniya sun rufe binciken, wanda ya nuna yiwuwar adana farashi don ruwa mai tsabta a cikin saitunan da ba su da wadata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/689760 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> An yi amfani da bita mai mahimmanci na 2016 game da dabarun sake farfadowa don adsorbents a matsayin dutse mai mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya game da sake farfadawa da sake amfani da adsorbants masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |date=2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Messaoudi |first=Noureddine |last2=Mohammed |first2=El Khomri |date=2024 |title=Regeneration and reusability of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents to remove dyes from wastewaters in multiple consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles: a review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=11739–11756 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bincike mai zurfi game da adsorbents na yumbu kamar haka ya ambaci kuma ya tsara hanyoyin sake farfadowa da suka dace da gudummawarsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momina |first=Mohammad Shahadat |last2=Isamil |first2=Suzylawati |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of Industrial dyes: a review |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry |volume=8 |issue=43 |pages=24571–24587 |bibcode=2018RSCAd...824571M |doi=10.1039/C8RA04290J |pmc=9082090 |pmid=35539168}}</ref> Bincike na gaba yana binciken kwayar papaya a matsayin adsorbent / coagulant kuma yana tattauna gyaran kwayar papay / yumbu, yana ambaton da faɗaɗa hanyar da aka fara a cikin nazarin HYCA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khee |first=Y.L |last2=Kiew |first2=P.L |date=2023 |title=Valorizing papaya seed waste for wastewater treatment: a review |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=2327–2346 |bibcode=2023JEST...20.2327K |doi=10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayode |first=Ajibola |date=May 2, 2023 |title=A review on the versatility of Carica papaya seed: an agrogenic waste for the removal of organic, inorganic and microbial contaminants in water |journal=Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=2095–2109 |bibcode=2023JCTB...98.2095B |doi=10.1002/jctb.7415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga baya nazarin gwaji da bambance-bambance na fasaha sun gina akan asalin asalin yumbu don fadada aikin zuwa gurɓataccen anionic da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna yaduwar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jun An |first=Hyung |last2=Jong |first2=Min Park |date=April 8, 2020 |title=Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon |url=https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/11/47?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound |journal=Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology |volume=11 |pages=597–605 |doi=10.3762/bjnano.11.47 |pmc=7155913 |pmid=32318320}}</ref> == Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai == Wani bayanin martaba daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ya bayyana bincikensa na tsarkakewa mai tsada ta amfani da yumɓu da tsaba na papaya kuma ya lura da tallafin tallafin TWAS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Cristina |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Clean water for Nigeria |url=https://www.twas.org/article/clean-water-nigeria |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Jaridu da yawa na Najeriya sun rufe lambar yabo ta zinare ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya, gami da Vanguard, The Guardian, da The Punch. Rubuce-rubucen yumbu na duniya ya bayyana a kan sanannun kafofin watsa labarai yana jaddada farashi da yiwuwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |journal=American Chemical Society}}</ref> Ofishin Jakadancin FAPESP ya ba da rahoton hadin gwiwar Brazil-Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin masu bincike, gami da Unuabonah, hada kayan aiki masu tsada da makamashi na hasken rana don tsabtace ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencia FAPESP |date=April 28, 2021 |title=Novel Water Decomination Method Combines Low-Cost Composites and Solar Energy |url=https://agencia.fapesp.br/novel-water-decontamination-method-combines-low-cost-composites-and-solar-energy/35716 |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=TWAS Directory |url=https://twas.org/directory/unuabonah-emmanuel-iyayi |website=}}</ref> == Jagora da Fellowships == A matsayin shugaban kafa Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya (2010-2014). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |date=2025 |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ilimi da yawa, gami da: Shirin Jagorancin Kimiyya na Afirka (Alumnus), Kwalejin Matasa ta Duniya (Alumnu), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa Science Leadership Programme |date=2015 |title=Africa Science Leadership Programme 2015 |url=https://www.aslp.science/our-cohorts/africa-science-leadership-programme-2015/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya (Fellow), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Afirka (Fellower-zaɓaɓɓen). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2014 |title=Alumni of the GYA - Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=The African Academy of Sciences Welcomes 88 Newly Elected Fellows |url=https://aasciences.africa/news/the-african-academy-of-sciences-welcomes-88-newly-elected-fellows |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 8s5md3570vh3fpl093yj1a7hswshad5 844505 844504 2026-06-01T11:18:05Z Zainab118 44654 844505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah | image = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah.jpg | caption = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah | birth_date = January 16, 1975 | birth_place = Benin City | death_date = March 26, 2025 | workplaces = [[Redeemer's University]], [[Bells University of Technology]], [[Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun]] | alma_mater = [[University of Ibadan]] | known_for = Water treatment technologies, Environmental sustainability research | awards = TWAS-ROSSA Prize (2012) }} '''Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah''' (16 ga Janairu, 1975 – 26 ga Maris, 2025) wani ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance masani a fannin ilimi, masanin kimiyyar muhalli, kuma farfesa a fannin '''Sinadaran Masana’antu (Industrial Chemistry)'''.[1] An san shi saboda bincikensa kan '''tsabtace ruwa''' da '''dorewar muhalli'''. Shi ne darektan kafa na '''African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER)''' a '''Jami'ar Redeemer's University''' da ke Najeriya. Haka kuma, ya taba zama shugaban '''Nigerian Young Academy''', ƙungiyar matasan masana kimiyya ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Unuabonah ya sami B.Sc. digiri a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a 1999, da kuma M.Sc. da digiri na PhD a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a 2003 da 2007, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> A lokacin da yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Redeemer a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], Najeriya, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Ilimi da Tabbatar da Inganci da Cibiyar Kwarewar Afirka don Ruwa da Binciken Muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Brief History |url=https://run.edu.ng/directorate-of-academic-planning-and-quality-assurance/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=About ACEWATER |url=https://run-acewater.org/about-acewater/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah, Founding President, Nigerian Young Academy (NYA) |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 8, 2025}}</ref> Unuabonah ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In memoriam |url=https://twas.org/memoriam |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == Unuabonah mai bincike ne tare da littattafai sama da 100 da aka sake dubawa, tare da nassoshi sama da 5500 da h-index na 41, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=Google Scholar}}</ref> mafi yawansu sun mai da hankali kan Fasahar maganin ruwa, gurɓata muhalli, da bincike na kayan ɗorewa. Kungiyar bincikensa ta haɓaka ƙarancin farashi, adsorbents na gida don cire maganin rigakafi, masu rushe endocrine, [[microplastics]], da mahaɗan phenolic daga ruwa mai gurbatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PositiveNaija |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah Wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize |url=https://www.positivenaija.com/emmanuel-iyayi-unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya hada da Springer Water volume Strategic Management of Wastewater daga Intensive Rural Industries (2025), yana ba da gudummawa ga surori kan ruwa mai guba daga dyeing, textile, mai-palm processing, da sauran yankunan karkara. Zaɓuɓɓukan bincike sun haɗa da: membranes na photocatalytic na yumɓu, kayan da ba su da tsada don maganin ruwa, Kayan aiki na yumbu mai ɗorewa don rage benzenediols, ingantaccen tsari da ƙarfin aiki don tsarkake ruwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuja |first=Chidinma |last2=Olorunnisola |first2=Damilare |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Clay-based Photocatalytic Membranes: Low-cost Alternative Materials for Water Treatment |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00313j |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Binciken haɗari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da ƙwayoyi a cikin tushen ruwa daga Ede, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Gloria |last2=Ogunlaja |first2=Aemere |last3=Olukanni |first3=Olumide |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Risk assessment and photo-disinfection of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources from Ede, Nigeria |journal=Heliyon |volume=11 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025Heliy..1141538T |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41538 |pmc=11759553 |pmid=39866425 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken yiwuwar ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙwayoyin ruwa mai ƙwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin jini da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙwayoyin adsorption na ruwa masu guba da su (Afrilu na adsorption Blueca), [2] Bincike .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfred |first=Moses |last2=Ibeh |first2=Samson |last3=Adesina |first3=Morenike |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Sustainable biomass-clay-ZnWO4 combos for the abatement of benzenediols: Process optimization and dynamics for water purification |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714425013145 |journal=Journal of Water Process Engineering |volume=76 |doi=10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108242 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oladoja |first=NA |last2=Ogunniyi |first2=JA |date=2025 |title=Evaluating the feasibility of creating a zero waste discharge aquaculture system |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/ew/d4ew01080a |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1325–1338 |doi=10.1039/D4EW01080A |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolujoko |first=Nathaniel |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Toxicity and removal of parabens from water: A critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721031636 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=792 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.79248092B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148092 |pmid=34147811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |last2=Babalola |first2=Jonathan |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398624037020 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unuabonah |first=Emmanuel |last2=Adie |first2=Gilbert |last3=Onah |first3=Lora |last4=Adeyemi |first4=Olalere |date=December 15, 2009 |title=Multistage optimization of the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto defatted Carica papaya seeds |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894709004999 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=567–579 |bibcode=2009ChEnJ.155..567U |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Tasiri da ambato a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya === Takardar da ya yi a shekarar 2013 a kan yumbu mai haɗari da aka shirya daga tsaba na [[Gwanda|Carica papaya]] da Kaolinite an ambaci shi a matsayin ingantaccen madadin mai tsada don cire ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin sake dubawa na baya na abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaspal |first=Dipika |last2=Malviya |first2=Arti |date=2020-05-01 |title=Composites for wastewater purification: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519330292 |journal=Chemosphere |volume=246 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.24625788J |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125788 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=31918098 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai na kimiyya na duniya sun rufe binciken, wanda ya nuna yiwuwar adana farashi don ruwa mai tsabta a cikin saitunan da ba su da wadata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/689760 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> An yi amfani da bita mai mahimmanci na 2016 game da dabarun sake farfadowa don adsorbents a matsayin dutse mai mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya game da sake farfadawa da sake amfani da adsorbants masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |date=2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Messaoudi |first=Noureddine |last2=Mohammed |first2=El Khomri |date=2024 |title=Regeneration and reusability of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents to remove dyes from wastewaters in multiple consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles: a review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=11739–11756 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bincike mai zurfi game da adsorbents na yumbu kamar haka ya ambaci kuma ya tsara hanyoyin sake farfadowa da suka dace da gudummawarsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momina |first=Mohammad Shahadat |last2=Isamil |first2=Suzylawati |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of Industrial dyes: a review |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry |volume=8 |issue=43 |pages=24571–24587 |bibcode=2018RSCAd...824571M |doi=10.1039/C8RA04290J |pmc=9082090 |pmid=35539168}}</ref> Bincike na gaba yana binciken kwayar papaya a matsayin adsorbent / coagulant kuma yana tattauna gyaran kwayar papay / yumbu, yana ambaton da faɗaɗa hanyar da aka fara a cikin nazarin HYCA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khee |first=Y.L |last2=Kiew |first2=P.L |date=2023 |title=Valorizing papaya seed waste for wastewater treatment: a review |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=2327–2346 |bibcode=2023JEST...20.2327K |doi=10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayode |first=Ajibola |date=May 2, 2023 |title=A review on the versatility of Carica papaya seed: an agrogenic waste for the removal of organic, inorganic and microbial contaminants in water |journal=Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=2095–2109 |bibcode=2023JCTB...98.2095B |doi=10.1002/jctb.7415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga baya nazarin gwaji da bambance-bambance na fasaha sun gina akan asalin asalin yumbu don fadada aikin zuwa gurɓataccen anionic da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna yaduwar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jun An |first=Hyung |last2=Jong |first2=Min Park |date=April 8, 2020 |title=Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon |url=https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/11/47?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound |journal=Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology |volume=11 |pages=597–605 |doi=10.3762/bjnano.11.47 |pmc=7155913 |pmid=32318320}}</ref> == Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai == Wani bayanin martaba daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ya bayyana bincikensa na tsarkakewa mai tsada ta amfani da yumɓu da tsaba na papaya kuma ya lura da tallafin tallafin TWAS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Cristina |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Clean water for Nigeria |url=https://www.twas.org/article/clean-water-nigeria |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Jaridu da yawa na Najeriya sun rufe lambar yabo ta zinare ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya, gami da Vanguard, The Guardian, da The Punch. Rubuce-rubucen yumbu na duniya ya bayyana a kan sanannun kafofin watsa labarai yana jaddada farashi da yiwuwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |journal=American Chemical Society}}</ref> Ofishin Jakadancin FAPESP ya ba da rahoton hadin gwiwar Brazil-Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin masu bincike, gami da Unuabonah, hada kayan aiki masu tsada da makamashi na hasken rana don tsabtace ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencia FAPESP |date=April 28, 2021 |title=Novel Water Decomination Method Combines Low-Cost Composites and Solar Energy |url=https://agencia.fapesp.br/novel-water-decontamination-method-combines-low-cost-composites-and-solar-energy/35716 |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=TWAS Directory |url=https://twas.org/directory/unuabonah-emmanuel-iyayi |website=}}</ref> == Jagora da Fellowships == A matsayin shugaban kafa Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya (2010-2014). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |date=2025 |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ilimi da yawa, gami da: Shirin Jagorancin Kimiyya na Afirka (Alumnus), Kwalejin Matasa ta Duniya (Alumnu), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa Science Leadership Programme |date=2015 |title=Africa Science Leadership Programme 2015 |url=https://www.aslp.science/our-cohorts/africa-science-leadership-programme-2015/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya (Fellow), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Afirka (Fellower-zaɓaɓɓen). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2014 |title=Alumni of the GYA - Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=The African Academy of Sciences Welcomes 88 Newly Elected Fellows |url=https://aasciences.africa/news/the-african-academy-of-sciences-welcomes-88-newly-elected-fellows |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] disgikzi3sl95vqf7r7p3ujhrky2fwt 0 153707 843991 2026-05-31T12:41:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256520072|Elands River (Olifants)]]" 843991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne a tsohon yankin Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben Kogin Olifants, wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Limpopo]]. == Kwarara == Kogin Elands ya samo asali ne daga yammacin Bronkhorstspruit, Lardin Gauteng, yana kwarara zuwa arewa sannan ya karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]], inda Rust De Winter Nature Reserve yake. Bayan 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙasa, yana kwarara zuwa babban [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|madatsar ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]]. A ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Olifants a saman madatsar ruwa ta Arabie. == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin == * [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rust de Winter]] * [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]] == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Fayil:Elandsrivier,_brug_by_Kameelrivier,_Uitvlucht,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|alt=The Elands just upstream of Rust de Winter Dam| Elands kawai a saman madatsar ruwa ta [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]] Fayil:Swemkuil_in_Elandsrivier,_Little_Eden,_a.jpg|alt=A rock pool in a tributary in the Bankenveld, which is likewise known as Elands River| Tafkin dutse a cikin wani magudanar ruwa a Bankenveld, wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Elnds </gallery> == Manazarta == Elands River (Olifants)Elands River (Olifants)Elands River (Olifants)Elands River (Olifants) {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523075847/http://www.golimpopo.com/park/nature-reserves/rust-de-winter-reserve.html Rust De Winter Nature Reserve, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] 4d2zm12fiwgc6jzh2rihgernr2pxte6 843992 843991 2026-05-31T12:49:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 843992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne a tsohon yankin Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben Kogin Olifants, wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Limpopo]]. == Kwarara == Kogin Elands ya samo asali ne daga yammacin Bronkhorstspruit, Lardin Gauteng, yana kwarara zuwa arewa sannan ya karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]], inda Rust De Winter Nature Reserve yake. Bayan 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙasa, yana kwarara zuwa babban [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|madatsar ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]]. A ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Olifants a saman madatsar ruwa ta Arabie. == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin == * [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rust de Winter]] * [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]] == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Fayil:Elandsrivier,_brug_by_Kameelrivier,_Uitvlucht,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|alt=The Elands just upstream of Rust de Winter Dam| Elands kawai a saman madatsar ruwa ta [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]] Fayil:Swemkuil_in_Elandsrivier,_Little_Eden,_a.jpg|alt=A rock pool in a tributary in the Bankenveld, which is likewise known as Elands River| Tafkin dutse a cikin wani magudanar ruwa a Bankenveld, wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Elnds </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523075847/http://www.golimpopo.com/park/nature-reserves/rust-de-winter-reserve.html Rust De Winter Nature Reserve, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] njimxz5y19ihsopgdibu60r5ecuk7uu 843993 843992 2026-05-31T12:50:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 843993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne a tsohon yankin Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben Kogin Olifants, wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Limpopo]]. == Kwarara == Kogin Elands ya samo asali ne daga yammacin Bronkhorstspruit, Lardin Gauteng, yana kwarara zuwa arewa sannan ya karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]], inda Rust De Winter Nature Reserve yake.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_3.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Bayan 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙasa, yana kwarara zuwa babban [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|madatsar ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> A ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Olifants a saman madatsar ruwa ta Arabie. == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin == * [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rust de Winter]] * [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]] == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Fayil:Elandsrivier,_brug_by_Kameelrivier,_Uitvlucht,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|alt=The Elands just upstream of Rust de Winter Dam| Elands kawai a saman madatsar ruwa ta [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]] Fayil:Swemkuil_in_Elandsrivier,_Little_Eden,_a.jpg|alt=A rock pool in a tributary in the Bankenveld, which is likewise known as Elands River| Tafkin dutse a cikin wani magudanar ruwa a Bankenveld, wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Elnds </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523075847/http://www.golimpopo.com/park/nature-reserves/rust-de-winter-reserve.html Rust De Winter Nature Reserve, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] h97ow1jsmmkia285s9xbgv9557rfdq7 843994 843993 2026-05-31T13:01:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 843994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne a tsohon yankin Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben Kogin Olifants, wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Limpopo]]. == Kwarara == Kogin Elands ya samo asali ne daga yammacin Bronkhorstspruit, Lardin Gauteng, yana kwarara zuwa arewa sannan ya karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]], inda Rust De Winter Nature Reserve yake.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_3.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Bayan 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙasa, yana kwarara zuwa babban [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|madatsar ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> A ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Olifants a saman madatsar ruwa ta Arabie. == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin == * [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rust de Winter]] * [[Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop|Madatsar Ruwa ta Rhenosterkop]] == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Fayil:Elandsrivier,_brug_by_Kameelrivier,_Uitvlucht,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|alt=The Elands just upstream of Rust de Winter Dam| Elands kawai a saman madatsar ruwa ta [[Dam ɗin Rust de Winter|Rust de Winter Dam]] Fayil:Swemkuil_in_Elandsrivier,_Little_Eden,_a.jpg|alt=A rock pool in a tributary in the Bankenveld, which is likewise known as Elands River| Tafkin dutse a cikin wani magudanar ruwa a Bankenveld, wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Elnds </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523075847/http://www.golimpopo.com/park/nature-reserves/rust-de-winter-reserve.html Rust De Winter Nature Reserve, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] k3hunrxloqx97o5wo35jl7jeln0top5 0 153708 843995 2026-05-31T13:36:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310979083|Kompienga Dam]]" 843995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Kompienga''' babban [[madatsar ruwa]] ne a Lardin Kompienga a kudu maso gabashin [[Burkina Faso]] . An gina shi tsakanin 1985 da 1988, shi ne madatsar ruwa ta farko a kasar kuma yana da alhakin yawancin samar da wutar lantarki a [[Ouagadougou]]. Baƙi na iya samun izini don ziyartar ɗakin kula da madatsar ruwan daga hukumar lantarki ta jihar.<ref>Burkina Faso Case Study Archived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, UNU, Retrieved on June 17, 2008</ref> == Manazarta == 2njuwlf17vlyjeobtytez0ieqf56n4a 843996 843995 2026-05-31T13:36:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 843996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Kompienga''' babban [[madatsar ruwa]] ne a Lardin Kompienga a kudu maso gabashin [[Burkina Faso]] . An gina shi tsakanin 1985 da 1988, shi ne madatsar ruwa ta farko a kasar kuma yana da alhakin yawancin samar da wutar lantarki a [[Ouagadougou]]. Baƙi na iya samun izini don ziyartar ɗakin kula da madatsar ruwan daga hukumar lantarki ta jihar.<ref>Burkina Faso Case Study Archived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, UNU, Retrieved on June 17, 2008</ref> == Manazarta == p35cto36pygxi1bu3au959vk1xqnqde 0 153709 843997 2026-05-31T13:38:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295636478|Burkina Faso at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships]]" 843997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Burkina Faso]]''' ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2011 a [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]] tsakanin 16 da 31 ga Yuli, 2011. == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta cancanci masu iyo 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swimming Archive |url=http://www.omegatiming.com/index_home.htm#swimming/racearchives/2011/shanghai2011/SW_Shanghai2011_by_events.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902033907/http://www.omegatiming.com/index_home.htm#swimming/racearchives/2011/shanghai2011/SW_Shanghai2011_by_events.htm |archive-date=2011-09-02 |access-date=2011-07-31}}</ref> ; Maza {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinals ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |Adama Ouedraogo |50 m freestyle | align="center" |25.33 | align="center" |66 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |100 m butterfly | align="center" |1:03.29 | align="center" |62 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |} ; Mata {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinals ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo|Angelika Sita Ouedraogo]] |50 m freestyle | align="center" |33.54 | align="center" |75 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |50 m nono | align="center" |40.93 | align="center" |30 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- | rowspan="2" |[[Ingrid Outtara]] |50 m freestyle | align="center" |44.43 | align="center" |85 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |50 m nono | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Abbr|DSQ|Disqualified}} | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == eimoiwgrqg9g7fd1hrsr3jdnysysutb 843998 843997 2026-05-31T13:39:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 843998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Burkina Faso]]''' ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2011 a [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]] tsakanin 16 da 31 ga Yuli, 2011. == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta cancanci masu iyo 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swimming Archive |url=http://www.omegatiming.com/index_home.htm#swimming/racearchives/2011/shanghai2011/SW_Shanghai2011_by_events.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902033907/http://www.omegatiming.com/index_home.htm#swimming/racearchives/2011/shanghai2011/SW_Shanghai2011_by_events.htm |archive-date=2011-09-02 |access-date=2011-07-31}}</ref> ; Maza {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinals ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |Adama Ouedraogo |50 m freestyle | align="center" |25.33 | align="center" |66 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |100 m butterfly | align="center" |1:03.29 | align="center" |62 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |} ; Mata {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinals ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo|Angelika Sita Ouedraogo]] |50 m freestyle | align="center" |33.54 | align="center" |75 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |50 m nono | align="center" |40.93 | align="center" |30 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- | rowspan="2" |[[Ingrid Outtara]] |50 m freestyle | align="center" |44.43 | align="center" |85 | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |- |50 m nono | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Abbr|DSQ|Disqualified}} | colspan="4" align="center" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == 8udfn6x4nz9w811g8omcsga9ibhi762 0 153710 843999 2026-05-31T13:40:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295636414|Burkina Faso at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]]" 843999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Burkina Faso]]''' ta fafata a '''Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013''' a [[Barcelona]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] daga 19 ga Yuli zuwa 4 ga Agusta 2013.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta cancanci wurare 4 na wasan motsa jiki masu zuwa: ; Maza {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Tarnagda Hamadou]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle |31.10 |103 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Thierry Sawadogo]] | align="left" |50 m nono |34.60 |74 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} ; Mata {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle |31.68 |76 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |50 m nono |39.58 |71 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == kdmfjtnmf78u3u2vaoy44vv1vgc6ah9 844000 843999 2026-05-31T13:41:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 844000 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Burkina Faso]]''' ta fafata a '''Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013''' a [[Barcelona]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] daga 19 ga Yuli zuwa 4 ga Agusta 2013.<ref>"BCN 2013 Burkina Faso's Swimming Team". Barcelona 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013</ref> == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta cancanci wurare 4 na wasan motsa jiki masu zuwa: ; Maza {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Tarnagda Hamadou]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle |31.10 |103 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Thierry Sawadogo]] | align="left" |50 m nono |34.60 |74 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} ; Mata {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle |31.68 |76 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |50 m nono |39.58 |71 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == gqje3vgv9en3w5zpa8q2xtg8bytcy1s 0 153711 844001 2026-05-31T13:42:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295637414|Burkina Faso at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships]]" 844001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Burkina Faso]] ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017 a [[Budapest]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]] daga 14 ga Yuli zuwa 30 ga Yuli. == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta sami gayyatar Universality daga FINA don aika masu iyo uku (maza biyu da mace daya) zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=Entry List by Nation (Swimming) |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009194651/http://www.omegatiming.com/file/download/?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=www.omegatiming.com |publisher=[[Omega Timing]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | align="left" |Tindwende Sawadogo | align="left" |Matsayin maza na mita 50 |32.38 |67 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Roland Zouetaba]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle na maza |29.53 |117 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo]] | align="left" |Wasan mata na mita 50 |29.38 |67 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |Matsayin mata na mita 50 |37.89 |44 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == ezodepbgt8i2t5ohqt5huojbo0l30by 844002 844001 2026-05-31T13:42:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 844002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Burkina Faso]] ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017 a [[Budapest]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]] daga 14 ga Yuli zuwa 30 ga Yuli. == Yin iyo == Burkina Faso ta sami gayyatar Universality daga FINA don aika masu iyo uku (maza biyu da mace daya) zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=Entry List by Nation (Swimming) |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009194651/http://www.omegatiming.com/file/download/?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=www.omegatiming.com |publisher=[[Omega Timing]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Mai tsere ! rowspan="2" |Abin da ya faru ! colspan="2" |Zafin zafi ! colspan="2" |Semifinal ! colspan="2" |Ƙarshe |- style="font-size:95%" !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi !Lokaci !Matsayi |- align="center" | align="left" |Tindwende Sawadogo | align="left" |Matsayin maza na mita 50 |32.38 |67 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |[[Roland Zouetaba]] | align="left" |50 m freestyle na maza |29.53 |117 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Angelika Ouedraogo]] | align="left" |Wasan mata na mita 50 |29.38 |67 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |- align="center" | align="left" |Matsayin mata na mita 50 |37.89 |44 | colspan="4" |bai ci gaba ba |} == Manazarta == nl45p1cad8f2ojdyy0tb1nryup7smyh 0 153712 844003 2026-05-31T13:46:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272532610|Bouche du Roy]]" 844003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Jean_Barbot_Grand_Popo_map_1686.jpg|thumb|Hoton Grand-Popo da wani ɓangare na Bouche du Roy (1686) ]] Bouche du Roy wani kogi ne a [[Benin]] inda [[Kogin Mono]], [[Grand-Popo lagoon]], da [[Tafkin Ahémé]] ke gudana cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] . {{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Ya zuwa 2016, an kafa wani yanki mai kariya a wani ɓangare na Bouche du Roy. == Tarihi == === Nomenclature da bayanin === Sunan Bouche du Roy wani nau'i ne na kalmar Portuguese {{Lang|pt|Boca do rio}} (baki na kogi). An kuma kira jikin ruwa da sunaye daban-daban, kamar "Papoues" a karni na 16 da "River of the Popos" a karni nke 17.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Ma'anar inda Bouche du Roy ya buɗe zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ya canza a cikin tarihi.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Rashin zurfin buɗewa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin kuma saboda haka yana da sauƙin tafiya zuwa [[Kwale-kwale|Jiragen ruwa]] a lokacin ruwan sama, amma yana da wuyar wucewa a lokacin fari.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, ruwan da ke kewaye da shi yana kumbura da ruwa mai laushi kuma Bouche du Roy yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar fita zuwa teku.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Matsayin ruwa mafi girma ya juya ƙasar da ta cika da ruwa zuwa maras kyau kuma wani lokacin yana haifar da tashoshin wucin gadi tare da yashi daga tafkin zuwa cikin teku.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A lokacin fari, Bouche du Roy yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar shiga teku kuma jikin ruwa zai sami Kifi na ruwan gishiri.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A tarihi, [[Hula people|Mutanen Hula]] sun [[Gishiri|samar da gishiri]] daga ɓangarorin da suka bushe a kusa da lagoons a lokacin fari.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Bouche du Roy ya zama iyaka tsakanin [[Hula kingdom|Masarautar Hula]] da sauran siyasa, kamar Masarautar Hueda da [[Dahomey]] . {{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} === Tasirin al'adu === Yankin {{Lang|fr|[[La Bouche du Roi (artwork)|La Bouche du Roi]]}} na ɗan wasan Benin Romuald Hazoumè an sanya masa suna ne bayan wannan bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carrying the past into the present: Romuald Hazoumé, 'La Bouche du Roi' |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/1807commemorated/exhibitions/art/labouche.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=archives.history.ac.uk}}</ref> == Karewa == Wani bangare na Bouche du Roy yana karewa ta yankin kiyaye halittu na La Bouche duroy. An kafa yankin kariya na IUCN Category VI a cikin 2016 kuma gida ne ga nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, kamar su Manatee na Afirka, otter ba tare da clawless na Afirka ba, da tururuwar teku ta Leatherback.{{Sfn|Eco-Benin|2017}} == Manazarta == fomcmk2z26b2jce4guc1tma51h7boy2 844004 844003 2026-05-31T13:46:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 844004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Jean_Barbot_Grand_Popo_map_1686.jpg|thumb|Hoton Grand-Popo da wani ɓangare na Bouche du Roy (1686) ]] Bouche du Roy wani kogi ne a [[Benin]] inda [[Kogin Mono]], [[Grand-Popo lagoon]], da [[Tafkin Ahémé]] ke gudana cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] . {{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Ya zuwa 2016, an kafa wani yanki mai kariya a wani ɓangare na Bouche du Roy. == Tarihi == === Nomenclature da bayanin === Sunan Bouche du Roy wani nau'i ne na kalmar Portuguese {{Lang|pt|Boca do rio}} (baki na kogi). An kuma kira jikin ruwa da sunaye daban-daban, kamar "Papoues" a karni na 16 da "River of the Popos" a karni nke 17.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Ma'anar inda Bouche du Roy ya buɗe zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ya canza a cikin tarihi.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Rashin zurfin buɗewa ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin kuma saboda haka yana da sauƙin tafiya zuwa [[Kwale-kwale|Jiragen ruwa]] a lokacin ruwan sama, amma yana da wuyar wucewa a lokacin fari.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, ruwan da ke kewaye da shi yana kumbura da ruwa mai laushi kuma Bouche du Roy yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar fita zuwa teku.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Matsayin ruwa mafi girma ya juya ƙasar da ta cika da ruwa zuwa maras kyau kuma wani lokacin yana haifar da tashoshin wucin gadi tare da yashi daga tafkin zuwa cikin teku.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A lokacin fari, Bouche du Roy yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar shiga teku kuma jikin ruwa zai sami Kifi na ruwan gishiri.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} A tarihi, [[Hula people|Mutanen Hula]] sun [[Gishiri|samar da gishiri]] daga ɓangarorin da suka bushe a kusa da lagoons a lokacin fari.{{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} Bouche du Roy ya zama iyaka tsakanin [[Hula kingdom|Masarautar Hula]] da sauran siyasa, kamar Masarautar Hueda da [[Dahomey]] . {{Sfn|Strickrodt|2015}} === Tasirin al'adu === Yankin {{Lang|fr|[[La Bouche du Roi (artwork)|La Bouche du Roi]]}} na ɗan wasan Benin Romuald Hazoumè an sanya masa suna ne bayan wannan bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carrying the past into the present: Romuald Hazoumé, 'La Bouche du Roi' |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/1807commemorated/exhibitions/art/labouche.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=archives.history.ac.uk}}</ref> == Karewa == Wani bangare na Bouche du Roy yana karewa ta yankin kiyaye halittu na La Bouche duroy. An kafa yankin kariya na IUCN Category VI a cikin 2016 kuma gida ne ga nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, kamar su Manatee na Afirka, otter ba tare da clawless na Afirka ba, da tururuwar teku ta Leatherback.{{Sfn|Eco-Benin|2017}} == Manazarta == cg7frnw4gtzire9w5sn6cf722brqf4j 0 153713 844005 2026-05-31T13:49:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356997642|Annobón]]" 844005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annobón''' (Spanish: [] i; Portuguese: Ano-Bom) [[Equatorial Guinea]]">lardin Equatorial Guinea ne . Lardin ya kunshi tsibirin Annobón da tsibirai da ke hade da shi a [[Tekun Guinea]] . Annobón ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta lardin Equatorial Guinea a duka yanki da yawan jama'a. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2015, Annobón tana da mazauna 5,323, karamin karuwar yawan jama'a daga 5,008 da aka yi rajista ta ƙididdigal na shekara ta 2001. Harshen hukuma shine amma yawancin mazauna suna magana da nau'in Creole na Portuguese. Babban masana'antun tsibirin shine kamun kifi da gandun daji.{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}}{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}}{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}} Annobón ita ce tsibiri ɗaya tilo a ƙasar da ke a yankin Kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Babban birnin lardin shine San Antonio de Palé a gefen arewa na tsibirin. Akwai wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka uku; Mabana, San Pedro da Aual. Tun daga shekarar 1911, wasu jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa sun ziyarci don neman ruwa da abinci mai kyau, wanda Annobón ke bayarwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, babu jigilar kaya akai-akai zuwa sauran Equatorial Guinea, kuma jiragen ruwa ba sa yin kira akai-akai kamar kowane watanni kaɗan. == Sunan == Annobón ta samo sunanta daga Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki>. An sanya wa tsibirin suna ne don ranar da Portuguese suka gano shi a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a cikin 1473. An riga an san lardin da suna ''Anno Bom'' ko ''Annabona.'' A cikin shekarun karshe na gwamnatin Francisco Macías Nguema, an kira tsibirin ''Pigalu'' ko ''Pagalu'', daga ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> na Portuguese. == Tarihi == Mutanen Fotigal ne suka gano tsibirin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1473; ya sami sunansa daga wannan ranar ("Sabon Shekara"). [5] Koyaya, mai binciken Mutanen Espanya Diego Ramirez de la Diaz ya fara ganin tsibirin a cikin 1470 kuma ya ba shi suna San Antonio . A bayyane yake ba a zaune ba har sai an mallake shi a ƙarƙashin Portuguese daga 1474, da farko ta bayi na Afirka daga [[Angola]] ta hanyar Tsibirin São Tomé. Wadannan bayi (waɗanda Portuguese suka kira {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) ana ɗaukar su mambobi na farko na al'ummar Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Da farko a farkon karni na 16, da yawa daga cikin wadannan bayi waɗanda yanzu ke auren Turawa sun haifi tsararraki masu zuwa na Annobonese waɗanda ake kira {{Lang|pt|forros}} (bayin da ke gab da zama 'yanci). Forros ya fara bunkasa bambancin ainihi da ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga fitowar harshen [[Annobonese Creole]]. An ba da tsibirin ga Spain ta Yarjejeniyar El Pardo ta 1778. Yarjejeniyar ta ba Spain iko da tsibirin Portugal na Annobón da Fernando Po (yanzu Bioko) da kuma bakin tekun [[Gini|Guinea]] tsakanin [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]] da [[Kogin Ogooué|Ogooué]] don musayar amincewar Mutanen Espanya game da mamayar yankuna na Portugal a [[Brazil]] a yammacin layin da Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas ta kafa. Ƙasar mulkin mallaka ta Mutanen Espanya da aka kafa ta haka za a san ta da Guinea ta Mutanen Spain. Jama'ar tsibirin sun yi adawa da shirin kuma suna adawa da Mutanen Espanya. Bayan mika mulki kuma lokacin da aka ɗaga tutar Mutanen Espanya don tabbatar da ikon mallakar Mutanen Espanya, mazauna tsibirin sun tayar da sababbin masu zuwa, a wani bangare saboda an dauke su 'yan ridda don sanya karnuka a kan tutar su (ainihin ƙirar tana wakiltar zakuna). Sun kore su bisa ga al'adar jefa mayu cikin teku.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web |title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico |url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> Yanayin rikici ya biyo baya, wanda ya haifar da wani tsari wanda ke gudanar da tsibirin ta hanyar 'yan asalin biyar, kowannensu yana da ofishin gwamna a lokacin da ya wuce har sai jiragen ruwa goma suka sauka a tsibirin.[6] Wannan gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta ta ci gaba, tare da tsibirin da Spain da Portugal suka yi ikirarin, har sai an sake kafa ikon Spain a ƙarshen karni na 19. [6][5] Tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Elobey, Annobón da Corisco har zuwa 1909. == Manazarta == cczyqrac1dfmo16czvqjcws2d0e3m5c 844006 844005 2026-05-31T13:49:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 844006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annobón''' (Spanish: [] i; Portuguese: Ano-Bom) [[Equatorial Guinea]]">lardin Equatorial Guinea ne . Lardin ya kunshi tsibirin Annobón da tsibirai da ke hade da shi a [[Tekun Guinea]] . Annobón ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta lardin Equatorial Guinea a duka yanki da yawan jama'a. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2015, Annobón tana da mazauna 5,323, karamin karuwar yawan jama'a daga 5,008 da aka yi rajista ta ƙididdigal na shekara ta 2001. Harshen hukuma shine amma yawancin mazauna suna magana da nau'in Creole na Portuguese. Babban masana'antun tsibirin shine kamun kifi da gandun daji.{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}}{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}}{{IPA|es|anoˈβon|lang|Pronunciation of Annobón in Spanish.ogg}} Annobón ita ce tsibiri ɗaya tilo a ƙasar da ke a yankin Kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Babban birnin lardin shine San Antonio de Palé a gefen arewa na tsibirin. Akwai wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka uku; Mabana, San Pedro da Aual. Tun daga shekarar 1911, wasu jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa sun ziyarci don neman ruwa da abinci mai kyau, wanda Annobón ke bayarwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, babu jigilar kaya akai-akai zuwa sauran Equatorial Guinea, kuma jiragen ruwa ba sa yin kira akai-akai kamar kowane watanni kaɗan. == Sunan == Annobón ta samo sunanta daga Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki>. An sanya wa tsibirin suna ne don ranar da Portuguese suka gano shi a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara a cikin 1473. An riga an san lardin da suna ''Anno Bom'' ko ''Annabona.'' A cikin shekarun karshe na gwamnatin Francisco Macías Nguema, an kira tsibirin ''Pigalu'' ko ''Pagalu'', daga ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> na Portuguese. == Tarihi == Mutanen Fotigal ne suka gano tsibirin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1473; ya sami sunansa daga wannan ranar ("Sabon Shekara"). [5] Koyaya, mai binciken Mutanen Espanya Diego Ramirez de la Diaz ya fara ganin tsibirin a cikin 1470 kuma ya ba shi suna San Antonio . A bayyane yake ba a zaune ba har sai an mallake shi a ƙarƙashin Portuguese daga 1474, da farko ta bayi na Afirka daga [[Angola]] ta hanyar Tsibirin São Tomé. Wadannan bayi (waɗanda Portuguese suka kira {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) ana ɗaukar su mambobi na farko na al'ummar Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Da farko a farkon karni na 16, da yawa daga cikin wadannan bayi waɗanda yanzu ke auren Turawa sun haifi tsararraki masu zuwa na Annobonese waɗanda ake kira {{Lang|pt|forros}} (bayin da ke gab da zama 'yanci). Forros ya fara bunkasa bambancin ainihi da ikon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga fitowar harshen [[Annobonese Creole]]. An ba da tsibirin ga Spain ta Yarjejeniyar El Pardo ta 1778. Yarjejeniyar ta ba Spain iko da tsibirin Portugal na Annobón da Fernando Po (yanzu Bioko) da kuma bakin tekun [[Gini|Guinea]] tsakanin [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]] da [[Kogin Ogooué|Ogooué]] don musayar amincewar Mutanen Espanya game da mamayar yankuna na Portugal a [[Brazil]] a yammacin layin da Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas ta kafa. Ƙasar mulkin mallaka ta Mutanen Espanya da aka kafa ta haka za a san ta da Guinea ta Mutanen Spain. Jama'ar tsibirin sun yi adawa da shirin kuma suna adawa da Mutanen Espanya. Bayan mika mulki kuma lokacin da aka ɗaga tutar Mutanen Espanya don tabbatar da ikon mallakar Mutanen Espanya, mazauna tsibirin sun tayar da sababbin masu zuwa, a wani bangare saboda an dauke su 'yan ridda don sanya karnuka a kan tutar su (ainihin ƙirar tana wakiltar zakuna). Sun kore su bisa ga al'adar jefa mayu cikin teku.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web |title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico |url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> Yanayin rikici ya biyo baya, wanda ya haifar da wani tsari wanda ke gudanar da tsibirin ta hanyar 'yan asalin biyar, kowannensu yana da ofishin gwamna a lokacin da ya wuce har sai jiragen ruwa goma suka sauka a tsibirin.[6] Wannan gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta ta ci gaba, tare da tsibirin da Spain da Portugal suka yi ikirarin, har sai an sake kafa ikon Spain a ƙarshen karni na 19. [6][5] Tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Elobey, Annobón da Corisco har zuwa 1909. == Manazarta == okjd31lx8i5s3eld4e7dxnwuhw74rri 0 153714 844007 2026-05-31T13:51:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355296662|Arrowhead dogfish]]" 844007 wikitext text/x-wiki Kifi mai zurfi ('''''Deania profundorum''''') ƙaramin kifi ne mai zurfi na iyali Centrophoridae.<ref>Finucci, B.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Deania profundorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T161551A44016720. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161551A44016720.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> == Halayen jiki == Kifi na arrowhead yana da hanci mai tsawo sosai, babu ƙuƙwalwar hanci, ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa na farko da na baya mai tsawo, da kuma ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa. Finin dorsal na farko yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma an sanya shi sama a baya. Wannan shine mafiƙanƙanta daga cikin nau'in ''Deania'', tare da matsakaicin tsawon 76 cm kawai.&nbsp; == Rarraba == Ana samunsa a cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] a kusa da [[Filipin|Philippines]], a cikin Yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] daga Carolinas, a Gabashin Tekun Atlantiki duk tare da gabar yammacin [[Afirka]], da kuma a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Halin da mazaunin == Wannan shark wani nau'in ruwa ne mai zurfi wanda ba a san shi sosai ba wanda ke zaune a zurfin tsakanin 300 da 1,785 m. Yana da ovoviviparous tare da yara biyar zuwa bakwai a kowace litter. Yana cin kifi mai ƙasusuwa, squid, da crustaceans. == Manazarta == mfsce12m5vkwb6zko3zgwof2dt6wl8v 844008 844007 2026-05-31T13:52:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 844008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kifi mai zurfi ('''''Deania profundorum''''') ƙaramin kifi ne mai zurfi na iyalin Centrophoridae.<ref>Finucci, B.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Deania profundorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T161551A44016720. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161551A44016720.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> == Halayen jiki == Kifi na arrowhead yana da hanci mai tsawo sosai, babu ƙuƙwalwar hanci, ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa na farko da na baya mai tsawo, da kuma ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa. Finin dorsal na farko yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma an sanya shi sama a baya. Wannan shine mafiƙanƙanta daga cikin nau'in ''Deania'', tare da matsakaicin tsawon 76 cm kawai.&nbsp; == Rarraba == Ana samunsa a cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]] a kusa da [[Filipin|Philippines]], a cikin Yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] daga Carolinas, a Gabashin Tekun Atlantiki duk tare da gabar yammacin [[Afirka]], da kuma a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Halin da mazaunin == Wannan shark wani nau'in ruwa ne mai zurfi wanda ba a san shi sosai ba wanda ke zaune a zurfin tsakanin 300 da 1,785 m. Yana da ovoviviparous tare da yara biyar zuwa bakwai a kowace litter. Yana cin kifi mai ƙasusuwa, squid, da crustaceans. == Manazarta == jtfzopd800wi2y48pszawhr66dncjfm 0 153715 844009 2026-05-31T14:03:14Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350309742|Stacey Bailey]]" 844009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhimmin daftarin da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stacey Baily College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/stacey-bailey-1.html |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=Sports-References.com}}</ref> An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe. === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ "Stacey Bailey"]. ''FootballUniversity.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] iuydavxaigcaaiwv7wfzuhqrj15k1n7 844010 844009 2026-05-31T14:04:12Z Aluja 30485 844010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stacey Baily College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/stacey-bailey-1.html |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=Sports-References.com}}</ref> An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe. === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ "Stacey Bailey"]. ''FootballUniversity.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] ski51m98hx8co28i8eakl9zzb9xxeq2 844011 844010 2026-05-31T14:04:46Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 844011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida. An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe. === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ "Stacey Bailey"]. ''FootballUniversity.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] kddcpbt6fvv5ay8768i1non5pwcqol4 844012 844011 2026-05-31T14:06:10Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 844012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida. An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe. === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] s9snzaii6lpl1qm6i84ws5n7onvz04x 844013 844012 2026-05-31T14:06:45Z Aluja 30485 844013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida. An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe. === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] bfilesr8fxowbbde9dicssudwrmapaq 844014 844013 2026-05-31T14:07:41Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan sana'a */ 844014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida. An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990. An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transactions, Football, National Football League |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9117205/transactions_football_national/ |newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=September 4, 1990 |page=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=February 22, 2017}} {{free access}}</ref> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 3mrivmyzmgpcgl5hn4q2i6ktflt7bwl 844015 844014 2026-05-31T14:08:51Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan sana'a */ 844015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida. An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football Transactions |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9116747/football_transactions_santa_cruz/ |newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=October 7, 1990 |page=26 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=February 22, 2017}} {{free access}}</ref> An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transactions, Football, National Football League |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9117205/transactions_football_national/ |newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=September 4, 1990 |page=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=February 22, 2017}} {{free access}}</ref> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] k722hsxwy7cc2ln9wkqjj3jrj3l9epl 844016 844015 2026-05-31T14:10:11Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 844016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stacey Dwayne Bailey''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin gasar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga San Jose State Spartans . An zaba shi a zagaye na uku na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons . == Rayuwa ta farko == Bailey ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Terra Linda a San Rafael, California kuma ta kasance mai ba da wasiƙa a kwallon kafa. Daga nan sai ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. A matsayinsa na Taron shiga a shekarar 1978, ya bayyana a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 23 don yadudduka 354. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a shekarar 1979, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin karɓar 44 don yadudduka 674 da touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1980, a matsayin ƙarami, ya bayyana a wasanni 11. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 686 da kuma touchdowns hudu. Don kakar, an kira shi All-Conference . <ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i a shekarar 1981, ya fito a wasanni 12. Ya yi rikodin liyafa 27 don yadudduka 517 da kuma touchdowns shida.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/stacey-bailey-1.html |title=Stacey Baily College Stats |website=Sports-References.com |access-date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> An kuma kira shi All-American da All-Conference . <ref name="FBU" /> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="3" |Lokacin ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1978 |SJS |12 |23 |654 |15.4 | -- |0 |- |1979 |SJS |11|| {{Yes|44}} |674 |15.3 | -- |3 |- |1980 |SJS |11 |30|| {{Yes|686}} || {{Yes|22.9}} | -- |4 |- |1981 |SJS |12 |27 |517 |19.1 | --|| {{Yes|6}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[http://www.arenafan.com/players/Steve_Smith-2965/ Ayyuka] !46 !124 !2,231 !18.0 !-- !13 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == An zaɓi Bailey a zagaye na uku (63rd overall) na shirin NFL na 1982 ta Atlanta Falcons. A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar. Ya yi rikodin liyafa biyu don yadudduka 24 da kuma touchdown daya. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a wasanni 14 (12 farawa). Ya yi rikodin karɓar 55 don yadudduka 881 da kuma touchdown shida. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, 1984 ya kasance mafi kyawun kididdigarsa, da kuma cikakken kakar wasanni 16 kawai. Ya fara dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta 67 receptions for 1,138 yadudduka da shida touchdowns. A shekara ta 1985, ya bayyana a wasanni 15 (13 farawa). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 30 don yadudduka 364. A shekara ta 1986, ya bayyana a wasanni shida (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa uku don yadudduka 39. A shekara ta 1987, ya bayyana a wasanni bakwai (farawa shida). Ya yi rikodin liyafa 20 don yadudduka 325 da kuma touchdowns uku. A shekara ta 1988, ya fara dukkan wasannin 10 da ya bayyana a ciki. Ya yi rikodin 17 receptions for 437 yadudduka kuma, biyu na karshe touchdowns na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1989, ya bayyana a wasanni 15. Ya yi rikodin liyafa takwas don yadudduka 170. A shekara ta 1990, ya bayyana a wasanni uku kawai (farawa daya). Ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 44 kafin kakar sa ta ƙare ta hanyar rauni, a watan Oktoba 1990.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football Transactions |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9116747/football_transactions_santa_cruz/ |newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=October 7, 1990 |page=26 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=February 22, 2017}} {{free access}}</ref> An sake shi a watan Satumbar 1990 a lokacin yankewa na karshe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transactions, Football, National Football League |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9117205/transactions_football_national/ |newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=September 4, 1990 |page=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=February 22, 2017}} {{free access}}</ref> === Kididdigar aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center; width:45%;" ! colspan="4" |Lokacin ! colspan="6" |Karɓar |- !Shekara !Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|GS|Games started}} !{{Tooltip|Rec|Receptions}} !{{Tooltip|Yds|Receiving yards}} !{{Tooltip|Avg|Yards-per-reception}} !{{Tooltip|Lng.|Longest pass reception}} !{{Tooltip|TD|Receiving touchdowns}} |- |1982 |ATL |5 |0 |2 |24 |12.0 |15 |0 |- |1983 |ATL |14 |12 |55 |881 |16.0 |53|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1984 |ATL |16 |16|| {{Yes|67}} || {{Yes|1,138}} |17.0 |61|| {{Yes|6}} |- |1985 |ATL |15 |12 |30 |364 |12.1 |31 |0 |- |1986 |ATL |6 |1 |3 |39 |13.0 |21 |0 |- |1987 |ATL |7 |6 |20 |325 |16.3 |35 |3 |- |1988 |ATL |10 |10 |17 |437|| {{Yes|25.7}} || {{Yes|68}} |2 |- |1989 |ATL |15 |0 |8 |170 |21.3 |41 |0 |- |1990 |ATL |3 |1 |4 |44 |11.0 |13 |0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="2" |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BailSt00.htm Ayyuka] !91 !59 !206 !3,422 !16.6 !65 !18 |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, Bailey malami ne a Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa.<ref name="FBU">{{Cite web |title=Stacey Bailey |url=http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=FootballUniversity.org}}</ref> Ɗansa, Sean, ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Jami'ar Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2005 |title=Sean Bailey, Bryan McClendon: A second generation of Georgia wide receivers |url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/082805/3252575.shtml#.WK5V4_K50dY |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=SavannahNow.com |publisher=[[Savannah Morning News]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://footballuniversity.org/coach/stacey-bailey/ Tarihin Jami'ar Kwallon Kafa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 7yz4jyku4gosvh5nsnfnbr5trbedqkw 0 153716 844017 2026-05-31T14:15:20Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334720983|Jacori Hayes]]" 844017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacori Hayes''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1995) 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka. Hayes yawanci ana tura shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. == Ayyuka == === Kwaleji === Hayes ya girma ne a yankin Prince George, Maryland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes: Thoughts on the Last Week &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/jacori-hayes-thoughts-last-week}}</ref> Ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru hudu ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . A Wake Forest, ya buga wasanni 84, ya zira kwallaye 15 kuma ya taimaka 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes Bio |url=http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |website=Wake Forest Athletics}}</ref> === Kwararru === Hayes was selected by FC Dallas in the first round of the 2017 MLS SuperDraft on January 13, 2017.<ref name="hayes drafted">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2017 |title=FC Dallas Selects Midfielder Jacori Hayes No. 18 Overall in 2017 MLS SuperDraft |url=http://www.fcdallas.com/post/2017/01/13/fc-dallas-selects-midfielder-jacori-hayes-no-18-overall-2017-mls-superdraft |access-date=January 26, 2017 |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> He made his professional debut in FCD's match against Sporting Kansas City on March 11, 2017. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2018, Hayes ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar MLS a wasan da suka fafata da New England Revolution.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">kkkk&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An sayar da Hayes zuwa Minnesota United a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2020, don musayar zagaye na uku na MLS SuperDraft. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MNUFC Trades For Jacori Hayes &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/mnufc-trades-jacori-hayes |website=MNUFC}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2022, Minnesota ta ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota United 2022 End of Season Roster Update {{!}} Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/minnesota-united-2022-end-of-season-roster-update |website=MNUFC |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2023, Hayes ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar USL Championship ta San Antonio FC a gaban kakar 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAN ANTONIO FC SIGNS MIDFIELDER JACORI HAYES |url=https://www.sanantoniofc.com/news/2023/03/07/san-antonio-fc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/}}</ref> Hayes ya shiga kungiyar North Carolina FC a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2023, kafin dawowar kulob din zuwa Gasar USL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCFC signs midfielder Jacori Hayes |url=https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news/2023/12/18/ncfc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=NorthCarolinaFC.com |publisher=[[North Carolina FC]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dajin farkawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin ACC: 2016 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * All-ACC Freshman Team: 2013 * All-ACC First Team: 2015, 2016 * NSCAA All-South Region Team na biyu: 2015, 2016 * Kungiyar Gasar ACC: 2015, 2016 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Jacori HayesaUSL League One * Jacori HayesaBabban Kwallon Kafa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html Jacori Hayes] a cikin Wake ForestDajin farkawa * {{Soccerway|jacori-hayes/475987}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] fg8qpwisrikvbnm2fi2iynt046or9rg 844018 844017 2026-05-31T14:16:17Z Aluja 30485 /* Kwararru */ 844018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacori Hayes''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1995) 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka. Hayes yawanci ana tura shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. == Ayyuka == === Kwaleji === Hayes ya girma ne a yankin Prince George, Maryland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes: Thoughts on the Last Week &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/jacori-hayes-thoughts-last-week}}</ref> Ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru hudu ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . A Wake Forest, ya buga wasanni 84, ya zira kwallaye 15 kuma ya taimaka 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes Bio |url=http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |website=Wake Forest Athletics}}</ref> === Kwararru === Hayes was selected by FC Dallas in the first round of the 2017 MLS SuperDraft on January 13, 2017.<ref name="hayes drafted">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2017 |title=FC Dallas Selects Midfielder Jacori Hayes No. 18 Overall in 2017 MLS SuperDraft |url=http://www.fcdallas.com/post/2017/01/13/fc-dallas-selects-midfielder-jacori-hayes-no-18-overall-2017-mls-superdraft |access-date=January 26, 2017 |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> He made his professional debut in FCD's match against Sporting Kansas City on March 11, 2017. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2018, Hayes ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar MLS a wasan da suka fafata da New England Revolution. An sayar da Hayes zuwa Minnesota United a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2020, don musayar zagaye na uku na MLS SuperDraft. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MNUFC Trades For Jacori Hayes &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/mnufc-trades-jacori-hayes |website=MNUFC}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2022, Minnesota ta ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota United 2022 End of Season Roster Update {{!}} Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/minnesota-united-2022-end-of-season-roster-update |website=MNUFC |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2023, Hayes ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar USL Championship ta San Antonio FC a gaban kakar 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAN ANTONIO FC SIGNS MIDFIELDER JACORI HAYES |url=https://www.sanantoniofc.com/news/2023/03/07/san-antonio-fc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/}}</ref> Hayes ya shiga kungiyar North Carolina FC a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2023, kafin dawowar kulob din zuwa Gasar USL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCFC signs midfielder Jacori Hayes |url=https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news/2023/12/18/ncfc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=NorthCarolinaFC.com |publisher=[[North Carolina FC]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dajin farkawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin ACC: 2016 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * All-ACC Freshman Team: 2013 * All-ACC First Team: 2015, 2016 * NSCAA All-South Region Team na biyu: 2015, 2016 * Kungiyar Gasar ACC: 2015, 2016 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Jacori HayesaUSL League One * Jacori HayesaBabban Kwallon Kafa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html Jacori Hayes] a cikin Wake ForestDajin farkawa * {{Soccerway|jacori-hayes/475987}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] pkjwe6leu3c5b23brn1a56aqui01u6e 844019 844018 2026-05-31T14:16:45Z Aluja 30485 844019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jacori Hayes''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1995) 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ce ta Amurka. Hayes yawanci ana tura shi a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. == Ayyuka == === Kwaleji === Hayes ya girma ne a yankin Prince George, Maryland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes: Thoughts on the Last Week &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/jacori-hayes-thoughts-last-week}}</ref> Ya kasance mai farawa na shekaru hudu ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . A Wake Forest, ya buga wasanni 84, ya zira kwallaye 15 kuma ya taimaka 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacori Hayes Bio |url=http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |website=Wake Forest Athletics}}</ref> === Kwararru === Hayes was selected by FC Dallas in the first round of the 2017 MLS SuperDraft on January 13, 2017.<ref name="hayes drafted">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2017 |title=FC Dallas Selects Midfielder Jacori Hayes No. 18 Overall in 2017 MLS SuperDraft |url=http://www.fcdallas.com/post/2017/01/13/fc-dallas-selects-midfielder-jacori-hayes-no-18-overall-2017-mls-superdraft |access-date=January 26, 2017 |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> He made his professional debut in FCD's match against Sporting Kansas City on March 11, 2017. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2018, Hayes ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar MLS a wasan da suka fafata da New England Revolution. An sayar da Hayes zuwa Minnesota United a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2020, don musayar zagaye na uku na MLS SuperDraft. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MNUFC Trades For Jacori Hayes &#124; Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/mnufc-trades-jacori-hayes |website=MNUFC}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2022, Minnesota ta ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota United 2022 End of Season Roster Update {{!}} Minnesota United FC |url=https://www.mnufc.com/news/minnesota-united-2022-end-of-season-roster-update |website=MNUFC |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2023, Hayes ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar USL Championship ta San Antonio FC a gaban kakar 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAN ANTONIO FC SIGNS MIDFIELDER JACORI HAYES |url=https://www.sanantoniofc.com/news/2023/03/07/san-antonio-fc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/}}</ref> Hayes ya shiga kungiyar North Carolina FC a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2023, kafin dawowar kulob din zuwa Gasar USL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCFC signs midfielder Jacori Hayes |url=https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news/2023/12/18/ncfc-signs-midfielder-jacori-hayes/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=NorthCarolinaFC.com |publisher=[[North Carolina FC]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dajin farkawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin ACC: 2016 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * All-ACC Freshman Team: 2013 * All-ACC First Team: 2015, 2016 * NSCAA All-South Region Team na biyu: 2015, 2016 * Kungiyar Gasar ACC: 2015, 2016 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Jacori HayesaUSL League One * Jacori HayesaBabban Kwallon Kafa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517201327/http://www.wakeforestsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/jacori_hayes_844770.html Jacori Hayes] a cikin Wake ForestDajin farkawa * {{Soccerway|jacori-hayes/475987}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 577llgrnce26k7zd2gad4kwhiwhjh8c 0 153717 844020 2026-05-31T14:25:17Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285445593|Froy Salinas]]" 844020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Yusuf Maraya da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya Froylan D. Salinas''' (5 ga Oktoba, 1939 - 10 ga Mayu, 2021) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas daga 1977 zuwa 1985. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, shi ne dan majalisa na farko na Latino daga Lubbock . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Salinas ya zauna a Lubbock, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Froy Salinas |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=482 |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Lrl.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Kcbd.com}}</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a shekara ta 1976, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2010 cewa nuna bambancin launin fata ya zama ruwan dare har sai 'yan shekaru kafin zabensa, yana mai cewa "Har yanzu ina tuna alamun a kan kofofin gidan cin abinci da windows suna cewa babu Mexicans ko karnuka da aka yarda".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Enrique |title=Hispanic former representative hopes for more minority presence |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2010/08/30/hispanic-former-representative-hopes-more-minority-presence/15263864007/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma shugaban Jami'ar Texas Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantu |first=Michael A. |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=KCBD |language=en}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], yana da shekaru 81. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYoung2021">Young, Adam (May 12, 2021). [https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ "Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died"]. ''Lubbock Avalanche-Journal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 1jnpc9nh9rqagyf0t15auruy48hw1w9 844021 844020 2026-05-31T14:27:18Z Aluja 30485 844021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Froylan D. Salinas''' (5 ga Oktoba, 1939 - 10 ga Mayu, 2021) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas daga 1977 zuwa 1985. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, shi ne dan majalisa na farko na Latino daga Lubbock . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Salinas ya zauna a Lubbock, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Froy Salinas |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=482 |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Lrl.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Kcbd.com}}</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a shekara ta 1976, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2010 cewa nuna bambancin launin fata ya zama ruwan dare har sai 'yan shekaru kafin zabensa, yana mai cewa "Har yanzu ina tuna alamun a kan kofofin gidan cin abinci da windows suna cewa babu Mexicans ko karnuka da aka yarda".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Enrique |title=Hispanic former representative hopes for more minority presence |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2010/08/30/hispanic-former-representative-hopes-more-minority-presence/15263864007/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma shugaban Jami'ar Texas Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantu |first=Michael A. |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=KCBD |language=en}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], yana da shekaru 81. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] ec5cwbu9g9bt1hya8d9g6nmfw5o4dye 844022 844021 2026-05-31T14:28:37Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 844022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Froylan D. Salinas''' (5 ga Oktoba, 1939 - 10 ga Mayu, 2021) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas daga 1977 zuwa 1985. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, shi ne dan majalisa na farko na Latino daga Lubbock . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Salinas ya zauna a Lubbock, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Froy Salinas |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=482 |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Lrl.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Kcbd.com}}</ref><ref>[https://missionmemorials.com/tribute/details/3928/Froylan-Salinsa/obituary.html Froylan D. Salinas-obituary]</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a shekara ta 1976, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2010 cewa nuna bambancin launin fata ya zama ruwan dare har sai 'yan shekaru kafin zabensa, yana mai cewa "Har yanzu ina tuna alamun a kan kofofin gidan cin abinci da windows suna cewa babu Mexicans ko karnuka da aka yarda".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Enrique |title=Hispanic former representative hopes for more minority presence |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2010/08/30/hispanic-former-representative-hopes-more-minority-presence/15263864007/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma shugaban Jami'ar Texas Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantu |first=Michael A. |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=KCBD |language=en}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], yana da shekaru 81. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] mwmmqqs49fukxd43mu4g255l67iv2h6 844023 844022 2026-05-31T14:28:59Z Aluja 30485 844023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Froylan D. Salinas''' (5 ga Oktoba, 1939 - 10 ga Mayu, 2021) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas daga 1977 zuwa 1985. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, shi ne dan majalisa na farko na Latino daga Lubbock . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Salinas ya zauna a Lubbock, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Froy Salinas |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=482 |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Lrl.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Kcbd.com}}</ref><ref>[https://missionmemorials.com/tribute/details/3928/Froylan-Salinsa/obituary.html Froylan D. Salinas-obituary]</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a shekara ta 1976, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2010 cewa nuna bambancin launin fata ya zama ruwan dare har sai 'yan shekaru kafin zabensa, yana mai cewa "Har yanzu ina tuna alamun a kan kofofin gidan cin abinci da windows suna cewa babu Mexicans ko karnuka da aka yarda".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Enrique |title=Hispanic former representative hopes for more minority presence |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2010/08/30/hispanic-former-representative-hopes-more-minority-presence/15263864007/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma shugaban Jami'ar Texas Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantu |first=Michael A. |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=KCBD |language=en}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], yana da shekaru 81. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] szd1camtdxe2gqxci36m2b85wq0nwl5 0 153718 844028 2026-05-31T14:45:51Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356464393|NFL Protector of the Year]]" 844028 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba".<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTurney2025">Turney, John (February 10, 2025). [https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 "Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists"]. [[MSN]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2ve6bswt06k0g2zduaoh10rjw98tp26 844029 844028 2026-05-31T14:48:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihi */ 844029 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba".<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nt2bn0cuw9xa1wspxrl0jwwffvkxxni 844030 844029 2026-05-31T14:48:31Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihi */ 844030 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} knnrtmd0sjkrmtu2rtvebzvqdi4eo8h 844031 844030 2026-05-31T14:49:00Z Aluja 30485 844031 wikitext text/x-wiki NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dpdvyesh9ez9udjbjuh8j2p1acimmpx 844032 844031 2026-05-31T14:49:17Z Aluja 30485 844032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ "New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen"]. ''[[National Football League]]''. May 21, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1po0zk7qsfzhlkbri21o4x803bl177j 844034 844032 2026-05-31T15:01:52Z Aluja 30485 /* Tsarin Zaɓin */ 844034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba. Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m26tvuml95p5rr5jynxockyzh9y6mc7 844035 844034 2026-05-31T15:04:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihi */ 844035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba.<ref name="Kramer Named">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/green-bay-press-gazette-kramer-named-nfl/189927005/|title=Kramer Named NFL Outstanding Blocker of Year|newspaper=[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=May 23, 1968|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-sports-scene/189927044/|title=Sports scene|newspaper=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=June 2, 1978|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r573dj0lffxj3hl3gjobqm1j7j6mr5p 844036 844035 2026-05-31T15:05:56Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihi */ 844036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} NFL Protector of the Year kyauta ce da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun dan wasan da ke cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa. An gabatar da shi a cikin kakar NFL ta 2025, ana gabatar da shi kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na girmamawar NFL. == Tarihi == 'Yan wasan da ke kai hari yawanci ba sa samun irin wannan sanarwa kamar Matsayi na ƙwarewa kamar quarterback da running back, waɗanda aka ba su aikin toshewa. NFL ta kuma yarda cewa su ne "kawai 'yan wasan da ba su cancanci samun kyaututtuka a filin wasa ba". An sami yabo daban-daban don murna da 'yan wasan da suka yi a gasar. National 1,000 Yard Club, tushe na girmama 'yan wasan da suka gudu sama da yadudduka dubu a cikin kakar, sun ba da kyautar Mai Girma na Shekara tun daga kakar 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref name="Kramer Named" /><ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> An yi bikin ne a matsayin "kyautar da ta wuce gona da iri" a lokacin da aka kirkireshi, an san 'yan wasa guda ɗaya da kuma layin da ba su dace ba.<ref name="Kramer Named">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/green-bay-press-gazette-kramer-named-nfl/189927005/|title=Kramer Named NFL Outstanding Blocker of Year|newspaper=[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=May 23, 1968|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-sports-scene/189927044/|title=Sports scene|newspaper=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=June 2, 1978|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> Kungiyar 'yan wasan NFL ta ba da lambar yabo ta Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1967 zuwa 1999, yayin da NFL Alumni suka yi hakan daga 1982 zuwa 2010.<ref name="Turney 2025">{{Cite web |last=Turney |first=John |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Bills' Dawkins Wants to Win This Award. One Problem: It No Longer Exists |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nfl/bills-dawkins-wants-to-win-this-award-one-problem-it-no-longer-exists/ar-AA1yxeS7 |access-date=January 27, 2026 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> Forrest Gregg, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta NFLPA ta farko, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> shine sunan irin wannan girmamawa da Pro Football Writers of America ta Wisconsin ta bayar tsakanin 1970 da 1982. Sauran sun hada da Football Digest's Offensive Lineman of the Year daga 1973 zuwa 1984, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> Seagram's Sports Awards daga 1974 zuwa 1986, <ref name="Turney 2025" /> da kuma Pro Football Focus 'Bruce Matthews Award tun daga 2013. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta Seagram ta kwamitin masu horar da layin tsaro da masu tsaron gida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Marty|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/dayton-daily-news-munoz-receives-a-500/189922009/|title=Munoz receives a $5,000 toast|newspaper=[[Dayton Daily News]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=February 17, 1982|access-date=January 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pensacola-news-journal-taylor-stephenso/189922077/|title=Taylor, Stephenson earn Seagram awards|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]|newspaper=[[Pensacola News Journal]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=March 1, 1985|access-date=January 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Mike|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chillicothe-gazette-munoz-regarded-with/189922148/|title=Munoz regarded with best linemen|newspaper=[[Chillicothe Gazette]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=January 21, 1989|access-date=January 26, 2026}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012, an ba da lambar yabo ta Madden Most Valuable Protectors ga mafi kyawun layin; mai suna John Madden ya ba da girmamawa na mako-mako. An ba da kyautar Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year, wani takamaiman zakara, a NFL Honors daga 2016 zuwa 2018. The Protector of the Year ya samo asali ne daga Buffalo Bills tackle Dion Dawkins, wanda ya yi shelar cewa "ba zai daina fada ba don ba wa 'yan wasan da suka dace girmamawa da kuma amincewa da muka cancanci. " <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Dawkins ya kasance mai murya tun daga kakar 2024 game da samun lambar yabo ga' yan wasan, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga kwamishinan league Roger Goodell a wani Super Bowl LIX party. An fara bayar da kyautar ne a 15th NFL Honors ga mai tsaron gidan Chicago Bears Joe Thuney . == Tsarin Zaɓin == An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta kwamitin 'yan wasan da suka yi ritaya. Kwamitin ya zabi 'yan wasa biyar a matsayin masu karshe kafin a zabi mai nasara.<ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> Ana la'akari da ka'idoji biyar yayin zabar mai nasara: <ref name="NFL Ops">{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=New Protector of the Year Award to Honor Offensive Linemen |url=https://operations.nfl.com/updates/the-players/new-protector-of-the-year-award-to-honor-offensive-linemen/ |access-date=January 27, 2026 |website=[[National Football League]]}}</ref> * Matsayi na ƙwarewa: Ƙungiyoyin ƙididdiga kamar ƙimar cin nasara ta lineman a cikin kariya ta wucewa da toshe gudu, sacks da aka ba da izini, da kuma hukuncin da aka yi * Tasirin: Gudummawar mai kunnawa ga nasarar da ya samu a gaba ɗaya kamar jimlar yardage * Jagora: Halin mai kunnawa ga abokan aikinsa da kuma lokacin wasanni * Durability: Mafi ƙarancin adadin snaps da wasannin da aka buga * Ƙarfin abokin hamayyar: Nasarar dan wasan a kan 'yan wasan tsaron da suka fi dacewa == Wadanda suka yi nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Lokacin !Mai kunnawa !Matsayi !Kungiyar ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Joe|Thuney}} |Mai tsaron gida |Chicago Bears |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bears' Joe Thuney Takes First NFL Protector of the Year Award |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/bears/onsi/bears-joe-thuney-takes-first-nfl-protector-of-the-year-award |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Chicago Bears On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin lambobin yabo na NFL * Kyautar Madden Mafi Kyawun Masu Karewa * Ginin Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} t8uqg70877vsb5lh9f2jkb0wb4y33z0 0 153719 844037 2026-05-31T15:32:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975704|Elands River (Mpumalanga)]]" 844037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne da ke cikin kogin Komati a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wannan kogin an san shi da [[Elands River Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Elands]], wacce ke tsakanin Waterval Boven da Waterval Onder. Waɗannan suna faɗuwa mita 70 a cikin digo ɗaya, kuma suna kusa da ramin NZASM. Hakanan ba da nisa da wani wuri na tarihi da ake kira [[Krugerhof]], gidan ƙarshe na Shugaba [[Paul Kruger|Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR), inda akwai Gidan Tarihi. Kogin ya samo asali ne kusa da garin Machadodorp, a yankin Highveld na Mpumalanga, kuma bayan ya ketare wani ruwa mai rikitarwa, sai ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Kada. == Waƙa == Mawakin gargajiya [[Rhodesia|na Rhodesia]] John Edmond ya rubuta waƙar "The Siege at Elands River" game da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Elands (bayyanewa) == Manazarta == Elands River (Mpumalanga)Elands River (Mpumalanga)Elands River (Mpumalanga)Elands River (Mpumalanga)Elands River (Mpumalanga) {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa na Mpumalanga - Afirka ta Kudu] qpwjwd6fhk26f6k9vjnsve6b310wb9e 844040 844037 2026-05-31T15:33:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 844040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne da ke cikin kogin Komati a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wannan kogin an san shi da [[Elands River Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Elands]], wacce ke tsakanin Waterval Boven da Waterval Onder. Waɗannan suna faɗuwa mita 70 a cikin digo ɗaya, kuma suna kusa da ramin NZASM. Hakanan ba da nisa da wani wuri na tarihi da ake kira [[Krugerhof]], gidan ƙarshe na Shugaba [[Paul Kruger|Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR), inda akwai Gidan Tarihi. Kogin ya samo asali ne kusa da garin Machadodorp, a yankin Highveld na Mpumalanga, kuma bayan ya ketare wani ruwa mai rikitarwa, sai ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Kada. == Waƙa == Mawakin gargajiya [[Rhodesia|na Rhodesia]] John Edmond ya rubuta waƙar "The Siege at Elands River" game da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Elands (bayyanewa) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa na Mpumalanga - Afirka ta Kudu] niityblcp1quq4tgvdh13dc3z8y3wf9 844042 844040 2026-05-31T15:35:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne da ke cikin kogin Komati a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wannan kogin an san shi da [[Elands River Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Elands]], wacce ke tsakanin Waterval Boven da Waterval Onder.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907032609/http://www.mpumalanga.com/index.php?att_view+7063 Elands River Falls]</ref> Waɗannan suna faɗuwa mita 70 a cikin digo ɗaya, kuma suna kusa da ramin NZASM. Hakanan ba da nisa da wani wuri na tarihi da ake kira [[Krugerhof]], gidan ƙarshe na Shugaba [[Paul Kruger|Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR), inda akwai Gidan Tarihi. Kogin ya samo asali ne kusa da garin Machadodorp, a yankin Highveld na Mpumalanga, kuma bayan ya ketare wani ruwa mai rikitarwa, sai ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Kada.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg Inkomati WMA 5]</ref> == Waƙa == Mawakin gargajiya [[Rhodesia|na Rhodesia]] John Edmond ya rubuta waƙar "The Siege at Elands River" game da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Elands (bayyanewa) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa na Mpumalanga - Afirka ta Kudu] 7oaw02s8gjxugt7cvffoacq97ws4g60 844043 844042 2026-05-31T15:38:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne da ke cikin kogin Komati a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Wannan kogin an san shi da [[Elands River Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Elands]], wacce ke tsakanin Waterval Boven da Waterval Onder.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907032609/http://www.mpumalanga.com/index.php?att_view+7063 Elands River Falls]</ref> Waɗannan suna faɗuwa mita 70 a cikin digo ɗaya, kuma suna kusa da ramin NZASM. Hakanan ba da nisa da wani wuri na tarihi da ake kira [[Krugerhof]], gidan ƙarshe na Shugaba [[Paul Kruger|Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR), inda akwai Gidan Tarihi. Kogin ya samo asali ne kusa da garin Machadodorp, a yankin Highveld na Mpumalanga, kuma bayan ya ketare wani ruwa mai rikitarwa, sai ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Kada.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg Inkomati WMA 5]</ref> == Waƙa == Mawakin gargajiya [[Rhodesia|na Rhodesia]] John Edmond ya rubuta waƙar "The Siege at Elands River" game da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Elands (bayyanewa) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa na Mpumalanga - Afirka ta Kudu] mykzusp987bo2vahatku073atdwslef 0 153720 844038 2026-05-31T15:32:59Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335871519|1938 The Citadel Bulldogs football team]]" 844038 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya wuce zuwa jami'ar kasa da kasa da kasa da kasa da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Citadel Bulldogs ta 1938 ta wakilci The Citadel, Kwalejin Soja ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin kwallon kafa na kwaleji na 1938. Tatum Gressette ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin a kakar wasa ta bakwai. Bulldogs sun taka leda a matsayin mambobi na Kudancin Kudancin kuma sun buga wasannin gida a Filin wasa na Johnson Hagood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones |url=http://www.thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123034226/http://thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |archive-date=2016-01-23 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=The Citadel Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citadel Game by Game Results |url=http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226040054/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |archive-date=2015-12-26 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse}}</ref> == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 17 | w/l = l | opponent = [[1938 Davidson Wildcats football team|Davidson]] | site_stadium = [[Johnson Hagood Stadium (1927)|Johnson Hagood Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]] | score = 6–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108971275/davidson-wins-over-citadel/|work=The Index-Journal|title=Davidson wins over Citadel|date=September 18, 1938|accessdate=September 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 24 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] | site_stadium = [[Sanford Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Athens, Georgia|Athens, GA]] | score = 12–20 | attend = 7,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times-citadel-gives-georg/132670139/|work=The Huntsville Times|title=Citadel gives Georgia scare|date=September 25, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 30 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[American Legion Memorial Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | score = 0–31 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-state-wake-forest-rolls-over-the-cit/137103632/|work=The State|title=Wake Forest rolls over The Citadel|date=October 1, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 7 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team|Presbyterian]] | site_stadium = [[Old Bailey Stadium|Bailey Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Clinton, South Carolina|Clinton, SC]] | score = 12–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-light-brigade-bea/137103761/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Light Brigade beats P.C. 12–0|date=October 8, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 15 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]] | site_stadium = [[Sirrine Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]] | gamename = [[The Citadel–Furman football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 9–6 | attend = 10,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109378211/citadel-capitalizes-on-breaks-to-trip-fu/|newspaper=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel capitalizes on breaks to trip Furman, 9–6|date=October 16, 1938|accessdate=September 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 22 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] | opprank = 8 | site_stadium = [[Neyland Stadium|Shields–Watkins Field]] | site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]] | score = 0–44 | attend = 8,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83048299/cadets-can-take-it-and-do-its-vols-44/|work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel|title=Cadets can take it and do, it's Vols 44, The Citadel 0 in easy game|date=October 23, 1938|accessdate=August 8, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 29 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Wofford Terriers football team|Wofford]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | gamename = [[The Citadel–Wofford football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-citadel-downs-wofford-2/137103860/|work=The Sunday Ledger-Enquirer|title=Citadel downs Wofford, 27–0|date=October 30, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 5 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1938 Richmond Spiders football team|Richmond]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 6–0 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112769076/citadels-brigade-shells-spiders-60/|work=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel's brigade shells Spiders 6–0|date=November 6, 1938|accessdate=November 8, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = {{tooltip|November 11|Friday}} | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team|Oglethorpe]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 26–8 | attend = 4,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95551499/citadels-light-brigade-swamps-oglethorp/|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Citadel's light brigade swamps Oglethorpe 26–8|date=November 12, 1938|accessdate=February 19, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 18 | w/l = w | neutral = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1938|team=Erskine Flying Fleet|title=Erskine}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[Anderson, South Carolina|Anderson, SC]] | score = 33–13 | attend = 2,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-citadel-rally-routs/137104121/|work=The Greenville News|title=Citadel rally routs Erskine, 33 to 13|date=November 19, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 3 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = [[Legion Stadium (North Carolina)|Legion Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington, NC]] | score = 6–14 | attend = 9,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-state-defeats-cade/137104296/|work=The News and Observer|title=State defeats Cadets, 14–6|date=December 4, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|rankyear=1938|poll=AP}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m58du8bs026emq2ip7njueus18cgu7o 844039 844038 2026-05-31T15:33:35Z Aluja 30485 844039 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Citadel Bulldogs ta 1938 ta wakilci The Citadel, Kwalejin Soja ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin kwallon kafa na kwaleji na 1938. Tatum Gressette ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin a kakar wasa ta bakwai. Bulldogs sun taka leda a matsayin mambobi na Kudancin Kudancin kuma sun buga wasannin gida a Filin wasa na Johnson Hagood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones |url=http://www.thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123034226/http://thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |archive-date=2016-01-23 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=The Citadel Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citadel Game by Game Results |url=http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226040054/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |archive-date=2015-12-26 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse}}</ref> == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 17 | w/l = l | opponent = [[1938 Davidson Wildcats football team|Davidson]] | site_stadium = [[Johnson Hagood Stadium (1927)|Johnson Hagood Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]] | score = 6–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108971275/davidson-wins-over-citadel/|work=The Index-Journal|title=Davidson wins over Citadel|date=September 18, 1938|accessdate=September 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 24 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] | site_stadium = [[Sanford Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Athens, Georgia|Athens, GA]] | score = 12–20 | attend = 7,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times-citadel-gives-georg/132670139/|work=The Huntsville Times|title=Citadel gives Georgia scare|date=September 25, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 30 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[American Legion Memorial Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | score = 0–31 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-state-wake-forest-rolls-over-the-cit/137103632/|work=The State|title=Wake Forest rolls over The Citadel|date=October 1, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 7 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team|Presbyterian]] | site_stadium = [[Old Bailey Stadium|Bailey Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Clinton, South Carolina|Clinton, SC]] | score = 12–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-light-brigade-bea/137103761/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Light Brigade beats P.C. 12–0|date=October 8, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 15 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]] | site_stadium = [[Sirrine Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]] | gamename = [[The Citadel–Furman football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 9–6 | attend = 10,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109378211/citadel-capitalizes-on-breaks-to-trip-fu/|newspaper=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel capitalizes on breaks to trip Furman, 9–6|date=October 16, 1938|accessdate=September 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 22 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] | opprank = 8 | site_stadium = [[Neyland Stadium|Shields–Watkins Field]] | site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]] | score = 0–44 | attend = 8,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83048299/cadets-can-take-it-and-do-its-vols-44/|work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel|title=Cadets can take it and do, it's Vols 44, The Citadel 0 in easy game|date=October 23, 1938|accessdate=August 8, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 29 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Wofford Terriers football team|Wofford]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | gamename = [[The Citadel–Wofford football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-citadel-downs-wofford-2/137103860/|work=The Sunday Ledger-Enquirer|title=Citadel downs Wofford, 27–0|date=October 30, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 5 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1938 Richmond Spiders football team|Richmond]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 6–0 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112769076/citadels-brigade-shells-spiders-60/|work=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel's brigade shells Spiders 6–0|date=November 6, 1938|accessdate=November 8, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = {{tooltip|November 11|Friday}} | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team|Oglethorpe]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 26–8 | attend = 4,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95551499/citadels-light-brigade-swamps-oglethorp/|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Citadel's light brigade swamps Oglethorpe 26–8|date=November 12, 1938|accessdate=February 19, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 18 | w/l = w | neutral = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1938|team=Erskine Flying Fleet|title=Erskine}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[Anderson, South Carolina|Anderson, SC]] | score = 33–13 | attend = 2,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-citadel-rally-routs/137104121/|work=The Greenville News|title=Citadel rally routs Erskine, 33 to 13|date=November 19, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 3 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = [[Legion Stadium (North Carolina)|Legion Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington, NC]] | score = 6–14 | attend = 9,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-state-defeats-cade/137104296/|work=The News and Observer|title=State defeats Cadets, 14–6|date=December 4, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|rankyear=1938|poll=AP}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} slv4neucb768bezc03a3sg30cicqj5w 844041 844039 2026-05-31T15:33:53Z Aluja 30485 844041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Citadel Bulldogs ta 1938 ta wakilci The Citadel, Kwalejin Soja ta Kudu Carolina a Lokacin kwallon kafa na kwaleji na 1938. Tatum Gressette ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin a kakar wasa ta bakwai. Bulldogs sun taka leda a matsayin mambobi na Kudancin Kudancin kuma sun buga wasannin gida a Filin wasa na Johnson Hagood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones |url=http://www.thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123034226/http://thecitadelfootballassociation.com/CFA%20Through%20The%20Years/Milestones-CFAThroughTheYears.htm |archive-date=2016-01-23 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=The Citadel Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citadel Game by Game Results |url=http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226040054/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southern/citadel/1935-1939_yearly_results.php |archive-date=2015-12-26 |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse}}</ref> == Shiri == {{CFB schedule|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 17 | w/l = l | opponent = [[1938 Davidson Wildcats football team|Davidson]] | site_stadium = [[Johnson Hagood Stadium (1927)|Johnson Hagood Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]] | score = 6–12 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108971275/davidson-wins-over-citadel/|work=The Index-Journal|title=Davidson wins over Citadel|date=September 18, 1938|accessdate=September 5, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 24 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] | site_stadium = [[Sanford Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Athens, Georgia|Athens, GA]] | score = 12–20 | attend = 7,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-huntsville-times-citadel-gives-georg/132670139/|work=The Huntsville Times|title=Citadel gives Georgia scare|date=September 25, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = September 30 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] | site_stadium = [[American Legion Memorial Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | score = 0–31 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-state-wake-forest-rolls-over-the-cit/137103632/|work=The State|title=Wake Forest rolls over The Citadel|date=October 1, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 7 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team|Presbyterian]] | site_stadium = [[Old Bailey Stadium|Bailey Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Clinton, South Carolina|Clinton, SC]] | score = 12–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-light-brigade-bea/137103761/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Light Brigade beats P.C. 12–0|date=October 8, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 15 | w/l = w | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]] | site_stadium = [[Sirrine Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]] | gamename = [[The Citadel–Furman football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 9–6 | attend = 10,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109378211/citadel-capitalizes-on-breaks-to-trip-fu/|newspaper=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel capitalizes on breaks to trip Furman, 9–6|date=October 16, 1938|accessdate=September 11, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 22 | w/l = l | nonconf = y | away = y | opponent = [[1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] | opprank = 8 | site_stadium = [[Neyland Stadium|Shields–Watkins Field]] | site_cityst = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, TN]] | score = 0–44 | attend = 8,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83048299/cadets-can-take-it-and-do-its-vols-44/|work=The Knoxville News-Sentinel|title=Cadets can take it and do, it's Vols 44, The Citadel 0 in easy game|date=October 23, 1938|accessdate=August 8, 2021|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = October 29 | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Wofford Terriers football team|Wofford]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | gamename = [[The Citadel–Wofford football rivalry|rivalry]] | score = 27–0 | attend = | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-citadel-downs-wofford-2/137103860/|work=The Sunday Ledger-Enquirer|title=Citadel downs Wofford, 27–0|date=October 30, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 5 | w/l = w | opponent = [[1938 Richmond Spiders football team|Richmond]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 6–0 | attend = 5,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112769076/citadels-brigade-shells-spiders-60/|work=The Charlotte Observer|title=Citadel's brigade shells Spiders 6–0|date=November 6, 1938|accessdate=November 8, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = {{tooltip|November 11|Friday}} | w/l = w | nonconf = y | opponent = [[1938 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team|Oglethorpe]] | site_stadium = Johnson Hagood Stadium | site_cityst = Charleston, SC | score = 26–8 | attend = 4,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95551499/citadels-light-brigade-swamps-oglethorp/|newspaper=The Times and Democrat|title=Citadel's light brigade swamps Oglethorpe 26–8|date=November 12, 1938|accessdate=February 19, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = November 18 | w/l = w | neutral = y | nonconf = y | opponent = {{cfb link|year=1938|team=Erskine Flying Fleet|title=Erskine}} | site_stadium = | site_cityst = [[Anderson, South Carolina|Anderson, SC]] | score = 33–13 | attend = 2,500 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-citadel-rally-routs/137104121/|work=The Greenville News|title=Citadel rally routs Erskine, 33 to 13|date=November 19, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|{{CFB schedule entry | date = December 3 | w/l = l | neutral = y | opponent = [[1938 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] | site_stadium = [[Legion Stadium (North Carolina)|Legion Stadium]] | site_cityst = [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington, NC]] | score = 6–14 | attend = 9,000 | source = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-state-defeats-cade/137104296/|work=The News and Observer|title=State defeats Cadets, 14–6|date=December 4, 1938|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }}|rankyear=1938|poll=AP}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bswopy99frne1t79zy3h4x4mfspbni1 0 153721 844044 2026-05-31T15:40:40Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356930341|Montana Lemonious-Craig]]" 844044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba Montana-George Eugene Lemonious-Craig''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Colorado Buffaloes da Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Lemonious-Craig ya girma a Inglewood, California, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Inglewood. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, yana da receptions 46 don yadudduka 1,289 da kuma touchdowns 23 tare da rushes biyu don yaduddusa 22 don 1,314 daga scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spratling |first=Shotgun |date=December 2, 2019 |title=How Montana Lemonious-Craig’s recruitment improved with patience and Inglewood’s turnaround |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/story/2019-12-02/inglewood-football-montana-lemonious-craig-recruiting |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig joins the fold, commits to Colorado's Class of 2020 |url=https://colorado.rivals.com/news/montana-lemonious-craig-joins-the-fold-commits-to-colorado-s-class-of-2020 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Colorado === A lokacin da yake sabon shiga, Lemonious-Craig ya bayyana a wasanni uku kuma ya kama aikinsa na farko a Alamo Bowl. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Colorado Athletics |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni goma kafin a iyakance shi da raunin da ya samu a lokacin wasanni biyu na karshe na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2021-11-16 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig "likely" done for season |url=https://coloradobuffaloeswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/buffaloes/football/2021/11/16/montana-lemonious-craig-done-season/78312970007/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Buffaloes Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya bayyana a cikin dukkan wasanni 12 kuma ya jagoranci Buffaloes a cikin liyafa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2023, Lemonious-Craig ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Raymond |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Colorado WR Montana Lemonious-Craig enters transfer portal after monstrous spring game performance |url=https://247sports.com/article/colorado-wr-montana-lemonious-craig-enters-transfer-portal-after-monstrous-spring-game-performance-208868118/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Arizona === On May 20, 2023, Lemonious-Craig transferred to Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2023-05-21 |title=Colorado transfer Montana Lemonious-Craig commits to Arizona |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/colorado-transfer-montana-lemonious-craig-025005371.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 2023 season, he appeared in every game for the Wildcats and recorded 28 receptions for 296 yards and three touchdowns, including five catches for 67 yards against Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Arizona Athletics |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he missed one game, but managed to haul in 17 passes for 172 yards and one touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheer |first=Jason |date=May 27, 2025 |title=Former Arizona wide receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://247sports.com/college/arizona/article/former-arizona-wide-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-pittsburgh-steelers-250332872/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Kididdigar kwaleji === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !Lng !TD |- |- !2020 !Colorado |3 |1 |15 |15.0 |15 |0 |- !2021 !Colorado |10 |10 |123 |12.3 |25 |2 |- !2022 !Colorado |12 |23 |359 |15.6 |69 |3 |- !2023 !Arizona |13 |28 |296 |10.6 |39 |3 |- !2024 !Arizona |11 |17 |172 |10.1 |20 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/4686775/type/college-football Ayyuka] !47 !79 !965 !12.2 !69 !9 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Pittsburgh Steelers === A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2025, Pittsburgh Steelers ta sanya hannu kan Lemonious-Craig a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amacher |first=Ezra |date=2025-05-27 |title=Former Arizona receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://www.azdesertswarm.com/football/2025/5/27/24438202/former-arizona-wildcats-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-with-steelers-undrafted-free-agent |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Arizona Desert Swarm |publisher=SB Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 Rayuwa ta Colorado Buffaloes] * [https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 Rayuwar 'yan Wildcats na Arizona] * [https://www.steelers.com/team/players-roster/montana-lemonious-craig/ Tarihin Pittsburgh Steelers] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] djboy7tbty2ndyjrp50vb2xkst3nt2s 844045 844044 2026-05-31T15:41:03Z Aluja 30485 844045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Montana-George Eugene Lemonious-Craig''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Colorado Buffaloes da Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Lemonious-Craig ya girma a Inglewood, California, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Inglewood. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, yana da receptions 46 don yadudduka 1,289 da kuma touchdowns 23 tare da rushes biyu don yaduddusa 22 don 1,314 daga scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spratling |first=Shotgun |date=December 2, 2019 |title=How Montana Lemonious-Craig’s recruitment improved with patience and Inglewood’s turnaround |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/story/2019-12-02/inglewood-football-montana-lemonious-craig-recruiting |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig joins the fold, commits to Colorado's Class of 2020 |url=https://colorado.rivals.com/news/montana-lemonious-craig-joins-the-fold-commits-to-colorado-s-class-of-2020 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Colorado === A lokacin da yake sabon shiga, Lemonious-Craig ya bayyana a wasanni uku kuma ya kama aikinsa na farko a Alamo Bowl. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Colorado Athletics |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni goma kafin a iyakance shi da raunin da ya samu a lokacin wasanni biyu na karshe na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2021-11-16 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig "likely" done for season |url=https://coloradobuffaloeswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/buffaloes/football/2021/11/16/montana-lemonious-craig-done-season/78312970007/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Buffaloes Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya bayyana a cikin dukkan wasanni 12 kuma ya jagoranci Buffaloes a cikin liyafa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2023, Lemonious-Craig ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Raymond |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Colorado WR Montana Lemonious-Craig enters transfer portal after monstrous spring game performance |url=https://247sports.com/article/colorado-wr-montana-lemonious-craig-enters-transfer-portal-after-monstrous-spring-game-performance-208868118/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Arizona === On May 20, 2023, Lemonious-Craig transferred to Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2023-05-21 |title=Colorado transfer Montana Lemonious-Craig commits to Arizona |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/colorado-transfer-montana-lemonious-craig-025005371.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 2023 season, he appeared in every game for the Wildcats and recorded 28 receptions for 296 yards and three touchdowns, including five catches for 67 yards against Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Arizona Athletics |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he missed one game, but managed to haul in 17 passes for 172 yards and one touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheer |first=Jason |date=May 27, 2025 |title=Former Arizona wide receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://247sports.com/college/arizona/article/former-arizona-wide-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-pittsburgh-steelers-250332872/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Kididdigar kwaleji === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !Lng !TD |- |- !2020 !Colorado |3 |1 |15 |15.0 |15 |0 |- !2021 !Colorado |10 |10 |123 |12.3 |25 |2 |- !2022 !Colorado |12 |23 |359 |15.6 |69 |3 |- !2023 !Arizona |13 |28 |296 |10.6 |39 |3 |- !2024 !Arizona |11 |17 |172 |10.1 |20 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/4686775/type/college-football Ayyuka] !47 !79 !965 !12.2 !69 !9 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Pittsburgh Steelers === A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2025, Pittsburgh Steelers ta sanya hannu kan Lemonious-Craig a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amacher |first=Ezra |date=2025-05-27 |title=Former Arizona receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://www.azdesertswarm.com/football/2025/5/27/24438202/former-arizona-wildcats-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-with-steelers-undrafted-free-agent |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Arizona Desert Swarm |publisher=SB Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 Rayuwa ta Colorado Buffaloes] * [https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 Rayuwar 'yan Wildcats na Arizona] * [https://www.steelers.com/team/players-roster/montana-lemonious-craig/ Tarihin Pittsburgh Steelers] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 1oatccqt21ps5pnxke64hvezcfzgd36 844046 844045 2026-05-31T15:41:27Z Aluja 30485 844046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Montana-George Eugene Lemonious-Craig''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Colorado Buffaloes da Arizona Wildcats . == Rayuwa ta farko == Lemonious-Craig ya girma a Inglewood, California, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Inglewood. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, yana da receptions 46 don yadudduka 1,289 da kuma touchdowns 23 tare da rushes biyu don yaduddusa 22 don 1,314 daga scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spratling |first=Shotgun |date=December 2, 2019 |title=How Montana Lemonious-Craig’s recruitment improved with patience and Inglewood’s turnaround |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool/story/2019-12-02/inglewood-football-montana-lemonious-craig-recruiting |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig joins the fold, commits to Colorado's Class of 2020 |url=https://colorado.rivals.com/news/montana-lemonious-craig-joins-the-fold-commits-to-colorado-s-class-of-2020 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Colorado === A lokacin da yake sabon shiga, Lemonious-Craig ya bayyana a wasanni uku kuma ya kama aikinsa na farko a Alamo Bowl. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Colorado Athletics |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni goma kafin a iyakance shi da raunin da ya samu a lokacin wasanni biyu na karshe na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2021-11-16 |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig "likely" done for season |url=https://coloradobuffaloeswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/buffaloes/football/2021/11/16/montana-lemonious-craig-done-season/78312970007/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Buffaloes Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya bayyana a cikin dukkan wasanni 12 kuma ya jagoranci Buffaloes a cikin liyafa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2023, Lemonious-Craig ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Raymond |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Colorado WR Montana Lemonious-Craig enters transfer portal after monstrous spring game performance |url=https://247sports.com/article/colorado-wr-montana-lemonious-craig-enters-transfer-portal-after-monstrous-spring-game-performance-208868118/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Arizona === On May 20, 2023, Lemonious-Craig transferred to Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlough |first=Jack |date=2023-05-21 |title=Colorado transfer Montana Lemonious-Craig commits to Arizona |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/colorado-transfer-montana-lemonious-craig-025005371.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 2023 season, he appeared in every game for the Wildcats and recorded 28 receptions for 296 yards and three touchdowns, including five catches for 67 yards against Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montana Lemonious-Craig - Football |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=University of Arizona Athletics |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he missed one game, but managed to haul in 17 passes for 172 yards and one touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheer |first=Jason |date=May 27, 2025 |title=Former Arizona wide receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://247sports.com/college/arizona/article/former-arizona-wide-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-pittsburgh-steelers-250332872/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |website=247Sports |language=en}}</ref> === Kididdigar kwaleji === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="5" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !Lng !TD |- |- !2020 !Colorado |3 |1 |15 |15.0 |15 |0 |- !2021 !Colorado |10 |10 |123 |12.3 |25 |2 |- !2022 !Colorado |12 |23 |359 |15.6 |69 |3 |- !2023 !Arizona |13 |28 |296 |10.6 |39 |3 |- !2024 !Arizona |11 |17 |172 |10.1 |20 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/4686775/type/college-football Ayyuka] !47 !79 !965 !12.2 !69 !9 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Pittsburgh Steelers === A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2025, Pittsburgh Steelers ta sanya hannu kan Lemonious-Craig a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amacher |first=Ezra |date=2025-05-27 |title=Former Arizona receiver Montana Lemonious-Craig signs with Steelers |url=https://www.azdesertswarm.com/football/2025/5/27/24438202/former-arizona-wildcats-receiver-montana-lemonious-craig-signs-with-steelers-undrafted-free-agent |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Arizona Desert Swarm |publisher=SB Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://cubuffs.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/15792 Rayuwa ta Colorado Buffaloes] * [https://arizonawildcats.com/sports/football/roster/montana-lemonious-craig/16505 Rayuwar 'yan Wildcats na Arizona] * [https://www.steelers.com/team/players-roster/montana-lemonious-craig/ Tarihin Pittsburgh Steelers] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] apxa6u2w0selkauukzyrqbbvndbd3q6 0 153722 844047 2026-05-31T15:52:24Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350855161|Ben Harbin]]" 844047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya wuce nan a yanzu babu wani da ya yi masa magana sai Umar ya yi masa magana sai Umar ya yi masa magana Benjie Lewis Harbin''' (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] wanda ke da hannu a siyasar Georgia . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Harbin a Lyons, Jojiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na kimiyya a cikin harkokin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Sojan Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Harbin ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a Richmond County daga 1990 har zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1993 har zuwa 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Ya gaji Martha Moore don wakiltar Gundumar 113 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, wanda ke wakiltar Columbia County. Ya yi aiki a gidan daga 1994 har zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, Harbin ya zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Ben Harbin will leave Legislature to become lobbyist |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2015/06/29/ben-harbin-will-leave-legislature-become-lobbyist/14363423007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Jodi Lott ce ta gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 21, 2016 |title=Lott finds her way in first days in House |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2016/02/22/lott-finds-her-way-first-days-house/14337199007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, Harbin ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa daga 2005 har zuwa 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Columbia County's Harbin to chair House committee |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2013/02/15/columbia-countys-harbin-chair-house-committee/14464568007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Sauran shugabancinsa sun hada da mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kula da kudade kan kiwon lafiya, shugaban kwamitin samar da makamashi, kayan aiki, da sadarwa da kuma shugaban kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin haraji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> Harbin ya goyi bayan Mitt Romney a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2012 |title=Romney Campaign Press Release – Mitt Romney Announces Support of Georgia Elected Officials and Leaders |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/romney-campaign-press-release-mitt-romney-announces-support-georgia-elected-officials-and |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> An tuhumi Harbin da tuki mara hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wanda aka ci masa tarar $ 1,000 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin yin sa'o'i 100 na hidimar al'umma. An tuhume shi da tuki a ƙarƙashin rinjaye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin tuhume-tuhume na buga wani abu mai tsauri da gazawar kula da hanya, wanda aka sauke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Rep. Harbin fined $1,000 for reckless driving |url=https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202551730914/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[Daily Report Online]]}}</ref> Harbin ya auri Hope Whitfield a shekarar 1989, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotchkiss2025">Hotchkiss, Joe (May 2, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ "'One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin"]. ''[[The Augusta Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yarsa, Caitlin, ta mutu a shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvans2025">Evans, Beau (May 1, 2025). [https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly "Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta"]. ''State Affairs''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harbin ya mutu a wani otal a Augusta, Jojiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 61. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLegoas2025">Legoas, Miguel (May 1, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ "Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know"]. ''The Augusta Chronicle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An dauki mutuwarsa a matsayin na halitta ba tare da tuhumar mummunan wasa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaby2025">Raby, Dan (May 2, 2025). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta "Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61"]. ''[[WAGA-TV]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == == Haɗin waje == * Ben HarbinaZaben zabe * Rep. Ben Harbin (R-122) Biography (PDF) - Georgia House of Representatives * [https://www.bakerlaw.com/professionals/ben-l-harbin/ Ben L. Harbin] a shafin yanar gizon BakerHostetler * Tsohon Rep. Ben Harbin - Biography, LegiStorm * [https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/7892/ben-harbin Tarihin Ben Harbin], Vote SmartZaɓuɓɓuka Masu Kyau [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] 5g23o774pctqurc1ieiqwebty7glcle 844048 844047 2026-05-31T15:53:16Z Aluja 30485 844048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjie Lewis Harbin''' (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] wanda ke da hannu a siyasar Georgia . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Harbin a Lyons, Jojiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na kimiyya a cikin harkokin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Sojan Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Harbin ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a Richmond County daga 1990 har zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1993 har zuwa 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Ya gaji Martha Moore don wakiltar Gundumar 113 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, wanda ke wakiltar Columbia County. Ya yi aiki a gidan daga 1994 har zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, Harbin ya zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Ben Harbin will leave Legislature to become lobbyist |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2015/06/29/ben-harbin-will-leave-legislature-become-lobbyist/14363423007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Jodi Lott ce ta gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 21, 2016 |title=Lott finds her way in first days in House |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2016/02/22/lott-finds-her-way-first-days-house/14337199007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, Harbin ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa daga 2005 har zuwa 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Columbia County's Harbin to chair House committee |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2013/02/15/columbia-countys-harbin-chair-house-committee/14464568007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Sauran shugabancinsa sun hada da mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kula da kudade kan kiwon lafiya, shugaban kwamitin samar da makamashi, kayan aiki, da sadarwa da kuma shugaban kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin haraji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> Harbin ya goyi bayan Mitt Romney a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2012 |title=Romney Campaign Press Release – Mitt Romney Announces Support of Georgia Elected Officials and Leaders |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/romney-campaign-press-release-mitt-romney-announces-support-georgia-elected-officials-and |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> An tuhumi Harbin da tuki mara hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wanda aka ci masa tarar $ 1,000 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin yin sa'o'i 100 na hidimar al'umma. An tuhume shi da tuki a ƙarƙashin rinjaye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin tuhume-tuhume na buga wani abu mai tsauri da gazawar kula da hanya, wanda aka sauke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Rep. Harbin fined $1,000 for reckless driving |url=https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202551730914/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[Daily Report Online]]}}</ref> Harbin ya auri Hope Whitfield a shekarar 1989, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotchkiss2025">Hotchkiss, Joe (May 2, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ "'One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin"]. ''[[The Augusta Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yarsa, Caitlin, ta mutu a shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvans2025">Evans, Beau (May 1, 2025). [https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly "Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta"]. ''State Affairs''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harbin ya mutu a wani otal a Augusta, Jojiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 61. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLegoas2025">Legoas, Miguel (May 1, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ "Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know"]. ''The Augusta Chronicle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An dauki mutuwarsa a matsayin na halitta ba tare da tuhumar mummunan wasa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaby2025">Raby, Dan (May 2, 2025). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta "Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61"]. ''[[WAGA-TV]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == == Haɗin waje == * Ben HarbinaZaben zabe * Rep. Ben Harbin (R-122) Biography (PDF) - Georgia House of Representatives * [https://www.bakerlaw.com/professionals/ben-l-harbin/ Ben L. Harbin] a shafin yanar gizon BakerHostetler * Tsohon Rep. Ben Harbin - Biography, LegiStorm * [https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/7892/ben-harbin Tarihin Ben Harbin], Vote SmartZaɓuɓɓuka Masu Kyau [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] 4xtwahr6kuovqk7hdr7haybqriah468 844049 844048 2026-05-31T15:54:24Z Aluja 30485 844049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjie Lewis Harbin''' (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] wanda ke da hannu a siyasar Georgia .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baruchman |first=Michelle |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Augusta lawmaker remembered as quick-witted and honorable |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-l-harbin-of-augusta-found-dead/DJ52LLWPTNDNRPAZ46H2UBYTVM/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal–Constitution]] |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Harbin a Lyons, Jojiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na kimiyya a cikin harkokin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Sojan Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Harbin ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a Richmond County daga 1990 har zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1993 har zuwa 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Ya gaji Martha Moore don wakiltar Gundumar 113 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, wanda ke wakiltar Columbia County. Ya yi aiki a gidan daga 1994 har zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, Harbin ya zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Ben Harbin will leave Legislature to become lobbyist |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2015/06/29/ben-harbin-will-leave-legislature-become-lobbyist/14363423007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Jodi Lott ce ta gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 21, 2016 |title=Lott finds her way in first days in House |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2016/02/22/lott-finds-her-way-first-days-house/14337199007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, Harbin ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa daga 2005 har zuwa 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Columbia County's Harbin to chair House committee |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2013/02/15/columbia-countys-harbin-chair-house-committee/14464568007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Sauran shugabancinsa sun hada da mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kula da kudade kan kiwon lafiya, shugaban kwamitin samar da makamashi, kayan aiki, da sadarwa da kuma shugaban kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin haraji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> Harbin ya goyi bayan Mitt Romney a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2012 |title=Romney Campaign Press Release – Mitt Romney Announces Support of Georgia Elected Officials and Leaders |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/romney-campaign-press-release-mitt-romney-announces-support-georgia-elected-officials-and |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> An tuhumi Harbin da tuki mara hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wanda aka ci masa tarar $ 1,000 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin yin sa'o'i 100 na hidimar al'umma. An tuhume shi da tuki a ƙarƙashin rinjaye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin tuhume-tuhume na buga wani abu mai tsauri da gazawar kula da hanya, wanda aka sauke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Rep. Harbin fined $1,000 for reckless driving |url=https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202551730914/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[Daily Report Online]]}}</ref> Harbin ya auri Hope Whitfield a shekarar 1989, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotchkiss2025">Hotchkiss, Joe (May 2, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ "'One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin"]. ''[[The Augusta Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yarsa, Caitlin, ta mutu a shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvans2025">Evans, Beau (May 1, 2025). [https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly "Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta"]. ''State Affairs''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harbin ya mutu a wani otal a Augusta, Jojiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 61. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLegoas2025">Legoas, Miguel (May 1, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ "Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know"]. ''The Augusta Chronicle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An dauki mutuwarsa a matsayin na halitta ba tare da tuhumar mummunan wasa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaby2025">Raby, Dan (May 2, 2025). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta "Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61"]. ''[[WAGA-TV]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == == Haɗin waje == * Ben HarbinaZaben zabe * Rep. Ben Harbin (R-122) Biography (PDF) - Georgia House of Representatives * [https://www.bakerlaw.com/professionals/ben-l-harbin/ Ben L. Harbin] a shafin yanar gizon BakerHostetler * Tsohon Rep. Ben Harbin - Biography, LegiStorm * [https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/7892/ben-harbin Tarihin Ben Harbin], Vote SmartZaɓuɓɓuka Masu Kyau [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ljmeo7n9kf1mq16kwevj5gw9c4d7xb7 844050 844049 2026-05-31T15:54:48Z Aluja 30485 844050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Benjie Lewis Harbin''' (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] wanda ke da hannu a siyasar Georgia .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baruchman |first=Michelle |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Augusta lawmaker remembered as quick-witted and honorable |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-l-harbin-of-augusta-found-dead/DJ52LLWPTNDNRPAZ46H2UBYTVM/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal–Constitution]] |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Harbin a Lyons, Jojiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na kimiyya a cikin harkokin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Sojan Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Harbin ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a Richmond County daga 1990 har zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1993 har zuwa 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Ya gaji Martha Moore don wakiltar Gundumar 113 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, wanda ke wakiltar Columbia County. Ya yi aiki a gidan daga 1994 har zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, Harbin ya zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Ben Harbin will leave Legislature to become lobbyist |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2015/06/29/ben-harbin-will-leave-legislature-become-lobbyist/14363423007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Jodi Lott ce ta gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 21, 2016 |title=Lott finds her way in first days in House |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2016/02/22/lott-finds-her-way-first-days-house/14337199007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, Harbin ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa daga 2005 har zuwa 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Columbia County's Harbin to chair House committee |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2013/02/15/columbia-countys-harbin-chair-house-committee/14464568007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Sauran shugabancinsa sun hada da mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kula da kudade kan kiwon lafiya, shugaban kwamitin samar da makamashi, kayan aiki, da sadarwa da kuma shugaban kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin haraji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> Harbin ya goyi bayan Mitt Romney a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2012 |title=Romney Campaign Press Release – Mitt Romney Announces Support of Georgia Elected Officials and Leaders |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/romney-campaign-press-release-mitt-romney-announces-support-georgia-elected-officials-and |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> An tuhumi Harbin da tuki mara hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wanda aka ci masa tarar $ 1,000 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin yin sa'o'i 100 na hidimar al'umma. An tuhume shi da tuki a ƙarƙashin rinjaye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin tuhume-tuhume na buga wani abu mai tsauri da gazawar kula da hanya, wanda aka sauke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Rep. Harbin fined $1,000 for reckless driving |url=https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202551730914/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[Daily Report Online]]}}</ref> Harbin ya auri Hope Whitfield a shekarar 1989, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHotchkiss2025">Hotchkiss, Joe (May 2, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ "'One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin"]. ''[[The Augusta Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> 'Yarsa, Caitlin, ta mutu a shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvans2025">Evans, Beau (May 1, 2025). [https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly "Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta"]. ''State Affairs''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Harbin ya mutu a wani otal a Augusta, Jojiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 61. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLegoas2025">Legoas, Miguel (May 1, 2025). [https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ "Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know"]. ''The Augusta Chronicle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> An dauki mutuwarsa a matsayin na halitta ba tare da tuhumar mummunan wasa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaby2025">Raby, Dan (May 2, 2025). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta "Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61"]. ''[[WAGA-TV]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == == Haɗin waje == * Ben HarbinaZaben zabe * Rep. Ben Harbin (R-122) Biography (PDF) - Georgia House of Representatives * [https://www.bakerlaw.com/professionals/ben-l-harbin/ Ben L. Harbin] a shafin yanar gizon BakerHostetler * Tsohon Rep. Ben Harbin - Biography, LegiStorm * [https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/7892/ben-harbin Tarihin Ben Harbin], Vote SmartZaɓuɓɓuka Masu Kyau [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] daiods9z71tiknjbosfxaqfisrs8ivy 844051 844050 2026-05-31T15:57:14Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa da aiki */ 844051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Benjie Lewis Harbin''' (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] wanda ke da hannu a siyasar Georgia .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baruchman |first=Michelle |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Augusta lawmaker remembered as quick-witted and honorable |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-l-harbin-of-augusta-found-dead/DJ52LLWPTNDNRPAZ46H2UBYTVM/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal–Constitution]] |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Harbin a Lyons, Jojiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Ya sami digiri na kimiyya a cikin harkokin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Sojan Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Harbin ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Republican a Richmond County daga 1990 har zuwa 1991 kuma daga 1993 har zuwa 1994.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Ya gaji Martha Moore don wakiltar Gundumar 113 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, wanda ke wakiltar Columbia County. Ya yi aiki a gidan daga 1994 har zuwa 7 ga Yuli, 2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, Harbin ya zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Steve |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Ben Harbin will leave Legislature to become lobbyist |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2015/06/29/ben-harbin-will-leave-legislature-become-lobbyist/14363423007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Jodi Lott ce ta gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 21, 2016 |title=Lott finds her way in first days in House |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2016/02/22/lott-finds-her-way-first-days-house/14337199007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Yayinda yake a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia, Harbin ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa daga 2005 har zuwa 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Walter C. |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Columbia County's Harbin to chair House committee |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/government/2013/02/15/columbia-countys-harbin-chair-house-committee/14464568007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> Sauran shugabancinsa sun hada da mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kula da kudade kan kiwon lafiya, shugaban kwamitin samar da makamashi, kayan aiki, da sadarwa da kuma shugaban kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin haraji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> Harbin ya goyi bayan Mitt Romney a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2012 |title=Romney Campaign Press Release – Mitt Romney Announces Support of Georgia Elected Officials and Leaders |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/romney-campaign-press-release-mitt-romney-announces-support-georgia-elected-officials-and |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> An tuhumi Harbin da tuki mara hankali a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wanda aka ci masa tarar $ 1,000 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin yin sa'o'i 100 na hidimar al'umma. An tuhume shi da tuki a ƙarƙashin rinjaye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin tuhume-tuhume na buga wani abu mai tsauri da gazawar kula da hanya, wanda aka sauke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Rep. Harbin fined $1,000 for reckless driving |url=https://www.law.com/dailyreportonline/almID/1202551730914/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[Daily Report Online]]}}</ref> Harbin ya auri Hope Whitfield a shekarar 1989, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hotchkiss |first=Joe |date=May 2, 2025 |title='One of the good guys': Colleagues remember life, career of Ben Harbin |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/local/2025/05/02/columbia-county-ben-harbin-remembered-as-caring-dedicated-lawmaker-georgia-general-assembly/83384823007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[The Augusta Chronicle]]}}</ref> 'Yarsa, Caitlin, ta mutu a shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Beau |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Ben Harbin obituary: Longtime Georgia lawmaker found dead in Augusta |url=https://pro.stateaffairs.com/ga/politics/ben-harbin-obituary-georgia-general-assembly |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=State Affairs |language=}}</ref> Harbin ya mutu a wani otal a Augusta, Jojiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2025, yana da shekaru 61. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legoas |first=Miguel |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Former Georgia representative found dead at Augusta hotel. Here's what we know |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2025/05/01/former-georgia-rep-ben-harbin-found-dead-at-augusta-hotel/83384327007/ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> An dauki mutuwarsa a matsayin na halitta ba tare da tuhumar mummunan wasa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raby |first=Dan |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Former Georgia state Rep. Ben Harbin found dead at 61 |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-georgia-state-rep-ben-harbin-dead-augusta |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=[[WAGA-TV]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == == Haɗin waje == * Ben HarbinaZaben zabe * Rep. Ben Harbin (R-122) Biography (PDF) - Georgia House of Representatives * [https://www.bakerlaw.com/professionals/ben-l-harbin/ Ben L. Harbin] a shafin yanar gizon BakerHostetler * Tsohon Rep. Ben Harbin - Biography, LegiStorm * [https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/7892/ben-harbin Tarihin Ben Harbin], Vote SmartZaɓuɓɓuka Masu Kyau [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] 81kwxl8ctsby9nas4pwejku0qhk6o4j 0 153723 844052 2026-05-31T16:00:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333440709|Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)]]" 844052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kada''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Kogin Kada (Gabas)''', (Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) babban kogi ne da ke ratsa lardin Mpumalanga na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Komati. == Kwarara == Ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, a cikin tsaunukan Steenkampsberg. Daga ƙasan [[Dam ɗin Kwena|madatsar ruwa ta Kwena]], Kogin Kada yana ratsawa ta cikin Schoemanskloof kuma yana gangarowa zuwa [[Montrose Falls]]. Sannan yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta wuce Nelspruit sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Komati a Komatipoort. Kogin Kada da ke Mpumalanga yana da yankin da ake samun ruwa mai girman 10,446&nbsp;km ^2. Sama da kogin sanannen wurin kamun kifi ne na kifin kifi. Yana ratsa yankin masana'antu na Nelspruit, yankin noma na Lowveld kuma yana iyaka da Kruger National Park. Raguwar kwararar kogin ta faru ne saboda ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen noman 'ya'yan itace da rake. [[Fayil:Crocodile_River_in_the_Lowveld_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kada a cikin Lambun Dabbobi na Ƙasa na Lowveld ya yi ambaliya a watan Janairun 2026]] == Magudanar ruwa == [[Kogin Elands (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Elands]] da Kogin Nels su ne magudanar ruwa ga Kada. Kogin Elands, wanda ya shahara da magudanar ruwa, yana tashi a kan tudun ciyayi na tsaunukan Drakensberg kusa da garin Machadodorp yayin da Kogin Nels yake tashi a kan Drakensberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>   == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == KrokodilrivierCrocodile River (Mpumalanga)Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)Crocodile River (Mpumalanga) fgmcdd242pwiiz1tefituqpq7pf9mnt 844053 844052 2026-05-31T16:01:29Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 844053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kada''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Kogin Kada (Gabas)''', (Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) babban kogi ne da ke ratsa lardin Mpumalanga na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Komati. == Kwarara == Ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, a cikin tsaunukan Steenkampsberg. Daga ƙasan [[Dam ɗin Kwena|madatsar ruwa ta Kwena]], Kogin Kada yana ratsawa ta cikin Schoemanskloof kuma yana gangarowa zuwa [[Montrose Falls]]. Sannan yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta wuce Nelspruit sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Komati a Komatipoort. Kogin Kada da ke Mpumalanga yana da yankin da ake samun ruwa mai girman 10,446&nbsp;km ^2. Sama da kogin sanannen wurin kamun kifi ne na kifin kifi. Yana ratsa yankin masana'antu na Nelspruit, yankin noma na Lowveld kuma yana iyaka da Kruger National Park. Raguwar kwararar kogin ta faru ne saboda ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen noman 'ya'yan itace da rake. [[Fayil:Crocodile_River_in_the_Lowveld_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kada a cikin Lambun Dabbobi na Ƙasa na Lowveld ya yi ambaliya a watan Janairun 2026]] == Magudanar ruwa == [[Kogin Elands (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Elands]] da Kogin Nels su ne magudanar ruwa ga Kada. Kogin Elands, wanda ya shahara da magudanar ruwa, yana tashi a kan tudun ciyayi na tsaunukan Drakensberg kusa da garin Machadodorp yayin da Kogin Nels yake tashi a kan Drakensberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>   == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == exguqokho19iyipjqlnts9bghb0bjvk 844055 844053 2026-05-31T16:02:36Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 844055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kada''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Kogin Kada (Gabas)''', (Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) babban kogi ne da ke ratsa lardin Mpumalanga na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Komati. == Kwarara == Ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, a cikin tsaunukan Steenkampsberg. Daga ƙasan [[Dam ɗin Kwena|madatsar ruwa ta Kwena]], Kogin Kada yana ratsawa ta cikin Schoemanskloof kuma yana gangarowa zuwa [[Montrose Falls]]. Sannan yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta wuce Nelspruit sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Komati a Komatipoort.<ref>[http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 The Komati River Basin and Land Use] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315050425/http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> Kogin Kada da ke Mpumalanga yana da yankin da ake samun ruwa mai girman 10,446&nbsp;km ^2. Sama da kogin sanannen wurin kamun kifi ne na kifin kifi.<ref>[http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm Fishing - Dullstroom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111909/http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Yana ratsa yankin masana'antu na Nelspruit, yankin noma na Lowveld kuma yana iyaka da Kruger National Park. Raguwar kwararar kogin ta faru ne saboda ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen noman 'ya'yan itace da rake. [[Fayil:Crocodile_River_in_the_Lowveld_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kada a cikin Lambun Dabbobi na Ƙasa na Lowveld ya yi ambaliya a watan Janairun 2026]] == Magudanar ruwa == [[Kogin Elands (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Elands]] da Kogin Nels su ne magudanar ruwa ga Kada. Kogin Elands, wanda ya shahara da magudanar ruwa, yana tashi a kan tudun ciyayi na tsaunukan Drakensberg kusa da garin Machadodorp yayin da Kogin Nels yake tashi a kan Drakensberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>   == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == hxot00c40gzxjwqnx9s4zylamyji3fj 844056 844055 2026-05-31T16:04:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kada''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Kogin Kada (Gabas)''', (Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) babban kogi ne da ke ratsa lardin Mpumalanga na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Komati. == Kwarara == Ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, a cikin tsaunukan Steenkampsberg. Daga ƙasan [[Dam ɗin Kwena|madatsar ruwa ta Kwena]], Kogin Kada yana ratsawa ta cikin Schoemanskloof kuma yana gangarowa zuwa [[Montrose Falls]]. Sannan yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta wuce Nelspruit sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Komati a Komatipoort.<ref>[http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 The Komati River Basin and Land Use] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315050425/http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> Kogin Kada da ke Mpumalanga yana da yankin da ake samun ruwa mai girman 10,446&nbsp;km ^2. Sama da kogin sanannen wurin kamun kifi ne na kifin kifi.<ref>[http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm Fishing - Dullstroom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111909/http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Yana ratsa yankin masana'antu na Nelspruit, yankin noma na Lowveld kuma yana iyaka da Kruger National Park. Raguwar kwararar kogin ta faru ne saboda ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen noman 'ya'yan itace da rake. [[Fayil:Crocodile_River_in_the_Lowveld_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kada a cikin Lambun Dabbobi na Ƙasa na Lowveld ya yi ambaliya a watan Janairun 2026]] == Magudanar ruwa == [[Kogin Elands (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Elands]] da Kogin Nels su ne magudanar ruwa ga Kada. Kogin Elands, wanda ya shahara da magudanar ruwa, yana tashi a kan tudun ciyayi na tsaunukan Drakensberg kusa da garin Machadodorp yayin da Kogin Nels yake tashi a kan Drakensberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |archive-date=2012-08-05 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>   == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 80s5y4d68ehjf6tejs265bd65ioe31b 0 153724 844054 2026-05-31T16:02:22Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280668784|Association of Women Heads of Households]]" 844054 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar Mata Shugabannin Gidaje ('''AFCF''', Faransanci: Association des femmes chefs de familles) kungiya ce mai kare hakkin mata mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Nouakchott-Femme_brodant_une_khaïma.jpg|alt=|thumb|Wata mace daga Nouakchott ta yi sutura]] [[Fayil:Aminetou_Mint.jpg|alt=|thumb|Aminetou Mint El-Moctar]] A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1999, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Mauritania Aminetou Mint El-Moctar ta kafa kungiyar mata shugabannin gidaje, don yin kamfen da wayar da kan jama'a game da ƙuntatawa na kare hakkin dan adam da mata daga Mauritania zasu iya fuskanta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Association of Female Heads of Households {{!}} Women's Learning Partnership |url=https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184042/https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households |archive-date=2019-01-25 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=learningpartnership.org}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, an tsara AFCF don nuna bambancin Mauritania, gami da [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berber]], [[Haratin]], [[Fulani|Pulaar]], [[Mutanen Soninke|Soninke]] da mata Wolof.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Aminetou Mint El-Moctar Oral testimony |url=https://learningpartnership.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/AMINETOU%20ELY%20CONTENT%20SUMMARY_0.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Women's Learning Partnership}}</ref> AFCF ta kasance a kan gaba a kamfen da yawa a Mauritania don inganta yanayin mata a kasar. A shekara ta 2011, kungiyar tana aiki tare da gwamnati don kawo karshen fitar da amarya zuwa tsibirin Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-23 |title=WikiLeaks: Mauritanian Child Brides Embody the Dark Side of Globalization - FPIF |url=https://fpif.org/wikileaks_mauritanian_child_brides_embody_of_the_dark_side_of_globalization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000302/http://fpif.org/wikileaks_mauritanian_child_brides_embody_of_the_dark_side_of_globalization/ |archive-date=2016-10-07 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=Foreign Policy In Focus |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi kamfen a ko'ina game da aikin tilasta ciyar da 'yan mata kafin aure, al'ada ce da aka kirkira don nuna arzikin miji, amma wanda a zahiri ya hana lafiyar mata da kuma shiga cikin al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Body Image in Mauritania: Bigger is Better {{!}} Utah Historical Review |url=http://www.epubs.utah.edu/index.php/historia/article/view/1194 |url-status=live |journal= |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717051955/http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/historia/article/view/1194 |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> A cikin 2016, AFCF ta gabatar da sabuwar doka ga gwamnatin Mauritania don kare haƙƙin mata, musamman don gabatar da hukunci mai tsanani don fyade. Gwamnatin Mauritania ta ki amincewa da shawarar saboda ba ta bi dokar Shari'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=Feminists in Mauritania confront sexual violence laws |url=https://middle-east-online.com/en/feminists-mauritania-confront-sexual-violence-laws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418231041/https://middle-east-online.com/en/feminists-mauritania-confront-sexual-violence-laws |archive-date=2019-04-18 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=MEO |language=en}}</ref> Sun yi kamfen game da cin zarafin jima'i a kan mata, a cikin birane da kuma yankunan karkara kuma daga 2012 sun ƙarfafa dukkan ofisoshin 'yan sanda su sami ma'aikatan zamantakewa a shafin don tallafawa wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin lalata da kuma ƙarfafa mata su gurfanar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tandian |first=Coulibaly |last2=Khairy |first2=Oumoul |date=2018 |title=Violences sexuelles et accès à la justice pour les femmes rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest : brochure de synthèse comparatives des résultats clés |url=https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/57104 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Association of Female Heads of Households {{!}} Women's Learning Partnership |url=https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184042/https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households |archive-date=2019-01-25 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=learningpartnership.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households "Association of Female Heads of Households | Women's Learning Partnership"]. ''learningpartnership.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184042/https://learningpartnership.org/who-we-are/partnership/association-female-heads-households Archived] from the original on 2019-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Suna kamfen don kawo karshen yankan mata. Mauritania kawai ta haramta bautar a cikin 1981 kuma har yanzu ana yin sa a duk faɗin ƙasar. AFCF ta yi kamfen game da bautar zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association des Femmes Chefs de Famille (AFCF) - End Slavery Now |url=http://endslaverynow.org/association-des-femmes-chefs-de-famille-afcf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112125836/http://www.endslaverynow.org/association-des-femmes-chefs-de-famille-afcf |archive-date=2018-11-12 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=endslaverynow.org}}</ref> Don rawar da ta taka a cikin shirin yaki da bautar, an zabi El-Moctar don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Nobel Prize Nominations: Moctar, Dah Abeid, Messaoud {{!}} Initiative for the Resurgent Abolition Movement |url=http://ira-usa.org/three-nobel-prize-nominations-moctar-dah-abeid-messaoud/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402181009/http://ira-usa.org/three-nobel-prize-nominations-moctar-dah-abeid-messaoud/ |archive-date=2016-04-02 |access-date=2019-12-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna aiki don kawo karshen cin zarafin ma'aikatan gida, da kuma karfafa mata su shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa, a cikin gida da kuma kasa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2017, AFCF ta ƙarfafa gwamnati ta karɓi sabuwar doka da ke inganta lafiyar jima'i.<ref name=":0" /> Kamar yadda na 2019 AFCF tana da mambobi 12,000, cibiyoyin ceto shida ga wadanda abin ya shafa, ma'aikatan jin dadin jama'a 168, lauyoyi hudu da mai tuntuɓar mutum a kowane birni a Mauritania.[1] Yakin karatun karatu da AFCF ta tallafa ya kai sama da 'yan mata 20,000 a yankunan karkarar Nouakchott kadai kuma ya taimaka wa mutane sama da 73,000 su sami matsayin jama'a don haka samun hakki da kariya[2]. == Haɗin waje == [[Fayil:UNESCO's_soft_power.pdf|thumb|Ikon taushi na UNESCO]] * http://afcf-rim.com/fr/ == Manazarta == <references /> {{Authority control}} mgdfwx9bh21jhzgrv9dz474sdwlczd8 0 153725 844057 2026-05-31T16:04:40Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 844057 wikitext text/x-wiki Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1950) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan ƙarfe.[1] Shi ne shugaban zartarwa na ArcelorMittal, kamfanin na biyu mafi girma a duniya, da kuma shugaban kamfanin kera ƙarfe mai suna Aperam.[2][3] Mittal ya mallaki kashi 38 cikin 100 na ArcelorMittal. Har ila yau, yana da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin ƙungiyar Rajasthan Royals ta Premier League (IPL) da kuma kashi uku cikin dari a kulob din kwallon kafa na Queens Park Rangers . [4][5] Mittal yana zaune a Switzerland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan ya tashi daga Ingila a 2025, inda ya zauna tun 1995. [6]hihihi A shekara ta 2005, Forbes'" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Forbes">Forbes ya sanya Mittal a matsayin mutum na uku mafi arziki a duniya, wanda ya sanya shi dan Indiya na farko da ya kasance a cikin manyan goma a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi arziki a duniya.[1][2] An sanya shi mutum na shida mafi arziki a duniya ta Forbes a cikin 2011, amma ya sauka zuwa Matsayi na 82 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma kawai zuwa na 130 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. [3][4] Har ila yau, shi ne "mutum na 57 mafi iko" daga cikin mutane 72 da aka ambata a cikin jerin "Mutanen da suka fi iko" na Forbes na shekarar 2015.[5] Bikin auren 'yarsa Vanisha Mittal (a shekara ta 2005) shine na shida mafi tsada a Tarihin da aka rubuta.[6] Ya zuwa 2025, an kiyasta darajar Mittal ta zama £ 15.444 biliyan ta Sunday Times Rich List.[7] ==Farkon Rayuwa shi da karatun shi== An haifi Lakshmi Niwas Mittal a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1950, a Sadulpur, Rajasthan ga dangin Marwari . Ya yi karatu a Shri Daulatram Nopany Vidyalaya, Calcutta daga 1957 zuwa 1964. [1] Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Calcutta, tare da digiri na B.Com a aji na farko. Mahaifin Lakshmi Niwas, Mohanlal Mittal, ya gudanar da kasuwancin ƙarfe, Nippon Denro Ispat . [2] gefcx72n63qgfj4at9e0b1zv9gkzjfk 844059 844057 2026-05-31T16:12:05Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 844059 wikitext text/x-wiki Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1950) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan ƙarfe.<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/lakshmi-mittal-birthday-check-out-how-the-net-worth-of-steel-barons-changed-between-55-and-72-years-of-age-13814212.htm</ref> Shi ne shugaban zartarwa na ArcelorMittal, kamfanin na biyu mafi girma a duniya, da kuma shugaban kamfanin kera ƙarfe mai suna Aperam.<ref>http://www.4-traders.com/APERAM-7261038/company/</ref> Mittal ya mallaki kashi 38 cikin 100 na ArcelorMittal. Har ila yau, yana da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin ƙungiyar Rajasthan Royals ta Premier League (IPL) da kuma kashi uku cikin dari a kulob din kwallon kafa na Queens Park Rangers . Mittal yana zaune a Switzerland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan ya tashi daga Ingila a 2025, inda ya zauna tun 1995.hihihi A shekara ta 2005, Forbes'" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Forbes">Forbes ya sanya Mittal a matsayin mutum na uku mafi arziki a duniya, wanda ya sanya shi dan Indiya na farko da ya kasance a cikin manyan goma a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi arziki a duniya. An sanya shi mutum na shida mafi arziki a duniya ta Forbes a cikin 2011, amma ya sauka zuwa Matsayi na 82 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma kawai zuwa na 130 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. Har ila yau, shi ne "mutum na 57 mafi iko" daga cikin mutane 72 da aka ambata a cikin jerin "Mutanen da suka fi iko" na Forbes na shekarar 2015.Bikin auren 'yarsa Vanisha Mittal (a shekara ta 2005) shine na shida mafi tsada a Tarihin da aka rubuta.Ya zuwa 2025, an kiyasta darajar Mittal ta zama £ 15.444 biliyan ta Sunday Times Rich List. ==Farkon Rayuwa shi da karatun shi== An haifi Lakshmi Niwas Mittal a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1950, a Sadulpur, Rajasthan ga dangin Marwari.<ref>https://www.marketingmind.in/indias-top-billionaires-schools-they-attended/</ref> Ya yi karatu a Shri Daulatram Nopany Vidyalaya, Calcutta daga 1957 zuwa 1964.Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Calcutta, tare da digiri na B.Com a aji na farko. Mahaifin Lakshmi Niwas, Mohanlal Mittal, ya gudanar da kasuwancin ƙarfe, Nippon Denro Ispat.<ref>http://www.financeninvestments.com/entrepreneurs/lakshmi-mittal-biography.html</ref> ==Manazarta 6x53neaq80mfg92pt9tqgaxwt4j4y2w 844062 844059 2026-05-31T16:13:32Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 844062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1950) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan ƙarfe.<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/lakshmi-mittal-birthday-check-out-how-the-net-worth-of-steel-barons-changed-between-55-and-72-years-of-age-13814212.htm</ref> Shi ne shugaban zartarwa na ArcelorMittal, kamfanin na biyu mafi girma a duniya, da kuma shugaban kamfanin kera ƙarfe mai suna Aperam.<ref>http://www.4-traders.com/APERAM-7261038/company/</ref> Mittal ya mallaki kashi 38 cikin 100 na ArcelorMittal. Har ila yau, yana da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin ƙungiyar Rajasthan Royals ta Premier League (IPL) da kuma kashi uku cikin dari a kulob din kwallon kafa na Queens Park Rangers . Mittal yana zaune a Switzerland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan ya tashi daga Ingila a 2025, inda ya zauna tun 1995.hihihi A shekara ta 2005, Forbes'" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Forbes">Forbes ya sanya Mittal a matsayin mutum na uku mafi arziki a duniya, wanda ya sanya shi dan Indiya na farko da ya kasance a cikin manyan goma a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi arziki a duniya. An sanya shi mutum na shida mafi arziki a duniya ta Forbes a cikin 2011, amma ya sauka zuwa Matsayi na 82 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma kawai zuwa na 130 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. Har ila yau, shi ne "mutum na 57 mafi iko" daga cikin mutane 72 da aka ambata a cikin jerin "Mutanen da suka fi iko" na Forbes na shekarar 2015.Bikin auren 'yarsa Vanisha Mittal (a shekara ta 2005) shine na shida mafi tsada a Tarihin da aka rubuta.Ya zuwa 2025, an kiyasta darajar Mittal ta zama £ 15.444 biliyan ta Sunday Times Rich List. ==Farkon Rayuwa shi da karatun shi== An haifi Lakshmi Niwas Mittal a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1950, a Sadulpur, Rajasthan ga dangin Marwari.<ref>https://www.marketingmind.in/indias-top-billionaires-schools-they-attended/</ref> Ya yi karatu a Shri Daulatram Nopany Vidyalaya, Calcutta daga 1957 zuwa 1964.Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Calcutta, tare da digiri na B.Com a aji na farko. Mahaifin Lakshmi Niwas, Mohanlal Mittal, ya gudanar da kasuwancin ƙarfe, Nippon Denro Ispat.<ref>http://www.financeninvestments.com/entrepreneurs/lakshmi-mittal-biography.html</ref> ==Manazarta qswqho2q939acojh32jrji3j3427k1g 0 153726 844058 2026-05-31T16:10:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975452|Assegaai River]]" 844058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Assegaai''', ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Wakkerstroom, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Assegaai River |url=http://za.geoview.info/assegaai_river,179376725w |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=geoview.info}}</ref> kuma yana shiga madatsar ruwan Heyshope, kudu maso gabashin Piet Retief. Lokacin da ya shiga [[Eswatini]], ana kiransa da '''Kogin Mkhondvo''' kuma yana ratsa tsaunukan da suka samar da [[Mahamba Gorge|kwarin Mahamba]]. A Eswatini, yawanci yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]]. Ƙungiyoyin Assegaai sun haɗa da [[Ngulane River|kogin Ngulane]], da [[Anysspruit]], da [[Boesmanspruit]], da kuma [[Klein Assegaai River|kogin Klein Assegaai]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] 7vvs4oku518ctxm58is9y9znq9zw5v8 844060 844058 2026-05-31T16:12:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Assegaai''', ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Wakkerstroom, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Assegaai River |url=http://za.geoview.info/assegaai_river,179376725w |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=geoview.info}}</ref> kuma yana shiga madatsar ruwan Heyshope, kudu maso gabashin Piet Retief. Lokacin da ya shiga [[Eswatini]], ana kiransa da '''Kogin Mkhondvo''' kuma yana ratsa tsaunukan da suka samar da [[Mahamba Gorge|kwarin Mahamba]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> A Eswatini, yawanci yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin Assegaai sun haɗa da [[Ngulane River|kogin Ngulane]], da [[Anysspruit]], da [[Boesmanspruit]], da kuma [[Klein Assegaai River|kogin Klein Assegaai]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] qe7k9xnj0kis7p3g3xol698nps2m3pw 844061 844060 2026-05-31T16:12:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Assegaai''', ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Wakkerstroom, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Assegaai River |url=http://za.geoview.info/assegaai_river,179376725w |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=geoview.info}}</ref> kuma yana shiga madatsar ruwan Heyshope, kudu maso gabashin Piet Retief. Lokacin da ya shiga [[Eswatini]], ana kiransa da '''Kogin Mkhondvo''' kuma yana ratsa tsaunukan da suka samar da [[Mahamba Gorge|kwarin Mahamba]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> A Eswatini, yawanci yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin Assegaai sun haɗa da [[Ngulane River|kogin Ngulane]], da [[Anysspruit]], da [[Boesmanspruit]], da kuma [[Klein Assegaai River|kogin Klein Assegaai]].<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] r8hs8jr1rx5s3ihjb9tu3r9euv19hnl 0 153727 844063 2026-05-31T16:16:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1182760207|Wilge River (Olifants)]]" 844063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants. == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra, a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng. Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit. Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop. Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]]. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] m2fn1500kqfbym7lmajefeneduvxcwr 844064 844063 2026-05-31T16:18:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra, a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng. Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit. Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop. Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]]. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] pds2hwllagxgwtd6zuko821rv4flatj 844066 844064 2026-05-31T16:19:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 844066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra, a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_7.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit. Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]].<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUWilge/defaultplace.htm Wilge River Basin]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] 1fytxyk7cfxn4qxe68fpaztjzm8byow 844068 844066 2026-05-31T16:21:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra, a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_7.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit. Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]].<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUWilge/defaultplace.htm Wilge River Basin]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] 0cpmbtlqgjrect8toubbltj6hzj92x8 844069 844068 2026-05-31T16:22:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 844069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra,<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_7.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit. Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]].<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUWilge/defaultplace.htm Wilge River Basin]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] pu162hya70ok0uas82lzcnadhb7kmva 844070 844069 2026-05-31T16:22:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 844070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Wilge (iKuthu)''' kogi ne da ke lardin Mpumalanga da Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Olifants.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> == Kwarara == Kogin Wilge ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.&nbsp;kilomita na Yammacin Leandra,<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> a cikin ciyayi masu tsayi tsakanin wannan gari da Springs, Gauteng.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_7.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Yana kwarara kusan arewa har sai babban magudanar ruwanta, Bronkhorstspruit, ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya haɗu da gefen hagu kimanin 25&nbsp;kilomita daga ƙasan garin Bronkhorstspruit.<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUWilge/defaultplace.htm Wilge River Basin]</ref> Sannan yana gudana a arewa maso gabas har sai ya haɗu da Olifants kimanin 12&nbsp;kilomita daga saman madatsar ruwa ta Loskop.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> Sauran magudanar ruwa ta Wilge sune [[Kendal River (Wilge)|Kendal]] da [[Devon River|Kogin Devon]].<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUWilge/defaultplace.htm Wilge River Basin]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf Kamun Ruwa a Kogin Olifants] * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Tashoshin Tashoshi a cikin Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Olifants, Kada da Sabie] k5pyjyjnia58xv1eg99umi56gnb42ox 0 153728 844065 2026-05-31T16:19:49Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244335571|Saadani Mint Khaytour]]" 844065 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Saadani Mint Khaytour''' mataimaki ce a gwamnatin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Femmes en Mauritanie |url=https://www.mafrwestafrica.net/justice-et-paix/4372-femmes-en-mauritanie |website=www.mafrwestafrica.net}}</ref> Mint Khaytour memba ne na [[Mauritania]]_Parliament" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mauritanian Parliament">Majalisar dokoki Mauritania . A watan Mayun 2022, an kori Khaytour daga jam'iyyar National Rally for Reform and Development (Tewassoul) bayan da suka nuna rashin amincewa da matsayarsu kan 'yancin mata da bauta a Mauritania.[1] Daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar Equity (''Insaf'') mai mulki. A duka biyun, ta kasance mai aiki don kara kariya ga mata a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Droits des femmes en Mauritanie : Saadani Mint Khaytour fait face à son propre camp – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/1049052/societe/droits-des-femmes-en-mauritanie-saadani-mint-khaytour-fait-face-a-son-propre-camp/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s2s47sgsnqj2o3uhxsy088l2xyqwm05 0 153729 844067 2026-05-31T16:20:50Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356923886|Fatimatou Abdel Malick]]" 844067 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Fatimatou Mint Abdel Malick''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan [[Muritaniya|Mauritanci]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Tevragh-Zeina tun shekara ta 2001. Ita ce mace ta farko a kasar ta da ta rike mukamin magajin gari. Daga 2012 zuwa 2015 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar The Network for Local Elected Women of Africa (REFELA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Abdel Malik a shekara ta 1958 a Tamchakett, inda mahaifinta ya kasance mai gudanarwa.<ref name="Fatima">{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a Louvain-la-Neuve, [[Beljik|Belgium]] . <ref name="Fatima" /> == Ayyuka == Abdel Malik ya gudanar da ofishin sabis na kwamfuta, MINFE, a [[Nouakchott]] kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da cibiyar sadarwa na Bankin Habitat . <ref name="Fatima">{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="leaders">{{Cite web |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik |url=http://www.leaders-afrique.com/fatimetou-abdel-malik/ |publisher=Leaders Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Shirye-shiryen Birane da Ma'aikata kafin a nada ta a Ofishin Firayim Minista.<ref name="leaders" /> A shekara ta 2001, Jam'iyyar Democrat da Social Republican Party (PRDS) ta nemi Abdel Malick ta yi takarar karamar hukuma, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin magajin gari na Tevragh-Zeina, ɗaya daga cikin yankuna tara na yankin Nouakchott Urban Community . <ref name="Fatima">{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |last2=Charlton |first2=Angela |last3=Ritter |first3=Karl |date=4 December 2015 |title=Odd climate math: The difference between 2 degree and 1.5 degree goal much bigger than 0.5 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2015/12/04/matter-of-degree-temperature-goal-in-climate-talks-an-issue |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=US News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=Daily report of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/43258 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |publisher=Prevention Web}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari a Mauritania . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Femmes élues dans le monde : focus sur 13 politiques engagées |url=http://www.elle.fr/Societe/L-actu-en-images/Femmes-elues-dans-le-monde-focus-sur-13-politiques-engagees/Fatimetou-Mint-Abdel-Malick-dirigeante-africaine |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Elle}}</ref> Ta inganta ilimin makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata, kuma ta sake fasalin gwamnati.<ref name="role">{{Cite web |last=Rheinheimer |first=Elisa |date=15 June 2016 |title=Role model for Africa's women |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/profile-fatimetou-mint-abdel-malick-role-model-for-africas-women |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Qantara.de}}</ref> An sake zabar ta a 2006, 2011 da 2015. <ref name="leaders">{{Cite web |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik |url=http://www.leaders-afrique.com/fatimetou-abdel-malik/ |publisher=Leaders Afrique |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="role" /> Daga 2012 har zuwa Disamba 2015, Abdel Malick ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Mata ta Afirka. <ref name="local">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title=La camerounaise Célestine Ketcha Courtès accède au trône du Refela |url=https://www.lebledparle.com/du-bled/1100713-la-camerounaise-celestine-ketcha-courtes-accede-au-trone-du-refela |access-date=29 January 2017 |website=Le Bled Parle |language=fr}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa, wacce aka kafa a [[Tanja|Tangier]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ta haɗu da mata da aka zaba a mukaman kananan hukumomi.<ref name="local" /><ref name="diplomat">{{Cite web |last=Aaron |first=Onana N. |date=2 December 2015 |title=Diplomatie: Célestine Ketcha Courtès prend les rênes du Réseau des Femmes Elues Locales d'Afrique (REFELA) |url=http://www.africapresse.com/diplomatie-celestine-ketcha-courtes-prend-les-renes-du-reseau-des-femmes-elues-locales-dafrique-refela/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420120245/http://www.africapresse.com/diplomatie-celestine-ketcha-courtes-prend-les-renes-du-reseau-des-femmes-elues-locales-dafrique-refela/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=29 January 2017 |website=Africa Presse |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="cities">{{Cite magazine|url-status=45–46}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref> Abdel Malick ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Mauritania don tallafawa 'yan takarar mata don ofis kuma ta ga wasu mata biyar sun shiga ta a matsayin magajin gari, gami da [[Maty Mint Hamady]] . <ref name="Fatima">{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[António Guterres]] ya nada Abdel Malick ya zama shugaban kungiyarsa mai ba da shawara kan gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na yanki, tare da Pilar Cancela Rodríguez . == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Shirye-shiryen Kasa da Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Rage Bala'i "Champion for Resilience" 2013 * Knight of Honor na [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] 2013 * Medal na FAO na 2015 <ref name="leaders">{{Cite web |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik |url=http://www.leaders-afrique.com/fatimetou-abdel-malik/ |publisher=Leaders Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abdel Malick uwa ce mai zaman kanta ga yara uku.<ref name="Fatima">{{Cite web |last=Faujas |first=Alain |date=10 September 2015 |title=Fatimetou Abdel Malik, première femme maire de Mauritanie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/263061/politique/fatimetou-abdel-malik-premiere-femme-maire-de-mauritanie/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce.<ref name="role">{{Cite web |last=Rheinheimer |first=Elisa |date=15 June 2016 |title=Role model for Africa's women |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/profile-fatimetou-mint-abdel-malick-role-model-for-africas-women |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Qantara.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ybt96eaeqd2l8yqsh1u71anccsbp5v 0 153730 844071 2026-05-31T16:22:45Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328920966|Aziza Mint Jiddou]]" 844071 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Aziza Mint Jiddou''' 'yar siyasar Mauritania ce kuma memba na Majalisar dokokin Mauritania . == Tarihin rayuwa == Mint Jiddou memba ne na majalisar dokokin Mauritania, wanda gundumar Nouadhibou ta zaba a lokacin Zaben majalisar dokokin Mauritania na 2023. Ita memba ce ta jam'iyyar National Rally for Reform and Development, wacce aka fi sani da ''Tawāṣul'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Députée de Nouadhibou : la crise de soif dans la ville est insupportable! |url=https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=766964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723120655/https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=766964 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Carrefour de la République Islamique DE Mauritanie |language=French}}</ref> Mint Jiddou ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Ministan Minista des Pêches et de l'Economie Maritime (Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tattalin Arzikin Maritime).[1][2] A cikin 2023, Mint Jiddou ya yi tsokaci game da yadda aka keta dokokin da suka shafi kasa na kamun kifi da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi samar da ruwan sha a Boulenouar, yayin wani jawabi a Majalisar Mauritaniya.[3][4] A cikin 2025, Mint Jiddou ya tambayi Amal mint Maouloud, Ministan Hydraulics da tsaftar muhalli, a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa game da ci gaba da lamuran ruwa.[5][6][7] Mint Jiddou ya kuma yi kira ga bude jami'a mai fannoni da yawa a garin Nouadhibou <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Députée de Nouadhibou : la crise de soif dans la ville est insupportable! |url=https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=766964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723120655/https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=766964 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Carrefour de la République Islamique DE Mauritanie |language=French}}</ref> kuma ya yi tir da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kula da ayyukan gida a babban birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Député Mint Jiddou : Nouadhibou est devenue un foyer de corruption et de manque de services |url=https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=777188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907225329/https://cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=777188 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Cridem |language=Fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 45u5wwnptnn6eeqm273otssz9305k7y 0 153731 844072 2026-05-31T16:23:55Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345825819|Cissé Mint Boide]]" 844072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cissé Mint Cheikh Ould Boide''' ɗan ƙasar Mauritania ne wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021. Tsohon wakilin dindindin a Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNESCO a Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanie : Cissé Boidé nommée ambassadrice auprès de l'UNESCO |url=http://essahraa.net/fr/html/11072018-2354 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=essahraa.net}}</ref> kuma tsohon Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni a Mauritania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Excellency Mrs. Cissé Mint Cheikh Ould Boide. Mauritania Sport, Youth and Culture Minister - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/205091875-Her-excellency-mrs-cisse-mint-cheikh-ould-boide-mauritania-sport-youth-and-culture-minister.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=docplayer.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania holds National sports day {{!}} The North Africa Post |url=https://northafricapost.com/3270-mauritania-holds-national-sports-day.html |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=northafricapost.com}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == An haifi Cheikh Cisse Boide a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1970, a Nouakchott, Mauritania . An nada ta a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Jakadan Mauritania a Amurka, Boide ta yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin na Mauritania a UNESCO daga 2019-2021. Daga 2014-2018 Boide ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kasa da kasa a fannin manufofi da dabarun da kuma gudanarwa, kimanta aikin da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni na Mauritania daga 2009-2013. Daga 2007-2009, Boide ya kasance Darakta na Yawon Bude Ido a Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Ayyuka, da Yawon Bude Udo ta Mauritania. Boide ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin dabarun da kuma gudanar da ayyukan samar da kayayyaki daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Masana'antu a Lille, Faransa. Boide ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Lille inda ta sami Digiri na Mataki a Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido da Yankuna, Al'adu da Wasanni kuma tana da digiri na farko a cikin Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa a cikin Yawon Bude Udo da Kamfanonin Otal daga Cibiyar Yawon Bude Yamma ta Duniya a Tangier, Morocco, ISIT daga 1988 zuwa 1992. Boide ta yi aiki a bangaren yawon bude ido na Mauritania kuma ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Ofishin yawon bude bude ido na kasa inda ta shiga cikin baje kolin yawon bude hankali kuma ta yada Mauritania a matsayin wurin yawon bude jiki daga 2002 zuwa 2007 kafin ta hau matsayin Darakta yawon bude baki wanda ke daidaita dabarun kasa don Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido daga 2007 zuwa 2009. Firayim Minista Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf ne ya nada ta Ministan Al'adu, Matasa da Wasanni daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekara ta 2018, an nada ta jakadan Mauritania a UNESCO kuma daga baya aka tura ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-16 |title=Anti-Doping Convention: Mauritania to become the 189th State Party |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/anti-doping-convention-mauritania-become-189th-state-party |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Mouvement diplomatique partiel : Cissé Cheikh Boidé nommée ambassadrice à Washington (Noms) |url=https://alwiam.info/fr/ar/9876 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Alwiam info |language=fr}}</ref> Boide ya fito ne daga dangi mai tasiri a Mauritania kuma yana da alaƙa da jagorancin Mauritania, musamman a cikin soja. Mahaifinta yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin farko na kasar, kuma dan uwanta janar ne a cikin soja. Boide ta auri dan kasar Amurka wanda ya fito ne daga Mauritania Mohamed Amar likita a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai, kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru 22. A shekara ta 2013, an cire Boide a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni bayan tsohon mijinta na lokacin ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa inda ake zargin ya yi amfani da ni'ima na kansa don lashe tayin gina filin wasa a Nouadhibou. Ba a tuhumi tsohon mijinta ba ko kuma an wanke shi da rashin adalci a cikin al'amarin. Ya janye tayin sa bayan kukan jama'a. Boide ba ta da hannu a cikin binciken da ya shafi tsohon mijinta amma duk da haka an cire ta daga ofishinta. Tana iya Faransanci da Larabci, tare da Turanci da Mutanen Espanya masu kyau. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aztyxpqe8g64bfygklug545ndghlzev 0 153732 844073 2026-05-31T16:25:53Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231711803|Aïssata Lam]]" 844073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aïssata Lam''' (an haife ta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1986) ƙwararren ƙwararren ma'aikatar ma'Mauritanci ne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Mauritanie : rencontre avec Aïssata Lam, présidente de la Jeune Chambre de commerce |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/799317/politique/mauritanie-rencontre-avec-aissata-lam-presidente-de-la-jeune-chambre-de-commerce/}}</ref> Ita ce co-kafa kuma shugabar Hukumar Kasuwancin Matasa ta Mauritania (JCCM) kuma tana da asali a cikin microfinance da kuma aikin gona. Tana aiki a fannin kudi na yanayi kuma tana da hannu sosai a cikin karfafa matasa da mata a nahiyar Afirka, musamman a Mauritania. Emmanuel Macron ne ya nada ta a cikin 2019 zuwa majalisar G7 kan daidaiton jinsi.[1] [2] [3] A cikin 2019, an jera ta cikin Mata 100 na BBC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ba |first=Diarry Ndiaye |date=October 17, 2019 |title=BBC 100 WOMEN : une mauritanienne parmi les 100 femmes inspirantes |url=https://senalioune.com/bbc-100-women-une-mauritanienne-parmi-les-100-femmes-inspirantes-et-influentes-du-monde-entier-pour-lannee-2019/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518040805/https://senalioune.com/bbc-100-women-une-mauritanienne-parmi-les-100-femmes-inspirantes-et-influentes-du-monde-entier-pour-lannee-2019/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite" a shekarar 2020 ta Gwamnatin Mauritania. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o571ndnqvgvdxyww3i9qerjgge9eebq 0 153733 844074 2026-05-31T16:26:47Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330299842|Mekfoula Mint Brahim]]" 844074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mekfoula Mint Brahim''' 'yar mata ce kuma mai kare hakkin dan adam a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], tana yaki da nuna bambanci da kuma magana game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini. Ita ce Shugabar Pour une Mauritanie Verte et Démocratique ("For a Green and Democratic Mauritania"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania: "A sword hanging over our heads" : The repression of activists speaking out against discrimination and slavery in Mauritania |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Mekfoula a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 (ba ta san ranar haihuwarta ba saboda iyayenta ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba) a Tawaz, ƙauye a yankin Adrar kuma tana da 'yan'uwa mata 3 da' yan'uwa maza 3. Ta yi aure sau 4 kuma tana da ɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Resistencias |date=29 October 2016 |title=RESISTENCIAS: MEKFOULA BRAHIM. Ser resistencia |url=http://mariacastroserantes.blogspot.com/2016/10/mekhfoula-brahim-ser-resistencia_70.html |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=RESISTENCIAS}}</ref> Ta yi karatu don zama masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Oncology ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Mamoudou Lamine |date=December 2014 |title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim, biologiste et activiste : La Juste de l'Adrar |url=http://mozaikrim.over-blog.com/2014/12/mekhfoula-mint-brahim-biologiste-et-activiste-la-juste-de-l-adrar.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Mozaikrim |language=fr}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Mekfoula Mint Brahim shi ne Shugaban Pour une Mauritanie Verte et Démocratique (For a Green and Democratic [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2009 wacce ke aiki tare da matasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma tana jagorantar ayyukan karfafa mata a yankunan karkara. Tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya da na zamantakewa don yin magana game da ayyukan nuna bambanci a Mauritania, gami da mata da membobin al'ummomin [[Haratin]] da Afro-Mauritanian, da kuma ramuwar gayya ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAURITANIA: "A SWORD HANGING OVER OUR HEADS" |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Ta sha wahala a cikin kamfen ɗin lalata a cikin kafofin sada zumunta ta ƙungiyoyin addinai kuma ta sami barazanar mutuwa da yawa. An bayar da fatwa a kan ita da abokinta kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam Aminetou Mint El-Moctar a cikin 2014 bayan sun yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisa na mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma fursunonin siyasa Mohamed Mkhaïtir. An zarge ta da ridda wanda za'a iya azabtar da ita da mutuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Mekfoula na daga cikin shugabannin kare hakkin dan adam 15 da za a ba su kyautar Franco-Jamusanci don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a wacce ta amince da "ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga karewa da inganta' yancin dan adam da mulkin doka a kasarsu da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. " Mekfoule na daga cikin 'yan Afirka biyar da aka amince da su, ciki har da [[Aminata Dramane Traoré|Aminata Traoré]], [[Mohamed Lotfy (mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam)|Mohamed Lotfy]], Vuyiseka Dubula-Majola da Alfredo Okenve Ndoho . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=Five Africans awarded Franco-German Prize for Human Rights {{!}} Africa Times |url=https://africatimes.com/2018/11/22/five-africans-awarded-franco-german-prize-for-human-rights/ |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=africatimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, jakadan Faransa a Mauritania ya sanya ta Chevalier de l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim honorée de la médaille de Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur |url=https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306213748/https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=La France en Mauritanie |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6k9jotk69hnv3hktitn49vgi7o1p259 0 153734 844075 2026-05-31T16:32:51Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326935304|Selama Mint Cheikhne Ould Lemrabott]]" 844075 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Selama Mint Cheikhne Ould Lemrabott (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) minista ce a gwamnatin Mauritania.[1][2] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3zgjdmewbzcw2l47fyg8cruiewmdxtk 0 153735 844084 2026-05-31T18:03:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353469212|Bioko]]" 844084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bioko_BMNG.png|thumb|Ra'ayi na Bioko daga tauraron dan adam]] '''Bioko''' ( /b iː ˈ oʊk oʊ / ; ; Bube ; tarihi da aka sani da '''Fernando Pó''', ) {{Efn|Also '''Fernão do Pó''' ({{IPA|pt-pt|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w̃ dʊ ˈpɔ}}), or '''Fernando Poo''' ({{IPA|es|feɾˈnan.do ˈpo(.o)|lang|Pronunciation of Fernando Po in Spanish.ogg}})}} tsibiri ne na ƙasar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] . Tana da matsayi {{Convert|32|km|mi}} kudu da gabar tekun [[Kamaru]], da kuma {{Convert|160|km|mi}} arewa maso yamma na arewacin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea. [[Malabo]], a bakin tekun arewa na tsibirin, ita ce tsohon babban birnin Equatorial Guinea. Yawan jama'ar Bioko ya kai 335,048 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2015 <ref name="AnuarioEstadistico2018">{{Cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico de Guinea Ecuatorial 2018 |url=http://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213143423/https://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=29 May 2020 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas de Guinea Ecuatorial}}</ref> kuma tana da fadin ƙasa {{Convert|2017|km2|sqmi|0}} , wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama tsibiri na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka (bayan [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], Socotra da Tenerife ). Tsibirin wani ɓangare ne na layin aman wuta na Kamaru kuma yana kusa da gabar tekun [[Kamaru]], a cikin ɓangaren [[Stuburi na Biafra|Gabar Biafra]] na [[Tekun Guinea]] . Ilimin ƙasa na ƙasarsa aman wuta ne; mafi girman kololuwarsa shine [[Pico Basilé|Pico Basile]] mai tsawon {{Convert|3012|m|ft|0}}. == Magana == Sunan asalin Bioko shine ''Ëtulá a Ëri'' a cikin [[harshen Bube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Playa de Arena Blanca |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/playa-de-arena-blanca |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> Tsawon kusan shekaru 500, ana kiran tsibirin da ''Fernando Pó'' ( Portuguese: ; Spanish: ), mai suna Fernão do Pó navigator [[Daular Portuguese|na Portugal]] . Tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1979 tsibirin an kira ''Macías Nguema Biyogo'' bayan shugaban Equatorial Guinea na lokacin . Sunan na yanzu, Bioko, ya fito daga 1979 kuma yana girmama ɗan siyasa Cristino Seriche Bioko. {{Rp|68}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Bioko_Relief_Map,_SRTM-1.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taimako na Bioko]] Bioko tana cikin [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Biafra]] a kan Gulf of Guinea, kimanin kilomita 32 (20 daga [[Kamaru]] kuma kusan kilomita 160 (99 arewa maso yammacin [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] (Río Muni). Yankin tsibirin yana da kilomita 2,017 (779 sq ; yana da dutsen wuta da tsaunuka, yana tashi zuwa Pico Basilé (3,011 mita (9,879 ). Bioko tana da jimillar fadin ƙasa {{Convert|2017|km2|sqmi|0}} . {{Convert|70|km|mi}} tsayi daga NNE zuwa SSW kuma kimanin {{Convert|32|km|mi}} a fadin. Tsibirin ya fi rufe da [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]] . Yana da aman wuta kuma yana da tsaunuka sosai tare da mafi tsayin dutsen [[Pico Basilé|Pico Basile]] a tsayin {{Convert|3012|m|ft|0}} . Don haka yana kama da tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da São Tomé da Príncipe . Kamar su, yana kan layin Kamaru . Wurin da ya fi kusa da kudu ana kiransa Punta Santiago. Bioko tana kan shelf na nahiyar Afirka, an raba shi da yankin Afirka da {{Convert|32|km|mi}} (20 na ruwa tare da zurfin mita 60 kawai. A lokacin Pleistocene Bioko an haɗa shi da ƙasar Afirka. Bioko ta rabu da Afirka kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen Lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez-Pérez |first=Miguel A. |last2=Yu |first2=Wen-Bin |date=2021-10-20 |title=Pleistocene origin and colonization history of ''Lobelia columnaris'' Hook. f. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) across sky islands of West Central Africa |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=15860–15873 |bibcode=2021EcoEv..1115860P |doi=10.1002/ece3.8256 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=8601881 |pmid=34824795}}</ref> Gishiri na wuta, wani nau'in lizard da aka samo a tsibirin, yana ɗauke da sunan kimiyya na ''Mochlus fernandi'', wanda aka samo daga Fernando Pó, tsohon sunan tsibirin. === Ilimin ƙasa === Tsibirin ya kunshi mafi yawa daga basalt, mafi yawa alkali basalt da hawaiites, kuma zuwa ƙaramin Mugearites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamgouot |first=Fadimatou Ngounouno |last2=Déruelle |first2=Bernard |last3=Gbambié Mbowou |first3=Isaac Bertrand |last4=Ngounouno |first4=Ismaïla |last5=Demaiffe |first5=Daniel |date=2016-09-01 |title=Geochemistry of the volcanic rocks from Bioko Island ("Cameroon Hot Line"): Evidence for plume-lithosphere interaction |url=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/239997/4/doi_223624.pdf |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=743–757 |bibcode=2016GeoFr...7..743Y |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2015.06.003 |issn=1674-9871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsibirin yana nuna ruwan sama mai karfi daga arewa maso kudu wanda aka haifar da taimako da ruwan sama na Yammacin Afirka. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine ~1,930 millimeters (76 in) a [[Malabo]] (arewa) da ~10,920 millimeters (430 in) a Ureka a kudu, daga cikin mafi girman darajar da aka rubuta a Afirka. Babban lokacin rigar shine Afrilu-Oktoba, tare da lokacin bushewa kusan Nuwamba-Maris. == Yankunan da aka kare da muhalli == Yankunan da aka kare guda biyu sun rufe ~40% na tsibirin: Pico Basilé National Park (est. 2000; ~ 32,256 ha) a arewa, da kuma Luba Crater Scientific Reserve (~ 51,000 ha) a kudu, wani Key Biodiversity Area da AZE shafin da ke tsakiyar Dutsen Luba da Gran Caldera.<ref name="CEPF">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Plan points Equatorial Guinea park to brighter future |url=https://www.cepf.net/stories/plan-points-equatorial-guinea-park-brighter-future |website=Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)}}</ref><ref name="KBA">{{Cite web |title=Luba Caldera Scientific Reserve (KBA 6380) |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6380 |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Key Biodiversity Areas}}</ref> Bioko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Layin Kamaru kuma yana da gandun daji na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko da Dutsen Kamaru da Bioko a tsawo.<ref name="OneEarth">{{Cite web |title=Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/cross-sanaga-bioko-coastal-forests/ |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=One Earth}}</ref> Red colobus na Pennant ''Piliocolobus pennantii'' (CR) yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa a kudu maso yammacin Bioko, kuma drill ''Mandrillus leucophaeus'' (ciki har da drill Bioko ''M. l. poensis'') yana cikin haɗari a duniya. Kulawa na dogon lokaci ya nuna cewa farautar nama ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga dabbobi na Bioko, tare da dubban gawawwakin da aka rubuta a kasuwar Malabo a kan binciken shekaru da yawa duk da dokokin muhalli.<ref name="Cronin2017">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Drew T. |year=2017 |title=Conservation strategies for understanding and combating the primate bushmeat trade on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea |url=https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/877873 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22617}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Tsibirin yana da mazauna 335,048 (Census 2015), an raba su zuwa larduna 2 sannan kuma zuwa gundumomi 4 - Malabo (271,008), Baney (29,366), Luba (26,331) da Riaba (8.343). <ref name="AnuarioEstadistico2018">{{Cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico de Guinea Ecuatorial 2018 |url=http://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213143423/https://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=29 May 2020 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas de Guinea Ecuatorial}}</ref> Mutanen asalin tarihi sune Mutanen Bubi, waɗanda a halin yanzu sun kasance kashi 58% na yawan jama'a. Sauran kabilun sun hada da Fang a 16%, ''[[Mutanen Fernandino|Fernandinos]]'' a 12%, da [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a 7%, da kuma baƙi na Afirka da Turai. === Harsuna === Mutanen Espanya sun kasance harshen hukuma tun daga 1844 lokacin da Spain ta mallaki tsibirin. Har yanzu harshe ne na ilimi da gudanarwa, yana nuna sama da shekaru 100 na mulkin mallaka na Spain. Kashi 67% na Equatoguineans na iya magana da Mutanen Espanya, musamman wadanda ke zaune a babban birnin, [[Malabo]], a Bioko. [[Harshen Bube]], tare da kimanin masu magana 50,000, da yare daban-daban, shine asalin harshen mazaunan Bioko. Koyaya, idan aka ba da kabilun da yawa da mutanen da ke aiki a Bioko, yaren creole ya ci gaba, wanda aka sani da [[Pichinglis|Pichi]]. Ya dogara ne akan harshen Ingilishi, daga lokacin da Birtaniya ke aiki da tushe ga sojojin su. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da harsunan Yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya da Laberiya, da kuma ƙamus na Portuguese, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na yaren Krio, wanda ya bunkasa a Saliyo. Ma'aikata sun zo Bioko daga dukkan wadannan yankuna a cikin 19th ta hanyar yawancin karni na 20. == Manazarta == [[Fayil:Limbe_view_with_Bioko.jpg|left|thumb|Bioko a nesa da Limbe, Kamaru]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnoiupdru569hwbqurpkm6masyqny5s 844085 844084 2026-05-31T18:07:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 844085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Bioko_BMNG.png|thumb|Ra'ayi na Bioko daga tauraron dan adam]] '''Bioko''' ( /b iː ˈ oʊk oʊ / ; ; Bube ; tarihi da aka sani da '''Fernando Pó''', ) {{Efn|Also '''Fernão do Pó''' ({{IPA|pt-pt|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w̃ dʊ ˈpɔ}}), or '''Fernando Poo''' ({{IPA|es|feɾˈnan.do ˈpo(.o)|lang|Pronunciation of Fernando Po in Spanish.ogg}})}} tsibiri ne na ƙasar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] . Tana da matsayi {{Convert|32|km|mi}} kudu da gabar tekun [[Kamaru]], da kuma {{Convert|160|km|mi}} arewa maso yamma na arewacin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea. [[Malabo]], a bakin tekun arewa na tsibirin, ita ce tsohon babban birnin Equatorial Guinea. Yawan jama'ar Bioko ya kai 335,048 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2015 <ref name="AnuarioEstadistico2018">{{Cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico de Guinea Ecuatorial 2018 |url=http://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213143423/https://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=29 May 2020 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas de Guinea Ecuatorial}}</ref> kuma tana da fadin ƙasa {{Convert|2017|km2|sqmi|0}} , wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama tsibiri na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka (bayan [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], Socotra da Tenerife ). Tsibirin wani ɓangare ne na layin aman wuta na Kamaru kuma yana kusa da gabar tekun [[Kamaru]], a cikin ɓangaren [[Stuburi na Biafra|Gabar Biafra]] na [[Tekun Guinea]] . Ilimin ƙasa na ƙasarsa aman wuta ne; mafi girman kololuwarsa shine [[Pico Basilé|Pico Basile]] mai tsawon {{Convert|3012|m|ft|0}}. == Magana == Sunan asalin Bioko shine ''Ëtulá a Ëri'' a cikin [[harshen Bube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Playa de Arena Blanca |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/playa-de-arena-blanca |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> Tsawon kusan shekaru 500, ana kiran tsibirin da ''Fernando Pó'' ( Portuguese: ; Spanish: ), mai suna Fernão do Pó navigator [[Daular Portuguese|na Portugal]] . Tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1979 tsibirin an kira ''Macías Nguema Biyogo'' bayan shugaban Equatorial Guinea na lokacin . Sunan na yanzu, Bioko, ya fito daga 1979 kuma yana girmama ɗan siyasa Cristino Seriche Bioko. {{Rp|68}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Bioko_Relief_Map,_SRTM-1.jpg|thumb|Taswirar taimako na Bioko]] Bioko tana cikin [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Biafra]] a kan Gulf of Guinea, kimanin kilomita 32 (20 daga [[Kamaru]] kuma kusan kilomita 160 (99 arewa maso yammacin [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] (Río Muni). Yankin tsibirin yana da kilomita 2,017 (779 sq ; yana da dutsen wuta da tsaunuka, yana tashi zuwa Pico Basilé (3,011 mita (9,879 ). Bioko tana da jimillar fadin ƙasa {{Convert|2017|km2|sqmi|0}} . {{Convert|70|km|mi}} tsayi daga NNE zuwa SSW kuma kimanin {{Convert|32|km|mi}} a fadin. Tsibirin ya fi rufe da [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]] . Yana da aman wuta kuma yana da tsaunuka sosai tare da mafi tsayin dutsen [[Pico Basilé|Pico Basile]] a tsayin {{Convert|3012|m|ft|0}} . Don haka yana kama da tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da São Tomé da Príncipe . Kamar su, yana kan layin Kamaru . Wurin da ya fi kusa da kudu ana kiransa Punta Santiago. Bioko tana kan shelf na nahiyar Afirka, an raba shi da yankin Afirka da {{Convert|32|km|mi}} (20 na ruwa tare da zurfin mita 60 kawai. A lokacin Pleistocene Bioko an haɗa shi da ƙasar Afirka. Bioko ta rabu da Afirka kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen Lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez-Pérez |first=Miguel A. |last2=Yu |first2=Wen-Bin |date=2021-10-20 |title=Pleistocene origin and colonization history of ''Lobelia columnaris'' Hook. f. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) across sky islands of West Central Africa |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=15860–15873 |bibcode=2021EcoEv..1115860P |doi=10.1002/ece3.8256 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=8601881 |pmid=34824795}}</ref> Gishiri na wuta, wani nau'in lizard da aka samo a tsibirin, yana ɗauke da sunan kimiyya na ''Mochlus fernandi'', wanda aka samo daga Fernando Pó, tsohon sunan tsibirin. === Ilimin ƙasa === Tsibirin ya kunshi mafi yawa daga basalt, mafi yawa alkali basalt da hawaiites, kuma zuwa ƙaramin Mugearites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamgouot |first=Fadimatou Ngounouno |last2=Déruelle |first2=Bernard |last3=Gbambié Mbowou |first3=Isaac Bertrand |last4=Ngounouno |first4=Ismaïla |last5=Demaiffe |first5=Daniel |date=2016-09-01 |title=Geochemistry of the volcanic rocks from Bioko Island ("Cameroon Hot Line"): Evidence for plume-lithosphere interaction |url=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/239997/4/doi_223624.pdf |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=743–757 |bibcode=2016GeoFr...7..743Y |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2015.06.003 |issn=1674-9871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsibirin yana nuna ruwan sama mai karfi daga arewa maso kudu wanda aka haifar da taimako da ruwan sama na Yammacin Afirka. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine ~1,930 millimeters (76 in) a [[Malabo]] (arewa) da ~10,920 millimeters (430 in) a Ureka a kudu, daga cikin mafi girman darajar da aka rubuta a Afirka. Babban lokacin rigar shine Afrilu-Oktoba, tare da lokacin bushewa kusan Nuwamba-Maris. == Yankunan da aka kare da muhalli == Yankunan da aka kare guda biyu sun rufe ~40% na tsibirin: Pico Basilé National Park (est. 2000; ~ 32,256 ha) a arewa, da kuma Luba Crater Scientific Reserve (~ 51,000 ha) a kudu, wani Key Biodiversity Area da AZE shafin da ke tsakiyar Dutsen Luba da Gran Caldera.<ref name="CEPF">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Plan points Equatorial Guinea park to brighter future |url=https://www.cepf.net/stories/plan-points-equatorial-guinea-park-brighter-future |website=Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)}}</ref><ref name="KBA">{{Cite web |title=Luba Caldera Scientific Reserve (KBA 6380) |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6380 |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Key Biodiversity Areas}}</ref> Bioko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Layin Kamaru kuma yana da gandun daji na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko da Dutsen Kamaru da Bioko a tsawo.<ref name="OneEarth">{{Cite web |title=Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/cross-sanaga-bioko-coastal-forests/ |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=One Earth}}</ref> Red colobus na Pennant ''Piliocolobus pennantii'' (CR) yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa a kudu maso yammacin Bioko, kuma drill ''Mandrillus leucophaeus'' (ciki har da drill Bioko ''M. l. poensis'') yana cikin haɗari a duniya. Kulawa na dogon lokaci ya nuna cewa farautar nama ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga dabbobi na Bioko, tare da dubban gawawwakin da aka rubuta a kasuwar Malabo a kan binciken shekaru da yawa duk da dokokin muhalli.<ref name="Cronin2017">{{Cite journal |last=Cronin |first=Drew T. |year=2017 |title=Conservation strategies for understanding and combating the primate bushmeat trade on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea |url=https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/877873 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22617}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Tsibirin yana da mazauna 335,048 (Census 2015), an raba su zuwa larduna 2 sannan kuma zuwa gundumomi 4 - Malabo (271,008), Baney (29,366), Luba (26,331) da Riaba (8.343). <ref name="AnuarioEstadistico2018">{{Cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico de Guinea Ecuatorial 2018 |url=http://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213143423/https://www.inege.gq/index.php/download/59/anuarios-estadisticos/1715/anuario-estadistico-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=29 May 2020 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas de Guinea Ecuatorial}}</ref> Mutanen asalin tarihi sune Mutanen Bubi, waɗanda a halin yanzu sun kasance kashi 58% na yawan jama'a. Sauran kabilun sun hada da Fang a 16%, ''[[Mutanen Fernandino|Fernandinos]]'' a 12%, da [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a 7%, da kuma baƙi na Afirka da Turai. === Harsuna === Mutanen Espanya sun kasance harshen hukuma tun daga 1844 lokacin da Spain ta mallaki tsibirin. Har yanzu harshe ne na ilimi da gudanarwa, yana nuna sama da shekaru 100 na mulkin mallaka na Spain. Kashi 67% na Equatoguineans na iya magana da Mutanen Espanya, musamman wadanda ke zaune a babban birnin, [[Malabo]], a Bioko. [[Harshen Bube]], tare da kimanin masu magana 50,000, da yare daban-daban, shine asalin harshen mazaunan Bioko. Koyaya, idan aka ba da kabilun da yawa da mutanen da ke aiki a Bioko, yaren creole ya ci gaba, wanda aka sani da [[Pichinglis|Pichi]]. Ya dogara ne akan harshen Ingilishi, daga lokacin da Birtaniya ke aiki da tushe ga sojojin su. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da harsunan Yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya da Laberiya, da kuma ƙamus na Portuguese, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na yaren Krio, wanda ya bunkasa a Saliyo. Ma'aikata sun zo Bioko daga dukkan wadannan yankuna a cikin 19th ta hanyar yawancin karni na 20. == Manazarta == [[Fayil:Limbe_view_with_Bioko.jpg|left|thumb|Bioko a nesa da Limbe, Kamaru]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ienyoys2qrxla9zq9fxxlyjcd28tu1 0 153736 844086 2026-05-31T18:23:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340116942|Cameroon line]]" 844086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Tekun Guinea, wanda ke nuna jerin tsibirai da layin dutsen wuta na Kamaru ya kafa]] '''Layin [[Kamaru]]''' (Faransanci: Ligne du Cameroun, Portuguese: Linha dos Camarões, Mutanen Espanya: cordillera de Camerún) sarkar tsaunuka ne mai tsawon kilomita {{Convert|1,600|km|mi}} (1,000 wanda ya haɗa da tsibirai a cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] da duwatsu a ƙasar Afirka, daga a bakin tekun zuwa [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] a arewa maso gabas.{{Sfn|Burke|2001}} Sun samar da iyaka ta halitta tsakanin gabashin [[Najeriya]] da Yammacin Kamaru. Tsibirin, wanda ya mamaye ma'auni, yana da yanayin zafi kuma gida ne ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da tsuntsaye na musamman. Yankunan tsaunuka na ƙasa sun fi sanyi fiye da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da su, kuma suna ƙunshe da yanayi na musamman da na muhalli. Layin dutsen wuta na Kamaru ba sabon abu ba ne a fannin ilimin ƙasa a cikin teku da kuma ɓawon burodi na nahiyar. Masana ilimin ƙasa daban-daban sun gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don bayyana layin.{{Sfn|Burke|2001}}{{Sfn|Foulger|2010}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Mount_Cameroon_craters.jpg|thumb|[[Dutsen Kamaru]] ya bar bayan fashewar a shekara ta 2000]] A cikin Tekun Guinea, layin Kamaru ya ƙunshi tsaunuka shida na dutsen wuta wanda ya kafa tsibirai ko tsaunuka. Daga kudu maso Yarima zuwa arewa maso gabas rukunin tsibirin sune [[Annobón]] (ko Pagalu), São Tomé, Príncipe da [[Bioko]] . Manyan tsaunuka biyu suna tsakanin São Tomé da Príncipe, da kuma tsakanin Príncipe da Bioko. A kan iyakar, layin ya fara ne da [[Dutsen Kamaru]] kuma ya kai arewa maso gabas a cikin kewayon da aka sani da Western High Plateau, gida ga gandun daji na Kamaru. Yankin dutsen wuta da ke cikin ƙasa sune [[Dutsen Manengouba|Manengouba]], Bamboutu da Oku Massif . {{Sfn|Burke|2001}} Gabashin Oku akwai wasu tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Filin Ngaoundere Plateau, wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana suna da irin wannan asalin.{{Sfn|Marzoli|Piccirillo|Renne|Bellieni|1999}} === Tsibirin tsibirin === ==== Annobón ==== Tsibirin da ke kudu mafi girma a cikin jerin shine Annobón, wanda aka fi sani da Pagalu, wanda ke da fadin kusan {{Convert|17.5|km2|sqmi}} . Dutsen aman wuta ne da ya ɓace wanda ke tashi daga zurfin ruwa zuwa {{Convert|598|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku. Tsibirin mallakar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea ne]] . Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26.1|C|F}} ° C (79.0 ° F), tare da ƙananan bambancin yanayi. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya kai {{Convert|1196|mm|in}} in) - ƙasa da ƙasa.{{Sfn|Fa|1991}} Annobón tana da kwari masu kyau da tsaunuka masu tsawo, an rufe su da itatuwa masu kyau da tsire-tsire masu kyau.{{Sfn|Appleton|1857}} Ƙananan jama'a suna zaune a cikin al'umma ɗaya, suna yin noma amma galibi suna rayuwa ta hanyar kamun kifi.{{Sfn|Fa|1991}} ==== São Tomé ==== [[Fayil:São_Tomé_-_Resort_Pestana_Equador.jpg|thumb|Yanayin bakin teku a São Tomé.]] São Tomé island is {{Convert|854|km2|sqmi}} in area, lying almost on the equator. The entire island is a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic Ocean]], over {{Convert|3000|m|ft|-3}} below sea level, and reaches {{Convert|2,024|m|ft}} above sea level in the Pico de São Tomé.{{Sfn|Sao Tome - CIA|2011}} The oldest rock on São Tomé is 13 million years old.{{Sfn|Becker|2008}} Most of the lava that has erupted over the last million years has been basalt. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.{{Sfn|Sao Tome - Smithsonian}} == Manazarta == go6wcly319aq7sxkkblcl2gs01d9w8u 844087 844086 2026-05-31T18:24:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 844087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Tekun Guinea, wanda ke nuna jerin tsibirai da layin dutsen wuta na Kamaru ya kafa]] '''Layin [[Kamaru]]''' (Faransanci: Ligne du Cameroun, Portuguese: Linha dos Camarões, Mutanen Espanya: cordillera de Camerún) sarkar tsaunuka ne mai tsawon kilomita {{Convert|1,600|km|mi}} (1,000 wanda ya haɗa da tsibirai a cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] da duwatsu a ƙasar Afirka, daga a bakin tekun zuwa [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] a arewa maso gabas.{{Sfn|Burke|2001}} Sun samar da iyaka ta halitta tsakanin gabashin [[Najeriya]] da Yammacin Kamaru. Tsibirin, wanda ya mamaye ma'auni, yana da yanayin zafi kuma gida ne ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da tsuntsaye na musamman. Yankunan tsaunuka na ƙasa sun fi sanyi fiye da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da su, kuma suna ƙunshe da yanayi na musamman da na muhalli. Layin dutsen wuta na Kamaru ba sabon abu ba ne a fannin ilimin ƙasa a cikin teku da kuma ɓawon burodi na nahiyar. Masana ilimin ƙasa daban-daban sun gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban don bayyana layin.{{Sfn|Burke|2001}}{{Sfn|Foulger|2010}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Mount_Cameroon_craters.jpg|thumb|[[Dutsen Kamaru]] ya bar bayan fashewar a shekara ta 2000]] A cikin Tekun Guinea, layin Kamaru ya ƙunshi tsaunuka shida na dutsen wuta wanda ya kafa tsibirai ko tsaunuka. Daga kudu maso Yarima zuwa arewa maso gabas rukunin tsibirin sune [[Annobón]] (ko Pagalu), São Tomé, Príncipe da [[Bioko]] . Manyan tsaunuka biyu suna tsakanin São Tomé da Príncipe, da kuma tsakanin Príncipe da Bioko. A kan iyakar, layin ya fara ne da [[Dutsen Kamaru]] kuma ya kai arewa maso gabas a cikin kewayon da aka sani da Western High Plateau, gida ga gandun daji na Kamaru. Yankin dutsen wuta da ke cikin ƙasa sune [[Dutsen Manengouba|Manengouba]], Bamboutu da Oku Massif . {{Sfn|Burke|2001}} Gabashin Oku akwai wasu tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Filin Ngaoundere Plateau, wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana suna da irin wannan asalin.{{Sfn|Marzoli|Piccirillo|Renne|Bellieni|1999}} === Tsibirin tsibirin === ==== Annobón ==== Tsibirin da ke kudu mafi girma a cikin jerin shine Annobón, wanda aka fi sani da Pagalu, wanda ke da fadin kusan {{Convert|17.5|km2|sqmi}} . Dutsen aman wuta ne da ya ɓace wanda ke tashi daga zurfin ruwa zuwa {{Convert|598|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku. Tsibirin mallakar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea ne]] . Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26.1|C|F}} ° C (79.0 ° F), tare da ƙananan bambancin yanayi. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya kai {{Convert|1196|mm|in}} in) - ƙasa da ƙasa.{{Sfn|Fa|1991}} Annobón tana da kwari masu kyau da tsaunuka masu tsawo, an rufe su da itatuwa masu kyau da tsire-tsire masu kyau.{{Sfn|Appleton|1857}} Ƙananan jama'a suna zaune a cikin al'umma ɗaya, suna yin noma amma galibi suna rayuwa ta hanyar kamun kifi.{{Sfn|Fa|1991}} ==== São Tomé ==== [[Fayil:São_Tomé_-_Resort_Pestana_Equador.jpg|thumb|Yanayin bakin teku a São Tomé.]] São Tomé island is {{Convert|854|km2|sqmi}} in area, lying almost on the equator. The entire island is a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic Ocean]], over {{Convert|3000|m|ft|-3}} below sea level, and reaches {{Convert|2,024|m|ft}} above sea level in the Pico de São Tomé.{{Sfn|Sao Tome - CIA|2011}} The oldest rock on São Tomé is 13 million years old.{{Sfn|Becker|2008}} Most of the lava that has erupted over the last million years has been basalt. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.{{Sfn|Sao Tome - Smithsonian}} == Manazarta == rm4yx1iwnut8wwat3iea6rok9ge5s45 0 153737 844088 2026-05-31T18:26:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339854655|Copper shark]]" 844088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''shark na jan ƙarfe''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus'''''), whaler na tagulla, ko narrowtooth shark wani nau'in shark ne wanda aka samo mafi yawa a cikin latitudes masu matsakaici. An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin lissafi == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 1ple2qjd4v34mon58z8rjsc3ssgbjkx 844089 844088 2026-05-31T18:27:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 844089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''shark na jan ƙarfe''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus'''''), whaler na tagulla, ko narrowtooth shark wani nau'in shark ne wanda aka samo mafi yawa a cikin latitudes masu matsakaici. An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin lissafi == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] pbxkstrqavk9l0r99md3v4nm24i3r1z 844234 844089 2026-06-01T01:48:22Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''shark na jan ƙarfe''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus'''''), whaler na tagulla, ko narrowtooth shark wani nau'in shark ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin matsakaici yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin lissafi == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 2hgua9ftslq61o9mlto6pdcoxbr4k5a 844235 844234 2026-06-01T01:48:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Shark na jan ƙarfe]] to [[Copper shark]]: Misspelled title 844234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''shark na jan ƙarfe''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus'''''), whaler na tagulla, ko narrowtooth shark wani nau'in shark ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin matsakaici yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin lissafi == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 2hgua9ftslq61o9mlto6pdcoxbr4k5a 844237 844235 2026-06-01T01:50:03Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Copper shark''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus''''', '''''whaler shark, ko narrowtooth shark)''''' wani nau'in [[shark]] ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin matsakaici yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin lissafi == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] nuf5ihzizrmb3uqcmr0p8w8q1mbfduk 844238 844237 2026-06-01T01:51:38Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihin lissafi */ 844238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Copper shark''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus''''', '''''whaler shark, ko narrowtooth shark)''''' wani nau'in [[shark]] ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin matsakaici yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Kimiyyar rabe-rabe == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] byth9tcrfrx6wcsjnxoow29s75rod4r 844239 844238 2026-06-01T01:52:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{delete}} '''Copper shark''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus''''', '''''whaler shark, ko narrowtooth shark)''''' wani nau'in [[shark]] ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin matsakaici yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna masu laushi da koguna zuwa bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata ban da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Ana nuna shi da kunkuntar hakora na sama, ƙugiya, rashin wani sanannen tudu tsakanin ƙuƙwalwar dorsal, da launi na tagulla. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Kimiyyar rabe-rabe == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] ak4a7mkll4jdbfwnu9dtwque3qpepq2 844272 844239 2026-06-01T04:26:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 844272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Copper shark''' ('''''Carcharhinus brachyurus''''', '''''whaler shark, ko narrowtooth shark)''''' wani nau'in [[shark]] ne wanda ake samu mafi yawa a cikin yankuna na matsakaicin latitude. . An rarraba shi a cikin mutane daban-daban a arewa maso gabashin kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]], a [[kudancin Afirka]], a arewa maso yamma da gabashin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], da kuma kusa da Australia da [[New Zealand]], tare da rahotanni da aka warwatsa daga yankunan equatorial. Ana iya samun nau'in daga koguna, bays da tashar jiragen ruwa, zuwa ruwan da ke bakin teku {{Convert|100|m|ft}} zurfi ko fiye. Ana samun mata da maza a mafi yawan shekara, kuma suna gudanar da [[Gudun kifi|ƙaura]] na yanayi. Babban nau'in da ya kai {{Convert|3.3|m|ft}} tsawo, shark na jan ƙarfe yana da wuyar rarrabewa daga wasu manyan sharks. Da yake cin abinci galibi a kan cephalopods, kifi mai ƙasusuwa, da sauran kifi masu cartilaginous, shark na jan ƙarfe mai saurin yin iyo ne wanda aka sani mai farauta a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, ta amfani da lambobin su don amfanin su; duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta suna kasancewa kadai. Daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da tseren sardine na shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗa da miliyoyin [[Sardinops sagax|pilchard na kudancin Afirka]] (Sardinops sagax). Kamar sauran sharks masu rikitarwa, yana da rai, tare da haɓakar embryo da aka fi ciyar da shi ta hanyar tayin placental da aka kafa daga jakar yolk da aka ƙone. Mata suna ɗauke da jarirai 7 zuwa 24 a kowace shekara a wuraren kula da yara na bakin teku, bayan lokacin daukar ciki na 12 ko watakila tsawon watanni 21. Yana da saurin girma, tare da maza da mata ba su kai ga balaga ba har sai shekaru 13-19 da 19-20 bi da bi. Wannan nau'in yana da daraja ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi a duk faɗin kewayonsa, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman abinci. Ba a san yawan jinsunan ba, amma IUCN's Red List ya kimanta jinsunan a matsayin masu rauni saboda yana da saukin kamuwa da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ƙarancin girma da yawan haihuwa kuma saboda an yi imanin cewa lambobinsa sun ragu a wasu yankuna. Sharks na jan ƙarfe suna kai farmaki ga mutane akai-akai, amma nau'in ya kasance na goma a cikin yawan hare-haren da ba a haifar da su ba a kan mutane. Koyaya, ainihin adadin hare-haren shark da aka rubuta ba su da yawa - hare-hares 15 da ba su da kisa, ba a haifar da su ba kuma harin da ba a haifar ba guda ɗaya kawai. == Kimiyyar rabe-rabe == Saboda yawan iyakarsa, an bayyana shark din na jan ƙarfe sau da yawa daga wurare daban-daban. Bayani na farko mai inganci a halin yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin asusun [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Burtaniya Albert Günther na ''Carcharias brachyurus'' a cikin kundin takwas na 1870 na Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum . Sunan farko an yi tunanin cewa shi ne ''Carcharias remotus'' na Auguste Duméril na 1865, har sai an gano cewa nau'in samfurin da ke da alaƙa da wannan sunan shine ainihin shark na baki (''C. acronotus''). Don haka, ana kiran wannan shark sau da yawa a matsayin ''C. remotus'' a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen. Har ma da sunan da ya gabata, Richard Owen's 1853 ''Galeolamna greyi'', yana da matsayi mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara ne kawai akan saitin da aka lalata yanzu wanda watakila ko bazai kasance na shark na jan ƙarfe ba. Marubutan zamani sun sanya wannan nau'in zuwa jinsin ''Carcharhinus.'' Takamaiman ma'anar ''brachyurus'' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci ''brachys'' ("gajere") da ''Uura'' (" wutsiya"). Sunan "whaler" ya samo asali ne a cikin karni na 19, wanda ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na kifi a cikin Pacific suka yi amfani da shi wanda ya ga manyan sharks na nau'o'i daban-daban suna taruwa a kusa da gawawwakin kifi. Wannan nau'in kuma ana iya kiransa mai baƙar fata, shark ko whaler, ko [[New Zealand]], da kuma taƙaitaccen "bronze", "bronzie", ko "cocktail". Günther da farko ya yi magana game da nau'o'i huɗu: samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi daga [[Antatika|Antarctica]] da kuma wani daga New Zealand, wanda tun lokacin da aka rasa, da kuma tayin biyu daga Australia waɗanda daga baya aka gano su ne sharks (''C. leucas''). A cikin amfanin kwanciyar hankali na lissafi, a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya mace mai tsawon {{Convert|2.4|m|ft}} da aka kama daga Whanganui, New Zealand, a matsayin sabon samfurin. == Phylogeny da juyin halitta == Kokarin farko Na ƙayyade dangantakar juyin halitta na shark na jan ƙarfe ya dogara ne akan yanayin halitta kuma ya dawo da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba: a cikin 1982 Jack Garrick ya sanya shi da kansa a matsayin rukuni a cikin ''Carcharhinus'', yayin da a cikin 1988 Leonard Compagno ya sanya shi a cikin "ƙungiyar canji" wanda kuma ya ƙunshi shark na baki (''C. acronotus''), shark na baƙin ciki (''C. melanopterus''), shark mai jijiya (''C. cautus''), da alamar siliki (''C. falciformis''), da dare. Nazarin allozyme na Gavin Naylor na 1992 ya kammala cewa dangi mafi kusa da shark na jan ƙarfe shine shark mai juyawa (''C. brevipinna''), amma ba zai iya warware dangantakarsu da sauran jinsin ba. An gano hakora daga shark na jan ƙarfe daga Tsarin Chilcatay a [[Peru]] wanda ya fara zuwa farkon Miocene, Kogin Pungo a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]], wanda ya fara ne da Miocene (23-5.3 Ma), daga Tuscany, wanda ya kasance da Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma), kuma daga Costa Mesa a California, wanda ya faru da Late Pleistocene (126,000-12,000 shekaru da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Collareta |first2=Alberto |last3=Bosio |first3=Giulia |last4=Landini |first4=Walter |last5=Gariboldi |first5=Karen |last6=Gioncada |first6=Anna |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |last8=Malinverno |first8=Elisa |last9=de Muizon |first9=Christian |last10=Varas-Malca |first10=Rafael |last11=Villa |first11=Igor Maria |last12=Coletti |first12=Giovanni |last13=Urbina |first13=Mario |last14=Di Celma |first14=Claudio |date=15 December 2018 |title=Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the lower Miocene marine vertebrate assemblage of Ullujaya (Chilcatay Formation, East Pisco Basin, southern Peru) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218304838 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=511 |pages=256–279 |bibcode=2018PPP...511..256B |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.013 |access-date=5 November 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Suna iya kasancewa a farkon Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chávez-Hoffmeister |first=Martín F. |last2=Villafaña |first2=Jaime A. |date=2023-04-01 |title=The Neogene record of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from northern Chile: A review and identification guide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112300041X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=124 |bibcode=2023JSAES.12404230C |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104230 |issn=0895-9811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] c6ask70rtc1gq7rdgcsrpbno8gebvni 0 153738 844090 2026-05-31T18:36:00Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351575374|Josh DeBerry]]" 844090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa Joshua Michael DeBerry''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles da Texas A&amp;amp;M Aggies . == Rayuwa ta farko == DeBerry ya girma a Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta De La Salle. A cikin babban lokacinsa, DeBerry ya zira kwallaye 36 tare da biyu da rabi don asarar, sauye-sauye bakwai, da kuma katsewa biyu, yayin da yake ƙara 30 receptions don yadudduka 687 da takwas touchdowns, da kuma gaggauta don yadudduke 123 da touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purcell |first=Jared |date=26 October 2018 |title=Football Player of the Year top 10: Josh DeBerry of Warren De La Salle |url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/erry-2018/10/563ab44f81990/football-player-of-the-year-to.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta DeBerry a matsayin mai saurin taurari uku inda ya sami tayin daga makarantu kamar Northwestern, Boston College, Buffalo, Wake Forest, Cincinnati, Iowa, Jihar Iowa, Kentucky, da Northwestern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=Perry |title=Who's in running for 3-star Josh DeBerry as college decision nears? |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/10/06/joshua-deberry-warren-de-la-salle/1547407002/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> DeBerry daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar yin wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudolph |first=Jutin |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College defensive back Joshua DeBerry commits to Texas A&M |url=https://www.on3.com/college/texas-am-aggies/news/former-boston-college-defensive-back-joshua-deberry-commits-to-texas-am/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin shekaru hudu da DeBerry ya yi tare da Kwalejin Boston, ya buga wasanni 39 inda ya yi jimillar 158 tackles tare da 14 don asarar, 19 pass deflections, da kuma hudu interceptions <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartholomew |first=Colton |date=3 April 2023 |title=What an offer to another transfer defensive back means for Wisconsin football |url=https://kenoshanews.com/sports/college/what-an-offer-to-another-transfer-defensive-back-means-for-wisconsin-football/article_eda34422-30ac-5cbc-8f40-77d84a6ec49c.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Kenosha News}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=AJ |title=Boston College CB Josh DeBerry Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://247sports.com/college/boston-college/article/boston-college-josh-deberry-enters-transfer-portal-203550306/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=247Sports}}</ref> DeBerry ya yanke shawarar canja wurin don yin wasa ga Texas A & M Aggies . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College DB Josh DeBerry transferring to Texas A&M: How he can help the Aggies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4426396/2023/04/18/josh-deberry-transfer-texas-a-m/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Athletic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=18 April 2023 |title=Texas A&M adds Boston College transfer DB Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/36228542/texas-adds-boston-college-transfer-db-josh-deberry |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A karon farko na DeBerry tare da Aggies ya buga 10 tackles, sack, pass deflection, da kuma tsayarwa a cikin nasarar 52-10 a kan New Mexico. DeBerry ya gama kakar 2023 inda ya buga 39 tackles tare da hudu da rabi don asarar, jaka, tara wucewa, da kuma biyu interceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Jarrett |date=8 January 2024 |title=Texas A&M Cornerback Josh DeBerry is headed to the 2024 Hula Bowl |url=https://aggieswire.usatoday.com/2024/01/08/texas-am-cornerback-josh-deberry-is-headed-to-the-2024-hula-bowl/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Aggies Wire}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=May 8, 2024 |title=12 undrafted free agents expected for rookie camp |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/12-undrafted-free-agents-expected-for-rookie-camp |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fehoko, Harvey among first wave of roster cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/fehoko-harvey-among-first-wave-of-roster-cuts |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=dallascowboys.com}}</ref> DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Hamilton Tiger-Cats a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ticats sign American DBs Josh Berry, Quavian White |url=https://www.cfl.ca/2025/01/29/ticats-sign-american-dbs-josh-berry-quavian-white/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.footballdb.com/players/josh-deberry-deberjo01/transactions |access-date=3 February 2026 |publisher=FootballDB.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://bceagles.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/14794 Boston College Eagles bio] * [https://12thman.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/12197 Texas A&M Aggies bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] rgn88uaikhi5afff7frpeai5wqbajd2 844091 844090 2026-05-31T18:37:01Z Aluja 30485 844091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joshua Michael DeBerry''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles da Texas A&amp;amp;M Aggies . == Rayuwa ta farko == DeBerry ya girma a Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta De La Salle. A cikin babban lokacinsa, DeBerry ya zira kwallaye 36 tare da biyu da rabi don asarar, sauye-sauye bakwai, da kuma katsewa biyu, yayin da yake ƙara 30 receptions don yadudduka 687 da takwas touchdowns, da kuma gaggauta don yadudduke 123 da touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purcell |first=Jared |date=26 October 2018 |title=Football Player of the Year top 10: Josh DeBerry of Warren De La Salle |url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/erry-2018/10/563ab44f81990/football-player-of-the-year-to.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta DeBerry a matsayin mai saurin taurari uku inda ya sami tayin daga makarantu kamar Northwestern, Boston College, Buffalo, Wake Forest, Cincinnati, Iowa, Jihar Iowa, Kentucky, da Northwestern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=Perry |title=Who's in running for 3-star Josh DeBerry as college decision nears? |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/10/06/joshua-deberry-warren-de-la-salle/1547407002/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> DeBerry daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar yin wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudolph |first=Jutin |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College defensive back Joshua DeBerry commits to Texas A&M |url=https://www.on3.com/college/texas-am-aggies/news/former-boston-college-defensive-back-joshua-deberry-commits-to-texas-am/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin shekaru hudu da DeBerry ya yi tare da Kwalejin Boston, ya buga wasanni 39 inda ya yi jimillar 158 tackles tare da 14 don asarar, 19 pass deflections, da kuma hudu interceptions <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartholomew |first=Colton |date=3 April 2023 |title=What an offer to another transfer defensive back means for Wisconsin football |url=https://kenoshanews.com/sports/college/what-an-offer-to-another-transfer-defensive-back-means-for-wisconsin-football/article_eda34422-30ac-5cbc-8f40-77d84a6ec49c.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Kenosha News}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=AJ |title=Boston College CB Josh DeBerry Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://247sports.com/college/boston-college/article/boston-college-josh-deberry-enters-transfer-portal-203550306/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=247Sports}}</ref> DeBerry ya yanke shawarar canja wurin don yin wasa ga Texas A & M Aggies . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College DB Josh DeBerry transferring to Texas A&M: How he can help the Aggies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4426396/2023/04/18/josh-deberry-transfer-texas-a-m/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Athletic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=18 April 2023 |title=Texas A&M adds Boston College transfer DB Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/36228542/texas-adds-boston-college-transfer-db-josh-deberry |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A karon farko na DeBerry tare da Aggies ya buga 10 tackles, sack, pass deflection, da kuma tsayarwa a cikin nasarar 52-10 a kan New Mexico. DeBerry ya gama kakar 2023 inda ya buga 39 tackles tare da hudu da rabi don asarar, jaka, tara wucewa, da kuma biyu interceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Jarrett |date=8 January 2024 |title=Texas A&M Cornerback Josh DeBerry is headed to the 2024 Hula Bowl |url=https://aggieswire.usatoday.com/2024/01/08/texas-am-cornerback-josh-deberry-is-headed-to-the-2024-hula-bowl/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Aggies Wire}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=May 8, 2024 |title=12 undrafted free agents expected for rookie camp |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/12-undrafted-free-agents-expected-for-rookie-camp |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fehoko, Harvey among first wave of roster cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/fehoko-harvey-among-first-wave-of-roster-cuts |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=dallascowboys.com}}</ref> DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Hamilton Tiger-Cats a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ticats sign American DBs Josh Berry, Quavian White |url=https://www.cfl.ca/2025/01/29/ticats-sign-american-dbs-josh-berry-quavian-white/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.footballdb.com/players/josh-deberry-deberjo01/transactions |access-date=3 February 2026 |publisher=FootballDB.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://bceagles.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/14794 Boston College Eagles bio] * [https://12thman.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/12197 Texas A&M Aggies bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 56avaybswtptgt1ggvleivxfzxquheg 844092 844091 2026-05-31T18:37:28Z Aluja 30485 844092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joshua Michael DeBerry''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles da Texas A&amp;amp;M Aggies . == Rayuwa ta farko == DeBerry ya girma a Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta De La Salle. A cikin babban lokacinsa, DeBerry ya zira kwallaye 36 tare da biyu da rabi don asarar, sauye-sauye bakwai, da kuma katsewa biyu, yayin da yake ƙara 30 receptions don yadudduka 687 da takwas touchdowns, da kuma gaggauta don yadudduke 123 da touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purcell |first=Jared |date=26 October 2018 |title=Football Player of the Year top 10: Josh DeBerry of Warren De La Salle |url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/erry-2018/10/563ab44f81990/football-player-of-the-year-to.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta DeBerry a matsayin mai saurin taurari uku inda ya sami tayin daga makarantu kamar Northwestern, Boston College, Buffalo, Wake Forest, Cincinnati, Iowa, Jihar Iowa, Kentucky, da Northwestern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=Perry |title=Who's in running for 3-star Josh DeBerry as college decision nears? |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/10/06/joshua-deberry-warren-de-la-salle/1547407002/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> DeBerry daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar yin wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudolph |first=Jutin |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College defensive back Joshua DeBerry commits to Texas A&M |url=https://www.on3.com/college/texas-am-aggies/news/former-boston-college-defensive-back-joshua-deberry-commits-to-texas-am/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=On3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin shekaru hudu da DeBerry ya yi tare da Kwalejin Boston, ya buga wasanni 39 inda ya yi jimillar 158 tackles tare da 14 don asarar, 19 pass deflections, da kuma hudu interceptions <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartholomew |first=Colton |date=3 April 2023 |title=What an offer to another transfer defensive back means for Wisconsin football |url=https://kenoshanews.com/sports/college/what-an-offer-to-another-transfer-defensive-back-means-for-wisconsin-football/article_eda34422-30ac-5cbc-8f40-77d84a6ec49c.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Kenosha News}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=AJ |title=Boston College CB Josh DeBerry Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://247sports.com/college/boston-college/article/boston-college-josh-deberry-enters-transfer-portal-203550306/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=247Sports}}</ref> DeBerry ya yanke shawarar canja wurin don yin wasa ga Texas A & M Aggies . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=18 April 2023 |title=Former Boston College DB Josh DeBerry transferring to Texas A&M: How he can help the Aggies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4426396/2023/04/18/josh-deberry-transfer-texas-a-m/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Athletic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=18 April 2023 |title=Texas A&M adds Boston College transfer DB Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/36228542/texas-adds-boston-college-transfer-db-josh-deberry |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A karon farko na DeBerry tare da Aggies ya buga 10 tackles, sack, pass deflection, da kuma tsayarwa a cikin nasarar 52-10 a kan New Mexico. DeBerry ya gama kakar 2023 inda ya buga 39 tackles tare da hudu da rabi don asarar, jaka, tara wucewa, da kuma biyu interceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Jarrett |date=8 January 2024 |title=Texas A&M Cornerback Josh DeBerry is headed to the 2024 Hula Bowl |url=https://aggieswire.usatoday.com/2024/01/08/texas-am-cornerback-josh-deberry-is-headed-to-the-2024-hula-bowl/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Aggies Wire}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Dallas Cowboys a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris, Nick |date=May 8, 2024 |title=12 undrafted free agents expected for rookie camp |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/12-undrafted-free-agents-expected-for-rookie-camp |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fehoko, Harvey among first wave of roster cuts |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/fehoko-harvey-among-first-wave-of-roster-cuts |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=dallascowboys.com}}</ref> DeBerry ya sanya hannu tare da Hamilton Tiger-Cats a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ticats sign American DBs Josh Berry, Quavian White |url=https://www.cfl.ca/2025/01/29/ticats-sign-american-dbs-josh-berry-quavian-white/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=cfl.ca}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josh DeBerry |url=https://www.footballdb.com/players/josh-deberry-deberjo01/transactions |access-date=3 February 2026 |publisher=FootballDB.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://bceagles.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/14794 Boston College Eagles bio] * [https://12thman.com/sports/football/roster/josh-deberry/12197 Texas A&M Aggies bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 9faybbi9oruv5q7ydnmcf1svjvenrax 0 153739 844093 2026-05-31T18:46:17Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355772432|Vandrevius Jacobs]]" 844093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Yusuf Maraya a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ne suka mutu a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa Vandrevius Jacobs''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Miami Hurricanes . Ya taba buga wa Florida State Seminoles da South Carolina Gamecocks wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Jacobs ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Vero Beach a Vero Beach, Florida . Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami jimillar receptions 49 don yadudduka 809 da kuma touchdowns 10.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooney |first=Bryan |date=2022-08-11 |title=You don't want to miss Florida State commit Vandrevius Jacobs' finale with Vero Beach |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/sports/high-school/football/2022/08/11/super-11-vero-beach-wr-vandrevius-jacobs-ready-shine-2022/10236547002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya gama babban shekarunsa yana yin rikodin 100 don yadudduka 1,511 da kuma touchdowns 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Co-MVP of the Year: WR Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://neweraprep.org/co-mvp-of-the-year-wr-vandrevius-jacobs/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=New Era Prep |language=en-US}}</ref> Jacobs ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Florida a kan tayin daga Arkansas, Georgia Tech, Indiya, da Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Andre C. |date=2021-06-21 |title=FSU picks up 2023 commitment from Vero Beach 3-star wide receiver Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2021/06/21/florida-state-football-recruiting-commitment-vero-beach-vandrevius-jacobs/7776484002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Jacobs ya taka leda sosai a matsayin sabon shiga, ya samu karbuwa uku don yadudduka 60 da kuma touchdown. Bayan kammala kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland Jr. |first=Peter |date=2024-04-22 |title=Florida State receiver Vandrevius Jacobs enters transfer portal after one season |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2024/04/22/florida-state-football-transfer-portal-vandrevius-jacobs-greedy-vance-spring-showcase-jaden-floyd/73409608007/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Jacob ya koma Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina don buga wa Kudancin Kudancin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jordan |date=2024-04-30 |title=Former Florida State wide receiver transferring to Gamecocks, report says |url=https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/university-of-south-carolina/usc-football/article288161680.html |website=The State}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Gamecocks, ya tara 12 kama don yadudduka 181.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cloninger |first=David |date=2025-08-11 |title=Gamecock receivers know somebody will be the breakout star. All want it to be them. |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/carolina/gamecocks-wide-receivers-football-breakout-candidate-mazeo-bennett/article_32c61c94-ea11-4f69-ac66-ea8dbb4e563b.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Post and Courier |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin wasan da Jacob ya yi ya karu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya zama babban mai karɓar tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwyn |first=Griffin |date=2025-09-28 |title=Shane Beamer not shocked by Vandrevius Jacobs' emergence as South Carolina's leading receiver |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/south-carolina-gamecocks/news/south-carolina-football-shane-beamer-not-shocked-by-vandrevius-jacobs-emergence/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=GamecockCentral |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="4" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2023 !Jihar Florida |5 |3 |60 |20.0 |1 |- !2024 !Kudancin Carolina |9 |12 |181 |15.1 |0 |- !2025 !Kudancin Carolina |5 |18 |323 |17.9 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/vandrevius-jacobs-1.html Ayyuka] !19 !33 !564 !17.1 !3 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://seminoles.com/sports/football/roster/vandrevius-jacobs/5095 Florida State Seminoles bio] * [https://gamecocksonline.com/sports/football/roster/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Kudancin Carolina Gamecocks bio] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/sports/football/roster/season/2026-27/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] d21n5j313jzgw10cbbqhnmc3yxmzxsq 844094 844093 2026-05-31T18:46:56Z Aluja 30485 844094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vandrevius Jacobs''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Miami Hurricanes . Ya taba buga wa Florida State Seminoles da South Carolina Gamecocks wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Jacobs ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Vero Beach a Vero Beach, Florida . Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami jimillar receptions 49 don yadudduka 809 da kuma touchdowns 10.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooney |first=Bryan |date=2022-08-11 |title=You don't want to miss Florida State commit Vandrevius Jacobs' finale with Vero Beach |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/sports/high-school/football/2022/08/11/super-11-vero-beach-wr-vandrevius-jacobs-ready-shine-2022/10236547002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya gama babban shekarunsa yana yin rikodin 100 don yadudduka 1,511 da kuma touchdowns 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Co-MVP of the Year: WR Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://neweraprep.org/co-mvp-of-the-year-wr-vandrevius-jacobs/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=New Era Prep |language=en-US}}</ref> Jacobs ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Florida a kan tayin daga Arkansas, Georgia Tech, Indiya, da Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Andre C. |date=2021-06-21 |title=FSU picks up 2023 commitment from Vero Beach 3-star wide receiver Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2021/06/21/florida-state-football-recruiting-commitment-vero-beach-vandrevius-jacobs/7776484002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Jacobs ya taka leda sosai a matsayin sabon shiga, ya samu karbuwa uku don yadudduka 60 da kuma touchdown. Bayan kammala kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland Jr. |first=Peter |date=2024-04-22 |title=Florida State receiver Vandrevius Jacobs enters transfer portal after one season |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2024/04/22/florida-state-football-transfer-portal-vandrevius-jacobs-greedy-vance-spring-showcase-jaden-floyd/73409608007/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Jacob ya koma Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina don buga wa Kudancin Kudancin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jordan |date=2024-04-30 |title=Former Florida State wide receiver transferring to Gamecocks, report says |url=https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/university-of-south-carolina/usc-football/article288161680.html |website=The State}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Gamecocks, ya tara 12 kama don yadudduka 181.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cloninger |first=David |date=2025-08-11 |title=Gamecock receivers know somebody will be the breakout star. All want it to be them. |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/carolina/gamecocks-wide-receivers-football-breakout-candidate-mazeo-bennett/article_32c61c94-ea11-4f69-ac66-ea8dbb4e563b.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Post and Courier |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin wasan da Jacob ya yi ya karu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya zama babban mai karɓar tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwyn |first=Griffin |date=2025-09-28 |title=Shane Beamer not shocked by Vandrevius Jacobs' emergence as South Carolina's leading receiver |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/south-carolina-gamecocks/news/south-carolina-football-shane-beamer-not-shocked-by-vandrevius-jacobs-emergence/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=GamecockCentral |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="4" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2023 !Jihar Florida |5 |3 |60 |20.0 |1 |- !2024 !Kudancin Carolina |9 |12 |181 |15.1 |0 |- !2025 !Kudancin Carolina |5 |18 |323 |17.9 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/vandrevius-jacobs-1.html Ayyuka] !19 !33 !564 !17.1 !3 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://seminoles.com/sports/football/roster/vandrevius-jacobs/5095 Florida State Seminoles bio] * [https://gamecocksonline.com/sports/football/roster/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Kudancin Carolina Gamecocks bio] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/sports/football/roster/season/2026-27/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] oq13o5wv66vyknwa4fm2zphkws9gq62 844095 844094 2026-05-31T18:47:19Z Aluja 30485 844095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vandrevius Jacobs''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Miami Hurricanes . Ya taba buga wa Florida State Seminoles da South Carolina Gamecocks wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Jacobs ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Vero Beach a Vero Beach, Florida . Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami jimillar receptions 49 don yadudduka 809 da kuma touchdowns 10.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooney |first=Bryan |date=2022-08-11 |title=You don't want to miss Florida State commit Vandrevius Jacobs' finale with Vero Beach |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/sports/high-school/football/2022/08/11/super-11-vero-beach-wr-vandrevius-jacobs-ready-shine-2022/10236547002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya gama babban shekarunsa yana yin rikodin 100 don yadudduka 1,511 da kuma touchdowns 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Co-MVP of the Year: WR Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://neweraprep.org/co-mvp-of-the-year-wr-vandrevius-jacobs/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=New Era Prep |language=en-US}}</ref> Jacobs ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Florida a kan tayin daga Arkansas, Georgia Tech, Indiya, da Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Andre C. |date=2021-06-21 |title=FSU picks up 2023 commitment from Vero Beach 3-star wide receiver Vandrevius Jacobs |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2021/06/21/florida-state-football-recruiting-commitment-vero-beach-vandrevius-jacobs/7776484002/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Jacobs ya taka leda sosai a matsayin sabon shiga, ya samu karbuwa uku don yadudduka 60 da kuma touchdown. Bayan kammala kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland Jr. |first=Peter |date=2024-04-22 |title=Florida State receiver Vandrevius Jacobs enters transfer portal after one season |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/college/fsu/football/2024/04/22/florida-state-football-transfer-portal-vandrevius-jacobs-greedy-vance-spring-showcase-jaden-floyd/73409608007/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Jacob ya koma Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina don buga wa Kudancin Kudancin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jordan |date=2024-04-30 |title=Former Florida State wide receiver transferring to Gamecocks, report says |url=https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/university-of-south-carolina/usc-football/article288161680.html |website=The State}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Gamecocks, ya tara 12 kama don yadudduka 181.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cloninger |first=David |date=2025-08-11 |title=Gamecock receivers know somebody will be the breakout star. All want it to be them. |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/carolina/gamecocks-wide-receivers-football-breakout-candidate-mazeo-bennett/article_32c61c94-ea11-4f69-ac66-ea8dbb4e563b.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Post and Courier |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin wasan da Jacob ya yi ya karu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya zama babban mai karɓar tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwyn |first=Griffin |date=2025-09-28 |title=Shane Beamer not shocked by Vandrevius Jacobs' emergence as South Carolina's leading receiver |url=https://www.on3.com/teams/south-carolina-gamecocks/news/south-carolina-football-shane-beamer-not-shocked-by-vandrevius-jacobs-emergence/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=GamecockCentral |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |GP ! colspan="4" |Karɓar |- !Rec !Yds !Avg !TD |- !2023 !Jihar Florida |5 |3 |60 |20.0 |1 |- !2024 !Kudancin Carolina |9 |12 |181 |15.1 |0 |- !2025 !Kudancin Carolina |5 |18 |323 |17.9 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |[https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/vandrevius-jacobs-1.html Ayyuka] !19 !33 !564 !17.1 !3 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://seminoles.com/sports/football/roster/vandrevius-jacobs/5095 Florida State Seminoles bio] * [https://gamecocksonline.com/sports/football/roster/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Kudancin Carolina Gamecocks bio] * [https://miamihurricanes.com/sports/football/roster/season/2026-27/player/vandrevius-jacobs/ Miami Hurricanes bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] rhf9nycv1birn8293q27po4wbuakytz 0 153740 844097 2026-05-31T18:58:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333546101|Treur River]]" 844097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Blyde_River_Canyon,_Bourke's_Luck_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Treur a lokacin da yake haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes]] '''Kogin Treur''' (daga [[Afrikaans]]: kogin makoki) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sefogwane''' karamin kogi ne a yankin Drakensberg na gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Hanyar mota ta R532 ta tsallaka ta sau biyu. Asalinsa na ƙarshe yana cikin Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, kodayake mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana yammacin wannan yanki mai kariya. Yana da wani tributary na Kogin Blyde, kuma ba shi da manyan tributaries na kansa. Akwai saukowa biyu masu kaifi a cikin tafiyarsa, a Poe Falls 24°45′S 30°52′E / 24.750°S 30.867°E / -24.750; 30.867 da Bourke's Luck Potholes bi da bi. == Asalin kalmar da Sunaye == Sunan sePulana na kogin shine Sefogwane. Treur yana nufin "makoki" a cikin Yaren Holland, kuma saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker. A shekara ta 1844, yayin da har yanzu ba a fahimci cewa Hendrik Potgieter da ƙungiyarsa sun mutu a kan tafiyarsu zuwa Delagoa Bay ba, danginsu da ke cikin damuwa sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna Treurrivier, ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. == Barb na Kogin Treur == Kogin Treur gida ne ga Treur River Barb, wani nau'in kifin cyprinid wanda ya shahara a Arewacin Mpumalanga. An yi zaton ya mutu ne sakamakon shigar da kifaye na waje, amma an sake gano shi a Kogin Blyde a shekarar 1985. Daga baya aka sake mayar da Treur River Barb zuwa Kogin Treur. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelbrecht |first=GD |last2=Mulder |first2=PFS |last3=Mpherwane |first3=SK |date=2001-01-01 |title=Conservation genetics of the vulnerable Treur River barb, Barbus treurensis |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/16085910109503722 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2001AfJAS..26...39E |doi=10.2989/16085910109503722 |issn=1608-5914 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Watsonia_Bella_growing_along_the_Treur_River.png|alt=Watsonia Bella growing along the Treur River| Watsonia Bella tana girma a gefen Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_rock_pool.jpg|alt=A rock pool in the Treur River| Wurin waha na dutse a Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_near_Clearstream_Hiking_Hut.jpg|alt=Treur River near the Clear Stream Hiking Hut| Kogin Treur kusa da Gidan Yawon Shakatawa na Clear Stream Fayil:Treur_River.png|alt=Treur River in midsummer| Kogin Treur a tsakiyar lokacin rani </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Barb na Kogin Treur == Manazarta == Treur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur RiverTreur River {{Reflist}} paem7zj36unytxlyyay1vkdir3u5h1p 844099 844097 2026-05-31T18:58:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 844099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Blyde_River_Canyon,_Bourke's_Luck_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Treur a lokacin da yake haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes]] '''Kogin Treur''' (daga [[Afrikaans]]: kogin makoki) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sefogwane''' karamin kogi ne a yankin Drakensberg na gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Hanyar mota ta R532 ta tsallaka ta sau biyu. Asalinsa na ƙarshe yana cikin Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, kodayake mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana yammacin wannan yanki mai kariya. Yana da wani tributary na Kogin Blyde, kuma ba shi da manyan tributaries na kansa. Akwai saukowa biyu masu kaifi a cikin tafiyarsa, a Poe Falls 24°45′S 30°52′E / 24.750°S 30.867°E / -24.750; 30.867 da Bourke's Luck Potholes bi da bi. == Asalin kalmar da Sunaye == Sunan sePulana na kogin shine Sefogwane. Treur yana nufin "makoki" a cikin Yaren Holland, kuma saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker. A shekara ta 1844, yayin da har yanzu ba a fahimci cewa Hendrik Potgieter da ƙungiyarsa sun mutu a kan tafiyarsu zuwa Delagoa Bay ba, danginsu da ke cikin damuwa sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna Treurrivier, ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. == Barb na Kogin Treur == Kogin Treur gida ne ga Treur River Barb, wani nau'in kifin cyprinid wanda ya shahara a Arewacin Mpumalanga. An yi zaton ya mutu ne sakamakon shigar da kifaye na waje, amma an sake gano shi a Kogin Blyde a shekarar 1985. Daga baya aka sake mayar da Treur River Barb zuwa Kogin Treur. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelbrecht |first=GD |last2=Mulder |first2=PFS |last3=Mpherwane |first3=SK |date=2001-01-01 |title=Conservation genetics of the vulnerable Treur River barb, Barbus treurensis |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/16085910109503722 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2001AfJAS..26...39E |doi=10.2989/16085910109503722 |issn=1608-5914 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Watsonia_Bella_growing_along_the_Treur_River.png|alt=Watsonia Bella growing along the Treur River| Watsonia Bella tana girma a gefen Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_rock_pool.jpg|alt=A rock pool in the Treur River| Wurin waha na dutse a Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_near_Clearstream_Hiking_Hut.jpg|alt=Treur River near the Clear Stream Hiking Hut| Kogin Treur kusa da Gidan Yawon Shakatawa na Clear Stream Fayil:Treur_River.png|alt=Treur River in midsummer| Kogin Treur a tsakiyar lokacin rani </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Barb na Kogin Treur == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r1omhisxoq654sz2rezgc97l3kxzpi5 844101 844099 2026-05-31T19:01:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Blyde_River_Canyon,_Bourke's_Luck_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Treur a lokacin da yake haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes]] '''Kogin Treur''' (daga [[Afrikaans]]: kogin makoki) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sefogwane''' karamin kogi ne a yankin Drakensberg na gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Hanyar mota ta R532 ta tsallaka ta sau biyu. Asalinsa na ƙarshe yana cikin Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, kodayake mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana yammacin wannan yanki mai kariya. Yana da wani tributary na Kogin Blyde, kuma ba shi da manyan tributaries na kansa. Akwai saukowa biyu masu kaifi a cikin tafiyarsa, a Poe Falls 24°45′S 30°52′E / 24.750°S 30.867°E / -24.750; 30.867 da Bourke's Luck Potholes bi da bi. == Asalin kalmar da Sunaye == Sunan sePulana na kogin shine Sefogwane. Treur yana nufin "makoki" a cikin Yaren Holland, kuma saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names" by RE Raper - HSRC]</ref> A shekara ta 1844, yayin da har yanzu ba a fahimci cewa Hendrik Potgieter da ƙungiyarsa sun mutu a kan tafiyarsu zuwa Delagoa Bay ba, danginsu da ke cikin damuwa sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna Treurrivier, ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. == Barb na Kogin Treur == Kogin Treur gida ne ga Treur River Barb, wani nau'in kifin cyprinid wanda ya shahara a Arewacin Mpumalanga. An yi zaton ya mutu ne sakamakon shigar da kifaye na waje, amma an sake gano shi a Kogin Blyde a shekarar 1985. Daga baya aka sake mayar da Treur River Barb zuwa Kogin Treur. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelbrecht |first=GD |last2=Mulder |first2=PFS |last3=Mpherwane |first3=SK |date=2001-01-01 |title=Conservation genetics of the vulnerable Treur River barb, Barbus treurensis |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/16085910109503722 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2001AfJAS..26...39E |doi=10.2989/16085910109503722 |issn=1608-5914 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Watsonia_Bella_growing_along_the_Treur_River.png|alt=Watsonia Bella growing along the Treur River| Watsonia Bella tana girma a gefen Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_rock_pool.jpg|alt=A rock pool in the Treur River| Wurin waha na dutse a Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_near_Clearstream_Hiking_Hut.jpg|alt=Treur River near the Clear Stream Hiking Hut| Kogin Treur kusa da Gidan Yawon Shakatawa na Clear Stream Fayil:Treur_River.png|alt=Treur River in midsummer| Kogin Treur a tsakiyar lokacin rani </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Barb na Kogin Treur == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 070pm1mcyr40eq7fppxz08eatda43hc 844106 844101 2026-05-31T19:10:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Blyde_River_Canyon,_Bourke's_Luck_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Treur a lokacin da yake haɗuwa da Blyde a Bourke's Luck Potholes]] '''Kogin Treur''' (daga [[Afrikaans]]: kogin makoki) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sefogwane''' karamin kogi ne a yankin Drakensberg na gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Hanyar mota ta R532 ta tsallaka ta sau biyu. Asalinsa na ƙarshe yana cikin Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, kodayake mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana yammacin wannan yanki mai kariya. Yana da wani tributary na Kogin Blyde, kuma ba shi da manyan tributaries na kansa. Akwai saukowa biyu masu kaifi a cikin tafiyarsa, a Poe Falls 24°45′S 30°52′E / 24.750°S 30.867°E / -24.750; 30.867 da Bourke's Luck Potholes bi da bi. == Asalin kalmar da Sunaye == Sunan sePulana na kogin shine Sefogwane. Treur yana nufin "makoki" a cikin Yaren Holland, kuma saboda haka aka sanya masa suna a lokacin wani balaguron voortrekker.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names" by RE Raper - HSRC]</ref> A shekara ta 1844, yayin da har yanzu ba a fahimci cewa Hendrik Potgieter da ƙungiyarsa sun mutu a kan tafiyarsu zuwa Delagoa Bay ba, danginsu da ke cikin damuwa sun sanya wa kogin da ke kusa da sansaninsu suna Treurrivier, ko kuma 'kogin makoki'. == Barb na Kogin Treur == Kogin Treur gida ne ga Treur River Barb, wani nau'in kifin cyprinid wanda ya shahara a Arewacin Mpumalanga. An yi zaton ya mutu ne sakamakon shigar da kifaye na waje, amma an sake gano shi a Kogin Blyde a shekarar 1985. Daga baya aka sake mayar da Treur River Barb zuwa Kogin Treur. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelbrecht |first=GD |last2=Mulder |first2=PFS |last3=Mpherwane |first3=SK |date=2001-01-01 |title=Conservation genetics of the vulnerable Treur River barb, Barbus treurensis |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/16085910109503722 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2001AfJAS..26...39E |doi=10.2989/16085910109503722 |issn=1608-5914 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Watsonia_Bella_growing_along_the_Treur_River.png|alt=Watsonia Bella growing along the Treur River| Watsonia Bella tana girma a gefen Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_rock_pool.jpg|alt=A rock pool in the Treur River| Wurin waha na dutse a Kogin Treur Fayil:Treur_River_near_Clearstream_Hiking_Hut.jpg|alt=Treur River near the Clear Stream Hiking Hut| Kogin Treur kusa da Gidan Yawon Shakatawa na Clear Stream Fayil:Treur_River.png|alt=Treur River in midsummer| Kogin Treur a tsakiyar lokacin rani </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Barb na Kogin Treur == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bap41pomxs7nmlkdpw0cvhablkie29m 0 153741 844098 2026-05-31T18:58:34Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324424252|Hardap Dam]]" 844098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Flora da fauna == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu . == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == intnlis188jbqu2v4mt4p541c0nc21x 844100 844098 2026-05-31T18:59:23Z Engineer014 44591 844100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Flora da fauna == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu . == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 6wet3igq8gy6nt7picr66vu7pz5mz84 844228 844100 2026-06-01T01:40:42Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Flora da fauna */ 844228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == m29hlxg1bkp54t545py7sugbrp7gb7f 844229 844228 2026-06-01T01:41:30Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Yawon Bude Ido */ 844229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. An kasafta tsirran wajen a matsayin wadannin kananan itace na savanna. == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == remqbtwo42k3uxj082snnraplz7rykp 844230 844229 2026-06-01T01:42:15Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Asalin Ma'anar */ 844230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. An kasafta tsirran wajen a matsayin wadannin kananan itace na savanna. Itace masu furanni sun hada da: camel thorn, wild green-hair tree da kuma buffalo thorn. == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == r3a34expdjsiiucglba050pd8bx3nbw 844231 844230 2026-06-01T01:42:41Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Dabbobi da itace */ 844231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. An kasafta tsirran wajen a matsayin wadannin kananan itace na savanna. Itace masu furanni sun hada da: camel thorn, wild green-hair tree da kuma buffalo thorn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NambiWeb |url=http://www.namibweb.com/hardap.htm}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == qiguctq67nr20r6hrfkqbb422dim74m 844232 844231 2026-06-01T01:43:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bayani */ 844232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="sluices">{{Cite news |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=21 February 2017 |title=NamWater opens Hardap Dam sluices |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/51389/read/NamWater-opens-Hardap-Dam-sluices |page=1 |newspaper=[[The Namibian]]}} (Full information only in the print version)</ref> Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. An kasafta tsirran wajen a matsayin wadannin kananan itace na savanna. Itace masu furanni sun hada da: camel thorn, wild green-hair tree da kuma buffalo thorn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NambiWeb |url=http://www.namibweb.com/hardap.htm}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == pwhyy5ep9exne28mq8oilxyg2o4ufrq 844233 844232 2026-06-01T01:43:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bayani */ 844233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hardap''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kusa da Mariental a yankin Hardap da ke tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da Namibia ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Madatsar ruwan Hardap ta kasance mafi girma a ƙasar tsawon shekaru sama da hamsin. Bayan kammala ta a shekarar 2018, Madatsar ruwan [[Dam din Neckartal|Neckertal]] da ke kusa da Keetmanshoop tana da ƙarfin akalla sau uku fiye da madatsar ruwan Hardap. Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana madatsar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|ruwan Kogin Kifi]] kuma gida ne ga misalai da yawa na namun daji na Namibia . == Bayani == An fara hasashen cewa Hardap Dam zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|320|e6m3|cuyd}}, wanda aka fara hasashensa a shekarar 1897. da kuma faɗin saman {{Convert|25|km2|ha}} . An fara ginin a shekarar 1960 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1963. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Hardap tana samar wa mazauna Mariental da kewaye da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, wurin da yake kusa da birnin yana haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da dole ne a buɗe magudanar ruwa gaba ɗaya saboda ruwan sama mai kyau a [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin magudanar]] ruwan Kogin Kifi. Ciyayi masu launin ja da ke tsirowa a gefen kogin Kogin Kifi, suna rage kwararar ruwa kuma suna ƙara ta'azzara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="sluices">{{Cite news |last=Cloete |first=Luqman |date=21 February 2017 |title=NamWater opens Hardap Dam sluices |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/51389/read/NamWater-opens-Hardap-Dam-sluices |page=1 |newspaper=[[The Namibian]]}} (Full information only in the print version)</ref> Kafin a gina madatsar ruwan, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Mariental a shekarun 1923 da 1934. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan an fara aikin madatsar ruwan ta faru a shekarun 1972, 1974, 1976, 2000, da 2006. Tun daga lokacin, an kiyaye matakin ruwan madatsar ruwan a matsakaicin kashi 70% na karfinta don hana kwararar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwa ba tare da tsari ba ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da aka bude gaba daya.<ref name="sluices" /> == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Hardap ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Nama ma'ana "not" ko "wart", <ref>{{Cite web |title=IDreamAfrica |url=http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502155437/http://www.idreamafrica.com.na/context_links/context_link_content.php?key=Hardap |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref> wanda shine yadda yankin da ke kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu siffar ƙoƙo ya bayyana ga mazaunan farko. Akwai wuraren kamun kifi a wurare daban-daban a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ana samun izini, da taswirar wuraren kamun kifi da aka yarda da su, daga ofishin wurin shakatawa, ko kuma daga ofishin majistare da ke Mariental. == Dabbobi da itace == Yankin gida ne ga karkanda baƙi, <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> gemsbok, zebra na Hartmann, kudu, jimina, springbok da steenbok. <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}</ref> Akwai kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri da za a iya gani a ciki da wajen dam ɗin. Ana iya ganin Great White Pelican, <ref name="NWR" /> cormorant, darter da spoonbill a kan dam ɗin kanta, da kuma gaggafa na kifi da ƙaramin adadin ungulu. An kasafta tsirran wajen a matsayin wadannin kananan itace na savanna. Itace masu furanni sun hada da: camel thorn, wild green-hair tree da kuma buffalo thorn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NambiWeb |url=http://www.namibweb.com/hardap.htm}}</ref> == Yawon Bude Ido == Bayan shekaru huɗu na gyaran dam ɗin <ref name="Mariental">{{Cite web |title=Namibia 1on1: Mariental |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.namibia-1on1.com/mariental.html "Namibia 1on1: Mariental"].</cite></ref> an sake buɗe wuraren nishaɗin dam ɗin a shekarar 2016. Ayyukan da ake yi a madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da yin iyo, kamun kifi, da kallon tsuntsaye. Akwai gidan abinci da shago. <ref name="NWR">{{Cite web |title=Hardap Resort |url=http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ |access-date=21 February 2017 |publisher=Namibian Wildlife Resorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://namibianwildliferesorts.com/accommodation/hardap-resort/ "Hardap Resort"]. Namibian Wildlife Resorts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == okz8emplpsfomr1psujsmpe3rr8qeg1 0 153742 844102 2026-05-31T19:01:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1266940044|Diama Dam]]" 844102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Diama''', wacce wani lokacin ake kira da '''Madatsar ruwan Maka–Diama''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Maka-Diama'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Senegal]], wacce ta ratsa iyakar [[Senegal]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Tana kusa da garin Diama, Senegal kuma kimanin {{Convert|22|km|mi}} arewacin Saint-Louis, Senegal . Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce hana kutsen ruwan gishiri a sama, samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na kimanin {{Convert|45000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyar da za ta ratsa tsakanin St. Louis da [[Nouakchott]] a Mauritania. Bugu da ƙari, an gina makullin jiragen ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan yana ba da damar yin tafiya a sama. An fara zana shirye-shiryen madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1970 lokacin da ƙasashen da ke cikin Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal suka amince su haɓaka Kogin Senegal. Za a gina Madatsar ruwan Diama tare da [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar ruwan Manantali]] wanda za a gina a can nesa da [[Mali]] . An fara gina Madatsar ruwan Diama a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1981 kuma an kammala shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1986. An kammala Madatsar ruwan Manantali a shekarar 1988. An ba da kuɗin aikin Diama ta hanyar rancen dala miliyan 149.5 daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref> Babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwa mai makullin jiragen ruwa da [[Hanyar Zube|hanyar zubar ruwa]] shine {{Convert|170|m|ft}} tsawon lokaci yayin da {{Convert|440|m|ft}} dogon sashin madatsar ruwa mai zurfi ya miƙe arewa zuwa gefen kogin. Wani dutse ya ƙara miƙe madatsar ruwa zuwa arewa. Madatsar ruwa tana da {{Convert|18|m|ft}} tsayi kuma hanyar zubar ruwanta tana da matsakaicin fitarwa na {{Convert|6500|m3/s|ft3/s}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrage de Diama |url=http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328190228/http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=OVMS}}</ref> An san ƙaramin garin Diama a matsayin hanyar ketare iyaka zuwa da kuma dawowa daga Mauritania, domin madatsar ruwa ita ce kawai gadar ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. == Duba kuma == * [[Masasaku|Schistosomiasis]] * [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Félou]] - daga sama * [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Gouina]] - daga sama * [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar Ruwa ta Manantali]] - daga sama == Management == f360qor4scsa6zrp7vdd326qk248i3u 844104 844102 2026-05-31T19:02:10Z Engineer014 44591 844104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Diama''', wacce wani lokacin ake kira da '''Madatsar ruwan Maka–Diama''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Maka-Diama'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Senegal]], wacce ta ratsa iyakar [[Senegal]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Tana kusa da garin Diama, Senegal kuma kimanin {{Convert|22|km|mi}} arewacin Saint-Louis, Senegal . Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce hana kutsen ruwan gishiri a sama, samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na kimanin {{Convert|45000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyar da za ta ratsa tsakanin St. Louis da [[Nouakchott]] a Mauritania. Bugu da ƙari, an gina makullin jiragen ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan yana ba da damar yin tafiya a sama. An fara zana shirye-shiryen madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1970 lokacin da ƙasashen da ke cikin Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal suka amince su haɓaka Kogin Senegal. Za a gina Madatsar ruwan Diama tare da [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar ruwan Manantali]] wanda za a gina a can nesa da [[Mali]] . An fara gina Madatsar ruwan Diama a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1981 kuma an kammala shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1986. An kammala Madatsar ruwan Manantali a shekarar 1988. An ba da kuɗin aikin Diama ta hanyar rancen dala miliyan 149.5 daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref> Babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwa mai makullin jiragen ruwa da [[Hanyar Zube|hanyar zubar ruwa]] shine {{Convert|170|m|ft}} tsawon lokaci yayin da {{Convert|440|m|ft}} dogon sashin madatsar ruwa mai zurfi ya miƙe arewa zuwa gefen kogin. Wani dutse ya ƙara miƙe madatsar ruwa zuwa arewa. Madatsar ruwa tana da {{Convert|18|m|ft}} tsayi kuma hanyar zubar ruwanta tana da matsakaicin fitarwa na {{Convert|6500|m3/s|ft3/s}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrage de Diama |url=http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328190228/http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=OVMS}}</ref> An san ƙaramin garin Diama a matsayin hanyar ketare iyaka zuwa da kuma dawowa daga Mauritania, domin madatsar ruwa ita ce kawai gadar ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. == Duba kuma == * [[Masasaku|Schistosomiasis]] * [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Félou]] - daga sama * [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Gouina]] - daga sama * [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar Ruwa ta Manantali]] - daga sama == Management == ofiosumb98ujgqtrbcsfumu2m7dws8v 844226 844104 2026-06-01T01:28:52Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Diama''', wacce wani lokacin ake kira da '''Madatsar ruwan Maka–Diama''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Maka-Diama'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Senegal]], wacce ta ratsa iyakar [[Senegal]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Tana kusa da garin Diama, Senegal kuma kimanin {{Convert|22|km|mi}} arewacin Saint-Louis, Senegal . Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce hana kutsen ruwan gishiri a sama, samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na kimanin {{Convert|45000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyar da za ta ratsa tsakanin St. Louis da [[Nouakchott]] a Mauritania. Bugu da ƙari, an gina makullin jiragen ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan yana ba da damar yin tafiya a sama. An fara zana shirye-shiryen madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1970 lokacin da ƙasashen da ke cikin Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal suka amince su haɓaka Kogin Senegal. Za a gina Madatsar ruwan Diama tare da [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar ruwan Manantali]] wanda za a gina a can nesa da [[Mali]] . An fara gina Madatsar ruwan Diama a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1981 kuma an kammala shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1986. An kammala Madatsar ruwan Manantali a shekarar 1988. An ba da kuɗin aikin Diama ta hanyar rancen dala miliyan 149.5 daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref> Babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwa mai makullin jiragen ruwa da [[Hanyar Zube|hanyar zubar ruwa]] shine {{Convert|170|m|ft}} tsawon lokaci yayin da {{Convert|440|m|ft}} dogon sashin madatsar ruwa mai zurfi ya miƙe arewa zuwa gefen kogin. Wani dutse ya ƙara miƙe madatsar ruwa zuwa arewa. Madatsar ruwa tana da {{Convert|18|m|ft}} tsayi kuma hanyar zubar ruwanta tana da matsakaicin fitarwa na {{Convert|6500|m3/s|ft3/s}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrage de Diama |url=http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328190228/http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=OVMS}}</ref> An san ƙaramin garin Diama a matsayin hanyar ketare iyaka zuwa da kuma dawowa daga Mauritania, domin madatsar ruwa ita ce kawai gadar ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. == Duba kuma == * [[Masasaku|Schistosomiasis]] * [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Félou]] - daga sama * [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Gouina]] - daga sama * [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar Ruwa ta Manantali]] - daga sama == Management == m7fd0ipju8p6f98k30nvpyhcras2obc 844227 844226 2026-06-01T01:29:38Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Diama''', wacce wani lokacin ake kira da '''Madatsar ruwan Maka–Diama''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Maka-Diama'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Senegal]], wacce ta ratsa iyakar [[Senegal]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Tana kusa da garin Diama, Senegal kuma kimanin {{Convert|22|km|mi}} arewacin Saint-Louis, Senegal . Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce hana kutsen ruwan gishiri a sama, samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na kimanin {{Convert|45000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona da kuma ƙirƙirar hanyar da za ta ratsa tsakanin St. Louis da [[Nouakchott]] a Mauritania. Bugu da ƙari, an gina makullin jiragen ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan yana ba da damar yin tafiya a sama. An fara zana shirye-shiryen madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1970 lokacin da ƙasashen da ke cikin Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal suka amince su haɓaka Kogin Senegal. Za a gina Madatsar ruwan Diama tare da [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar ruwan Manantali]] wanda za a gina a can nesa da [[Mali]] . An fara gina Madatsar ruwan Diama a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1981 kuma an kammala shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1986. An kammala Madatsar ruwan Manantali a shekarar 1988. An ba da kuɗin aikin Diama ta hanyar rancen dala miliyan 149.5 daga [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref> Babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwa mai makullin jiragen ruwa da [[Hanyar Zube|hanyar zubar ruwa]] shine {{Convert|170|m|ft}} tsawon lokaci yayin da {{Convert|440|m|ft}} dogon sashin madatsar ruwa mai zurfi ya miƙe arewa zuwa gefen kogin. Wani dutse ya ƙara miƙe madatsar ruwa zuwa arewa. Madatsar ruwa tana da {{Convert|18|m|ft}} tsayi kuma hanyar zubar ruwanta tana da matsakaicin fitarwa na {{Convert|6500|m3/s|ft3/s}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barrage de Diama |url=http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328190228/http://www.portail-omvs.org/sites/default/files/fichierspdf/c2-barrage_diama_-_role_et_enjeux_-juin_2006_-_vf_1.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=OVMS}}</ref> An san ƙaramin garin Diama a matsayin hanyar ketare iyaka zuwa da kuma dawowa daga Mauritania, domin madatsar ruwa ita ce kawai gadar ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.<ref name="Connolly2015">{{cite book|last=Connolly|first=Sean|title=Senegal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215|year=2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-913-1|pages=215–217}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masasaku|Schistosomiasis]] * [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Félou]] - daga sama * [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Gouina]] - daga sama * [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|Madatsar Ruwa ta Manantali]] - daga sama == Management == 46ipesfthh08oowylnesa1sykwa4bso 0 153743 844103 2026-05-31T19:01:50Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328120178|Adewale Wahab]]" 844103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001, akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa. An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya. [1] Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta. Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] g2odrqvyqp7b1zk6dvqxmn9asvpzlym 844105 844103 2026-05-31T19:02:12Z Sardeeq 39275 844105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001, akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa. An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya. [1] Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta. Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] bje0pb62yl74s7t51tta8w86fsso0is 844222 844105 2026-06-01T01:25:51Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sana'a */ 844222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214171736/http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|title=La Roma ha acquistato il centrocampista nigeriano Adewale Dauda Wahab|archivedate=14 February 2002|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=12 July 2001|accessdate=2010-04-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa. An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya. [1] Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta. Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] rl0fawupd3in1dlj84aesymwa81cxhi 844223 844222 2026-06-01T01:26:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Romawa */ 844223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214171736/http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|title=La Roma ha acquistato il centrocampista nigeriano Adewale Dauda Wahab|archivedate=14 February 2002|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=12 July 2001|accessdate=2010-04-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=A.S. Roma S.p.A. bilancio al 2002-06-30|date=2002|publisher=Italian [[Camera di Commercio, Industria, Agricoltura e Artigianato|C.C.I.A.A.]]|publication-place=Rome|language=Italian}}</ref> An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya. [1] Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta. Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 5xm1yjwxm12evkrbpgqf56s4p967ht8 844224 844223 2026-06-01T01:27:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Romawa */ 844224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214171736/http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|title=La Roma ha acquistato il centrocampista nigeriano Adewale Dauda Wahab|archivedate=14 February 2002|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=12 July 2001|accessdate=2010-04-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=A.S. Roma S.p.A. bilancio al 2002-06-30|date=2002|publisher=Italian [[Camera di Commercio, Industria, Agricoltura e Artigianato|C.C.I.A.A.]]|publication-place=Rome|language=Italian}}</ref> An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asroma.it/NewsDoc.aspx?Categoria=ITComunicatiFinanziari&Documento=4244|title=Chiusura della campagna trasferimenti:operazioni di mercato perfezionate in data odierna|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=2005-08-31|accessdate=2010-01-22}} {{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref> Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta. Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] impbgvcy7kltxzgpk2yfmgiu27mu0cr 844225 844224 2026-06-01T01:27:51Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bellinzona */ 844225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Dauda Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == === Romawa === Wahab ya fara aikinsa na Turai tare da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya, tare da [[Obafemi Martins]] da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya. An sanya hannu kan 'yan wasan biyu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya a watan Yulin 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020214171736/http://www.asromacalcio.it/sito-ufficiale/news/articolo948.html|title=La Roma ha acquistato il centrocampista nigeriano Adewale Dauda Wahab|archivedate=14 February 2002|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=12 July 2001|accessdate=2010-04-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> akan lire biliyan 3, yayin da Giuseppe Di Masi ya koma akasin haka kan lire biliyan 2.5 akan yarjejeniyar mallakar haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=A.S. Roma S.p.A. bilancio al 2002-06-30|date=2002|publisher=Italian [[Camera di Commercio, Industria, Agricoltura e Artigianato|C.C.I.A.A.]]|publication-place=Rome|language=Italian}}</ref> An ba da aro ga Wahab ga Reggiana a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko ta Roma a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, yana wasa sau ɗaya a Serie A da kuma sau ɗaya a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2003-04, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Daniele De Rossi da ƙungiyar Vardar ta Macedonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Vardar 1 - 1 Roma |url=http://www.uefa.com:80/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121073912/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2003/round=1718/match=73470/report=ev.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=UEFA |language=en |type=Match report}}</ref> Wahab ya kuma buga wa Bologna wasa a {{Interlanguage link|Torneo Città di Arco|it}} ta 2001. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114743/http://www.beppeviola-arco.it/squadre01/bologna.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi kakar wasa uku yana ba da aro ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Italiya.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asroma.it/NewsDoc.aspx?Categoria=ITComunicatiFinanziari&Documento=4244|title=Chiusura della campagna trasferimenti:operazioni di mercato perfezionate in data odierna|publisher=A.S. Roma|language=Italian|date=2005-08-31|accessdate=2010-01-22}} {{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref> Duk da cewa an ba shi aro ga wasu ƙungiyoyi, a shekara ta 2006 an tsawaita kwangilarsa daga 2007 zuwa 2009. === Bellinzona === A lokacin bazara na 2007, AC Bellinzona ta dauki Wahab. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, ya je SE Eivissa-Ibiza kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunta.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-08-01 |title=SIENA-IBIZA 1–0 |url=http://www.acsiena.it/newsdetail.php3?id=7689 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805155839/http://www.acsiena.it/newsdetail.php3?id=7689 |archivedate=5 August 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-28 |publisher=AC Siena |language=Italian}}</ref> Duk da haka, canja wurin ya lalace bayan da aka kori kungiyar daga gasar kuma aka sake daukarta a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar UD Ibiza-Eivissa a gasar yankin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Daga nan Wahab ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar wa Bellinzona, a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. A watan Janairun 2010, an cire shi daga tawagar, amma daga baya aka sake sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan da kungiyar ta zaba a kakar wasa ta 2010-11. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Manazarta [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] bppytovnxindx217vgv1nvth3bdx8ph 0 153744 844107 2026-05-31T19:12:04Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351714488|KLBK-TV]]" 844107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, Amurka, tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950. Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson. == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 161jv4peu1m0pvxs7rp0o5k48thao8k 844108 844107 2026-05-31T19:12:31Z Aluja 30485 844108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, Amurka, tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950. Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson. == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jzfpznl5gp4yztryvs51m1gfr1dylot 844109 844108 2026-05-31T19:13:30Z Aluja 30485 /* Tarihi */ 844109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, Amurka, tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson. == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rggq9ochulkfry6yv5h3yjvt87w7osk 844110 844109 2026-05-31T19:13:51Z Aluja 30485 844110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, Amurka, tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson. == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tupc9p4kzn7slhy1ldkl5p22i55d41u 844111 844110 2026-05-31T19:15:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan */ 844111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, Texas, Amurka, tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]] . Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, New Mexico (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, Missouri, da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ctkavsdkjwg6dys2zn6vslth63w5sga 0 153745 844112 2026-05-31T19:31:55Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354430331|Pedro Piqueras]]" 844112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pedro María Piqueras Gómez''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1955) ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya ne kuma mai ba da labarai. Bayan ya zama sananne a matsayin mai ba da labari a Telediario na TVE, a cikin 2006 ya sauya zuwa Informativos Telecinco da aka sake dawowa. Ya sanar da ritayar sa daga aikin jarida na TV a [[Telecinco]] a watan Disamba na 2023, wanda [[Carlos Franganillo]] zai maye gurbinsa wanda, kamar Piqueras, ya tsallake jirgin daga TVE don sake fara wasan kwaikwayon. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Piqueras ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. === RNE (1977-1988) === A shekara ta 1977 Piqueras ya shiga ƙungiyar RNE a matsayin mai karanta labarai na Rediyon Kasashen Waje na Spain da kuma yankin RNE na duniya. Bayan wasu shekaru ya kasance darektan shirye-shiryen labarai na karshen mako da sauran shirye-shirye kamar "Al Cabo de la Calle" da "Abrimos los Sábados". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] cux9r81jjey17e2dlv09kfrxk83qggi 844114 844112 2026-05-31T19:33:30Z Najeebyusuf 45048 844114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pedro María Piqueras Gómez''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1955) ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya {{Databox}} ne kuma mai ba da labarai. Bayan ya zama sananne a matsayin mai ba da labari a Telediario na TVE, a cikin 2006 ya sauya zuwa Informativos Telecinco da aka sake dawowa. Ya sanar da ritayar sa daga aikin jarida na TV a [[Telecinco]] a watan Disamba na 2023, wanda [[Carlos Franganillo]] zai maye gurbinsa wanda, kamar Piqueras, ya tsallake jirgin daga TVE don sake fara wasan kwaikwayon. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Piqueras ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. === RNE (1977-1988) === A shekara ta 1977 Piqueras ya shiga ƙungiyar RNE a matsayin mai karanta labarai na Rediyon Kasashen Waje na Spain da kuma yankin RNE na duniya. Bayan wasu shekaru ya kasance darektan shirye-shiryen labarai na karshen mako da sauran shirye-shirye kamar "Al Cabo de la Calle" da "Abrimos los Sábados". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] gw7trtp6mnpczakhk2uujo6wbd4riat 0 153746 844113 2026-05-31T19:33:10Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274013662|Suikerbosrand River]]" 844113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Suikerbosrand''' (Afrikaans: Suikerbosrandrivier) wani magudanar ruwa ne na [[Kogin Vaal]] wanda ke gudana daga Leandra a Mpumalanga, yamma ta hanyar Gauteng zuwa Vereeniging a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakinsa yana kan gabar arewa na Vaal a kan iyakar Gauteng/Free State a cikin Koguna Uku. == Ilimin Halittu da ingancin ruwa == Ruwan Suikerbosrand yana fuskantar mummunan tasirin ruwa a babban magudanar ruwansa, [[Blesbokspruit]]; wannan ya faru ne saboda [[Kwararar ruwa|kwararar ruwa a ƙasa]], gurɓataccen tushen ruwa da kuma magudanar ruwan ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification of significant water resources in the three Vaal Water Management Areas |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/rdm/WRCS/doc/Vaal%20Classification%20Newsletter%20No.%201%20-%20September%202011.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case study for linking water quality license conditions with resource quality objectives for the Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Industrial Complex situated within the Vaal Barrage Catchment: Volume 1 |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/?mdocs-file=61698}}</ref> == Magudanar ruwa == * [[Blesbokspruit]] * Boesmanspruit * Osspruit == Manazarta == nhjij6u70bvfss80wdgtfrs62q0wzdj 844116 844113 2026-05-31T19:33:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Suikerbosrand''' (Afrikaans: Suikerbosrandrivier) wani magudanar ruwa ne na [[Kogin Vaal]] wanda ke gudana daga Leandra a Mpumalanga, yamma ta hanyar Gauteng zuwa Vereeniging a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakinsa yana kan gabar arewa na Vaal a kan iyakar Gauteng/Free State a cikin Koguna Uku. == Ilimin Halittu da ingancin ruwa == Ruwan Suikerbosrand yana fuskantar mummunan tasirin ruwa a babban magudanar ruwansa, [[Blesbokspruit]]; wannan ya faru ne saboda [[Kwararar ruwa|kwararar ruwa a ƙasa]], gurɓataccen tushen ruwa da kuma magudanar ruwan ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification of significant water resources in the three Vaal Water Management Areas |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/rdm/WRCS/doc/Vaal%20Classification%20Newsletter%20No.%201%20-%20September%202011.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case study for linking water quality license conditions with resource quality objectives for the Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Industrial Complex situated within the Vaal Barrage Catchment: Volume 1 |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/?mdocs-file=61698}}</ref> == Magudanar ruwa == * [[Blesbokspruit]] * Boesmanspruit * Osspruit == Manazarta == ogbn1y788lw3p3x2r23umjiw95xri0w 0 153747 844115 2026-05-31T19:33:42Z Najeebyusuf 45048 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354126604|Tim Binder]]" 844115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tim Binder''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]], mai tsakiya mai tsakiya da hagu na ƙungiyar Bayern Munich II ta Regionalliga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://fcbayern.com/de/teams/fc-bayern-campus/mannschaften/amateure/tim-binder |publisher=[[FC Bayern Munich]]}}</ref> Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Jamus.<ref name="DFB">{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder - Spielerprofil |url=https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler |publisher=[[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Binder ya fara aikinsa tare da makarantar matasa ta FC Augsburg, sannan daga baya ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Bundesliga ta [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://www.kicker.de/tim-binder-2/spieler |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> Ya karbi kiransa na farko tare da Bayern Munich II a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2024, a matsayin mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a lokacin wasan 1-1 a gida a wasan Regionalliga Bayern da DJK Vilzing . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Unsöld trifft spät: Bayern II holt späten aber verdienten Punkt gegen Vilzing |url=https://www.kicker.de/bayern-ii-gegen-vilzing-2024-regionalliga-bayern-4923413/spielbericht |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> Binder ya fara wasan farko na sana'a bayan wasu watanni a ranar 8 ga Maris 2025, ya fara ne ga Bayern Munich II a lokacin da aka yi wa DJK Vilzing 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=0:3 in Vilzing: Bayern II muss Schweinfurt ziehen lassen |url=https://www.kicker.de/vilzing-gegen-bayern-ii-2025-regionalliga-bayern-4923566/spielbericht |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> A farkon 2025, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Bayern Munich har zuwa 2027, tare da abokan aikinsa Bogdan Olychenko da Raphael Pavlić . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=This trio is here to stay! ✍️✅ #FCBayern has extended the contracts with Tim #Binder, Bogdan #Olychenko and Raphael #Pavlic. 🤝 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFLDQAZIxHW/?igsh=MTBjcWM5NTRjdmFuZg== |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=instagram.com |publisher=fcbayerncampus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2025 |title=New contract renewals: Three Bayern Munich talents are here to stay for the long term |url=https://www.bavarianfootballworks.com/2025/1/25/24350357/contract-bayern-munich-regionalliga-tim-binder-raphael-pavlic-bogdan-olychenko-markus-weinzierl |website=bavarianfootballworks.com}}</ref> An lissafa Binder a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar ƙungiyar Bayern Munich don Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2025-26. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250201112--tim-binder/ |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Binder ya wakilci [[Jamus]] a matakin kasa da shekaru 18, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 18 da kasa da shekara 19. <ref name="DFB">{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder - Spielerprofil |url=https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler |publisher=[[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler "Tim Binder - Spielerprofil"]. [[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]].</cite></ref> == Kididdigar aiki == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2wg0mv2og6hpskq4zffbc53dptq3whw 844117 844115 2026-05-31T19:35:24Z Najeebyusuf 45048 844117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gasar WPWA Gabatarwa}} '''Tim Binder''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]], mai tsakiya mai tsakiya da hagu na ƙungiyar Bayern Munich II ta Regionalliga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://fcbayern.com/de/teams/fc-bayern-campus/mannschaften/amateure/tim-binder |publisher=[[FC Bayern Munich]]}}</ref> Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Jamus.<ref name="DFB">{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder - Spielerprofil |url=https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler |publisher=[[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A matsayinsa na dan wasan matasa, Binder ya fara aikinsa tare da makarantar matasa ta FC Augsburg, sannan daga baya ya shiga makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Bundesliga ta [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://www.kicker.de/tim-binder-2/spieler |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> Ya karbi kiransa na farko tare da Bayern Munich II a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2024, a matsayin mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a lokacin wasan 1-1 a gida a wasan Regionalliga Bayern da DJK Vilzing . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Unsöld trifft spät: Bayern II holt späten aber verdienten Punkt gegen Vilzing |url=https://www.kicker.de/bayern-ii-gegen-vilzing-2024-regionalliga-bayern-4923413/spielbericht |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> Binder ya fara wasan farko na sana'a bayan wasu watanni a ranar 8 ga Maris 2025, ya fara ne ga Bayern Munich II a lokacin da aka yi wa DJK Vilzing 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=0:3 in Vilzing: Bayern II muss Schweinfurt ziehen lassen |url=https://www.kicker.de/vilzing-gegen-bayern-ii-2025-regionalliga-bayern-4923566/spielbericht |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=German}}</ref> A farkon 2025, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Bayern Munich har zuwa 2027, tare da abokan aikinsa Bogdan Olychenko da Raphael Pavlić . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=This trio is here to stay! ✍️✅ #FCBayern has extended the contracts with Tim #Binder, Bogdan #Olychenko and Raphael #Pavlic. 🤝 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFLDQAZIxHW/?igsh=MTBjcWM5NTRjdmFuZg== |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=instagram.com |publisher=fcbayerncampus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2025 |title=New contract renewals: Three Bayern Munich talents are here to stay for the long term |url=https://www.bavarianfootballworks.com/2025/1/25/24350357/contract-bayern-munich-regionalliga-tim-binder-raphael-pavlic-bogdan-olychenko-markus-weinzierl |website=bavarianfootballworks.com}}</ref> An lissafa Binder a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar ƙungiyar Bayern Munich don Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2025-26. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250201112--tim-binder/ |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Binder ya wakilci [[Jamus]] a matakin kasa da shekaru 18, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 18 da kasa da shekara 19. <ref name="DFB">{{Cite web |title=Tim Binder - Spielerprofil |url=https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler |publisher=[[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://datencenter.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/tim-binder-410405/spieler "Tim Binder - Spielerprofil"]. [[German Football Association|Deutscher Fußball-Bund]].</cite></ref> == Kididdigar aiki == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t7jx6cz4h29593vjkydm6qm51joznw6 0 153748 844119 2026-05-31T19:47:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280967745|Spekboom River]]" 844119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Spekboom''' kogi ne a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma yana cikin kogin Steelpoort. Kogin yana karɓar bakuncin wasannin kamun kifi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeff |date=2018-11-25 |title=Fly Fishing the Spekboom River of South Africa |url=https://www.jeffcurrier.com/fly-fishing-the-spekboom-river-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Jeff Currier |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, binciken laka ya nuna gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi daga ayyukan ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addo-Bediako |first=Abraham |last2=Nukeri |first2=Sophy |last3=Kekana |first3=Millicent |date=2021-07-04 |title=Heavy metal and metalloid contamination in the sediments of the Spekboom River, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13201-021-01464-8 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Applied Water Science |pages=133 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01464-8}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.geonames.org/953703/spekboomrivier.html Taswirar Google ta bakin Kogin Spekboom] a Geonames.org (cc-by) l0nha5g5qzl0slb5gujopgh6jzwu2xw 844120 844119 2026-05-31T19:55:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Spekboom''' kogi ne a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma yana cikin kogin Steelpoort. Kogin yana karɓar bakuncin wasannin kamun kifi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeff |date=2018-11-25 |title=Fly Fishing the Spekboom River of South Africa |url=https://www.jeffcurrier.com/fly-fishing-the-spekboom-river-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Jeff Currier |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, binciken laka ya nuna gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi daga ayyukan ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addo-Bediako |first=Abraham |last2=Nukeri |first2=Sophy |last3=Kekana |first3=Millicent |date=2021-07-04 |title=Heavy metal and metalloid contamination in the sediments of the Spekboom River, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13201-021-01464-8 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Applied Water Science |pages=133 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01464-8}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.geonames.org/953703/spekboomrivier.html Taswirar Google ta bakin Kogin Spekboom] a Geonames.org (cc-by) 1tzsjpnfrxdeondy87spffbqqegckhm 0 153749 844121 2026-05-31T20:01:36Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976515|Slang River]]" 844121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Slang''' [[kogi]] ne a Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kusa da garuruwan Volksrust da Wakkerstroom. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mpumalanga |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/wetlands/defaultrsampu.htm |access-date=6 January 2013 |website=Wetlands in South Africa |publisher=eWisa}}</ref> [[Dam ɗin Zaaihoek|Madatsar ruwan Zaaihoek]] tana kan kogin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaaihoek (reservoir) |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/zaaihoek.htm |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=Department: Water Affairs}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cfne26u3jmghk93kl5hwdl516uak1lz 844122 844121 2026-05-31T20:04:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Slang''' [[kogi]] ne a Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kusa da garuruwan Volksrust da Wakkerstroom. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mpumalanga |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/wetlands/defaultrsampu.htm |access-date=6 January 2013 |website=Wetlands in South Africa |publisher=eWisa}}</ref> [[Dam ɗin Zaaihoek|Madatsar ruwan Zaaihoek]] tana kan kogin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaaihoek (reservoir) |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/zaaihoek.htm |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=Department: Water Affairs}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b1h4ujaxafd4g7geou13hvlqfyylc22 0 153750 844123 2026-05-31T20:05:47Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301523489|Zeinebou Mint Taleb Moussa]]" 844123 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Zeinebou Mint Taleb Moussa''' (Arabic) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], ta mai da hankali kan yaki da cin zarafin jima'i ta hanyar aikinta a matsayin wacce ta kafa El Wafa, cibiyar wadanda suka tsira, kuma a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba Mauritanian Association for Maternal and Child Health (Faransa: Association Mauritanienne pour la Santé de la Mère et de l'Enfant, AMSME). == Ayyuka == An horar da Mint Taleb Moussa a matsayin ungozoma, kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mauritania. A cikin 2000, tare da sauran ungozoma, ta kafa AMSME, don ilimantar da mata game da lafiyar haifuwa da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi. A farkon aikinsu, duk da haka, sun fahimci cewa wani batu, cin zarafin jima'i, yana buƙatar magance. Don haka a cikin 2001, ta kafa cibiyar El Wafa a Nouakchott don taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade da cin zarafi.[2][3] A cikin 2016 shugaban kasar Mauritania ya nada ta, memba na Tsarin Tsarin Kasa don Kare azabtarwa (Faransanci: Mécanisme National de Prévention de la Torture).[1] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Asusun Duniya na Mata.[2] Mint Taleb Moussa yana aiki tare da wasu shugabannin a Mauritania don tsara sabbin dokoki game da fyade, wanda ba a gane shi musamman a cikin dokar doka ba. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * OkayAfrica 100 Mata, 2017 . * Femme de Courage a Mauritanie don shekara ta 2017, wanda Jakadan Amurka ya gabatar a Mauritania, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=L’Ambassade des Etats-Unis présente la candidature de Mme Zeinebou Taleb Moussa au prix international de Femme de Courage 2017 |url=http://amsme-dei.org/talimfr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=376:l-ambassade-des-etats-unis-presente-la-candidature-de-mme-zeinebou-taleb-moussa-au-prix-international-de-femme-de-courage-2017&catid=14&Itemid=541 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314165057/http://www.amsme-dei.org/talimfr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=376:l-ambassade-des-etats-unis-presente-la-candidature-de-mme-zeinebou-taleb-moussa-au-prix-international-de-femme-de-courage-2017&catid=14&Itemid=541 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |access-date=2018-10-22 |website=amsme-dei.org |language=fr-fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * UNFPA, ''Shirye-shiryen Adireshin Rikicin Mata: Nazarin shari'a 10 An adana shi 2018-10-27 a'' , 2006. Babi na 1, "Mauritania: Masu juna biyu suna kira ga Matsalar Cin zarafi, kuma Imamai suna ƙarfafa adalci ga wadanda aka azabtar. " {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6adbldjlhkensnlhfdy1n2uqg77i8v3 0 153751 844124 2026-05-31T20:07:12Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326939883|Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Mohamed]]" 844124 wikitext text/x-wiki Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Mohamed (an haife shi 31 Disamba 1963) ɗan siyasan Mauritaniya ne. Ya kasance ministan makamashi da mai na Mauritania a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya wanda ya jagoranci kasar daga watan Agusta 2005 zuwa Afrilu 2007. Daga baya ya zama ministan kayan aiki da sufuri daga 4 ga Yuli 2023 zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2024 a cikin gwamnati ta uku ta Mohamed Ould Bilal.[1][2] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8i452r040jg0wz4ml0ua5hmtac6ayy4 0 153752 844125 2026-05-31T20:07:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976504|Sand River (Mpumalanga)]]" 844125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Yashi''' (ko '''Kogin Manyeleti''') kogi ne a cikin ƙananan Mpumalanga wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas ta wurin Sabi Yashi Game Reserve na tsawon {{Convert|50|km|mi}} da kuma shiga Kogin Sabie {{Convert|30|km|mi}} gabas da sansanin hutawa na Skukuza a wurin shakatawa na Kruger National Park. Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-Yashi shine {{Convert|6,320|km2|sqmi}}. == Magudanar ruwa == * [[Hukumurhi]] * Kapen * Maneleti * Matsafiri * [[Khokhovela River|Kogin Khokhevela]] * [[Klein Sand River|Kogin Yashi na Klein]] * [[Lephong]] * [[Magoso]] * [[Phungwe]] * [[Merry Pebble Stream|Kogin Merry Pebble]] * [[Mlowati]] * [[Molapakgomo]] * [[Mutlumuvi River|Kogin Mutlumuvi]] * [[Snuifspruit]] == Manazarta == kjw92byoln4a80d7j1z9w7gngivq3uv 844126 844125 2026-05-31T20:09:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Yashi''' (ko '''Kogin Manyeleti''') kogi ne a cikin ƙananan Mpumalanga wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas ta wurin Sabi Yashi Game Reserve na tsawon {{Convert|50|km|mi}} da kuma shiga Kogin Sabie {{Convert|30|km|mi}} gabas da sansanin hutawa na Skukuza a wurin shakatawa na Kruger National Park.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.06.html Map of the river's flow]</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-Yashi shine {{Convert|6,320|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html catchment area]</ref> == Magudanar ruwa == * [[Hukumurhi]] * Kapen * Maneleti * Matsafiri * [[Khokhovela River|Kogin Khokhevela]] * [[Klein Sand River|Kogin Yashi na Klein]] * [[Lephong]] * [[Magoso]] * [[Phungwe]] * [[Merry Pebble Stream|Kogin Merry Pebble]] * [[Mlowati]] * [[Molapakgomo]] * [[Mutlumuvi River|Kogin Mutlumuvi]] * [[Snuifspruit]] == Manazarta == glccpbrdrixvx7bs4h6b3yze9q6a4fl 844127 844126 2026-05-31T20:10:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Yashi''' (ko '''Kogin Manyeleti''') kogi ne a cikin ƙananan Mpumalanga wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas ta wurin Sabi Yashi Game Reserve na tsawon {{Convert|50|km|mi}} da kuma shiga Kogin Sabie {{Convert|30|km|mi}} gabas da sansanin hutawa na Skukuza a wurin shakatawa na Kruger National Park.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.06.html Map of the river's flow]</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-Yashi shine {{Convert|6,320|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html catchment area]</ref> == Magudanar ruwa == * [[Hukumurhi]] * Kapen * Maneleti * Matsafiri * [[Khokhovela River|Kogin Khokhevela]] * [[Klein Sand River|Kogin Yashi na Klein]] * [[Lephong]] * [[Magoso]] * [[Phungwe]] * [[Merry Pebble Stream|Kogin Merry Pebble]] * [[Mlowati]] * [[Molapakgomo]] * [[Mutlumuvi River|Kogin Mutlumuvi]] * [[Snuifspruit]] == Manazarta == heor121jhs1wxze3ax6ov27fsjhx5cn 0 153753 844129 2026-05-31T20:20:28Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350300175|Matt Elliott (American football)]]" 844129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro Jami'ar Michigan daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s40zg4miopoq2npjffqg7ky1jb7ye23 844130 844129 2026-05-31T20:21:47Z Aluja 30485 844130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro Jami'ar Michigan daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t54npher59xbousc8e18s2kyo7t6ds9 844131 844130 2026-05-31T20:24:10Z Aluja 30485 844131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro Jami'ar Michigan daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm "Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"]. ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cskndsh0kbwwl9x5h2ovidi30fltm0x 844132 844131 2026-05-31T20:27:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Harkar Kwallon ƙafa */ 844132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro Jami'ar Michigan daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ay8vts8vg0703b1ydum3mlic0til530 844218 844132 2026-06-01T01:20:06Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin dan tsakiya sannan kuma mai tsaron baya ga [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara da wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4d6sx3fg2g95hrh38hyap8po9aprzoi 844219 844218 2026-06-01T01:20:57Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin dan tsakiya sannan kuma mai tsaron baya ga [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara da wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q346ffrhl2544szuovpou2qx6yg2w4w 844220 844219 2026-06-01T01:21:42Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Shekarun baya */ 844220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin dan tsakiya sannan kuma mai tsaron baya ga [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara da wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994. A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya-baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin.<ref name="IR">{{Cite news |last=Andrea Adelson |date=April 24, 2006 |title=Son's battle now makes Elliott Mr. Relevant |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2006-04-24-elliott-son-feature_x.htm |work=USA Today (AP story)}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dryzz98yd7kqgpaykxp8vu80d5lknex 844221 844220 2026-06-01T01:22:12Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Harkar Kwallon ƙafa */ 844221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin dan tsakiya sannan kuma mai tsaron baya ga [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara da wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994.<ref name="thank">{{Cite news |date=August 4, 1994 |title=Elliott get a chance to thank the Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19950804&id=UFMgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U88EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530,596685&hl=en |work=Herald-Journal, Spartanburg, SC |page=B4}}</ref> A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya-baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin.<ref name="IR">{{Cite news |last=Andrea Adelson |date=April 24, 2006 |title=Son's battle now makes Elliott Mr. Relevant |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2006-04-24-elliott-son-feature_x.htm |work=USA Today (AP story)}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hh639n4abv7e3clubf8jjed1tyg9qu6 0 153754 844133 2026-05-31T20:38:53Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349507746|Luke Floriea]]" 844133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya wuce nan a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ne suka mutu a rikicin kasar Mali a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a Luke Floriea''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Cleveland Browns na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Kent State Golden Flashes kuma Cleveland Browns ta sanya hannu a cikin 2025 a matsayin mai ba da kyauta. == Rayuwa ta farko == Floriea ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mentor a Mentor, Ohio . A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, an kira shi dan wasan Ohio a duka kwallon kafa da kwando.<ref name="Allen Moff">{{Cite web |last=Moff |first=Allen |title=Flashes flip former Boston College recruit Floriea |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2019/10/03/flashes-flip-former-boston-college/2623847007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Record-Courier}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare an kiyasta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampf |first=John |title=Mentor football: Luke Floriea commits to Boston College |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2019/05/18/mentor-football-luke-floriea-commits-to-boston-college/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Koyaya, Floriea daga baya ya karkatar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga Kent State Golden Flashes . <ref name="Allen Moff" /> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin lokutan sa na farko uku tare da Golden Flashes daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Floriea ya sami karɓar 17 don yadudduka 209 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luke Floriea |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/luke-floriea-1.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 12, inda ya samu karbuwa 39 don yadudduka 413 da kuma touchdowns hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilber |first=John |title=If Kent State poses any threat to Tennessee football, start with wide receiver Luke Floriea |url=https://www.aol.com/kent-state-poses-threat-tennessee-113229831.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AOL.com}}</ref> A cikin mako daya na kakar 2024, Floriea ya yi karɓar bakuncin shida don yadudduka 104 da Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easterling |first=Chris |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kent State product Luke Floriea signed by Browns after rookie minicamp tryout |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/pro/browns/2025/05/12/luke-floriea-browns-kent-state-wide-receiver-roster-moves/83577867007/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyu, ya yi rikodin kama shida don yadudduka 92 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title='He's playing at a high level': Kent State redshirt senior Luke Floriea off to best season |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2024/09/10/kent-state-football-luke-floriea-golden-flashes-wide-receiver-coach-kenni-burns/75134185007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> Ya gama kakar 2024, ya samu karbuwa 44 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podolski |first=Mark |date=19 March 2025 |title=Luke Floriea of Mentor showcases speed at Kent State pro day |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/03/19/luke-floriea-of-mentor-showcases-speed-at-kent-state-pro-day/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na Jihar Kent da ya yi rikodin 100 receptions don yadudduka 1,321 da kuma 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |title=Mentor grad Luke Floriea 'acquitted himself nicely' at Browns rookie minicamp |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/11/mentor-grad-luke-floriea-acquitted-himself-nicely-at-browns-rookie-minicamp/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=8 1/4|weight=179|dash=4.51|ten split=1.53|twenty split=2.70|shuttle=4.19|cone drill=6.95|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=14|arm span=29 1/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040164&DraftYear=2025 |title=Luke Floriea College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27526&ovl=Kent+State |title=Luke Floriea RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Floriea ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |date=12 May 2025 |title=Browns sign Mentor grad Luke Floriea after impressive minicamp tryout |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/12/browns-sign-mentor-grad-luke-floriea-after-impressive-minicamp-tryout/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> A wasan farko na Browns da Carolina Panthers, Floriea zai kama wani wucewa daga hannun ɗan'uwansa mai tsaron gida Shedeur Sanders na 30 yadudduka a cikin kawai ya kama wasan. An dakatar da shi / ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Browns sign CBs Christian Holmes and Darius Rush |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-cbs-christian-holmes-and-darius-rush |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> An sake sanya hannu kan Floreia zuwa tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 23 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns sign WR Luke Floriea to the practice squad |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-luke-floriea-to-the-practice-squad |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Cleveland a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2026 |title=Browns sign six to reserve/futures contracts |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-six-to-reserve-futures-contracts |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/luke-floriea/ Tarihin Cleveland Browns] * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/luke--floriea/14291 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2fldzb7lrrhk2l92tjbpo37xrrz1vh3 844134 844133 2026-05-31T20:40:28Z Aluja 30485 844134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luke Floriea''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Cleveland Browns na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Kent State Golden Flashes kuma Cleveland Browns ta sanya hannu a cikin 2025 a matsayin mai ba da kyauta. == Rayuwa ta farko == Floriea ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mentor a Mentor, Ohio . A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, an kira shi dan wasan Ohio a duka kwallon kafa da kwando.<ref name="Allen Moff">{{Cite web |last=Moff |first=Allen |title=Flashes flip former Boston College recruit Floriea |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2019/10/03/flashes-flip-former-boston-college/2623847007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Record-Courier}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare an kiyasta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampf |first=John |title=Mentor football: Luke Floriea commits to Boston College |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2019/05/18/mentor-football-luke-floriea-commits-to-boston-college/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Koyaya, Floriea daga baya ya karkatar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga Kent State Golden Flashes . <ref name="Allen Moff" /> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin lokutan sa na farko uku tare da Golden Flashes daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Floriea ya sami karɓar 17 don yadudduka 209 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luke Floriea |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/luke-floriea-1.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 12, inda ya samu karbuwa 39 don yadudduka 413 da kuma touchdowns hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilber |first=John |title=If Kent State poses any threat to Tennessee football, start with wide receiver Luke Floriea |url=https://www.aol.com/kent-state-poses-threat-tennessee-113229831.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AOL.com}}</ref> A cikin mako daya na kakar 2024, Floriea ya yi karɓar bakuncin shida don yadudduka 104 da Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easterling |first=Chris |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kent State product Luke Floriea signed by Browns after rookie minicamp tryout |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/pro/browns/2025/05/12/luke-floriea-browns-kent-state-wide-receiver-roster-moves/83577867007/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyu, ya yi rikodin kama shida don yadudduka 92 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title='He's playing at a high level': Kent State redshirt senior Luke Floriea off to best season |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2024/09/10/kent-state-football-luke-floriea-golden-flashes-wide-receiver-coach-kenni-burns/75134185007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> Ya gama kakar 2024, ya samu karbuwa 44 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podolski |first=Mark |date=19 March 2025 |title=Luke Floriea of Mentor showcases speed at Kent State pro day |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/03/19/luke-floriea-of-mentor-showcases-speed-at-kent-state-pro-day/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na Jihar Kent da ya yi rikodin 100 receptions don yadudduka 1,321 da kuma 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |title=Mentor grad Luke Floriea 'acquitted himself nicely' at Browns rookie minicamp |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/11/mentor-grad-luke-floriea-acquitted-himself-nicely-at-browns-rookie-minicamp/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=8 1/4|weight=179|dash=4.51|ten split=1.53|twenty split=2.70|shuttle=4.19|cone drill=6.95|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=14|arm span=29 1/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040164&DraftYear=2025 |title=Luke Floriea College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27526&ovl=Kent+State |title=Luke Floriea RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Floriea ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |date=12 May 2025 |title=Browns sign Mentor grad Luke Floriea after impressive minicamp tryout |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/12/browns-sign-mentor-grad-luke-floriea-after-impressive-minicamp-tryout/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> A wasan farko na Browns da Carolina Panthers, Floriea zai kama wani wucewa daga hannun ɗan'uwansa mai tsaron gida Shedeur Sanders na 30 yadudduka a cikin kawai ya kama wasan. An dakatar da shi / ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Browns sign CBs Christian Holmes and Darius Rush |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-cbs-christian-holmes-and-darius-rush |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> An sake sanya hannu kan Floreia zuwa tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 23 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns sign WR Luke Floriea to the practice squad |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-luke-floriea-to-the-practice-squad |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Cleveland a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2026 |title=Browns sign six to reserve/futures contracts |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-six-to-reserve-futures-contracts |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/luke-floriea/ Tarihin Cleveland Browns] * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/luke--floriea/14291 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fph3qsatdmqczm3a8qsboq1m4lmuo8r 844135 844134 2026-05-31T20:40:52Z Aluja 30485 844135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luke Floriea''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Cleveland Browns na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Kent State Golden Flashes kuma Cleveland Browns ta sanya hannu a cikin 2025 a matsayin mai ba da kyauta. == Rayuwa ta farko == Floriea ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mentor a Mentor, Ohio . A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, an kira shi dan wasan Ohio a duka kwallon kafa da kwando.<ref name="Allen Moff">{{Cite web |last=Moff |first=Allen |title=Flashes flip former Boston College recruit Floriea |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2019/10/03/flashes-flip-former-boston-college/2623847007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Record-Courier}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare an kiyasta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampf |first=John |title=Mentor football: Luke Floriea commits to Boston College |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2019/05/18/mentor-football-luke-floriea-commits-to-boston-college/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Koyaya, Floriea daga baya ya karkatar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga Kent State Golden Flashes . <ref name="Allen Moff" /> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin lokutan sa na farko uku tare da Golden Flashes daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Floriea ya sami karɓar 17 don yadudduka 209 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luke Floriea |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/luke-floriea-1.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 12, inda ya samu karbuwa 39 don yadudduka 413 da kuma touchdowns hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilber |first=John |title=If Kent State poses any threat to Tennessee football, start with wide receiver Luke Floriea |url=https://www.aol.com/kent-state-poses-threat-tennessee-113229831.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AOL.com}}</ref> A cikin mako daya na kakar 2024, Floriea ya yi karɓar bakuncin shida don yadudduka 104 da Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easterling |first=Chris |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kent State product Luke Floriea signed by Browns after rookie minicamp tryout |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/pro/browns/2025/05/12/luke-floriea-browns-kent-state-wide-receiver-roster-moves/83577867007/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyu, ya yi rikodin kama shida don yadudduka 92 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title='He's playing at a high level': Kent State redshirt senior Luke Floriea off to best season |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2024/09/10/kent-state-football-luke-floriea-golden-flashes-wide-receiver-coach-kenni-burns/75134185007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> Ya gama kakar 2024, ya samu karbuwa 44 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podolski |first=Mark |date=19 March 2025 |title=Luke Floriea of Mentor showcases speed at Kent State pro day |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/03/19/luke-floriea-of-mentor-showcases-speed-at-kent-state-pro-day/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na Jihar Kent da ya yi rikodin 100 receptions don yadudduka 1,321 da kuma 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |title=Mentor grad Luke Floriea 'acquitted himself nicely' at Browns rookie minicamp |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/11/mentor-grad-luke-floriea-acquitted-himself-nicely-at-browns-rookie-minicamp/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=8 1/4|weight=179|dash=4.51|ten split=1.53|twenty split=2.70|shuttle=4.19|cone drill=6.95|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=14|arm span=29 1/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040164&DraftYear=2025 |title=Luke Floriea College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27526&ovl=Kent+State |title=Luke Floriea RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Floriea ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |date=12 May 2025 |title=Browns sign Mentor grad Luke Floriea after impressive minicamp tryout |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/12/browns-sign-mentor-grad-luke-floriea-after-impressive-minicamp-tryout/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> A wasan farko na Browns da Carolina Panthers, Floriea zai kama wani wucewa daga hannun ɗan'uwansa mai tsaron gida Shedeur Sanders na 30 yadudduka a cikin kawai ya kama wasan. An dakatar da shi / ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Browns sign CBs Christian Holmes and Darius Rush |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-cbs-christian-holmes-and-darius-rush |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> An sake sanya hannu kan Floreia zuwa tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 23 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns sign WR Luke Floriea to the practice squad |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-luke-floriea-to-the-practice-squad |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Cleveland a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2026 |title=Browns sign six to reserve/futures contracts |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-six-to-reserve-futures-contracts |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/luke-floriea/ Tarihin Cleveland Browns] * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/luke--floriea/14291 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ic1m6ty5ad2rgbq6162luhl7bsimpau 844216 844135 2026-06-01T01:16:26Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luke Floriea''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon Cleveland Browns na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a kungiyar Kent State Golden Flashes kuma Cleveland Browns ta sanya hannu a cikin 2025 a matsayin mai ba da kyauta. == Rayuwa ta farko == Floriea ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mentor a Mentor, Ohio . A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, an kira shi dan wasan Ohio a duka kwallon kafa da kwando.<ref name="Allen Moff">{{Cite web |last=Moff |first=Allen |title=Flashes flip former Boston College recruit Floriea |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2019/10/03/flashes-flip-former-boston-college/2623847007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Record-Courier}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare an kiyasta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampf |first=John |title=Mentor football: Luke Floriea commits to Boston College |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2019/05/18/mentor-football-luke-floriea-commits-to-boston-college/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Koyaya, Floriea daga baya ya karkatar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga Kent State Golden Flashes . <ref name="Allen Moff" /> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin lokutan sa na farko uku tare da Golden Flashes daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Floriea ya sami karɓar 17 don yadudduka 209 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luke Floriea |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/luke-floriea-1.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 12, inda ya samu karbuwa 39 don yadudduka 413 da kuma touchdowns hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilber |first=John |title=If Kent State poses any threat to Tennessee football, start with wide receiver Luke Floriea |url=https://www.aol.com/kent-state-poses-threat-tennessee-113229831.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AOL.com}}</ref> A cikin mako daya na kakar 2024, Floriea ya yi karɓar bakuncin shida don yadudduka 104 da Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easterling |first=Chris |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kent State product Luke Floriea signed by Browns after rookie minicamp tryout |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/pro/browns/2025/05/12/luke-floriea-browns-kent-state-wide-receiver-roster-moves/83577867007/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyu, ya yi rikodin kama shida don yadudduka 92 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title='He's playing at a high level': Kent State redshirt senior Luke Floriea off to best season |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2024/09/10/kent-state-football-luke-floriea-golden-flashes-wide-receiver-coach-kenni-burns/75134185007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> Ya gama kakar 2024, ya samu karbuwa 44 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podolski |first=Mark |date=19 March 2025 |title=Luke Floriea of Mentor showcases speed at Kent State pro day |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/03/19/luke-floriea-of-mentor-showcases-speed-at-kent-state-pro-day/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na Jihar Kent da ya yi rikodin 100 receptions don yadudduka 1,321 da kuma 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |title=Mentor grad Luke Floriea 'acquitted himself nicely' at Browns rookie minicamp |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/11/mentor-grad-luke-floriea-acquitted-himself-nicely-at-browns-rookie-minicamp/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=8 1/4|weight=179|dash=4.51|ten split=1.53|twenty split=2.70|shuttle=4.19|cone drill=6.95|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=14|arm span=29 1/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040164&DraftYear=2025 |title=Luke Floriea College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27526&ovl=Kent+State |title=Luke Floriea RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Floriea ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |date=12 May 2025 |title=Browns sign Mentor grad Luke Floriea after impressive minicamp tryout |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/12/browns-sign-mentor-grad-luke-floriea-after-impressive-minicamp-tryout/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> A wasan farko na Browns da Carolina Panthers, Floriea zai kama wani wucewa daga hannun ɗan'uwansa mai tsaron gida Shedeur Sanders na 30 yadudduka a cikin kawai ya kama wasan. An dakatar da shi / ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Browns sign CBs Christian Holmes and Darius Rush |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-cbs-christian-holmes-and-darius-rush |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> An sake sanya hannu kan Floreia zuwa tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 23 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns sign WR Luke Floriea to the practice squad |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-luke-floriea-to-the-practice-squad |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Cleveland a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2026 |title=Browns sign six to reserve/futures contracts |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-six-to-reserve-futures-contracts |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/luke-floriea/ Tarihin Cleveland Browns] * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/luke--floriea/14291 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0arqsze454s9r5og3jnw1fh7i6s6wai 844217 844216 2026-06-01T01:17:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luke Floriea''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon Cleveland Browns na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a kungiyar Kent State Golden Flashes kuma Cleveland Browns ta sanya hannu a 2025 a matsayin dan wasan da ba'a dauka ba mai 'yancin tafiya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Floriea ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mentor a Mentor, Ohio . A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, an kira shi dan wasan Ohio a duka kwallon kafa da kwando.<ref name="Allen Moff">{{Cite web |last=Moff |first=Allen |title=Flashes flip former Boston College recruit Floriea |url=https://www.record-courier.com/story/sports/college/2019/10/03/flashes-flip-former-boston-college/2623847007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Record-Courier}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare an kiyasta shi a matsayin tauraron taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na Boston College Eagles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kampf |first=John |title=Mentor football: Luke Floriea commits to Boston College |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2019/05/18/mentor-football-luke-floriea-commits-to-boston-college/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Koyaya, Floriea daga baya ya karkatar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga Kent State Golden Flashes . <ref name="Allen Moff" /> == Ayyukan kwaleji == A cikin lokutan sa na farko uku tare da Golden Flashes daga 2020 zuwa 2022, Floriea ya sami karɓar 17 don yadudduka 209 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luke Floriea |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/luke-floriea-1.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2023, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 12, inda ya samu karbuwa 39 don yadudduka 413 da kuma touchdowns hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilber |first=John |title=If Kent State poses any threat to Tennessee football, start with wide receiver Luke Floriea |url=https://www.aol.com/kent-state-poses-threat-tennessee-113229831.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AOL.com}}</ref> A cikin mako daya na kakar 2024, Floriea ya yi karɓar bakuncin shida don yadudduka 104 da Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easterling |first=Chris |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kent State product Luke Floriea signed by Browns after rookie minicamp tryout |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/pro/browns/2025/05/12/luke-floriea-browns-kent-state-wide-receiver-roster-moves/83577867007/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> A cikin mako na biyu, ya yi rikodin kama shida don yadudduka 92 da kuma touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |title='He's playing at a high level': Kent State redshirt senior Luke Floriea off to best season |url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/sports/college/kent-state/2024/09/10/kent-state-football-luke-floriea-golden-flashes-wide-receiver-coach-kenni-burns/75134185007/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Akron Beacon Journal}}</ref> Ya gama kakar 2024, ya samu karbuwa 44 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Podolski |first=Mark |date=19 March 2025 |title=Luke Floriea of Mentor showcases speed at Kent State pro day |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/03/19/luke-floriea-of-mentor-showcases-speed-at-kent-state-pro-day/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na Jihar Kent da ya yi rikodin 100 receptions don yadudduka 1,321 da kuma 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |title=Mentor grad Luke Floriea 'acquitted himself nicely' at Browns rookie minicamp |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/11/mentor-grad-luke-floriea-acquitted-himself-nicely-at-browns-rookie-minicamp/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=5|height in=8 1/4|weight=179|dash=4.51|ten split=1.53|twenty split=2.70|shuttle=4.19|cone drill=6.95|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=5|bench=14|arm span=29 1/8|hand span=8 7/8|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1040164&DraftYear=2025 |title=Luke Floriea College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27526&ovl=Kent+State |title=Luke Floriea RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Floriea ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Browns a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Jeff |date=12 May 2025 |title=Browns sign Mentor grad Luke Floriea after impressive minicamp tryout |url=https://www.news-herald.com/2025/05/12/browns-sign-mentor-grad-luke-floriea-after-impressive-minicamp-tryout/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=News-Herald}}</ref> A wasan farko na Browns da Carolina Panthers, Floriea zai kama wani wucewa daga hannun ɗan'uwansa mai tsaron gida Shedeur Sanders na 30 yadudduka a cikin kawai ya kama wasan. An dakatar da shi / ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Browns sign CBs Christian Holmes and Darius Rush |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-cbs-christian-holmes-and-darius-rush |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> An sake sanya hannu kan Floreia zuwa tawagar motsa jiki a ranar 23 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browns sign WR Luke Floriea to the practice squad |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-luke-floriea-to-the-practice-squad |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Cleveland a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2026 |title=Browns sign six to reserve/futures contracts |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-six-to-reserve-futures-contracts |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=ClevelandBrowns.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/luke-floriea/ Tarihin Cleveland Browns] * [https://kentstatesports.com/sports/football/roster/luke--floriea/14291 Kent State Golden Flashes bio] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hd7klnjscegotg24za1upts57jzuofd 0 153755 844139 2026-05-31T20:49:26Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357051353|Murder of Otávio Jordão da Silva]]" 844139 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan kungiyar ta yi kira ga kasashen Afirka da Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 "Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player"]. ''BBC News''. 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm "Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player"]. ''International Business Times''. 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html "Referee beheaded after killing player"]. ESPN. 6 July 2013. Archived from [http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html the original] on 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] 2gdnm033vdxe7z1tvelwf8auhq4z26r 844140 844139 2026-05-31T20:50:19Z Aluja 30485 844140 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 "Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player"]. ''BBC News''. 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm "Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player"]. ''International Business Times''. 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html "Referee beheaded after killing player"]. ESPN. 6 July 2013. Archived from [http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html the original] on 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] hxf0uc1rkkghk8q73ae5lqouaf5gig7 844141 844140 2026-05-31T20:52:08Z Aluja 30485 /* Kaddamarwa */ 844141 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 "Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player"]. ''BBC News''. 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] 6dvtpj4pvn81bgovuc5vx6mtvjr7ne8 844142 844141 2026-05-31T20:53:22Z Aluja 30485 /* Abin da ya faru */ 844142 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] kztmztoamwjqi86pgw2ct330wx43u9h 844144 844142 2026-05-31T20:54:03Z Aluja 30485 844144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] eauphnziqzllzxyafkesjgm0om2yib5 844145 844144 2026-05-31T20:55:10Z Aluja 30485 /* Bidiyo */ 844145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Otávio Jordão da Silva Cantanhede''' dan shekara 20 ne dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Brazil <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brasilia |date=8 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded in Brazil after killing player |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/referee-beheaded-in-brazil-after-killing-player-20130709-2pmr5.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> wanda masu kallo suka jajjefe shi, suka yanke shi kai kuma suka raba shi bayan ya sashi wani dan wasan a wasan da ya yi a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2013 . <ref name="NY News">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans decapitate soccer referee after he stabs, kills player:police |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/fans-decapitate-soccer-referee-brazil-police-article-1.1391892 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NY Daily News}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, da Silva tana yin hukunci a wasan kwallon kafa a Pio XII, Maranhão . <ref name="NewsWires">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian mob decapitates soccer referee after he stabs player |url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2019220-brazilian-mob-decapitates-soccer-referee-after-he-stabs-player/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NewsWires}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazilian football referee stoned to death, body hacked by fans: report |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180942/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210421-brazilian-football-referee-stoned-to-death-body-hacked-by-fans-report |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Ya kori dan wasan Josemir dos Santos Abreu, mai shekaru 31, wanda ya ki barin filin kuma ya fara fada da alƙalin. Abreu ya jefa kwallo, wanda ya sa da Silva ya zana wuka daga aljihunsa kuma ya soke Abreu akai-akai. Abreu ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Brazil referee decapitated after stabbing player |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23215676 |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Lokacin da magoya bayan da ke kallon wasan, gami da abokan Abreu da danginsa, sun gano game da mutuwarsa, sun mamaye filin wasa kuma suka jajjefe da Silva, kafin su yanke masa kai, suka raba shi, <ref name="BBC" /> kuma suka sanya kansa a kan gungume a filin wasa. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Give me Sport">{{Cite web |last=Haine, Will |title=Player & referee murdered after match in Brazil |url=http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075340/http://www.givemesport.com/357623-player-referee-murdered-after-match-in-brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Give me Sport}}</ref> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Soccer referee decapitated after stabbing player to death in Brazil |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2013/07/06/soccer-referee-decapitated-brazil-stabbing-maranhao/2495199/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> <ref name="Boston Herald">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter soccer referee in Brazil |url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083635/https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/americas/2013/07/fans_kill_and_quarter_soccer_referee_in_brazil |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald}}</ref><ref name="Deadspin">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Soccer Fans Decapitate Ref After He Stabs, Kills Player |url=http://deadspin.com/referee-kills-player-then-gets-beheaded-at-brazilian-so-685459212 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Deadspin}}</ref><ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian soccer ref beheaded by fans after fatally stabbing player |url=http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110417/http://now.msn.com/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazilian-soccer-ref-beheaded-by-fans |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=MSN Now}}</ref><ref name="LaLate">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Decapitated Referee Otavio da Silva Quartered For Killing Josenir Abreu |url=http://news.lalate.com/2013/07/06/decapitated-referee-otavio-da-silva-quartered-for-killing-josenir-abreu/ |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=LaLate News}}</ref><ref name="WTSP">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Fans kill and quarter football referee in Brazil |url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061804/http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/323924/250/Fans-kill-and-quarter-football-referee-in-Brazil |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=WTSP}}</ref> An nakalto shugaban 'yan sanda Valter Costa yana cewa "wani laifi ba zai taba tabbatar da wani ba". == Bayyanawa game da mahallin wasan == Duk da yake wasu rahotanni na farko sun ambaci Otávio da Silva a matsayin "alƙali" a cikin "wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai son", bayanan da suka biyo baya da shaidun da suka gani sun nuna cewa wasan ba na al'ada ba ne kuma ba a ba da izini ba. Wasan ya faru ne a cikin unguwar karkara ba tare da kulawar hukuma ba kuma an ruwaito Da Silva ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin alƙali a cikin wannan wasa na yau da kullun, wanda ba ya cikin kowane ƙungiyar da aka shirya ko ƙungiyar wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=Maranho: 2 mortes em jogo de pelada {{!}} Gazeta de Alagoas |url=https://www.gazetadealagoas.com.br/esportes/135518/maranho-2-mortes-em-jogo-de-pelada |website=}}</ref> "An san cewa wasa ne na al'ada: kungiyoyin ba su da sunaye kuma alƙalin dan wasan ne kawai wanda ya busa busa busa saboda ya ji rauni a ƙafafunsa. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquartejamento vira estigma em vila no Maranhão |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2013/08/04/esquartejamento-vira-estigma-em-vila-no-maranhao.htm |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kaddamarwa == An kama wanda ake zargi.<ref name="IBT">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Brazilian Referee Beheaded by Fans for Killing Player |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/487093/20130706/otavio-jordao-da-silva-brazil-football-referee.htm |access-date=7 July 2013 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Koyaya, 'yan sanda suna neman wasu mutane biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Abreu.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Referee beheaded after killing player |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706201001/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/219243.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="TN">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Barbarie: un árbitro mató a un jugador y fue asesinado por los hinchas |url=http://tn.com.ar/deportes/after-play/barbarie-un-arbitro-mato-a-un-jugador-y-fue-asesinado-por-los-hinchas_398304 |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Toda Pasion}}</ref> == Bidiyo == Wani bidiyon hoto daga baya ya fito a kan layi jim kadan bayan lamarin da ya faru wanda ke nuna ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sake tara jikin Otávio.<ref>{{cite news|last=Price|first=Greg|title=Soccer Referee Beheaded During Amateur Match In Brazil|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/soccer-referee-beheaded-during-amateur-match-brazil-warning-graphic-video-link-1335377|newspaper=International Business Times|date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Broderick |first=Ryan |title=Extremely Graphic Video Surfaces Of Beheaded Brazilian Soccer Referee |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanhatesthis/extremely-graphic-video-surfaces-of-beheaded-brazilian-socce |date=7 July 2013 |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.larioja.com/videos/actualidad/internacional/2535078983001-arbitro-decapitado-brasil.html An yanke Otávio Jordão da Silva kai] f45bv7corquaawmxbpltmexs7kspsih 0 153756 844143 2026-05-31T20:53:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1220198988|Sabie River]]" 844143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sabie''' <ref name="SabieRiver">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Way: Sabie River (23380523) |url=http://openstreetmap.org/browse/way/23380523 |access-date=2022-08-20 |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kogin Komati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inkomati WMA 5 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209133246/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |archive-date=2013-12-09 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-[[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Sand]] shine 6,320&nbsp;km ² a girmansa. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Sabie yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi bambancin halittu a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232033/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=2018-06-20 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> == Kwarara == Tana tashi a cikin tsaunin Drakensberg na lardin Mpumalanga, tana kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa cikin ƙananan ciyayi. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> Tana ratsa faɗin Kruger National Park kafin ta ratsa ta cikin tsaunukan Lebombo zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. <ref name="komatiland">{{Cite web |title=Our plantation |url=https://www.komatilandforests.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318130421/http://www.komatilandforests.co.za:80/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2016-03-18 |publisher=Komatiland Forests}}</ref> Kimanin 40&nbsp;kilomita daga Moamba, ta shiga babban [[Corumana Dam|madatsar ruwan Corumana]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Corumana Dam |url=https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233845/https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |publisher=Trevi}}</ref> kafin daga bisani ta shiga Komati. Matsugunan da ke bakin tekun sun haɗa da Sabie, Hazyview, Skukuza da Lower Sabie. [[Fayil:Komati.png|thumb|Kogin Sabie a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Komati (tsakiya)]] == Magudanar ruwa == Gadojin Sabie sun haɗa da: <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> * [[Klein Sabie River|Kogin Klein Sabie]] * [[Mac Mac River|Kogin Mac]] * [[Marite River|Kogin Marite]], magudanar ruwansa ita ce: ** [[Ngwaritsana River|Kogin Ngwaritsana]] * [[Motitse River|Kogin Motitse]] * [[Mhlambanyatsi River|Kogin Mhlambananyatsi]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * Kogin N'waswitshaka (a Skukuza) * [[N'watindlopfu Spruit]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * [[N'watinwambu River|Kogin N'watinwambu]] (a Kruger Park) * [[Sabane River|Kogin Sabane]] * [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Sand]] (a Kruger Park) == Manazarta == Sabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie RiverSabie River m9jgcwm0aonlvblg3dqng17x3e50wzo 844146 844143 2026-05-31T20:57:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 844146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sabie''' <ref name="SabieRiver">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Way: Sabie River (23380523) |url=http://openstreetmap.org/browse/way/23380523 |access-date=2022-08-20 |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kogin Komati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inkomati WMA 5 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209133246/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |archive-date=2013-12-09 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-[[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Sand]] shine 6,320&nbsp;km ² a girmansa. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Sabie yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi bambancin halittu a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232033/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=2018-06-20 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> == Kwarara == Tana tashi a cikin tsaunin Drakensberg na lardin Mpumalanga, tana kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa cikin ƙananan ciyayi. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> Tana ratsa faɗin Kruger National Park kafin ta ratsa ta cikin tsaunukan Lebombo zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. <ref name="komatiland">{{Cite web |title=Our plantation |url=https://www.komatilandforests.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318130421/http://www.komatilandforests.co.za:80/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2016-03-18 |publisher=Komatiland Forests}}</ref> Kimanin 40&nbsp;kilomita daga Moamba, ta shiga babban [[Corumana Dam|madatsar ruwan Corumana]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Corumana Dam |url=https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233845/https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |publisher=Trevi}}</ref> kafin daga bisani ta shiga Komati. Matsugunan da ke bakin tekun sun haɗa da Sabie, Hazyview, Skukuza da Lower Sabie. [[Fayil:Komati.png|thumb|Kogin Sabie a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Komati (tsakiya)]] == Magudanar ruwa == Gadojin Sabie sun haɗa da: <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> * [[Klein Sabie River|Kogin Klein Sabie]] * [[Mac Mac River|Kogin Mac]] * [[Marite River|Kogin Marite]], magudanar ruwansa ita ce: ** [[Ngwaritsana River|Kogin Ngwaritsana]] * [[Motitse River|Kogin Motitse]] * [[Mhlambanyatsi River|Kogin Mhlambananyatsi]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * Kogin N'waswitshaka (a Skukuza) * [[N'watindlopfu Spruit]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * [[N'watinwambu River|Kogin N'watinwambu]] (a Kruger Park) * [[Sabane River|Kogin Sabane]] * [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Sand]] (a Kruger Park) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dsihzysnv2fmtz07hajdcupu9dxamff 844147 844146 2026-05-31T21:00:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Kwarara */ 844147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sabie''' <ref name="SabieRiver">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Way: Sabie River (23380523) |url=http://openstreetmap.org/browse/way/23380523 |access-date=2022-08-20 |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kogin Komati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inkomati WMA 5 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209133246/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |archive-date=2013-12-09 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-[[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Sand]] shine 6,320&nbsp;km ² a girmansa. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Sabie yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi bambancin halittu a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232033/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=2018-06-20 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> == Kwarara == Tana tashi a cikin tsaunin Drakensberg na lardin Mpumalanga, tana kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa cikin ƙananan ciyayi. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> Tana ratsa faɗin Kruger National Park kafin ta ratsa ta cikin tsaunukan Lebombo zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. <ref name="komatiland">{{Cite web |title=Our plantation |url=https://www.komatilandforests.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318130421/http://www.komatilandforests.co.za:80/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2016-03-18 |publisher=Komatiland Forests}}</ref> Kimanin 40&nbsp;kilomita daga Moamba, ta shiga babban [[Corumana Dam|madatsar ruwan Corumana]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Corumana Dam |url=https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233845/https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |publisher=Trevi}}</ref> kafin daga bisani ta shiga Komati. Matsugunan da ke bakin tekun sun haɗa da Sabie, Hazyview, Skukuza da Lower Sabie.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|date=1987|last=Raper|first=P.E.|url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komati.png|thumb|Kogin Sabie a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Komati (tsakiya)]] == Magudanar ruwa == Gadojin Sabie sun haɗa da: <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> * [[Klein Sabie River|Kogin Klein Sabie]] * [[Mac Mac River|Kogin Mac]] * [[Marite River|Kogin Marite]], magudanar ruwansa ita ce: ** [[Ngwaritsana River|Kogin Ngwaritsana]] * [[Motitse River|Kogin Motitse]] * [[Mhlambanyatsi River|Kogin Mhlambananyatsi]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * Kogin N'waswitshaka (a Skukuza) * [[N'watindlopfu Spruit]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * [[N'watinwambu River|Kogin N'watinwambu]] (a Kruger Park) * [[Sabane River|Kogin Sabane]] * [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Sand]] (a Kruger Park) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 20kzau6xjezzqnl81wdywrqem2kv176 844148 844147 2026-05-31T21:00:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sabie''' <ref name="SabieRiver">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Way: Sabie River (23380523) |url=http://openstreetmap.org/browse/way/23380523 |access-date=2022-08-20 |publisher=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kogin Komati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inkomati WMA 5 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209133246/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg |archive-date=2013-12-09 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-[[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Sand]] shine 6,320&nbsp;km ² a girmansa. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> Sabie yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi bambancin halittu a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232033/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_4.03.html |archive-date=2018-06-20 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}</ref> == Kwarara == Tana tashi a cikin tsaunin Drakensberg na lardin Mpumalanga, tana kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa cikin ƙananan ciyayi. <ref name="ecooverview">{{Cite web |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html |archive-date=2019-08-28 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190828074442/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> Tana ratsa faɗin Kruger National Park kafin ta ratsa ta cikin tsaunukan Lebombo zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. <ref name="komatiland">{{Cite web |title=Our plantation |url=https://www.komatilandforests.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318130421/http://www.komatilandforests.co.za:80/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=8 |archive-date=2016-03-18 |publisher=Komatiland Forests}}</ref> Kimanin 40&nbsp;kilomita daga Moamba, ta shiga babban [[Corumana Dam|madatsar ruwan Corumana]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Corumana Dam |url=https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233845/https://www.trevispa.eu/viewdoc.asp?co_id=225 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |publisher=Trevi}}</ref> kafin daga bisani ta shiga Komati. Matsugunan da ke bakin tekun sun haɗa da Sabie, Hazyview, Skukuza da Lower Sabie.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|date=1987|last=Raper|first=P.E.|url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komati.png|thumb|Kogin Sabie a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Komati (tsakiya)]] == Magudanar ruwa == Gadojin Sabie sun haɗa da: <ref name="eco505">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Sabie-Sand River System |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |publisher=South African River Health Programme}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017005808/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.05.html "The Sabie-Sand River System"]. </cite></ref> * [[Klein Sabie River|Kogin Klein Sabie]] * [[Mac Mac River|Kogin Mac]] * [[Marite River|Kogin Marite]], magudanar ruwansa ita ce: ** [[Ngwaritsana River|Kogin Ngwaritsana]] * [[Motitse River|Kogin Motitse]] * [[Mhlambanyatsi River|Kogin Mhlambananyatsi]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * Kogin N'waswitshaka (a Skukuza) * [[N'watindlopfu Spruit]] (a cikin Kruger Park) * [[N'watinwambu River|Kogin N'watinwambu]] (a Kruger Park) * [[Sabane River|Kogin Sabane]] * [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|Kogin Sand]] (a Kruger Park) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1mqd578uqa67134qbo4pszskc1559lo 0 153757 844149 2026-05-31T21:04:14Z Nasiru kano 45390 Sabon shafi: Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Al-Muktar Kabara Haihuwa da Mutuwa An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1912 a Guringawa, Jihar Kano Ya rasu a shekarar 1996 Farkon karatunsa ya fara da Allo (Alqur'ani a kan alluna), inda ya fito yana iya Larabci, Fikihu, da Harshe sosai Ya koyi ilimi tare da malaman da suka kammala karatu a Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar — tsoffin jami'ar Afirka Darika Qadiriyya Tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1955, ya samu nasarar kulla hulɗa da manyan cibiyoyin... 844149 wikitext text/x-wiki Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Al-Muktar Kabara Haihuwa da Mutuwa An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1912 a Guringawa, Jihar Kano Ya rasu a shekarar 1996 Farkon karatunsa ya fara da Allo (Alqur'ani a kan alluna), inda ya fito yana iya Larabci, Fikihu, da Harshe sosai Ya koyi ilimi tare da malaman da suka kammala karatu a Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar — tsoffin jami'ar Afirka Darika Qadiriyya Tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1955, ya samu nasarar kulla hulɗa da manyan cibiyoyin Qadiriyya a Khartoum, Timbuktu, da Baghdad Tun daga kusan 1958, an ɗauke shi a matsayin Shugaban dukkan rassan Qadiriyya a Kano Ya kafa Darul Qadiriyya a Jihar Kano, wanda mabiya Qadiriyya na duk Yammacin Afirka suke ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar Qadiriyya. Ayyukansa Ya bude masallatai da yawa a fadin ƙasar Hausa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Qadiriyya Makarantar da kakansa ya kafa a 1787 yanzu tana ɓangare na gidan Darul Qadiriyya ara Ɗansa Sheikh Qaribullahi Nasiru Kabara ya gaje shi a matsayin Shugaban Qadiriyya Shi ne kuma mahaifin malamin da ya yi rigima da malamai a kano Sheikh Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara 5j3x5wnk5ok9lx4cjd52uiko1os4hk2 844150 844149 2026-05-31T21:11:29Z Nasiru kano 45390 /* */ 844150 wikitext text/x-wiki Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Al-Muktar Kabara An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1912 a Guringawa, Jihar Kano Ya rasu a shekarar 1996 Farkon karatunsa ya fara da Allo (Alqur'ani a kan alluna), inda ya fito yana iya Larabci, Fikihu, da Harshe sosai Ya koyi ilimi tare da malaman da suka kammala karatu a Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar — tsoffin jami'ar Afirka Darika Qadiriyya Tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1955, ya samu nasarar kulla hulɗa da manyan cibiyoyin Qadiriyya a Khartoum, Timbuktu, da Baghdad Tun daga kusan 1958, an ɗauke shi a matsayin Shugaban dukkan rassan Qadiriyya a Kano Ya kafa Darul Qadiriyya a Jihar Kano, wanda mabiya Qadiriyya na duk Yammacin Afirka suke ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar Qadiriyya. Ayyukansa Ya bude masallatai da yawa a fadin ƙasar Hausa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Qadiriyya Makarantar da kakansa ya kafa a 1787 yanzu tana ɓangare na gidan Darul Qadiriyya ara Ɗansa Sheikh Qaribullahi Nasiru Kabara ya gaje shi a matsayin Shugaban Qadiriyya Shi ne kuma mahaifin malamin da ya yi rigima, da malamai a kano Sheikh Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara 9xh0tiznueefh0l32xx3g40rqp12n7x 844156 844150 2026-05-31T21:23:57Z Nasiru kano 45390 /* */ 844156 wikitext text/x-wiki Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Al-Muktar Kabara An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1912 a Guringawa, Jihar Kano Ya rasu a shekarar 1996 Farkon karatunsa ya fara da Allo (Alqur'ani a kan alluna), inda ya fito yana iya Larabci, Fikihu, da Harshe sosai Ya koyi ilimi tare da malaman da suka kammala karatu a Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar — tsoffin jami'ar Afirka Darika Qadiriyya Tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1955, ya samu nasarar kulla hulɗa da manyan cibiyoyin Qadiriyya a Khartoum, Timbuktu, da Baghdad Tun daga kusan 1958, an ɗauke shi a matsayin Shugaban dukkan rassan Qadiriyya a Kano Ya kafa Darul Qadiriyya a Jihar Kano, wanda mabiya Qadiriyya na duk Yammacin Afirka suke ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar Qadiriyya. Ayyukansa Ya bude masallatai da yawa a fadin ƙasar Hausa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Qadiriyya Makarantar da kakansa ya kafa a 1787 yanzu tana ɓangare na gidan Darul Qadiriyya Dansa Sheik Qaribullhi ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban Qadiriyya.shine Kuma mahaifin malamin da yayi rigima da malamai a kano(Sheik Abduljabbar Nasiru kabara) dpr50v65f8ahbo0ddxgk4z54qmxlvx4 3 153758 844151 2026-05-31T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844151 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saldrisazara! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saldrisazara|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 1nh40m3kk66kdc7v7a95sbqbwcjdqky 3 153759 844152 2026-05-31T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844152 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chikguybardo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chikguybardo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) b89i8dri98auap3l2hfrj35f3ttmtip 3 153760 844153 2026-05-31T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844153 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cicada1010! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cicada1010|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 205vwhttl6hzetq1w2jhzacn5v3ro8d 3 153761 844154 2026-05-31T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844154 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibraheemly! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibraheemly|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) bh609l87x5h0jet8vpoi54kpo4zheuu 3 153762 844155 2026-05-31T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844155 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vininn126! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) oiaexk7q65ifzdn9hcz8ma1rvdaexj9 3 153763 844157 2026-05-31T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844157 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nasiru kano! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nasiru kano|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) i4jxcfxgx2elnlxbrb779x1s3ul8oti 3 153764 844158 2026-05-31T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844158 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Payden Hautrosi Nières! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Payden Hautrosi Nières|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) tnuc35bu18bdmfc8mc7txo73iqu1zyz 3 153765 844159 2026-05-31T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844159 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Milocean! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Milocean|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 59ura7jlimiyyde4rwvcg4p339ljvw4 3 153766 844160 2026-05-31T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844160 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Andrafaelli! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Andrafaelli|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) ti8da5hz3c0p337w9ppgwvwdyznsr4p 3 153767 844161 2026-05-31T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844161 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ilovesymphonybar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ilovesymphonybar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 1mvbvjgkxi2863lvgrpk1hjqxs2k27w 3 153768 844162 2026-05-31T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844162 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ubenhagen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ubenhagen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rcuc92c4sd8tk7uy8mk8diwgdh38k79 3 153769 844163 2026-05-31T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844163 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rocker J.(RJ)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rocker J.(RJ)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 38qjvwh7guqv0eckf0178y6si4cwcmb 3 153770 844164 2026-05-31T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844164 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marshy60000! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marshy60000|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rdustc7vaal6pw23joh1j96qlilmehj 3 153771 844165 2026-05-31T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844165 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rasbombom! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rasbombom|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 7aj92hs67o5dbjs7822c8sm9ojl29g8 3 153772 844166 2026-05-31T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844166 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Houstička! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Houstička|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) i9u6qjejyaimumy6hoooty671k7axdf 3 153773 844167 2026-05-31T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844167 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wiklekka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wiklekka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) ske94rh1qhe5bz8err2685px3dmvutd 3 153774 844168 2026-05-31T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844168 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Simxaraba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Simxaraba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 8yqrc5gq4ph4uhn65qijgkq655vjcxi 3 153775 844169 2026-05-31T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844169 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Godfreydifu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Godfreydifu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) edhc4a1mcrodypnoruizgznch0yq0ou 3 153776 844170 2026-05-31T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844170 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nederlandse Leeuw! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nederlandse Leeuw|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 0m1u8eqtyqcfm93m2ylq586evpzacpy 3 153777 844171 2026-05-31T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844171 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Betìi02! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Betìi02|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) lj8gouh2hncoygyf549y0t2fmx34gnb 3 153778 844172 2026-05-31T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844172 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Isleepalott! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Isleepalott|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) bunv6es8jvug84375yr3hay0wymep7s 3 153779 844173 2026-05-31T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844173 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrlover322! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrlover322|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) p70fvgzp54irglvq8w1gofzchskqyoe 3 153780 844174 2026-05-31T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844174 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tabu Makiadi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tabu Makiadi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 832pcm4fsoca50qrge93varnl5oaex9 3 153781 844175 2026-05-31T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844175 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Keyx9y! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Keyx9y|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 26852f0jmfz9ta54xo8e703v51f0h1p 3 153782 844176 2026-05-31T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844176 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kiara2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kiara2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) tk2321ramrgj01r1x8kkxv4jdfmbdrv 3 153783 844177 2026-05-31T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844177 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bloggerebonyi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bloggerebonyi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) r2tgayg8f9c9cc1dp7ur0e3wopwymb6 3 153784 844178 2026-05-31T21:27:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844178 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mamasy2007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mamasy2007|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) k1sdlqcpxkundxa1f3x5f2hcyrv3i71 3 153785 844179 2026-05-31T21:27:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844179 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, OhanaUnited! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/OhanaUnited|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) qu9hmqrt2muktc5xq5bi4xir3cvh15x 3 153786 844180 2026-05-31T21:27:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 844180 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Trish stratus19! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Trish stratus19|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) eewfhtuqq7yu39wd6b6xyve2kbokzte 0 153787 844182 2026-05-31T21:30:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356359221|Ohrigstad River]]" 844182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ohrigstad''' yana cikin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin Ohrigstad ya haɗu da Kogin Blyde a [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Blyde]] a cikin Wurin Ajiye Nature na Kogin Blyde Canyon. Kamar Blyde, yana da asalinsa a kusan tsayin mita 2,000 a kudu, a gefen yankin kiyaye [[Hartebeesvlakte]], amma yana bin hanyar yamma. == Madatsun ruwa a Kogin == * Dam na Ohrigstad == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Blyde Canyon == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 034ut84bnfnz2f9m847idpurqm6z7u5 844183 844182 2026-05-31T21:33:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ohrigstad'''<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> yana cikin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Kogin Ohrigstad ya haɗu da Kogin Blyde a [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Blyde]] a cikin Wurin Ajiye Nature na Kogin Blyde Canyon.<ref name="gn968419" /> Kamar Blyde, yana da asalinsa a kusan tsayin mita 2,000 a kudu, a gefen yankin kiyaye [[Hartebeesvlakte]], amma yana bin hanyar yamma.<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> == Madatsun ruwa a Kogin == * Dam na Ohrigstad<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Blyde Canyon == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 29lalkfu1dp1r5yatvl8jbvuuwk0e7g 844184 844183 2026-05-31T21:33:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 844184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ohrigstad'''<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> yana cikin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> Kogin Ohrigstad ya haɗu da Kogin Blyde a [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Blyde]] a cikin Wurin Ajiye Nature na Kogin Blyde Canyon.<ref name="gn968419" /> Kamar Blyde, yana da asalinsa a kusan tsayin mita 2,000 a kudu, a gefen yankin kiyaye [[Hartebeesvlakte]], amma yana bin hanyar yamma.<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> == Madatsun ruwa a Kogin == * Dam na Ohrigstad<ref name = "gn968419">[https://www.geonames.org/968419/ohrigstadrivier.html Map of Ohrigstad River on Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Kogin Blyde Canyon == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pdjbeinka3c7w1av4dd7ku82t1gc1c0 0 153788 844236 2026-06-01T01:48:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Shark na jan ƙarfe]] to [[Copper shark]]: Misspelled title 844236 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Copper shark]] hepgxn0jbxvxh2xc33jrp054k2gx689 0 153789 844274 2026-06-01T04:30:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349183639|Initiative: Eau]]" 844274 wikitext text/x-wiki Shirye-shiryen: Ruwa kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don karfafa ruwa, tsaftacewa, da iyawar tsabta a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan rikici don inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=RWSN-Initiative: Eau |url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/member-organisations/details/103 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raptim |title=Raptim- 55 Water NGOs You Should Know |url=https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123134/https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Initiative: Eau |title=Initiative: Eau Intro |url=https://www.initiativeeau.org/#ieau-intro |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2013, Initiative: Eau yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, Amurka tare da ofishinsa na yanki na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]]. Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |title=Decision 2017/217 Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/documents/2017/decision.2017.217.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on NGOs |title=Commencing 2018 Regular Session, Non-Governmental Organization Committee Recommends Status for 95 Groups, Defers Action on 37 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ecosoc6878.doc.htm |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Shirin: Ruwa memba ne na Sanitation da Ruwa ga Duka, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa ta Karkara, da Cibiyar Sashen Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a don Rage Bala'i.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Innovation daga International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD) Taron Ruwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don WASHMobile, wanda ya riga shirin H2Odata.city na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamran Rafiq |title=ISNTD Water 2016 - Meeting report |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isntd-water-2016-meeting-report-kamran-rafiq/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna "2019 Top-Rated Nonprofit" ta GreatNonprofits kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Platinum ta 2020 daga GuideStar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreatNonprofits |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/initiative-eau |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GuideStar |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-3599128 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin: Donald Joseph Brooks da Christina Long ne suka kafa Eau a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2013 a Bangor, Maine, Amurka. Su biyun sun kirkiro shirin ne bayan gabatarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke kwatanta [[Rashin ruwa|Rikicin Ruwa]] a Burkina Faso. Shirin: An samo ruwa daga jerin tseren hanyar sadaka na kilomita 5 wanda ya faru a Maine da arewacin Massachusetts.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar tana da ma'aikata 14 a fadin nahiyoyi uku.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Ayyukan da suka gabata == '''H2Odata.city''' H2OData.city wani aikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa ne na ruwa don inganta sa ido kan ababen more more rayuwa na gida da kuma iyawa ta hanyar horo da kuma alhakin hukumomin kulawa. Wani misali na aikin a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]] mai suna H2Odata.city.fada kwanan nan an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar tallafin ci gaban al'umma daga Ofishin Jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa Burkina Faso a [[Ouagadougou]] da kuma wani daga Gidauniyar Duniya.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives grant from the International Foundation for H2Odata.city.fada |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-grant-from-the-international-foundation-for-h2odata-city-fada/191059 |access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> Ana sa ran aikin zai haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin adadin lalacewar tushen ruwa da raguwar 83% a cikin yawan lokacin da tushen ruwa ya kasance ba ya aiki bayan ya fashe a cikin birni. Foire de l'Eau The Foire de la Eau wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Initiative: Ruwa da Gidauniyar BARKA suka shirya. An gudanar da taron na farko tsakanin 21 da 25 Maris 2018 a Fada N'gourma, kuma shi ne taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Water Association |title=COMMÉMORATION DE LA JOURNÉE MONDIALE DE L'EAU : UNE FOIRE ORGANISÉE À FADA N'GOURMA |url=https://afwa-hq.org/fichiers/afwanews/MAGAZINE-AfWA-NEWS-121avril2018.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An shirya shi tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da Eau Vive, WaterAid, Hukumar Ruwa ta Gourma, Ofishin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa (ONEA), [[UNICEF]], da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ta Burkina Faso. Wannan taron ya yi niyyar inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na Burkinabè ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta (WASH).<ref>{{Cite web |last=allAfrica |title=Burkina Faso: Foire de l'eau à Fada - "Fondation Barka" et "Initiative Eau" conjuguent leurs efforts |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201803290287.html |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eau Vive Internationale |title=Burkina Faso : 1ère édition de la Foire de l'Eau |url=http://www.eau-vive.org/fr/internationale/actus/burkina-faso-1ere-edition-de-la-foire-de-l-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World Waternet |title=The first Foire de l'Eau in Fada n'Gourma |url=https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == fmiaf02gwfw5yjxwkj75umk698qegy8 844275 844274 2026-06-01T04:32:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 844275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shirye-shiryen: Ruwa kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don karfafa ruwa, tsaftacewa, da iyawar tsabta a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan rikici don inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=RWSN-Initiative: Eau |url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/member-organisations/details/103 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raptim |title=Raptim- 55 Water NGOs You Should Know |url=https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123134/https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Initiative: Eau |title=Initiative: Eau Intro |url=https://www.initiativeeau.org/#ieau-intro |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2013, Initiative: Eau yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, Amurka tare da ofishinsa na yanki na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]]. Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |title=Decision 2017/217 Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/documents/2017/decision.2017.217.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on NGOs |title=Commencing 2018 Regular Session, Non-Governmental Organization Committee Recommends Status for 95 Groups, Defers Action on 37 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ecosoc6878.doc.htm |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Shirin: Ruwa memba ne na Sanitation da Ruwa ga Duka, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa ta Karkara, da Cibiyar Sashen Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a don Rage Bala'i.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Innovation daga International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD) Taron Ruwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don WASHMobile, wanda ya riga shirin H2Odata.city na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamran Rafiq |title=ISNTD Water 2016 - Meeting report |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isntd-water-2016-meeting-report-kamran-rafiq/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna "2019 Top-Rated Nonprofit" ta GreatNonprofits kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Platinum ta 2020 daga GuideStar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreatNonprofits |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/initiative-eau |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GuideStar |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-3599128 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin: Donald Joseph Brooks da Christina Long ne suka kafa Eau a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2013 a Bangor, Maine, Amurka. Su biyun sun kirkiro shirin ne bayan gabatarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke kwatanta [[Rashin ruwa|Rikicin Ruwa]] a Burkina Faso. Shirin: An samo ruwa daga jerin tseren hanyar sadaka na kilomita 5 wanda ya faru a Maine da arewacin Massachusetts.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar tana da ma'aikata 14 a fadin nahiyoyi uku.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Ayyukan da suka gabata == '''H2Odata.city''' H2OData.city wani aikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa ne na ruwa don inganta sa ido kan ababen more more rayuwa na gida da kuma iyawa ta hanyar horo da kuma alhakin hukumomin kulawa. Wani misali na aikin a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]] mai suna H2Odata.city.fada kwanan nan an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar tallafin ci gaban al'umma daga Ofishin Jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa Burkina Faso a [[Ouagadougou]] da kuma wani daga Gidauniyar Duniya.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives grant from the International Foundation for H2Odata.city.fada |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-grant-from-the-international-foundation-for-h2odata-city-fada/191059 |access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> Ana sa ran aikin zai haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin adadin lalacewar tushen ruwa da raguwar 83% a cikin yawan lokacin da tushen ruwa ya kasance ba ya aiki bayan ya fashe a cikin birni. Foire de l'Eau The Foire de la Eau wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Initiative: Ruwa da Gidauniyar BARKA suka shirya. An gudanar da taron na farko tsakanin 21 da 25 Maris 2018 a Fada N'gourma, kuma shi ne taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Water Association |title=COMMÉMORATION DE LA JOURNÉE MONDIALE DE L'EAU : UNE FOIRE ORGANISÉE À FADA N'GOURMA |url=https://afwa-hq.org/fichiers/afwanews/MAGAZINE-AfWA-NEWS-121avril2018.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An shirya shi tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da Eau Vive, WaterAid, Hukumar Ruwa ta Gourma, Ofishin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa (ONEA), [[UNICEF]], da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ta Burkina Faso. Wannan taron ya yi niyyar inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na Burkinabè ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta (WASH).<ref>{{Cite web |last=allAfrica |title=Burkina Faso: Foire de l'eau à Fada - "Fondation Barka" et "Initiative Eau" conjuguent leurs efforts |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201803290287.html |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eau Vive Internationale |title=Burkina Faso : 1ère édition de la Foire de l'Eau |url=http://www.eau-vive.org/fr/internationale/actus/burkina-faso-1ere-edition-de-la-foire-de-l-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World Waternet |title=The first Foire de l'Eau in Fada n'Gourma |url=https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == i7rg9gh1c6phikrmj0900ana6pe8djr 844276 844275 2026-06-01T04:32:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 844276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirye-shiryen: Ruwa''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don karfafa ruwa, tsaftacewa, da iyawar tsabta a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan rikici don inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=RWSN-Initiative: Eau |url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/member-organisations/details/103 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raptim |title=Raptim- 55 Water NGOs You Should Know |url=https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123134/https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Initiative: Eau |title=Initiative: Eau Intro |url=https://www.initiativeeau.org/#ieau-intro |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2013, Initiative: Eau yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, Amurka tare da ofishinsa na yanki na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]]. Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |title=Decision 2017/217 Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/documents/2017/decision.2017.217.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on NGOs |title=Commencing 2018 Regular Session, Non-Governmental Organization Committee Recommends Status for 95 Groups, Defers Action on 37 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ecosoc6878.doc.htm |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Shirin: Ruwa memba ne na Sanitation da Ruwa ga Duka, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa ta Karkara, da Cibiyar Sashen Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a don Rage Bala'i.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Innovation daga International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD) Taron Ruwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don WASHMobile, wanda ya riga shirin H2Odata.city na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamran Rafiq |title=ISNTD Water 2016 - Meeting report |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isntd-water-2016-meeting-report-kamran-rafiq/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna "2019 Top-Rated Nonprofit" ta GreatNonprofits kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Platinum ta 2020 daga GuideStar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreatNonprofits |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/initiative-eau |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GuideStar |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-3599128 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin: Donald Joseph Brooks da Christina Long ne suka kafa Eau a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2013 a Bangor, Maine, Amurka. Su biyun sun kirkiro shirin ne bayan gabatarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke kwatanta [[Rashin ruwa|Rikicin Ruwa]] a Burkina Faso. Shirin: An samo ruwa daga jerin tseren hanyar sadaka na kilomita 5 wanda ya faru a Maine da arewacin Massachusetts.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar tana da ma'aikata 14 a fadin nahiyoyi uku.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Ayyukan da suka gabata == '''H2Odata.city''' H2OData.city wani aikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa ne na ruwa don inganta sa ido kan ababen more more rayuwa na gida da kuma iyawa ta hanyar horo da kuma alhakin hukumomin kulawa. Wani misali na aikin a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]] mai suna H2Odata.city.fada kwanan nan an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar tallafin ci gaban al'umma daga Ofishin Jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa Burkina Faso a [[Ouagadougou]] da kuma wani daga Gidauniyar Duniya.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives grant from the International Foundation for H2Odata.city.fada |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-grant-from-the-international-foundation-for-h2odata-city-fada/191059 |access-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref> Ana sa ran aikin zai haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin adadin lalacewar tushen ruwa da raguwar 83% a cikin yawan lokacin da tushen ruwa ya kasance ba ya aiki bayan ya fashe a cikin birni. Foire de l'Eau The Foire de la Eau wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Initiative: Ruwa da Gidauniyar BARKA suka shirya. An gudanar da taron na farko tsakanin 21 da 25 Maris 2018 a Fada N'gourma, kuma shi ne taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Water Association |title=COMMÉMORATION DE LA JOURNÉE MONDIALE DE L'EAU : UNE FOIRE ORGANISÉE À FADA N'GOURMA |url=https://afwa-hq.org/fichiers/afwanews/MAGAZINE-AfWA-NEWS-121avril2018.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An shirya shi tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da Eau Vive, WaterAid, Hukumar Ruwa ta Gourma, Ofishin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa (ONEA), [[UNICEF]], da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ta Burkina Faso. Wannan taron ya yi niyyar inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na Burkinabè ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta (WASH).<ref>{{Cite web |last=allAfrica |title=Burkina Faso: Foire de l'eau à Fada - "Fondation Barka" et "Initiative Eau" conjuguent leurs efforts |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201803290287.html |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eau Vive Internationale |title=Burkina Faso : 1ère édition de la Foire de l'Eau |url=http://www.eau-vive.org/fr/internationale/actus/burkina-faso-1ere-edition-de-la-foire-de-l-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World Waternet |title=The first Foire de l'Eau in Fada n'Gourma |url=https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == qzlwg2m6s91dlohe73csodc5krkdife 0 153790 844277 2026-06-01T04:33:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1090680686|List of rivers of Burkina Faso]]" 844277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Un-burkina-faso.png|thumb|Taswirar Burkina Faso tare da manyan koguna]] Wannan jerin [[Kogi|koguna]] ne da koguna a [[Burkina Faso]]. Burkina Faso tana da manyan koguna uku - [[Black Volta]], [[Red Volta]] da [[White Volta]] . Yankunan da ke kusa da koguna suna shafar tsetse fly da simulium fly.<ref name="Haggett" /> Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. == [[Tekun Guinea]] == [[Fayil:Volta_river_black_white_red_descriptions.PNG|right|thumb|243x243px|Tsarin kogin Volta]] * [[Kogin Komoé]] ** [[Iringou River|Kogin Iringou]] ** [[Léraba River|Kogin Léraba]] * ''Kogin Volta (Ghana) '' ** [[Kogin Oti]] (River Pendjari) *** [[Koulpéolgo River|Kogin Koulpéolgo]] ** [[Black Volta]] (River Mouhoun) Bougouriba River Sourou *** [[Bougouriba River|Kogin Bougouriba]] *** [[Sourou River|Kogin Sourou]] ** [[White Volta]] (Nakambé) Kulpawn Kogin Sisili Kogin Red Volta (Nazinon) *** [[Kogin Kulpawn]] **** [[Kogin Sisili]] *** [[Red Volta]] (Nazinon) * ''Kogin Neja (Niger) '' [[Fayil:Beli_MS0792.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|Kogin Béli a lokacin ruwan sama]] Kogin Mékrou Kogin Tapoa Kogin Goroubi Kogin Sirba Kogin Beli Kogin Banifing ** Kogin Mékrou ** Kogin Tapoa ** [[Goroubi River|Kogin Goroubi]] ** [[Kogin Sirba]] ** Kogin Béli ** ''Kogin Bani (Mali) '' *** [[Kogin Banifing]] == Manazarta == s1uor8h43rcmug17ezyvv9ix19frtki 844278 844277 2026-06-01T04:33:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 844278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Un-burkina-faso.png|thumb|Taswirar Burkina Faso tare da manyan koguna]] Wannan jerin [[Kogi|koguna]] ne a [[Burkina Faso]]. Burkina Faso tana da manyan koguna uku - [[Black Volta]], [[Red Volta]] da [[White Volta]] . Yankunan da ke kusa da koguna suna shafar tsetse fly da simulium fly.<ref name="Haggett" /> Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. == [[Tekun Guinea]] == [[Fayil:Volta_river_black_white_red_descriptions.PNG|right|thumb|243x243px|Tsarin kogin Volta]] * [[Kogin Komoé]] ** [[Iringou River|Kogin Iringou]] ** [[Léraba River|Kogin Léraba]] * ''Kogin Volta (Ghana) '' ** [[Kogin Oti]] (River Pendjari) *** [[Koulpéolgo River|Kogin Koulpéolgo]] ** [[Black Volta]] (River Mouhoun) Bougouriba River Sourou *** [[Bougouriba River|Kogin Bougouriba]] *** [[Sourou River|Kogin Sourou]] ** [[White Volta]] (Nakambé) Kulpawn Kogin Sisili Kogin Red Volta (Nazinon) *** [[Kogin Kulpawn]] **** [[Kogin Sisili]] *** [[Red Volta]] (Nazinon) * ''Kogin Neja (Niger) '' [[Fayil:Beli_MS0792.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px|Kogin Béli a lokacin ruwan sama]] Kogin Mékrou Kogin Tapoa Kogin Goroubi Kogin Sirba Kogin Beli Kogin Banifing ** Kogin Mékrou ** Kogin Tapoa ** [[Goroubi River|Kogin Goroubi]] ** [[Kogin Sirba]] ** Kogin Béli ** ''Kogin Bani (Mali) '' *** [[Kogin Banifing]] == Manazarta == 1eroukq9c9fix2wrjy57v26qlo7y5yw 0 153791 844279 2026-06-01T04:34:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303079239|Equatorial Guinea–Nigeria Maritime Boundary Treaty]]" 844279 wikitext text/x-wiki Yarjejeniyar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] - [[Najeriya]] Yarjejeniyar Yankin Ruwa yarjejeniya ce ta 2000 tsakanin Equatorial Guinea da Najeriya wacce ke iyakance wani bangare na iyakar teku tsakanin kasashen biyu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a [[Malabo]] a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2000 da Shugaban Equatoguinean Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. == Yanki == Yankin da aka tsara ta hanyar rubutun yarjejeniyar bai iyaka dukkan yarjejeniyar Equatorial Guinea - Najeriya ba. Lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] (ICJ) tana sauraron shari'a game da takaddamar teku tsakanin [[Kamaru]] da Najeriya; saboda sakamakon wannan shari'ar zai shafi iyakokin teku a [[Tekun Guinea]], an yanke shawarar barin cikakken iyakar har sai bayan an kammala shari'ar ICJ. Yankin da aka bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyar ya ratsa ta hanyar [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Bonny]] kuma ya raba yankin Najeriya daga [[Bioko|Tsibirin Bioko]] na Equatorial Guinea. Yankin ya kunshi sassan teku guda tara madaidaiciya waɗanda aka ƙayyade ta maki goma. Maimakon karɓar layin da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, yarjejeniyar ta yi la'akari da bukatun tattalin arziki na ƙasashen biyu a Tekun Guinea, gami da Rijiyoyin mai da ke akwai, shigarwar hako mai, da lasisin izinin albarkatun da ke akwai. Cikakken sunan yarjejeniyar shine Yarjejeniya tsakanin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya da Jamhuriwar Equatorial Guinea game da iyakar teku. == Manazarta == lfyou1aoxoxfsuma0r51suepivk1osr 844280 844279 2026-06-01T04:34:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 844280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yarjejeniyar [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] - [[Najeriya]] Yarjejeniyar Yankin Ruwa yarjejeniya ce ta 2000 tsakanin Equatorial Guinea da Najeriya wacce ke iyakance wani bangare na iyakar teku tsakanin kasashen biyu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a [[Malabo]] a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2000 da Shugaban Equatoguinean Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. == Yanki == Yankin da aka tsara ta hanyar rubutun yarjejeniyar bai iyaka dukkan yarjejeniyar Equatorial Guinea - Najeriya ba. Lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] (ICJ) tana sauraron shari'a game da takaddamar teku tsakanin [[Kamaru]] da Najeriya; saboda sakamakon wannan shari'ar zai shafi iyakokin teku a [[Tekun Guinea]], an yanke shawarar barin cikakken iyakar har sai bayan an kammala shari'ar ICJ. Yankin da aka bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyar ya ratsa ta hanyar [[Stuburi na Biafra|Bight na Bonny]] kuma ya raba yankin Najeriya daga [[Bioko|Tsibirin Bioko]] na Equatorial Guinea. Yankin ya kunshi sassan teku guda tara madaidaiciya waɗanda aka ƙayyade ta maki goma. Maimakon karɓar layin da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, yarjejeniyar ta yi la'akari da bukatun tattalin arziki na ƙasashen biyu a Tekun Guinea, gami da Rijiyoyin mai da ke akwai, shigarwar hako mai, da lasisin izinin albarkatun da ke akwai. Cikakken sunan yarjejeniyar shine Yarjejeniya tsakanin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya da Jamhuriwar Equatorial Guinea game da iyakar teku. == Manazarta == pselllmezyb45lmgd7z0efrhkuiqg2a 0 153792 844281 2026-06-01T04:35:29Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320750288|Ja-Ela]]" 844281 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ja-Ela</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Tunanin da aka yi amfani da shi<br /></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Suburb|Yankin da ke kusa da birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Jaela5.jpg|250x250px|A Stretch of Ja-Ela town along the [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Negombo-Colombo Road]]]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Yankin garin Ja-Ela a kan [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Hanyar Negombo-Colombo]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|349x349px|Ja-Ela is located in Sri Lanka]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:68.116%;left:27.071%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Ja-Ela]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ja-Ela</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 7°4′0′′N 79°53′36′′E / 7.06667°N 79.89333°E / 7. 06667; 79.89-333<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ja-Ela&params=7_4_0_N_79_53_36_E_region:LK_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°4′0′′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°53′36′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.06667°N 79.89333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.06667; 79.89333</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Sri Lanka]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Gampaha |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Majalisar Birni&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Mai girma&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Syammika Dias (UPFA) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+5:30 (SLST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">11350</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" |011 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.jaela.ds.gov.lk/ www.jaela.ds.govlk.]</span> |} '''Ja-Ela''' (Sinhala) wani gari ne, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|20|km}} (12 a arewacin tsakiyar birnin [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . Ja-Ela tana kan hanyar A3 wacce ta haɗu da Colombo - Katunayake Expressway a Ja-Elas Interchange . == Magana == Asalin sunan ba shi da tabbas, kuma akwai wasu fassarori da dama da za a iya jayayya a kansu game da sunan. Duk da haka, bisa ga ingantattun shaidu na tarihi, asalin wurin, Ja Ela ya dogara ne akan harsunan Malay da Sinhala. "Ja" da "Javan" kalmomi ne da Sinhalese, Moors & Tamils ​​ke amfani da su don magance Malays/Javanese ko waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyar Indonesia kuma kalmar "Ela" ta samo asali ne daga harshen Sinhala ma'ana rafi, tafki ko magudanar ruwa. == Majalisar karamar hukuma == Ja-Ela tana karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela. == Yawan jama'a == 32,175 Yawancin mutanen Ja-Ela galibi Sinhalese ne, tare da sauran al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru kamar Tamils, Musulmai da Burghers. Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita yawan jama'ar yankin Ja-Ela DS wanda ya rufe bangarorin birane da yankunan karkara, bisa ga kabilanci (Census 2012) {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" !Ƙabilar !Yawan jama'a !% na jimlar |- |Sinhalese |186,086 |92.34% |- |Sri Lankan Moors |853 |0.423% |- |Tamil na Sri Lanka |8,042 |4% |- |Tamil na Indiya |1,236 |0.613% |- |Burghers |3,453 |1.71% |- |Bharatha |45 |0.02% |- |'Yan Malay na Sri Lanka |1,239 |0.614% |- |Sri Lankan Chetty |120 |0.06% |- |Sauran |447 |0.22% |- |Jimillar |201,521 |100% |- |} Tushen: Ma'aikatar Ƙidaya da Kididdiga, 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by divisional secretariat division, sex and sector |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/pophousat/cph2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/District/Gampaha.pdf |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics}}</ref> Yawancin mazauna suna cikin ƙungiyar Kirista, sannan yawancin Buddha suka biyo baya. Rukunin addini a cikin Ja-ela DS Division bisa ga ƙidayar shekara ta 2012 sune kamar haka Roman Katolika 99,515-49.38%, Buddha 87,772-43.55%, Sauran Kiristoci 7,746-3.84%, Hindu 4,235-2.10%, Musulmai 2,115-1.05%, Sauran 138-0.07%. == Sufuri == Wannan unguwar tana kan babbar hanyar A3, tsakanin garin [[Kolombo|Colombo]] da garin Negombo. Ja-Ela tana kusa da Filin jirgin saman Bandaranaike. Har ila yau akwai tashar bas a Ja-Ela wanda ke ba da damar zuwa [[Kolombo|Colombo]], Negombo, Gampaha. An rage matsalolin zirga-zirga a Ja-Ela bayan gabatarwar Colombo - Katunayake Expressway, wanda ke ba da musayar a Ja-Éla. === Jirgin kasa === Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Ja-Ela tana kan layin Puttalam kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1908. Ita ce tasha ta huɗu a layin kuma tana da nisan kilomita 22.15 (mil 13.76) daga tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Colombo Fort. Tashar tana ba da damar shiga yankunan Colombo, Putlam da Chilaw ga masu ababen hawa. Ba wai kawai tashar tana cikin tsakiyar garin Ja-Ela ba, har ma ita ce tashar da ta fi kusa da titin Negombo-Colombo Main. Saboda haka, an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin da suka fi shahara a yankin. == Makarantu == * Kwalejin Kristi Sarki, Tudella * Maryamu Mai Tsarki, Tudella * Kwalejin St. Maries, Ja-Ela * Jayanthi Vidyalaya, Ja-Ela * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Sarki - Kapuwatta <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's International College |url=http://www.kicsl.com/ |access-date=16 February 2019 |website=King's International |publisher=King's Care}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === {{Weather box}}{{Geographic Location (8-way)|Centre=Ja-Ela|North=[[Seeduwa]]|Northeast=[[Ekala, Sri Lanka|Ekala]]|East=Niwandama|South=[[Kandana]]|West=Pamunugama(Bopitiya)}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}{{Suburbs of Colombo}} 4llfoosxyd84avo4k6doldptoqr95l3 844282 844281 2026-06-01T04:36:08Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 844282 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ja-Ela</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Tunanin da aka yi amfani da shi<br /></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Suburb|Yankin da ke kusa da birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Jaela5.jpg|250x250px|A Stretch of Ja-Ela town along the [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Negombo-Colombo Road]]]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Yankin garin Ja-Ela a kan [[A3 Highway (Sri Lanka)|Hanyar Negombo-Colombo]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|349x349px|Ja-Ela is located in Sri Lanka]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:68.116%;left:27.071%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Ja-Ela]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ja-Ela</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 7°4′0′′N 79°53′36′′E / 7.06667°N 79.89333°E / 7. 06667; 79.89-333<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ja-Ela&params=7_4_0_N_79_53_36_E_region:LK_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°4′0′′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°53′36′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.06667°N 79.89333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.06667; 79.89333</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Sri Lanka]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Gampaha |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Majalisar Birni&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Mai girma&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Syammika Dias (UPFA) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+5:30 (SLST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">11350</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar yanki | class="infobox-data" |011 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.jaela.ds.gov.lk/ www.jaela.ds.govlk.]</span> |} '''Ja-Ela''' (Sinhala) wani gari ne, wanda ke da nisan {{Convert|20|km}} (12 a arewacin tsakiyar birnin [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . Ja-Ela tana kan hanyar A3 wacce ta haɗu da Colombo - Katunayake Expressway a Ja-Elas Interchange . == Magana == Asalin sunan ba shi da tabbas, kuma akwai wasu fassarori da dama da za a iya jayayya a kansu game da sunan. Duk da haka, bisa ga ingantattun shaidu na tarihi, asalin wurin, Ja Ela ya dogara ne akan harsunan Malay da Sinhala. "Ja" da "Javan" kalmomi ne da Sinhalese, Moors & Tamils ​​ke amfani da su don magance Malays/Javanese ko waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyar Indonesia kuma kalmar "Ela" ta samo asali ne daga harshen Sinhala ma'ana rafi, tafki ko magudanar ruwa. == Majalisar karamar hukuma == Ja-Ela tana karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Birnin Ja-Ela. == Yawan jama'a == 32,175 Yawancin mutanen Ja-Ela galibi Sinhalese ne, tare da sauran al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru kamar Tamils, Musulmai da Burghers. Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita yawan jama'ar yankin Ja-Ela DS wanda ya rufe bangarorin birane da yankunan karkara, bisa ga kabilanci (Census 2012) {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" !Ƙabilar !Yawan jama'a !% na jimlar |- |Sinhalese |186,086 |92.34% |- |Sri Lankan Moors |853 |0.423% |- |Tamil na Sri Lanka |8,042 |4% |- |Tamil na Indiya |1,236 |0.613% |- |Burghers |3,453 |1.71% |- |Bharatha |45 |0.02% |- |'Yan Malay na Sri Lanka |1,239 |0.614% |- |Sri Lankan Chetty |120 |0.06% |- |Sauran |447 |0.22% |- |Jimillar |201,521 |100% |- |} Tushen: Ma'aikatar Ƙidaya da Kididdiga, 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by divisional secretariat division, sex and sector |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/pophousat/cph2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/District/Gampaha.pdf |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics}}</ref> Yawancin mazauna suna cikin ƙungiyar Kirista, sannan yawancin Buddha suka biyo baya. Rukunin addini a cikin Ja-ela DS Division bisa ga ƙidayar shekara ta 2012 sune kamar haka Roman Katolika 99,515-49.38%, Buddha 87,772-43.55%, Sauran Kiristoci 7,746-3.84%, Hindu 4,235-2.10%, Musulmai 2,115-1.05%, Sauran 138-0.07%. == Sufuri == Wannan unguwar tana kan babbar hanyar A3, tsakanin garin [[Kolombo|Colombo]] da garin Negombo. Ja-Ela tana kusa da Filin jirgin saman Bandaranaike. Har ila yau akwai tashar bas a Ja-Ela wanda ke ba da damar zuwa [[Kolombo|Colombo]], Negombo, Gampaha. An rage matsalolin zirga-zirga a Ja-Ela bayan gabatarwar Colombo - Katunayake Expressway, wanda ke ba da musayar a Ja-Éla. === Jirgin kasa === Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Ja-Ela tana kan layin Puttalam kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1908. Ita ce tasha ta huɗu a layin kuma tana da nisan kilomita 22.15 (mil 13.76) daga tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Colombo Fort. Tashar tana ba da damar shiga yankunan Colombo, Putlam da Chilaw ga masu ababen hawa. Ba wai kawai tashar tana cikin tsakiyar garin Ja-Ela ba, har ma ita ce tashar da ta fi kusa da titin Negombo-Colombo Main. Saboda haka, an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin da suka fi shahara a yankin. == Makarantu == * Kwalejin Kristi Sarki, Tudella * Maryamu Mai Tsarki, Tudella * Kwalejin St. Maries, Ja-Ela * Jayanthi Vidyalaya, Ja-Ela * Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Sarki - Kapuwatta <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's International College |url=http://www.kicsl.com/ |access-date=16 February 2019 |website=King's International |publisher=King's Care}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === {{Weather box}}{{Geographic Location (8-way)|Centre=Ja-Ela|North=[[Seeduwa]]|Northeast=[[Ekala, Sri Lanka|Ekala]]|East=Niwandama|South=[[Kandana]]|West=Pamunugama(Bopitiya)}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}{{Suburbs of Colombo}} hi6wxcy1c32wbz75q8wgco7spj3c77u 0 153793 844283 2026-06-01T04:36:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323312212|Maroua Declaration]]" 844283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanarwar Maroua''' yarjejeniya ce ta iyakar teku ta 1975 tsakanin [[Kamaru]] da [[Najeriya]] . Tambaya game da ingancin yarjejeniyar ta taso ne a lokacin shari'ar [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] wacce ta yanke shawarar takaddamar iyaka tsakanin kasashen biyu. [[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]], Shugaban Kamaru, da [[Yakubu Gowon]], shugaban kasar Najeriya a [[Marwa|Maroua]], sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Maroua a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1975. Yarjejeniyar ta tsawaita iyakar teku da ta kasance a baya tsakanin kasashen biyu zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea daga bakin [[Kogin Akwayafe]]. A shekara ta 2002, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar da ke tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya kan jayayya ta iyakarsu ta dogon lokaci. Najeriya ta yi jayayya cewa sanarwar Maroua ba ta da inganci kuma ba ta da wani binding saboda kodayake shugaban kasar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a kanta, majalisar dokoki ko wani tsarin gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba. Kotun Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa sanarwar ta kasance mai inganci kuma ta fara aiki ne bayan sanya hannu da shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu.<ref>''[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/94/7453.pdf Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria)] {{Webarchive}}'', [2002] ICJ Reports, paras. 265–268.</ref> == Manazarta == g75kh542v7rl0u3k23vuzxnb1q0kdxg 844284 844283 2026-06-01T04:36:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 844284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanarwar Maroua''' yarjejeniya ce ta iyakar teku ta 1975 tsakanin [[Kamaru]] da [[Najeriya]] . Tambaya game da ingancin yarjejeniyar ta taso ne a lokacin shari'ar [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] wacce ta yanke shawarar takaddamar iyaka tsakanin kasashen biyu. [[Ahmadu Ahidjo|Ahmadou Ahidjo]], Shugaban Kamaru, da [[Yakubu Gowon]], shugaban kasar Najeriya a [[Marwa|Maroua]], sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Maroua a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1975. Yarjejeniyar ta tsawaita iyakar teku da ta kasance a baya tsakanin kasashen biyu zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea daga bakin [[Kogin Akwayafe]]. A shekara ta 2002, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar da ke tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya kan jayayya ta iyakarsu ta dogon lokaci. Najeriya ta yi jayayya cewa sanarwar Maroua ba ta da inganci kuma ba ta da wani binding saboda kodayake shugaban kasar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a kanta, majalisar dokoki ko wani tsarin gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba. Kotun Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa sanarwar ta kasance mai inganci kuma ta fara aiki ne bayan sanya hannu da shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu.<ref>''[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/94/7453.pdf Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria)] {{Webarchive}}'', [2002] ICJ Reports, paras. 265–268.</ref> == Manazarta == orkzid710svtxlewp97ok05vzi0mfi8 0 153794 844285 2026-06-01T04:38:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357024665|MT Heroic Idun incident]]" 844285 wikitext text/x-wiki Lamarin MT Heroic Idun yana nufin kamawar Agusta 2022 zuwa Mayu 2023 da kuma kusan watanni tara da aka tsare na tsibirin Marshall wanda ke dauke da tutar Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) Heroic Idu da ma'aikatanta 26. Wannan lamari ya biyo bayan shigar da jirgin ba tare da izini ba a cikin [[Akpo|Filin mai na Akpo na Najeriya]], wanda ake zargi da yunkurin satar mai, da kuma tayar da ƙararrawar fashi ta duniya da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka yi a kan jirgin ruwa na Najeriya wanda ya kasa bayyana kansa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="GardRelease">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Heroic Idun crew and vessel released |url=https://gard.no/about-gard/company-news/heroic-idun-crew-and-vessel-released |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Gard}}</ref> Lamarin ya fara ne a ranar 7-8 ga watan Agusta 2022 lokacin da ake zargin jirgin ya shiga filin mai na Akpo ba tare da amincewa daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPC) ba. Bayan rikici da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya, jirgin ya gudu zuwa Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ) na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]], inda hukumomi daga [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] suka tsayar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2022 a karkashin tsarin tsaro na yankin "Yaoundé Architecture".<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref><ref name="PRN">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Oil Theft: Nigerian Navy Clears the Air |url=https://prnigeria.com/2022/11/15/oil-theft-nigerian-navy-clears/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=PRNigeria}}</ref> Bayan canja wurin zuwa kulawar Najeriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an warware shari'ar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar neman gafara. Masu mallakar, Idun Maritime Ltd, sun biya dala miliyan 15 a cikin maidowa da tarar, kuma sun ba da gafara ga jama'a don ƙararrawar satar ta ƙarya. Daga baya aka saki jirgin da ma'aikatan.<ref name="MarEx">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Nigeria Releases Oil Theft VLCC Heroic Idun After Plea Bargain |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/nigeria-releases-oil-theft-vlcc-heroic-idun-after-plea-bargain |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Bayanan jirgin ruwa === MT Heroic Idun babban jirgin ruwa ne (VLCC) wanda aka gina a cikin 2020 kuma ya yi rajista a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]] . <ref name="VF">{{Cite web |title=Vessel Details: Heroic Idun |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9858058 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=VesselFinder}}</ref> Yana da Lambar IMO ta 9858058, nauyin nauyi (DWT) na tan 299,995, da kuma babban nauyin tan 156,237. <ref name="VF" /><ref name="Auke">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun |url=http://www.aukevisser.nl/supertankers/VLCC-H/id1398.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Auke Visser's Supertankers}}</ref> Jirgin yana da tsawon mita 336 gabaɗaya da mita 60 a cikin katako.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai mallakar da ma'aikata === Jirgin mallakar Idun Maritime Limited ne, kamfani da ke zaune a Isle of Man . <ref name="Jus">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun Case (Marshall Islands v. Equatorial Guinea) |url=https://jusmundi.com/en/document/other/en-the-m-t-heroic-idun-case-marshall-islands-v-equatorial-guinea-application-for-the-prompt-release-of-a-vessel-and-his-crew-wednesday-9th-november-2022 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Jus Mundi}}</ref> Gudanar da fasaha ta OSM Ship Management AS ne ke kula da ita. A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, jirgin ya ɗauki ma'aikatan 26, ciki har da 'yan Indiya 16, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sri Lanka, Filipino, da Poland. == Lamarin ya faru == === Ba a ba da izini ba a shiga filin mai na Akpo === A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2022, Heroic Idun ya shiga Filin mai na Akpo a cikin EEZ na Najeriya. A cewar hukumomin Najeriya, jirgin ya shiga yankin da aka ƙuntata ba tare da izini daga [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]] ko [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya]] ba.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="FM">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Arrest of MT Heroic Idun |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/arrest-of-mt-heroic-idun-nigerian-navy-assures-zero-tolerance-to-crude-oil-theft/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation}}</ref> An ƙuntata yankin don ayyukan loading, kuma an yi la'akari da kasancewar jirgin a matsayin abin zargi saboda ba shi da izini don aiki a tashar Akpo. === Tattaunawa da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tsakar dare a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2022, jirgin ruwa na Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya ''NNS Gongo'' ya tsayar da Heroic Idun bayan tsarin sa ido na teku na "Falcon Eye" ya gano shi. Jirgin ya yi tsayayya da umarni don dubawa kuma ya gudu zuwa kudu, ya tsere wa ruwan Najeriya. === Rahoton satar teku na ƙarya === Yayinda suke tserewa daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, ma'aikatan sun watsa siginar damuwa ga Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya (IMB), suna da'awar yunkurin kai hari [[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] da ya faru kusan kilomita 18.5 zuwa 27.8 (10 zuwa 15 nautical miles) daga filin [[Akpo]].<ref name="NavyPR24">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Press Release: False Piracy Report |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pr-17-aug-nigerian-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref> Rundunar sojan ruwa ta karyata wannan da'awar, ta bayyana shi a matsayin kuskuren da aka yi da gangan game da aikin tilasta bin doka.<ref name="NavyPR24" /> == Kamawa da tsare == === Equatorial Guinea (Agusta - Nuwamba 2022) === A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2022, rundunar sojan ruwa ta [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta tsayar da tankar a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] EEZ. A karkashin barazanar karfi, an raka jirgin zuwa Luba Anchorage daga tsibirin [[Bioko]] . <ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An tsare ma'aikatan na tsawon watanni uku, tare da mambobi 15 da suka sauka kuma aka tsare su a [[Malabo]]. A wannan lokacin, masu mallakar sun biya tarar kusan Yuro miliyan 2 ga Equatorial Guinea don shiga cikin ruwan su ba bisa ka'ida ba, duk da haka jirgin ya kasance an tsare shi.<ref name="ITLOSApp">{{Cite web |title=Application for Prompt Release |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/30/RMI_PromptRelease_09112022_Redacted.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> === Canja wuri zuwa Najeriya (Nuwamba 2022 - Mayu 2023) === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta mika jirgin da ma'aikatan ga [[Najeriya]].<ref name="ITLOSCounter">{{Cite web |title=Counter-Memorial of Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_EG_Counter-Memorial.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An gudanar da su a tashar Bonny a karkashin masu tsaro yayin da aka fara shari'a a Babban Kotun Tarayya a Port Harcourt. An bayar da rahoton cewa jin daɗin ma'aikatan ya lalace a wannan lokacin, tare da lokuta na zazzabin cizon sauro, typhoid, da damuwa ta hankali.<ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf "Memorial of the Marshall Islands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITLOS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 2tks0j08p5egjcsg5jaxqzqj56py7rc 844286 844285 2026-06-01T04:39:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 844286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lamarin MT Heroic Idun''' yana nufin kamawar Agusta 2022 zuwa Mayu 2023 da kuma kusan watanni tara da aka tsare na tsibirin Marshall wanda ke dauke da tutar Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) Heroic Idu da ma'aikatanta 26. Wannan lamari ya biyo bayan shigar da jirgin ba tare da izini ba a cikin [[Akpo|Filin mai na Akpo na Najeriya]], wanda ake zargi da yunkurin satar mai, da kuma tayar da ƙararrawar fashi ta duniya da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka yi a kan jirgin ruwa na Najeriya wanda ya kasa bayyana kansa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="GardRelease">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Heroic Idun crew and vessel released |url=https://gard.no/about-gard/company-news/heroic-idun-crew-and-vessel-released |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Gard}}</ref> Lamarin ya fara ne a ranar 7-8 ga watan Agusta 2022 lokacin da ake zargin jirgin ya shiga filin mai na Akpo ba tare da amincewa daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPC) ba. Bayan rikici da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya, jirgin ya gudu zuwa Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ) na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]], inda hukumomi daga [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] suka tsayar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2022 a karkashin tsarin tsaro na yankin "Yaoundé Architecture".<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref><ref name="PRN">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Oil Theft: Nigerian Navy Clears the Air |url=https://prnigeria.com/2022/11/15/oil-theft-nigerian-navy-clears/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=PRNigeria}}</ref> Bayan canja wurin zuwa kulawar Najeriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an warware shari'ar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar neman gafara. Masu mallakar, Idun Maritime Ltd, sun biya dala miliyan 15 a cikin maidowa da tarar, kuma sun ba da gafara ga jama'a don ƙararrawar satar ta ƙarya. Daga baya aka saki jirgin da ma'aikatan.<ref name="MarEx">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Nigeria Releases Oil Theft VLCC Heroic Idun After Plea Bargain |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/nigeria-releases-oil-theft-vlcc-heroic-idun-after-plea-bargain |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Bayanan jirgin ruwa === MT Heroic Idun babban jirgin ruwa ne (VLCC) wanda aka gina a cikin 2020 kuma ya yi rajista a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]] . <ref name="VF">{{Cite web |title=Vessel Details: Heroic Idun |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9858058 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=VesselFinder}}</ref> Yana da Lambar IMO ta 9858058, nauyin nauyi (DWT) na tan 299,995, da kuma babban nauyin tan 156,237. <ref name="VF" /><ref name="Auke">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun |url=http://www.aukevisser.nl/supertankers/VLCC-H/id1398.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Auke Visser's Supertankers}}</ref> Jirgin yana da tsawon mita 336 gabaɗaya da mita 60 a cikin katako.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai mallakar da ma'aikata === Jirgin mallakar Idun Maritime Limited ne, kamfani da ke zaune a Isle of Man . <ref name="Jus">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun Case (Marshall Islands v. Equatorial Guinea) |url=https://jusmundi.com/en/document/other/en-the-m-t-heroic-idun-case-marshall-islands-v-equatorial-guinea-application-for-the-prompt-release-of-a-vessel-and-his-crew-wednesday-9th-november-2022 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Jus Mundi}}</ref> Gudanar da fasaha ta OSM Ship Management AS ne ke kula da ita. A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, jirgin ya ɗauki ma'aikatan 26, ciki har da 'yan Indiya 16, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sri Lanka, Filipino, da Poland. == Lamarin ya faru == === Ba a ba da izini ba a shiga filin mai na Akpo === A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2022, Heroic Idun ya shiga Filin mai na Akpo a cikin EEZ na Najeriya. A cewar hukumomin Najeriya, jirgin ya shiga yankin da aka ƙuntata ba tare da izini daga [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]] ko [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya]] ba.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="FM">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Arrest of MT Heroic Idun |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/arrest-of-mt-heroic-idun-nigerian-navy-assures-zero-tolerance-to-crude-oil-theft/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation}}</ref> An ƙuntata yankin don ayyukan loading, kuma an yi la'akari da kasancewar jirgin a matsayin abin zargi saboda ba shi da izini don aiki a tashar Akpo. === Tattaunawa da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tsakar dare a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2022, jirgin ruwa na Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya ''NNS Gongo'' ya tsayar da Heroic Idun bayan tsarin sa ido na teku na "Falcon Eye" ya gano shi. Jirgin ya yi tsayayya da umarni don dubawa kuma ya gudu zuwa kudu, ya tsere wa ruwan Najeriya. === Rahoton satar teku na ƙarya === Yayinda suke tserewa daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, ma'aikatan sun watsa siginar damuwa ga Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya (IMB), suna da'awar yunkurin kai hari [[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] da ya faru kusan kilomita 18.5 zuwa 27.8 (10 zuwa 15 nautical miles) daga filin [[Akpo]].<ref name="NavyPR24">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Press Release: False Piracy Report |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pr-17-aug-nigerian-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref> Rundunar sojan ruwa ta karyata wannan da'awar, ta bayyana shi a matsayin kuskuren da aka yi da gangan game da aikin tilasta bin doka.<ref name="NavyPR24" /> == Kamawa da tsare == === Equatorial Guinea (Agusta - Nuwamba 2022) === A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2022, rundunar sojan ruwa ta [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta tsayar da tankar a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] EEZ. A karkashin barazanar karfi, an raka jirgin zuwa Luba Anchorage daga tsibirin [[Bioko]] . <ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An tsare ma'aikatan na tsawon watanni uku, tare da mambobi 15 da suka sauka kuma aka tsare su a [[Malabo]]. A wannan lokacin, masu mallakar sun biya tarar kusan Yuro miliyan 2 ga Equatorial Guinea don shiga cikin ruwan su ba bisa ka'ida ba, duk da haka jirgin ya kasance an tsare shi.<ref name="ITLOSApp">{{Cite web |title=Application for Prompt Release |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/30/RMI_PromptRelease_09112022_Redacted.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> === Canja wuri zuwa Najeriya (Nuwamba 2022 - Mayu 2023) === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta mika jirgin da ma'aikatan ga [[Najeriya]].<ref name="ITLOSCounter">{{Cite web |title=Counter-Memorial of Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_EG_Counter-Memorial.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An gudanar da su a tashar Bonny a karkashin masu tsaro yayin da aka fara shari'a a Babban Kotun Tarayya a Port Harcourt. An bayar da rahoton cewa jin daɗin ma'aikatan ya lalace a wannan lokacin, tare da lokuta na zazzabin cizon sauro, typhoid, da damuwa ta hankali.<ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf "Memorial of the Marshall Islands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITLOS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == dtw4qo8nlvecos5cj6kr9vz33921dx4 844287 844286 2026-06-01T04:39:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[MT Heroic Idon incident]] to [[Lamarin MT Heroic Idun]] 844286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lamarin MT Heroic Idun''' yana nufin kamawar Agusta 2022 zuwa Mayu 2023 da kuma kusan watanni tara da aka tsare na tsibirin Marshall wanda ke dauke da tutar Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) Heroic Idu da ma'aikatanta 26. Wannan lamari ya biyo bayan shigar da jirgin ba tare da izini ba a cikin [[Akpo|Filin mai na Akpo na Najeriya]], wanda ake zargi da yunkurin satar mai, da kuma tayar da ƙararrawar fashi ta duniya da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka yi a kan jirgin ruwa na Najeriya wanda ya kasa bayyana kansa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="GardRelease">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Heroic Idun crew and vessel released |url=https://gard.no/about-gard/company-news/heroic-idun-crew-and-vessel-released |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Gard}}</ref> Lamarin ya fara ne a ranar 7-8 ga watan Agusta 2022 lokacin da ake zargin jirgin ya shiga filin mai na Akpo ba tare da amincewa daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPC) ba. Bayan rikici da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya, jirgin ya gudu zuwa Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ) na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]], inda hukumomi daga [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] suka tsayar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2022 a karkashin tsarin tsaro na yankin "Yaoundé Architecture".<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref><ref name="PRN">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Oil Theft: Nigerian Navy Clears the Air |url=https://prnigeria.com/2022/11/15/oil-theft-nigerian-navy-clears/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=PRNigeria}}</ref> Bayan canja wurin zuwa kulawar Najeriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an warware shari'ar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar neman gafara. Masu mallakar, Idun Maritime Ltd, sun biya dala miliyan 15 a cikin maidowa da tarar, kuma sun ba da gafara ga jama'a don ƙararrawar satar ta ƙarya. Daga baya aka saki jirgin da ma'aikatan.<ref name="MarEx">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Nigeria Releases Oil Theft VLCC Heroic Idun After Plea Bargain |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/nigeria-releases-oil-theft-vlcc-heroic-idun-after-plea-bargain |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Bayanan jirgin ruwa === MT Heroic Idun babban jirgin ruwa ne (VLCC) wanda aka gina a cikin 2020 kuma ya yi rajista a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]] . <ref name="VF">{{Cite web |title=Vessel Details: Heroic Idun |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9858058 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=VesselFinder}}</ref> Yana da Lambar IMO ta 9858058, nauyin nauyi (DWT) na tan 299,995, da kuma babban nauyin tan 156,237. <ref name="VF" /><ref name="Auke">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun |url=http://www.aukevisser.nl/supertankers/VLCC-H/id1398.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Auke Visser's Supertankers}}</ref> Jirgin yana da tsawon mita 336 gabaɗaya da mita 60 a cikin katako.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Mai mallakar da ma'aikata === Jirgin mallakar Idun Maritime Limited ne, kamfani da ke zaune a Isle of Man . <ref name="Jus">{{Cite web |title=MT Heroic Idun Case (Marshall Islands v. Equatorial Guinea) |url=https://jusmundi.com/en/document/other/en-the-m-t-heroic-idun-case-marshall-islands-v-equatorial-guinea-application-for-the-prompt-release-of-a-vessel-and-his-crew-wednesday-9th-november-2022 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Jus Mundi}}</ref> Gudanar da fasaha ta OSM Ship Management AS ne ke kula da ita. A lokacin da lamarin ya faru, jirgin ya ɗauki ma'aikatan 26, ciki har da 'yan Indiya 16, tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sri Lanka, Filipino, da Poland. == Lamarin ya faru == === Ba a ba da izini ba a shiga filin mai na Akpo === A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2022, Heroic Idun ya shiga Filin mai na Akpo a cikin EEZ na Najeriya. A cewar hukumomin Najeriya, jirgin ya shiga yankin da aka ƙuntata ba tare da izini daga [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]] ko [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya]] ba.<ref name="NavyFact">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/factsheet-mt-heroic-idun-nov-9-nigeria-navy.pdf "Factsheet: MT Heroic Idun"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nigerian Navy. 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="FM">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Arrest of MT Heroic Idun |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/arrest-of-mt-heroic-idun-nigerian-navy-assures-zero-tolerance-to-crude-oil-theft/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation}}</ref> An ƙuntata yankin don ayyukan loading, kuma an yi la'akari da kasancewar jirgin a matsayin abin zargi saboda ba shi da izini don aiki a tashar Akpo. === Tattaunawa da Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tsakar dare a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2022, jirgin ruwa na Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya ''NNS Gongo'' ya tsayar da Heroic Idun bayan tsarin sa ido na teku na "Falcon Eye" ya gano shi. Jirgin ya yi tsayayya da umarni don dubawa kuma ya gudu zuwa kudu, ya tsere wa ruwan Najeriya. === Rahoton satar teku na ƙarya === Yayinda suke tserewa daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, ma'aikatan sun watsa siginar damuwa ga Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya (IMB), suna da'awar yunkurin kai hari [[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] da ya faru kusan kilomita 18.5 zuwa 27.8 (10 zuwa 15 nautical miles) daga filin [[Akpo]].<ref name="NavyPR24">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Press Release: False Piracy Report |url=https://demaribus.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pr-17-aug-nigerian-navy.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=Nigerian Navy}}</ref> Rundunar sojan ruwa ta karyata wannan da'awar, ta bayyana shi a matsayin kuskuren da aka yi da gangan game da aikin tilasta bin doka.<ref name="NavyPR24" /> == Kamawa da tsare == === Equatorial Guinea (Agusta - Nuwamba 2022) === A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2022, rundunar sojan ruwa ta [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta tsayar da tankar a cikin [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] EEZ. A karkashin barazanar karfi, an raka jirgin zuwa Luba Anchorage daga tsibirin [[Bioko]] . <ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An tsare ma'aikatan na tsawon watanni uku, tare da mambobi 15 da suka sauka kuma aka tsare su a [[Malabo]]. A wannan lokacin, masu mallakar sun biya tarar kusan Yuro miliyan 2 ga Equatorial Guinea don shiga cikin ruwan su ba bisa ka'ida ba, duk da haka jirgin ya kasance an tsare shi.<ref name="ITLOSApp">{{Cite web |title=Application for Prompt Release |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/30/RMI_PromptRelease_09112022_Redacted.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> === Canja wuri zuwa Najeriya (Nuwamba 2022 - Mayu 2023) === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ta mika jirgin da ma'aikatan ga [[Najeriya]].<ref name="ITLOSCounter">{{Cite web |title=Counter-Memorial of Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_EG_Counter-Memorial.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}</ref> An gudanar da su a tashar Bonny a karkashin masu tsaro yayin da aka fara shari'a a Babban Kotun Tarayya a Port Harcourt. An bayar da rahoton cewa jin daɗin ma'aikatan ya lalace a wannan lokacin, tare da lokuta na zazzabin cizon sauro, typhoid, da damuwa ta hankali.<ref name="ITLOSMem">{{Cite web |title=Memorial of the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=ITLOS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/32/pleadings/C32_RMI_Heroic_Idun_No2_Memorial_Volume_I.pdf "Memorial of the Marshall Islands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITLOS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == dtw4qo8nlvecos5cj6kr9vz33921dx4 0 153795 844288 2026-06-01T04:39:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[MT Heroic Idon incident]] to [[Lamarin MT Heroic Idun]] 844288 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lamarin MT Heroic Idun]] c2d8tyx8rkk567es57xrzlma91rgqz9 0 153796 844289 2026-06-01T04:40:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/953122019|Medi Teddy]]" 844289 wikitext text/x-wiki Medi Teddy shi ne mai ɗaukar hoto wanda ke ɓoye jaka na IV jaka mai haƙuri.[1] An haɓaka shi a cikin 2019 ta mai shekaru 12 mai haƙuri na Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) Ella Casano wanda maganin ya haɗa da ƙarin jini na IV kowane makonni shida zuwa takwas. [2][3] Tare da samfurin, yaron kawai yana ganin bear; a gefe guda (wanda aka yi da raga), ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna sa ido kan motsi na ruwa na IV.[4][5] TODAY ta girmama ta a matsayin Groundbreaker don Ranar Yarinya ta Duniya.[6] Medi Teddy ya fara shirya $ 5,000 a shafin GoFundMe amma a cikin kasa da mako guda ya tara sama da $ 20,000. Ana ba da bears ga yara da ke cikin bukata ba tare da farashi ba. Ella ta bayyana wa mahaifiyarta Meg Casano yadda zane ya kamata ya yi kama da ita kuma mahaifiyarta ta zana shi a gare ta. == Bayanan da aka ambata == jgdaubj5fqkv3lftodm83jywohmfvr3 0 153797 844290 2026-06-01T04:40:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1075866250|List of rivers of Benin]]" 844290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Benin_Physiography.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Benin da ke nuna manyan koguna da wuraren ba da gudummawa.]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a Benin. Wannan jerin an shirya shi daga yamma zuwa gabas ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. * ''[[Kogin Volta]]'' (Ghana) Kogin Oti Kogin Kara Kogin Pendjari ** [[Kogin Oti]] *** [[Kogin Kara (Togo)|Kogin Kara]] *** [[Kogin Oti|Kogin Pendjari]] * [[Kogin Mono]] ** [[Kogin Couffo]] (Kouffo River) * [[Kogin Ouémé]] ** [[Kogin Zou]] *** Kogin Agbado ** [[Kogin Okpara]] ** [[Kogin Alpouro]] * [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] ** [[Kogin Oli]] ** Kogin Sota *** Kogin Bouli *** [[Kogin Tasiné|Kogin Tassiné]] ** Kogin Alibori *** [[Kogin Pako]] ** [[Kogin Mékrou]] == Manazarta == * Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. 2k2tqjzfllcsnb1tsivzmi3zbhjum8y 844291 844290 2026-06-01T04:41:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 844291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Benin_Physiography.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Benin da ke nuna manyan koguna da wuraren ba da gudummawa.]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a Benin. Wannan jerin an shirya shi daga yamma zuwa gabas ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. * ''[[Kogin Volta]]'' (Ghana) Kogin Oti Kogin Kara Kogin Pendjari ** [[Kogin Oti]] *** [[Kogin Kara (Togo)|Kogin Kara]] *** [[Kogin Oti|Kogin Pendjari]] * [[Kogin Mono]] ** [[Kogin Couffo]] (Kouffo River) * [[Kogin Ouémé]] ** [[Kogin Zou]] *** Kogin Agbado ** [[Kogin Okpara]] ** [[Kogin Alpouro]] * [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] ** [[Kogin Oli]] ** Kogin Sota *** Kogin Bouli *** [[Kogin Tasiné|Kogin Tassiné]] ** Kogin Alibori *** [[Kogin Pako]] ** [[Kogin Mékrou]] == Manazarta == * Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. pjhbtgxkcd4y9bvpikshdwo14fcd7xx 0 153798 844292 2026-06-01T04:42:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1030752241|Agbado River]]" 844292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Agbado''' wani kogi ne na [[Benin]]. Yana gudana ta yankin Maxi zuwa arewacin Abomey. Yana gudana a kudu daga asalinsa a arewacin Sashen Collines, ya wuce garin Savalou, kuma ya fito cikin [[Kogin Zou]] a Atchérigbé Classified Forest kusa da Setto == Manazarta == a8ntwypa6a2cj0elcyxv6ihvqag1bks 844293 844292 2026-06-01T04:42:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 844293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Agbado''' wani kogi ne na [[Benin]]. Yana gudana ta yankin Maxi zuwa arewacin Abomey. Yana gudana a kudu daga asalinsa a arewacin Sashen Collines, ya wuce garin Savalou, kuma ya fito cikin [[Kogin Zou]] a Atchérigbé Classified Forest kusa da Setto.<ref>Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. Herskovits, Melville Jean; Herskovits, Frances Shapiro (1964). An outline of Dahomean religious belief. Kraus. p. 63. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == 2dgghbt5w6fnrvdzyutp1x4se5y14c8 844294 844293 2026-06-01T04:43:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 844294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Agbado''' wani kogi ne na [[Benin]]. Yana gudana ta yankin Maxi zuwa arewacin Abomey. Yana gudana a kudu daga asalinsa a arewacin Sashen Collines, ya wuce garin Savalou, kuma ya fito cikin [[Kogin Zou]] a Atchérigbé Classified Forest kusa da Setto.<ref>Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. Herskovits, Melville Jean; Herskovits, Frances Shapiro (1964). An outline of Dahomean religious belief. Kraus. p. 63. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == obpos0hqdwnkvdxny9v0r0jujlym01w 0 153799 844295 2026-06-01T04:44:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1033885746|Alibori River]]" 844295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Alibori''' wani kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Benin]] . Ya tashi kusa da ƙauyen Tobré a cikin Sashen Atakora kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas, daga ƙarshe ya kwarara cikin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] kusa da Birni-Lafia . A cikin Ma'aikatar Alibori ya zama iyakar gabashin yankunan Banikoara da Karimama, da kuma iyakar gabasan [[Filin shakatawa na W|W Transborder Park]]. [[Kogin Pako]] yana daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa. Tana cike da aladu.<ref>International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Crocodile Specialist Group. Working Meeting (1982). Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Convened at the Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., 12 to 16 August 1980. IUCN. p. 193. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-88032-209-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == pb8do5rpwq82cuty9sn5ufnp3axdypr 844296 844295 2026-06-01T04:45:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 844296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Alibori''' wani kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Benin]] . Ya tashi kusa da ƙauyen Tobré a cikin Sashen Atakora kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas, daga ƙarshe ya kwarara cikin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] kusa da Birni-Lafia . A cikin Ma'aikatar Alibori ya zama iyakar gabashin yankunan Banikoara da Karimama, da kuma iyakar gabasan [[Filin shakatawa na W|W Transborder Park]]. [[Kogin Pako]] yana daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa. Tana cike da aladu.<ref>International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Crocodile Specialist Group. Working Meeting (1982). Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Convened at the Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., 12 to 16 August 1980. IUCN. p. 193. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-88032-209-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == ixw88l08b6zwfaz71fz8j8j6cyxj35k 0 153800 844297 2026-06-01T04:46:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300161291|Sota River]]" 844297 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sota''' is a river of northern [[Benin]] flowing through the departments of Borgou and Alibori. It is a tributary of the [[Neja (kogi)|Niger River]] and the [[Kogin Tasiné|Tassiné River]] is one of its tributaries. The river is approximately {{Convert|250|km}} in length and covers a basin area of {{Convert|13650|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNTRY FILES – SIFRA BOOK 2 – BENIN |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E02.htm |access-date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|FAO]]}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sota ta tashi a arewa maso gabashin garin Ndali a cikin Sashen Borgou . Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma ya shiga cikin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] a Malanville . == Ruwan sama == An yi rikodin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a tashoshin da yawa a cikin kwandon Sota: * Segbana (tsakiyar gabashin kwandon, kusa da iyakar Najeriya): {{Convert|1177.4|mm}} in) ya bazu sama da kwanaki 53. * Kandi (tsakiyar yammacin kwandon): {{Convert|1055.1|mm}} in), ya bazu sama da kwanaki 80 * Malanville (a arewacin ƙarshen kwandon a haɗuwa da Nijar): {{Convert|919.9|mm}} in) kwanaki 53. Akwai ruwan sama mai yawa a ko'ina daga Yuli zuwa Satumba (lokacin rani), wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, amma rashi shine mummunan lokacin fari daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scénarios de lutte contre les trypanosomes en Afrique occidentale (annexe 3 page 14) - 2001 |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/public/ipc-annex3-tsetse.pdf |access-date=2008-03-04 |language=French |format=PDF}}</ref> == Hydrometry == An lura da kwararar kogin tsawon shekaru 40 (1953-1992) a tashar ruwa a [[Couberi]], wanda ke kusa da haɗuwarsa da Kogin Neja a Malanville. A Couberi, matsakaicin tsarin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara ko wanda aka lura a wannan lokacin shine {{Convert|31|m3/s}} don yanki mai la'akari da {{Convert|9111|to|13,410|km2}} . Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa da aka lura a kowane wata daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu ya kasance daga {{Convert|3.7|–|3.9|m3/s}} , wanda abin mamaki ne a Afirka bisa ga ikonta, tare da sauran koguna a yankin da ke faɗuwa akai-akai har kusan su bushe a lokacin rani. Gaskiya ne cewa matakin ruwan sama na {{Convert|900|–|1200|mm}} kowace shekara yana da daidaito sosai. A lokacin lura na shekaru 40, mafi ƙarancin kwararar wata-wata shine {{Convert|2|m3/s}} yayin da matsakaicin kwararar wata-wata ya kai {{Convert|358|m3/s}} wanda ya fi matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Seine a [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRDC - La Sota à Couberi |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1734600.html |access-date=2008-03-04}}</ref> ; Matsakaicin kwararar Sota (m³/s (cu ft / s)) wanda aka auna a tashar hydrometric Couberi. (Bayanan da aka lissafa sama da shekaru 40) == Manazarta == 7nnjlrga5ptgs9ic28fw63beov4ef19 844298 844297 2026-06-01T04:46:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 844298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Sota''' is a river of northern [[Benin]] flowing through the departments of Borgou and Alibori. It is a tributary of the [[Neja (kogi)|Niger River]] and the [[Kogin Tasiné|Tassiné River]] is one of its tributaries. The river is approximately {{Convert|250|km}} in length and covers a basin area of {{Convert|13650|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNTRY FILES – SIFRA BOOK 2 – BENIN |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E02.htm |access-date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|FAO]]}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sota ta tashi a arewa maso gabashin garin Ndali a cikin Sashen Borgou . Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma ya shiga cikin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] a Malanville . == Ruwan sama == An yi rikodin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a tashoshin da yawa a cikin kwandon Sota: * Segbana (tsakiyar gabashin kwandon, kusa da iyakar Najeriya): {{Convert|1177.4|mm}} in) ya bazu sama da kwanaki 53. * Kandi (tsakiyar yammacin kwandon): {{Convert|1055.1|mm}} in), ya bazu sama da kwanaki 80 * Malanville (a arewacin ƙarshen kwandon a haɗuwa da Nijar): {{Convert|919.9|mm}} in) kwanaki 53. Akwai ruwan sama mai yawa a ko'ina daga Yuli zuwa Satumba (lokacin rani), wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, amma rashi shine mummunan lokacin fari daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scénarios de lutte contre les trypanosomes en Afrique occidentale (annexe 3 page 14) - 2001 |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/public/ipc-annex3-tsetse.pdf |access-date=2008-03-04 |language=French |format=PDF}}</ref> == Hydrometry == An lura da kwararar kogin tsawon shekaru 40 (1953-1992) a tashar ruwa a [[Couberi]], wanda ke kusa da haɗuwarsa da Kogin Neja a Malanville. A Couberi, matsakaicin tsarin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara ko wanda aka lura a wannan lokacin shine {{Convert|31|m3/s}} don yanki mai la'akari da {{Convert|9111|to|13,410|km2}} . Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa da aka lura a kowane wata daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu ya kasance daga {{Convert|3.7|–|3.9|m3/s}} , wanda abin mamaki ne a Afirka bisa ga ikonta, tare da sauran koguna a yankin da ke faɗuwa akai-akai har kusan su bushe a lokacin rani. Gaskiya ne cewa matakin ruwan sama na {{Convert|900|–|1200|mm}} kowace shekara yana da daidaito sosai. A lokacin lura na shekaru 40, mafi ƙarancin kwararar wata-wata shine {{Convert|2|m3/s}} yayin da matsakaicin kwararar wata-wata ya kai {{Convert|358|m3/s}} wanda ya fi matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Seine a [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRDC - La Sota à Couberi |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1734600.html |access-date=2008-03-04}}</ref> ; Matsakaicin kwararar Sota (m³/s (cu ft / s)) wanda aka auna a tashar hydrometric Couberi. (Bayanan da aka lissafa sama da shekaru 40) == Manazarta == 6j108cb4v3lvww2xod34rvbikk60fj5 0 153801 844299 2026-06-01T04:48:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1081992031|List of rivers of Cameroon]]" 844299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Un-cameroon.png|thumb|Taswirar Kamaru da ke nuna manyan koguna da masu ba da gudummawa.]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a Kamaru. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. == [[Tekun Guinea]] == * ''Kogin Neja (Nijeriya) '' ** [[Fayil:Traversée_de_la_Benoué_à_pirogue.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum da mace suna haye Kogin Benue da jirgin ruwa]][[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] *** [[Kogin Katsina Ala]] **** [[Kogin Menchum]] *** [[Kogin Donga]] *** [[Kogin Faro]] **** [[Déo River|Kogin Deo]] *** [[Mayo Kebbi|Mayo Kébbi]] * [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] (Manyu River), Kogin CameroonCross (Manyu Kogin) ** [[Kogin Akwayafe]] * [[Rio del Rey|Rio del Ray]] * [[Meme River|Kogin Meme]] * [[Fayil:River_Mungo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mungo, Kamaru]]Kogin Mungo * [[Fayil:River_Wouri.jpg|thumb|Kogin Wouri, Yankin Tekun Kamaru]]Kogin Wouri ** [[Kogin Makombé]] ** [[Fayil:Chutes_Ekom_Nkam_Melong_02.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nkam]]Kogin Nkam * [[Fayil:Carrière_de_sable_de_la_Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Kogin Dibamba]]Kogin Dibamba * [[Fayil:River_Sanaga.jpg|thumb|Kogin Sanaga]][[Kogin Sanaga]] ** [[Kogin Mbam]] *** [[Kogin Ndjim]] *** [[Fayil:Des_déplacés_accostant_aux_rives_du_fleuve_Noun.png|thumb|Kogin Noun]][[Fayil:WikiAfr20_MarcJP46_06.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Kogin Noun.]][[Kogin Noun (Kamaru)|Kogin Noun]] *** [[Kim River (Cameroon)|Kogin Kim]] ** [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] *** [[Pangar River|Kogin Pangar]] ** [[Djeréme River|Kogin Djeréme]] * [[Fayil:Le_fleuve_Nyong.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nyong, Kudancin Kamaru]]Kogin Nyong * Kogin Lokundje * [[Fayil:Fleuve_Ntem,_région_du_sud_Cameroun_(forêt_tropicale).jpg|thumb|Kogin Ntem, Kamaru]] [[Kogin Campo]] (Ntem River) == [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] == * ''Kogin Ogooué (Gabon) '' ** ''Kogin Ivindo (Gabon) '' *** Kogin Aina (River Ayina) **** [[Kogin Lélé]] * ''Kogin Kongo (Jamhuriyar Kongo) '' ** [[Kogin Sangha]] *** [[Fayil:Crossing_the_Dja_on_a_ferry.jpg|thumb|Kogin Dja]] (River Ngoko) Kogin Boumba Kogin Sangha Kogin Ngogo **** Kogin Boumba **** [[Kogin Sangha]] **** [[Kogin Dja|Kogin Ngogo]] *** [[Kadeyi|Kogin Kadéï]] **** [[Boumbé II River|Kogin Boumbé na II]] **** [[Doumé River|Kogin Doumé]] == [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] == * [[Fayil:Chari_River_(23265844792).jpg|thumb|Kogin Chari]][[Kogin Chari]] ** [[Fayil:Le_fleuve_logone.jpg|alt=|thumb|220x220px|Kogin Logone, Kamaru]][[Kogin Logone]] *** [[Kogin Mbéré]] *** [[Fayil:Chute_vina1.jpg|thumb|Kogin Vina]][[Kogin Vina]] == Manazarta == 0dvy61ms4w10l5e126b1mqf1uwuig6d 844300 844299 2026-06-01T04:48:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 844300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Un-cameroon.png|thumb|Taswirar Kamaru da ke nuna manyan koguna da masu ba da gudummawa.]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a Kamaru. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. == [[Tekun Guinea]] == * ''Kogin Neja (Nijeriya) '' ** [[Fayil:Traversée_de_la_Benoué_à_pirogue.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum da mace suna haye Kogin Benue da jirgin ruwa]][[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] *** [[Kogin Katsina Ala]] **** [[Kogin Menchum]] *** [[Kogin Donga]] *** [[Kogin Faro]] **** [[Déo River|Kogin Deo]] *** [[Mayo Kebbi|Mayo Kébbi]] * [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] (Manyu River), Kogin CameroonCross (Manyu Kogin) ** [[Kogin Akwayafe]] * [[Rio del Rey|Rio del Ray]] * [[Meme River|Kogin Meme]] * [[Fayil:River_Mungo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mungo, Kamaru]]Kogin Mungo * [[Fayil:River_Wouri.jpg|thumb|Kogin Wouri, Yankin Tekun Kamaru]]Kogin Wouri ** [[Kogin Makombé]] ** [[Fayil:Chutes_Ekom_Nkam_Melong_02.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nkam]]Kogin Nkam * [[Fayil:Carrière_de_sable_de_la_Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Kogin Dibamba]]Kogin Dibamba * [[Fayil:River_Sanaga.jpg|thumb|Kogin Sanaga]][[Kogin Sanaga]] ** [[Kogin Mbam]] *** [[Kogin Ndjim]] *** [[Fayil:Des_déplacés_accostant_aux_rives_du_fleuve_Noun.png|thumb|Kogin Noun]][[Fayil:WikiAfr20_MarcJP46_06.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa a kan Kogin Noun.]][[Kogin Noun (Kamaru)|Kogin Noun]] *** [[Kim River (Cameroon)|Kogin Kim]] ** [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] *** [[Pangar River|Kogin Pangar]] ** [[Djeréme River|Kogin Djeréme]] * [[Fayil:Le_fleuve_Nyong.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nyong, Kudancin Kamaru]]Kogin Nyong * Kogin Lokundje * [[Fayil:Fleuve_Ntem,_région_du_sud_Cameroun_(forêt_tropicale).jpg|thumb|Kogin Ntem, Kamaru]] [[Kogin Campo]] (Ntem River) == [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] == * ''Kogin Ogooué (Gabon) '' ** ''Kogin Ivindo (Gabon) '' *** Kogin Aina (River Ayina) **** [[Kogin Lélé]] * ''Kogin Kongo (Jamhuriyar Kongo) '' ** [[Kogin Sangha]] *** [[Fayil:Crossing_the_Dja_on_a_ferry.jpg|thumb|Kogin Dja]] (River Ngoko) Kogin Boumba Kogin Sangha Kogin Ngogo **** Kogin Boumba **** [[Kogin Sangha]] **** [[Kogin Dja|Kogin Ngogo]] *** [[Kadeyi|Kogin Kadéï]] **** [[Boumbé II River|Kogin Boumbé na II]] **** [[Doumé River|Kogin Doumé]] == [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] == * [[Fayil:Chari_River_(23265844792).jpg|thumb|Kogin Chari]][[Kogin Chari]] ** [[Fayil:Le_fleuve_logone.jpg|alt=|thumb|220x220px|Kogin Logone, Kamaru]][[Kogin Logone]] *** [[Kogin Mbéré]] *** [[Fayil:Chute_vina1.jpg|thumb|Kogin Vina]][[Kogin Vina]] == Manazarta == cd40a9c4mlutia44ifn3wxilbc5fjah 0 153802 844301 2026-06-01T04:49:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348776172|Boumba River]]" 844301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Boumba''' wani kogi ne a Kudancin [[Kamaru]] Plateau na kudu maso gabashin Kamaru. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin ya tashi a yankin Abong-Mbang . Boumba kusan kilomita 530 ne, kuma yana da tarin kilomita 27.400. == Hydrometry == An auna kwararar kogin a Biwala a cikin m3/s == Muhalli == Kogin yana da alaƙa da [[Kogin Dja]] kuma yana kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Boumba Bek, wanda ke tsakanin Boumba da [[Bek River|Kogin Bek]]. Yankin gandun daji da ke kewaye da kogi yana da yanayin halittu daban-daban. Kashe katako masana'antu ce a yankin. Yankin da ke nesa shine gidan Baka. Al'ummomi a yankin suna yin noma, farauta, kamun kifi da tarawa. Ana kuma amfani da yankin ba bisa ka'ida ba don farautar nama da 'yan kasuwa da Masu farauta. Ana kuma shigo da parrots da hauren giwa ta hanyar yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainforest Movement |url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507011947/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html# |archive-date=2014-05-07 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci == * An yi imanin cewa yankin zai iya zama asalin kwayar cutar HIV. * An ruwaito cewa an ga mashahurin Mokèlé-mbèmbé a kan kogi a shekara ta 2000. == Manazarta == 35ccnb62ku9jqkyz9516bhsqyx6pigv 844302 844301 2026-06-01T04:50:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 844302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Boumba''' wani kogi ne a Kudancin [[Kamaru]] Plateau na kudu maso gabashin Kamaru. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin ya tashi a yankin Abong-Mbang . Boumba kusan kilomita 530 ne, kuma yana da tarin kilomita 27.400. == Hydrometry == An auna kwararar kogin a Biwala a cikin m3/s == Muhalli == Kogin yana da alaƙa da [[Kogin Dja]] kuma yana kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Boumba Bek, wanda ke tsakanin Boumba da [[Bek River|Kogin Bek]]. Yankin gandun daji da ke kewaye da kogi yana da yanayin halittu daban-daban. Kashe katako masana'antu ce a yankin. Yankin da ke nesa shine gidan Baka. Al'ummomi a yankin suna yin noma, farauta, kamun kifi da tarawa. Ana kuma amfani da yankin ba bisa ka'ida ba don farautar nama da 'yan kasuwa da Masu farauta. Ana kuma shigo da parrots da hauren giwa ta hanyar yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainforest Movement |url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507011947/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html# |archive-date=2014-05-07 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci == * An yi imanin cewa yankin zai iya zama asalin kwayar cutar HIV. * An ruwaito cewa an ga mashahurin Mokèlé-mbèmbé a kan kogi a shekara ta 2000. == Manazarta == 8oy2y3lx4bdz0c0legztod80tn3kb8t 0 153803 844303 2026-06-01T04:53:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306890370|Dibamba River]]" 844303 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|366x366px|Kogin Wouri yana nuna ƙananan ɓangaren kogi (tsakiyar gabas) da ƙauyukan Duala a kusa da 1850]] '''Kogin Dibamba''' yana cikin yankin Littoral na kudancin [[Kamaru]], yana shiga cikin [[Yankin Wouri|Kogin Kamaru]] kusa da birnin Doula. == Wurin da yake == Kogin Dibamba yana da tsawon kilomita 150 (93 da kuma yankin da ke da kilomita 2,400 (930 sq . Matsakaicin fitarwa a bakin kogi shine 480 cubic mita a kowace dakika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Folack |last2=Charles Emene Gabche |title=NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMEROON COASTAL ZONE |url=http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727125229/http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-24 |publisher=Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Cameroon}}</ref> A bakinsa, kogin yana da ruwa, kuma yana gudana cikin bakin kogin ta hanyar gandun daji na mangrove wanda ke gudana kudu daga Doualla zuwa Point Souelaba . Kusa da Douala, kogin ya haye ta hanyar mita 370 (1,210 T-section beam road bridge da aka gina da pre-cast, pre-ressed concrete a 1983-1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pont de Douala sur la Dibamba |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Structurae}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carrière_de_sable_de_la_Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Ƙauyen da ke kusa da dutsen yashi]] == Tarihi == Mutanen Duala, waɗanda a yau ke zaune a yankin a ciki da kewayen birnin Douala, sun ƙaura zuwa wurin da suke a yanzu daga [[Piti, Cameroon|Piti]] a kan kogin Dibamba, suna kawar da manoma na Bassa-Bakoko. Hadisai na Duala sun ce su zuriyar Mbedi ne, ɗan Mbongo, wanda ke zaune a Piti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dibussi Tande |title=Unraveling Conflicting Narratives about the Origins of the Isubu of Bimbia |url=http://www.peuplesawa.com/downloads/60.pdf |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Peuplesawa}}</ref> Monneba ya kasance shugaban Duala a bakin tekun Kamaru a cikin shekarun 1630, yana kasuwanci da hauren giwa da bayi tare da Turawa. Taswirar Dutch daga shekarun 1650 sun sanya sunan Monneba a kan Kogin Dibamba, wanda ake kira Monneba's Creek ko Channel (Monnebasa Gat). Dibamba ya kasance wurin tashin hankali na sojan ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da Kwamandan Ralph Stuart Sneyd ya shiga kuma ya nutse babban jirgin Jamus a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1914, kuma ya kori abokan gaba daga matsayinsu a Piti.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=CAMEROONS CAMPAIGN - 1914 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1409Cameroons.htm |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Naval-History.Net}}</ref> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Fayil:A_la_recherche_du_sable_dans_la_rivière_Dmbamba.jpg|thumb|Yankin yashi a kan Kogin Dibamba]] Yankin masana'antu na Bassa na Douala ya ƙare da samuwar kogin Dibamba, yana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa. Dausayin yana fuskantar mamayewa cikin sauri ta hanyar nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa, kuma an gano adadi mai yawa na phytoplankton, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu gurɓataccen yanayi ne ya haifar da su. A cikin ƙasar, har yanzu akwai wasu wurare na dazuzzukan dausayi na dindindin a kan kogin, amma an share wasu da yawa kuma an yi musu magudanar ruwa don noman dabino mai. Namun dajin kogin ba su da kariya sosai. Manatee na Afirka ( Trichechus senegalensis ) yana cikin haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173954/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Ramsar Wetlands}}</ref> == Manazarta == hb0b4hnjbtv4ridd6rxqudclrtcjwg9 844304 844303 2026-06-01T04:53:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 844304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|366x366px|Kogin Wouri yana nuna ƙananan ɓangaren kogi (tsakiyar gabas) da ƙauyukan Duala a kusa da 1850]] '''Kogin Dibamba''' yana cikin yankin Littoral na kudancin [[Kamaru]], yana shiga cikin [[Yankin Wouri|Kogin Kamaru]] kusa da birnin Doula. == Wurin da yake == Kogin Dibamba yana da tsawon kilomita 150 (93 da kuma yankin da ke da kilomita 2,400 (930 sq . Matsakaicin fitarwa a bakin kogi shine 480 cubic mita a kowace dakika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Folack |last2=Charles Emene Gabche |title=NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMEROON COASTAL ZONE |url=http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727125229/http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-24 |publisher=Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Cameroon}}</ref> A bakinsa, kogin yana da ruwa, kuma yana gudana cikin bakin kogin ta hanyar gandun daji na mangrove wanda ke gudana kudu daga Doualla zuwa Point Souelaba . Kusa da Douala, kogin ya haye ta hanyar mita 370 (1,210 T-section beam road bridge da aka gina da pre-cast, pre-ressed concrete a 1983-1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pont de Douala sur la Dibamba |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Structurae}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carrière_de_sable_de_la_Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Ƙauyen da ke kusa da dutsen yashi]] == Tarihi == Mutanen Duala, waɗanda a yau ke zaune a yankin a ciki da kewayen birnin Douala, sun ƙaura zuwa wurin da suke a yanzu daga [[Piti, Cameroon|Piti]] a kan kogin Dibamba, suna kawar da manoma na Bassa-Bakoko. Hadisai na Duala sun ce su zuriyar Mbedi ne, ɗan Mbongo, wanda ke zaune a Piti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dibussi Tande |title=Unraveling Conflicting Narratives about the Origins of the Isubu of Bimbia |url=http://www.peuplesawa.com/downloads/60.pdf |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Peuplesawa}}</ref> Monneba ya kasance shugaban Duala a bakin tekun Kamaru a cikin shekarun 1630, yana kasuwanci da hauren giwa da bayi tare da Turawa. Taswirar Dutch daga shekarun 1650 sun sanya sunan Monneba a kan Kogin Dibamba, wanda ake kira Monneba's Creek ko Channel (Monnebasa Gat). Dibamba ya kasance wurin tashin hankali na sojan ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da Kwamandan Ralph Stuart Sneyd ya shiga kuma ya nutse babban jirgin Jamus a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1914, kuma ya kori abokan gaba daga matsayinsu a Piti.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=CAMEROONS CAMPAIGN - 1914 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1409Cameroons.htm |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Naval-History.Net}}</ref> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Fayil:A_la_recherche_du_sable_dans_la_rivière_Dmbamba.jpg|thumb|Yankin yashi a kan Kogin Dibamba]] Yankin masana'antu na Bassa na Douala ya ƙare da samuwar kogin Dibamba, yana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa. Dausayin yana fuskantar mamayewa cikin sauri ta hanyar nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa, kuma an gano adadi mai yawa na phytoplankton, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu gurɓataccen yanayi ne ya haifar da su. A cikin ƙasar, har yanzu akwai wasu wurare na dazuzzukan dausayi na dindindin a kan kogin, amma an share wasu da yawa kuma an yi musu magudanar ruwa don noman dabino mai. Namun dajin kogin ba su da kariya sosai. Manatee na Afirka ( Trichechus senegalensis ) yana cikin haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173954/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-24 |website=Ramsar Wetlands}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8tz154rysdfo3qacqd9nwqyyrrotyzk 0 153804 844305 2026-06-01T04:54:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1122361818|Lokundje River]]" 844305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nyong_OSM.png|right|thumb|Lokundje a kudancin Kamaru (hagu) ]] '''Lokundje''' kogi ne na kudu maso yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Yana gudana kusa da [[Bipindi]] da [[Fifinda]] da [[Ebea Falls]]. Kogin ya taka rawar soja a yakin Faransa da Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na. == Manazarta == 9bgfjqiuf1c3lryz9wipxftq58uz5hf 844306 844305 2026-06-01T04:55:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 844306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nyong_OSM.png|right|thumb|Lokundje a kudancin Kamaru (hagu) ]] '''Lokundje''' kogi ne na kudu maso yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Yana gudana kusa da [[Bipindi]] da [[Fifinda]] da [[Ebea Falls]]. Kogin ya taka rawar soja a yakin Faransa da Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na.<ref>Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging, Leyden (1935). Recueil des travaux botaniques néerlandais, publié par la Société botanique néerlandaise, ... F.E. Macdonald. p. 273. Retrieved 29 August 2012. Frederick James Moberly; Great Britain. Committee of Imperial Defence; Imperial War Museum (Great Britain). Dept. of Printed Books; Great Britain. Colonial Office (1931). Military operations, Togoland and the Cameroons, 1914-1916. Imperial War Museum, Dept. of Printed Books. p. 197. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89839-235-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 August 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == be39vw5zseagsd4foepzmq8ex83sd70 0 153805 844307 2026-06-01T04:58:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288770016|Mungo River (Cameroon)]]" 844307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:River_Mungo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mungo]] '''Kogin Mungo''' babban kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] wanda ke zubar da duwatsu a kudancin yankin Kamaru na tsaunuka masu fashewa da kuma wadanda ba su da wuta. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Mount_Kupe_Muanenguba.jpeg|thumb|Dutsen Kupe]] Kogin Mungo yana da yanki na kilomita 4,200 (1,600 sq . Kogin yana da tsawon kilomita 150, yana tashi a cikin Rumpi Hills kuma ya kumbura ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa daga Dutsen Kupe da Dutsen Bakossi. Kogin yana iya tafiya a kudancin Mundame na kimanin kilomita 100 (62 yayin da yake gudana ta cikin filin bakin teku kafin ya shiga cikin maras kyau, inda ya rabu zuwa ƙananan tashoshi da yawa waɗanda suka ɓace cikin hadaddun Kamaru. Kogin, wanda kuma ake ciyar da koguna kamar su Wouri da Dibamba, bi da bi yana fitowa cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] a Douala Point. Rashin ruwa a cikin bay yana tafiya har zuwa kilomita 40 (25 zuwa kogi. A cikin wannan ɓangaren kogin, manyan filaye da bakin yashi suna fallasa a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu. Wani baƙo na Turai ya ce game da ƙananan kogin a cikin shekara ta 1896: "Gidan kogin Mungo an rufe shi da gandun daji sosai ... kuma duk abin da ke nan yana cike da rayuwa. Mutum na iya ganin gaggafa na teku, herons, macizai da birai, da kuma parrots masu launi daban-daban a kan bishiyoyi, yayin da a saman ruwa akwai butterflies da dragonflies da girman gwarare.&nbsp; == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051,_Kamerun,_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Fararen mazauna biyu da yara da maza a kan Kogin Mungo, Kirsimeti 1901]] Wani ɗan Sweden mai suna [[Knut Knutson]] ya zauna na wasu shekaru a saman kwarin Mungo a lokacin da Jamusawa ke tabbatar da da da'awar su a yankin a matsayin mulkin mallaka. Ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa idan ɗan ban sha'a game da al'adun da ƙabilar "Biaffra", wanda ya dogara da Mungo na sama, ya taɓa mulkin masarauta mai zurfi har zuwa arewacin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] da kudu zuwa [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]. Wani binciken farko na Turai na kogin ya faru ne daga mai binciken Poland Stefan Szolc-Rogozinski a 1883. Yana fatan kafa mulkin mallaka kyauta ga 'yan gudun hijirar Poland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henryk Baginski |date=Jan–Feb 1944 |title=The Sixtieth Anniversary of Rogozinski's Expedition to the Cameroons |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=103 |issue=1/2 |pages=72–75 |doi=10.2307/1789068 |jstor=1789068}}</ref> [[Fayil:PALAIS_DES_ROIS_BELL_(3).JPG|thumb|Fadar Sarakuna]] [[Fayil:River_Sanaga.jpg|thumb|Kogin Sanaga]] Zuwa ƙarshen 1884, bayan da Jamusawa suka kafa wani matsayi a [[Douala]], sun shiga matsala tare da shugabannin Duala na gida waɗanda Burtaniya ta ƙarfafa su su tsayayya da yunkurin Jamus na buɗe kasuwanci kai tsaye tare da ciki. Shugaba a kan kogin Mungo shine Sarki Bell, wanda ya ci gaba da toshewa na wasu watanni amma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa ya miƙa wuya saboda rashin hadin kai tsakanin mutanensa da ikon jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai. Daga baya, Bell ta sake samun iko na ɗan lokaci lokacin da Jamusawa suka mayar da hankalinsu ga [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Lokacin da aka raba mulkin mallaka na Jamus na [[Kamerun|Kameru]] bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], Kogin Mungo ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka tsakanin mulkin mallaka da Faransa da [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] waɗanda suka karɓi iko. Yankin kuma ya raba mutane daban-daban na kwarin kogi, gami da Mutanen Bakossi, kodayake sun ci gaba da kula da dangantaka ta kusa a fadin kogi. A ƙasa, kusa da bakin teku, mutanen Duala da Mungo sun rabu kamar haka. == Lokaci na baya-bayan nan == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-267,_Kamerun,_Mundame,_Mungo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton Stereoscope na Cabin da jirgin ruwa a kan kogin Mungo kusa da Mundame, 1904]] A yau, kogin ya zama iyaka tsakanin Littoral da yankunan Kudu maso Yamma Kamaru. Wata gada a kan kogi ta rushe a shekara ta 2004. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, har yanzu ana ci gaba da aikin gina gada mai maye gurbin, kuma zirga-zirgar hanya a halin yanzu ta dogara da gada mai iyo, ko jirgin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry Kejang |date=5 Dec 2006 |title=NEW BRIDGE SOONEST OVER MUNGO RIVER, CHIEF OF PROJECT CONFIRMS |url=http://the-news-from-cameroon.com/article.php?category_id=32&article_id=38 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215519/http://the-news-from-cameroon.com/article.php?category_id=32&article_id=38 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-10 |website=The Sun}}</ref> Halitta na muhalli na bakin teku yana cikin barazana daga karuwar gurɓata daga masana'antu, noma da gidaje, yana barazanar amfanin kifi da lafiyar ɗan adam. Shahararrun mutane daga Mungo - E.J Embola == Manazarta == c173z0ch2v26u173pkadu8wmd424piu 844308 844307 2026-06-01T04:58:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 844308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:River_Mungo.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mungo]] '''Kogin Mungo''' babban kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] wanda ke zubar da duwatsu a kudancin yankin Kamaru na tsaunuka masu fashewa da kuma wadanda ba su da wuta. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Mount_Kupe_Muanenguba.jpeg|thumb|Dutsen Kupe]] Kogin Mungo yana da yanki na kilomita 4,200 (1,600 sq . Kogin yana da tsawon kilomita 150, yana tashi a cikin Rumpi Hills kuma ya kumbura ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa daga Dutsen Kupe da Dutsen Bakossi. Kogin yana iya tafiya a kudancin Mundame na kimanin kilomita 100 (62 yayin da yake gudana ta cikin filin bakin teku kafin ya shiga cikin maras kyau, inda ya rabu zuwa ƙananan tashoshi da yawa waɗanda suka ɓace cikin hadaddun Kamaru. Kogin, wanda kuma ake ciyar da koguna kamar su Wouri da Dibamba, bi da bi yana fitowa cikin [[Tekun Guinea]] a Douala Point. Rashin ruwa a cikin bay yana tafiya har zuwa kilomita 40 (25 zuwa kogi. A cikin wannan ɓangaren kogin, manyan filaye da bakin yashi suna fallasa a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu. Wani baƙo na Turai ya ce game da ƙananan kogin a cikin shekara ta 1896: "Gidan kogin Mungo an rufe shi da gandun daji sosai ... kuma duk abin da ke nan yana cike da rayuwa. Mutum na iya ganin gaggafa na teku, herons, macizai da birai, da kuma parrots masu launi daban-daban a kan bishiyoyi, yayin da a saman ruwa akwai butterflies da dragonflies da girman gwarare.&nbsp; == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-051,_Kamerun,_Weihnachten_am_Mungo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Fararen mazauna biyu da yara da maza a kan Kogin Mungo, Kirsimeti 1901]] Wani ɗan Sweden mai suna [[Knut Knutson]] ya zauna na wasu shekaru a saman kwarin Mungo a lokacin da Jamusawa ke tabbatar da da da'awar su a yankin a matsayin mulkin mallaka. Ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa idan ɗan ban sha'a game da al'adun da ƙabilar "Biaffra", wanda ya dogara da Mungo na sama, ya taɓa mulkin masarauta mai zurfi har zuwa arewacin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] da kudu zuwa [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]. Wani binciken farko na Turai na kogin ya faru ne daga mai binciken Poland Stefan Szolc-Rogozinski a 1883. Yana fatan kafa mulkin mallaka kyauta ga 'yan gudun hijirar Poland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henryk Baginski |date=Jan–Feb 1944 |title=The Sixtieth Anniversary of Rogozinski's Expedition to the Cameroons |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=103 |issue=1/2 |pages=72–75 |doi=10.2307/1789068 |jstor=1789068}}</ref> [[Fayil:PALAIS_DES_ROIS_BELL_(3).JPG|thumb|Fadar Sarakuna]] [[Fayil:River_Sanaga.jpg|thumb|Kogin Sanaga]] Zuwa ƙarshen 1884, bayan da Jamusawa suka kafa wani matsayi a [[Douala]], sun shiga matsala tare da shugabannin Duala na gida waɗanda Burtaniya ta ƙarfafa su su tsayayya da yunkurin Jamus na buɗe kasuwanci kai tsaye tare da ciki. Shugaba a kan kogin Mungo shine Sarki Bell, wanda ya ci gaba da toshewa na wasu watanni amma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa ya miƙa wuya saboda rashin hadin kai tsakanin mutanensa da ikon jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai. Daga baya, Bell ta sake samun iko na ɗan lokaci lokacin da Jamusawa suka mayar da hankalinsu ga [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Lokacin da aka raba mulkin mallaka na Jamus na [[Kamerun|Kameru]] bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], Kogin Mungo ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka tsakanin mulkin mallaka da Faransa da [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] waɗanda suka karɓi iko. Yankin kuma ya raba mutane daban-daban na kwarin kogi, gami da Mutanen Bakossi, kodayake sun ci gaba da kula da dangantaka ta kusa a fadin kogi. A ƙasa, kusa da bakin teku, mutanen Duala da Mungo sun rabu kamar haka. == Lokaci na baya-bayan nan == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-267,_Kamerun,_Mundame,_Mungo.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton Stereoscope na Cabin da jirgin ruwa a kan kogin Mungo kusa da Mundame, 1904]] A yau, kogin ya zama iyaka tsakanin Littoral da yankunan Kudu maso Yamma Kamaru. Wata gada a kan kogi ta rushe a shekara ta 2004. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, har yanzu ana ci gaba da aikin gina gada mai maye gurbin, kuma zirga-zirgar hanya a halin yanzu ta dogara da gada mai iyo, ko jirgin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry Kejang |date=5 Dec 2006 |title=NEW BRIDGE SOONEST OVER MUNGO RIVER, CHIEF OF PROJECT CONFIRMS |url=http://the-news-from-cameroon.com/article.php?category_id=32&article_id=38 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215519/http://the-news-from-cameroon.com/article.php?category_id=32&article_id=38 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-10 |website=The Sun}}</ref> Halitta na muhalli na bakin teku yana cikin barazana daga karuwar gurɓata daga masana'antu, noma da gidaje, yana barazanar amfanin kifi da lafiyar ɗan adam. Shahararrun mutane daga Mungo - E.J Embola == Manazarta == t96m3bbr4fbslgiooo3r2axl004d7aa 0 153806 844309 2026-06-01T04:59:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303852092|Nkam River]]" 844309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chutes_Ekom_Nkam.jpg|alt=A split waterfall flows into the river in a steep-sided canyon, with lush green vegetation all around|thumb|Faduwar Kogin Ekom]] '''Kogin Nkam''' ya tashi a Yammacin High Plateau a Yankin Yamma [[Kamaru]], kuma ya shiga [[Kogin Makombé]] don zama Kogin Wouri. An san shi ga masu yawon bude ido don Chutes d'Ekom mai ban mamaki, faduwar ruwa mai tsawon mita 80 (260 kimanin kilomita 30 (19 daga Bafang . A kudancin garin Dschang, Santchou Faunal Reserve yana gabashin kogin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santchou Faunal Reserve |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6121 |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Kiwon kifi == [[Fayil:Fleuve_Nkam_à_partir_de_Bafang_01.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nkam]] Ruwan ruwa na shekara-shekara a cikin kwarin kogi yana samar da miliyoyin yara na kifi. Ana kama waɗannan don amfani nan take, ko don sake cika tafkunan da aka yi amfani da su don kiwon kifi. Ana shirya tafkunan kifi a ƙarshen lokacin fari, tare da cire laka na ƙasa kuma an gyara mafakar kifi. Gidan tafkin yana mamaye ciyawa da shrubs a farkon lokacin ruwan sama, daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Yawancin lokaci, kogin Nkam yana ambaliyar ruwa daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba, lokacin da kifi ke ƙaura zuwa tafkuna. Tsakanin Janairu da Maris ruwa yana janyewa, ana zubar da tafkuna kuma ana girbe kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Clarias_gariepinus/en |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization}}</ref> == Manazarta == iyvi5vush1o8c93k8qs7mjsf81186ja 844310 844309 2026-06-01T05:00:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 844310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Chutes_Ekom_Nkam.jpg|alt=A split waterfall flows into the river in a steep-sided canyon, with lush green vegetation all around|thumb|Faduwar Kogin Ekom]] '''Kogin Nkam''' ya tashi a Yammacin High Plateau a Yankin Yamma [[Kamaru]], kuma ya shiga [[Kogin Makombé]] don zama Kogin Wouri. An san shi ga masu yawon bude ido don Chutes d'Ekom mai ban mamaki, faduwar ruwa mai tsawon mita 80 (260 kimanin kilomita 30 (19 daga Bafang . A kudancin garin Dschang, Santchou Faunal Reserve yana gabashin kogin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santchou Faunal Reserve |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6121 |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Kiwon kifi == [[Fayil:Fleuve_Nkam_à_partir_de_Bafang_01.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nkam]] Ruwan ruwa na shekara-shekara a cikin kwarin kogi yana samar da miliyoyin yara na kifi. Ana kama waɗannan don amfani nan take, ko don sake cika tafkunan da aka yi amfani da su don kiwon kifi. Ana shirya tafkunan kifi a ƙarshen lokacin fari, tare da cire laka na ƙasa kuma an gyara mafakar kifi. Gidan tafkin yana mamaye ciyawa da shrubs a farkon lokacin ruwan sama, daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Yawancin lokaci, kogin Nkam yana ambaliyar ruwa daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba, lokacin da kifi ke ƙaura zuwa tafkuna. Tsakanin Janairu da Maris ruwa yana janyewa, ana zubar da tafkuna kuma ana girbe kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Clarias_gariepinus/en |access-date=2011-02-05 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Organization}}</ref> == Manazarta == mie4e4om149uzqhc1ti6lwh0qh1asyj 0 153807 844311 2026-06-01T05:02:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340430766|Nyong River]]" 844311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''N''' (tsohon Jamusanci: Yong) kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] . Kogin yana gudana kusan kilomita 690 (430 zuwa kwarara cikin [[Tekun Guinea]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Nyong ya samo asali ne daga {{Convert|40|km}} (25 a gabashin garin Abong-Mbang, inda gandun daji na arewa ke ciyar da shi. Tsawon kogin kusan daidai yake da ƙananan [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Bakinsa yana cikin Petit Batanga, {{Convert|40|mi|km}} km (40 kudu maso kudu maso yammacin Edéa . A wurare biyu, Mbalmayo da Déhané, kogin yana da manyan rapids. Km {{Convert|250|mi|km}} na farko (250 mi) na kogin, tsakanin Abong-Mbang da Mbalmayo, suna iya tafiya don ƙananan jiragen ruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba. == Ilimin ruwa == Ruwan kogin kamar yadda aka auna a Déhané a cikin m3/s: == Sufuri == Garin Mbalmayo, wanda ke da tashar jirgin kasa, yana kan iyakar arewacin wannan kogi. Garuruwan Akonolinga da Abong-Mbang suma suna kan shi. == Manazarta == 580j535a2uey3owq5vniwc0k0vxpdhl 844312 844311 2026-06-01T05:02:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 844312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''N''' (tsohon Jamusanci: Yong) kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] . Kogin yana gudana kusan kilomita 690 (430 zuwa kwarara cikin [[Tekun Guinea]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Nyong ya samo asali ne daga {{Convert|40|km}} (25 a gabashin garin Abong-Mbang, inda gandun daji na arewa ke ciyar da shi. Tsawon kogin kusan daidai yake da ƙananan [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Bakinsa yana cikin Petit Batanga, {{Convert|40|mi|km}} km (40 kudu maso kudu maso yammacin Edéa . A wurare biyu, Mbalmayo da Déhané, kogin yana da manyan rapids. Km {{Convert|250|mi|km}} na farko (250 mi) na kogin, tsakanin Abong-Mbang da Mbalmayo, suna iya tafiya don ƙananan jiragen ruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>Office, United States Hydrographic (1952). Publications ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 123.</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ruwan kogin kamar yadda aka auna a Déhané a cikin m3/s: == Sufuri == Garin Mbalmayo, wanda ke da tashar jirgin kasa, yana kan iyakar arewacin wannan kogi. Garuruwan Akonolinga da Abong-Mbang suma suna kan shi. == Manazarta == fiqixy0w7hmzlv057nwspghf2ged4hp 844313 844312 2026-06-01T05:03:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 844313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nyong''' (yaren Jamusanci: Yong) kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] . Kogin yana gudana kusan kilomita 690 (430 zuwa kwarara cikin [[Tekun Guinea]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Nyong ya samo asali ne daga {{Convert|40|km}} (25 a gabashin garin Abong-Mbang, inda gandun daji na arewa ke ciyar da shi. Tsawon kogin kusan daidai yake da ƙananan [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Bakinsa yana cikin Petit Batanga, {{Convert|40|mi|km}} km (40 kudu maso kudu maso yammacin Edéa . A wurare biyu, Mbalmayo da Déhané, kogin yana da manyan rapids. Km {{Convert|250|mi|km}} na farko (250 mi) na kogin, tsakanin Abong-Mbang da Mbalmayo, suna iya tafiya don ƙananan jiragen ruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>Office, United States Hydrographic (1952). Publications ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 123.</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Ruwan kogin kamar yadda aka auna a Déhané a cikin m3/s: == Sufuri == Garin Mbalmayo, wanda ke da tashar jirgin kasa, yana kan iyakar arewacin wannan kogi. Garuruwan Akonolinga da Abong-Mbang suma suna kan shi. == Manazarta == az39o0ujnfowk4rplhtm133xhvxqtj5 0 153808 844314 2026-06-01T05:05:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330440134|Wouri River]]" 844314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wouri''' (kuma '''Vouri''' ko '''Vuri''') wani kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] . Kamaru tana da ruwa da yawa kuma daga cikin waɗannan manyan koguna biyu ne, [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]], mafi tsawo a kusan (mil {{Convert|32|km|mi}}) da Wouri, mafi girma. Wouri ya samo asali ne a wurin haɗuwar kogin Nkam da [[Kogin Makombé|Makombé]], kilomita 32 (20 arewa maso gabashin birnin Yabassi. Daga nan sai ya gudana kusan kilomita {{Convert|160|km|mi}} (99 kudu maso gabas zuwa bakin [[Yankin Wouri|Kogin Wouri]] a [[Douala]], babban tashar jiragen ruwa da birnin masana'antu a kudu maso yammacin Kamaru a kan [[Tekun Guinea]]. Kogin yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita {{Convert|64|km|mi}} (40 mi) daga Douala.&nbsp; == Bincike == Mai ba da hanya da mai bincike na Portuguese Fernão do Pó ko Fernando Pó, an yi imanin shi ne na farko na Turai da ya binciki bakin kogin Wouri, a kusa da shekara ta 1472. Masu binciken sun lura da yalwar laka lobster ''Lepidophthalmus turneranus'' a cikin Kogin Wouri kuma sun ba shi suna "''Rio dos Camarões"'', Portuguese don "River of Prawns", da kuma kalmar da sunan Kamaru ya samo asali. Kalmomin "''Rio dos Camarões"'' daga baya ya zama Camarones lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa yankin. Sa'an nan, a lokacin kariya ta Jamus a kasar wanda ya fara a 1884, sunan kasar ya canza zuwa Kamerun kafin Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta sanya kasar a karkashin ikon Faransa da Burtaniya a 1919 wanda ya haifar da sunan karshe "Kamaru". [[Fayil:Seme_beach_limbe_Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Seme beach limbe Kamaru]] == Bridges == === Babbar gada ta farko === [[Fayil:Pont_sur_le_Wouri.JPG|thumb|Babbar gada ta Wouri]] A cikin shekarun 1950, a lokacin mulkin mallaka, Faransanci sun gina gada mai nisan kilomita 1 a fadin kogi, mafi tsawo a yankin Afirka ta tsakiya. Ya haɗa Douala da birnin Bonabéri kuma ba wai kawai yana da muhimmancin tattalin arziki ga yammacin Kamaru ba, yana ɗauke da mota, mota, da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa har ma da kayan aiki na tsakiya don musayar kasa da kasa tare da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙasa kamar [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Tun daga shekara ta 2004 gadar tana fuskantar babban gyare-gyare. Tare da ƙarfin farko na motoci 2,000 a kowace rana, wannan gadar yanzu tana tallafawa fiye da motoci 45,000 a kowace rana suna haifar da mummunar zirga-zirga a ƙofar zuciyar Douala.&nbsp; === Babbar gada ta biyu === [[Fayil:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_02.jpg|thumb|Babbar gada ta biyu (sabuwar da aka gina) a kan Kogin Wouri]] Tare da farashin kusan CFA biliyan 141.6, gada ta biyu a kan kogin Wouri tana da tsawon mita {{Cvt|756|m|ft}} (2,480 da faɗin mita {{Cvt|34|m|ft}} (112 kuma tana da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tsawon mita (2,448 . Kamfanin gine-ginen hanyoyi na kasa da kasa [[SOGEA SATOM]] ne ya gina shi kuma gwamnatin Kamaru ta ba da rancen daga gwamnatin Faransa, wannan gadar za ta taimaka wajen rage yawan zirga-zirga a kan gadar farko. Ginin wannan gadar yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Kamaru kuma zai sauƙaƙa musayar a yankin Afirka ta tsakiya wanda ke buɗewa ga duniya ta hanyar Kamaru da kusanci da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Ana nufin za a ba da izinin gadar kafin ƙarshen 2018.<ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb|Manzo na Ngondo a kan Wouri]] == Manazarta == mptur192sz7ate1heeaej3s2sxd734x 844315 844314 2026-06-01T05:05:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 844315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wouri''' (kuma '''Vouri''' ko '''Vuri''') wani kogi ne a [[Kamaru]] . Kamaru tana da ruwa da yawa kuma daga cikin waɗannan manyan koguna biyu ne, [[Kogin Sanaga|Sanaga]], mafi tsawo a kusan (mil {{Convert|32|km|mi}}) da Wouri, mafi girma. Wouri ya samo asali ne a wurin haɗuwar kogin Nkam da [[Kogin Makombé|Makombé]], kilomita 32 (20 arewa maso gabashin birnin Yabassi. Daga nan sai ya gudana kusan kilomita {{Convert|160|km|mi}} (99 kudu maso gabas zuwa bakin [[Yankin Wouri|Kogin Wouri]] a [[Douala]], babban tashar jiragen ruwa da birnin masana'antu a kudu maso yammacin Kamaru a kan [[Tekun Guinea]]. Kogin yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita {{Convert|64|km|mi}} (40 mi) daga Douala.&nbsp; == Bincike == Mai ba da hanya da mai bincike na Portuguese Fernão do Pó ko Fernando Pó, an yi imanin shi ne na farko na Turai da ya binciki bakin kogin Wouri, a kusa da shekara ta 1472. Masu binciken sun lura da yalwar laka lobster ''Lepidophthalmus turneranus'' a cikin Kogin Wouri kuma sun ba shi suna "''Rio dos Camarões"'', Portuguese don "River of Prawns", da kuma kalmar da sunan Kamaru ya samo asali. Kalmomin "''Rio dos Camarões"'' daga baya ya zama Camarones lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa yankin. Sa'an nan, a lokacin kariya ta Jamus a kasar wanda ya fara a 1884, sunan kasar ya canza zuwa Kamerun kafin Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta sanya kasar a karkashin ikon Faransa da Burtaniya a 1919 wanda ya haifar da sunan karshe "Kamaru". [[Fayil:Seme_beach_limbe_Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Seme beach limbe Kamaru]] == Bridges == === Babbar gada ta farko === [[Fayil:Pont_sur_le_Wouri.JPG|thumb|Babbar gada ta Wouri]] A cikin shekarun 1950, a lokacin mulkin mallaka, Faransanci sun gina gada mai nisan kilomita 1 a fadin kogi, mafi tsawo a yankin Afirka ta tsakiya. Ya haɗa Douala da birnin Bonabéri kuma ba wai kawai yana da muhimmancin tattalin arziki ga yammacin Kamaru ba, yana ɗauke da mota, mota, da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa har ma da kayan aiki na tsakiya don musayar kasa da kasa tare da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙasa kamar [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Tun daga shekara ta 2004 gadar tana fuskantar babban gyare-gyare. Tare da ƙarfin farko na motoci 2,000 a kowace rana, wannan gadar yanzu tana tallafawa fiye da motoci 45,000 a kowace rana suna haifar da mummunar zirga-zirga a ƙofar zuciyar Douala.&nbsp; === Babbar gada ta biyu === [[Fayil:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_02.jpg|thumb|Babbar gada ta biyu (sabuwar da aka gina) a kan Kogin Wouri]] Tare da farashin kusan CFA biliyan 141.6, gada ta biyu a kan kogin Wouri tana da tsawon mita {{Cvt|756|m|ft}} (2,480 da faɗin mita {{Cvt|34|m|ft}} (112 kuma tana da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tsawon mita (2,448 . Kamfanin gine-ginen hanyoyi na kasa da kasa [[SOGEA SATOM]] ne ya gina shi kuma gwamnatin Kamaru ta ba da rancen daga gwamnatin Faransa, wannan gadar za ta taimaka wajen rage yawan zirga-zirga a kan gadar farko. Ginin wannan gadar yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Kamaru kuma zai sauƙaƙa musayar a yankin Afirka ta tsakiya wanda ke buɗewa ga duniya ta hanyar Kamaru da kusanci da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Ana nufin za a ba da izinin gadar kafin ƙarshen 2018.<ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb|Manzo na Ngondo a kan Wouri]] == Manazarta == 5l3nlybcsca9xts83gcupday8jj7rih 0 153809 844316 2026-06-01T05:06:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330082652|Edea Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Edea''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta [[Kogin Sanaga]] kusa da Edéa a [[Kamaru]] . Yana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|264|MW}},<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |title=Edea Hydroelectric Power Plant Cameroon |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42601 |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref> ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 136,600. <ref> {{Cite web |date=17 September 2003 |title=Two Power Plants In Sight |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/aem/electricity/2003/09/17/two-power-plants-in-sight,8702442-art |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=Africa Intelligence}} </ref> Kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki tana zuwa ma'aikatar aluminum. == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == gjufetc1j8d5sue5g172gu4gs5m9k77 844317 844316 2026-06-01T05:06:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 844317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Edea''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta [[Kogin Sanaga]] kusa da Edéa a [[Kamaru]] . Yana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|264|MW}},<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |title=Edea Hydroelectric Power Plant Cameroon |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42601 |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref> ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 136,600. <ref> {{Cite web |date=17 September 2003 |title=Two Power Plants In Sight |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/aem/electricity/2003/09/17/two-power-plants-in-sight,8702442-art |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=Africa Intelligence}} </ref> Kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki tana zuwa ma'aikatar aluminum. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == a3h6482ynwbqhofush9ts5udk79mh1s 844318 844317 2026-06-01T05:07:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 844318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Edea''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta [[Kogin Sanaga]] kusa da Edéa a [[Kamaru]] . Yana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|264|MW}},<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |title=Edea Hydroelectric Power Plant Cameroon |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42601 |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref> ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 136,600. <ref> {{Cite web |date=17 September 2003 |title=Two Power Plants In Sight |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/aem/electricity/2003/09/17/two-power-plants-in-sight,8702442-art |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=Africa Intelligence}} </ref> Kusan kashi 60% na wutar lantarki tana zuwa ma'aikatar aluminum. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == cwj7voqh0i57quitnvvr7s0jm58r6nf 0 153810 844319 2026-06-01T05:08:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290295176|Lom Pangar Dam]]" 844319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Lom Pangar''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsakiya tare da ɓangaren madatsar ruwan tsakiya a halin yanzu ana ginawa a kan [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] kimanin kilomita 88 (55 arewacin Bertoua a Yankin Gabas [[Kamaru]] . Tana kusa da kilomita 4 (2.5 daga inda [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] ya haɗu da [[Pangar River|Kogin Pangar]] kuma kimanin kilomita 13 (8.1 daga sama inda Lom ya haɗuwa da [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Manufar madatsar ita ce samar da wutar lantarki da kuma daidaita kwararar ruwa a Kogin Sanaga. Yana iya zama wani ɓangare na babban madatsar ruwa a kan Sanaga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,,contentMDK:23354755~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258644,00.html |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Tallafi da ci gaba == Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da rancen dala miliyan 71.1 don aikin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011. Bankin Duniya ya kuma amince da rancen dala miliyan 132 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, kuma Shugaban Kamaru, [[Paul Biya]], ya kafa harsashin madatsar ruwa a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 2012. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 39 a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project |url=http://www.esi-africa.com/eib-to-fund-cameroon-s-lom-pangar-hydro-project/ |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=ESI-Africa}}</ref> Kamfanin Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki na Kasa da Kasa na kasar Sin yana gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. An kammala madatsar ruwa don karkatar da kogi a kusa da tushe na madatsar ruwan a watan Yulin 2013. An kammala aikin ne a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lom-Pangar Hydroelectric Project |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Cameroon%20-%20AR%20-%20Lom-Pangar%20Hydroelectric%20Project%20(Final).pdf |access-date=18 February 2014 |website=African Development Fund |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == 9m1v5icgtysg3is0vox2f9255g1ngsg 844320 844319 2026-06-01T05:08:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 844320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Lom Pangar''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsakiya tare da ɓangaren madatsar ruwan tsakiya a halin yanzu ana ginawa a kan [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] kimanin kilomita 88 (55 arewacin Bertoua a Yankin Gabas [[Kamaru]] . Tana kusa da kilomita 4 (2.5 daga inda [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Kogin Lom]] ya haɗu da [[Pangar River|Kogin Pangar]] kuma kimanin kilomita 13 (8.1 daga sama inda Lom ya haɗuwa da [[Kogin Sanaga]]. Manufar madatsar ita ce samar da wutar lantarki da kuma daidaita kwararar ruwa a Kogin Sanaga. Yana iya zama wani ɓangare na babban madatsar ruwa a kan Sanaga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PROJECT Lom Pangar Hydropower Project |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,,contentMDK:23354755~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258644,00.html |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Tallafi da ci gaba == Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da rancen dala miliyan 71.1 don aikin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011. Bankin Duniya ya kuma amince da rancen dala miliyan 132 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, kuma Shugaban Kamaru, [[Paul Biya]], ya kafa harsashin madatsar ruwa a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 2012. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 39 a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=EIB to fund Cameroon's Lom Pangar hydro project |url=http://www.esi-africa.com/eib-to-fund-cameroon-s-lom-pangar-hydro-project/ |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=ESI-Africa}}</ref> Kamfanin Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki na Kasa da Kasa na kasar Sin yana gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. An kammala madatsar ruwa don karkatar da kogi a kusa da tushe na madatsar ruwan a watan Yulin 2013. An kammala aikin ne a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lom-Pangar Hydroelectric Project |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Cameroon%20-%20AR%20-%20Lom-Pangar%20Hydroelectric%20Project%20(Final).pdf |access-date=18 February 2014 |website=African Development Fund |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == plvhjvonlrw4341setllygcg0mj2zvz 0 153811 844321 2026-06-01T05:10:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287854848|Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844321 wikitext text/x-wiki Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station, kuma Grand Eweng Power Station, wani shiri ne da aka shirya kusan 1,800 megawatt hydroelectric power project a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]] da za a gina a [[Kamaru]]. Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng za ta zama babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a Kamaru. Aikin Grand Eweng yana ci gaba da Hydromine daga Amurka a madadin Gwamnatin Kamaru a kan hanyar izinin gina-mallaka-aiki-mai aiki (BOOT). == Wurin da yake == Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a shafin Grand Eweng, a kan Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 8 (5 mi) ta hanyar hanya daga garin Sackbayeme da kilomita 100 (60 mi) a tsakiya tsakanin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] da [[Douala]], wanda ke gabashin yankin Littoral kusa da ƙauyukan Log Pagal da Kahn, da ke kan iyakar yankin Tsakiya na yamma. Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance kusan kilomita 25 daga saman Song Loulou Hydroelectric Power Station. Ma'aunin shafin Grand Eweng sune: 4°04"22"N, 10°37"48"E. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng wani aikin wutar lantarki ne a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba a Kamaru wanda za a gina shi a kan ƙananan Kogin Sanaga daga tashar wutar lantarki na Song Loulou. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng da aka tsara ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa da tafki tare da kayan aikin hydroelectric tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na kimanin 1,000 MW a matakin farko da za a tallafawa a matsayin mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa.<ref name="waterpowermagazine">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Grand Eweng project in Cameroon takes major step forward |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsgrand-eweng-project-in-cameroon-takes-major-step-forward-7294120 |access-date=8 April 2020 |publisher=International Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station zai bambanta da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki na baya a Kamaru, saboda zai sami babban samar da wutar wutar lantarki da ƙarfin ajiyar ruwa, yana mai da shi kayan aikin samar da wutar ruwa na dabarun don sarrafa sashin makamashi na Kamaru da Kogin Sanaga. Babban fa'idodin Grand Eweng za su haɗa da samar da makamashi, inganta tsarin ruwa na Kogin Sanaga, rage farashin wutar lantarki, rage gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin da ƙasar gaba ɗaya. == Jerin lokaci == An gano shafin wutar lantarki na Grand Eweng a kan ƙananan Kogin Sanaga a cikin 1983 ta Société Nationale d'Électriticité du Cameroun (SONEL), a wannan lokacin kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa da ke da alhakin ci gaba da aiki da samar da wutar lantarki a Kamaru, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hydropower Potential Atlas of Cameroon. Gwamnatin Kamaru da mai tallafawa aikin Hydromine, kamfanin samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa na Amurka, sun shiga yarjejeniyar ci gaban aikin (PDA) a cikin 2015, tun lokacin da aka tsawaita, don haɓaka Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station, biyo bayan wasika ta niyya a cikin 2009 da kuma yarjejeniyar fahimta a cikin 2012. Hydromine ya ba da cikakken binciken yiwuwar, gami da ƙirar injiniya ta gaba (FEED) da kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA), gami da nazarin kudi, tattalin arziki, da shari'a, tabbatar da kyawawan ayyukan da yiwuwar Kamaru da kudade. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2019, Gwamnatin Kamaru, wanda Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Makamashi (MINEE), Hydromine, da Eneo Kamaru (ENEO) suka wakilta sun sanya hannu kan wasikar niyya wacce ta bayyana hadin kai tsakanin bangarorin don kammala sharuddan Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki (PPA) tare da ENEO don sayar da wutar lantarki da Grand Eweng Power Station ta samar. Bugu da kari, wasikar niyya ta tsara tsarin da abubuwan da suka faru don tsarin ci gaban gina-da-aiki-canji (BOOT), wanda ke canja wurin Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station zuwa Gwamnatin Kamaru bayan lokacin izini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Le Cameroun mise sur la construction du barrage de Grand Eweng pour renforcer la fiabilité de son réseau électrique |url=https://actucameroun.com/2019/07/11/le-cameroun-mise-sur-la-construction-du-barrage-de-grand-eweng-pour-renforcer-la-fiabilite-de-son-reseau-electrique/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=[[L'Actu (Cameroon)|L'Actu Cameroon]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="waterpowermagazine" /> A ƙarshen 2019 da farkon 2020 an fara shawarwarin jama'a ga ESIA don yawan mutanen da suka shafi a cikin sassan Sanaga-Maritime da Nyong-et-Kéllé tare da sa hannun Ministan Ruwa da Makamashi da Gwamnonin Yankin Littoral da Cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mireille ONANA MEBENGA |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Barrage de Grand Eweng: place aux consultations publiques |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/29343/fr.html/barrage-de-grand-eweng-place-aux-consultations |access-date=8 April 2020 |publisher=[[Cameroon Tribune]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ministan Ruwa da Makamashi ya bayyana a ziyararsa ta Satumba 5, 2019, ga Pouma: "Za a aiwatar da aikin ci gaban hydroelectric na Grand Eweng. [...] A Afirka ta Tsakiya, shine mafi mahimmanci. Ga Gwamnati, don jin daɗin jama'a, ci gaban wannan tsari babban mahimmanci ne. "''"Za a fahimci aikin ci gaban wutar lantarki na Grand Eweng. [...] A Afirka ta Tsakiya, shine mafi mahimmanci. Ga Gwamnati, don jin daɗin jama'a, ci gaban wannan tsari babban mahimmanci ne. "'' Ya zuwa Maris 2020, an shirya tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng don fara gini a ƙarshen 2022 kuma fara samar da wutar lantarki a cikin 2027-2028. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki == Manazarta == 6vmksh4ybvijwqqua529ze669gacxjx 844322 844321 2026-06-01T05:10:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 844322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station''', kuma Grand Eweng Power Station, wani shiri ne da aka shirya kusan 1,800 megawatt hydroelectric power project a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]] da za a gina a [[Kamaru]]. Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng za ta zama babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki a Kamaru. Aikin Grand Eweng yana ci gaba da Hydromine daga Amurka a madadin Gwamnatin Kamaru a kan hanyar izinin gina-mallaka-aiki-mai aiki (BOOT). == Wurin da yake == Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a shafin Grand Eweng, a kan Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 8 (5 mi) ta hanyar hanya daga garin Sackbayeme da kilomita 100 (60 mi) a tsakiya tsakanin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] da [[Douala]], wanda ke gabashin yankin Littoral kusa da ƙauyukan Log Pagal da Kahn, da ke kan iyakar yankin Tsakiya na yamma. Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance kusan kilomita 25 daga saman Song Loulou Hydroelectric Power Station. Ma'aunin shafin Grand Eweng sune: 4°04"22"N, 10°37"48"E. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng wani aikin wutar lantarki ne a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba a Kamaru wanda za a gina shi a kan ƙananan Kogin Sanaga daga tashar wutar lantarki na Song Loulou. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng da aka tsara ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa da tafki tare da kayan aikin hydroelectric tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na kimanin 1,000 MW a matakin farko da za a tallafawa a matsayin mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa.<ref name="waterpowermagazine">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Grand Eweng project in Cameroon takes major step forward |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsgrand-eweng-project-in-cameroon-takes-major-step-forward-7294120 |access-date=8 April 2020 |publisher=International Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station zai bambanta da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki na baya a Kamaru, saboda zai sami babban samar da wutar wutar lantarki da ƙarfin ajiyar ruwa, yana mai da shi kayan aikin samar da wutar ruwa na dabarun don sarrafa sashin makamashi na Kamaru da Kogin Sanaga. Babban fa'idodin Grand Eweng za su haɗa da samar da makamashi, inganta tsarin ruwa na Kogin Sanaga, rage farashin wutar lantarki, rage gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin da ƙasar gaba ɗaya. == Jerin lokaci == An gano shafin wutar lantarki na Grand Eweng a kan ƙananan Kogin Sanaga a cikin 1983 ta Société Nationale d'Électriticité du Cameroun (SONEL), a wannan lokacin kamfanin wutar lantarki na kasa da ke da alhakin ci gaba da aiki da samar da wutar lantarki a Kamaru, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hydropower Potential Atlas of Cameroon. Gwamnatin Kamaru da mai tallafawa aikin Hydromine, kamfanin samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa na Amurka, sun shiga yarjejeniyar ci gaban aikin (PDA) a cikin 2015, tun lokacin da aka tsawaita, don haɓaka Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station, biyo bayan wasika ta niyya a cikin 2009 da kuma yarjejeniyar fahimta a cikin 2012. Hydromine ya ba da cikakken binciken yiwuwar, gami da ƙirar injiniya ta gaba (FEED) da kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA), gami da nazarin kudi, tattalin arziki, da shari'a, tabbatar da kyawawan ayyukan da yiwuwar Kamaru da kudade. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2019, Gwamnatin Kamaru, wanda Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Makamashi (MINEE), Hydromine, da Eneo Kamaru (ENEO) suka wakilta sun sanya hannu kan wasikar niyya wacce ta bayyana hadin kai tsakanin bangarorin don kammala sharuddan Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki (PPA) tare da ENEO don sayar da wutar lantarki da Grand Eweng Power Station ta samar. Bugu da kari, wasikar niyya ta tsara tsarin da abubuwan da suka faru don tsarin ci gaban gina-da-aiki-canji (BOOT), wanda ke canja wurin Grand Eweng Hydroelectric Power Station zuwa Gwamnatin Kamaru bayan lokacin izini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Le Cameroun mise sur la construction du barrage de Grand Eweng pour renforcer la fiabilité de son réseau électrique |url=https://actucameroun.com/2019/07/11/le-cameroun-mise-sur-la-construction-du-barrage-de-grand-eweng-pour-renforcer-la-fiabilite-de-son-reseau-electrique/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=[[L'Actu (Cameroon)|L'Actu Cameroon]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="waterpowermagazine" /> A ƙarshen 2019 da farkon 2020 an fara shawarwarin jama'a ga ESIA don yawan mutanen da suka shafi a cikin sassan Sanaga-Maritime da Nyong-et-Kéllé tare da sa hannun Ministan Ruwa da Makamashi da Gwamnonin Yankin Littoral da Cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mireille ONANA MEBENGA |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Barrage de Grand Eweng: place aux consultations publiques |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/29343/fr.html/barrage-de-grand-eweng-place-aux-consultations |access-date=8 April 2020 |publisher=[[Cameroon Tribune]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ministan Ruwa da Makamashi ya bayyana a ziyararsa ta Satumba 5, 2019, ga Pouma: "Za a aiwatar da aikin ci gaban hydroelectric na Grand Eweng. [...] A Afirka ta Tsakiya, shine mafi mahimmanci. Ga Gwamnati, don jin daɗin jama'a, ci gaban wannan tsari babban mahimmanci ne. "''"Za a fahimci aikin ci gaban wutar lantarki na Grand Eweng. [...] A Afirka ta Tsakiya, shine mafi mahimmanci. Ga Gwamnati, don jin daɗin jama'a, ci gaban wannan tsari babban mahimmanci ne. "'' Ya zuwa Maris 2020, an shirya tashar wutar lantarki ta Grand Eweng don fara gini a ƙarshen 2022 kuma fara samar da wutar lantarki a cikin 2027-2028. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki == Manazarta == tuxbjy5yb1r3vzo2m976tc5ztb4cavi 0 153812 844323 2026-06-01T05:12:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178066076|Kikot Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kikot''' Hydroelectric ('''KHPS'''), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara ta 500 megawatt a cikin kogin da ke ci gaba a [[Kamaru]] a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]] . An ba da haƙƙin ci gaba ga Kamfanin Kikot Hydro Power Company (KHPC), kamfanin mota na musamman (SPV), mallakar Électricité de France da Gwamnatin Kamaru. Har yanzu ba a sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta dogon lokaci (PPA) tsakanin Eneo Cameroon S.A. da KHPC ba.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Dam din yana fadin Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 60 (37 , yayin da zakara ke tashi, arewa maso yammacin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin hanya kusan kilomita 147 ne (91 . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta mamaye Kogin Sanaga a fadin iyaka tsakanin Yankin Littoral da Yankin Tsakiya na kasar.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, EDF ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Gwamnatin Kamaru (GOC), don gina tashar wutar lantarki tare, a fadin Kogin Sanaga, a cikin ruwa na Nachtigal Hydroelectric Power Station tare da ƙarfin ƙarni tsakanin 450 da 700 megawatts. A watan Yuni an inganta MOU zuwa yarjejeniyar ci gaba tsakanin EDF da GOC. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=BIC |date=4 October 2022 |title=Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Business in Cameroon (BIC)}}</ref> A cewar EDF, ana amfani da lokacin tsakanin 2022 da 2024 don kafa kamfanin SPV, gudanar da nazarin muhalli da yiwuwar, tushen kudade da kuma cimma matsaya ta kudi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ciki har da sanya hannu kan PPA. Ginin zai fara ne a 2025, tare da ƙaddamar da kasuwanci da ake sa ran a 2030.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=BIC |date=4 October 2022 |title=Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Business in Cameroon (BIC)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBIC2022">BIC (4 October 2022). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam "Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam"]. ''Business in Cameroon (BIC)''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Peter Nsoesie |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot Electricity project underway as Cameroon's Finance Minister meets Project Director |url=https://cemac-eco.finance/kikot-electricity-project-underway-as-cameroons-finance-minister-meets-project-director/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Cemac-Eco-Finance}}</ref> == Mallaka == Kamfanin mai amfani da wutar lantarki na musamman ne mai suna Kikot Hydro Power Company (KHPC). Teburin da ke ƙasa ya nuna hannun jari a cikin KHPC.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=TNA |date=September 2023 |title=Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project |url=https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=TrendsnAfrica (TNA)}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'''Kasuwanci a Kamfanin Ruwa na Kikot Hydro''' ! style="width:2em;" |Matsayi !Mai hannun jari !Gida !Kashi !Bayani |- |1 |Wutar Lantarki ta Faransa |[[Faransa]] | |<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=TNA |date=September 2023 |title=Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project |url=https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=TrendsnAfrica (TNA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTNA2023">TNA (September 2023). [https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ "Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project"]. ''TrendsnAfrica (TNA)''. New Delhi, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |[[Kamaru]] | |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="6R" /> |- | |{{Center|'''Total'''}} | | | |- |} == Kudin gini == Kudin da aka kiyasta don madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki shine CFA biliyan 650 (kimanin dala biliyan 1.050) kuma (kimani Yuro biliyan 991) a watan Oktoba 2023. Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya, musamman Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC) ana sa ran zama manyan masu ba da kuɗi a cikin wannan aikin.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="4R" /> == Tsarin lokaci da kuma aiki == A cewar EDF ana sa ran za a fara ginin a 2025. Ana sa ran ƙaddamar da kasuwanci a cikin 2030.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal == Manazarta == 3kqrgfqpgzmt5jwjyzokhd8mj1g1v5y 844324 844323 2026-06-01T05:12:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 844324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kikot''' Hydroelectric ('''KHPS'''), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara ta 500 megawatt a cikin kogin da ke ci gaba a [[Kamaru]] a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]] . An ba da haƙƙin ci gaba ga Kamfanin Kikot Hydro Power Company (KHPC), kamfanin mota na musamman (SPV), mallakar Électricité de France da Gwamnatin Kamaru. Har yanzu ba a sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta dogon lokaci (PPA) tsakanin Eneo Cameroon S.A. da KHPC ba.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Dam din yana fadin Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 60 (37 , yayin da zakara ke tashi, arewa maso yammacin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin hanya kusan kilomita 147 ne (91 . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta mamaye Kogin Sanaga a fadin iyaka tsakanin Yankin Littoral da Yankin Tsakiya na kasar.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, EDF ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Gwamnatin Kamaru (GOC), don gina tashar wutar lantarki tare, a fadin Kogin Sanaga, a cikin ruwa na Nachtigal Hydroelectric Power Station tare da ƙarfin ƙarni tsakanin 450 da 700 megawatts. A watan Yuni an inganta MOU zuwa yarjejeniyar ci gaba tsakanin EDF da GOC. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=BIC |date=4 October 2022 |title=Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Business in Cameroon (BIC)}}</ref> A cewar EDF, ana amfani da lokacin tsakanin 2022 da 2024 don kafa kamfanin SPV, gudanar da nazarin muhalli da yiwuwar, tushen kudade da kuma cimma matsaya ta kudi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ciki har da sanya hannu kan PPA. Ginin zai fara ne a 2025, tare da ƙaddamar da kasuwanci da ake sa ran a 2030.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=BIC |date=4 October 2022 |title=Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Business in Cameroon (BIC)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBIC2022">BIC (4 October 2022). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0410-12786-cameroon-edf-counts-on-the-world-bank-to-finance-the-kikot-dam "Cameroon: EDF counts on the World Bank to finance the Kikot dam"]. ''Business in Cameroon (BIC)''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Peter Nsoesie |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot Electricity project underway as Cameroon's Finance Minister meets Project Director |url=https://cemac-eco.finance/kikot-electricity-project-underway-as-cameroons-finance-minister-meets-project-director/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Cemac-Eco-Finance}}</ref> == Mallaka == Kamfanin mai amfani da wutar lantarki na musamman ne mai suna Kikot Hydro Power Company (KHPC). Teburin da ke ƙasa ya nuna hannun jari a cikin KHPC.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=TNA |date=September 2023 |title=Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project |url=https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=TrendsnAfrica (TNA)}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'''Kasuwanci a Kamfanin Ruwa na Kikot Hydro''' ! style="width:2em;" |Matsayi !Mai hannun jari !Gida !Kashi !Bayani |- |1 |Wutar Lantarki ta Faransa |[[Faransa]] | |<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=TNA |date=September 2023 |title=Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project |url=https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=TrendsnAfrica (TNA)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTNA2023">TNA (September 2023). [https://trendsnafrica.com/cameroon-and-edf-creates-jv-for-the-kikot-dam-project/ "Cameroon and EDF creates JV for the Kikot dam project"]. ''TrendsnAfrica (TNA)''. New Delhi, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |[[Kamaru]] | |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="6R" /> |- | |{{Center|'''Total'''}} | | | |- |} == Kudin gini == Kudin da aka kiyasta don madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki shine CFA biliyan 650 (kimanin dala biliyan 1.050) kuma (kimani Yuro biliyan 991) a watan Oktoba 2023. Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya, musamman Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC) ana sa ran zama manyan masu ba da kuɗi a cikin wannan aikin.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="4R" /> == Tsarin lokaci da kuma aiki == A cewar EDF ana sa ran za a fara ginin a 2025. Ana sa ran ƙaddamar da kasuwanci a cikin 2030.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=26 September 2023 |title=Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (26 September 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-after-nachtigal-frances-edf-is-to-build-a-new-dam-on-the-sanaga-river/ "Cameroon: After Nachtigal, France's EDF is to build a new dam on the Sanaga river"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=EDF Cameroon |date=September 2023 |title=Kikot hydroelectric scheme |url=https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=EDF Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEDF_Cameroon2023">EDF Cameroon (September 2023). [https://cameroun.edf.com/en/our-activities/hydropower/kikot-hydroelectric-scheme "Kikot hydroelectric scheme"]. ''EDF Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal == Manazarta == 2xi3dkypbb3yt6uuovkg1toqnnjozmz 0 153813 844325 2026-06-01T05:14:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341462472|Mbakaou Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mbakaou''' ƙaramar tashar wutar lantarki ce mai aiki {{Convert|1.48|MW}} a Kamaru. An ba da izinin Kasuwanci a watan Disamba na 2021, aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya haɓaka tare da Gwamnatin Kamaru, tare da haɗin gwiwar ''IED Invest'', mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa (IPP) wanda ke zaune a Faransa, da ''Eneo Cameroon S.A.'', kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Kamaru. Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ya kai 11.2 GWh a kowace shekara, ga Eneo Kamaru, a karkashin Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20, kuma ana rarraba shi ga kimanin mutane 40,000 a [[Yankin Adamawa|Lardin Adamawa]] na Kamaru.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Nasi Hako |date=20 April 2022 |title=New mini-hydropower plant humbles Cameroon thermal operations |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/new-mini-hydropower-plant-humbles-cameroon-thermal-operations/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=ESI-Africa |place=Cape Town, South Africa}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen Kogin Djérem, wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Kogin Sanaga]], a garin Mbakaou, a Sashen Djérem. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mbakaou yana da kusan kilomita 34 (21 kudu maso gabashin Tibati, babban gari mafi kusa. Wannan kusan kilomita 489 (304 , arewa maso gabashin [[Yaounde]], babban birnin kasar. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ikon da aka shigar a wannan ƙaramin shigarwar ruwa shine turbines guda biyu na 0.74 MW Kaplan, don matsakaicin ƙarfin 1.48 megawatts. Tashar wutar lantarki mallakar ''IED Invest'' ce, wani IPP da ke da hedikwatar a Francheville, [[Faransa]]. Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a nan ga Eneo Cameroon, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=IED France |date=15 October 2021 |title=Mbakaou Hydroelectric Power Plant Soon To Be Operational |url=https://www.ied-sa.fr/en/home/newsgb/465-mbakaou-hydroelectric-power-plant-soon-to-be-operational.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=IED-SA.Fr |place=Francheville, France}}</ref> Ana fitar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar layin watsa wutar lantarki mai tsawon kilomita 40 (25 mai tsayi 30 kV daga tashar wutar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar wutar sadarwa ta Eneo Cameroon, inda makamashi ya shiga cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="5R" /> == Tarihi == Ginin ya fara ne a watan Satumbar 2019. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=15 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant! |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=25 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant!: Construction Started In September 2019 |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}</ref> An kammala ƙaramin shigarwar ruwa a cikin kasuwanci a watan Disamba na 2021.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon Magazine |date=7 September 2021 |title=Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Businessincameroon.com}}</ref> == Kudin gini da kudade == An bayar da rahoton farashin ginin a matsayin Yuro miliyan 6.8 (XaF biliyan 4.5). An ba da kudade don aikin ne daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Cibiyar Faransa don Muhalli ta Duniya]] da kuma BGFIBank Group, hedkwatar ta a [[Libreville]], Gabon.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=15 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant! |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfrican_Power_Platform2019">African Power Platform (15 September 2019). [https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html "Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant!"]. ''Africanpowerplatform.org''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Sauran la'akari == Akwai yiwuwar kara karfin a wannan tashar wutar lantarki a nan gaba, zuwa 2.8 megawatts.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon Magazine |date=7 September 2021 |title=Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Businessincameroon.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBusiness_in_Cameroon_Magazine2021">Business in Cameroon Magazine (7 September 2021). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june "Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June"]. ''Businessincameroon.com''. Yaounde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == c5j98ef23hlt4glmh4859p7l9xqp1vw 844326 844325 2026-06-01T05:14:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 844326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mbakaou''' ƙaramar tashar wutar lantarki ce mai aiki {{Convert|1.48|MW}} a Kamaru. An ba da izinin Kasuwanci a watan Disamba na 2021, aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya haɓaka tare da Gwamnatin Kamaru, tare da haɗin gwiwar ''IED Invest'', mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa (IPP) wanda ke zaune a Faransa, da ''Eneo Cameroon S.A.'', kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Kamaru. Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki, wanda ya kai 11.2 GWh a kowace shekara, ga Eneo Kamaru, a karkashin Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20, kuma ana rarraba shi ga kimanin mutane 40,000 a [[Yankin Adamawa|Lardin Adamawa]] na Kamaru.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Nasi Hako |date=20 April 2022 |title=New mini-hydropower plant humbles Cameroon thermal operations |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/new-mini-hydropower-plant-humbles-cameroon-thermal-operations/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=ESI-Africa |place=Cape Town, South Africa}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen Kogin Djérem, wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Kogin Sanaga]], a garin Mbakaou, a Sashen Djérem. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Mbakaou yana da kusan kilomita 34 (21 kudu maso gabashin Tibati, babban gari mafi kusa. Wannan kusan kilomita 489 (304 , arewa maso gabashin [[Yaounde]], babban birnin kasar. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ikon da aka shigar a wannan ƙaramin shigarwar ruwa shine turbines guda biyu na 0.74 MW Kaplan, don matsakaicin ƙarfin 1.48 megawatts. Tashar wutar lantarki mallakar ''IED Invest'' ce, wani IPP da ke da hedikwatar a Francheville, [[Faransa]]. Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a nan ga Eneo Cameroon, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=IED France |date=15 October 2021 |title=Mbakaou Hydroelectric Power Plant Soon To Be Operational |url=https://www.ied-sa.fr/en/home/newsgb/465-mbakaou-hydroelectric-power-plant-soon-to-be-operational.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=IED-SA.Fr |place=Francheville, France}}</ref> Ana fitar da wutar lantarki da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar layin watsa wutar lantarki mai tsawon kilomita 40 (25 mai tsayi 30 kV daga tashar wutar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar wutar sadarwa ta Eneo Cameroon, inda makamashi ya shiga cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="5R" /> == Tarihi == Ginin ya fara ne a watan Satumbar 2019. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=15 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant! |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=25 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant!: Construction Started In September 2019 |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}</ref> An kammala ƙaramin shigarwar ruwa a cikin kasuwanci a watan Disamba na 2021.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon Magazine |date=7 September 2021 |title=Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Businessincameroon.com}}</ref> == Kudin gini da kudade == An bayar da rahoton farashin ginin a matsayin Yuro miliyan 6.8 (XaF biliyan 4.5). An ba da kudade don aikin ne daga [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Cibiyar Faransa don Muhalli ta Duniya]] da kuma BGFIBank Group, hedkwatar ta a [[Libreville]], Gabon.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 April 2022 |title=Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (19 April 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-mbakaou-mini-hydroelectric-power-station-goes-into-commercial-operation/ "Cameroon: Mbakaou mini hydroelectric power station goes into commercial operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=African Power Platform |date=15 September 2019 |title=Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant! |url=https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Africanpowerplatform.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfrican_Power_Platform2019">African Power Platform (15 September 2019). [https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/news/press-releases-2/external/1306-press-release-mbakaou-cameroon-s-first-small-private-hydroelectric-power-plant.html "Mbakaou: Cameroon's first small private hydroelectric power plant!"]. ''Africanpowerplatform.org''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Sauran la'akari == Akwai yiwuwar kara karfin a wannan tashar wutar lantarki a nan gaba, zuwa 2.8 megawatts.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon Magazine |date=7 September 2021 |title=Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Businessincameroon.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBusiness_in_Cameroon_Magazine2021">Business in Cameroon Magazine (7 September 2021). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0709-11856-mbakaou-hydropower-plant-aer-announces-possible-completion-in-nov-2021-instead-of-june "Mbakaou hydropower plant: AER announces possible completion in Nov 2021 instead of June"]. ''Businessincameroon.com''. Yaounde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == 3nj7qz385z12w9qsxruw1ckfwsz8zq3 0 153814 844327 2026-06-01T05:15:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1229371203|Mekin Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MW">Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mekin''', wanda kuma ake kira tashar wutar lantarki ce ta Mekin (20,000 , a [[Kamaru]]. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin gini tun farkon shekarun 2010, tare da ƙaddamarwa ta farko da aka shirya don 20{{Convert|15|MW}}. Koyaya, aikin ya sha wahala ta hanyar jinkiri da yawa, rufe shuka da sake farawa. An sake fara tashar wutar lantarki a watan Yunin 2022 don ba da damar tsarawa da kwashewar 11.25 MW na wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 75 cikin dari na matsakaicin ƙarfin. Lokacin da aka kammala gwajin samarwa na yanzu, ana sa ran za a kawo naúrar karshe a kan layi a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2022.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=1 July 2022 |title=Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana cikin ci gaba ta Mekin Hydroelectric Development Corporation (Hydro Mekin kuma HydroMekin), mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Kamaru (IPP). Mai karɓar makamashi shine ''ENEO Cameroon S.A.'', kamfanin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. An yi amfani da wutar lantarki don rarraba da farko, a cikin Sashen Dja da Lobo na Yankin Kudancin Kamaru, inda tashar wutar lantarki take.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon |date=29 May 2022 |title=Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Business In Cameroon}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki ta ratsa [[Kogin Dja]], nan da nan a cikin kogin da ya haɗu da ''Kogin Lobo'', a ƙauyen Mekin, a cikin Sashen Dja da Lobo na Yankin Kudancin Kamaru. Mekin tana da nisan kilomita 75 (47 , arewa maso gabashin garin Sangmelima, hedkwatar sashen. Wannan kusan kilomita 194 ne (121 kudu maso gabashin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru. Yanayin ƙasa na tashar wutar lantarki ta Mekin sune:3°15'34.0"N, 12°25'17.0"E (Latitude:3.259444; Longitude:12.421389). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai cike da dutse tare da turbines na ƙarni huɗu, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 3.75 MW don jimlar ƙarfin ƙarni na 15 MW. Makamashi yana barin turbines na ƙarni a 63kV. A tashar da ke waje da tashar wutar lantarki, ana kara makamashi har zuwa 110kV. Daga nan ana watsa shi ta hanyar igiyoyin watsa wutar lantarki zuwa tashar ENEO a ''Ndjom Yekomo''. A can ana saukar da makamashi zuwa 30kV sannan ya shiga cikin grid na ENEO don rarrabawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Babalwa Bungane |date=28 February 2018 |title=Cameroon on course with 15MW hydroelectrical power dam |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/cameroon-course-15mw-hydroelectrical-power-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=ESI-Africa}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kudade == injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) kwangila shine Kamfanin Injiniyan Lantarki na Kasa na China (CNEEC). Kasafin kudin farko ya kasance CFA biliyan 25 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 40), tare da Bankin Exim na kasar Sin yana ba da rance kashi 85 kuma gwamnatin Kamaru tana ba da gudummawa kashi 15.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon |date=29 May 2022 |title=Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Business In Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBusiness_in_Cameroon2022">Business in Cameroon (29 May 2022). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown "Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown"]. ''Business In Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2022, tare da tsada da yawa, an kashe akalla Yuro miliyan 52.5 a kan gini.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=1 July 2022 |title=Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (1 July 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ "Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == b01qntmfpm4a0jsnag742p7wfwdckvg 844328 844327 2026-06-01T05:15:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 844328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mekin''', wanda kuma ake kira tashar wutar lantarki ce ta Mekin (20,000 , a [[Kamaru]]. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin gini tun farkon shekarun 2010, tare da ƙaddamarwa ta farko da aka shirya don 20{{Convert|15|MW}}. Koyaya, aikin ya sha wahala ta hanyar jinkiri da yawa, rufe shuka da sake farawa. An sake fara tashar wutar lantarki a watan Yunin 2022 don ba da damar tsarawa da kwashewar 11.25 MW na wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 75 cikin dari na matsakaicin ƙarfin. Lokacin da aka kammala gwajin samarwa na yanzu, ana sa ran za a kawo naúrar karshe a kan layi a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2022.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=1 July 2022 |title=Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana cikin ci gaba ta Mekin Hydroelectric Development Corporation (Hydro Mekin kuma HydroMekin), mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Kamaru (IPP). Mai karɓar makamashi shine ''ENEO Cameroon S.A.'', kamfanin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. An yi amfani da wutar lantarki don rarraba da farko, a cikin Sashen Dja da Lobo na Yankin Kudancin Kamaru, inda tashar wutar lantarki take.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon |date=29 May 2022 |title=Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Business In Cameroon}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki ta ratsa [[Kogin Dja]], nan da nan a cikin kogin da ya haɗu da ''Kogin Lobo'', a ƙauyen Mekin, a cikin Sashen Dja da Lobo na Yankin Kudancin Kamaru. Mekin tana da nisan kilomita 75 (47 , arewa maso gabashin garin Sangmelima, hedkwatar sashen. Wannan kusan kilomita 194 ne (121 kudu maso gabashin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru. Yanayin ƙasa na tashar wutar lantarki ta Mekin sune:3°15'34.0"N, 12°25'17.0"E (Latitude:3.259444; Longitude:12.421389). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai cike da dutse tare da turbines na ƙarni huɗu, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 3.75 MW don jimlar ƙarfin ƙarni na 15 MW. Makamashi yana barin turbines na ƙarni a 63kV. A tashar da ke waje da tashar wutar lantarki, ana kara makamashi har zuwa 110kV. Daga nan ana watsa shi ta hanyar igiyoyin watsa wutar lantarki zuwa tashar ENEO a ''Ndjom Yekomo''. A can ana saukar da makamashi zuwa 30kV sannan ya shiga cikin grid na ENEO don rarrabawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Babalwa Bungane |date=28 February 2018 |title=Cameroon on course with 15MW hydroelectrical power dam |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/cameroon-course-15mw-hydroelectrical-power-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=ESI-Africa}}</ref> == Gine-gine da kudade == injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) kwangila shine Kamfanin Injiniyan Lantarki na Kasa na China (CNEEC). Kasafin kudin farko ya kasance CFA biliyan 25 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 40), tare da Bankin Exim na kasar Sin yana ba da rance kashi 85 kuma gwamnatin Kamaru tana ba da gudummawa kashi 15.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Business in Cameroon |date=29 May 2022 |title=Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Business In Cameroon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBusiness_in_Cameroon2022">Business in Cameroon (29 May 2022). [https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown "Mekin Dam resumes operations after a 2-year shutdown"]. ''Business In Cameroon''. Yaounde, Cameroon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2022, tare da tsada da yawa, an kashe akalla Yuro miliyan 52.5 a kan gini.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=1 July 2022 |title=Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2022">Jean Marie Takouleu (1 July 2022). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ "Cameroon: The Mekin hydroelectric power station partially restarts operation"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru == Manazarta == 2w15tov3atjtbxmgegrlumnpdxb4tvj 0 153815 844329 2026-06-01T05:18:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349046259|Nachtigal Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta megawatt 420 da ke gudana a cikin kogin da ke ci gaba a [[Kamaru]] a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]], wanda ke amfani da makamashi na Nachtigal Falls. An ba da haƙƙin ci gaba ga ''Kamfanin Nachtigal Hydro Power Company'' (NHPC), kamfani mallakar ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi (a) Électricité de France (b) Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya da (c) Gwamnatin Kamaru. Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 tana nan, tsakanin Eneo Cameroon S.A. da NHPC.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Dam din yana fadin Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 65 (40 arewa maso gabashin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nachtigal Hydropower Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/nachtigal-hydropower-project/}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:La_Sanaga_près_de_Nachtigal_en_février_1973_(5).jpg|left|thumb|Nachtigal Falls a cikin 1973]] Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai nauyi tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin 420 megawatts, wanda turbines bakwai ke amfani da shi, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin 60 megawatts. Dam din kankare (RCC) zai haifar da tafki tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 4.21 (1,040 kadada), wanda zai iya adana 2.78 miliyan m3 na ruwa.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, NHPC mai ba da izini, zai gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225 kilovolt mai tsawon kilomita 50.3, wanda zai watsa wutar lantarki da aka samar zuwa tashar inda za a haɗa shi cikin wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Da zarar an gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi kuma ya yi aiki, mallaka, aiki da kulawa za su canja zuwa ''Kamfanin watsa wutar lantarki na kasa'' (Sonatrel). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Mallaka == Kamfanin mai amfani na musamman mai suna Nachtigal Hydro Power Company (NHPC) ne ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a cikin NHPC. A cikin 2019, wasu masu hannun jari biyu sun shiga cikin na asali uku. Afirka50, wani reshe na Bankin Raya Afirka, ya dauki kashi 15 cikin dari na hannun jari a NHPC. Stoa Infra & Energy daga [[Faransa]] kuma sun sami kashi 10 cikin 100 na hannun jari a cikin aikin.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 December 2018 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |access-date=5 Jun 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kasuwanci a Kamfanin Nachtigal Hydro Power Company ! style="width:2em;" |Matsayi !Mai hannun jari !Gida !Kashi !Bayani |- |1 |Wutar Lantarki ta Faransa |[[Faransa]] |{{Center|40.00}} |<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 December 2018 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |access-date=5 Jun 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoris_Ngounou2018">Boris Ngounou (6 December 2018). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ "Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders"]. Paris, France: Afrik21.africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2 |Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |{{Center|20.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |3 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |[[Kamaru]] |{{Center|15.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |4 |[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Afirka50]] |[[Ivory Coast]] |{{Center|15.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |5 |Stoa Infra & Energy |Faransa |{{Center|10.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- | |'''Jimillar''' | |{{Center|'''100.0'''}} | |- |} == Kudin gini == Kudin da aka kiyasta don madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarki ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 a cikin 2018. Kimanin Yuro miliyan 300 (kashi 25) an tara shi a cikin gida ta hanyar ƙungiyar NHPC a matsayin saka hannun jari. Sauran adadin, kimanin Yuro miliyan 900, an aro shi daga masu ba da kuɗi na duniya goma sha ɗaya da bankunan Kamaru huɗu. Wasu daga cikin masu ba da rance ga wannan aikin sun hada da: <ref name="1R" /><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=9 November 2018 |title=Cameroon: Funding for Nachtigal hydroelectric power plant (420 MW) complete |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-funding-for-nachtigal-hydroelectric-power-plant-420-mw-complete/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> * [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] * [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]] * Hukumar Raya Faransa * Bayyanawa * Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya * Babban Kamfanin Banki a Kamaru * Kamaru da aka tsara * Asusun Infrastructure na Afirka mai tasowa * FMO (Netherlands) * Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai == Tsarin lokaci da kuma aiki == A watan Disamba na 2021, ''Afrika21'' ta ba da rahoton cewa ana sa ran za a ba da turbine na farko na 60 megawatt a watan Yulin 2023. Ana sa ran na karshe da na bakwai na turbines masu daidaito za su zo kan layi a watan Yulin 2024. <ref name="FinalR">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=22 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal hydroelectric dam to come on stream mid-2024 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydroelectric-dam-to-come-on-stream-mid-2024/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2024, turbine na farko ya fara samar da 60 MW ga grid. Sauran turbines guda shida ana sa ran za su zo kan layi a kusan daya a kowane wata har zuwa turbine na bakwai da aka shirya don kunnawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.<ref name="FinalR1">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=14 May 2024 |title=Nachtigal Dam Injects Its First MW Into Cameroon's Power Grid |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/nachtigal-dam-injects-its-first-mw-into-cameroons-power-grid/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * [[Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kikot]] == Manazarta == hy0x4wvaiafhnxjevpnjvfkaudof41p 844330 844329 2026-06-01T05:19:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 844330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta megawatt 420 da ke gudana a cikin kogin da ke ci gaba a [[Kamaru]] a fadin [[Kogin Sanaga]], wanda ke amfani da makamashi na Nachtigal Falls. An ba da haƙƙin ci gaba ga ''Kamfanin Nachtigal Hydro Power Company'' (NHPC), kamfani mallakar ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi (a) Électricité de France (b) Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya da (c) Gwamnatin Kamaru. Yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 35 tana nan, tsakanin Eneo Cameroon S.A. da NHPC.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Dam din yana fadin Kogin Sanaga, kimanin kilomita 65 (40 arewa maso gabashin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nachtigal Hydropower Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/nachtigal-hydropower-project/}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:La_Sanaga_près_de_Nachtigal_en_février_1973_(5).jpg|left|thumb|Nachtigal Falls a cikin 1973]] Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai nauyi tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin 420 megawatts, wanda turbines bakwai ke amfani da shi, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin 60 megawatts. Dam din kankare (RCC) zai haifar da tafki tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 4.21 (1,040 kadada), wanda zai iya adana 2.78 miliyan m3 na ruwa.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, NHPC mai ba da izini, zai gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225 kilovolt mai tsawon kilomita 50.3, wanda zai watsa wutar lantarki da aka samar zuwa tashar inda za a haɗa shi cikin wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. Da zarar an gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi kuma ya yi aiki, mallaka, aiki da kulawa za su canja zuwa ''Kamfanin watsa wutar lantarki na kasa'' (Sonatrel). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Mallaka == Kamfanin mai amfani na musamman mai suna Nachtigal Hydro Power Company (NHPC) ne ke mallakar tashar wutar lantarki. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jari a cikin NHPC. A cikin 2019, wasu masu hannun jari biyu sun shiga cikin na asali uku. Afirka50, wani reshe na Bankin Raya Afirka, ya dauki kashi 15 cikin dari na hannun jari a NHPC. Stoa Infra & Energy daga [[Faransa]] kuma sun sami kashi 10 cikin 100 na hannun jari a cikin aikin.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 December 2018 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |access-date=5 Jun 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kasuwanci a Kamfanin Nachtigal Hydro Power Company ! style="width:2em;" |Matsayi !Mai hannun jari !Gida !Kashi !Bayani |- |1 |Wutar Lantarki ta Faransa |[[Faransa]] |{{Center|40.00}} |<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=2018 |title=Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=NS Energy Business}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNS_Energy2018">NS Energy (2018). [https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/nachtigal-hydro-power-plant/ "Nachtigal Hydro Power Plant"]. United Kingdom: NS Energy Business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 December 2018 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ |access-date=5 Jun 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoris_Ngounou2018">Boris Ngounou (6 December 2018). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydropower-companys-capital-passes-from-3-to-5-shareholders/ "Cameroon: Nachtigal Hydropower Company's capital passes from 3 to 5 shareholders"]. Paris, France: Afrik21.africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |- |2 |Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |{{Center|20.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |3 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |[[Kamaru]] |{{Center|15.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |4 |[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Afirka50]] |[[Ivory Coast]] |{{Center|15.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- |5 |Stoa Infra & Energy |Faransa |{{Center|10.00}} |<ref name="1R" /><ref name="3R" /> |- | |'''Jimillar''' | |{{Center|'''100.0'''}} | |- |} == Kudin gini == Kudin da aka kiyasta don madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarki ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 a cikin 2018. Kimanin Yuro miliyan 300 (kashi 25) an tara shi a cikin gida ta hanyar ƙungiyar NHPC a matsayin saka hannun jari. Sauran adadin, kimanin Yuro miliyan 900, an aro shi daga masu ba da kuɗi na duniya goma sha ɗaya da bankunan Kamaru huɗu. Wasu daga cikin masu ba da rance ga wannan aikin sun hada da: <ref name="1R" /><ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=9 November 2018 |title=Cameroon: Funding for Nachtigal hydroelectric power plant (420 MW) complete |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-funding-for-nachtigal-hydroelectric-power-plant-420-mw-complete/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> * [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] * [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]] * Hukumar Raya Faransa * Bayyanawa * Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya * Babban Kamfanin Banki a Kamaru * Kamaru da aka tsara * Asusun Infrastructure na Afirka mai tasowa * FMO (Netherlands) * Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai == Tsarin lokaci da kuma aiki == A watan Disamba na 2021, ''Afrika21'' ta ba da rahoton cewa ana sa ran za a ba da turbine na farko na 60 megawatt a watan Yulin 2023. Ana sa ran na karshe da na bakwai na turbines masu daidaito za su zo kan layi a watan Yulin 2024. <ref name="FinalR">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=22 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: Nachtigal hydroelectric dam to come on stream mid-2024 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-nachtigal-hydroelectric-dam-to-come-on-stream-mid-2024/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2024, turbine na farko ya fara samar da 60 MW ga grid. Sauran turbines guda shida ana sa ran za su zo kan layi a kusan daya a kowane wata har zuwa turbine na bakwai da aka shirya don kunnawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.<ref name="FinalR1">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=14 May 2024 |title=Nachtigal Dam Injects Its First MW Into Cameroon's Power Grid |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/nachtigal-dam-injects-its-first-mw-into-cameroons-power-grid/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * [[Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kikot]] == Manazarta == kvpdqvfegtpslp01ruhfu7k1q90dtqz 0 153816 844331 2026-06-01T05:21:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326526576|African butter catfish]]" 844331 wikitext text/x-wiki [[kifi]] na man shanu na Afirka ('''''Shilbe mystus''''') nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Schilbeidae. Yana da asali ga manyan kogi da yawa a Afirka.<ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |last=Zengeya |first=Tsungai |date=12 June 2014 |title=Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/120107 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CAB International}}</ref> Sauran sunayen gama gari ga kifin sun haɗa da kifin man shanu, barbel man shanu, kifin gilashin Afirka, '''lubangu''', kifin mystus, kifin azurfa, da kifin azura. <ref name="cabi" /> [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ne ya bayyana shi da farko a matsayin ''Silurus mystus'' a cikin 1758. <ref name="cabi" /> == Bayyanawa == Kifin man shanu na Afirka yana da jiki mai matsewa kuma fin ɗin kifin mai kitse yana nan koyaushe. <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor2-last=Pauly, D. |title=Schilbe mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/schilbe-mystus.html |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Fishbase}}</ref> Yana iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|40|cm|in}} TL kuma ya ruwaito har zuwa matsakaicin nauyin {{Convert|250|g|oz}} . <ref name="fishbase" /> Launi ne mai launin ruwan kasa a kai da kuma saman bayan kifin, kuma fari ne mai launin azurfa a ƙasan kifin. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |last=Zengeya |first=Tsungai |date=12 June 2014 |title=Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/120107 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CAB International}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZengeya2014">Zengeya, Tsungai (12 June 2014). </cite></ref> Fiffun yawanci ba su da launi. <ref name="cabi" /> <ref name="fishbase" /> An kiyasta cewa tsawon rayuwar kifin zai kasance daga shekaru 6 zuwa 7 <ref name="fishbase" /> Ana yawan samunsa a tsaye ko a hankali a cikin ruwa mai budewa na tabkuna, tafkuna, koguna, da maras zurfi inda akwai ciyayi.<ref name="cabi" /> Ana samun sa a wasu lokuta a cikin yashi ko koguna masu duwatsu, ko filayen ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="iucn" /> Yana ciyarwa daga tsakiyar ruwa da ruwa a kan kifi, kwari, crustaceans, ostracods, kwari.<ref name="Omondi">{{Cite journal |last=Omondi, Reuben and James Ogari |year=1994 |title=Preliminary Study on the Food and Feeding Habits of Schilbe mystus (Linn., 1762) in River Nyando |url=http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/1271/9290640789-P115119.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Proceedings of the Second EEC Regional Seminar on Recent Trends of Research on Lake Victoria Fisheries |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="iucn" /><ref name="cabi" /><ref name="ayo">{{Cite journal |last=Ayoade, A. |display-authors=et al |date=December 2008 |title=Diet and dietary habits of the fish Schilbe mystus (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae) in two artificial lakes in Southwestern Nigeria |url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442008000400021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |publisher=Rev Biol Trop. |volume=56 |pages=1847–55 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v56i4.5764 |pmid=19419086 |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> An lura da shi don ciyar da nau'in kifi Elephant snout (Hyperopisus bebe) da [[Oreochromis niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus">Nilu tilapia]] (Oreochromis niloticus). <ref name="ayo" /> Nau'in ya fi aiki da dare ko a cikin haske mai sauƙi.<ref name="cabi" /> Yana haifar da lokacin ruwan sama a watan Satumba da Oktoba, ta hanyar ƙaura zuwa cikin ambaliyar ruwa da koguna da rafi don haifar da shi.<ref name="Omondi" /> Yana iya haifar da wurare da yawa, yana ajiye ƙwai a kan ciyayi.<ref name="iucn" /> == Amfani da shi == Wannan kifin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasuwanci a sassa da dama na Afirka a matsayin kifin abinci mai mahimmanci. Haka kuma ana sayar da shi a kasuwancin kifaye. <ref name="iucn" /> A arewacin Afirka, kifin yana fuskantar barazanar madatsun ruwa, gurɓatar ruwa, fari, da ƙarancin ruwa. <ref name="iucn" /> Gabaɗaya, IUCN ta lissafa nau'in a matsayin Mafi Damuwa ga Tsakiya, Arewa, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yammacin Afirka. A gabashin Afirka, nau'in yana cikin mummunan raguwa saboda yawan kamun kifi da cin zarafi kuma ana kimanta shi a yankuna a matsayin Mai Rauni. <ref name="iucn" /> == Manazarta == nmg57u9h77x6w7m1t63kjhn6q1o1owp 844332 844331 2026-06-01T05:22:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 844332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[kifi]] na man shanu na Afirka ('''''Shilbe mystus''''') nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Schilbeidae. Yana da asali ga manyan kogi da yawa a Afirka.<ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |last=Zengeya |first=Tsungai |date=12 June 2014 |title=Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/120107 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CAB International}}</ref> Sauran sunayen gama gari ga kifin sun haɗa da kifin man shanu, barbel man shanu, kifin gilashin Afirka, '''lubangu''', kifin mystus, kifin azurfa, da kifin azura. <ref name="cabi" /> [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] ne ya bayyana shi da farko a matsayin ''Silurus mystus'' a cikin 1758. <ref name="cabi" /> == Bayyanawa == Kifin man shanu na Afirka yana da jiki mai matsewa kuma fin ɗin kifin mai kitse yana nan koyaushe. <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor2-last=Pauly, D. |title=Schilbe mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/schilbe-mystus.html |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Fishbase}}</ref> Yana iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|40|cm|in}} TL kuma ya ruwaito har zuwa matsakaicin nauyin {{Convert|250|g|oz}} . <ref name="fishbase" /> Launi ne mai launin ruwan kasa a kai da kuma saman bayan kifin, kuma fari ne mai launin azurfa a ƙasan kifin. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |last=Zengeya |first=Tsungai |date=12 June 2014 |title=Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/120107 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CAB International}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZengeya2014">Zengeya, Tsungai (12 June 2014). </cite></ref> Fiffun yawanci ba su da launi. <ref name="cabi" /> <ref name="fishbase" /> An kiyasta cewa tsawon rayuwar kifin zai kasance daga shekaru 6 zuwa 7 <ref name="fishbase" /> Ana yawan samunsa a tsaye ko a hankali a cikin ruwa mai budewa na tabkuna, tafkuna, koguna, da maras zurfi inda akwai ciyayi.<ref name="cabi" /> Ana samun sa a wasu lokuta a cikin yashi ko koguna masu duwatsu, ko filayen ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="iucn" /> Yana ciyarwa daga tsakiyar ruwa da ruwa a kan kifi, kwari, crustaceans, ostracods, kwari.<ref name="Omondi">{{Cite journal |last=Omondi, Reuben and James Ogari |year=1994 |title=Preliminary Study on the Food and Feeding Habits of Schilbe mystus (Linn., 1762) in River Nyando |url=http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/1271/9290640789-P115119.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Proceedings of the Second EEC Regional Seminar on Recent Trends of Research on Lake Victoria Fisheries |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="iucn" /><ref name="cabi" /><ref name="ayo">{{Cite journal |last=Ayoade, A. |display-authors=et al |date=December 2008 |title=Diet and dietary habits of the fish Schilbe mystus (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae) in two artificial lakes in Southwestern Nigeria |url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442008000400021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |publisher=Rev Biol Trop. |volume=56 |pages=1847–55 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v56i4.5764 |pmid=19419086 |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> An lura da shi don ciyar da nau'in kifi Elephant snout (Hyperopisus bebe) da [[Oreochromis niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus">Nilu tilapia]] (Oreochromis niloticus). <ref name="ayo" /> Nau'in ya fi aiki da dare ko a cikin haske mai sauƙi.<ref name="cabi" /> Yana haifar da lokacin ruwan sama a watan Satumba da Oktoba, ta hanyar ƙaura zuwa cikin ambaliyar ruwa da koguna da rafi don haifar da shi.<ref name="Omondi" /> Yana iya haifar da wurare da yawa, yana ajiye ƙwai a kan ciyayi.<ref name="iucn" /> == Amfani da shi == Wannan kifin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasuwanci a sassa da dama na Afirka a matsayin kifin abinci mai mahimmanci. Haka kuma ana sayar da shi a kasuwancin kifaye. <ref name="iucn" /> A arewacin Afirka, kifin yana fuskantar barazanar madatsun ruwa, gurɓatar ruwa, fari, da ƙarancin ruwa. <ref name="iucn" /> Gabaɗaya, IUCN ta lissafa nau'in a matsayin Mafi Damuwa ga Tsakiya, Arewa, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yammacin Afirka. A gabashin Afirka, nau'in yana cikin mummunan raguwa saboda yawan kamun kifi da cin zarafi kuma ana kimanta shi a yankuna a matsayin Mai Rauni. <ref name="iucn" /> == Manazarta == k4hugro1et465f8t5zfyi0aziignikf 0 153817 844333 2026-06-01T05:24:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1206004068|Atopochilus savorgnani]]" 844333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Atopochilus savorgnani''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na asalin [[Kamaru]] inda ake samunsa a cikin [[Kogin Campo|Kogin Ntem]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] inda yake faruwa a Río Muni da [[Gabon]] inda ake samun sa a saman [[Kogin Ogooué|Kogin Ogowe]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 9 centimeters (3.5 in) SL. == Magana == An sanya sunan kifin ne don girmama mai binciken Italiyanci Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà (1852-1905), wanda ya binciki Kogin Ogooué na Gabon (irin yankin); a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an sanya sunan babban birnin Jamhuriyar Kongo Brazzaville bayan shi kuma sarakunan mulkin mallaka sun riƙe shi.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order SILURIFORMES: Families MALAPTERURIDAE, MOCHOKIDAE, SCHILBEIDAE, AUCHENOGLANIDIDAE, CLAROTEIDAE and LACANTUNIIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/siluriformes8/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7y9gcdwdrktmdfly2j4kgrvzziho40x 844334 844333 2026-06-01T05:25:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 844334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Atopochilus savorgnani''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na asalin [[Kamaru]] inda ake samunsa a cikin [[Kogin Campo|Kogin Ntem]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] inda yake faruwa a Río Muni da [[Gabon]] inda ake samun sa a saman [[Kogin Ogooué|Kogin Ogowe]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 9 centimeters (3.5 in) SL. == Magana == An sanya sunan kifin ne don girmama mai binciken Italiyanci Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà (1852-1905), wanda ya binciki Kogin Ogooué na Gabon (irin yankin); a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an sanya sunan babban birnin Jamhuriyar Kongo Brazzaville bayan shi kuma sarakunan mulkin mallaka sun riƙe shi.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order SILURIFORMES: Families MALAPTERURIDAE, MOCHOKIDAE, SCHILBEIDAE, AUCHENOGLANIDIDAE, CLAROTEIDAE and LACANTUNIIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/siluriformes8/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == pbce4osv74wp29r5cgvbk66gxq7956o 0 153818 844348 2026-06-01T06:36:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307688569|Yala River]]" 844348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Yala''' wani kogi ne a yammacin Kenya, wani yanki ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Gabaɗaya yana gudana da sauri a kan gado mai duwatsu ta hanyar kwari mai faɗi kafin ya shiga [[Kogin Nzoia]] don samar da Yala Swamp a kan iyakar Tafkin Victoria. Yankin da ke kan hanya galibi ana noma shi ko kuma ana amfani dashi don kiwo, tare da raguwa kaɗan na asalin gandun daji. Rugujewar ƙasa tana bayyane a ko'ina cikin kogin, musamman a ƙananan sassan. Ana gudanar da ayyukan don amfani da kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Yala ya tashi a cikin Nandi Escarpment a cikin Lardin Rift Valley, Kenya. Yana gudana zuwa yamma don kilomita 219 (136 zuwa bakinsa a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a cikin Siaya County, Kenya . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna na Kenya da ke ciyar da Tafkin Victoria, tare da matsakaicin fitarwa na 27.4 mita a kowace dakika (970 cu ft / s). {{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kogin yana ba da gudummawa game da 5% na shigar shekara-shekara zuwa Tafkin Victoria.{{Sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Kogin Yala yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ya girma wanda ya bayyana cewa an sake farfadowa a lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin rifting na tsakiyar Pleistocene. Yana gudana da sauri a kan gado mai duwatsu, tare da sanannen rashin filayen alluvial da terraces.{{Sfn|Ominde|1971}} Babban tashar tana da kimanin mita 30 (98 a fadin, ban da Yala Swamp . {{Sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Kogin yana gudana ta kudu maso gabashin Kakamega Forest, inda yake da faɗuwar ruwa mai mita 20 (66 .{{Sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019}} Yala Swamp a bakin kogin ya rufe kimanin kilomita 175 (68 sq tare da iyakar arewacin Tafkin Victoria . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Yankin ya ƙunshi kilomita 15 (5.8 sq [[Tafkin Kanyaboli]], wani wuri mai laushi mai laushi tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 3 (9.8 , wanda ambaliyar ruwa na kogin [[Kogin Nzoia|Nzoia]] da Yala ke ciyarwa da kuma dawowar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria. Tafkin yana ba da mafaka ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba su cikin Tafkin Victoria ba.{{Sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} A baya Kogin Yala ya gudana ta gabashin 20% na Yala Swamp zuwa Tafkin Kanyaboli, sannan zuwa cikin babban tafki, sannan ta hanyar karamin gulf zuwa Tafkin Victoria. A yau an zubar da gabashin tafkin, kuma kogin yana gudana kai tsaye cikin kilomita 80 (31 sq babban tafkin. An yanke shi daga Tafkin Kanyaboli ta hanyar laka-layyar yumbu. Tafkin Kanyaboli yanzu yana karɓar ruwa daga yankin da ke kewaye da shi kuma daga baya daga tafkin. An yanke gulf din kogin daga tafkin ta hanyar rami, wanda ya haifar da kilomita 5 (1.9 sq [[Tafkin Sare]] ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa.{{Sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Tafkin Sare, tare da alaƙa kai tsaye da Tafkin Victoria, yana da mahimmanci wajen adana kifin kifi na Tafkin Victoria.{{Sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005}} Ruwan kogin ya shiga Tafkin Victoria daga Tafkin Sare ta hanyar tashar da gada ta haye wanda ke dauke da babbar hanyar C27 ta bakin teku tare da hanyar Goye. {{Sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{Sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005}} == Rashin ruwa == [[Fayil:Crossing_The_Yala.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa da aka yi da hannu a kan kogi]] Kogin Yala ya rufe kilomita 3,351 (1,294 sq . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Wani binciken kula da yanayin halittu na kogin Yala da [[Kogin Nzoia|Nzoia]] ya ba da rahoton asali a cikin 2008. Ya yi nazarin wakilan kilomita 100 (39 sq na ƙasa a cikin tafkin Yala.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} A cikin dukkan tubalan uku an noma yawancin ƙasar. Amfanin gona na rayuwa sun haɗa da [[masara]], [[wake]], [[sorghum]], [[ayaba]], maniyyi da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], yayin da amfanin gona na kuɗi ya haɗa da shayi, alkama da mango.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Upper Yala Block a cikin Gundumar Uasin Gishu ya haɗa da [[Rashin ruwa na Kesses|Lake Lessos]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen Kogin Yala. Ginin yana da ƙasa mai matakin tare da tuddai masu matsakaici tare da raguwa mai zurfi. Akwai wuraren da ke da ruwa da ƙananan rafi na dindindin. Gidajen gona suna da girma kuma akwai karancin aikin gona. Yankin da aka noma ya haɗu da makiyaya.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Samar da madara yana da mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kashi 22% na filayen sun nuna lalacewar ƙasa a cikin 2008.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Yankin Yala na Tsakiya a cikin Gundumar Vihiga da Gundumar Kakamega sun ƙunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka tare da ƙananan rafi da yawa, kuma suna da tarin wuraren da ke da ruwa. Akwai ragowar gandun daji da aka adana a ko'ina cikin toshe da aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na al'adu, da kuma katako a cikin gandun daji na Kaimosi a kudu maso gabashin toshe. Yawancin gonakin suna da yawa, ba tare da juyawa na gargajiya da lokutan da ba su da kyau. Ana sarrafa gonakin da kyau a arewacin toshe, tare da karin bishiyoyi da shinge, yayin da a kudancin ɓangaren ana noma tuddai masu tsawo ba tare da matakan kiyayewa ba.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kimanin rabin toshe yana nuna shaidar lalacewar ƙasa.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} == Ayyukan wutar lantarki == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016 an kammala binciken yiwuwar ci gaban madatsar ruwan Nandi Forest don tallafawa ban ruwa, samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami turbines Pelton na 25 MW guda biyu kuma za ta samar da GWh 185 a kowace shekara.{{Sfn|Lahmeyer International GmbH|2016}} A watan Afrilu na 2020 an ba da sanarwar cewa Tembo Power na Mauritius, tare da Metier da WK Construction na Afirka ta Kudu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ci gaba da tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kan Kogin Yala.{{Sfn|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kaptis]] za ta sami ƙarfin 15MW kuma za ta fara aiki a shekarar 2022. Aikin zai kashe dala miliyan 30. Za a ciyar da wutar lantarki zuwa grid ɗin da kamfanin Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) ke sarrafawa.{{Sfn|Takouleu|2020}} Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a kusa da garin Kakamega.{{Sfn|Creamer|2020}} == Manazarta == t2g18n942otyqwjh7zrp62lae37ldy1 844349 844348 2026-06-01T06:36:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 844349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Yala''' wani kogi ne a yammacin Kenya, wani yanki ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Gabaɗaya yana gudana da sauri a kan gado mai duwatsu ta hanyar kwari mai faɗi kafin ya shiga [[Kogin Nzoia]] don samar da Yala Swamp a kan iyakar Tafkin Victoria. Yankin da ke kan hanya galibi ana noma shi ko kuma ana amfani dashi don kiwo, tare da raguwa kaɗan na asalin gandun daji. Rugujewar ƙasa tana bayyane a ko'ina cikin kogin, musamman a ƙananan sassan. Ana gudanar da ayyukan don amfani da kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Yala ya tashi a cikin Nandi Escarpment a cikin Lardin Rift Valley, Kenya. Yana gudana zuwa yamma don kilomita 219 (136 zuwa bakinsa a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a cikin Siaya County, Kenya . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna na Kenya da ke ciyar da Tafkin Victoria, tare da matsakaicin fitarwa na 27.4 mita a kowace dakika (970 cu ft / s). {{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kogin yana ba da gudummawa game da 5% na shigar shekara-shekara zuwa Tafkin Victoria.{{Sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Kogin Yala yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ya girma wanda ya bayyana cewa an sake farfadowa a lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin rifting na tsakiyar Pleistocene. Yana gudana da sauri a kan gado mai duwatsu, tare da sanannen rashin filayen alluvial da terraces.{{Sfn|Ominde|1971}} Babban tashar tana da kimanin mita 30 (98 a fadin, ban da Yala Swamp . {{Sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Kogin yana gudana ta kudu maso gabashin Kakamega Forest, inda yake da faɗuwar ruwa mai mita 20 (66 .{{Sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019}} Yala Swamp a bakin kogin ya rufe kimanin kilomita 175 (68 sq tare da iyakar arewacin Tafkin Victoria . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Yankin ya ƙunshi kilomita 15 (5.8 sq [[Tafkin Kanyaboli]], wani wuri mai laushi mai laushi tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 3 (9.8 , wanda ambaliyar ruwa na kogin [[Kogin Nzoia|Nzoia]] da Yala ke ciyarwa da kuma dawowar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria. Tafkin yana ba da mafaka ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba su cikin Tafkin Victoria ba.{{Sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} A baya Kogin Yala ya gudana ta gabashin 20% na Yala Swamp zuwa Tafkin Kanyaboli, sannan zuwa cikin babban tafki, sannan ta hanyar karamin gulf zuwa Tafkin Victoria. A yau an zubar da gabashin tafkin, kuma kogin yana gudana kai tsaye cikin kilomita 80 (31 sq babban tafkin. An yanke shi daga Tafkin Kanyaboli ta hanyar laka-layyar yumbu. Tafkin Kanyaboli yanzu yana karɓar ruwa daga yankin da ke kewaye da shi kuma daga baya daga tafkin. An yanke gulf din kogin daga tafkin ta hanyar rami, wanda ya haifar da kilomita 5 (1.9 sq [[Tafkin Sare]] ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa.{{Sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Tafkin Sare, tare da alaƙa kai tsaye da Tafkin Victoria, yana da mahimmanci wajen adana kifin kifi na Tafkin Victoria.{{Sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005}} Ruwan kogin ya shiga Tafkin Victoria daga Tafkin Sare ta hanyar tashar da gada ta haye wanda ke dauke da babbar hanyar C27 ta bakin teku tare da hanyar Goye. {{Sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{Sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005}} == Rashin ruwa == [[Fayil:Crossing_The_Yala.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa da aka yi da hannu a kan kogi]] Kogin Yala ya rufe kilomita 3,351 (1,294 sq . {{Sfn|Okuna|2019}} Wani binciken kula da yanayin halittu na kogin Yala da [[Kogin Nzoia|Nzoia]] ya ba da rahoton asali a cikin 2008. Ya yi nazarin wakilan kilomita 100 (39 sq na ƙasa a cikin tafkin Yala.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} A cikin dukkan tubalan uku an noma yawancin ƙasar. Amfanin gona na rayuwa sun haɗa da [[masara]], [[wake]], [[sorghum]], [[ayaba]], maniyyi da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], yayin da amfanin gona na kuɗi ya haɗa da shayi, alkama da mango.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Upper Yala Block a cikin Gundumar Uasin Gishu ya haɗa da [[Rashin ruwa na Kesses|Lake Lessos]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen Kogin Yala. Ginin yana da ƙasa mai matakin tare da tuddai masu matsakaici tare da raguwa mai zurfi. Akwai wuraren da ke da ruwa da ƙananan rafi na dindindin. Gidajen gona suna da girma kuma akwai karancin aikin gona. Yankin da aka noma ya haɗu da makiyaya.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Samar da madara yana da mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kashi 22% na filayen sun nuna lalacewar ƙasa a cikin 2008.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Yankin Yala na Tsakiya a cikin Gundumar Vihiga da Gundumar Kakamega sun ƙunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka tare da ƙananan rafi da yawa, kuma suna da tarin wuraren da ke da ruwa. Akwai ragowar gandun daji da aka adana a ko'ina cikin toshe da aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na al'adu, da kuma katako a cikin gandun daji na Kaimosi a kudu maso gabashin toshe. Yawancin gonakin suna da yawa, ba tare da juyawa na gargajiya da lokutan da ba su da kyau. Ana sarrafa gonakin da kyau a arewacin toshe, tare da karin bishiyoyi da shinge, yayin da a kudancin ɓangaren ana noma tuddai masu tsawo ba tare da matakan kiyayewa ba.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} Kimanin rabin toshe yana nuna shaidar lalacewar ƙasa.{{Sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008}} == Ayyukan wutar lantarki == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016 an kammala binciken yiwuwar ci gaban madatsar ruwan Nandi Forest don tallafawa ban ruwa, samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami turbines Pelton na 25 MW guda biyu kuma za ta samar da GWh 185 a kowace shekara.{{Sfn|Lahmeyer International GmbH|2016}} A watan Afrilu na 2020 an ba da sanarwar cewa Tembo Power na Mauritius, tare da Metier da WK Construction na Afirka ta Kudu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ci gaba da tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kan Kogin Yala.{{Sfn|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kaptis]] za ta sami ƙarfin 15MW kuma za ta fara aiki a shekarar 2022. Aikin zai kashe dala miliyan 30. Za a ciyar da wutar lantarki zuwa grid ɗin da kamfanin Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) ke sarrafawa.{{Sfn|Takouleu|2020}} Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a kusa da garin Kakamega.{{Sfn|Creamer|2020}} == Manazarta == 1mjlhuomc3uozzu5djytm2map2io0up 0 153819 844350 2026-06-01T06:38:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314169179|Bayad]]" 844350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bayada''' (''Bagrus bajad''), wani nau'in kifi ne daga Afirka.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311220811/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2007-08-08}}</ref> == Rarraba == Gidan halitta na bayad sune tabkuna da koguna a Afirka. Wadannan sun hada da tabkuna kamar Lake Chad, Lake Albert, da Lake Turkana, da kuma koguna kamar Nile, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da [[Senegal]]. == Bayyanawa == Jikin bayad yawanci yana da tsawo a siffar. Dorsal fin yana da kashin baya mai santsi, kuma kashin kirji suna da kashin da ke da sashi a ciki. Akwai nau'i-nau'i huɗu na barbel anatomy barbels. Barbels na maxillary yawanci ya kai ga fin ventral ko fins pelvic. Wannan kifi yana da launin rawaya-kore ko baƙar fata tare da farin ciki. Fuka-fukan suna da duhu, wani lokacin suna da launin ruwan kasa. Matasa suna da ƙananan baƙar fata a bangarorin. Bayad ɗin yana da matsakaicin girman kusan 112 centimeters (44.1 in) FL. Yana da matsakaicin nauyin da aka buga na 12.5 kilogram (27.5 lb), amma an san shi da kai 100 kg (220 lb). Matsakaicin girman da nauyin maza ba su da yawa fiye da na mata daga wannan shekarun. Maza suna girma har zuwa shekaru 7, mata suna da shekaru 8 (Ref. 51644). == Muhalli == Ana samun bayad a cikin tabkuna, maras kyau da koguna. Yana guje wa ruwan gishiri. Wannan nau'in yana ciyar da kusan dukkanin sa'o'in hasken rana a cikin ramuka na duwatsu sabili da haka ba a gani sosai. Yana rayuwa kuma yana cin abinci a kan ko kusa da kasa. Manya suna cin kifi ne kawai; yana cinye ƙananan kifi, musamman nau'in ''Alests'', ko ''Chrysichthys auratus'' kamar yadda yake a [[Tafkin Kainji]]. Wadannan kifaye kuma suna cin kwari, crustaceans, mollusks, da kayan lambu. Ingancin kama kifin kifi yana da ƙarfi ta hanyar kai hari fuska da fuska, guje wa lalacewa ta hanyar dorsal da pectoral spines na ganima.<ref name="fishbase" /> Akwai wasu alamun cewa jinsin ya zo cikin ruwa mai zurfi don haifuwa. Lokacin haifuwa yana daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Iyaye suna gina da kuma kula da gida, wanda yake kamar faifai mai laushi tare da rami na tsakiya inda aka zubar da ƙwai; girman gida da rami na tsakiyar ya dogara da girman kifi. == Dangantaka da mutane == Bayad wani muhimmin kifi ne na abinci. Naman bayad yana da kyau a ci kuma yana da muhimmancin tattalin arziki, ana sayar da shi azaman abinci. == Manazarta == kl2vgkxrj2noaxuki78a0uoylfp8bxp 844351 844350 2026-06-01T06:38:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 844351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bayada''' (''Bagrus bajad''), wani nau'in kifi ne daga Afirka.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311220811/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2007-08-08}}</ref> == Rarraba == Gidan halitta na bayad sune tabkuna da koguna a Afirka. Wadannan sun hada da tabkuna kamar Lake Chad, Lake Albert, da Lake Turkana, da kuma koguna kamar Nile, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da [[Senegal]]. == Bayyanawa == Jikin bayad yawanci yana da tsawo a siffar. Dorsal fin yana da kashin baya mai santsi, kuma kashin kirji suna da kashin da ke da sashi a ciki. Akwai nau'i-nau'i huɗu na barbel anatomy barbels. Barbels na maxillary yawanci ya kai ga fin ventral ko fins pelvic. Wannan kifi yana da launin rawaya-kore ko baƙar fata tare da farin ciki. Fuka-fukan suna da duhu, wani lokacin suna da launin ruwan kasa. Matasa suna da ƙananan baƙar fata a bangarorin. Bayad ɗin yana da matsakaicin girman kusan 112 centimeters (44.1 in) FL. Yana da matsakaicin nauyin da aka buga na 12.5 kilogram (27.5 lb), amma an san shi da kai 100 kg (220 lb). Matsakaicin girman da nauyin maza ba su da yawa fiye da na mata daga wannan shekarun. Maza suna girma har zuwa shekaru 7, mata suna da shekaru 8 (Ref. 51644). == Muhalli == Ana samun bayad a cikin tabkuna, maras kyau da koguna. Yana guje wa ruwan gishiri. Wannan nau'in yana ciyar da kusan dukkanin sa'o'in hasken rana a cikin ramuka na duwatsu sabili da haka ba a gani sosai. Yana rayuwa kuma yana cin abinci a kan ko kusa da kasa. Manya suna cin kifi ne kawai; yana cinye ƙananan kifi, musamman nau'in ''Alests'', ko ''Chrysichthys auratus'' kamar yadda yake a [[Tafkin Kainji]]. Wadannan kifaye kuma suna cin kwari, crustaceans, mollusks, da kayan lambu. Ingancin kama kifin kifi yana da ƙarfi ta hanyar kai hari fuska da fuska, guje wa lalacewa ta hanyar dorsal da pectoral spines na ganima.<ref name="fishbase" /> Akwai wasu alamun cewa jinsin ya zo cikin ruwa mai zurfi don haifuwa. Lokacin haifuwa yana daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Iyaye suna gina da kuma kula da gida, wanda yake kamar faifai mai laushi tare da rami na tsakiya inda aka zubar da ƙwai; girman gida da rami na tsakiyar ya dogara da girman kifi. == Dangantaka da mutane == Bayad wani muhimmin kifi ne na abinci. Naman bayad yana da kyau a ci kuma yana da muhimmancin tattalin arziki, ana sayar da shi azaman abinci. == Manazarta == iqiu2jqf8lzph7hju50ftdeozlrz389 0 153820 844352 2026-06-01T06:53:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313795203|Common eagle ray]]" 844352 wikitext text/x-wiki Rayuwar gaggafa ta yau da kullun ko '''bullray''' ('''''Myliobatis aquila''''') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Myliobatidae . Yana zaune a gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] (Teku na Arewa zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]]), [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. == Bayyanawa == Hasken gaggafa na yau da kullun ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|183|cm|ft|1}} cm (6.0 a cikin jimlar tsawon <ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 |access-date=5 June 2016 |publisher=FishBase}}</ref> tare da faɗin faifai har zuwa {{Convert|80|cm|ft}} , kodayake yawancin samfurori sun fi karami. Mata suna girma sun fi maza girma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Christian |first=C. |date=1976-05-01 |title=Etude du regime alimentaire de l'Aigle de mer, Myliobatis aquila (L., 1758) des cotes tunisiennes |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |issn=1054-3139 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yankin baya yana da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata yayin da ɓangaren ventral fari ne. Yana da faifan rhomboidal tare da manyan fuka-fukan pectoral guda biyu da ke nunawa a kowane gefe, da kuma fuka-fuka guda ɗaya.<ref name="FishBase" /> Kunnen da ba shi da kyau yana da zagaye kuma wutsiya tana da tsawo kuma tana da laushi, tare da babban kashin baya a gindinta amma babu wutsiya. <ref name="FishBase" /> <ref name=":0" /> A matsakaici, maza suna da sassan kashin baya 72 kuma mata suna da sashi na kashin baya 66. Ƙarƙashin yana da kusan 70% na tsawon namiji da 65% na tsawon mace.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Frank J |date=2005 |title=Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (order Myliobatiformes) found in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas |journal=Electronic Journal of Ichthyology |volume=1 |pages=1–9}}</ref> Tsakanin tsakiya na dorsal, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin glandular da ake buƙata don allurar guba, ya shimfiɗa tare da 10-40% na wutsiya.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maretic |first=Z. |date=1982-01-01 |title=Some clinical and epidemiological problems of venom poisoning today |journal=Toxicon |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=345–348 |bibcode=1982Txcn...20..345M |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(82)90241-0 |issn=0041-0101 |pmid=6123162}}</ref> Yana da tashoshin fitarwa guda ɗaya ko biyu don guba. == Rarraba da mazaunin == Wannan nau'in yana faruwa a gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], gami da Tekun Arewa, daga Tsibirin Burtaniya zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya kai ga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin Bahar Rum. Yana faruwa a kusa da bakin teku da kuma ci gaba, a zurfin har zuwa kimanin {{Convert|800|m|ft}} m (2,600 , amma yawancin lokacinsa ana ciyar da shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a ƙasa da {{Convert|50|m|ft}} . Yawanci ya fi son wuraren yashi masu budewa. Har ila yau, an samo shi a cikin wani tafki mai rufewa a tsibirin Gran Canaria, musamman a cikin hunturu (Maris zuwa Afrilu) da rani (Agusta zuwa Oktoba), inda aka kafa shi don fi son duwatsu da haɗin gwiwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Tuya |first=Fernando |last2=Asensio |first2=Maite |last3=Navarro |first3=Alberto |date=2020-05-01 |title="Urbanite" rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485520304709 |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |bibcode=2020RSMS...3701342T |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101342 |issn=2352-4855 |s2cid=225914133 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Muhalli == === Abinci da abinci === Benthic invertebrates sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na abincin gaggafa na yau da kullun.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Christian |first=C. |date=1976-05-01 |title=Etude du regime alimentaire de l'Aigle de mer, Myliobatis aquila (L., 1758) des cotes tunisiennes |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |issn=1054-3139 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChristian1976">Christian, C. (1976-05-01). </cite></ref> Dabbobi galibi suna cin abinci a kan crustaceans da bivalve molluscs waɗanda suke tonowa daga ƙarƙashin teku. Sauran abubuwa a cikin abincinsa sun haɗa da tsutsotsi na polychaete, gastropod molluscs, alkalami na teku da ƙananan [[kifi]]. Manyan mutane suna cin kifi fiye da ƙananan mutane.<ref name=":5" /> Maimakon samun hakora masu kaifi, yana da sanduna da faranti na hexagonal da aka shirya a cikin tsari na mosaic a kan yatsunsa; tare da waɗannan, yana murkushe harsashi na ganimarsa. An gano Mollusks da kifi na teleost sune mafi mahimmancin kayan abinci ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Tekun Marmara, kodayake ana samun polychaetas da crustaceans akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gül |first=Güzin |last2=Demirel |first2=Nazli |date=2020 |title=Trophic interactions of uncommon batoid species in the Sea of Marmara |journal=J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=294–309}}</ref> ''[[Calliostoma lusitanicum]]'' da ''Stramonita haemastoma'' sune nau'ikan dabbobi da aka fi sani da su a bakin tekun Azores.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ponte |first=Dário Dinis Sousa |last2=Barcelos |first2=Luís Miguel Duarte |last3=Santos |first3=Cristina Sousa |last4=Medeiros |first4=João |last5=Barreiros |first5=João P. |date=2016 |title=Diet of Dasyatis pastinaca and Myliobatis aquila (Myliobatiformes) from the Azores, NE Atlantic |url=https://repositorio.uac.pt/handle/10400.3/4135 |journal=Cybium |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=209–214 |issn=0399-0974}}</ref> === Haihuwa da ci gaba === An san wannan nau'in don tarawa a cikin rukuni na mutane da yawa a lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grancagnolo |first=Desiree |last2=Arculeo |first2=Marco |date=2021 |title=Summer aggregation of common eagle ray, Myliobatis aquila (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in the Marine Protected Area of the Egadi Islands (southwestern Tyrrhenian Sea) |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27p8p7xk |journal=Biogeographia: The Journal of Integrative Biogeography |language=en |volume=36 |doi=10.21426/B636051230 |issn=1594-7629 |s2cid=234245830 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Haihuwa tana da oviviparous. Yaran yara uku zuwa bakwai suna tasowa a cikin mahaifiyar, suna karɓar abinci mai gina jiki da farko daga kwai, amma daga baya daga ruwan da mahaifiyarsu ta ɓoye a cikin mahaifa.<ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 |access-date=5 June 2016 |publisher=FishBase}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 "''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray"]. </cite></ref> Lokacin daukar ciki yana da tsawon watanni 6-8, bayan haka mace tana haihuwar yara uku zuwa bakwai masu rai. An kama ƙananan yara a kusa da Faransa tsakanin Mayu da Satumba a bakin tekun Faransa. Har yanzu suna da alamar da ba a warke ba a ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa su jarirai ne. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu a 1983 ya sami yara a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buxton |first=C.D. |last2=Smale |first2=M.J. |last3=Wallace |first3=J.H. |last4=Cockcroft |first4=V.G. |date=1984-01-01 |title=Inshore small-mesh trawling survey of the Cape south coast. Part 4. Contributions to the biology of some teleostei and Chondrichthyes |journal=South African Journal of Zoology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=180–188 |doi=10.1080/02541858.1984.11447880 |issn=0254-1858 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma sami yara a tsibirin Gran Canaria a watan Oktoba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Tuya |first=Fernando |last2=Asensio |first2=Maite |last3=Navarro |first3=Alberto |date=2020-05-01 |title="Urbanite" rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485520304709 |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |bibcode=2020RSMS...3701342T |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101342 |issn=2352-4855 |s2cid=225914133 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuyaAsensioNavarro2020">Tuya, Fernando; Asensio, Maite; Navarro, Alberto (2020-05-01). </cite></ref> ==== Ci gaban mata ==== Matasa mata suna da fararen membranous ovaries da thread-like oviducts. Glandunan oviducal ba su da tabbas. Ƙananan manya suna da fararen translucent follicles da kuma rarrabewar al'aura. Glandunan oviducal suna da ɗan zagaye. Manya mata da aka kama a watan Janairu da Maris a bakin tekun [[Faransa]] an gano suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ovaries biyu. Uteri suna da kauri kuma suna da tsoka. Sun ƙunshi ruwan mahaifa, wanda mai yiwuwa an cire shi daga villi wanda ya rufe bango na ciki. Mata da aka kama a watan Agusta da Satumba a wannan yankin suna da tsakanin takwas zuwa goma yolky oocytes na irin wannan girman da taro. Dukkanin mahaifa sun fadada kuma suna dauke da ruwa na mahaifa. Villi sun bunkasa sosai kuma sun kafa trophonemata, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ciki na stingray. An sami ƙwai da aka kewaye da diaphanous da kuma murfin mai launin rawaya wanda ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin filament a kowane ƙarshen a cikin mace da aka kama a watan Oktoba. Ovary ya ƙunshi atretic oocytes. == Manazarta == offexkyqc7s7paly9yyv0j460vhcqqr 844353 844352 2026-06-01T06:54:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 844353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rayuwar gaggafa ta yau da kullun ko '''bullray''' ('''''Myliobatis aquila''''') nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Myliobatidae . Yana zaune a gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] (Teku na Arewa zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]]), [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. == Bayyanawa == Hasken gaggafa na yau da kullun ya kai har zuwa {{Convert|183|cm|ft|1}} cm (6.0 a cikin jimlar tsawon <ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 |access-date=5 June 2016 |publisher=FishBase}}</ref> tare da faɗin faifai har zuwa {{Convert|80|cm|ft}} , kodayake yawancin samfurori sun fi karami. Mata suna girma sun fi maza girma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Christian |first=C. |date=1976-05-01 |title=Etude du regime alimentaire de l'Aigle de mer, Myliobatis aquila (L., 1758) des cotes tunisiennes |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |issn=1054-3139 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yankin baya yana da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata yayin da ɓangaren ventral fari ne. Yana da faifan rhomboidal tare da manyan fuka-fukan pectoral guda biyu da ke nunawa a kowane gefe, da kuma fuka-fuka guda ɗaya.<ref name="FishBase" /> Kunnen da ba shi da kyau yana da zagaye kuma wutsiya tana da tsawo kuma tana da laushi, tare da babban kashin baya a gindinta amma babu wutsiya. <ref name="FishBase" /> <ref name=":0" /> A matsakaici, maza suna da sassan kashin baya 72 kuma mata suna da sashi na kashin baya 66. Ƙarƙashin yana da kusan 70% na tsawon namiji da 65% na tsawon mace.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Frank J |date=2005 |title=Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (order Myliobatiformes) found in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas |journal=Electronic Journal of Ichthyology |volume=1 |pages=1–9}}</ref> Tsakanin tsakiya na dorsal, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin glandular da ake buƙata don allurar guba, ya shimfiɗa tare da 10-40% na wutsiya.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maretic |first=Z. |date=1982-01-01 |title=Some clinical and epidemiological problems of venom poisoning today |journal=Toxicon |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=345–348 |bibcode=1982Txcn...20..345M |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(82)90241-0 |issn=0041-0101 |pmid=6123162}}</ref> Yana da tashoshin fitarwa guda ɗaya ko biyu don guba. == Rarraba da mazaunin == Wannan nau'in yana faruwa a gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], gami da Tekun Arewa, daga Tsibirin Burtaniya zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya kai ga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin Bahar Rum. Yana faruwa a kusa da bakin teku da kuma ci gaba, a zurfin har zuwa kimanin {{Convert|800|m|ft}} m (2,600 , amma yawancin lokacinsa ana ciyar da shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a ƙasa da {{Convert|50|m|ft}} . Yawanci ya fi son wuraren yashi masu budewa. Har ila yau, an samo shi a cikin wani tafki mai rufewa a tsibirin Gran Canaria, musamman a cikin hunturu (Maris zuwa Afrilu) da rani (Agusta zuwa Oktoba), inda aka kafa shi don fi son duwatsu da haɗin gwiwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Tuya |first=Fernando |last2=Asensio |first2=Maite |last3=Navarro |first3=Alberto |date=2020-05-01 |title="Urbanite" rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485520304709 |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |bibcode=2020RSMS...3701342T |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101342 |issn=2352-4855 |s2cid=225914133 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Muhalli == === Abinci da abinci === Benthic invertebrates sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na abincin gaggafa na yau da kullun.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Christian |first=C. |date=1976-05-01 |title=Etude du regime alimentaire de l'Aigle de mer, Myliobatis aquila (L., 1758) des cotes tunisiennes |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/37.1.29 |issn=1054-3139 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChristian1976">Christian, C. (1976-05-01). </cite></ref> Dabbobi galibi suna cin abinci a kan crustaceans da bivalve molluscs waɗanda suke tonowa daga ƙarƙashin teku. Sauran abubuwa a cikin abincinsa sun haɗa da tsutsotsi na polychaete, gastropod molluscs, alkalami na teku da ƙananan [[kifi]]. Manyan mutane suna cin kifi fiye da ƙananan mutane.<ref name=":5" /> Maimakon samun hakora masu kaifi, yana da sanduna da faranti na hexagonal da aka shirya a cikin tsari na mosaic a kan yatsunsa; tare da waɗannan, yana murkushe harsashi na ganimarsa. An gano Mollusks da kifi na teleost sune mafi mahimmancin kayan abinci ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Tekun Marmara, kodayake ana samun polychaetas da crustaceans akai-akai a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gül |first=Güzin |last2=Demirel |first2=Nazli |date=2020 |title=Trophic interactions of uncommon batoid species in the Sea of Marmara |journal=J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=294–309}}</ref> ''[[Calliostoma lusitanicum]]'' da ''Stramonita haemastoma'' sune nau'ikan dabbobi da aka fi sani da su a bakin tekun Azores.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ponte |first=Dário Dinis Sousa |last2=Barcelos |first2=Luís Miguel Duarte |last3=Santos |first3=Cristina Sousa |last4=Medeiros |first4=João |last5=Barreiros |first5=João P. |date=2016 |title=Diet of Dasyatis pastinaca and Myliobatis aquila (Myliobatiformes) from the Azores, NE Atlantic |url=https://repositorio.uac.pt/handle/10400.3/4135 |journal=Cybium |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=209–214 |issn=0399-0974}}</ref> === Haihuwa da ci gaba === An san wannan nau'in don tarawa a cikin rukuni na mutane da yawa a lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grancagnolo |first=Desiree |last2=Arculeo |first2=Marco |date=2021 |title=Summer aggregation of common eagle ray, Myliobatis aquila (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatidae), in the Marine Protected Area of the Egadi Islands (southwestern Tyrrhenian Sea) |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27p8p7xk |journal=Biogeographia: The Journal of Integrative Biogeography |language=en |volume=36 |doi=10.21426/B636051230 |issn=1594-7629 |s2cid=234245830 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Haihuwa tana da oviviparous. Yaran yara uku zuwa bakwai suna tasowa a cikin mahaifiyar, suna karɓar abinci mai gina jiki da farko daga kwai, amma daga baya daga ruwan da mahaifiyarsu ta ɓoye a cikin mahaifa.<ref name="FishBase">{{Cite web |title=''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 |access-date=5 June 2016 |publisher=FishBase}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/4330 "''Myliobatis aquila'': Common eagle ray"]. </cite></ref> Lokacin daukar ciki yana da tsawon watanni 6-8, bayan haka mace tana haihuwar yara uku zuwa bakwai masu rai. An kama ƙananan yara a kusa da Faransa tsakanin Mayu da Satumba a bakin tekun Faransa. Har yanzu suna da alamar da ba a warke ba a ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa su jarirai ne. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu a 1983 ya sami yara a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buxton |first=C.D. |last2=Smale |first2=M.J. |last3=Wallace |first3=J.H. |last4=Cockcroft |first4=V.G. |date=1984-01-01 |title=Inshore small-mesh trawling survey of the Cape south coast. Part 4. Contributions to the biology of some teleostei and Chondrichthyes |journal=South African Journal of Zoology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=180–188 |doi=10.1080/02541858.1984.11447880 |issn=0254-1858 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma sami yara a tsibirin Gran Canaria a watan Oktoba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Tuya |first=Fernando |last2=Asensio |first2=Maite |last3=Navarro |first3=Alberto |date=2020-05-01 |title="Urbanite" rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485520304709 |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |language=en |volume=37 |bibcode=2020RSMS...3701342T |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101342 |issn=2352-4855 |s2cid=225914133 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTuyaAsensioNavarro2020">Tuya, Fernando; Asensio, Maite; Navarro, Alberto (2020-05-01). </cite></ref> ==== Ci gaban mata ==== Matasa mata suna da fararen membranous ovaries da thread-like oviducts. Glandunan oviducal ba su da tabbas. Ƙananan manya suna da fararen translucent follicles da kuma rarrabewar al'aura. Glandunan oviducal suna da ɗan zagaye. Manya mata da aka kama a watan Janairu da Maris a bakin tekun [[Faransa]] an gano suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ovaries biyu. Uteri suna da kauri kuma suna da tsoka. Sun ƙunshi ruwan mahaifa, wanda mai yiwuwa an cire shi daga villi wanda ya rufe bango na ciki. Mata da aka kama a watan Agusta da Satumba a wannan yankin suna da tsakanin takwas zuwa goma yolky oocytes na irin wannan girman da taro. Dukkanin mahaifa sun fadada kuma suna dauke da ruwa na mahaifa. Villi sun bunkasa sosai kuma sun kafa trophonemata, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ciki na stingray. An sami ƙwai da aka kewaye da diaphanous da kuma murfin mai launin rawaya wanda ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin filament a kowane ƙarshen a cikin mace da aka kama a watan Oktoba. Ovary ya ƙunshi atretic oocytes. == Manazarta == nd8wfwuaxsuiz2sbifmk8o9s12fu4z9 0 153821 844354 2026-06-01T06:54:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332616222|Coptodon deckerti]]" 844354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Coptodon deckerti''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin cichlid, wanda ke cikin Lake Ejagham a yammacin Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da raguwa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar fitar da [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), kodayake Ejagham ya yi zurfi sosai don ƙunsar yawan wannan gas. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=and}}</ref> An gabatar da nau'in kifi daga jinsin ''Parauchenoglanis'' kwanan nan zuwa tafkin, kuma wannan mai yiwuwa yana gabatar da babbar barazana ga cichlids.<ref name="Tilapia">{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251–280}}</ref> An riga an gane shi a matsayin kawai cichlid da Tafkin Ejagham, amma an bayyana wasu shida a cikin 20{{Convert|10|cm|in|0}} da 2011 (wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na tarihi game da girmansa da muhalli). <ref name="Tilapia">{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251–280}}</ref><ref name="Sarotherodon">{{Cite journal |last=Neumann, D. |last2=Stiassny, M. L. J |last3=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2011 |title=Two new sympatric ''Sarotherodon'' species (Pisces: Cichlidae) endemic to Lake Ejagham, Cameroon, west-central Africa, with comments on the ''Sarotherodon galilaeus'' species complex |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2765 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2765.1.1}}</ref> Ya kai kusan 10 in) a cikin daidaitattun tsawon kuma yayi kama da mafi girma ''C. nigrans''.<ref name="Tilapia" /> takamaiman suna cichlid yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus Kurt Deckert (1907-1987), wanda ya kasance mai kula da kifi a Museum für Naturkunde a Berlin, don taimakonsa ga Thys van den Audenaerde lokacin da ya ziyarci gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma ciyar da sa'o'i da yawa don samar da bayanai masu amfani ga wannan marubuta bincike a cikin Cichlidae.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=2 October 2019 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |website=ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3sw1ecx57mu82jp2sydoh8esot5348h 844355 844354 2026-06-01T06:55:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 844355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Coptodon deckerti''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin cichlid, wanda ke cikin Lake Ejagham a yammacin Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da raguwa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar fitar da [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), kodayake Ejagham ya yi zurfi sosai don ƙunsar yawan wannan gas. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=and}}</ref> An gabatar da nau'in kifi daga jinsin ''Parauchenoglanis'' kwanan nan zuwa tafkin, kuma wannan mai yiwuwa yana gabatar da babbar barazana ga cichlids.<ref name="Tilapia">{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251–280}}</ref> An riga an gane shi a matsayin kawai cichlid da Tafkin Ejagham, amma an bayyana wasu shida a cikin 20{{Convert|10|cm|in|0}} da 2011 (wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na tarihi game da girmansa da muhalli). <ref name="Tilapia">{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251–280}}</ref><ref name="Sarotherodon">{{Cite journal |last=Neumann, D. |last2=Stiassny, M. L. J |last3=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2011 |title=Two new sympatric ''Sarotherodon'' species (Pisces: Cichlidae) endemic to Lake Ejagham, Cameroon, west-central Africa, with comments on the ''Sarotherodon galilaeus'' species complex |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2765 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2765.1.1}}</ref> Ya kai kusan 10 in) a cikin daidaitattun tsawon kuma yayi kama da mafi girma ''C. nigrans''.<ref name="Tilapia" /> takamaiman suna cichlid yana girmama [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus Kurt Deckert (1907-1987), wanda ya kasance mai kula da kifi a Museum für Naturkunde a Berlin, don taimakonsa ga Thys van den Audenaerde lokacin da ya ziyarci gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma ciyar da sa'o'i da yawa don samar da bayanai masu amfani ga wannan marubuta bincike a cikin Cichlidae.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=2 October 2019 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |website=ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == ps3oret0okec1tcbygv6phzll9c6oi8 0 153822 844356 2026-06-01T06:56:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314037064|Dikume]]" 844356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''dikume''' ('''''Konia dikume''''') nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka a Tafkin Barombi Mbo a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. == Bayyanawa == Dikume kifi ne mai launin azurfa tare da ƙarancin shinge na tsaye. Yana girma zuwa matsakaicin tsawon 11.2 cm. Mafi bambancin fasalin wannan nau'in shine cewa lokacin da aka kama shi, capillaries suna kumbura da jini, musamman a gindin fuka-fukan, kuma suna fitowa don shafa kifin ba tare da fata mai azurfa ba.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Konia dikume'' Trewavas, 1972 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/6324 |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref>&nbsp; == Rarraba da mazaunin == Yana da iyaka ga Tafkin Barombi Mbo, tafkin crater na dutsen wuta tare da diamita na kawai 3 mil a yammacin Kamaru <ref name="SF">{{Cite web |title=Stomatepia pindu |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/stomatepia-pindu/ |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}</ref> inda kawai saman mita 40 ya ƙunshi isasshen iskar oxygen don ci gaba da rayuwar vertebrate. <ref name="cfc">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2009 |title=Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi == Dikume mai ciyar da dabba ne wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen ciyar da tsutsotsi na [[sauro]] ''Chaoborus spp''. Don isa wannan tushen abinci dole ne dikumbe ya ciyar da lokaci a cikin ruwa wanda yake da zurfi sosai har ya zama deoxygenated, matakan Haemoglobin a cikin jininsa daidaitawa ne wanda ke ba shi damar adana iskar oxygen don ya iya ziyartar zurfin, sassan deoxyogenated na tafkin. Kamar sauran cichlids da ke cikin Tafkin Barombi Mbo dikume mai ƙwanƙwasawa ne.<ref name="cfc">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2009 |title=Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php "Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon"]. </cite></ref> == Barazanar == Ana barazanar shi saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), kodayake binciken ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da iskar gas. Kazalika da ruwa don samar da garin Kumba mai girma da kuma gabatar da nau'o'in da ba na asali ba.<ref name="SF" /> Koyaya, a halin yanzu, babu nau'in kifi da aka gabatar a Tafkin Barombi Mbo kuma an haramta kamun kifi na kasuwanci. == Tarihin lissafi == Tafkin Barombi Mbo gida ne ga "nau'in jinsuna" na cichlids tare da nau'o'i goma sha huɗu, daga cikinsu goma sha biyu suna da iyaka. Dukansu sun bayyana sun fito ne daga kakannin tilapia na yau da kullun kuma dikume yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi ƙwarewa. == Manazarta == 08tw9yfpnxncq05tqqnwokokwngfd1y 844357 844356 2026-06-01T06:56:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 844357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''dikume''' ('''''Konia dikume''''') nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka a Tafkin Barombi Mbo a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. == Bayyanawa == Dikume kifi ne mai launin azurfa tare da ƙarancin shinge na tsaye. Yana girma zuwa matsakaicin tsawon 11.2 cm. Mafi bambancin fasalin wannan nau'in shine cewa lokacin da aka kama shi, capillaries suna kumbura da jini, musamman a gindin fuka-fukan, kuma suna fitowa don shafa kifin ba tare da fata mai azurfa ba.<ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=''Konia dikume'' Trewavas, 1972 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/6324 |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=fishbase.org}}</ref>&nbsp; == Rarraba da mazaunin == Yana da iyaka ga Tafkin Barombi Mbo, tafkin crater na dutsen wuta tare da diamita na kawai 3 mil a yammacin Kamaru <ref name="SF">{{Cite web |title=Stomatepia pindu |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/stomatepia-pindu/ |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}</ref> inda kawai saman mita 40 ya ƙunshi isasshen iskar oxygen don ci gaba da rayuwar vertebrate. <ref name="cfc">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2009 |title=Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi == Dikume mai ciyar da dabba ne wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen ciyar da tsutsotsi na [[sauro]] ''Chaoborus spp''. Don isa wannan tushen abinci dole ne dikumbe ya ciyar da lokaci a cikin ruwa wanda yake da zurfi sosai har ya zama deoxygenated, matakan Haemoglobin a cikin jininsa daidaitawa ne wanda ke ba shi damar adana iskar oxygen don ya iya ziyartar zurfin, sassan deoxyogenated na tafkin. Kamar sauran cichlids da ke cikin Tafkin Barombi Mbo dikume mai ƙwanƙwasawa ne.<ref name="cfc">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2009 |title=Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon |url=http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php |access-date=2016-11-23 |publisher=Cichlid-forum.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/Barombi-Mbo.php "Insight on Barombi Mbo, Cameroon"]. </cite></ref> == Barazanar == Ana barazanar shi saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), kodayake binciken ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da iskar gas. Kazalika da ruwa don samar da garin Kumba mai girma da kuma gabatar da nau'o'in da ba na asali ba.<ref name="SF" /> Koyaya, a halin yanzu, babu nau'in kifi da aka gabatar a Tafkin Barombi Mbo kuma an haramta kamun kifi na kasuwanci. == Tarihin lissafi == Tafkin Barombi Mbo gida ne ga "nau'in jinsuna" na cichlids tare da nau'o'i goma sha huɗu, daga cikinsu goma sha biyu suna da iyaka. Dukansu sun bayyana sun fito ne daga kakannin tilapia na yau da kullun kuma dikume yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi ƙwarewa. == Manazarta == l9w1996elt0vl3h4o4ddpg09cvacmpe 0 153823 844358 2026-06-01T06:57:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335379252|Enteromius baudoni]]" 844358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Enteromius baudoni''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid na wurare masu zafi daga tsakiyar da yammacin Afirka. Ana samunsa a yammacin Afirka, a cikin kogin kogin Chadi, kogin Volta, [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], [[Kogin Gambiya]], [[Kogin Senegal]], Kogin Sassandra, da [[Kogin Bandama]]. A tsakiyar Afirka, ana samunsa a cikin yanayin halittu na Kogin Ubangui . Yawanci yana zaune a yanayin halittu na ruwan sha na wurare masu zafi tsakanin 24 da 26 ° C (75 da 79 ° F). <ref name="fishbase" /> Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Belgium-British George Albert Boulenger ne ya bayyana shi da farko a matsayin ''Barbus baudoni'' a cikin 1918, kuma holotype, wanda aka tattara daga Bangui, [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], an adana shi a Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle a Paris. <ref name="fishbase" /><ref name="museum">{{Cite web |title=Barbus baudoni boulenger, 1918 |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/ic/item/1920-0178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003933/https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/ic/item/1920-0178 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (France)}}</ref> An rarraba nau'in ne a cikin nau'in Barbus, amma an sake rarraba shi a matsayin na Enteromius a cikin 2015 bayan nazarin samfurin haraji mai yawa, na ƙasa, da na genomic na nau'in a cikin dangin Cyprinidae.<ref name="Yang">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Phylogeny and polyploidy: Resolving the classification of cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272518733 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=85 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014 |pmid=25698355}}</ref> Kifi yana girma zuwa {{Convert|3.3|cm}} in) daidaitattun tsawon kuma samfurori da yawa suna dauke da ƙananan wurare 3 waɗanda aka daidaita a tsakiyar bangarorin kifi. Wadannan spots suna da alaƙa akai-akai tare da wani nau'i mai tsayi.<ref name="fishbase" /> An rarraba caudal fin kuma kifin yana da nau'i biyu na barbels.<ref name="fishbase" /> ''Enteromius baudoni'' kifi ne na benthopelagic, potamodromous wanda ake girbewa don Amfani da mutum. Rashin gandun daji barazana ne ga jinsunan, saboda yana haifar da karuwar tarin yashi a cikin yanayin halittu. An kimanta nau'in a cikin shekara ta 2009, kuma an gano cewa ba su da damuwa sosai ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi da albarkatun Halitta. An sanya wa kifin suna don girmama mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Faransa {{Interlanguage link|Alfred Baudon|fr}} , wanda ya aika da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) tarin kifinsa daga [[Kogin Chari|Kogin Shari]], gami da nau'in samfurin wannan kifin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504083757/https://etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == a0fwpwtggohmrzf02ztwsewwtpj5pzo 844359 844358 2026-06-01T06:58:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 844359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Enteromius baudoni''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid na wurare masu zafi daga tsakiyar da yammacin Afirka. Ana samunsa a yammacin Afirka, a cikin kogin kogin Chadi, kogin Volta, [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], [[Kogin Gambiya]], [[Kogin Senegal]], Kogin Sassandra, da [[Kogin Bandama]]. A tsakiyar Afirka, ana samunsa a cikin yanayin halittu na Kogin Ubangui . Yawanci yana zaune a yanayin halittu na ruwan sha na wurare masu zafi tsakanin 24 da 26 ° C (75 da 79 ° F). <ref name="fishbase" /> Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Belgium-British George Albert Boulenger ne ya bayyana shi da farko a matsayin ''Barbus baudoni'' a cikin 1918, kuma holotype, wanda aka tattara daga Bangui, [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], an adana shi a Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle a Paris. <ref name="fishbase" /><ref name="museum">{{Cite web |title=Barbus baudoni boulenger, 1918 |url=https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/ic/item/1920-0178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003933/https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/ic/item/1920-0178 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (France)}}</ref> An rarraba nau'in ne a cikin nau'in Barbus, amma an sake rarraba shi a matsayin na Enteromius a cikin 2015 bayan nazarin samfurin haraji mai yawa, na ƙasa, da na genomic na nau'in a cikin dangin Cyprinidae.<ref name="Yang">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Phylogeny and polyploidy: Resolving the classification of cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272518733 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=85 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014 |pmid=25698355}}</ref> Kifi yana girma zuwa {{Convert|3.3|cm}} in) daidaitattun tsawon kuma samfurori da yawa suna dauke da ƙananan wurare 3 waɗanda aka daidaita a tsakiyar bangarorin kifi. Wadannan spots suna da alaƙa akai-akai tare da wani nau'i mai tsayi.<ref name="fishbase" /> An rarraba caudal fin kuma kifin yana da nau'i biyu na barbels.<ref name="fishbase" /> ''Enteromius baudoni'' kifi ne na benthopelagic, potamodromous wanda ake girbewa don Amfani da mutum. Rashin gandun daji barazana ne ga jinsunan, saboda yana haifar da karuwar tarin yashi a cikin yanayin halittu. An kimanta nau'in a cikin shekara ta 2009, kuma an gano cewa ba su da damuwa sosai ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi da albarkatun Halitta. An sanya wa kifin suna don girmama mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Faransa {{Interlanguage link|Alfred Baudon|fr}} , wanda ya aika da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) tarin kifinsa daga [[Kogin Chari|Kogin Shari]], gami da nau'in samfurin wannan kifin.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504083757/https://etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/ |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == er1f3wy6wgt8xcm272apgf2rpz6jb5k 0 153824 844360 2026-06-01T07:08:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315304447|Synodontis acanthomias]]" 844360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Synodontis acanthomias''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na asalin Congo Basin na [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], Jamhuryar Demokradiyyar Kongo da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] . George Albert Boulenger ne ya fara gano shi a 1899 a [[Boma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|Boma]], a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor-last=Froese, R. |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/9531 |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="scotcat">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=scotcat.com}}</ref> Misali na asali yana zaune a Gidan Tarihin Halitta a London.<ref name="scotcat" /> Nau'in ''Synodontis pfefferi'', wanda Franz Steindachner ya bayyana a 1912 an gano shi iri ɗaya ne.<ref name="fishbase" /> takamaiman suna "acanthomias" yana nufin "mai ƙaya sosai", ambaton ƙayoyi da aka samu a gefen jikin kifi.<ref name="scotcat" /> Kifin yana da jiki mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa mai tabo baƙi. <ref name="scotcat">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=scotcat.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm "Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899"]. </cite></ref> Wani abin da ke nuna nau'in halittar shine tsarinsa na humeral, wanda yake wani ƙashi ne wanda aka haɗa shi da murfin kai mai tauri a kan kifin kuma ana iya ganinsa a bayan buɗewar gill. Ga manya, wannan yana ɗauke da kashin baya wanda ke ba shi kamanni mai kauri. <ref name="scotcat" /> <ref name="planet">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2006 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?species_id=417 |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Planet Catfish}}</ref> Raƙuman farko na fin dorsal da fin pectoral sun taurare kuma sun yi kauri. <ref name="planet" /> Yana da nau'i uku na barbels, nau'i biyu na mandibular suna da reshe. <ref name="scotcat" /> Fin caudal yana da kaifi mai zurfi tare da faɗaɗawa a saman lobe. <ref name="scotcat" /> Yana da gajerun haƙora masu siffar mazugi a saman muƙamuƙi. <ref name="planet" /> A cikin muƙamuƙi na ƙasa, haƙoran suna da siffar s kuma suna motsawa. <ref name="planet" /> A cikin daji, nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|59|cm|in}} TL . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor-last=Froese, R. |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/9531 |access-date=15 October 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFroese,_R.D._Pauly2016">Froese, R.; D. Pauly, eds. </cite></ref> Suna zaune a ruwa mai yanayin zafi tsakanin {{Convert|22|and|24|C|F}} da kuma kewayon pH na 6.5 zuwa 8.0. <ref name="fishbase" /> Kifi yana da muhimmancin kasuwanci kuma ana girbe shi don amfani da mutum. == Manazarta == fgoraz15mg5ivbsgboq3r67yoz2i5y9 844361 844360 2026-06-01T07:08:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 844361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Synodontis acanthomias''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na asalin Congo Basin na [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], Jamhuryar Demokradiyyar Kongo da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] . George Albert Boulenger ne ya fara gano shi a 1899 a [[Boma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|Boma]], a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor-last=Froese, R. |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/9531 |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="scotcat">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=scotcat.com}}</ref> Misali na asali yana zaune a Gidan Tarihin Halitta a London.<ref name="scotcat" /> Nau'in ''Synodontis pfefferi'', wanda Franz Steindachner ya bayyana a 1912 an gano shi iri ɗaya ne.<ref name="fishbase" /> takamaiman suna "acanthomias" yana nufin "mai ƙaya sosai", ambaton ƙayoyi da aka samu a gefen jikin kifi.<ref name="scotcat" /> Kifin yana da jiki mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa mai tabo baƙi. <ref name="scotcat">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=scotcat.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotcat.com/factsheets/s_acanthomias.htm "Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899"]. </cite></ref> Wani abin da ke nuna nau'in halittar shine tsarinsa na humeral, wanda yake wani ƙashi ne wanda aka haɗa shi da murfin kai mai tauri a kan kifin kuma ana iya ganinsa a bayan buɗewar gill. Ga manya, wannan yana ɗauke da kashin baya wanda ke ba shi kamanni mai kauri. <ref name="scotcat" /> <ref name="planet">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2006 |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?species_id=417 |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=Planet Catfish}}</ref> Raƙuman farko na fin dorsal da fin pectoral sun taurare kuma sun yi kauri. <ref name="planet" /> Yana da nau'i uku na barbels, nau'i biyu na mandibular suna da reshe. <ref name="scotcat" /> Fin caudal yana da kaifi mai zurfi tare da faɗaɗawa a saman lobe. <ref name="scotcat" /> Yana da gajerun haƙora masu siffar mazugi a saman muƙamuƙi. <ref name="planet" /> A cikin muƙamuƙi na ƙasa, haƙoran suna da siffar s kuma suna motsawa. <ref name="planet" /> A cikin daji, nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|59|cm|in}} TL . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |editor-last=Froese, R. |editor2-last=D. Pauly |title=Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger, 1899 |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/9531 |access-date=15 October 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFroese,_R.D._Pauly2016">Froese, R.; D. Pauly, eds. </cite></ref> Suna zaune a ruwa mai yanayin zafi tsakanin {{Convert|22|and|24|C|F}} da kuma kewayon pH na 6.5 zuwa 8.0. <ref name="fishbase" /> Kifi yana da muhimmancin kasuwanci kuma ana girbe shi don amfani da mutum. == Manazarta == k34gzyib9uudb1olkye3duhnuinfn0k 0 153825 844362 2026-06-01T07:09:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327629635|EU initiatives against illegal maritime activities in the Gulf of Guinea]]" 844362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tarayyar Turai]] tana daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan adawa da fashi a [[Tekun Guinea]] (GoG). A kowane lokaci, Tarayyar Turai tana da matsakaicin jiragen ruwa 30 a yankin. Fashin teku a Tekun Guinea saboda haka barazana ce ga EU, kuma a matsayin martani kungiyar ta karɓi dabarun ta a Tekun Guinée a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. The Strategy on the Gulf of Guinea takarda ce mai shafi 12 tare da girman matsalar, abin da aka yi a baya, martani da hanyar ci gaba tare da manufofi hudu. Babban burin EU shine: # don gina fahimtar juna a cikin ƙasashen yanki game da barazanar da tasirin ta na dogon lokaci da kuma buƙatar magance batutuwan fashi tsakanin yankin da na duniya. # don taimakawa gwamnatoci a yankin don tabbatar da wayar da kan jama'a game da teku, tsaro da kuma [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ta hanyar gina cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi da gwamnatocin teku. # don taimakawa tattalin arzikin da ke fama da rauni don tsayayya da aikata laifuka ko tashin hankali da kuma gina juriya ga al'ummomi. # don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin ƙasashe da kungiyoyi a yankin don yaki da barazanar ƙasa da teku. Babban abin da Tarayyar Turai ta mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen yaki da fashi a Tekun Guinea da ayyukan teku ba bisa ka'ida ba shine magance tushen abubuwan da suka haifar maimakon ɗaukar hanyar soja kamar yadda suka yi tare da fashi daga bakin tekun Somaliya. Tarayyar Turai tana magance tushen abubuwan ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan gida da na yanki don ragewa da hana fashi da sauran ayyukan teku ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tallafi shine Dokar Halin Yaoundé da haɓaka iyawa dangane da ilimi, ƙwarewa, horo da kayan aiki don raba bayanai a fadin iyakoki. Kodayake Tarayyar Turai ba ta da rundunar sojan ruwa a cikin GoG, wasu kasashe membobin suna da jiragen soja da motsa jiki tare da kasashe daban-daban a yankin don yaki da fashi. == Tsarin tsari da tsare-tsare == === Dokar Halin Yaoundé === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen tsarin da EU ke tallafawa shine '''Dokar Halin Yaoundé''' da aka sanya hannu a watan Yunin 2013 ta Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), Kungiyar Tantalin Arziki na Yammacin Asiya (ECCAS) da Hukumar Gulf of Guinea (GGC). Wannan tsari ne na yadda jihohin Afirka za su kara raba bayanai da hadin kai a cikin yanayin teku don kara Tsaro na teku da kuma yadda za a yaki da fashi da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea {{!}} EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a aiwatar da Halin ba tukuna kuma har yanzu akwai aiki da yawa da za a yi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan shine rashin albarkatu da kudi. Matsalar ta biyu ita ce kishiyar tsakanin jihohi. Tsoron, gasa da gasa tare da rashin albarkatu da kudade suna hana jihohin Afirka yin hadin kai da raba bayanai, wanda ke da mahimmanci don samar da ingantaccen dabarun yaki da satar teku. Wadannan batutuwan suna cikin manyan matakan EU. === Shirin Ayyukan Tekun Guinea na 2015-2020 === [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21521/st07168en15.pdf Shirin Ayyukan Tekun Guinea na 2015-2020] takarda ce mai shafi 37 wanda ke tsara kokarin Tarayyar Turai na tallafawa jihohin [[Afirka]] na bakin teku don yaki da fashi, laifukan teku da laifuka. Wannan shirin yana mai da hankali kan yanayin yanki da kuma samar da fahimtar juna cewa aikata laifuka na teku yana shafar ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasashen na dogon lokaci, da kuma karfafa hadin gwiwar cikin yanki da inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin EU da kasashe membobinta, da kuma abokan hulɗa na duniya, don inganta tsaro da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci ta hanyar gina iyawa, kirkirar aiki da kuma kewayon dabarun dabarun dabaruna a waɗannan yankuna. A shekara ta 2018 EU ta cimma wasu burinta na farko ta hanyar karfafa tsarin mulki, kara fahimtar juna game da sikelin barazanar, saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin bakin teku.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, har yanzu akwai rahotanni kaɗan game da hare-hare, kuma har yanzu ana magance tsaron teku ba daidai ba tsakanin jihohin bakin teku a Tekun Guinea, kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin aikata laifuka da tsaron teku, da ƙirƙirar aiki da ci gaban tattalin arziki har yanzu ba a san shi ba. == Manazarta == b9s5kjwwsk4uoiccgrbsy1qj9wphmpk 844363 844362 2026-06-01T07:09:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 844363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tarayyar Turai]] tana daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan adawa da fashi a [[Tekun Guinea]] (GoG). A kowane lokaci, Tarayyar Turai tana da matsakaicin jiragen ruwa 30 a yankin. Fashin teku a Tekun Guinea saboda haka barazana ce ga EU, kuma a matsayin martani kungiyar ta karɓi dabarun ta a Tekun Guinée a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. The Strategy on the Gulf of Guinea takarda ce mai shafi 12 tare da girman matsalar, abin da aka yi a baya, martani da hanyar ci gaba tare da manufofi hudu. Babban burin EU shine: # don gina fahimtar juna a cikin ƙasashen yanki game da barazanar da tasirin ta na dogon lokaci da kuma buƙatar magance batutuwan fashi tsakanin yankin da na duniya. # don taimakawa gwamnatoci a yankin don tabbatar da wayar da kan jama'a game da teku, tsaro da kuma [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ta hanyar gina cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi da gwamnatocin teku. # don taimakawa tattalin arzikin da ke fama da rauni don tsayayya da aikata laifuka ko tashin hankali da kuma gina juriya ga al'ummomi. # don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin ƙasashe da kungiyoyi a yankin don yaki da barazanar ƙasa da teku. Babban abin da Tarayyar Turai ta mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen yaki da fashi a Tekun Guinea da ayyukan teku ba bisa ka'ida ba shine magance tushen abubuwan da suka haifar maimakon ɗaukar hanyar soja kamar yadda suka yi tare da fashi daga bakin tekun Somaliya. Tarayyar Turai tana magance tushen abubuwan ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan gida da na yanki don ragewa da hana fashi da sauran ayyukan teku ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tallafi shine Dokar Halin Yaoundé da haɓaka iyawa dangane da ilimi, ƙwarewa, horo da kayan aiki don raba bayanai a fadin iyakoki. Kodayake Tarayyar Turai ba ta da rundunar sojan ruwa a cikin GoG, wasu kasashe membobin suna da jiragen soja da motsa jiki tare da kasashe daban-daban a yankin don yaki da fashi. == Tsarin tsari da tsare-tsare == === Dokar Halin Yaoundé === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen tsarin da EU ke tallafawa shine '''Dokar Halin Yaoundé''' da aka sanya hannu a watan Yunin 2013 ta Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), Kungiyar Tantalin Arziki na Yammacin Asiya (ECCAS) da Hukumar Gulf of Guinea (GGC). Wannan tsari ne na yadda jihohin Afirka za su kara raba bayanai da hadin kai a cikin yanayin teku don kara Tsaro na teku da kuma yadda za a yaki da fashi da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea {{!}} EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a aiwatar da Halin ba tukuna kuma har yanzu akwai aiki da yawa da za a yi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan shine rashin albarkatu da kudi. Matsalar ta biyu ita ce kishiyar tsakanin jihohi. Tsoron, gasa da gasa tare da rashin albarkatu da kudade suna hana jihohin Afirka yin hadin kai da raba bayanai, wanda ke da mahimmanci don samar da ingantaccen dabarun yaki da satar teku. Wadannan batutuwan suna cikin manyan matakan EU. === Shirin Ayyukan Tekun Guinea na 2015-2020 === [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21521/st07168en15.pdf Shirin Ayyukan Tekun Guinea na 2015-2020] takarda ce mai shafi 37 wanda ke tsara kokarin Tarayyar Turai na tallafawa jihohin [[Afirka]] na bakin teku don yaki da fashi, laifukan teku da laifuka. Wannan shirin yana mai da hankali kan yanayin yanki da kuma samar da fahimtar juna cewa aikata laifuka na teku yana shafar ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasashen na dogon lokaci, da kuma karfafa hadin gwiwar cikin yanki da inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin EU da kasashe membobinta, da kuma abokan hulɗa na duniya, don inganta tsaro da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci ta hanyar gina iyawa, kirkirar aiki da kuma kewayon dabarun dabarun dabaruna a waɗannan yankuna. A shekara ta 2018 EU ta cimma wasu burinta na farko ta hanyar karfafa tsarin mulki, kara fahimtar juna game da sikelin barazanar, saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin bakin teku.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, har yanzu akwai rahotanni kaɗan game da hare-hare, kuma har yanzu ana magance tsaron teku ba daidai ba tsakanin jihohin bakin teku a Tekun Guinea, kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin aikata laifuka da tsaron teku, da ƙirƙirar aiki da ci gaban tattalin arziki har yanzu ba a san shi ba. == Manazarta == dlx1x9lw05ck4nod65zhuvptztazkxh 0 153826 844364 2026-06-01T07:10:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1213034535|Memve'ele Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 844364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Memve'ele''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta megawatt 211 a Kamaru. Ginin wannan madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a watan Afrilun 2012 kuma madatsar ruwa ta samar da megawatts 80 na farko a watan Afrilu 2019. Ana sa ran cikakken ayyukan kasuwanci za su fara da zarar an kammala layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225 kiloVolt zuwa [[Yaounde]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Nyabissan, a cikin Ntem Valey Département, a yankin Kudancin Kamaru, a fadin [[Kogin Campo|Kogin Ntem]]. Nyabissan yana da nisan kilomita 140 (87 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin Ebolowa, babban gari mafi kusa. Nyabissan yana da nisan kilomita 296 (184 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru kuma birni na biyu mafi girma. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ''Globeleq'' da Sud Energie, waɗanda ke zaune a Ƙasar Ingila. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, wannan ƙungiyar ta fice daga yarjejeniyar. A wannan shekarar, Sinohydro, kamfanin gine-gine na kasar Sin ya karɓi haƙƙin ci gaba, a matsayin injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) ɗan kwangila.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Tansa Musa, Mark John and Dan Lalor |date=31 August 2009 |title=China's Sinohydro has deal for Cameroon dam project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> A cewar rahotanni na kan layi, matakin gini ya fara da gaske bayan an aiwatar da kwangilar EPC tare da Sinohydro a watan Afrilun 2012. Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa mai auna mita 20 (66 a tsawo, yana haifar da tafkin tafkin da ke dauke da mita 19,000,000 (670,978,668 cu na ruwa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Elvis Teke |date=15 April 2019 |title=Memve'ele Hydroelectric plant: The project to light the South region and beyond almost complete |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) |place=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> Har ila yau, ƙirar ta yi kira ga layin fitar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225kV daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa Yaoundé, inda aka ƙaddara mafi yawan makamashi da aka samar. Shigar da masu canzawa uku na 225kV / 90kV a Ebolowa, Nkoumou da Ahala, wani ɓangare ne na ƙirar.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Elvis Teke |date=15 April 2019 |title=Memve'ele Hydroelectric plant: The project to light the South region and beyond almost complete |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) |place=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> == Kudin gini == Saboda jinkiri da yawa, farashin wannan aikin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, kimantawar farashin ya kai Yuro miliyan 556 (kimanin dala miliyan 795). <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Tansa Musa, Mark John and Dan Lalor |date=31 August 2009 |title=China's Sinohydro has deal for Cameroon dam project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2021, jimlar kudin ga dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin aikin ya kai dala miliyan 831.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 727.2). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2021, har yanzu ana buƙatar Yuro miliyan 5 (kimanin dala miliyan 5.7) don biyan diyya ga masu mallakar ƙasa, don ba da damar kammala layin fitar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Kudin == Teburin da ke ƙasa ya kwatanta tushen kudade don tashar wutar lantarki, layin kwashewa da kayan aikin da ke tattare da su, gami da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Tushen Tallafi ga Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba !Matsayi !Sunan Abokin Hulɗa na Ci Gaban !Kudin da aka bayar a cikin USD (Millions) !Kashi |- |1 |Bankin Tsohon na kasar Sin |531.6 |63.9 |- |2 |[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] |190.0 |22.9 |- |3 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |110.0 |13.2 |- | |'''Jimillar''' |'''831.6''' |'''100.00''' |- |} == Ayyuka == Ana sayar da makamashi da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ga Eneo Cameroon SA, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal == Manazarta == odzuo2sw4cmwic05t07d5v2e0n4x8uv 844365 844364 2026-06-01T07:10:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 844365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Memve'ele''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta megawatt 211 a Kamaru. Ginin wannan madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a watan Afrilun 2012 kuma madatsar ruwa ta samar da megawatts 80 na farko a watan Afrilu 2019. Ana sa ran cikakken ayyukan kasuwanci za su fara da zarar an kammala layin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225 kiloVolt zuwa [[Yaounde]].<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin ƙauyen Nyabissan, a cikin Ntem Valey Département, a yankin Kudancin Kamaru, a fadin [[Kogin Campo|Kogin Ntem]]. Nyabissan yana da nisan kilomita 140 (87 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin Ebolowa, babban gari mafi kusa. Nyabissan yana da nisan kilomita 296 (184 , ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], babban birnin Kamaru kuma birni na biyu mafi girma. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ''Globeleq'' da Sud Energie, waɗanda ke zaune a Ƙasar Ingila. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, wannan ƙungiyar ta fice daga yarjejeniyar. A wannan shekarar, Sinohydro, kamfanin gine-gine na kasar Sin ya karɓi haƙƙin ci gaba, a matsayin injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) ɗan kwangila.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Tansa Musa, Mark John and Dan Lalor |date=31 August 2009 |title=China's Sinohydro has deal for Cameroon dam project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> A cewar rahotanni na kan layi, matakin gini ya fara da gaske bayan an aiwatar da kwangilar EPC tare da Sinohydro a watan Afrilun 2012. Tsarin yana buƙatar madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa mai auna mita 20 (66 a tsawo, yana haifar da tafkin tafkin da ke dauke da mita 19,000,000 (670,978,668 cu na ruwa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Elvis Teke |date=15 April 2019 |title=Memve'ele Hydroelectric plant: The project to light the South region and beyond almost complete |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) |place=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> Har ila yau, ƙirar ta yi kira ga layin fitar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 225kV daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa Yaoundé, inda aka ƙaddara mafi yawan makamashi da aka samar. Shigar da masu canzawa uku na 225kV / 90kV a Ebolowa, Nkoumou da Ahala, wani ɓangare ne na ƙirar.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Elvis Teke |date=15 April 2019 |title=Memve'ele Hydroelectric plant: The project to light the South region and beyond almost complete |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.crtv.cm/2019/04/memveele-hydroelectric-plant-the-project-to-light-the-south-region-and-beyond-almost-complete/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV) |place=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> == Kudin gini == Saboda jinkiri da yawa, farashin wannan aikin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, kimantawar farashin ya kai Yuro miliyan 556 (kimanin dala miliyan 795). <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Tansa Musa, Mark John and Dan Lalor |date=31 August 2009 |title=China's Sinohydro has deal for Cameroon dam project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-hydropower-idINLV33249320090831 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2021, jimlar kudin ga dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin aikin ya kai dala miliyan 831.6 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 727.2). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2021, har yanzu ana buƙatar Yuro miliyan 5 (kimanin dala miliyan 5.7) don biyan diyya ga masu mallakar ƙasa, don ba da damar kammala layin fitar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Kudin == Teburin da ke ƙasa ya kwatanta tushen kudade don tashar wutar lantarki, layin kwashewa da kayan aikin da ke tattare da su, gami da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Emmalogo555 |date=15 August 2021 |title=Memve'ele dam in Cameroon to be fully operational by December |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/memveele-dam-in-cameroon-to-be-fully-operational-by-december/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Tushen Tallafi ga Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba !Matsayi !Sunan Abokin Hulɗa na Ci Gaban !Kudin da aka bayar a cikin USD (Millions) !Kashi |- |1 |Bankin Tsohon na kasar Sin |531.6 |63.9 |- |2 |[[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] |190.0 |22.9 |- |3 |Gwamnatin Kamaru |110.0 |13.2 |- | |'''Jimillar''' |'''831.6''' |'''100.00''' |- |} == Ayyuka == Ana sayar da makamashi da aka samar a wannan tashar wutar lantarki ga Eneo Cameroon SA, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |date=16 December 2021 |title=Cameroon: €5 million in compensation delays the commissioning of the Memve'ele dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-e5-million-in-compensation-delays-the-commissioning-of-the-memveele-dam/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kamaru * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nachtigal == Manazarta == ca4je2276f7bzzb68175t167cz7s9ac 0 153827 844366 2026-06-01T07:11:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315019846|Kribi killi]]" 844366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kribi killi''' ('''''Fundulopanchax kribianus''''') wani nau'in Kiwo ne na [[Afirka]] wanda galibi ke zaune a cikin maras kyau da ɓangarorin raƙuman ruwa a cikin gandun daji na bakin teku. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a [[Kamaru]]. Kifi mai girma ya kai matsakaicin tsawon kusan 9 centimeters (3.5 inci). Ma'aurata masu shayarwa na nau'in galibi suna sa qwai a kasa, amma a wasu lokuta kuma a cikin tushen tsire-tsire masu iyo kyauta. Ma'aurata suna kasancewa kusa na ɗan lokaci, tare da ƙwai kaɗan da ake samarwa kowace rana. Wani lokaci ana kiyaye shi a cikin bauta amma yana da matsakaici da wuya a kiyaye shi kuma a haife shi a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. Duk da haka, an kiyaye nau'in a cikin akwatin kifaye tun 1905 kamar yadda Arnold, Meinken da Ahl suka rubuta, waɗanda suka bayyana F. fallax a 1939, shekaru da yawa bayan shigo da shi na kasuwanci na farko. Kifi daga Kribi shine F. kribianus, ana samun F. schwoiseri a Malende, yayin da ake samun F. fallax a Mouanka da Fifindi, akwai bambance-bambance na morphological da ke bayyane ga ido mara kyau wanda ke bambanta waɗannan nau'ikan. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun nau'in a cikin nau'ikan launi da yawa a cikin Terra Typica - a cikin kulawar F. kribianum: orange, blue da rawaya. == Manazarta == mi732j2op0eqmwoqhdps7pmxphuhz7q 844367 844366 2026-06-01T07:12:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 844367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kribi killi''' ('''''Fundulopanchax kribianus''''') wani nau'in Kiwo ne na [[Afirka]] wanda galibi ke zaune a cikin maras kyau da ɓangarorin raƙuman ruwa a cikin gandun daji na bakin teku. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a [[Kamaru]]. Kifi mai girma ya kai matsakaicin tsawon kusan 9 centimeters (3.5 inci). Ma'aurata masu shayarwa na nau'in galibi suna sa qwai a kasa, amma a wasu lokuta kuma a cikin tushen tsire-tsire masu iyo kyauta. Ma'aurata suna kasancewa kusa na ɗan lokaci, tare da ƙwai kaɗan da ake samarwa kowace rana. Wani lokaci ana kiyaye shi a cikin bauta amma yana da matsakaici da wuya a kiyaye shi kuma a haife shi a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. Duk da haka, an kiyaye nau'in a cikin akwatin kifaye tun 1905 kamar yadda Arnold, Meinken da Ahl suka rubuta, waɗanda suka bayyana F. fallax a 1939, shekaru da yawa bayan shigo da shi na kasuwanci na farko.<ref>Moelants, T. (2010). "Fundulopanchax fallax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010 e.T181942A7769920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181942A7769920.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</ref> Kifi daga Kribi shine F. kribianus, ana samun F. schwoiseri a Malende, yayin da ake samun F. fallax a Mouanka da Fifindi, akwai bambance-bambance na morphological da ke bayyane ga ido mara kyau wanda ke bambanta waɗannan nau'ikan. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun nau'in a cikin nau'ikan launi da yawa a cikin Terra Typica - a cikin kulawar F. kribianum: orange, blue da rawaya. == Manazarta == ptjfxupbx2bntl65287uwc20a3v943l 0 153828 844368 2026-06-01T07:13:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314918609|Malapterurus beninensis]]" 844368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Europeana.eu-817-NHMUKXZOOX1856X1X16X1-34f0f489e88e2bb81ce47bd8d6821d45.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Lalèyè, P. |author2=Moelants, T. |author3=Olaosebikan, B.D. |date=2020 |title=''Malapterurus beninensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T182641A134949931 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T182641A134949931.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>|taxon=Malapterurus beninensis|authority=[[Andrew Murray (naturalist)|Murray]], 1855<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Bailly, Nicolas |year=2015 |title=''Malapterurus beninensis'' Murray, 1855 |id=1021058 |accessdate=2 March 2018 }}</ref>|synonyms=*''Malapterurus affinis'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small>}} '''''Malapterurus [[Benin]]''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na lantarki wanda ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Afirka na [[Angola]], Benin, [[Kamaru]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Togo]]. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in|0}} in) SL. Gidansa yana da tuddai, koguna, da tabkuna.<ref>Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Malapterurus beninensis Murray, 1855". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 March 2018.</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''M. beninensis'' kifi ne mai nama, mai ƙarfi wanda ke girma har zuwa matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|22|cm|in|0}} . Yana da jiki mai siffar fusiform (mai tauri a ƙarshen biyu) tare da babban kai da kauri na caudal peduncle . Idanun suna ƙanana kuma suna kama da tsage-tsage, kuma muƙamuƙi ko dai tsayi ɗaya ne, ko kuma ƙasan muƙamuƙi ya ɗan fi na sama tsayi. Akwai nau'i-nau'i uku na barbels masu ji a kusa da bakin. Babu fin na dorsal, amma akwai fin na adipose kusa da wutsiya. Fin na pectoral suna da haskoki masu laushi bakwai zuwa tara, fin na pectoral suna da haskoki masu laushi shida kuma fin na dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi takwas zuwa goma sha ɗaya. Launin yana da ɗan bambanci, kasancewar launin toka mai duhu a sama da launin toka mai haske a ƙasa, an yayyafa shi da tabo masu duhu a baya da gefen gefe. Akwai sirdi mai duhu a kan peduncle na caudal da sandar duhu a gaban fin na caudal. Fin na pectoral ba su da launi, amma fin na pectoral da gefen waje na fin na dubura da fin na caudal suna da duhu. Babu sikeli, layin gefe ya cika, kuma mafitsara mai iyo tana da ɗakuna biyu. == Rarraba da mazaunin == ''M. beninensis'' yana faruwa ne a wuraren da ke da ruwa mai laushi a wurare masu zafi na Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yankin ya kai daga Ghana zuwa Angola kuma yana nan a tsibirin [[Bioko|Fernando Po]] . Yana zaune a wurare daban-daban ciki har da koguna, rafi, tabkuna, marshes da marshes. == Muhalli == Wannan kifi na lantarki ba a yi nazari sosai ba. Yana iya ɓoyewa a cikin ramuka a bakin kogi kuma yana iya haifuwa a can. An yi imanin cewa yana cin kifi, ta amfani da jikin lantarki don ya buge su da kuma hana masu cin nama. == Matsayi == Ana kama ''M. beninensis'' don abinci da kuma cinikin akwatin kifaye, kuma ana amfani dashi a bincike. Koyaya yana da kewayon kewayon kuma jinsin gama gari ne, don haka Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta tantance matsayin kiyayewa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. == Manazarta == cnrzapudnty1uwxhtomausdiuo23ws1 844369 844368 2026-06-01T07:13:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 844369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Malapterurus [[Benin]]''''' wani nau'in kifi ne na lantarki wanda ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Afirka na [[Angola]], Benin, [[Kamaru]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Togo]]. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in|0}} in) SL. Gidansa yana da tuddai, koguna, da tabkuna.<ref>Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Malapterurus beninensis Murray, 1855". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 March 2018.</ref> == Bayyanawa == ''M. beninensis'' kifi ne mai nama, mai ƙarfi wanda ke girma har zuwa matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|22|cm|in|0}} . Yana da jiki mai siffar fusiform (mai tauri a ƙarshen biyu) tare da babban kai da kauri na caudal peduncle . Idanun suna ƙanana kuma suna kama da tsage-tsage, kuma muƙamuƙi ko dai tsayi ɗaya ne, ko kuma ƙasan muƙamuƙi ya ɗan fi na sama tsayi. Akwai nau'i-nau'i uku na barbels masu ji a kusa da bakin. Babu fin na dorsal, amma akwai fin na adipose kusa da wutsiya. Fin na pectoral suna da haskoki masu laushi bakwai zuwa tara, fin na pectoral suna da haskoki masu laushi shida kuma fin na dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi takwas zuwa goma sha ɗaya. Launin yana da ɗan bambanci, kasancewar launin toka mai duhu a sama da launin toka mai haske a ƙasa, an yayyafa shi da tabo masu duhu a baya da gefen gefe. Akwai sirdi mai duhu a kan peduncle na caudal da sandar duhu a gaban fin na caudal. Fin na pectoral ba su da launi, amma fin na pectoral da gefen waje na fin na dubura da fin na caudal suna da duhu. Babu sikeli, layin gefe ya cika, kuma mafitsara mai iyo tana da ɗakuna biyu. == Rarraba da mazaunin == ''M. beninensis'' yana faruwa ne a wuraren da ke da ruwa mai laushi a wurare masu zafi na Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yankin ya kai daga Ghana zuwa Angola kuma yana nan a tsibirin [[Bioko|Fernando Po]] . Yana zaune a wurare daban-daban ciki har da koguna, rafi, tabkuna, marshes da marshes. == Muhalli == Wannan kifi na lantarki ba a yi nazari sosai ba. Yana iya ɓoyewa a cikin ramuka a bakin kogi kuma yana iya haifuwa a can. An yi imanin cewa yana cin kifi, ta amfani da jikin lantarki don ya buge su da kuma hana masu cin nama. == Matsayi == Ana kama ''M. beninensis'' don abinci da kuma cinikin akwatin kifaye, kuma ana amfani dashi a bincike. Koyaya yana da kewayon kewayon kuma jinsin gama gari ne, don haka Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta tantance matsayin kiyayewa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. == Manazarta == aef05g7z1k7822q8cal671d3o6905dc 0 153829 844370 2026-06-01T07:14:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354738016|Siluranodon]]" 844370 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''''''Siluranodon''''' auritus''''' shine kawai jinsin a cikin jinsin Siluranodon na catfish (tsari Siluriformes) dangin Schilbeidae . <ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |issue=1 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1}}</ref> Wannan nau'in an san shi daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da [[Yankin Chadi|Chadi]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Kogin Volta|Volta]], da kuma Comoe.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |issue=1 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1}}</ref> A cikin [[Sudd]], an gano waɗannan kifaye suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin iyakar ''Eichhornia''. Kodayake a baya an yi tunanin cewa kifi na wannan nau'in ba shi da hakora, an gano cewa suna da hakora masu raguwa sosai. Yayin da kifin ke girma, hakora a kan jaw na sama sun ɓace saboda lalacewa, yayin da hakora a cikin jaw na ƙasa sun mamaye ƙashin da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="Golubtsov">{{Cite journal |last=Golubtsov |first=A. S. |last2=Moots, K. A. |last3=Dzerjinskii, K. F. |year=2004 |title=Dentition in the African catfishes ''Andersonia'' (Amphiliidae) and ''Siluranodon'' (Schilbeidae) previously considered toothless |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=146–158 |bibcode=2004JFBio..64..146G |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00291.x}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in yana nuna pedomorphosis, wato, suna riƙe da halaye da yawa na yara zuwa balaga. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da rashin kashin baya da kuma rage yawan haƙarƙari.<ref name="Golubtsov" /> ''S. auritus'' ya kai tsawon kimanin 17.5 centimeters (6.9 in) TL. Yayinda suka girma, ''S. auritus'' masu ciyar da tacewa ne, suna ciyar da farko a kan phytoplankton da zooplankton.<ref name="Golubtsov">{{Cite journal |last=Golubtsov |first=A. S. |last2=Moots, K. A. |last3=Dzerjinskii, K. F. |year=2004 |title=Dentition in the African catfishes ''Andersonia'' (Amphiliidae) and ''Siluranodon'' (Schilbeidae) previously considered toothless |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=146–158 |bibcode=2004JFBio..64..146G |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00291.x}}</ref> An bincika Ciki na ciki don ƙunshe da zooplankton, chironomids da tarkace. Wadannan kifaye suna da oviparous kuma ƙwai ba a kula da su ba. == Manazarta == bwsoo9dn6agj24b0s90v5yuw7gtqgij 844371 844370 2026-06-01T07:14:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 844371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Siluranodon''''' auritus''''' shine kawai jinsin a cikin jinsin Siluranodon na catfish (tsari Siluriformes) dangin Schilbeidae . <ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |issue=1 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1}}</ref>''''' Wannan nau'in an san shi daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da [[Yankin Chadi|Chadi]], [[Neja (kogi)|Nijar]], [[Kogin Volta|Volta]], da kuma Comoe.<ref name="Ferraris">{{Cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |issue=1 |pages=1–628 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1}}</ref> A cikin [[Sudd]], an gano waɗannan kifaye suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin iyakar ''Eichhornia''. Kodayake a baya an yi tunanin cewa kifi na wannan nau'in ba shi da hakora, an gano cewa suna da hakora masu raguwa sosai. Yayin da kifin ke girma, hakora a kan jaw na sama sun ɓace saboda lalacewa, yayin da hakora a cikin jaw na ƙasa sun mamaye ƙashin da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="Golubtsov">{{Cite journal |last=Golubtsov |first=A. S. |last2=Moots, K. A. |last3=Dzerjinskii, K. F. |year=2004 |title=Dentition in the African catfishes ''Andersonia'' (Amphiliidae) and ''Siluranodon'' (Schilbeidae) previously considered toothless |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=146–158 |bibcode=2004JFBio..64..146G |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00291.x}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in yana nuna pedomorphosis, wato, suna riƙe da halaye da yawa na yara zuwa balaga. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da rashin kashin baya da kuma rage yawan haƙarƙari.<ref name="Golubtsov" /> ''S. auritus'' ya kai tsawon kimanin 17.5 centimeters (6.9 in) TL. Yayinda suka girma, ''S. auritus'' masu ciyar da tacewa ne, suna ciyar da farko a kan phytoplankton da zooplankton.<ref name="Golubtsov">{{Cite journal |last=Golubtsov |first=A. S. |last2=Moots, K. A. |last3=Dzerjinskii, K. F. |year=2004 |title=Dentition in the African catfishes ''Andersonia'' (Amphiliidae) and ''Siluranodon'' (Schilbeidae) previously considered toothless |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=146–158 |bibcode=2004JFBio..64..146G |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00291.x}}</ref> An bincika Ciki na ciki don ƙunshe da zooplankton, chironomids da tarkace. Wadannan kifaye suna da oviparous kuma ƙwai ba a kula da su ba. == Manazarta == 8sw70arsw1e5bdpv6kh41goaron5jrd 0 153830 844377 2026-06-01T08:10:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274147117|Kasserine Dam]]" 844377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Kasserine''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwan]] [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] ce a Kasserine (tsohuwar ''Cillium'' ), [[Tunisiya]] . Tsarin mai lanƙwasa wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarni na 2 AD an rarraba shi zuwa madatsar ruwan teku daban-daban <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|James|Chanson|2002}}</ref> ko madatsar ruwan teku . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Smith|1971}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Schnitter|1978}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan ta ƙunshi tsakiyar ƙasa da tarkace da aka yi wa fenti da tubalan dutse da aka sassaka. Fuskar sama a tsaye take, yayin da gefen ƙasa ke saukowa ta cikin layuka shida sannan ta ci gaba a tsaye na tsawon mita 3.8. Kauri a saman shine mita 4.9, kuma a ƙasa shine mita 7.3. == Duba kuma == * Jerin madatsun ruwa na Romawa da wuraren adana ruwa * Gine-ginen Romawa * Injiniyan Romawa == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == *   *   *   a1h0texiqlxy2lqi26ttfvgoeic9wre 844378 844377 2026-06-01T08:11:20Z Engineer014 44591 844378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Kasserine''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwan]] [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] ce a Kasserine (tsohuwar ''Cillium'' ), [[Tunisiya]] . Tsarin mai lanƙwasa wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarni na 2 AD an rarraba shi zuwa madatsar ruwan teku daban-daban <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|James|Chanson|2002}}</ref> ko madatsar ruwan teku . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Smith|1971}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Schnitter|1978}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan ta ƙunshi tsakiyar ƙasa da tarkace da aka yi wa fenti da tubalan dutse da aka sassaka. Fuskar sama a tsaye take, yayin da gefen ƙasa ke saukowa ta cikin layuka shida sannan ta ci gaba a tsaye na tsawon mita 3.8. Kauri a saman shine mita 4.9, kuma a ƙasa shine mita 7.3. == Duba kuma == * Jerin madatsun ruwa na Romawa da wuraren adana ruwa * Gine-ginen Romawa * Injiniyan Romawa == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == *   *   *   m4of6bi5ypvwnqfcc26q0p355f7pv9r 0 153831 844394 2026-06-01T08:56:49Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352207889|Desertification]]" 844394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> k2us4ac0qdo1nlz1n5mskfrdj4meg63 844395 844394 2026-06-01T08:57:04Z Sirjat 20447 844395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 91j90595c4wauc776pnhskcw7vs5mt8 844396 844395 2026-06-01T09:01:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ma'ana */ 844396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi.<ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W 51yvot7jflplbzc1bt0u7zujnnp29xa 844397 844396 2026-06-01T09:01:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin halitta */ 844397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. ccf6y72rnlxujm0m566nnxok2k5hwb2 844398 844397 2026-06-01T09:03:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin halitta */ 844398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === {{See also|Illolin sauyin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa|Illolin sauyin yanayi a kan halittu}} Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> 9480jt1q30tc0rqqaay9iokqpgjbvb7 844399 844398 2026-06-01T09:03:56Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin Yanayi */ 844399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> abok8fr1tlyvx5jfx4o19lbp6t5k3kn 844400 844399 2026-06-01T09:05:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin Yanayi */ 844400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === [[Tsaron abinci na duniya]] yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> huonbi3m98ro9s5vgikheqi709r089s 844401 844400 2026-06-01T09:06:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rashin Tsaron Abinci */ 844401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === [[Tsaron abinci na duniya]] yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> 5xmrr1fgnityxmr0km8b28qvcc15f2o 844402 844401 2026-06-01T09:06:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rashin Tsaron Abinci */ 844402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> cmip7pqqxoxo4dy8njhe4b7d018km5q 844403 844402 2026-06-01T09:08:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ƙaruwar Talauci */ 844403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === {{Further|Sahel#Desertification and soil loss}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> luds37qbyrayoedrxqt7zpoeqvloujv 844404 844403 2026-06-01T09:09:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sahel */ 844404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> ep4t53kl6csu54zn8h2o6woqy3plivp 844405 844404 2026-06-01T09:09:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sahel */ 844405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> 9ghpblru1jc7zfwggu7sxeteinbsyfq 844406 844405 2026-06-01T09:11:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kudancin Amurka */ 844406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== {{See also|Deforestation#Control}} Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === {{Main|Soil regeneration}} Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 6etmlakz9xr2n5863wvbg78ng32jg5t 844407 844406 2026-06-01T09:11:20Z Sirjat 20447 /* Inganta ingancin ƙasa */ 844407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== {{See also|Deforestation#Control}} Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === {{Main|Soil regeneration}} Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === {{Main|Desert greening}} {{See also|Afforestation}} Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. 6ufdliaa1515b8e4jru0fkv9wb2ufn5 844408 844407 2026-06-01T09:11:35Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kore hamada (Desert greening) */ 844408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== {{See also|Deforestation#Control}} Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === {{Main|Soil regeneration}} Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. 50vfoy3b6al50teyue09yhr65blvvk7 844409 844408 2026-06-01T09:11:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Inganta ingancin ƙasa */ 844409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== {{See also|Deforestation#Control}} Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa == Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. 3lqj7ypu17tbtv39r37s86bxpu3pvac 844410 844409 2026-06-01T09:12:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* = Inganta ingancin ƙasa */ 844410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== {{See also|Deforestation#Control}} Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. j908lpc74zjqgk6e96s4izu96wnwrwf 844411 844410 2026-06-01T09:12:20Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}} */ 844411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. 9vid8gizri9a0m7fl5abs7agwvtnvlo 844412 844411 2026-06-01T09:13:56Z Sirjat 20447 /* Agrivoltaics */ 844412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. == Tarihin hamada da faruwar desertification == Mafi shahararrun hamadun duniya sun samo asali ne ta hanyoyin yanayi na halitta da suka yi aiki na dogon lokaci. A cikin mafi yawan waɗannan lokuta, hamada suna faɗaɗa da raguwa ba tare da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam ba. Paleodeserts su ne tsofaffin manyan tekunan yashi (sand seas) da yanzu ba sa aiki saboda ciyayi sun rufe su, wasu daga cikinsu suna wuce iyakokin hamadar da ake gani a yau, kamar [[Sahara]], wadda ita ce mafi girman hamadar zafi a duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Shaidun tarihi sun nuna cewa mummunan lalacewar ƙasa da ta faru shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce a yankunan busassu tana da manyan cibiyoyi guda uku: yankin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean), kwarin Mesopotamia, da [[Loess Plateau]] na China, inda yawan jama'a ya yi yawa.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Farkon tattaunawar da aka sani kan wannan batu ta fara ne jim kaɗan bayan mamayar Faransa a Afirka ta Yamma, lokacin da hukumar Comité d’Etudes ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan ''desséchement progressif'' domin nazarin yadda hamadar Sahara ta fara faɗaɗa a tarihi.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mortimore, Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Binciken zamani kan desertification ya samo asali ne daga nazarin fari mai tsanani na shekarun 1980 a yankin [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6" /> ly2j3iohusht392hsl8xaittuygop5p 844413 844412 2026-06-01T09:14:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihin hamada da faruwar desertification */ 844413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]] [[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]] Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam. Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama. Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&nbsp; Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji). A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}</ref> == Ma'ana == Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin "rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar " hamada da aka yi da mutum" da "hamara mara tsari".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dalilai== === Dalilan gaggawa === Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba. === Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam === Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}</ref> Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}</ref> Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.<ref name=":6" /> Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sauyin halitta === Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}</ref> Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi. === Sauyin Yanayi === Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya".<ref name=":52"/> Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.<ref name="Burrell">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO₂, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.<ref name="Burrell" /> Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km²) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Burrell" /> == Illolin == === Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]] An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}</ref> Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya "na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan" saboda "raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> [[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki. Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name=":52"/> === Rashin Tsaron Abinci === Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa. Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> === Ƙaruwar Talauci === [[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]] Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.<ref name=":10">[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba. Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci. Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa == [[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.<ref name="holtz">{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref>[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet</ref> Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]] Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> [[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> === Gobi Desert da Mongolia === {{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}} Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kudancin Amurka === [[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace. A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}</ref> ==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}== Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari. Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}</ref> Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.<ref>Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Inganta ingancin ƙasa === Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa. Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa. Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}</ref> An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kore hamada (Desert greening) === Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba. Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Ingantaccen kiwo === Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> === Agrivoltaics === Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya. == Tarihin hamada da faruwar desertification == Mafi shahararrun hamadun duniya sun samo asali ne ta hanyoyin yanayi na halitta da suka yi aiki na dogon lokaci. A cikin mafi yawan waɗannan lokuta, hamada suna faɗaɗa da raguwa ba tare da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam ba. Paleodeserts su ne tsofaffin manyan tekunan yashi (sand seas) da yanzu ba sa aiki saboda ciyayi sun rufe su, wasu daga cikinsu suna wuce iyakokin hamadar da ake gani a yau, kamar [[Sahara]], wadda ita ce mafi girman hamadar zafi a duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Shaidun tarihi sun nuna cewa mummunan lalacewar ƙasa da ta faru shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce a yankunan busassu tana da manyan cibiyoyi guda uku: yankin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean), kwarin Mesopotamia, da [[Loess Plateau]] na China, inda yawan jama'a ya yi yawa.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Farkon tattaunawar da aka sani kan wannan batu ta fara ne jim kaɗan bayan mamayar Faransa a Afirka ta Yamma, lokacin da hukumar Comité d’Etudes ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan ''desséchement progressif'' domin nazarin yadda hamadar Sahara ta fara faɗaɗa a tarihi.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mortimore, Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Binciken zamani kan desertification ya samo asali ne daga nazarin fari mai tsanani na shekarun 1980 a yankin [[Sahel]].<ref name=":6" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} nd7qpck8o19ymb8cifsiwwyswhgh8jr 0 153832 844422 2026-06-01T09:33:50Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1212418652|Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze]]" 844422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze''' // i (18 ga Janairun 1963 - 31 ga Disamba 2007) [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Eze kwararre ne a fannin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] Bayan mulkin mallaka. Ya rubuta kuma ya shirya tarihin tarihin falsafar bayan mulkin mallaka a [[Afirka]], [[Turai]], da [[Amurka]]. Ya kawo wariyar launin fata na [[Immanuel Kant]] ga haske tsakanin masu tunani na Yamma a cikin shekarun 1990, wani yanki na rayuwar Kant wanda masana falsafa na Yammacin sau da yawa ke haskakawa.<ref name="Slate">{{Cite web |last=Bouie |first=Jamelle |date=5 June 2018 |title=How the Enlightenment Created Modern Race Thinking and Why We Should Confront It |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/taking-the-enlightenment-seriously-requires-talking-about-race.html |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Tasiri a cikin aikinsa sun hada da Paulin Hountondji, Richard Rorty, David Hume, da [[Immanuel Kant]] .{{Spaced en dash}} A lokacin mutuwarsa, Eze ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Falsafa a Jami'ar DePaul, inda ya kuma kafa kuma ya shirya mujallar Philosophia Africana .[http://condor.depaul.edu/~africana/] Ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2007, a Lewisburg, Pennsylvania bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. == Tarihi == Eze an haife ta ne ga iyayen Najeriya, Daniel da Rebecca (waɗanda su ne [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] ne masu ibada), a Agbokete, a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya]]. Saboda kabilanci da addinin iyayensa sun tsere daga Arewa a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] zuwa [[Nsukka]], a gabashin kasar. == Ilimi da koyarwa == Eze ta sami ilimi daga Jesuits a kwalejoji a Benin City, [[Najeriya]] da Kimwenza, Zaire (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Patrick a Iheakpu-Awka daga 1970 zuwa 1976. A shekara ta 1982 ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Igbo-Eze . Daga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a Funtua . A shekarar 1983, Eze ya yi murabus daga aikinsa sannan ya shiga makarantar horas da sabbin mabiya ta '''St. Ignatius Jesuit Novitiate''' a . Daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1987 ya yi karatu a '''S. Pierre Canisius College''' da ke , a cikin . Bayan haka, ya koyar da harshen Faransanci a '''Bishop Kelly College''' da ke Benin City na tsawon shekara guda ta karatu kafin ya koma . Ya samu digirinsa na biyu (Master's Degree) a shekarar 1989 da kuma digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a shekarar 1993 daga . Taken kundin bincikensa na digirin Ph.D. shi ne: '''"Hankali da Muhawarar da ake yi kan Falsafar Afirka"''' (''Rationality and the Debates about African Philosophy'').. Eze ya koyar a Jami'ar Bucknell da Kwalejin Mount Holyoke . Bugu da kari, ya kasance masanin ziyara na post-doctoral a Jami'ar Cambridge (1996-1997, inda ya tsara shirin M.Phil. a Nazarin Afirka), farfesa mai ziyara a Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Jama'a (1997) da kuma [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] (2003). == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === * A kan Dalili: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903225337/http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm]{{ISBN|978-0822341956}} * ''Tseren da Haskakawa: Mai Karatu'' (1997), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20137-8}} * Falsafar Afirka ta Postcolonial: Mai Karatu mai Karatu (1997), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20340-0}} * Samun bil'adama: The Idea of the Postracial Future (2001), . [http://www.routledge.com/]{{ISBN|0-415-92941-5}} * ''Falsafar Afirka: Anthology'' (2006), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20338-9}} * ''Tunanin Afirka (I): Da'a da siyasa'', . [http://www.agapea.com/PENSAMIENTO-AFRICANO-I--n62962i.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-155-6}} * ''Tunanin Afirka (II): Falsafa'', . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174722/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/8472901900.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-189-0}} * ''Pensamieto Africano (III): Al'adu da Al'umma'', . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174703/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/847290282x.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-282-X}} === Labarai === * "Fitar da Afirka: Ka'idar Sadarwa da Hegemony na Al'adu". ''Telos'' 111 (Spring 1998). New York: [http://www.telospress.com Telos Press] == Dubi kuma == * [[Falsafar Afirka]] * Falsafar Afirka * Falsafar Amurka * Jerin masana falsafa na Amurka == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Carmen L. Bohórquez, "Kaddamarwa, Dussel, Wiredu da Eze: Hanyar Al'adu ga Kyakkyawan Adalci," Revista de Filosofia, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000): 7-16. * Michael A. Rosenthal, "'The black, scabby Brazilian': Wasu Tunanin kan Race da Falsafar zamani ta Farko," Falsafa da Karyataccen Jama'a, Vo.l 31, No. 2 (2005): 211-221. * M.L. Thomas, "Tsarin Dimokuradiyya na Yarjejeniya na Akan a matsayin Sauran Hanyar Yin Shawarwarin Siyasa. " [http://home.uchicago.edu/~mlthomas/consensus.pdf] [maɓallin mutu na dindindin]  ''A kan "Cinquirer Our Humanity: The Idea of the Postracial Future"'' * Binciken Frank M. Kirkland, a cikin Notre Dame Philosophical Review, 2002.04.05 Archived.cfm?date=4%7C2002" id="mwmQ" rel="ve:NumberedLink">[1] An adana shi 2007-03-11 a * Binciken da Cleavis Headley ya yi, "The Ideal of the Postracial Future," a cikin Philosophia Africana, Vol. 7, Na 1, 2004:109-202. * Tattaunawar Charles Mills, "Kant's ''Untermenschen''," a cikin Andrew Valls, Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy, Cornell University Press, 2005, shafi na 169-193.&nbsp; ''A kan "Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader"'': * Bincike na Peter Hulme, ''Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka'', Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000: 232-233 [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.2hulme.html] * Binciken da Bob Carter ya yi, "Fata daga Afirka: Falsafa, 'tseren' da hukumar ," a cikin Falsafa ta Radical, Mayu / Yuni 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022041537/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2188&editorial_id=10278] * Binciken da Andrew N. Carpenter ya yi, a cikin Falsafar Koyarwa, Vol. 23 Na 3 (2000). * Binciken Felmon Davis, a cikin Constellations, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998: 296-304 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/cons] * Bincike a cikin ''Jaridar Baƙi a Ilimi Mafi Girma'', No. 16, 1997: 137-138 * Binciken Adam Shatz, "Mene ne mafi munin Haskakawa ya shafi mafi kyawunsa?," Lingua Franca, Afrilu-Mayu 1997, shafuffuka 19-20&nbsp; ''A kan "Falsafar Afirka ta Bayan mulkin mallaka: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu"'': * Binciken da Kai Kresse ya yi, a cikin polylog: Forum for Intercultural Philosophy [http://lit.polylog.org/2/rkk-en.htm] * Bincike a cikin ''Mujallar Falsafa'' . [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821220555/http://www.philosophersnet.com/magazine/reviews_archive.php] * Bincike a cikin The Sociological Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1997: 704-750 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/sore] * Bincike a cikin Juyin Juya Halin, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2001: 264 [https://web.archive.org/web/20040409160540/http://www.ocms.ac.uk/transformation/results_authors.php?mm_aut=346] ''A kan "Falsafar Afirka: Anthology"'': * Binciken Barry Hallen, "Falsafar Afirka a cikin Sabon Maɓalli," a cikin ''Binciken Nazarin Afirka'', Vol. 43, Na 3, 2000: 131-134. * Binciken Stephen Clark, "Falsafar Afirka: tarihin," a cikin ''Afr Aff'' (Lond), 1999 98: 128-130. * Binciken da [[Nigel Gibson]] ya yi, a cikin ''Nazarin Afirka da Asiya'', Vol. 36, Na 3, 2001: 253-329. * Binciken da Rodney C. Roberts ya yi, a cikin Falsafa ta Gabas da Yamma, Oktoba, 1999 [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb235/is_199910/ai_hibm1G162496720] == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] rlkpmi1w4g7fng86hxxnip58aovx76k 0 153833 844425 2026-06-01T09:37:03Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335106711|Mutange Dam]]" 844425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Mutange''', a gefen Kogin Mutange, madatsar ruwa ce da aka yi da mutane da nufin cike ƙasa wadda take a ƙauyen Chisina, 30&nbsp;kilomita gabas da Gokwe da kuma 35&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Ma'adinan Empress, a lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana da tsawon kilomita 42&nbsp;kilomita ta hanya daga Gokwe da 49&nbsp;kilomita daga Empress, 117&nbsp;kilomita daga Kadoma da 146&nbsp;km daga Kwekwe ta hanyar Empress (147)&nbsp;km ta hanyar Zhombe Joel ). [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ruwa da Yanayi (Zimbabwe)|Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Raya Kasa]] ce ke da iko da ita kuma tana gudanar da ita. == Bayani == An gina madatsar ruwan Mutange ne musamman don ƙara yawan ruwan rijiyoyin burtsatse zuwa Cibiyar Gokwe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56 |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/826991468335974436/pdf/E44740AFR00ESM00Box382170B00PUBLIC0.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Yana da ƙarfin mita miliyan 4.950. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. G. Gono |date=May 2005 |title=Drought Mitigation and Resuscitation Policies for the Agricultural Sector in Zimbabwe; Supplement 2 of 3 to the 1st Quarter Monetary Policy Statement |url=http://www.rbz.co.zw/assets/agriculture-vision-2007.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe |page=65}}</ref> Da farko, an kiyasta kudin gina madatsar ruwan ya kai dala $8,224,504.00 (2010-2014), amma saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da Zimbabwe ke fuskanta wanda ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a kammala shi, ya ci sama da dala miliyan 130 saboda hauhawar farashin kaya da sauran kalubalen tattalin arziki da siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M Chiri |date=1 November 2011 |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects |url=http://www.auditorgeneral.gov.zw/index.php/reports/category/1-special-audited-reports?download=9:specialauditedreports-management-of-dam-construction-and-water-supply-projects |access-date=3 October 2018 |publisher=Zimbabwe Government}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: New Multi-Million-Dollar Dam to End Gokwe Water Woes |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200207220386.html |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=All Africa News}}</ref> An kammala gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ZINWA |date=6 August 2018 |title=This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe. |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/zinwawater/status/1017702428827881472/photo/1 |access-date=3 October 2018 |publisher=Twitter |quote=It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mutange_Dam_Gokwe.jpg|thumb|Dam Mutange a Gokwe East, Chisina Village, Zimbabwe]] == Ayyuka == Zuriyar Masoro ta Mapfungautsi Plateau a Gokwe ita ce babbar [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] da ke [[Kwararar ruwa|kwarara zuwa magudanar ruwa]] ta Kogin Mutange, wadda ke kudu maso yammacin madatsar ruwan Mutange. Kogin Mutange yana da magudanar ruwa a saman tudun kusan nisan mil 1.5.&nbsp;km gabas da babbar titin Kwakwe-Gokwe ( == Masu cin gajiyar == Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana samar da ruwan sha ga dabbobi da kuma mutane. Baya ga mutanen ƙauyen da ginin madatsar ruwan ya shafa, waɗanda gwamnati ta sake tsugunar da su a wani wuri akan kimanin dala miliyan 1.9, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Minister of Finance |date=2014 |title=2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development. |url=http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/2015%20Zimbabwe%20National%20Budget%20Statement_0.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Veritas Zimbabwe}}</ref> sauran al'umma sun yi maraba da fa'idodin da take bayarwa na dogon lokaci. === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Mutange Dam === Famfunan lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki daga sama zuwa 33&nbsp;An kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mutange Hydro a madatsar ruwan Mutange don fitar da ruwan da ba a tace ba na tsawon sama da shekaru 30&nbsp;kilomita zuwa garin Gokwe, babban mai cin gajiyar madatsar ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification |url=https://www.l2b.co.za/Tender/Mutange-Dam-Pump-Station-Electrification-/324123 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=l2b.co.za}}</ref> A yankin, tashar wutar lantarki tana tura ruwa zuwa Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange, Garin Chisina da ƙauyukan karkara da ke kewaye. === Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange === Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana cikin yankin noma da muhalli na [[Zimbabwe]], inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake da sau 550.&nbsp;mm. Saboda haka, ban ruwa muhimmin jari ne a yankin. Babban wanda ya fi cin gajiyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Mutange shine Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange . Tsarin famfo da jigilar kaya a Madatsar Ruwa ta Mutange ya haɗa tsarin ban ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai aiki da bututun mai 1,500.&nbsp;m zuwa gefen filin da ke da fadin hekta 134 na ƙasar noma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Primrose Nyanzero |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/concrete-laid-for-gwayi-shangani-dam/ |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=The Chronicle}}</ref> === Garin Chisina === Garin Chisina, mai suna bayan sarkin Chisina, 750&nbsp;gabashin madatsar ruwan Mtange, ya dogara ne akan madatsar ruwan don samar da ruwa. Garin yana cikin mazabar Majalisar Dokokin Mapfungautsi, Gundumar Gokwe ta Kudu. An gina gidaje na zamani, ciki har da zauren kotun Chief Chisina, a ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Major facelift for Gokwe |url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/major-facelift-for-gokwe/ |access-date=5 October 2018 |website=Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Gina zauren kotun zai iya zama amincewar gwamnati daga masarautar Chisina wadda ta shafe kusan shekaru 70 tana cikin rikici da masarautar Njelele maƙwabta. Asali Gumbero, wanda aka fi sani da Chisina, ya kasance shugaban yankin Mapfungautsi, sannan kuma Sebungwe East, yankin da kogunan Ngondoma da [[Kogin Munyati|Munyati]] ke iyaka da shi a gabas da kudu maso gabas. Waɗannan manyan iyakoki guda biyu na halitta sun raba gundumar Gokwe East da lardin Mashonaland West a gabas da gundumar Kwekwe ta lardin Midlands a yankin kudu maso gabas na Chief Chisina na asali. An gano sarautar Chisina (Gumbero) tun farkon ƙarni na 18 lokacin da Chihwechematanda ya kafa ta bayan ya dawo daga Buhera a Lardin Gabashin Mashonaland a yanzu. Na biyu shine Babban Gumbero, na uku shine Makuvidziri, na huɗu shine Chinengwere sannan na biyar shine Mudyachawaona wanda gwamnatin [[Rhodesia]] ta mayar da shi babban shugaba a ƙarƙashin Cif Njelele a shekarun 1940. Babban Gumbero na 6, wanda aka fara yi wa lakabi da Babban Chisina, shine Tendaupenyu. Lokacin da gwamnatin wancan lokacin ta nemi ya gano iyakokinsa da Cif Njelele ya ketare, ya yi iƙirarin, "Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu," ma'ana, "Ba a bar karagar mulki na ba". Daga nan aka yi masa ba'a da CHISINA, kuma ya karɓi ba'a a matsayin hanyar zanga-zanga. Gwamnatin Zimbabwe har yanzu ba ta warware rikicin Babban Njelele da Babban Chisina cikin kwanciyar hankali ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edith Karimanzira |date=December 2017 |title=Understanding the Emergence and Solving of Protracted Social Conflicts in Zimbabwe: the Case of Gumbero/Chisina – Njelele Chieftainship Conflict 1940 - 2015 |url=http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SJAHSS-512C1896-1903.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014539/http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SJAHSS-512C1896-1903.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |access-date=6 October 2018 |website=Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences |pages=1896–1903}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] twg5gfyibz7r78kg0k6enug41fmm6m6 844426 844425 2026-06-01T09:37:49Z Engineer014 44591 844426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Mutange''', a gefen Kogin Mutange, madatsar ruwa ce da aka yi da mutane da nufin cike ƙasa wadda take a ƙauyen Chisina, 30&nbsp;kilomita gabas da Gokwe da kuma 35&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Ma'adinan Empress, a lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana da tsawon kilomita 42&nbsp;kilomita ta hanya daga Gokwe da 49&nbsp;kilomita daga Empress, 117&nbsp;kilomita daga Kadoma da 146&nbsp;km daga Kwekwe ta hanyar Empress (147)&nbsp;km ta hanyar Zhombe Joel ). [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ruwa da Yanayi (Zimbabwe)|Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Raya Kasa]] ce ke da iko da ita kuma tana gudanar da ita. == Bayani == An gina madatsar ruwan Mutange ne musamman don ƙara yawan ruwan rijiyoyin burtsatse zuwa Cibiyar Gokwe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Govt Document E4474, HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework, Chapter 4.2.1 Hydrology page 56 |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/826991468335974436/pdf/E44740AFR00ESM00Box382170B00PUBLIC0.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Yana da ƙarfin mita miliyan 4.950. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. G. Gono |date=May 2005 |title=Drought Mitigation and Resuscitation Policies for the Agricultural Sector in Zimbabwe; Supplement 2 of 3 to the 1st Quarter Monetary Policy Statement |url=http://www.rbz.co.zw/assets/agriculture-vision-2007.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe |page=65}}</ref> Da farko, an kiyasta kudin gina madatsar ruwan ya kai dala $8,224,504.00 (2010-2014), amma saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da Zimbabwe ke fuskanta wanda ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a kammala shi, ya ci sama da dala miliyan 130 saboda hauhawar farashin kaya da sauran kalubalen tattalin arziki da siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M Chiri |date=1 November 2011 |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor-General on the Management of Dam Construction and Water Supply Projects by the Zimbabwe Water Authority, Presented to Parliament of Zimbabwe in 2011. Table 3: Delay in completion of projects |url=http://www.auditorgeneral.gov.zw/index.php/reports/category/1-special-audited-reports?download=9:specialauditedreports-management-of-dam-construction-and-water-supply-projects |access-date=3 October 2018 |publisher=Zimbabwe Government}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe: New Multi-Million-Dollar Dam to End Gokwe Water Woes |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200207220386.html |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=All Africa News}}</ref> An kammala gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ZINWA |date=6 August 2018 |title=This is Mutange Dam in Gokwe. |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/zinwawater/status/1017702428827881472/photo/1 |access-date=3 October 2018 |publisher=Twitter |quote=It was completed in 2016 and will provide irrigation water to communities. Construction of the water conveyance works at the dam is underway. The dam will certainly improve many livelihoods in Gokwe.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mutange_Dam_Gokwe.jpg|thumb|Dam Mutange a Gokwe East, Chisina Village, Zimbabwe]] == Ayyuka == Zuriyar Masoro ta Mapfungautsi Plateau a Gokwe ita ce babbar [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] da ke [[Kwararar ruwa|kwarara zuwa magudanar ruwa]] ta Kogin Mutange, wadda ke kudu maso yammacin madatsar ruwan Mutange. Kogin Mutange yana da magudanar ruwa a saman tudun kusan nisan mil 1.5.&nbsp;km gabas da babbar titin Kwakwe-Gokwe ( == Masu cin gajiyar == Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana samar da ruwan sha ga dabbobi da kuma mutane. Baya ga mutanen ƙauyen da ginin madatsar ruwan ya shafa, waɗanda gwamnati ta sake tsugunar da su a wani wuri akan kimanin dala miliyan 1.9, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Minister of Finance |date=2014 |title=2015 Zimbabwe National Budget Statement, Article 796, page 177: Presented to Parliament on 27 November, 2014 by Hon. P. A. Chinamasa, Minister of Finance and Economic Development. |url=http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/2015%20Zimbabwe%20National%20Budget%20Statement_0.pdf |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Veritas Zimbabwe}}</ref> sauran al'umma sun yi maraba da fa'idodin da take bayarwa na dogon lokaci. === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Mutange Dam === Famfunan lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki daga sama zuwa 33&nbsp;An kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Mutange Hydro a madatsar ruwan Mutange don fitar da ruwan da ba a tace ba na tsawon sama da shekaru 30&nbsp;kilomita zuwa garin Gokwe, babban mai cin gajiyar madatsar ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tender Details Mutange Dam Pump Station Electrification |url=https://www.l2b.co.za/Tender/Mutange-Dam-Pump-Station-Electrification-/324123 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=l2b.co.za}}</ref> A yankin, tashar wutar lantarki tana tura ruwa zuwa Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange, Garin Chisina da ƙauyukan karkara da ke kewaye. === Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange === Madatsar ruwan Mutange tana cikin yankin noma da muhalli na [[Zimbabwe]], inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yake da sau 550.&nbsp;mm. Saboda haka, ban ruwa muhimmin jari ne a yankin. Babban wanda ya fi cin gajiyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Mutange shine Tsarin Ban Ruwa na Mutange . Tsarin famfo da jigilar kaya a Madatsar Ruwa ta Mutange ya haɗa tsarin ban ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai aiki da bututun mai 1,500.&nbsp;m zuwa gefen filin da ke da fadin hekta 134 na ƙasar noma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Primrose Nyanzero |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Concrete laid for Gwayi-Shangani Dam |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/concrete-laid-for-gwayi-shangani-dam/ |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=The Chronicle}}</ref> === Garin Chisina === Garin Chisina, mai suna bayan sarkin Chisina, 750&nbsp;gabashin madatsar ruwan Mtange, ya dogara ne akan madatsar ruwan don samar da ruwa. Garin yana cikin mazabar Majalisar Dokokin Mapfungautsi, Gundumar Gokwe ta Kudu. An gina gidaje na zamani, ciki har da zauren kotun Chief Chisina, a ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Major facelift for Gokwe |url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/major-facelift-for-gokwe/ |access-date=5 October 2018 |website=Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Gina zauren kotun zai iya zama amincewar gwamnati daga masarautar Chisina wadda ta shafe kusan shekaru 70 tana cikin rikici da masarautar Njelele maƙwabta. Asali Gumbero, wanda aka fi sani da Chisina, ya kasance shugaban yankin Mapfungautsi, sannan kuma Sebungwe East, yankin da kogunan Ngondoma da [[Kogin Munyati|Munyati]] ke iyaka da shi a gabas da kudu maso gabas. Waɗannan manyan iyakoki guda biyu na halitta sun raba gundumar Gokwe East da lardin Mashonaland West a gabas da gundumar Kwekwe ta lardin Midlands a yankin kudu maso gabas na Chief Chisina na asali. An gano sarautar Chisina (Gumbero) tun farkon ƙarni na 18 lokacin da Chihwechematanda ya kafa ta bayan ya dawo daga Buhera a Lardin Gabashin Mashonaland a yanzu. Na biyu shine Babban Gumbero, na uku shine Makuvidziri, na huɗu shine Chinengwere sannan na biyar shine Mudyachawaona wanda gwamnatin [[Rhodesia]] ta mayar da shi babban shugaba a ƙarƙashin Cif Njelele a shekarun 1940. Babban Gumbero na 6, wanda aka fara yi wa lakabi da Babban Chisina, shine Tendaupenyu. Lokacin da gwamnatin wancan lokacin ta nemi ya gano iyakokinsa da Cif Njelele ya ketare, ya yi iƙirarin, "Ndave nechigaro CHISINA chinhu," ma'ana, "Ba a bar karagar mulki na ba". Daga nan aka yi masa ba'a da CHISINA, kuma ya karɓi ba'a a matsayin hanyar zanga-zanga. Gwamnatin Zimbabwe har yanzu ba ta warware rikicin Babban Njelele da Babban Chisina cikin kwanciyar hankali ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edith Karimanzira |date=December 2017 |title=Understanding the Emergence and Solving of Protracted Social Conflicts in Zimbabwe: the Case of Gumbero/Chisina – Njelele Chieftainship Conflict 1940 - 2015 |url=http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SJAHSS-512C1896-1903.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014539/http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SJAHSS-512C1896-1903.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |access-date=6 October 2018 |website=Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences |pages=1896–1903}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 90o4ypsyzpm4g805iki7zo2ft3nh1ni 0 153834 844429 2026-06-01T09:40:09Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301893957|Thuli River]]" 844429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Thuli,''' wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Tuli''', babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Shashe a [[Zimbabwe]] . Yana tashi kusa da Matopo Mission, gundumar Matobo, kuma yana kwarara zuwa Kogin Shashe kusa da ƙauyen Tuli . == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa == Kogin Thuli wani kogi ne na ɗan lokaci, tare da raguwar kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara. Manyan yankunanta sun hada da [[Kogin Mtsabezi|Mtshabezi]], [[Kogin Mtshelele|Mtshelele]], kogin Sengezane da kogin [[Kogin Mwewe|Mwewe]] . A ƙasan madatsar ruwa ta Thuli-Makwe, magudanar ruwa ta Thuli cike take da yashi, tare da magudanar ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. == Garuruwa == Kogin Thuli ba ya ratsa manyan matsugunai, sai dai waɗannan cibiyoyin kasuwanci: * Freda Mine * [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] * Manama * Chelesa, Zimbabwe [Sengezane] == Gadaje da hanyoyin ketarewa == [[Fayil:Freda_access.jpg|thumb|Gadar da ke kan Kogin Thuli a ma'adinan Freda.]] Akwai manyan gadoji guda biyar a kan Kogin Mzingwane: * Gadar da ke kan titin Gwanda, tsakanin Matombo Mission da kuma ma'adinan bargo. * Gada akan titin Gwanda - Kezi, a ƙarƙashin Dam Thuli-Makwe . * Gadar Elliot, daga sama da [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] . * Gadar da ke kan titin Manama zuwa Kafusi . * Gadar Mankonkoni da ke kan titin Tuli zuwa Kafusi. Guguwar Eline ta lalata wannan gadar. Akwai kuma wurare da dama da ake samun tafiye-tafiye da kuma wuraren da ake samun tafiye-tafiye, ciki har da: * Hanyar Ntalale, wadda Guguwar Eline ta yi mummunar barna. * Hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin kwarin Thuli == Ci gaba == [[Fayil:Thuli-Makwe_Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar Ruwa ta Thuli-Makwe.]] Baya ga wasu ƙananan igiyoyi, akwai babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya a Kogin Thuli: * Madatsar Ruwa ta Thuli–Makwe, yammacin Gwanda . Tana kusa da mahadar [[Kogin Mtshelele]] kuma tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa. [[Kogin Mtsabezi|Kogin Mtshabezi]] (babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta gefen hagu) an rufe shi a Mtshabezi, Sheet and Blanket. Madatsar ruwan Mtshabezi za ta ƙara samar da ruwa ga birnin [[Bulawayo]], da zarar an kammala bututun mai haɗawa. Madatsar ruwan da aka yi da takarda da bargo suna samar da ruwa ga ma'adinan Gwanda da [[Blanket, Zimbabwe|Bargo]] da Vubachikwe . An zaɓi ƙarin wuraren madatsun ruwa guda biyu a ƙasa: * Thuli-Moswa, inda babu wani ci gaba da ya faru. * Thuli–Manyange, a saman gadar Elliot, inda aka fara aikin ginin na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 2007 amma yanzu an dakatar da shi. == Manazarta == nose5d6femxbzqq8fq8le7aivp2u7xy 844430 844429 2026-06-01T09:40:51Z Engineer014 44591 844430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Thuli,''' wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Tuli''', babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Shashe a [[Zimbabwe]] . Yana tashi kusa da Matopo Mission, gundumar Matobo, kuma yana kwarara zuwa Kogin Shashe kusa da ƙauyen Tuli . == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa == Kogin Thuli wani kogi ne na ɗan lokaci, tare da raguwar kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara. Manyan yankunanta sun hada da [[Kogin Mtsabezi|Mtshabezi]], [[Kogin Mtshelele|Mtshelele]], kogin Sengezane da kogin [[Kogin Mwewe|Mwewe]] . A ƙasan madatsar ruwa ta Thuli-Makwe, magudanar ruwa ta Thuli cike take da yashi, tare da magudanar ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. == Garuruwa == Kogin Thuli ba ya ratsa manyan matsugunai, sai dai waɗannan cibiyoyin kasuwanci: * Freda Mine * [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] * Manama * Chelesa, Zimbabwe [Sengezane] == Gadaje da hanyoyin ketarewa == [[Fayil:Freda_access.jpg|thumb|Gadar da ke kan Kogin Thuli a ma'adinan Freda.]] Akwai manyan gadoji guda biyar a kan Kogin Mzingwane: * Gadar da ke kan titin Gwanda, tsakanin Matombo Mission da kuma ma'adinan bargo. * Gada akan titin Gwanda - Kezi, a ƙarƙashin Dam Thuli-Makwe . * Gadar Elliot, daga sama da [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] . * Gadar da ke kan titin Manama zuwa Kafusi . * Gadar Mankonkoni da ke kan titin Tuli zuwa Kafusi. Guguwar Eline ta lalata wannan gadar. Akwai kuma wurare da dama da ake samun tafiye-tafiye da kuma wuraren da ake samun tafiye-tafiye, ciki har da: * Hanyar Ntalale, wadda Guguwar Eline ta yi mummunar barna. * Hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin kwarin Thuli == Ci gaba == [[Fayil:Thuli-Makwe_Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar Ruwa ta Thuli-Makwe.]] Baya ga wasu ƙananan igiyoyi, akwai babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya a Kogin Thuli: * Madatsar Ruwa ta Thuli–Makwe, yammacin Gwanda . Tana kusa da mahadar [[Kogin Mtshelele]] kuma tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa. [[Kogin Mtsabezi|Kogin Mtshabezi]] (babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta gefen hagu) an rufe shi a Mtshabezi, Sheet and Blanket. Madatsar ruwan Mtshabezi za ta ƙara samar da ruwa ga birnin [[Bulawayo]], da zarar an kammala bututun mai haɗawa. Madatsar ruwan da aka yi da takarda da bargo suna samar da ruwa ga ma'adinan Gwanda da [[Blanket, Zimbabwe|Bargo]] da Vubachikwe . An zaɓi ƙarin wuraren madatsun ruwa guda biyu a ƙasa: * Thuli-Moswa, inda babu wani ci gaba da ya faru. * Thuli–Manyange, a saman gadar Elliot, inda aka fara aikin ginin na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 2007 amma yanzu an dakatar da shi. == Manazarta == 79pu3kl9ooav3xezxjsh6w304y48g40 0 153835 844433 2026-06-01T09:42:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244892503|Gwenoro Dam]]" 844433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro''' tana cikin Gonar Gwenoro, wani fili mallakar Ian Douglas Smith (1919-2007), tsohon Firayim Minista na Rhodesia . Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta kwace gonar a matakai daga hannun Ian Smith da iyalansa tsakanin 2002 da Disamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2000 |title=Mugabe supporters invade Ian Smith's farm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/15/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2012 |title=Former Zimbabwe white ruler's farm seized |url=https://apnews.com/18867c6718474a1bb2682572d108960b |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Zim government seizes former PM Smith's farm |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-08-zim-government-seizes-former-pm-smiths-farm/}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro tana samar da ruwa ga Gweru da [[Shurugwi]] da ke kusa da ita a [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina madatsar ruwan a [[Kogin Runde]] (wanda a da Kogin Lundi ne; wani yanki mai matsakaicin yawa a Gweru an sanya masa suna bayan kogin (Lundi Park)). Sunan Gwenoro ya samo asali ne daga dabbar daji da aka samu a yankin da aka sani da harshen [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] a matsayin Nhoro ( ''gweNORO'' ), wanda ke nufin 'wurin da Nhoro' (kudu) ke zaune. Yankin yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da kyau. Madatsar ruwan ta cika daga Janairu zuwa Yuni. Kamfanonin hada-hadar kifi suna tsiro a gefen wannan kogin. ZIMASCO ta kan gudanar da kulob na ma'adinai amma tun daga lokacin ta tsaya. Abin da ya rage gine-gine ne kawai. == Manazarta == ojku9r974l3wmrwvhj45bp575gw9x4c 844434 844433 2026-06-01T09:42:30Z Engineer014 44591 844434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro''' tana cikin Gonar Gwenoro, wani fili mallakar Ian Douglas Smith (1919-2007), tsohon Firayim Minista na Rhodesia . Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta kwace gonar a matakai daga hannun Ian Smith da iyalansa tsakanin 2002 da Disamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2000 |title=Mugabe supporters invade Ian Smith's farm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/15/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2012 |title=Former Zimbabwe white ruler's farm seized |url=https://apnews.com/18867c6718474a1bb2682572d108960b |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Zim government seizes former PM Smith's farm |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-08-zim-government-seizes-former-pm-smiths-farm/}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro tana samar da ruwa ga Gweru da [[Shurugwi]] da ke kusa da ita a [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina madatsar ruwan a [[Kogin Runde]] (wanda a da Kogin Lundi ne; wani yanki mai matsakaicin yawa a Gweru an sanya masa suna bayan kogin (Lundi Park)). Sunan Gwenoro ya samo asali ne daga dabbar daji da aka samu a yankin da aka sani da harshen [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] a matsayin Nhoro ( ''gweNORO'' ), wanda ke nufin 'wurin da Nhoro' (kudu) ke zaune. Yankin yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da kyau. Madatsar ruwan ta cika daga Janairu zuwa Yuni. Kamfanonin hada-hadar kifi suna tsiro a gefen wannan kogin. ZIMASCO ta kan gudanar da kulob na ma'adinai amma tun daga lokacin ta tsaya. Abin da ya rage gine-gine ne kawai. == Manazarta == qgm3vchznf8ser0albeix057wx6px8s 844438 844434 2026-06-01T09:45:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244892503|Gwenoro Dam]]" 844438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro''' tana cikin Gonar Gwenoro, wani fili mallakar Ian Douglas Smith (1919-2007), tsohon Firayim Minista na Rhodesia . Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta kwace gonar a matakai daga hannun Ian Smith da iyalansa tsakanin 2002 da Disamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2000 |title=Mugabe supporters invade Ian Smith's farm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/15/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2012 |title=Former Zimbabwe white ruler's farm seized |url=https://apnews.com/18867c6718474a1bb2682572d108960b |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Zim government seizes former PM Smith's farm |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-08-zim-government-seizes-former-pm-smiths-farm/}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro tana samar da ruwa ga Gweru da [[Shurugwi]] da ke kusa da ita a [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina madatsar ruwan a [[Kogin Runde]] (wanda a da Kogin Lundi ne; wani yanki mai matsakaicin yawa a Gweru an sanya masa suna bayan kogin (Lundi Park)). Sunan Gwenoro ya samo asali ne daga dabbar daji da aka samu a yankin da aka sani da harshen [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] a matsayin Nhoro ( ''gweNORO'' ), wanda ke nufin 'wurin da Nhoro' (kudu) ke zaune. Yankin yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da kyau. Madatsar ruwan ta cika daga Janairu zuwa Yuni. Kamfanonin hada-hadar kifi suna tsiro a gefen wannan kogin. ZIMASCO ta kan gudanar da kulob na ma'adinai amma tun daga lokacin ta tsaya. Abin da ya rage gine-gine ne kawai. == Manazarta == ojku9r974l3wmrwvhj45bp575gw9x4c 844439 844438 2026-06-01T09:45:25Z Engineer014 44591 844439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro''' tana cikin Gonar Gwenoro, wani fili mallakar Ian Douglas Smith (1919-2007), tsohon Firayim Minista na Rhodesia . Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta kwace gonar a matakai daga hannun Ian Smith da iyalansa tsakanin 2002 da Disamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2000 |title=Mugabe supporters invade Ian Smith's farm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/15/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2012 |title=Former Zimbabwe white ruler's farm seized |url=https://apnews.com/18867c6718474a1bb2682572d108960b |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Zim government seizes former PM Smith's farm |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-12-08-zim-government-seizes-former-pm-smiths-farm/}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan Gwenoro tana samar da ruwa ga Gweru da [[Shurugwi]] da ke kusa da ita a [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina madatsar ruwan a [[Kogin Runde]] (wanda a da Kogin Lundi ne; wani yanki mai matsakaicin yawa a Gweru an sanya masa suna bayan kogin (Lundi Park)). Sunan Gwenoro ya samo asali ne daga dabbar daji da aka samu a yankin da aka sani da harshen [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] a matsayin Nhoro ( ''gweNORO'' ), wanda ke nufin 'wurin da Nhoro' (kudu) ke zaune. Yankin yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da kyau. Madatsar ruwan ta cika daga Janairu zuwa Yuni. Kamfanonin hada-hadar kifi suna tsiro a gefen wannan kogin. ZIMASCO ta kan gudanar da kulob na ma'adinai amma tun daga lokacin ta tsaya. Abin da ya rage gine-gine ne kawai. == Manazarta == qgm3vchznf8ser0albeix057wx6px8s 0 153836 844436 2026-06-01T09:43:27Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1173991866|Mazowe Dam]]" 844436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Mazowe''' (ko '''Mazoe Dam''' ) madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan [[Kogin Mazowe]] a [[Zimbabwe]], a cikin Tuddan Iron Mask kimanin {{Convert|35|km|mi}} arewacin [[Harare]] . An gina shi a shekarar 1920, an gina shi ne musamman don samar da ban ruwa ga gonakin citrus na Mazoe. Madatsar ruwan ta kasance gida ga Hunyani Rukunin Jiragen Ruwa kuma a da tana samar da kayan aiki ga St. Georges, Prince Edward, Arundel da sauran kungiyoyin jiragen ruwa. Ita ce babbar madatsar ruwa guda daya tilo da ke kan Kogin Mazowe. Kamfanin kwangilar farar hula na Burtaniya Pauling &amp;amp; Co. ne ya gina madatsar simintin kuma an ɗaga ta da {{Convert|3|m|ft}} a shekarar 1961 ta hanyar haƙa dutse a cikin harsashin ginin da kuma sanya jijiyoyi masu bayan an yi amfani da su a cikin simintin. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|37|m|ft}} da {{Convert|163|m|ft}} tsayi, tare da kwararar ruwa a kowane gefe. Zai iya ɗaukar mita cubic miliyan 35 na ruwa kuma yana da faɗin fili na hekta 445 idan ya cika. Fari mai tsawo a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na ƙarni na 21 ya bar madatsar ruwan kusan babu komai, yana lalata amfanin gona na gida sosai. A da, kusan ya bushe a lokacin fari na 1984-85 da kuma a 1996, amma ko da bayan wargajewar fari na baya-bayan nan madatsar ruwan ta kasance babu komai. == Manazarta == 0512wugp02i80ccs0v5gob2q10qtlqo 844437 844436 2026-06-01T09:43:52Z Engineer014 44591 844437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Mazowe''' (ko '''Mazoe Dam''' ) madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan [[Kogin Mazowe]] a [[Zimbabwe]], a cikin Tuddan Iron Mask kimanin {{Convert|35|km|mi}} arewacin [[Harare]] . An gina shi a shekarar 1920, an gina shi ne musamman don samar da ban ruwa ga gonakin citrus na Mazoe. Madatsar ruwan ta kasance gida ga Hunyani Rukunin Jiragen Ruwa kuma a da tana samar da kayan aiki ga St. Georges, Prince Edward, Arundel da sauran kungiyoyin jiragen ruwa. Ita ce babbar madatsar ruwa guda daya tilo da ke kan Kogin Mazowe. Kamfanin kwangilar farar hula na Burtaniya Pauling &amp;amp; Co. ne ya gina madatsar simintin kuma an ɗaga ta da {{Convert|3|m|ft}} a shekarar 1961 ta hanyar haƙa dutse a cikin harsashin ginin da kuma sanya jijiyoyi masu bayan an yi amfani da su a cikin simintin. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|37|m|ft}} da {{Convert|163|m|ft}} tsayi, tare da kwararar ruwa a kowane gefe. Zai iya ɗaukar mita cubic miliyan 35 na ruwa kuma yana da faɗin fili na hekta 445 idan ya cika. Fari mai tsawo a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na ƙarni na 21 ya bar madatsar ruwan kusan babu komai, yana lalata amfanin gona na gida sosai. A da, kusan ya bushe a lokacin fari na 1984-85 da kuma a 1996, amma ko da bayan wargajewar fari na baya-bayan nan madatsar ruwan ta kasance babu komai. == Manazarta == e1wuwx0k6xlohcpxnbreqwwi91hqiqn 0 153837 844440 2026-06-01T09:46:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271222442|Gidabo River]]" 844440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gidabo''' kogi ne mai matsakaicin girma a kudu maso tsakiyar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a cikin Babban Kwarin Rift . Yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Gidabo yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren samar da kofi a Habasha. == Kwas ɗin == Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna uku masu matsakaicin girma da ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Abaya]] . Kogin mai tsawon kusan kilomita 120 yana tashi a gefen yammacin tsaunin ''Soka Sonicha'' (wanda ya fi shahara shine dutsen ''Gelala'' ) a A filayen ambaliyar ruwa da kuma gefen ƙarshen kogin, yana bayyana iyakar kudu ta Yankin Sidama wanda yake gudana ta cikinsa tsawonsa mafi yawa. Garin Dilla shine gari mafi shahara a yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa. Wani gari a yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa shine Aleta Wendo . == Gudun ruwa == Kogin ba shi da magudanar ruwa kuma ba shi da magudanar ruwa mai mahimmanci, amma kogin yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan koguna da rafuka kimanin 97 a cikin ƙananan kwano uku. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a bakinsa kowace shekara ya kai 11.&nbsp;m ³ / s, tare da mafi girman fitarwa ya kai ~40&nbsp;m ³ / s a lokacin bazara da kaka, yayin da a lokacin rani da hunturu fitar ruwa zai iya raguwa zuwa 2-3&nbsp;m ³ / s. Wani abu na musamman na yankin magudanar ruwa na Gidabo shine kasancewar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman tushen ruwan ƙasa don noma ko da a lokacin rani da hunturu. == Gidabo dam == Kilomita 17 ta hanyar yamma da Dilla, inda kogin ya juya zuwa yamma kafin ya shiga filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama, '''madatsar ruwa ta Gidabo''', mai tsawon mita 21.3 da faɗin ƙasa mita 350 ana amfani da madatsar ruwa don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma yin ban ruwa na yanki mai nisan kilomita ²⁷ da kuma samar da kifi. Adadin ajiyar madatsar ruwa ya kai 0.063.&nbsp;km ^3. Gina wannan madatsar ruwa ya ɗauki shekaru takwas saboda matakan sulhu da ba a zata ba yayin gini (daga cikin wasu batutuwa) waɗanda suka buƙaci canza ƙirar madatsar ruwa da yawan ajiyar ta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-03 |title=Gidabo Dam Nears Fruition |url=https://addisfortune.net/articles/gidabo-dam-nears-fruition/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Addis Fortune}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7ayo92tu8c9j6c3bbm514u978kk53ew 844441 844440 2026-06-01T09:47:00Z Engineer014 44591 844441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Gidabo''' kogi ne mai matsakaicin girma a kudu maso tsakiyar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a cikin Babban Kwarin Rift . Yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Gidabo yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren samar da kofi a Habasha. == Kwas ɗin == Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna uku masu matsakaicin girma da ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Abaya]] . Kogin mai tsawon kusan kilomita 120 yana tashi a gefen yammacin tsaunin ''Soka Sonicha'' (wanda ya fi shahara shine dutsen ''Gelala'' ) a A filayen ambaliyar ruwa da kuma gefen ƙarshen kogin, yana bayyana iyakar kudu ta Yankin Sidama wanda yake gudana ta cikinsa tsawonsa mafi yawa. Garin Dilla shine gari mafi shahara a yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa. Wani gari a yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa shine Aleta Wendo . == Gudun ruwa == Kogin ba shi da magudanar ruwa kuma ba shi da magudanar ruwa mai mahimmanci, amma kogin yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan koguna da rafuka kimanin 97 a cikin ƙananan kwano uku. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a bakinsa kowace shekara ya kai 11.&nbsp;m ³ / s, tare da mafi girman fitarwa ya kai ~40&nbsp;m ³ / s a lokacin bazara da kaka, yayin da a lokacin rani da hunturu fitar ruwa zai iya raguwa zuwa 2-3&nbsp;m ³ / s. Wani abu na musamman na yankin magudanar ruwa na Gidabo shine kasancewar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman tushen ruwan ƙasa don noma ko da a lokacin rani da hunturu. == Gidabo dam == Kilomita 17 ta hanyar yamma da Dilla, inda kogin ya juya zuwa yamma kafin ya shiga filayen ambaliyar ruwa da fadama, '''madatsar ruwa ta Gidabo''', mai tsawon mita 21.3 da faɗin ƙasa mita 350 ana amfani da madatsar ruwa don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma yin ban ruwa na yanki mai nisan kilomita ²⁷ da kuma samar da kifi. Adadin ajiyar madatsar ruwa ya kai 0.063.&nbsp;km ^3. Gina wannan madatsar ruwa ya ɗauki shekaru takwas saboda matakan sulhu da ba a zata ba yayin gini (daga cikin wasu batutuwa) waɗanda suka buƙaci canza ƙirar madatsar ruwa da yawan ajiyar ta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-03 |title=Gidabo Dam Nears Fruition |url=https://addisfortune.net/articles/gidabo-dam-nears-fruition/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Addis Fortune}}</ref> == Manazarta == p3ntgcu1lybq5e25cw5zcazhfx8uybe 0 153838 844443 2026-06-01T09:48:04Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1194926327|Manjirenji Dam]]" 844443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Manjirenji''', wadda a da aka fi sani da '''Tafkin McDougal''', tana kudu maso gabashin [[Zimbabwe]], gabashin [[Masvingo]] . An gina ta ne don samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga gonakin noma da ke kan low veld a kudu maso yamma, a kusa da garin Chiredzi, inda babban amfanin gona shine rake. <ref name="ZINWA">{{Cite web |title=Manjirenji Dam |url=http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618091623/http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=2010-01-13 |publisher=[[Zimbabwe National Water Authority]]}}</ref> An kare tafkin da kewayensa a matsayin [[Manjirenji Dam Recreational Park|wurin shakatawa na Manjirenji Dam]] . == Manazarta == 63xohts6a3ilavfxrbqr8atlvxegf7d 844444 844443 2026-06-01T09:48:25Z Engineer014 44591 844444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Manjirenji''', wadda a da aka fi sani da '''Tafkin McDougal''', tana kudu maso gabashin [[Zimbabwe]], gabashin [[Masvingo]] . An gina ta ne don samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga gonakin noma da ke kan low veld a kudu maso yamma, a kusa da garin Chiredzi, inda babban amfanin gona shine rake. <ref name="ZINWA">{{Cite web |title=Manjirenji Dam |url=http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618091623/http://www.zinwa.co.zw/htm/manjirenji.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=2010-01-13 |publisher=[[Zimbabwe National Water Authority]]}}</ref> An kare tafkin da kewayensa a matsayin [[Manjirenji Dam Recreational Park|wurin shakatawa na Manjirenji Dam]] . == Manazarta == 0jwg8cnh67ymbxa1ata8rwsn1flfj1g 0 153839 844446 2026-06-01T09:49:59Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356897387|Tokwe Mukosi Dam]]" 844446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Tokwe Mukosi''' ko kuma '''Madatsar ruwan Tugwi Mukosi''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimbabwe National Water Authority |title=Dam Levels |url=https://zinwa.co.zw/dam-levels/ |website=Dam Levels}}</ref> [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa ce mai siffar siminti wadda aka cika da duwatsu]] a kan [[Kogin Tokwe]], kusa da inda take haɗuwa da Kogin Mukosi, kimanin {{Convert|72|km}} kudu da [[Masvingo]] a lardin Masvingo, [[Zimbabwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Update:Flood water over Tokwe Mukorsi Dam |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNOSAT_TokweMukorsiDam_20140218.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> Yana da {{Convert|90.3|m}} tsayi kuma yana ƙirƙirar {{Convert|1750000000|m3|acre.ft}} , madatsar ruwa mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. Tashar wutar lantarki ta hydroelectric da ke da alaƙa da ita tana da {{Convert|12|MW}} ƙarfin da aka shigar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Cheap design linked to problems at Tokwe-Mukosi |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2014/02/15/cheap-design-linked-problems-tokwe-mukosi/ |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Nehanda Radio}}</ref> Gina madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a watan Yunin 1998 amma ya tsaya cak a shekarar 2008. Salini Impregilo ya fara kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2011. Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a watan Fabrairun 2014 ta haifar da wani cikas a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, a gefen ƙasan madatsar ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2014 |title=Water gushes over crumbling dam wall in Zimbabwe |url=http://digitaljournal.com/news/environment/water-gushes-over-crumbling-dam-wall-in-zimbabwe/article/369683 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Digital Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokwe - Mukorsi Dam |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/in-progress/dams-hydroelectric-plants-hydraulic-works/tokwe-mukorsi-dam.html |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Salini Impregilo}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen watan Fabrairu, madatsar ruwan ba ta lalace gaba ɗaya ba, amma madatsar ruwan da ba a tsara ba da ke tasowa a bayan madatsar ruwan ta haifar da ƙaura daga sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2014 |title=Update: Tokwe Mukorsi dam in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/environment/update-tokwe-mukorsi-dam-in-zimbabwe/article/372939 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Digital Journal}}</ref> Duk sama da ƙasa, an kwashe mutane sama da 20,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title=In photos: The aftermath of Zimbabwe's Tokwe-Mukorsi dam disaster |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-04-14-in-photos-the-aftermath-of-zimbabwes-tokwe-mukorsi-dam-disaster/#.VKVoZivF-So |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> An dakatar da gina madatsar ruwan a watan Yunin 2014 saboda rashin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Tokwe-Mukorsi construction suspended |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/06/26/tokwe-mukorsi-construction-suspended/ |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=News Day}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2016, gwamnati ta saki dala miliyan 35 ga Salini Impregilio <ref>{{Cite web |title=webuild |url=https://www.webuildgroup.com/en/projects/dams-hydroelectric-plants/tokwe-mukosi-dam |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.webuildgroup.com}}</ref> don baiwa ɗan kwangilar Italiya damar ci gaba da aikin gini wanda ya tsaya shekaru biyu da suka gabata saboda matsalolin biyan kuɗi. Daga ƙarshe an kammala madatsar ruwan a watan Disamba na 2016 kuma an fara aikin a watan Mayun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Facts {{!}} Tugwi Mukosi Dam Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.tugwimukosidam.com/facts/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.tugwimukosidam.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Islands-_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg|alt=Water has not settled as yet.| Ruwa bai kwanta ba tukuna. Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Dam_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi.jpg|alt=Looking east you can get the best view of the dam.| Idan ka kalli gabas za ka iya samun mafi kyawun kallon madatsar ruwan. </gallery> == Manazarta == jlqle4lhaa68bzpvlags1yk5yrifmjw 844447 844446 2026-06-01T09:50:31Z Engineer014 44591 844447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Tokwe Mukosi''' ko kuma '''Madatsar ruwan Tugwi Mukosi''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimbabwe National Water Authority |title=Dam Levels |url=https://zinwa.co.zw/dam-levels/ |website=Dam Levels}}</ref> [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa ce mai siffar siminti wadda aka cika da duwatsu]] a kan [[Kogin Tokwe]], kusa da inda take haɗuwa da Kogin Mukosi, kimanin {{Convert|72|km}} kudu da [[Masvingo]] a lardin Masvingo, [[Zimbabwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Update:Flood water over Tokwe Mukorsi Dam |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNOSAT_TokweMukorsiDam_20140218.pdf |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> Yana da {{Convert|90.3|m}} tsayi kuma yana ƙirƙirar {{Convert|1750000000|m3|acre.ft}} , madatsar ruwa mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. Tashar wutar lantarki ta hydroelectric da ke da alaƙa da ita tana da {{Convert|12|MW}} ƙarfin da aka shigar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Cheap design linked to problems at Tokwe-Mukosi |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2014/02/15/cheap-design-linked-problems-tokwe-mukosi/ |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Nehanda Radio}}</ref> Gina madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a watan Yunin 1998 amma ya tsaya cak a shekarar 2008. Salini Impregilo ya fara kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2011. Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a watan Fabrairun 2014 ta haifar da wani cikas a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, a gefen ƙasan madatsar ruwan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2014 |title=Water gushes over crumbling dam wall in Zimbabwe |url=http://digitaljournal.com/news/environment/water-gushes-over-crumbling-dam-wall-in-zimbabwe/article/369683 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Digital Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokwe - Mukorsi Dam |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/in-progress/dams-hydroelectric-plants-hydraulic-works/tokwe-mukorsi-dam.html |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Salini Impregilo}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen watan Fabrairu, madatsar ruwan ba ta lalace gaba ɗaya ba, amma madatsar ruwan da ba a tsara ba da ke tasowa a bayan madatsar ruwan ta haifar da ƙaura daga sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2014 |title=Update: Tokwe Mukorsi dam in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/environment/update-tokwe-mukorsi-dam-in-zimbabwe/article/372939 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Digital Journal}}</ref> Duk sama da ƙasa, an kwashe mutane sama da 20,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title=In photos: The aftermath of Zimbabwe's Tokwe-Mukorsi dam disaster |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-04-14-in-photos-the-aftermath-of-zimbabwes-tokwe-mukorsi-dam-disaster/#.VKVoZivF-So |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> An dakatar da gina madatsar ruwan a watan Yunin 2014 saboda rashin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Tokwe-Mukorsi construction suspended |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/06/26/tokwe-mukorsi-construction-suspended/ |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=News Day}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2016, gwamnati ta saki dala miliyan 35 ga Salini Impregilio <ref>{{Cite web |title=webuild |url=https://www.webuildgroup.com/en/projects/dams-hydroelectric-plants/tokwe-mukosi-dam |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.webuildgroup.com}}</ref> don baiwa ɗan kwangilar Italiya damar ci gaba da aikin gini wanda ya tsaya shekaru biyu da suka gabata saboda matsalolin biyan kuɗi. Daga ƙarshe an kammala madatsar ruwan a watan Disamba na 2016 kuma an fara aikin a watan Mayun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Facts {{!}} Tugwi Mukosi Dam Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.tugwimukosidam.com/facts/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.tugwimukosidam.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Islands-_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg|alt=Water has not settled as yet.| Ruwa bai kwanta ba tukuna. Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi_Dam_Masvingo_Zimbabwe.jpg Fayil:Tokwe_Murkosi.jpg|alt=Looking east you can get the best view of the dam.| Idan ka kalli gabas za ka iya samun mafi kyawun kallon madatsar ruwan. </gallery> == Manazarta == oqqloexkv7in3u9osm5r53t9szzrlzx 0 153840 844448 2026-06-01T09:52:09Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357161892|Cocody Flood Canal]]" 844448 wikitext text/x-wiki == Bayani == Cocody yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamitocin Abidjan kuma mafi yawan jama'a, yana gefen arewacin tafkin Ébrié. Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce mm 1,800, wanda hakan ya sa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya zama babban abin damuwa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Saurin birane da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin. <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail "https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == soc4vc64ig78gmwp466wfq8vd00m8wo 844449 844448 2026-06-01T09:52:40Z Engineer014 44591 844449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Bayani == Cocody yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamitocin Abidjan kuma mafi yawan jama'a, yana gefen arewacin tafkin Ébrié. Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce mm 1,800, wanda hakan ya sa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya zama babban abin damuwa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Saurin birane da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin. <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail "https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == hszplkv5k5l09i3ost9hbqayqikdhrt 0 153841 844451 2026-06-01T09:54:04Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328991053|Bumbuna Dam]]" 844451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Bumbuna''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu]] a kan [[Kogin Rokel|kogin Seli]] kusa da Bumbuna a gundumar Tonkolili, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]], <ref name="VOA">{{Cite web |last=Fid Thompson |date=9 February 2010 |title=Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> da kuma {{Convert|350|km}} daga babban birnin [[Freetown]], babban mai amfani da wutar lantarki. <ref name="SI">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa ta farko a ƙasar, tana da ƙarfin {{Convert|50|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="VOA" /> An fara gano wurin da aka gina madatsar ruwa a Bumbuna Falls a shekarar 1971, kuma an fara gina ginin a shekarar 1975. <ref name="PT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ |website=power-technology.com}}</ref> An dakatar da aikin a watan Mayu na shekarar 1997, kimanin kashi 85% ne aka kammala, saboda [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo]], kuma ba a sake fara aikin ba sai a shekarar 2005. <ref name="PT" /> <ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ |website=renewable-technology.com}}</ref> An kammala aikin kuma an fara amfani da shi ta intanet a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone (11/15/11) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/sierraleone/182274.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] ne ya samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kudin dalar Amurka miliyan 327 ($103 miliyan). <ref name="PT" /> Wani rahoto da aka fitar a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2005 ya nuna cewa kauyuka 33 ne madatsar ruwa za ta shafa, kodayake mutum ɗaya ne kawai (daga cikin gidaje 16 da mutane 135) za su buƙaci sake tsugunar da su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Robert Zwahlen |date=26 January 2005 |title=Bumbuna Hydropower Project: Resettlement Action Plan for the Reservoir and Dam Area |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/927461468167368163/pdf/RP2950vol-01.pdf |page=I}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan tana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|87|m}}, tsawon {{Convert|400|m}} a gefen kuma girman {{Convert|2500000|m3}} . <ref name="SI">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant"]. [[Salini Impregilo]].</cite></ref> Yawan ma'ajiyar da aka ƙirƙira shine {{Convert|410000000|m3}} , <ref name="SI" /> {{Convert|428000000|m3}} <ref name="VOA">{{Cite web |last=Fid Thompson |date=9 February 2010 |title=Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFid_Thompson2010">Fid Thompson (9 February 2010). [https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html "Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown"]. [[Muryan Amurka|Voice of America]].</cite></ref> ko kuma {{Convert|480000000|m3}} . <ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ |website=renewable-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone"]. ''renewable-technology.com''.</cite></ref> Akwai injinan Francis guda biyu, kowannensu yana da {{Convert|25|MW}} . <ref name="PT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ |website=power-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone"]. ''power-technology.com''.</cite></ref> Bayan kammala aikin, an samu matsaloli da dama, kuma da kyar ake samar da {{Convert|10|MW}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemo Cham |date=25 February 2013 |title=Why Sierra Leone's energy crisis just about got worse |url=http://www.africareview.com/business-finance/Why-Sierra-Leones-energy-crisis-just-got-worse/979184-1704108-8wai0y/index.html |website=africareview.com}}</ref> ko {{Convert|25|MW}} <ref name="AR">{{Cite web |last=Kimberly S. Johnson |date=11 September 2013 |title=Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html |publisher=[[The Africa Report]]}}</ref> kamar na 2013. An shirya wani mataki na biyu, don {{Convert|110|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Project Completion Report |url=http://www.bumbuna.sl/admin/images/news/ESAP%20M1%20-%20Final%20Report%2010.11.04.pdf |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Bumbuna Hydro Electric Environmental And Social Management Project}}{{Dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2011, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa ta ba da aikin Phase II na dala miliyan 750 ga Joule Africa, wani kamfani da ke Burtaniya. <ref name="AR">{{Cite web |last=Kimberly S. Johnson |date=11 September 2013 |title=Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html |publisher=[[The Africa Report]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKimberly_S._Johnson2013">Kimberly S. Johnson (11 September 2013). [http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html "Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints"]. [[The Africa Report]].</cite></ref> Wannan zai kunshi madatsar ruwa ta biyu da kuma tashar. <ref name="AR" /> An shirya fara ginin a shekarar 2014 kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa akalla 2017. <ref name="AR" /> == Manazarta == d7od4si3m1zs8gnlhs0f0s6wm78p2zw 844452 844451 2026-06-01T09:54:27Z Engineer014 44591 844452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Bumbuna''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu]] a kan [[Kogin Rokel|kogin Seli]] kusa da Bumbuna a gundumar Tonkolili, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]], <ref name="VOA">{{Cite web |last=Fid Thompson |date=9 February 2010 |title=Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> da kuma {{Convert|350|km}} daga babban birnin [[Freetown]], babban mai amfani da wutar lantarki. <ref name="SI">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa ta farko a ƙasar, tana da ƙarfin {{Convert|50|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="VOA" /> An fara gano wurin da aka gina madatsar ruwa a Bumbuna Falls a shekarar 1971, kuma an fara gina ginin a shekarar 1975. <ref name="PT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ |website=power-technology.com}}</ref> An dakatar da aikin a watan Mayu na shekarar 1997, kimanin kashi 85% ne aka kammala, saboda [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo]], kuma ba a sake fara aikin ba sai a shekarar 2005. <ref name="PT" /> <ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ |website=renewable-technology.com}}</ref> An kammala aikin kuma an fara amfani da shi ta intanet a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone (11/15/11) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/sierraleone/182274.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] ne ya samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kudin dalar Amurka miliyan 327 ($103 miliyan). <ref name="PT" /> Wani rahoto da aka fitar a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2005 ya nuna cewa kauyuka 33 ne madatsar ruwa za ta shafa, kodayake mutum ɗaya ne kawai (daga cikin gidaje 16 da mutane 135) za su buƙaci sake tsugunar da su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Robert Zwahlen |date=26 January 2005 |title=Bumbuna Hydropower Project: Resettlement Action Plan for the Reservoir and Dam Area |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/927461468167368163/pdf/RP2950vol-01.pdf |page=I}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan tana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|87|m}}, tsawon {{Convert|400|m}} a gefen kuma girman {{Convert|2500000|m3}} . <ref name="SI">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant |url=http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.salini-impregilo.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-plant.html "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Plant"]. [[Salini Impregilo]].</cite></ref> Yawan ma'ajiyar da aka ƙirƙira shine {{Convert|410000000|m3}} , <ref name="SI" /> {{Convert|428000000|m3}} <ref name="VOA">{{Cite web |last=Fid Thompson |date=9 February 2010 |title=Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFid_Thompson2010">Fid Thompson (9 February 2010). [https://www.voanews.com/a/sierra-leones-hydro-power-dam-lighting-up-freetown-84037107/153195.html "Sierra Leone's Hydro-Power Dam Lighting Up Freetown"]. [[Muryan Amurka|Voice of America]].</cite></ref> ko kuma {{Convert|480000000|m3}} . <ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ |website=renewable-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.renewable-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-hydroelectric-power-station-tonkolili-district/ "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone"]. ''renewable-technology.com''.</cite></ref> Akwai injinan Francis guda biyu, kowannensu yana da {{Convert|25|MW}} . <ref name="PT">{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ |website=power-technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.power-technology.com/projects/bumbuna-station/ "Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Station, Tonkolili District, West Africa, Sierra Leone"]. ''power-technology.com''.</cite></ref> Bayan kammala aikin, an samu matsaloli da dama, kuma da kyar ake samar da {{Convert|10|MW}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemo Cham |date=25 February 2013 |title=Why Sierra Leone's energy crisis just about got worse |url=http://www.africareview.com/business-finance/Why-Sierra-Leones-energy-crisis-just-got-worse/979184-1704108-8wai0y/index.html |website=africareview.com}}</ref> ko {{Convert|25|MW}} <ref name="AR">{{Cite web |last=Kimberly S. Johnson |date=11 September 2013 |title=Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html |publisher=[[The Africa Report]]}}</ref> kamar na 2013. An shirya wani mataki na biyu, don {{Convert|110|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Project Completion Report |url=http://www.bumbuna.sl/admin/images/news/ESAP%20M1%20-%20Final%20Report%2010.11.04.pdf |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Bumbuna Hydro Electric Environmental And Social Management Project}}{{Dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2011, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa ta ba da aikin Phase II na dala miliyan 750 ga Joule Africa, wani kamfani da ke Burtaniya. <ref name="AR">{{Cite web |last=Kimberly S. Johnson |date=11 September 2013 |title=Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html |publisher=[[The Africa Report]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKimberly_S._Johnson2013">Kimberly S. Johnson (11 September 2013). [http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/sierra-leones-private-sector-rushes-to-fill-the-void-as-dam-disappoints.html "Sierra Leone's private sector rushes to fill the void as dam disappoints"]. [[The Africa Report]].</cite></ref> Wannan zai kunshi madatsar ruwa ta biyu da kuma tashar. <ref name="AR" /> An shirya fara ginin a shekarar 2014 kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa akalla 2017. <ref name="AR" /> == Manazarta == h7vs5z3rp4221774e3kjafl9p8h1ebb 0 153842 844453 2026-06-01T09:57:20Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309643748|Glassblock Dam]]" 844453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129. An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]] . Gina madatsar ruwa shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan Bulawayo a matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == g5w4bls6oc8vuzr1nrq5f6x7bqyuug2 844454 844453 2026-06-01T09:57:44Z Engineer014 44591 844454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129. An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]] . Gina madatsar ruwa shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan Bulawayo a matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == tv10wpn4u8plkuofpl70bg0ji0amc1u 844461 844454 2026-06-01T10:36:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Gilashin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]] to [[Madatsan Ruwan Glassblock]]: Misspelled title: Take ba daidai ba 844454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129. An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]] . Gina madatsar ruwa shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan Bulawayo a matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == tv10wpn4u8plkuofpl70bg0ji0amc1u 844463 844461 2026-06-01T10:36:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Madatsan Ruwan Glassblock]] to [[Madatsar Glassblock]] 844454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129. An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]] . Gina madatsar ruwa shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan Bulawayo a matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == tv10wpn4u8plkuofpl70bg0ji0amc1u 844465 844463 2026-06-01T10:38:09Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka gina a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129. An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]]. Gina madatsar ruwan shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan [[Bulawayo]] na matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == t5a7s2ba8ymngus0v9kouztt0417xx6 844467 844465 2026-06-01T10:38:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka gina a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129.<ref name="Chibi">Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]]. Gina madatsar ruwan shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan [[Bulawayo]] na matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == onp3lu90rxz6r06nucd6jribzz6jua2 844469 844467 2026-06-01T10:38:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka gina a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129.<ref name="Chibi">Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]].<ref name="Goddard">Goddard J.R, 2024. Glassblock Dam and Pipeline for Bulawayo, Executive Summary, J R Goddard Contracting Pvt. Ltd., Bulawayo.</ref> Gina madatsar ruwan shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan [[Bulawayo]] na matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana. == Manazarta == 2wfy5nsz1tkmqiw3sbq8j5uohz9ndz6 844470 844469 2026-06-01T10:39:06Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar Glassblock''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka gina a [[Kogin Mzingwane]], arewacin Gwanda, [[Zimbabwe]], wadda za ta samar da madatsar ruwa mai girman cubic mita miliyan 129.<ref name="Chibi">Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> An kiyasta kudin aikin da za a yi wa [[Bopoma Glassblock Dam|madatsar ruwan Bopoma Glassblock]] ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Injiniyoyin ZINWA ne suka tsara madatsar ruwan kuma an tsara ta ne a matsayin wani yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsawon kilomita 2.5 da tsayin mita 40. Za a tura ruwa daga madatsar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 33 zuwa ga ma'aikatan ruwa da ke wurin a [[Kogin Ncema|Ncema]], inda akwai hanyar haɗi da Criterion Waterworks a wajen [[Bulawayo]].<ref name="Goddard">Goddard J.R, 2024. Glassblock Dam and Pipeline for Bulawayo, Executive Summary, J R Goddard Contracting Pvt. Ltd., Bulawayo.</ref> Gina madatsar ruwan shiri ne na magance matsalar ruwan [[Bulawayo]] na matsakaicin lokaci. Madatsar ruwan Bulawayo ce za ta mallaka, yayin da Madatsar ruwan za ta kasance ta [[ZINWA]] bisa ga Dokar Ruwa. Ana kyautata zaton Madatsar ruwan za ta rage matsin lamba daga asusun gwamnati kuma ta ba gwamnati damar mai da hankali kan aikin [[Gwayi-Shangani]] mai wahala. Madatsar ruwan za ta sami damar samar wa birnin lita miliyan 70 a kowace rana.<ref name="Tshuma">Hon. Tshuma. J (Chairperson) et al., 2024. The State of Water Supply in Bulawayo, Report by Joint Portfolio Committee on Local Government, Public Works, National Housing and the Thematic Committee on Sustainable Development Goals, Parliament of Zimbabwe, Harare.</ref> == Manazarta == 7s1ooiwj7frhyric3dkej6m0z9o87v1 0 153843 844457 2026-06-01T10:30:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1215373766|Sidi el Barrak Dam]]" 844457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi El Barrak madatsar''' ruwa ce mai girman {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} arewa maso gabas na Tabarka da {{Convert|2|km|mi|0}} daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Kogin Oued Zouara a cikin Gundumar Beja, Tunisiya. An gina shi tsakanin 1994 da 2000, babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi el Barrak |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Ci Gaban Sidi el Barrak, ana tura ruwan da aka adana a cikin madatsar ruwan zuwa [[Seyjame Dam|madatsar ruwan Seyjame]], akan ƙimar {{Convert|265000000|m3|acre.ft|0}} kowace shekara. Ana ba da wannan ruwan ga [[Tunis]], Cap Bon da Sahel, gami da Sfax don amfanin birni da kuma ayyukan noma. An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2002 |title=Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> == Management == fvuhct0dfls2bx3j1quikckkugyiqpo 844458 844457 2026-06-01T10:31:21Z Engineer014 44591 844458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi El Barrak madatsar''' ruwa ce mai girman {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} arewa maso gabas na Tabarka da {{Convert|2|km|mi|0}} daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Kogin Oued Zouara a cikin Gundumar Beja, Tunisiya. An gina shi tsakanin 1994 da 2000, babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi el Barrak |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Ci Gaban Sidi el Barrak, ana tura ruwan da aka adana a cikin madatsar ruwan zuwa [[Seyjame Dam|madatsar ruwan Seyjame]], akan ƙimar {{Convert|265000000|m3|acre.ft|0}} kowace shekara. Ana ba da wannan ruwan ga [[Tunis]], Cap Bon da Sahel, gami da Sfax don amfanin birni da kuma ayyukan noma. An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2002 |title=Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> == Management == l7sggkajh49chlo7pn41yowq4hqabz5 844472 844458 2026-06-01T10:40:05Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Rashin ruwa na Sidi el Barrak]] to [[Madatsar Sidi el Barrak]]: Take ba daidai ba 844458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi El Barrak madatsar''' ruwa ce mai girman {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} arewa maso gabas na Tabarka da {{Convert|2|km|mi|0}} daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Kogin Oued Zouara a cikin Gundumar Beja, Tunisiya. An gina shi tsakanin 1994 da 2000, babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi el Barrak |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Ci Gaban Sidi el Barrak, ana tura ruwan da aka adana a cikin madatsar ruwan zuwa [[Seyjame Dam|madatsar ruwan Seyjame]], akan ƙimar {{Convert|265000000|m3|acre.ft|0}} kowace shekara. Ana ba da wannan ruwan ga [[Tunis]], Cap Bon da Sahel, gami da Sfax don amfanin birni da kuma ayyukan noma. An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2002 |title=Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> == Management == l7sggkajh49chlo7pn41yowq4hqabz5 844475 844472 2026-06-01T10:40:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi El Barrak''' madatsar ruwa ce mai girman {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} arewa maso gabas na Tabarka da {{Convert|2|km|mi|0}} daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Kogin Oued Zouara a cikin Gundumar Beja, Tunisiya. An gina shi tsakanin 1994 da 2000, babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi el Barrak |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Ci Gaban Sidi el Barrak, ana tura ruwan da aka adana a cikin madatsar ruwan zuwa [[Seyjame Dam|madatsar ruwan Seyjame]], akan ƙimar {{Convert|265000000|m3|acre.ft|0}} kowace shekara. Ana ba da wannan ruwan ga [[Tunis]], Cap Bon da Sahel, gami da Sfax don amfanin birni da kuma ayyukan noma. An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2002 |title=Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> == Management == 570r2d4iu6vv98g381rng1bdtocl91r 844476 844475 2026-06-01T10:41:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Sidi El Barrak'''<ref>"Barrage de Sidi El Barrak". ''Ramsar Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</ref> madatsar ruwa ce mai girman {{Convert|18|km|mi|0}} arewa maso gabas na Tabarka da {{Convert|2|km|mi|0}} daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Kogin Oued Zouara a cikin Gundumar Beja, Tunisiya. An gina shi tsakanin 1994 da 2000, babban manufar madatsar ruwan shine samar da ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi el Barrak |url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/tunisie/sidi-el-barrak/ |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Ci Gaban Sidi el Barrak, ana tura ruwan da aka adana a cikin madatsar ruwan zuwa [[Seyjame Dam|madatsar ruwan Seyjame]], akan ƙimar {{Convert|265000000|m3|acre.ft|0}} kowace shekara. Ana ba da wannan ruwan ga [[Tunis]], Cap Bon da Sahel, gami da Sfax don amfanin birni da kuma ayyukan noma. An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2002 |title=Sidi el Barrak Dam Completion Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-2004-111-EN-TUNISIA-SIDI-EL-BARRAK-DAM-CONSTRUCTION-PCR-DEC.PDF |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> == Management == fn0c28ihdloiyo13ujmwy34lf0dqzji 0 153844 844462 2026-06-01T10:36:25Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Gilashin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]] to [[Madatsan Ruwan Glassblock]]: Misspelled title: Take ba daidai ba 844462 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Madatsan Ruwan Glassblock]] l5llfllf343llesc8p0hnvwa7re8d6o 0 153845 844464 2026-06-01T10:36:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Madatsan Ruwan Glassblock]] to [[Madatsar Glassblock]] 844464 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Madatsar Glassblock]] m9kojn3raqyawpoe5rmkskuhr4v07bp 0 153846 844466 2026-06-01T10:38:11Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319892901|Water supply and sanitation in Uganda]]" 844466 wikitext text/x-wiki Bangaren '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda''' ya samu ci gaba mai yawa a yankunan birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa akalla 2006, tare da karuwar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci. <ref name="Mugisha">{{Cite journal |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |last2=Berg |first2=Sanford V. |date=September 2008 |others=African Development Bank |title=State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |journal=African Development Review |location=Oxford, UK & Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |publication-date=17 July 2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |issn=1017-6772 |ssrn=1088139 |id={{EBSCOhost|33208218}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Rp|pages 3–4}}Gyaran sassan daga 1998 zuwa 2003 ya haɗa da tallatawa da sabunta Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa (NWSC) da ke aiki a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma rarraba iko da kuma shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared" /> {{Rp|page 15}} Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya sosai. Duk da haka, kashi 38 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da damar samun [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a shekarar 2010. Dangane da samun ingantaccen tsafta, alkaluma sun bambanta sosai. A cewar alkaluman gwamnati, kashi 70 cikin 100 ne a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a birane <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> yayin da a cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD), samun damar ya kai kashi 34 cikin 100 kacal. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> An amince da ɓangaren ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] a matsayin muhimmin yanki a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Aiki na Kawar da Talauci na 2004 (PEAP), babban takardar dabarun yaƙi da talauci [[Uganda|ta Uganda]] . <ref name="PEAP">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> An gabatar da cikakken tsarin kashe kuɗi don daidaita tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje, gwamnatin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . {{Rp|page 5}}Hukumar PEAP ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2015, ana buƙatar kimanin dala biliyan 1.4 (dala miliyan 92 na Amurka a kowace shekara) don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samarwa zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari. <ref name="PEAP 182-183">Rural areas: US$956&nbsp;million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million).{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Uganda ba su da damar samun "mafi [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] " a ƙasar. Samun aƙalla ruwan da ake buƙata shine kashi 39 cikin 100 na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 na al'ummar birni da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli ", ko kuma kashi 28 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane da kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 31 ba su sami damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli" a shekarar 2015 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org-Uganda |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |archive-date=2014-04-18 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF}}</ref> Shirin auna haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bai wa Uganda maki 22.9% dangane da tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kashi 9.5 cikin 100 na samar da ruwa. A shekarun baya, samun "ingantaccen ruwa" ya karu daga kashi 43 cikin 100 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 72 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010, a cewar kiyasin da Shirin Kulawa da Tsabtace Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa (JMP) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi. A wannan lokacin, samun "ingantaccen tsafta" ya karu kadan daga kashi 27 zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> Rahoton Ayyukan Sashen Ruwa da Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta Uganda, duk da haka, ya nuna alkaluman hanyoyin shiga daban-daban. A cewar wannan rahoton, a shekarar 2011, samun "ruwa mai aminci" ya kai kashi 66 cikin 100, yayin da samun ingantaccen tsafta ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a yankunan birane. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Kashi 87 cikin 100 na al'ummar sun rayu ne a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2010. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> A cewar Tarayyar Turai (EU), adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu sosai tsakanin 2000 da 2008, duk da cewa gwamnati ba ta ba da tallafi ga gina bandakuna ba. <ref name="EU aid">{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5}}</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga kiyasin JMP, adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu daga miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2000 zuwa miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2010. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Dalilan tantancewar daban-daban ba su da tabbas. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da aka fi amfani da su don samar da ruwan karkara sune [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan]] ruwa masu kariya, [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|ramukan rijiyoyi]], [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyin]] da aka kare, da kuma tsarin kwararar ruwa mai nauyi. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 64}}Waɗanda ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa dole ne su dogara da hanyoyin da ba su da aminci kamar koguna, tafkuna, da rijiyoyi marasa kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rashin isa da inganci shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa su ne babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Fund#Group Entities |date=March 2005 |title=Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610071615/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Samun damar samun hanyoyin ruwa masu aiki ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin gundumomi a cikin 2007, daga kashi 12 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari. Gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi niyyar cimma burin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na bai ɗaya a birane da kuma kashi 77 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwa da kuma kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsaftace muhalli nan da shekarar 2015. A lokacin da aka tsara waɗannan manufofi, gwamnati ta ayyana samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kamar haka: ana ba da ingantaccen samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar ingantaccen tushen ruwa a cikin nisan tafiya na {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a yankunan karkara da {{Convert|0.2|km|mi}} a yankunan birane. Ana ba da kariya ga tsafta ta hanyar wuraren tsafta a wurin zama. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 12}} == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaba da wadata === A cewar Maxwell Stamp PLC, waɗanda suka sami ruwan famfo a shekarar 2003 a babban birnin ƙasar [[Kampala|Kampala,]] "yawanci" ana ba su ruwa akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24 a rana. <ref name="MS">{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell Stamp PLC |date=19 August 2003 |title=Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda |location=uganda |page=15}}</ref> Duk da haka, NWSC ta amince cewa sassan Kampala kamar Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, da yawancin wurare a kan tuddai suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na tsawon mako guda lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare. A wasu garuruwa, Maxwell Stamp PLC ta gano a shekarar 2003 cewa yawancin abokan ciniki suna samun ruwa fiye da kwana biyar a mako. <ref name="MS" /> === Ingancin ruwan sha === A ƙarƙashin Binciken Ayyukan Bangaren Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na huɗu, bisa ga nazarin da wasu ƙananan sassa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka gudanar a shekarar 2006, an gano cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 da 95 cikin 100 na samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka daga albarkatun ruwa masu kariya da waɗanda aka yi wa magani, bi da bi, sun cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan kimantawa ta ƙunshi samar da ruwan karkara da birane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |date=April 2006 |title=Uganda country strategy 2006–2011 |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> === Maganin ruwan sharar gida === [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_17.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi|thumb|'''Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a Mbarara a yammacin Uganda kusa da kogin Rwizi''']] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kashi 90 cikin 100 na sharar da aka tara a Kampala an fitar da ita ba tare da wani magani ba. NWSC tana gudanar da ƙaramin [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|kamfanin tace najasa]] na gargajiya a Kampala da kuma wani a [[Masaka]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> A yanayin Kampala, ana fitar da ruwan shara zuwa yankin dausayin [[Nakivubo]] . An kiyasta cewa yankin dausayin zai samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki har zuwa dala miliyan 1.75 a kowace shekara, yana cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwan dausayin da ba a yi masa magani ba kuma wanda aka yi masa magani kaɗan daga Kampala ta cikin yankin dausayin zuwa Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |title=Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services. |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027174833/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 106}} [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_03.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda|thumb|Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a cikin Mbarara City a yammacin Uganda]] A wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsabtace Ruwa na Kampala wanda Fichtner Consultants ta gudanar tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Jamus, an tsara tasoshin tace ruwan shara guda huɗu. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da masana'antar da ke da ƙarfin {{Convert|45000|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Nakivubo, wata masana'anta mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8000|m3|ft3}} kowace rana a Kinawataka, wani kamfanin tace laka mai girman {{Convert|200|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Lubigi, da kuma wani masana'anta a Nalukolongo. Shirin ya kuma yi hasashen gina bandakuna na muhalli a makarantu, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma ilimin tsafta a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION |title=ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009 |pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fichtner |title=Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda |url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118033540/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |archive-date=18 November 2009 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Jamus ne za su dauki nauyin jarin. An shirya dakatar da aikin masana'antar Bugolobi da zarar sabbin masana'antun suka fara aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Monitor |date=22 March 2011 |title=NWSC to construct four sewage plants |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/index03.php?id=76 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> A ƙananan garuruwa, NWSC tana gudanar da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna 21 na daidaita najasa]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNational_Water_and_Sewerage_Corporation">National Water and Sewerage Corporation. </cite></ref> A cewar MWE, wani bincike da aka yi kan fitar da ruwa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa galibin wuraren tace ruwan sharar gida na NWSC ba su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba. Daga cikin bayanan bayanai 223, kashi 12 cikin ɗari sun bi ƙa'idodin buƙatar iskar oxygen ta sinadarai, kashi 26 cikin ɗari tare da ƙa'idodin phosphorus, da kashi 40 cikin ɗari tare da jimillar ƙa'idodin daskararru da aka dakatar . Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwa da ake fitar da ruwa daga ciki. A wasu lokuta, an zubar da najasa kai tsaye cikin muhalli ba tare da wani magani ba. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 85}}Rashin tsaftace ruwan shara mai aiki yana barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. === Gamsar da abokin ciniki === An gudanar da wani bincike kan gamsuwar abokan ciniki tsakanin 2009-2010 ga dukkan garuruwan da NWSC ke yi wa hidima. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi kamar gamsuwa da ingancin ruwa, matsin lamba na ruwa, ingancin ruwa, kuɗaɗen ruwa na lokaci da daidai, amsawa wajen warware koke-koke, amsawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kula da abokan ciniki, da kuma sauƙin tsarin biyan kuɗi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki 5,319 da aka tuntuɓa a cikin samfurin da aka raba, 2,731 sun amsa. Kula da abokan ciniki ya sami mafi girman ƙima, yayin da ingancin ruwa da matsin lamba suka sami ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya suna da kyau. An ƙididdige ma'aunin gamsuwar abokan ciniki a duk tambayoyin, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 na abokan ciniki sun gamsu, sama da kashi 83 cikin 100 a lokacin binciken da ya gabata. Gamsuwa ta fi yawa a Hoima, Iganda, da Masindi da kashi 95 cikin 100 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a garin Mubende na tsakiyar Uganda, inda babu jami'in kula da abokan ciniki ko tebur, da kashi 62 cikin 100. A Kampala, gamsuwa ta kai kashi 83 cikin 100. Abokan ciniki sun yaba da yanayin da ake ciki a ofisoshin yankin, cewa ana kiran waya don tunatar da abokan ciniki game da biyan kuɗi, cewa abokan ciniki za su iya biyan basussukansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi a lokuta na musamman, kuma ana sanar da rage ruwa ta rediyo. Abokan ciniki sun koka game da ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, ruwan laka a lokacin damina, katsewar samar da kayayyaki a lokacin rani, ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, jinkirin aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, katsewar duk da biyan kuɗin ruwansu, da kuma rashin ladabin ma'aikatan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheba Bamwine |last2=Customer Relations Monitoring |title=Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214510/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2013 |publisher=NWSC}}</ref>   Babu wani kimantawar sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa a Uganda, shi ya sa ba a san yuwuwar ruwan karkashin kasa a kasar ba. Duk da haka, kimantawar yankuna a garuruwan Uganda ta nuna cewa sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ya cika adadin da ake bukata a yanzu. Domin sa ido kan adadi da ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa, an kafa cibiyar kula da albarkatun ruwa ta kasa a karkashin kulawar Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|pages 38–57}} === Tafkin Victoria === Tsakanin 2003 da 2006, Tafkin Victoria ya rasa mita cubic miliyan 75, kimanin kashi 69 cikin 100 na yawan ruwansa, amma tun daga lokacin ya farfado zuwa sama da yadda aka saba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> An yi jayayya kan musabbabin raguwar ruwan sama da kashi 10-15 cikin 100 ya sa tafkin ya ragu. A cewar Daniel Kull, a lokacin wani masanin ruwa a fannin Dabaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Nairobi, da fari ya haifar da rabin asarar ruwa da aka gani idan aka yi amfani da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a mashigar tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]] bisa ga "layin da aka amince da shi" wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin yarjejeniyar 1953 kan kwararar Nilu tsakanin Uganda da Masar. <ref name="newscientist.com" /> Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, farfesa a fannin lissafi na injiniya a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ya ƙi amincewa kuma ya ƙididdige cewa fari ya haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 85 cikin 100 na raguwar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tickodri-Togboa |first=Sandy Stevens |title=On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria |url=http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology |page=698}}</ref> Ana samar wa Kampala da Entebbe ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar cibiyoyin tace ruwa guda huɗu: Ggaba I, II da III da kuma wani kamfanin da aka gina kwanan nan a Katosi a gundumar Mukono. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amfani da ruwa == A cewar PEAP na 2004-5 zuwa 2007-8, amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kama daga lita 12 zuwa 14 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L/p/d). A cikin garuruwa da cibiyoyin birane da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000, PEAP ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da ruwa bai wuce 17 ba.&nbsp;L/p/d. Manufar ƙasa ita ce matsakaicin amfani da 20&nbsp;L/p/d. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151617/http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na NWSC, jimillar samar da ruwa daga watan Yulin 2007 zuwa Yunin 2008 (shekarar kuɗi ta 2007/2008) ga garuruwa 23 ya kai {{Convert|63600000|m3|ft3}} , wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an samar da su ne a Kampala. Abokan ciniki na cikin gida sun yi amfani da kashi 46.9 cikin 100 ko kuma {{Convert|29800000|m3|ft3}} na jimillar samar da NWSC. An raba shi da mutane 1,944,741 waɗanda NWSC ta yi wa hidima a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2008, wannan ya yi daidai da {{Convert|15.3|m3|ft3}} ga kowane mutum a shekara ko 44&nbsp;L/p/d. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == An kammala tsarin ruwa na farko da aka yi amfani da bututu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1930. An gabatar da magudanar ruwa ta ruwa bayan 1937. Gina sabbin wurare ya karu daga 1950 zuwa 1965 a karkashin tsarin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nilsson |first=David |year=2006 |title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Environment and Urbanization |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=369–385 |bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N |doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 |doi-access=}}</ref> Daga baya, tsarin da ake da shi an gyara shi ne kawai kuma ba a gina sabbin wurare ba har zuwa 1990. A cewar wani takarda da UN-Water ta fitar, zuwa 1990, kayayyakin more rayuwa na ruwa na birane sun yi aiki kasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a a manyan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 78}} A kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1980, masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin kuɗi don gyara da sabunta hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Kampala. <ref name="jammal 3">{{Cite journal |last=Jamma |first=Yahya |last2=Jones, Leroy |date=October 2006 |title=Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/UgandaWater.pdf?resourceurlname=UgandaWater.pdf |publisher=Boston Institute for Developing Economies |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Misali, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 60 a ƙarƙashin Aikin Samar da Ruwa, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1990 zuwa 1998 (duba ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02) |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P002969&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Duk da cewa tallafin kuɗi ya taimaka wajen gyara ababen more rayuwa, aikin kasuwanci na NWSC har yanzu bai gamsar ba. <ref name="jammal 3" /> === Gyaran Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa === ==== Bayanin tsarin gyara ==== An ƙirƙiri NWSC a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mallakar gwamnati a shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] ta ƙasa, tana aiki ne kawai a Entebbe, Jinja, da babban birnin Kampala. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|p. 3}}Daga nan yankin hidimarsa ya girma a hankali har ya haɗa da manyan birane da matsakaitan birane a duk faɗin Uganda, inda ya kai jimillar birane da garuruwa 23 a shekarar 2008, da kuma birane da garuruwa 40 a wani faɗaɗa na yankin hidimarsa a watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 1995 <ref name="Reform">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |year=1995 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation}}</ref> da 2000, An sake tsara NWSC a ƙarƙashin Dokar NWSC da Dokar NWSC, wanda ya ba ta ikon gudanar da ayyuka mai yawa da kuma ikon yin aiki da samar da ruwa da najasa a yankunan da aka damka mata, bisa ingantaccen tushe, na kasuwanci, da kuma inganci. <ref name="Reform" /> An fara gyare-gyaren cikin gida a NWSC a shekarar 1998, inda aka fara da nazarin "Ƙarfi, Rauni, Damammaki, Barazana" (SWOT) wanda sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta fara. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ya amfana da tsarin samar da ruwa da najasa da aka gyara kwanan nan, gami da wadataccen ƙarfin samar da ruwa da kuma babban matakin aunawa, ƙungiyar manyan manajoji masu ƙwarewa, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin dokoki na ruwa wanda ke ba NWSC 'yancin kai. A gefe guda kuma, NWSC tana cikin mummunan yanayi dangane da fannoni na aiki da kuɗi. Misali, ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba (NRW), ruwan da ake samarwa amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar zubewar ruwa da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ya kai kashi 60 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata da yawa, kuma kuɗin ma'aikata ya kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin gudanar da aiki. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDr._Muhairwe2003">Dr. Muhairwe, William Tsimwa (March 2003). </cite></ref> {{Rp|p. 5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m486t05rxpj9o1q2btoub5sl1utn8p4 844468 844466 2026-06-01T10:38:48Z Engineer014 44591 844468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bangaren '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda''' ya samu ci gaba mai yawa a yankunan birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa akalla 2006, tare da karuwar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci. <ref name="Mugisha">{{Cite journal |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |last2=Berg |first2=Sanford V. |date=September 2008 |others=African Development Bank |title=State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |journal=African Development Review |location=Oxford, UK & Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |publication-date=17 July 2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |issn=1017-6772 |ssrn=1088139 |id={{EBSCOhost|33208218}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Rp|pages 3–4}}Gyaran sassan daga 1998 zuwa 2003 ya haɗa da tallatawa da sabunta Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa (NWSC) da ke aiki a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma rarraba iko da kuma shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared" /> {{Rp|page 15}} Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya sosai. Duk da haka, kashi 38 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da damar samun [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a shekarar 2010. Dangane da samun ingantaccen tsafta, alkaluma sun bambanta sosai. A cewar alkaluman gwamnati, kashi 70 cikin 100 ne a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a birane <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> yayin da a cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD), samun damar ya kai kashi 34 cikin 100 kacal. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> An amince da ɓangaren ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] a matsayin muhimmin yanki a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Aiki na Kawar da Talauci na 2004 (PEAP), babban takardar dabarun yaƙi da talauci [[Uganda|ta Uganda]] . <ref name="PEAP">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> An gabatar da cikakken tsarin kashe kuɗi don daidaita tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje, gwamnatin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . {{Rp|page 5}}Hukumar PEAP ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2015, ana buƙatar kimanin dala biliyan 1.4 (dala miliyan 92 na Amurka a kowace shekara) don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samarwa zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari. <ref name="PEAP 182-183">Rural areas: US$956&nbsp;million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million).{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Uganda ba su da damar samun "mafi [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] " a ƙasar. Samun aƙalla ruwan da ake buƙata shine kashi 39 cikin 100 na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 na al'ummar birni da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli ", ko kuma kashi 28 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane da kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 31 ba su sami damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli" a shekarar 2015 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org-Uganda |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |archive-date=2014-04-18 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF}}</ref> Shirin auna haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bai wa Uganda maki 22.9% dangane da tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kashi 9.5 cikin 100 na samar da ruwa. A shekarun baya, samun "ingantaccen ruwa" ya karu daga kashi 43 cikin 100 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 72 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010, a cewar kiyasin da Shirin Kulawa da Tsabtace Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa (JMP) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi. A wannan lokacin, samun "ingantaccen tsafta" ya karu kadan daga kashi 27 zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> Rahoton Ayyukan Sashen Ruwa da Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta Uganda, duk da haka, ya nuna alkaluman hanyoyin shiga daban-daban. A cewar wannan rahoton, a shekarar 2011, samun "ruwa mai aminci" ya kai kashi 66 cikin 100, yayin da samun ingantaccen tsafta ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a yankunan birane. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Kashi 87 cikin 100 na al'ummar sun rayu ne a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2010. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> A cewar Tarayyar Turai (EU), adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu sosai tsakanin 2000 da 2008, duk da cewa gwamnati ba ta ba da tallafi ga gina bandakuna ba. <ref name="EU aid">{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5}}</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga kiyasin JMP, adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu daga miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2000 zuwa miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2010. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Dalilan tantancewar daban-daban ba su da tabbas. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da aka fi amfani da su don samar da ruwan karkara sune [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan]] ruwa masu kariya, [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|ramukan rijiyoyi]], [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyin]] da aka kare, da kuma tsarin kwararar ruwa mai nauyi. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 64}}Waɗanda ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa dole ne su dogara da hanyoyin da ba su da aminci kamar koguna, tafkuna, da rijiyoyi marasa kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rashin isa da inganci shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa su ne babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Fund#Group Entities |date=March 2005 |title=Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610071615/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Samun damar samun hanyoyin ruwa masu aiki ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin gundumomi a cikin 2007, daga kashi 12 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari. Gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi niyyar cimma burin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na bai ɗaya a birane da kuma kashi 77 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwa da kuma kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsaftace muhalli nan da shekarar 2015. A lokacin da aka tsara waɗannan manufofi, gwamnati ta ayyana samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kamar haka: ana ba da ingantaccen samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar ingantaccen tushen ruwa a cikin nisan tafiya na {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a yankunan karkara da {{Convert|0.2|km|mi}} a yankunan birane. Ana ba da kariya ga tsafta ta hanyar wuraren tsafta a wurin zama. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 12}} == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaba da wadata === A cewar Maxwell Stamp PLC, waɗanda suka sami ruwan famfo a shekarar 2003 a babban birnin ƙasar [[Kampala|Kampala,]] "yawanci" ana ba su ruwa akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24 a rana. <ref name="MS">{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell Stamp PLC |date=19 August 2003 |title=Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda |location=uganda |page=15}}</ref> Duk da haka, NWSC ta amince cewa sassan Kampala kamar Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, da yawancin wurare a kan tuddai suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na tsawon mako guda lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare. A wasu garuruwa, Maxwell Stamp PLC ta gano a shekarar 2003 cewa yawancin abokan ciniki suna samun ruwa fiye da kwana biyar a mako. <ref name="MS" /> === Ingancin ruwan sha === A ƙarƙashin Binciken Ayyukan Bangaren Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na huɗu, bisa ga nazarin da wasu ƙananan sassa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka gudanar a shekarar 2006, an gano cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 da 95 cikin 100 na samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka daga albarkatun ruwa masu kariya da waɗanda aka yi wa magani, bi da bi, sun cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan kimantawa ta ƙunshi samar da ruwan karkara da birane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |date=April 2006 |title=Uganda country strategy 2006–2011 |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> === Maganin ruwan sharar gida === [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_17.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi|thumb|'''Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a Mbarara a yammacin Uganda kusa da kogin Rwizi''']] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kashi 90 cikin 100 na sharar da aka tara a Kampala an fitar da ita ba tare da wani magani ba. NWSC tana gudanar da ƙaramin [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|kamfanin tace najasa]] na gargajiya a Kampala da kuma wani a [[Masaka]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> A yanayin Kampala, ana fitar da ruwan shara zuwa yankin dausayin [[Nakivubo]] . An kiyasta cewa yankin dausayin zai samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki har zuwa dala miliyan 1.75 a kowace shekara, yana cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwan dausayin da ba a yi masa magani ba kuma wanda aka yi masa magani kaɗan daga Kampala ta cikin yankin dausayin zuwa Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |title=Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services. |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027174833/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 106}} [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_03.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda|thumb|Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a cikin Mbarara City a yammacin Uganda]] A wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsabtace Ruwa na Kampala wanda Fichtner Consultants ta gudanar tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Jamus, an tsara tasoshin tace ruwan shara guda huɗu. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da masana'antar da ke da ƙarfin {{Convert|45000|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Nakivubo, wata masana'anta mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8000|m3|ft3}} kowace rana a Kinawataka, wani kamfanin tace laka mai girman {{Convert|200|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Lubigi, da kuma wani masana'anta a Nalukolongo. Shirin ya kuma yi hasashen gina bandakuna na muhalli a makarantu, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma ilimin tsafta a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION |title=ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009 |pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fichtner |title=Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda |url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118033540/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |archive-date=18 November 2009 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Jamus ne za su dauki nauyin jarin. An shirya dakatar da aikin masana'antar Bugolobi da zarar sabbin masana'antun suka fara aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Monitor |date=22 March 2011 |title=NWSC to construct four sewage plants |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/index03.php?id=76 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> A ƙananan garuruwa, NWSC tana gudanar da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna 21 na daidaita najasa]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNational_Water_and_Sewerage_Corporation">National Water and Sewerage Corporation. </cite></ref> A cewar MWE, wani bincike da aka yi kan fitar da ruwa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa galibin wuraren tace ruwan sharar gida na NWSC ba su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba. Daga cikin bayanan bayanai 223, kashi 12 cikin ɗari sun bi ƙa'idodin buƙatar iskar oxygen ta sinadarai, kashi 26 cikin ɗari tare da ƙa'idodin phosphorus, da kashi 40 cikin ɗari tare da jimillar ƙa'idodin daskararru da aka dakatar . Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwa da ake fitar da ruwa daga ciki. A wasu lokuta, an zubar da najasa kai tsaye cikin muhalli ba tare da wani magani ba. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 85}}Rashin tsaftace ruwan shara mai aiki yana barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. === Gamsar da abokin ciniki === An gudanar da wani bincike kan gamsuwar abokan ciniki tsakanin 2009-2010 ga dukkan garuruwan da NWSC ke yi wa hidima. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi kamar gamsuwa da ingancin ruwa, matsin lamba na ruwa, ingancin ruwa, kuɗaɗen ruwa na lokaci da daidai, amsawa wajen warware koke-koke, amsawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kula da abokan ciniki, da kuma sauƙin tsarin biyan kuɗi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki 5,319 da aka tuntuɓa a cikin samfurin da aka raba, 2,731 sun amsa. Kula da abokan ciniki ya sami mafi girman ƙima, yayin da ingancin ruwa da matsin lamba suka sami ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya suna da kyau. An ƙididdige ma'aunin gamsuwar abokan ciniki a duk tambayoyin, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 na abokan ciniki sun gamsu, sama da kashi 83 cikin 100 a lokacin binciken da ya gabata. Gamsuwa ta fi yawa a Hoima, Iganda, da Masindi da kashi 95 cikin 100 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a garin Mubende na tsakiyar Uganda, inda babu jami'in kula da abokan ciniki ko tebur, da kashi 62 cikin 100. A Kampala, gamsuwa ta kai kashi 83 cikin 100. Abokan ciniki sun yaba da yanayin da ake ciki a ofisoshin yankin, cewa ana kiran waya don tunatar da abokan ciniki game da biyan kuɗi, cewa abokan ciniki za su iya biyan basussukansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi a lokuta na musamman, kuma ana sanar da rage ruwa ta rediyo. Abokan ciniki sun koka game da ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, ruwan laka a lokacin damina, katsewar samar da kayayyaki a lokacin rani, ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, jinkirin aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, katsewar duk da biyan kuɗin ruwansu, da kuma rashin ladabin ma'aikatan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheba Bamwine |last2=Customer Relations Monitoring |title=Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214510/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2013 |publisher=NWSC}}</ref>   Babu wani kimantawar sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa a Uganda, shi ya sa ba a san yuwuwar ruwan karkashin kasa a kasar ba. Duk da haka, kimantawar yankuna a garuruwan Uganda ta nuna cewa sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ya cika adadin da ake bukata a yanzu. Domin sa ido kan adadi da ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa, an kafa cibiyar kula da albarkatun ruwa ta kasa a karkashin kulawar Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|pages 38–57}} === Tafkin Victoria === Tsakanin 2003 da 2006, Tafkin Victoria ya rasa mita cubic miliyan 75, kimanin kashi 69 cikin 100 na yawan ruwansa, amma tun daga lokacin ya farfado zuwa sama da yadda aka saba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> An yi jayayya kan musabbabin raguwar ruwan sama da kashi 10-15 cikin 100 ya sa tafkin ya ragu. A cewar Daniel Kull, a lokacin wani masanin ruwa a fannin Dabaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Nairobi, da fari ya haifar da rabin asarar ruwa da aka gani idan aka yi amfani da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a mashigar tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]] bisa ga "layin da aka amince da shi" wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin yarjejeniyar 1953 kan kwararar Nilu tsakanin Uganda da Masar. <ref name="newscientist.com" /> Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, farfesa a fannin lissafi na injiniya a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ya ƙi amincewa kuma ya ƙididdige cewa fari ya haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 85 cikin 100 na raguwar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tickodri-Togboa |first=Sandy Stevens |title=On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria |url=http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology |page=698}}</ref> Ana samar wa Kampala da Entebbe ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar cibiyoyin tace ruwa guda huɗu: Ggaba I, II da III da kuma wani kamfanin da aka gina kwanan nan a Katosi a gundumar Mukono. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amfani da ruwa == A cewar PEAP na 2004-5 zuwa 2007-8, amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kama daga lita 12 zuwa 14 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L/p/d). A cikin garuruwa da cibiyoyin birane da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000, PEAP ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da ruwa bai wuce 17 ba.&nbsp;L/p/d. Manufar ƙasa ita ce matsakaicin amfani da 20&nbsp;L/p/d. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151617/http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na NWSC, jimillar samar da ruwa daga watan Yulin 2007 zuwa Yunin 2008 (shekarar kuɗi ta 2007/2008) ga garuruwa 23 ya kai {{Convert|63600000|m3|ft3}} , wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an samar da su ne a Kampala. Abokan ciniki na cikin gida sun yi amfani da kashi 46.9 cikin 100 ko kuma {{Convert|29800000|m3|ft3}} na jimillar samar da NWSC. An raba shi da mutane 1,944,741 waɗanda NWSC ta yi wa hidima a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2008, wannan ya yi daidai da {{Convert|15.3|m3|ft3}} ga kowane mutum a shekara ko 44&nbsp;L/p/d. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == An kammala tsarin ruwa na farko da aka yi amfani da bututu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1930. An gabatar da magudanar ruwa ta ruwa bayan 1937. Gina sabbin wurare ya karu daga 1950 zuwa 1965 a karkashin tsarin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nilsson |first=David |year=2006 |title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Environment and Urbanization |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=369–385 |bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N |doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 |doi-access=}}</ref> Daga baya, tsarin da ake da shi an gyara shi ne kawai kuma ba a gina sabbin wurare ba har zuwa 1990. A cewar wani takarda da UN-Water ta fitar, zuwa 1990, kayayyakin more rayuwa na ruwa na birane sun yi aiki kasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a a manyan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 78}} A kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1980, masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin kuɗi don gyara da sabunta hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Kampala. <ref name="jammal 3">{{Cite journal |last=Jamma |first=Yahya |last2=Jones, Leroy |date=October 2006 |title=Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/UgandaWater.pdf?resourceurlname=UgandaWater.pdf |publisher=Boston Institute for Developing Economies |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Misali, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 60 a ƙarƙashin Aikin Samar da Ruwa, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1990 zuwa 1998 (duba ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02) |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P002969&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Duk da cewa tallafin kuɗi ya taimaka wajen gyara ababen more rayuwa, aikin kasuwanci na NWSC har yanzu bai gamsar ba. <ref name="jammal 3" /> === Gyaran Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa === ==== Bayanin tsarin gyara ==== An ƙirƙiri NWSC a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mallakar gwamnati a shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] ta ƙasa, tana aiki ne kawai a Entebbe, Jinja, da babban birnin Kampala. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|p. 3}}Daga nan yankin hidimarsa ya girma a hankali har ya haɗa da manyan birane da matsakaitan birane a duk faɗin Uganda, inda ya kai jimillar birane da garuruwa 23 a shekarar 2008, da kuma birane da garuruwa 40 a wani faɗaɗa na yankin hidimarsa a watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 1995 <ref name="Reform">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |year=1995 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation}}</ref> da 2000, An sake tsara NWSC a ƙarƙashin Dokar NWSC da Dokar NWSC, wanda ya ba ta ikon gudanar da ayyuka mai yawa da kuma ikon yin aiki da samar da ruwa da najasa a yankunan da aka damka mata, bisa ingantaccen tushe, na kasuwanci, da kuma inganci. <ref name="Reform" /> An fara gyare-gyaren cikin gida a NWSC a shekarar 1998, inda aka fara da nazarin "Ƙarfi, Rauni, Damammaki, Barazana" (SWOT) wanda sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta fara. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ya amfana da tsarin samar da ruwa da najasa da aka gyara kwanan nan, gami da wadataccen ƙarfin samar da ruwa da kuma babban matakin aunawa, ƙungiyar manyan manajoji masu ƙwarewa, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin dokoki na ruwa wanda ke ba NWSC 'yancin kai. A gefe guda kuma, NWSC tana cikin mummunan yanayi dangane da fannoni na aiki da kuɗi. Misali, ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba (NRW), ruwan da ake samarwa amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar zubewar ruwa da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ya kai kashi 60 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata da yawa, kuma kuɗin ma'aikata ya kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin gudanar da aiki. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDr._Muhairwe2003">Dr. Muhairwe, William Tsimwa (March 2003). </cite></ref> {{Rp|p. 5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] syhhkl3spgqdienkawd8oml1mlufxnf 844486 844468 2026-06-01T10:47:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Ruwa da tsabta a Uganda]] to [[Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftaceshi a Uganda]]: Take ba daidai ba 844468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bangaren '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda''' ya samu ci gaba mai yawa a yankunan birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa akalla 2006, tare da karuwar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci. <ref name="Mugisha">{{Cite journal |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |last2=Berg |first2=Sanford V. |date=September 2008 |others=African Development Bank |title=State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |journal=African Development Review |location=Oxford, UK & Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |publication-date=17 July 2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |issn=1017-6772 |ssrn=1088139 |id={{EBSCOhost|33208218}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Rp|pages 3–4}}Gyaran sassan daga 1998 zuwa 2003 ya haɗa da tallatawa da sabunta Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa (NWSC) da ke aiki a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma rarraba iko da kuma shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared" /> {{Rp|page 15}} Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya sosai. Duk da haka, kashi 38 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da damar samun [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a shekarar 2010. Dangane da samun ingantaccen tsafta, alkaluma sun bambanta sosai. A cewar alkaluman gwamnati, kashi 70 cikin 100 ne a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a birane <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> yayin da a cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD), samun damar ya kai kashi 34 cikin 100 kacal. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> An amince da ɓangaren ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] a matsayin muhimmin yanki a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Aiki na Kawar da Talauci na 2004 (PEAP), babban takardar dabarun yaƙi da talauci [[Uganda|ta Uganda]] . <ref name="PEAP">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> An gabatar da cikakken tsarin kashe kuɗi don daidaita tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje, gwamnatin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . {{Rp|page 5}}Hukumar PEAP ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2015, ana buƙatar kimanin dala biliyan 1.4 (dala miliyan 92 na Amurka a kowace shekara) don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samarwa zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari. <ref name="PEAP 182-183">Rural areas: US$956&nbsp;million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million).{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Uganda ba su da damar samun "mafi [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] " a ƙasar. Samun aƙalla ruwan da ake buƙata shine kashi 39 cikin 100 na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 na al'ummar birni da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli ", ko kuma kashi 28 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane da kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 31 ba su sami damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli" a shekarar 2015 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org-Uganda |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |archive-date=2014-04-18 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF}}</ref> Shirin auna haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bai wa Uganda maki 22.9% dangane da tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kashi 9.5 cikin 100 na samar da ruwa. A shekarun baya, samun "ingantaccen ruwa" ya karu daga kashi 43 cikin 100 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 72 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010, a cewar kiyasin da Shirin Kulawa da Tsabtace Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa (JMP) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi. A wannan lokacin, samun "ingantaccen tsafta" ya karu kadan daga kashi 27 zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> Rahoton Ayyukan Sashen Ruwa da Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta Uganda, duk da haka, ya nuna alkaluman hanyoyin shiga daban-daban. A cewar wannan rahoton, a shekarar 2011, samun "ruwa mai aminci" ya kai kashi 66 cikin 100, yayin da samun ingantaccen tsafta ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a yankunan birane. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Kashi 87 cikin 100 na al'ummar sun rayu ne a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2010. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> A cewar Tarayyar Turai (EU), adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu sosai tsakanin 2000 da 2008, duk da cewa gwamnati ba ta ba da tallafi ga gina bandakuna ba. <ref name="EU aid">{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5}}</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga kiyasin JMP, adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu daga miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2000 zuwa miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2010. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Dalilan tantancewar daban-daban ba su da tabbas. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da aka fi amfani da su don samar da ruwan karkara sune [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan]] ruwa masu kariya, [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|ramukan rijiyoyi]], [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyin]] da aka kare, da kuma tsarin kwararar ruwa mai nauyi. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 64}}Waɗanda ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa dole ne su dogara da hanyoyin da ba su da aminci kamar koguna, tafkuna, da rijiyoyi marasa kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rashin isa da inganci shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa su ne babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Fund#Group Entities |date=March 2005 |title=Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610071615/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Samun damar samun hanyoyin ruwa masu aiki ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin gundumomi a cikin 2007, daga kashi 12 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari. Gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi niyyar cimma burin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na bai ɗaya a birane da kuma kashi 77 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwa da kuma kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsaftace muhalli nan da shekarar 2015. A lokacin da aka tsara waɗannan manufofi, gwamnati ta ayyana samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kamar haka: ana ba da ingantaccen samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar ingantaccen tushen ruwa a cikin nisan tafiya na {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a yankunan karkara da {{Convert|0.2|km|mi}} a yankunan birane. Ana ba da kariya ga tsafta ta hanyar wuraren tsafta a wurin zama. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 12}} == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaba da wadata === A cewar Maxwell Stamp PLC, waɗanda suka sami ruwan famfo a shekarar 2003 a babban birnin ƙasar [[Kampala|Kampala,]] "yawanci" ana ba su ruwa akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24 a rana. <ref name="MS">{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell Stamp PLC |date=19 August 2003 |title=Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda |location=uganda |page=15}}</ref> Duk da haka, NWSC ta amince cewa sassan Kampala kamar Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, da yawancin wurare a kan tuddai suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na tsawon mako guda lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare. A wasu garuruwa, Maxwell Stamp PLC ta gano a shekarar 2003 cewa yawancin abokan ciniki suna samun ruwa fiye da kwana biyar a mako. <ref name="MS" /> === Ingancin ruwan sha === A ƙarƙashin Binciken Ayyukan Bangaren Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na huɗu, bisa ga nazarin da wasu ƙananan sassa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka gudanar a shekarar 2006, an gano cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 da 95 cikin 100 na samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka daga albarkatun ruwa masu kariya da waɗanda aka yi wa magani, bi da bi, sun cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan kimantawa ta ƙunshi samar da ruwan karkara da birane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |date=April 2006 |title=Uganda country strategy 2006–2011 |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> === Maganin ruwan sharar gida === [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_17.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi|thumb|'''Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a Mbarara a yammacin Uganda kusa da kogin Rwizi''']] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kashi 90 cikin 100 na sharar da aka tara a Kampala an fitar da ita ba tare da wani magani ba. NWSC tana gudanar da ƙaramin [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|kamfanin tace najasa]] na gargajiya a Kampala da kuma wani a [[Masaka]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> A yanayin Kampala, ana fitar da ruwan shara zuwa yankin dausayin [[Nakivubo]] . An kiyasta cewa yankin dausayin zai samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki har zuwa dala miliyan 1.75 a kowace shekara, yana cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwan dausayin da ba a yi masa magani ba kuma wanda aka yi masa magani kaɗan daga Kampala ta cikin yankin dausayin zuwa Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |title=Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services. |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027174833/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 106}} [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_03.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda|thumb|Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a cikin Mbarara City a yammacin Uganda]] A wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsabtace Ruwa na Kampala wanda Fichtner Consultants ta gudanar tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Jamus, an tsara tasoshin tace ruwan shara guda huɗu. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da masana'antar da ke da ƙarfin {{Convert|45000|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Nakivubo, wata masana'anta mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8000|m3|ft3}} kowace rana a Kinawataka, wani kamfanin tace laka mai girman {{Convert|200|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Lubigi, da kuma wani masana'anta a Nalukolongo. Shirin ya kuma yi hasashen gina bandakuna na muhalli a makarantu, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma ilimin tsafta a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION |title=ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009 |pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fichtner |title=Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda |url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118033540/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |archive-date=18 November 2009 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Jamus ne za su dauki nauyin jarin. An shirya dakatar da aikin masana'antar Bugolobi da zarar sabbin masana'antun suka fara aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Monitor |date=22 March 2011 |title=NWSC to construct four sewage plants |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/index03.php?id=76 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> A ƙananan garuruwa, NWSC tana gudanar da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna 21 na daidaita najasa]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNational_Water_and_Sewerage_Corporation">National Water and Sewerage Corporation. </cite></ref> A cewar MWE, wani bincike da aka yi kan fitar da ruwa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa galibin wuraren tace ruwan sharar gida na NWSC ba su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba. Daga cikin bayanan bayanai 223, kashi 12 cikin ɗari sun bi ƙa'idodin buƙatar iskar oxygen ta sinadarai, kashi 26 cikin ɗari tare da ƙa'idodin phosphorus, da kashi 40 cikin ɗari tare da jimillar ƙa'idodin daskararru da aka dakatar . Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwa da ake fitar da ruwa daga ciki. A wasu lokuta, an zubar da najasa kai tsaye cikin muhalli ba tare da wani magani ba. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 85}}Rashin tsaftace ruwan shara mai aiki yana barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. === Gamsar da abokin ciniki === An gudanar da wani bincike kan gamsuwar abokan ciniki tsakanin 2009-2010 ga dukkan garuruwan da NWSC ke yi wa hidima. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi kamar gamsuwa da ingancin ruwa, matsin lamba na ruwa, ingancin ruwa, kuɗaɗen ruwa na lokaci da daidai, amsawa wajen warware koke-koke, amsawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kula da abokan ciniki, da kuma sauƙin tsarin biyan kuɗi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki 5,319 da aka tuntuɓa a cikin samfurin da aka raba, 2,731 sun amsa. Kula da abokan ciniki ya sami mafi girman ƙima, yayin da ingancin ruwa da matsin lamba suka sami ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya suna da kyau. An ƙididdige ma'aunin gamsuwar abokan ciniki a duk tambayoyin, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 na abokan ciniki sun gamsu, sama da kashi 83 cikin 100 a lokacin binciken da ya gabata. Gamsuwa ta fi yawa a Hoima, Iganda, da Masindi da kashi 95 cikin 100 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a garin Mubende na tsakiyar Uganda, inda babu jami'in kula da abokan ciniki ko tebur, da kashi 62 cikin 100. A Kampala, gamsuwa ta kai kashi 83 cikin 100. Abokan ciniki sun yaba da yanayin da ake ciki a ofisoshin yankin, cewa ana kiran waya don tunatar da abokan ciniki game da biyan kuɗi, cewa abokan ciniki za su iya biyan basussukansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi a lokuta na musamman, kuma ana sanar da rage ruwa ta rediyo. Abokan ciniki sun koka game da ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, ruwan laka a lokacin damina, katsewar samar da kayayyaki a lokacin rani, ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, jinkirin aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, katsewar duk da biyan kuɗin ruwansu, da kuma rashin ladabin ma'aikatan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheba Bamwine |last2=Customer Relations Monitoring |title=Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214510/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2013 |publisher=NWSC}}</ref>   Babu wani kimantawar sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa a Uganda, shi ya sa ba a san yuwuwar ruwan karkashin kasa a kasar ba. Duk da haka, kimantawar yankuna a garuruwan Uganda ta nuna cewa sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ya cika adadin da ake bukata a yanzu. Domin sa ido kan adadi da ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa, an kafa cibiyar kula da albarkatun ruwa ta kasa a karkashin kulawar Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|pages 38–57}} === Tafkin Victoria === Tsakanin 2003 da 2006, Tafkin Victoria ya rasa mita cubic miliyan 75, kimanin kashi 69 cikin 100 na yawan ruwansa, amma tun daga lokacin ya farfado zuwa sama da yadda aka saba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> An yi jayayya kan musabbabin raguwar ruwan sama da kashi 10-15 cikin 100 ya sa tafkin ya ragu. A cewar Daniel Kull, a lokacin wani masanin ruwa a fannin Dabaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Nairobi, da fari ya haifar da rabin asarar ruwa da aka gani idan aka yi amfani da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a mashigar tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]] bisa ga "layin da aka amince da shi" wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin yarjejeniyar 1953 kan kwararar Nilu tsakanin Uganda da Masar. <ref name="newscientist.com" /> Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, farfesa a fannin lissafi na injiniya a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ya ƙi amincewa kuma ya ƙididdige cewa fari ya haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 85 cikin 100 na raguwar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tickodri-Togboa |first=Sandy Stevens |title=On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria |url=http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology |page=698}}</ref> Ana samar wa Kampala da Entebbe ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar cibiyoyin tace ruwa guda huɗu: Ggaba I, II da III da kuma wani kamfanin da aka gina kwanan nan a Katosi a gundumar Mukono. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amfani da ruwa == A cewar PEAP na 2004-5 zuwa 2007-8, amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kama daga lita 12 zuwa 14 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L/p/d). A cikin garuruwa da cibiyoyin birane da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000, PEAP ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da ruwa bai wuce 17 ba.&nbsp;L/p/d. Manufar ƙasa ita ce matsakaicin amfani da 20&nbsp;L/p/d. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151617/http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na NWSC, jimillar samar da ruwa daga watan Yulin 2007 zuwa Yunin 2008 (shekarar kuɗi ta 2007/2008) ga garuruwa 23 ya kai {{Convert|63600000|m3|ft3}} , wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an samar da su ne a Kampala. Abokan ciniki na cikin gida sun yi amfani da kashi 46.9 cikin 100 ko kuma {{Convert|29800000|m3|ft3}} na jimillar samar da NWSC. An raba shi da mutane 1,944,741 waɗanda NWSC ta yi wa hidima a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2008, wannan ya yi daidai da {{Convert|15.3|m3|ft3}} ga kowane mutum a shekara ko 44&nbsp;L/p/d. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == An kammala tsarin ruwa na farko da aka yi amfani da bututu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1930. An gabatar da magudanar ruwa ta ruwa bayan 1937. Gina sabbin wurare ya karu daga 1950 zuwa 1965 a karkashin tsarin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nilsson |first=David |year=2006 |title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Environment and Urbanization |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=369–385 |bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N |doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 |doi-access=}}</ref> Daga baya, tsarin da ake da shi an gyara shi ne kawai kuma ba a gina sabbin wurare ba har zuwa 1990. A cewar wani takarda da UN-Water ta fitar, zuwa 1990, kayayyakin more rayuwa na ruwa na birane sun yi aiki kasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a a manyan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 78}} A kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1980, masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin kuɗi don gyara da sabunta hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Kampala. <ref name="jammal 3">{{Cite journal |last=Jamma |first=Yahya |last2=Jones, Leroy |date=October 2006 |title=Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/UgandaWater.pdf?resourceurlname=UgandaWater.pdf |publisher=Boston Institute for Developing Economies |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Misali, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 60 a ƙarƙashin Aikin Samar da Ruwa, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1990 zuwa 1998 (duba ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02) |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P002969&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Duk da cewa tallafin kuɗi ya taimaka wajen gyara ababen more rayuwa, aikin kasuwanci na NWSC har yanzu bai gamsar ba. <ref name="jammal 3" /> === Gyaran Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa === ==== Bayanin tsarin gyara ==== An ƙirƙiri NWSC a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mallakar gwamnati a shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] ta ƙasa, tana aiki ne kawai a Entebbe, Jinja, da babban birnin Kampala. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|p. 3}}Daga nan yankin hidimarsa ya girma a hankali har ya haɗa da manyan birane da matsakaitan birane a duk faɗin Uganda, inda ya kai jimillar birane da garuruwa 23 a shekarar 2008, da kuma birane da garuruwa 40 a wani faɗaɗa na yankin hidimarsa a watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 1995 <ref name="Reform">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |year=1995 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation}}</ref> da 2000, An sake tsara NWSC a ƙarƙashin Dokar NWSC da Dokar NWSC, wanda ya ba ta ikon gudanar da ayyuka mai yawa da kuma ikon yin aiki da samar da ruwa da najasa a yankunan da aka damka mata, bisa ingantaccen tushe, na kasuwanci, da kuma inganci. <ref name="Reform" /> An fara gyare-gyaren cikin gida a NWSC a shekarar 1998, inda aka fara da nazarin "Ƙarfi, Rauni, Damammaki, Barazana" (SWOT) wanda sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta fara. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ya amfana da tsarin samar da ruwa da najasa da aka gyara kwanan nan, gami da wadataccen ƙarfin samar da ruwa da kuma babban matakin aunawa, ƙungiyar manyan manajoji masu ƙwarewa, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin dokoki na ruwa wanda ke ba NWSC 'yancin kai. A gefe guda kuma, NWSC tana cikin mummunan yanayi dangane da fannoni na aiki da kuɗi. Misali, ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba (NRW), ruwan da ake samarwa amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar zubewar ruwa da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ya kai kashi 60 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata da yawa, kuma kuɗin ma'aikata ya kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin gudanar da aiki. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDr._Muhairwe2003">Dr. Muhairwe, William Tsimwa (March 2003). </cite></ref> {{Rp|p. 5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] syhhkl3spgqdienkawd8oml1mlufxnf 844489 844486 2026-06-01T10:48:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bangaren '''samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda''' ya samu ci gaba mai yawa a yankunan birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa akalla 2006, tare da karuwar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name="Mugisha">{{Cite journal |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |last2=Berg |first2=Sanford V. |date=September 2008 |others=African Development Bank |title=State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |journal=African Development Review |location=Oxford, UK & Malden, MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |publication-date=17 July 2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2008.00188.x |issn=1017-6772 |ssrn=1088139 |id={{EBSCOhost|33208218}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Rp|pages 3–4}} Gyaran sassan daga 1998 zuwa 2003 ya haɗa da tallatawa da sabunta Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa (NWSC) da ke aiki a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma rarraba iko da kuma shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa.<ref name="Shared" /> {{Rp|page 15}} Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya sosai. Duk da haka, kashi 38 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ba su da damar samun [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a shekarar 2010. Dangane da samun ingantaccen tsafta, alkaluma sun bambanta sosai. A cewar alkaluman gwamnati, kashi 70 cikin 100 ne a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a birane <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> yayin da a cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD), samun damar ya kai kashi 34 cikin 100 kacal. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> An amince da ɓangaren ruwa da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]] a matsayin muhimmin yanki a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Aiki na Kawar da Talauci na 2004 (PEAP), babban takardar dabarun yaƙi da talauci [[Uganda|ta Uganda]] . <ref name="PEAP">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> An gabatar da cikakken tsarin kashe kuɗi don daidaita tallafin kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje, gwamnatin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . {{Rp|page 5}}Hukumar PEAP ta kiyasta cewa daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2015, ana buƙatar kimanin dala biliyan 1.4 (dala miliyan 92 na Amurka a kowace shekara) don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samarwa zuwa kashi 95 cikin ɗari. <ref name="PEAP 182-183">Rural areas: US$956&nbsp;million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million).{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> == Samun dama == A shekarar 2015, kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar Uganda ba su da damar samun "mafi [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|ƙarancin ruwa]] " a ƙasar. Samun aƙalla ruwan da ake buƙata shine kashi 39 cikin 100 na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 na al'ummar birni da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli ", ko kuma kashi 28 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane da kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 31 ba su sami damar samun "mafi ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli" a shekarar 2015 ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org-Uganda |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/uganda/summary/statistics/ |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ |archive-date=2014-04-18 |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization & UNICEF}}</ref> Shirin auna haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bai wa Uganda maki 22.9% dangane da tsaftar muhalli, da kuma kashi 9.5 cikin 100 na samar da ruwa. A shekarun baya, samun "ingantaccen ruwa" ya karu daga kashi 43 cikin 100 a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 72 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010, a cewar kiyasin da Shirin Kulawa da Tsabtace Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa (JMP) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi. A wannan lokacin, samun "ingantaccen tsafta" ya karu kadan daga kashi 27 zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> Rahoton Ayyukan Sashen Ruwa da Muhalli na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ban Ruwa ta Uganda, duk da haka, ya nuna alkaluman hanyoyin shiga daban-daban. A cewar wannan rahoton, a shekarar 2011, samun "ruwa mai aminci" ya kai kashi 66 cikin 100, yayin da samun ingantaccen tsafta ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara da kuma kashi 81 cikin 100 a yankunan birane. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Kashi 87 cikin 100 na al'ummar sun rayu ne a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2010. <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |last2=UNICEF |title=Joint Monitoring Program |url=http://www.wssinfo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationUNICEF">[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]]; UNICEF. </cite></ref> A cewar Tarayyar Turai (EU), adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu sosai tsakanin 2000 da 2008, duk da cewa gwamnati ba ta ba da tallafi ga gina bandakuna ba. <ref name="EU aid">{{Cite web |last=EU Water Initiative Africa |date=April 2011 |title=Update on EU Aid to Water and Sanitation in Africa Political Briefing Note EU Water Initiative Africa Working Group |url=http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422121910/http://www.euwi.net/files/Update_on_EU_Aid_to_Water_and_Sanitation_EUWI-Political_Briefing_Note.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2011 |page=5}}</ref> Duk da haka, bisa ga kiyasin JMP, adadin mutanen da ke yin bayan gida a fili ya ragu daga miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2000 zuwa miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2010. <ref name="SPR 2011">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Water and Environment |year=2011 |title=Third Water and Environment Sector Performance Report |url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007004221/http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138:sector-performance-report-2011&catid=31:general |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=16 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Water_and_Environment2011">Ministry of Water and Environment (2011). </cite></ref> Dalilan tantancewar daban-daban ba su da tabbas. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da aka fi amfani da su don samar da ruwan karkara sune [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugan]] ruwa masu kariya, [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|ramukan rijiyoyi]], [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyin]] da aka kare, da kuma tsarin kwararar ruwa mai nauyi. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 64}}Waɗanda ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa dole ne su dogara da hanyoyin da ba su da aminci kamar koguna, tafkuna, da rijiyoyi marasa kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rashin isa da inganci shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa su ne babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Fund#Group Entities |date=March 2005 |title=Appraisal Report. Rural water supply and sanitation program, Uganda |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610071615/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/084B449D5E817267E040C00A0C3D4328 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Samun damar samun hanyoyin ruwa masu aiki ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin gundumomi a cikin 2007, daga kashi 12 zuwa 95 cikin ɗari. Gwamnatin ƙasa ta yi niyyar cimma burin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na bai ɗaya a birane da kuma kashi 77 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwa da kuma kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsaftace muhalli nan da shekarar 2015. A lokacin da aka tsara waɗannan manufofi, gwamnati ta ayyana samun ingantaccen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kamar haka: ana ba da ingantaccen samar da ruwa a birane ta hanyar ingantaccen tushen ruwa a cikin nisan tafiya na {{Convert|1.5|km|mi}} a yankunan karkara da {{Convert|0.2|km|mi}} a yankunan birane. Ana ba da kariya ga tsafta ta hanyar wuraren tsafta a wurin zama. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|page 12}} == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaba da wadata === A cewar Maxwell Stamp PLC, waɗanda suka sami ruwan famfo a shekarar 2003 a babban birnin ƙasar [[Kampala|Kampala,]] "yawanci" ana ba su ruwa akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24 a rana. <ref name="MS">{{Cite journal |last=Maxwell Stamp PLC |date=19 August 2003 |title=Poverty Impact Assessment of Privatisation of the Urban Water Sector in Uganda |location=uganda |page=15}}</ref> Duk da haka, NWSC ta amince cewa sassan Kampala kamar Kyaliwajala, Kulambiro, da yawancin wurare a kan tuddai suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na tsawon mako guda lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyare. A wasu garuruwa, Maxwell Stamp PLC ta gano a shekarar 2003 cewa yawancin abokan ciniki suna samun ruwa fiye da kwana biyar a mako. <ref name="MS" /> === Ingancin ruwan sha === A ƙarƙashin Binciken Ayyukan Bangaren Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na huɗu, bisa ga nazarin da wasu ƙananan sassa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka gudanar a shekarar 2006, an gano cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 da 95 cikin 100 na samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka daga albarkatun ruwa masu kariya da waɗanda aka yi wa magani, bi da bi, sun cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan kimantawa ta ƙunshi samar da ruwan karkara da birane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |date=April 2006 |title=Uganda country strategy 2006–2011 |url=http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/uganda_csp_web.pdf |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> === Maganin ruwan sharar gida === [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_17.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara in western Uganda near River Rwizi|thumb|'''Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a Mbarara a yammacin Uganda kusa da kogin Rwizi''']] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kashi 90 cikin 100 na sharar da aka tara a Kampala an fitar da ita ba tare da wani magani ba. NWSC tana gudanar da ƙaramin [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|kamfanin tace najasa]] na gargajiya a Kampala da kuma wani a [[Masaka]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> A yanayin Kampala, ana fitar da ruwan shara zuwa yankin dausayin [[Nakivubo]] . An kiyasta cewa yankin dausayin zai samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki har zuwa dala miliyan 1.75 a kowace shekara, yana cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwan dausayin da ba a yi masa magani ba kuma wanda aka yi masa magani kaɗan daga Kampala ta cikin yankin dausayin zuwa Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |title=Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda: managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services. |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027174833/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy07nakivubo.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012 |website=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #7: May 2003}}</ref> <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 106}} [[Fayil:Sewage_ponds_of_Katete_in_Mbarara_in_western_Uganda_03.jpg|alt=NWSC Sewage ponds in Katete in Mbarara City in western Uganda|thumb|Wurin ruwa na NWSC a cikin Katete a cikin Mbarara City a yammacin Uganda]] A wani ɓangare na Tsarin Tsabtace Ruwa na Kampala wanda Fichtner Consultants ta gudanar tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Jamus, an tsara tasoshin tace ruwan shara guda huɗu. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da masana'antar da ke da ƙarfin {{Convert|45000|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Nakivubo, wata masana'anta mai ƙarfin {{Convert|8000|m3|ft3}} kowace rana a Kinawataka, wani kamfanin tace laka mai girman {{Convert|200|m3|ft3}} a kowace rana a Lubigi, da kuma wani masana'anta a Nalukolongo. Shirin ya kuma yi hasashen gina bandakuna na muhalli a makarantu, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma ilimin tsafta a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NATIONAL WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATION |title=ANNUAL ACTIVITY REPORT JULY 2008 – JUNE 2009, JULY 2009 |pages=14–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fichtner |title=Sanitation strategy and master plan for Kampala/ Uganda |url=http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118033540/http://www.fwt.fichtner.de/php/main/page/php/referenzen.php/ukat_id/10/kat_id/2/idc1/46/z1/1/map/1/sprache/e/li/0re_s |archive-date=18 November 2009 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Jamus ne za su dauki nauyin jarin. An shirya dakatar da aikin masana'antar Bugolobi da zarar sabbin masana'antun suka fara aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Monitor |date=22 March 2011 |title=NWSC to construct four sewage plants |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/index03.php?id=76 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> A ƙananan garuruwa, NWSC tana gudanar da [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|tafkuna 21 na daidaita najasa]] . <ref name="NWSC treatment">{{Cite web |last=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |title=National Water & Sewerage Corporation - iContent |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330010520/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/modules/icontent/index.php?page=42 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNational_Water_and_Sewerage_Corporation">National Water and Sewerage Corporation. </cite></ref> A cewar MWE, wani bincike da aka yi kan fitar da ruwa daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi a watan Yulin 2008 ya nuna cewa galibin wuraren tace ruwan sharar gida na NWSC ba su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba. Daga cikin bayanan bayanai 223, kashi 12 cikin ɗari sun bi ƙa'idodin buƙatar iskar oxygen ta sinadarai, kashi 26 cikin ɗari tare da ƙa'idodin phosphorus, da kashi 40 cikin ɗari tare da jimillar ƙa'idodin daskararru da aka dakatar . Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwa da ake fitar da ruwa daga ciki. A wasu lokuta, an zubar da najasa kai tsaye cikin muhalli ba tare da wani magani ba. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 85}}Rashin tsaftace ruwan shara mai aiki yana barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. === Gamsar da abokin ciniki === An gudanar da wani bincike kan gamsuwar abokan ciniki tsakanin 2009-2010 ga dukkan garuruwan da NWSC ke yi wa hidima. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi kamar gamsuwa da ingancin ruwa, matsin lamba na ruwa, ingancin ruwa, kuɗaɗen ruwa na lokaci da daidai, amsawa wajen warware koke-koke, amsawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kula da abokan ciniki, da kuma sauƙin tsarin biyan kuɗi. Daga cikin abokan ciniki 5,319 da aka tuntuɓa a cikin samfurin da aka raba, 2,731 sun amsa. Kula da abokan ciniki ya sami mafi girman ƙima, yayin da ingancin ruwa da matsin lamba suka sami ƙasa, amma gabaɗaya suna da kyau. An ƙididdige ma'aunin gamsuwar abokan ciniki a duk tambayoyin, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 na abokan ciniki sun gamsu, sama da kashi 83 cikin 100 a lokacin binciken da ya gabata. Gamsuwa ta fi yawa a Hoima, Iganda, da Masindi da kashi 95 cikin 100 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a garin Mubende na tsakiyar Uganda, inda babu jami'in kula da abokan ciniki ko tebur, da kashi 62 cikin 100. A Kampala, gamsuwa ta kai kashi 83 cikin 100. Abokan ciniki sun yaba da yanayin da ake ciki a ofisoshin yankin, cewa ana kiran waya don tunatar da abokan ciniki game da biyan kuɗi, cewa abokan ciniki za su iya biyan basussukansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi a lokuta na musamman, kuma ana sanar da rage ruwa ta rediyo. Abokan ciniki sun koka game da ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, ruwan laka a lokacin damina, katsewar samar da kayayyaki a lokacin rani, ƙarancin matsin lamba na ruwa, jinkirin aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuɗaɗen da ba su dace ba, katsewar duk da biyan kuɗin ruwansu, da kuma rashin ladabin ma'aikatan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheba Bamwine |last2=Customer Relations Monitoring |title=Customer Satisfaction Survey July–Oct 2010: Survey Findings and Discussions |url=http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214510/http://www.nwsc.co.ug/files/surveyreports/July_October%202010.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2013 |publisher=NWSC}}</ref>   Babu wani kimantawar sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa a Uganda, shi ya sa ba a san yuwuwar ruwan karkashin kasa a kasar ba. Duk da haka, kimantawar yankuna a garuruwan Uganda ta nuna cewa sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ya cika adadin da ake bukata a yanzu. Domin sa ido kan adadi da ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa, an kafa cibiyar kula da albarkatun ruwa ta kasa a karkashin kulawar Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|pages 38–57}} === Tafkin Victoria === Tsakanin 2003 da 2006, Tafkin Victoria ya rasa mita cubic miliyan 75, kimanin kashi 69 cikin 100 na yawan ruwansa, amma tun daga lokacin ya farfado zuwa sama da yadda aka saba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=Lake Victoria (0314) Height Variations from TOPEX/POSEIDON/Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM Altimetry |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.aspx?regionid=eafrica&reservoir_name=Victoria |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> An yi jayayya kan musabbabin raguwar ruwan sama da kashi 10-15 cikin 100 ya sa tafkin ya ragu. A cewar Daniel Kull, a lokacin wani masanin ruwa a fannin Dabaru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Nairobi, da fari ya haifar da rabin asarar ruwa da aka gani idan aka yi amfani da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a mashigar tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]] bisa ga "layin da aka amince da shi" wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin yarjejeniyar 1953 kan kwararar Nilu tsakanin Uganda da Masar. <ref name="newscientist.com" /> Sandy-Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, farfesa a fannin lissafi na injiniya a [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ya ƙi amincewa kuma ya ƙididdige cewa fari ya haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 85 cikin 100 na raguwar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tickodri-Togboa |first=Sandy Stevens |title=On the Contribution of Victoria Nile River Discharge to the Hydrological Performance of East Africa's Lake Victoria |url=http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Tickodri-Togboa.pdf |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology |page=698}}</ref> Ana samar wa Kampala da Entebbe ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar cibiyoyin tace ruwa guda huɗu: Ggaba I, II da III da kuma wani kamfanin da aka gina kwanan nan a Katosi a gundumar Mukono. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amfani da ruwa == A cewar PEAP na 2004-5 zuwa 2007-8, amfani da ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kama daga lita 12 zuwa 14 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L/p/d). A cikin garuruwa da cibiyoyin birane da ke da yawan jama'a sama da 5,000, PEAP ta kiyasta matsakaicin amfani da ruwa bai wuce 17 ba.&nbsp;L/p/d. Manufar ƙasa ita ce matsakaicin amfani da 20&nbsp;L/p/d. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |last2=Ministry of Finance |last3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151617/http://www.unpei.org/PDF/UG-PEAP2005-2008.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na NWSC, jimillar samar da ruwa daga watan Yulin 2007 zuwa Yunin 2008 (shekarar kuɗi ta 2007/2008) ga garuruwa 23 ya kai {{Convert|63600000|m3|ft3}} , wanda kashi 79 cikin 100 an samar da su ne a Kampala. Abokan ciniki na cikin gida sun yi amfani da kashi 46.9 cikin 100 ko kuma {{Convert|29800000|m3|ft3}} na jimillar samar da NWSC. An raba shi da mutane 1,944,741 waɗanda NWSC ta yi wa hidima a ƙarshen watan Yunin 2008, wannan ya yi daidai da {{Convert|15.3|m3|ft3}} ga kowane mutum a shekara ko 44&nbsp;L/p/d. == Tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == An kammala tsarin ruwa na farko da aka yi amfani da bututu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1930. An gabatar da magudanar ruwa ta ruwa bayan 1937. Gina sabbin wurare ya karu daga 1950 zuwa 1965 a karkashin tsarin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nilsson |first=David |year=2006 |title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda |journal=Environment and Urbanization |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=369–385 |bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N |doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 |doi-access=}}</ref> Daga baya, tsarin da ake da shi an gyara shi ne kawai kuma ba a gina sabbin wurare ba har zuwa 1990. A cewar wani takarda da UN-Water ta fitar, zuwa 1990, kayayyakin more rayuwa na ruwa na birane sun yi aiki kasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a a manyan garuruwa. <ref name="Shared">{{Cite journal |last=UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme |year=2006 |orig-date=2005 |title=Case study: Uganda / National Water Development Report: Uganda |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146760 |url-status=live |journal=UN World Water Development Report |volume=2, "Water, a shared responsibility" |id=UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107214029/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2006 |access-date=5 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Water_Assessment_Programme2006">UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2006) [2005]. </cite></ref> {{Rp|page 78}} A kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1980, masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin kuɗi don gyara da sabunta hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Kampala. <ref name="jammal 3">{{Cite journal |last=Jamma |first=Yahya |last2=Jones, Leroy |date=October 2006 |title=Impact of privatization in Africa: Uganda Water. One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/UgandaWater.pdf?resourceurlname=UgandaWater.pdf |publisher=Boston Institute for Developing Economies |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Misali, Bankin Duniya ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 60 a ƙarƙashin Aikin Samar da Ruwa, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1990 zuwa 1998 (duba ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Projects - Uganda : Water Supply Project (02) |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P002969&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> Duk da cewa tallafin kuɗi ya taimaka wajen gyara ababen more rayuwa, aikin kasuwanci na NWSC har yanzu bai gamsar ba. <ref name="jammal 3" /> === Gyaran Hukumar Ruwa da Najasa ta Ƙasa === ==== Bayanin tsarin gyara ==== An ƙirƙiri NWSC a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mallakar gwamnati a shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]] ta ƙasa, tana aiki ne kawai a Entebbe, Jinja, da babban birnin Kampala. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref> {{Rp|p. 3}}Daga nan yankin hidimarsa ya girma a hankali har ya haɗa da manyan birane da matsakaitan birane a duk faɗin Uganda, inda ya kai jimillar birane da garuruwa 23 a shekarar 2008, da kuma birane da garuruwa 40 a wani faɗaɗa na yankin hidimarsa a watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 1995 <ref name="Reform">{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Uganda |year=1995 |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation}}</ref> da 2000, An sake tsara NWSC a ƙarƙashin Dokar NWSC da Dokar NWSC, wanda ya ba ta ikon gudanar da ayyuka mai yawa da kuma ikon yin aiki da samar da ruwa da najasa a yankunan da aka damka mata, bisa ingantaccen tushe, na kasuwanci, da kuma inganci. <ref name="Reform" /> An fara gyare-gyaren cikin gida a NWSC a shekarar 1998, inda aka fara da nazarin "Ƙarfi, Rauni, Damammaki, Barazana" (SWOT) wanda sabuwar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta fara. A wancan lokacin, kamfanin ya amfana da tsarin samar da ruwa da najasa da aka gyara kwanan nan, gami da wadataccen ƙarfin samar da ruwa da kuma babban matakin aunawa, ƙungiyar manyan manajoji masu ƙwarewa, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin dokoki na ruwa wanda ke ba NWSC 'yancin kai. A gefe guda kuma, NWSC tana cikin mummunan yanayi dangane da fannoni na aiki da kuɗi. Misali, ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba (NRW), ruwan da ake samarwa amma ba a caje shi ba saboda dalilai da dama kamar zubewar ruwa da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ya kai kashi 60 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata da yawa, kuma kuɗin ma'aikata ya kai kashi 64 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin gudanar da aiki. <ref name="Improve">{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Muhairwe |first=William Tsimwa |date=March 2003 |title=Improving performance through internal reforms by the public sector. A case of national water and sewerage corporation, Uganda. Presented for: Water Week, World Bank |url=http://worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111509/http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek2003/Presentations/Session%208%20-%20Modes%20of%20Engagement%20of%20public%20sector%20in%20Urban%20WSS/WilliamMuhairwe-Paper.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDr._Muhairwe2003">Dr. Muhairwe, William Tsimwa (March 2003). </cite></ref> {{Rp|p. 5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j3dbeg1jlb7rnlzy832hksrqowzovum 0 153847 844471 2026-06-01T10:40:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316056437|Grand Poubara Dam]]" 844471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Grand Poubara''' madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Ogooué]], kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da Franceville a Gabon. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma tana tallafawa {{Convert|160|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Gabon ta sanya hannu kan rancen dala miliyan 84 da China a shekarar 2008 domin samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwan. Manufar ita ce samar da wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta daban ga madatsar ruwan Kongou Falls don wuraren haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe da 'yan China ke gudanarwa a Belinga . An fara gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2008, an karkatar da kogin a watan Nuwamba na 2010, sannan aka fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a ranar 5 ga Agusta na 2013. Madatsar ruwan ta karkatar da kogin a kusa da [[Poubara Falls|magudanar ruwan Poubara]] inda {{Convert|40|MW}} ta kai ga haka. Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na Francis suna da wutar lantarki. Gwamnatin China ce ta dauki nauyin mafi yawan madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, kuma Sinohydro ce ta gina aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http%3A//www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dw.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station |url=http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205839/http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Sinohydro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/09/gabon-s-160-mw-grand-poubara-enters-full-operation.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Hydro World}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015, madatsar ruwa ta Grand Poubara ta samar da wutar lantarki ga Kamfanin Karafa na Moanda, wato masana'antar sarrafa manganese ta farko a kasar. == Manazarta == fhmxmp9yqngkudildkejz5nol0mjvik 844474 844471 2026-06-01T10:40:19Z Engineer014 44591 844474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Grand Poubara''' madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Ogooué]], kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da Franceville a Gabon. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma tana tallafawa {{Convert|160|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Gabon ta sanya hannu kan rancen dala miliyan 84 da China a shekarar 2008 domin samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwan. Manufar ita ce samar da wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta daban ga madatsar ruwan Kongou Falls don wuraren haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe da 'yan China ke gudanarwa a Belinga . An fara gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2008, an karkatar da kogin a watan Nuwamba na 2010, sannan aka fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a ranar 5 ga Agusta na 2013. Madatsar ruwan ta karkatar da kogin a kusa da [[Poubara Falls|magudanar ruwan Poubara]] inda {{Convert|40|MW}} ta kai ga haka. Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na Francis suna da wutar lantarki. Gwamnatin China ce ta dauki nauyin mafi yawan madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, kuma Sinohydro ce ta gina aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http%3A//www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dw.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station |url=http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205839/http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Sinohydro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/09/gabon-s-160-mw-grand-poubara-enters-full-operation.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Hydro World}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015, madatsar ruwa ta Grand Poubara ta samar da wutar lantarki ga Kamfanin Karafa na Moanda, wato masana'antar sarrafa manganese ta farko a kasar. == Manazarta == 6i3f5jtrw2r34j0k02nhn009cgr4yi9 844483 844474 2026-06-01T10:46:15Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 844483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Grand Poubara''' madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Ogooué]], kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da Franceville a Gabon. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma tana tallafawa {{Convert|160|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Gabon ta sanya hannu kan rancen dala miliyan 84 da China a shekarar 2008 domin samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwan. Manufar ita ce samar da wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta daban ga madatsar ruwan Kongou Falls don wuraren haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe da 'yan China ke gudanarwa a Belinga.<ref>[https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/africa_dams_briefing_.pdf African Dams Briefing 2015], ''Internationalrivers.org'', 2015</ref> An fara gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2008, an karkatar da kogin a watan Nuwamba na 2010, sannan aka fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a ranar 5 ga Agusta na 2013. Madatsar ruwan ta karkatar da kogin a kusa da [[Poubara Falls|magudanar ruwan Poubara]] inda {{Convert|40|MW}} ta kai ga haka. Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na Francis suna da wutar lantarki. Gwamnatin China ce ta dauki nauyin mafi yawan madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, kuma Sinohydro ce ta gina aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http%3A//www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dw.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station |url=http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205839/http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Sinohydro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/09/gabon-s-160-mw-grand-poubara-enters-full-operation.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Hydro World}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015, madatsar ruwa ta Grand Poubara ta samar da wutar lantarki ga Kamfanin Karafa na Moanda, wato masana'antar sarrafa manganese ta farko a kasar. == Manazarta == rqbvln8jfx4ddw6kzoffaqr05wj37ui 844484 844483 2026-06-01T10:46:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 844484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Grand Poubara''' madatsar ruwa ce mai girman nauyi a [[kogin Ogooué]], kimanin {{Convert|15|km}} kudu da Franceville a Gabon. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma tana tallafawa {{Convert|160|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki. == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Gabon ta sanya hannu kan rancen dala miliyan 84 da China a shekarar 2008 domin samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwan. Manufar ita ce samar da wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta daban ga madatsar ruwan Kongou Falls don wuraren haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe da 'yan China ke gudanarwa a Belinga.<ref>[https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/africa_dams_briefing_.pdf African Dams Briefing 2015], ''Internationalrivers.org'', 2015</ref> An fara gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2008, an karkatar da kogin a watan Nuwamba na 2010, sannan aka fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a ranar 5 ga Agusta na 2013. Madatsar ruwan ta karkatar da kogin a kusa da [[Poubara Falls|magudanar ruwan Poubara]] inda {{Convert|40|MW}} ta kai ga haka. Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na Francis suna da wutar lantarki. Gwamnatin China ce ta dauki nauyin mafi yawan madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, kuma Sinohydro ce ta gina aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in West Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-w.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719000622/http%3A//www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dw.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabon, Grand Poubara Hydropower Station |url=http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205839/http://eng.sinohydro.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=42&id=131 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Sinohydro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2013 |title=Gabon's 160-MW Grand Poubara hydroelectric plant enters full operation |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/09/gabon-s-160-mw-grand-poubara-enters-full-operation.html |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Hydro World}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015, madatsar ruwa ta Grand Poubara ta samar da wutar lantarki ga Kamfanin Karafa na Moanda, wato masana'antar sarrafa manganese ta farko a kasar.<ref>[https://www.miningreview.com/top-stories/gabon-engages-in-the-local-processing-of-manganese/ Gabon engages in the local processing of manganese], ''Miningreview.com'', 12 June 2015</ref> == Manazarta == d0zlb0oqjx9ouskgon42c3x8d5lk72f 0 153848 844473 2026-06-01T10:40:05Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Rashin ruwa na Sidi el Barrak]] to [[Madatsar Sidi el Barrak]]: Take ba daidai ba 844473 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Madatsar Sidi el Barrak]] ta8cqtod5h5xdkjyvt3qv2d13z271ay 0 153849 844478 2026-06-01T10:41:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1166860174|Kidatu Dam]]" 844478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Kidatu''', wacce kuma ita ce '''tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kidadu Hydroelectric,''' tana da karfin {{Convert|204|MW}} dam mai amfani da wutar lantarki da ke gundumar Kilosa na yankin Morogoro a [[Tanzaniya]] . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Babban Kogin Ruaha]], a ƙauyen Kilosa, a Yankin Morogoro, kimanin {{Convert|337|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Dar es Salaam]], babban birnin kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=26 December 2017 |title=Distance between Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=kidatu%20power%20plant%2C%20Kilosa%2C%20Morogoro%20Region%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJ8dabFq5LXBgR3aGGoCZrD5Q&dt2=ChIJ1YiySZZqVxgR4Svox8BtYHk |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|5.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Kidatu, cibiyar birni mafi kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=26 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kidatu, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kidatu%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=kidatu%20power%20plant%2C%20Kilosa%2C%20Morogoro%20Region%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJU3sm9zRrVxgRzK6k-sA46MU&dt2=ChIJ1YiySZZqVxgR4Svox8BtYHk |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kidatu sune:7°39'47.0"S, 36°58'39.0"E (Latitude:-7.663056; Longitude:36.977500). == Bayani == An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Kidatu a matakai biyu a ƙarƙashin sunan Babban Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Ruaha a shekarun 1970 don mataki na ɗaya da kuma 1980 don mataki na biyu. An kammala mataki na ɗaya a shekarar 1975 da fara gina madatsar ruwa mai cike da duwatsu, mai ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 2 x&nbsp;51 MW, da kuma 220&nbsp;Layin watsa wutar lantarki na kV zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] ta Morogoro . Mataki na II, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1980, ya ƙunshi ƙarin janareto guda biyu masu ƙarfin MW 51, da kuma gina babban madatsar ruwa ta ajiya ( Mtera Dam ) mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|3200|e6m3|acre.ft}} . <ref name="One" /> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}</ref> An yi manyan ayyukan gyaran injinan guda biyu. Mataki na ɗaya ya ƙunshi gyaran injinan turbine na ɗaya da na biyu, maye gurbin kayan aikin motsa jiki da kuma gyara injin janareta da ya lalace. An gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan daga 1993 zuwa 1994. An fara gyaran injinan na biyu a 1999. Manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da sarrafa kwamfuta da tsarin sarrafawa da kariya, gyara injinan turbine, maye gurbin injinan gudu a kan na'urori 1 da 2, injinan janareta da hanyoyin ruwa. SIDA, NORAD da Tanesco ne suka ɗauki nauyin aikin akan kimanin dala miliyan 12. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Citizen_Reporter2017">The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs"]. ''[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]]''. Dar es Salaam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTanesco2017">Tanesco (26 December 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant"]. Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu the original] on 27 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2017, an yi gyare-gyare a kan ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin megawatt 51 waɗanda suka gaza. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata daga masana'antun injinan turbines [[Kroatiya|na Croatia]] ne suka gudanar da aikin, da kuma ma'aikata daga Tanesco, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa. An shirya babban gyaran tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba a shekarar 2020. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Citizen_Reporter2017">The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs"]. ''[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]]''. Dar es Salaam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTanesco2017">Tanesco (26 December 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant"]. Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu the original] on 27 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == efwtuko3ngdjxv5nopo13bd99ic2ltc 844479 844478 2026-06-01T10:41:58Z Engineer014 44591 844479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Kidatu''', wacce kuma ita ce '''tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kidadu Hydroelectric,''' tana da karfin {{Convert|204|MW}} dam mai amfani da wutar lantarki da ke gundumar Kilosa na yankin Morogoro a [[Tanzaniya]] . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Babban Kogin Ruaha]], a ƙauyen Kilosa, a Yankin Morogoro, kimanin {{Convert|337|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Dar es Salaam]], babban birnin kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=26 December 2017 |title=Distance between Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=kidatu%20power%20plant%2C%20Kilosa%2C%20Morogoro%20Region%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJ8dabFq5LXBgR3aGGoCZrD5Q&dt2=ChIJ1YiySZZqVxgR4Svox8BtYHk |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|5.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Kidatu, cibiyar birni mafi kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=26 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kidatu, Tanzania and Kidatu Power Plant, Kilosa, Morogoro Region, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kidatu%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=kidatu%20power%20plant%2C%20Kilosa%2C%20Morogoro%20Region%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJU3sm9zRrVxgRzK6k-sA46MU&dt2=ChIJ1YiySZZqVxgR4Svox8BtYHk |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kidatu sune:7°39'47.0"S, 36°58'39.0"E (Latitude:-7.663056; Longitude:36.977500). == Bayani == An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Kidatu a matakai biyu a ƙarƙashin sunan Babban Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Ruaha a shekarun 1970 don mataki na ɗaya da kuma 1980 don mataki na biyu. An kammala mataki na ɗaya a shekarar 1975 da fara gina madatsar ruwa mai cike da duwatsu, mai ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 2 x&nbsp;51 MW, da kuma 220&nbsp;Layin watsa wutar lantarki na kV zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] ta Morogoro . Mataki na II, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1980, ya ƙunshi ƙarin janareto guda biyu masu ƙarfin MW 51, da kuma gina babban madatsar ruwa ta ajiya ( Mtera Dam ) mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|3200|e6m3|acre.ft}} . <ref name="One" /> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}</ref> An yi manyan ayyukan gyaran injinan guda biyu. Mataki na ɗaya ya ƙunshi gyaran injinan turbine na ɗaya da na biyu, maye gurbin kayan aikin motsa jiki da kuma gyara injin janareta da ya lalace. An gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan daga 1993 zuwa 1994. An fara gyaran injinan na biyu a 1999. Manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da sarrafa kwamfuta da tsarin sarrafawa da kariya, gyara injinan turbine, maye gurbin injinan gudu a kan na'urori 1 da 2, injinan janareta da hanyoyin ruwa. SIDA, NORAD da Tanesco ne suka ɗauki nauyin aikin akan kimanin dala miliyan 12. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Citizen_Reporter2017">The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs"]. ''[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]]''. Dar es Salaam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTanesco2017">Tanesco (26 December 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant"]. Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu the original] on 27 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2017, an yi gyare-gyare a kan ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin megawatt 51 waɗanda suka gaza. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata daga masana'antun injinan turbines [[Kroatiya|na Croatia]] ne suka gudanar da aikin, da kuma ma'aikata daga Tanesco, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa. An shirya babban gyaran tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba a shekarar 2020. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=The Citizen Reporter |date=25 December 2017 |title=End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Citizen_Reporter2017">The Citizen Reporter (25 December 2017). [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/End-of-power-outages-near-as-Tanesco-completes-repairs/1840340-4241404-g39pq6/index.html "End of power outages near as Tanesco completes repairs"]. ''[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]]''. Dar es Salaam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Tanesco |date=26 December 2017 |title=Kidatu Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Tanesco}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTanesco2017">Tanesco (26 December 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171227062659/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu "Kidatu Hydro Power Plant"]. Dar es Salaam: Tanesco. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/kidatu the original] on 27 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == a78wealjl7i7nfsqqzagily45iysjp7 0 153850 844480 2026-06-01T10:43:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298164799|Sango Bay]]" 844480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wuri == Sango Bay yana cikin ''Sango Bay Parish'', Kakuuto Sub-County, gundumar Kyotera, a yankin Buganda na Uganda. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|56.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin Kyotera, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Sango Bay tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|57|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin garin Mutukula, Uganda, a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Daidaito a yankin Sango Bay sune:00°53'38.0"S, 31°43'22.0"E (Latitude:-0.893889; Longitude:31.722778). Sango Bay yana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1145|m|0}} sama da matakin teku. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Get A Map |date=26 April 2020 |title=Elevation of Sango Bay, Uganda |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/uganda/uganda_(general)/_sangobay/ |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=Getamap.net}}</ref> == Bayani == '''Sango Bay''' ƙauye ne na masunta, tare da [[Tafkin Victoria|tafkin Nalubaale]] yana da nisan tafiya zuwa gabashin Sango Bay. Yankin da wurin yake an san shi da ''Yankin Kare Muhalli na Sango Bay'', yana da iyaka da iyakar Tanzaniya a kudu, tafkin Nalubaale a gabas, hanyar Masaka-Mutukula a yamma da ''yankin Kare Muhalli na Tafkin Nabugabo'' a arewa. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |date=26 April 2020 |title=BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> Tsire-tsire suna da yanayin dausayi, ciyayi da [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzuka]] . An sami fiye da ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' 300,000 a yankin, har zuwa ƙarshen 1994. An lura da ''[[Makwabo|Ardeola ralloides]]'', ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'', ''[[Kwasakwasa|Pelecanus rufiscens]]'' da ''Hirundo atrocaerulea'' a yankin. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |date=26 April 2020 |title=BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2020">BirdLife International (26 April 2020). [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda "BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area"]. Cambridge, United Kingdom: [[BirdLife International]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan yanki shi ne wurin da ''sansanin sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira na Sango Bay yake'' . An kafa sansanin ne a shekarar 2013, domin ya dauki mutane sama da 5,000 da aka kora daga Tanzania saboda shiga ba bisa ka'ida ba da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Jakaya Kikwete ya yi . Sun hada da 'yan Uganda, Rwanda, Congo, Burundi, da kuma mutanen da ba su da jiha. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2016, an kwashe 'yan gudun hijirar daga sansanin kuma an mayar da su wasu sansanonin a Uganda. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Davis Buyondo |date=29 June 2016 |title=Last Batch of Refugees Leave Sango Bay Camp |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/last-batch-of-refugees-leaves-sango-bay-camp |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Ivan Kimbowa & Issa Aliga |date=28 June 2016 |title=Government Closes Sango Bay Camp, Shifts Refugees |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Government-closes-Sango-bay-camp--shifts--refugees-/688334-3270184-vthjgv/index.html |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> Yankin Sango Bay kuma shine wurin da Sango Bay Estates Limited, wani kamfanin samar da sukari da aka kafa a shekarar 1930. <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=David Muwanga |date=26 February 2004 |title=Uganda: Sango Bay Estates Set for Massive Overhaul |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200402260552.html |access-date=26 April 2020 |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Mike Ibrahim Okumu |date=12 May 2017 |title=Here’s what the Sugar Bill should address |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Here-s-what-the-Sugar-Bill-should-address/689364-3923442-format-xhtml-2phxkg/monitor.co.ug}}</ref> Cocin Jubilee Revival yana cikin Sango Bay. * Samar da sukari a Uganda * Jerin masana'antun sukari a Uganda == Manazarta == 028yc9ugg2jg3v80ufcc15jab2qzo0u 844481 844480 2026-06-01T10:43:55Z Engineer014 44591 844481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Wuri == Sango Bay yana cikin ''Sango Bay Parish'', Kakuuto Sub-County, gundumar Kyotera, a yankin Buganda na Uganda. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|56.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin Kyotera, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Sango Bay tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|57|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin garin Mutukula, Uganda, a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Daidaito a yankin Sango Bay sune:00°53'38.0"S, 31°43'22.0"E (Latitude:-0.893889; Longitude:31.722778). Sango Bay yana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1145|m|0}} sama da matakin teku. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Get A Map |date=26 April 2020 |title=Elevation of Sango Bay, Uganda |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/uganda/uganda_(general)/_sangobay/ |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=Getamap.net}}</ref> == Bayani == '''Sango Bay''' ƙauye ne na masunta, tare da [[Tafkin Victoria|tafkin Nalubaale]] yana da nisan tafiya zuwa gabashin Sango Bay. Yankin da wurin yake an san shi da ''Yankin Kare Muhalli na Sango Bay'', yana da iyaka da iyakar Tanzaniya a kudu, tafkin Nalubaale a gabas, hanyar Masaka-Mutukula a yamma da ''yankin Kare Muhalli na Tafkin Nabugabo'' a arewa. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |date=26 April 2020 |title=BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> Tsire-tsire suna da yanayin dausayi, ciyayi da [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzuka]] . An sami fiye da ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' 300,000 a yankin, har zuwa ƙarshen 1994. An lura da ''[[Makwabo|Ardeola ralloides]]'', ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'', ''[[Kwasakwasa|Pelecanus rufiscens]]'' da ''Hirundo atrocaerulea'' a yankin. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |date=26 April 2020 |title=BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2020">BirdLife International (26 April 2020). [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sango-bay-area-iba-uganda "BirdLife International: Sango Bay Area"]. Cambridge, United Kingdom: [[BirdLife International]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan yanki shi ne wurin da ''sansanin sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira na Sango Bay yake'' . An kafa sansanin ne a shekarar 2013, domin ya dauki mutane sama da 5,000 da aka kora daga Tanzania saboda shiga ba bisa ka'ida ba da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Jakaya Kikwete ya yi . Sun hada da 'yan Uganda, Rwanda, Congo, Burundi, da kuma mutanen da ba su da jiha. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2016, an kwashe 'yan gudun hijirar daga sansanin kuma an mayar da su wasu sansanonin a Uganda. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Davis Buyondo |date=29 June 2016 |title=Last Batch of Refugees Leave Sango Bay Camp |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/last-batch-of-refugees-leaves-sango-bay-camp |access-date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Ivan Kimbowa & Issa Aliga |date=28 June 2016 |title=Government Closes Sango Bay Camp, Shifts Refugees |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Government-closes-Sango-bay-camp--shifts--refugees-/688334-3270184-vthjgv/index.html |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> Yankin Sango Bay kuma shine wurin da Sango Bay Estates Limited, wani kamfanin samar da sukari da aka kafa a shekarar 1930. <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=David Muwanga |date=26 February 2004 |title=Uganda: Sango Bay Estates Set for Massive Overhaul |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200402260552.html |access-date=26 April 2020 |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Mike Ibrahim Okumu |date=12 May 2017 |title=Here’s what the Sugar Bill should address |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Here-s-what-the-Sugar-Bill-should-address/689364-3923442-format-xhtml-2phxkg/monitor.co.ug}}</ref> Cocin Jubilee Revival yana cikin Sango Bay. * Samar da sukari a Uganda * Jerin masana'antun sukari a Uganda == Manazarta == fleias7u0oxzuqll0oazueavseve7dq 0 153851 844485 2026-06-01T10:47:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1210914971|Sebakwe Dam]]" 844485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1957 kuma mallakar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ce. Tana ketare Kogin Sebakwe a [[Kogin Munyati|yankin da ake samun ruwan sama a Sanyati]] . Yana da cikakken ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 266&nbsp;[[Lita|Megalita]] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da girman 8&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicin faɗinsa shine 2.5&nbsp;kilomita; Yankin saman shine 2320&nbsp;hekta; Katangarsa tana da fadin hekta 47&nbsp;m tsayi da 3&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. == Bayani == It was built as a small dam in 1957 and was raised 1986. A shekarar 1957, madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Rhodesia . Tsawonta a lokacin ya kai ƙafa 154 (mita 47), inda ya mamaye faɗin murabba'in mil 9 (kadada 2320) tare da ƙarfin galan biliyan 35 na imperial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polisensky |first=Diana |date=4 March 2011 |title=A Contribution Not Etched In Stone |url=http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023904/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Once Called Home}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yana samar da ruwa ga Kwekwe da Redcliff, da kuma don ban ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2011 |title=Rhodesia's Dams |url=http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhodesias-dams.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Our Rhodesian Heritage}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Sebakwe * Ma'adinan Globe da Phoenix * Gaika Min * Kwekwe == Manazarta == qt17hjwbhx13nx6lgt0u4p7rq7s9iwe 844488 844485 2026-06-01T10:47:58Z Engineer014 44591 844488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1957 kuma mallakar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ce. Tana ketare Kogin Sebakwe a [[Kogin Munyati|yankin da ake samun ruwan sama a Sanyati]] . Yana da cikakken ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 266&nbsp;[[Lita|Megalita]] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da girman 8&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicin faɗinsa shine 2.5&nbsp;kilomita; Yankin saman shine 2320&nbsp;hekta; Katangarsa tana da fadin hekta 47&nbsp;m tsayi da 3&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. == Bayani == It was built as a small dam in 1957 and was raised 1986. A shekarar 1957, madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Rhodesia . Tsawonta a lokacin ya kai ƙafa 154 (mita 47), inda ya mamaye faɗin murabba'in mil 9 (kadada 2320) tare da ƙarfin galan biliyan 35 na imperial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polisensky |first=Diana |date=4 March 2011 |title=A Contribution Not Etched In Stone |url=http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023904/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Once Called Home}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yana samar da ruwa ga Kwekwe da Redcliff, da kuma don ban ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2011 |title=Rhodesia's Dams |url=http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhodesias-dams.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Our Rhodesian Heritage}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Sebakwe * Ma'adinan Globe da Phoenix * Gaika Min * Kwekwe == Manazarta == 74udj8y5unaj1ug4yjhdy9bjzgy52h1 844515 844488 2026-06-01T11:37:38Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bayani */ added ref 844515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1957 kuma mallakar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ce. Tana ketare Kogin Sebakwe a [[Kogin Munyati|yankin da ake samun ruwan sama a Sanyati]] . Yana da cikakken ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 266&nbsp;[[Lita|Megalita]] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da girman 8&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicin faɗinsa shine 2.5&nbsp;kilomita; Yankin saman shine 2320&nbsp;hekta; Katangarsa tana da fadin hekta 47&nbsp;m tsayi da 3&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. == Bayani == It was built as a small dam in 1957 and was raised 1986.<ref>https://www.zimparks.org/index.php/parks-overview/recreational/sebakwe%7CSebakwe</ref> A shekarar 1957, madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Rhodesia . Tsawonta a lokacin ya kai ƙafa 154 (mita 47), inda ya mamaye faɗin murabba'in mil 9 (kadada 2320) tare da ƙarfin galan biliyan 35 na imperial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polisensky |first=Diana |date=4 March 2011 |title=A Contribution Not Etched In Stone |url=http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023904/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Once Called Home}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yana samar da ruwa ga Kwekwe da Redcliff, da kuma don ban ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2011 |title=Rhodesia's Dams |url=http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhodesias-dams.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Our Rhodesian Heritage}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Sebakwe * Ma'adinan Globe da Phoenix * Gaika Min * Kwekwe == Manazarta == 0oclzcoers0r0s3q0bszwcnespcs41x 844517 844515 2026-06-01T11:38:46Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1957 kuma mallakar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ce. Tana ketare Kogin Sebakwe a [[Kogin Munyati|yankin da ake samun ruwan sama a Sanyati]] . Yana da cikakken ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 266&nbsp;[[Lita|Megalita]] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da girman 8&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicin faɗinsa shine 2.5&nbsp;kilomita; Yankin saman shine 2320&nbsp;hekta; Katangarsa tana da fadin hekta 47&nbsp;m tsayi da 3&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. == Bayani == It was built as a small dam in 1957 and was raised 1986.<ref>https://www.zimparks.org/index.php/parks-overview/recreational/sebakwe%7CSebakwe</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181024133911/http://www.cfuzim.org/~cfuzimb/images/damstat10314.pdf</ref> A shekarar 1957, madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Rhodesia . Tsawonta a lokacin ya kai ƙafa 154 (mita 47), inda ya mamaye faɗin murabba'in mil 9 (kadada 2320) tare da ƙarfin galan biliyan 35 na imperial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polisensky |first=Diana |date=4 March 2011 |title=A Contribution Not Etched In Stone |url=http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023904/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Once Called Home}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yana samar da ruwa ga Kwekwe da Redcliff, da kuma don ban ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2011 |title=Rhodesia's Dams |url=http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhodesias-dams.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Our Rhodesian Heritage}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Sebakwe * Ma'adinan Globe da Phoenix * Gaika Min * Kwekwe == Manazarta == 9kmxtwq5civyz9c829wpqt0ervnr38d 844518 844517 2026-06-01T11:40:13Z Uncle Bash007 9891 844518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke lardin Midlands na [[Zimbabwe]] . An gina ta a shekarar 1957 kuma mallakar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ce. Tana ketare Kogin Sebakwe a [[Kogin Munyati|yankin da ake samun ruwan sama a Sanyati]] . Yana da cikakken ikon ɗaukar fasinjoji 266&nbsp;[[Lita|Megalita]] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] . Tana da girman 8&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicin faɗinsa shine 2.5&nbsp;kilomita; Yankin saman shine 2320&nbsp;hekta; Katangarsa tana da fadin hekta 47&nbsp;m tsayi da 3&nbsp;tsawon kilomita. == Bayani == It was built as a small dam in 1957 and was raised 1986.<ref>https://www.zimparks.org/index.php/parks-overview/recreational/sebakwe%7CSebakwe</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181024133911/http://www.cfuzim.org/~cfuzimb/images/damstat10314.pdf</ref><ref>"State of Major Dams Report" (PDF). Zimbabwe National Water Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</ref> A shekarar 1957, madatsar ruwa ta Sebakwe ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Rhodesia . Tsawonta a lokacin ya kai ƙafa 154 (mita 47), inda ya mamaye faɗin murabba'in mil 9 (kadada 2320) tare da ƙarfin galan biliyan 35 na imperial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polisensky |first=Diana |date=4 March 2011 |title=A Contribution Not Etched In Stone |url=http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023904/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2011/03/a-contribution-not-etched-in-stone-2/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Once Called Home}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yana samar da ruwa ga Kwekwe da Redcliff, da kuma don ban ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2011 |title=Rhodesia's Dams |url=http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/rhodesias-dams.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Our Rhodesian Heritage}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kogin Sebakwe * Ma'adinan Globe da Phoenix * Gaika Min * Kwekwe == Manazarta == gfusrxssrrfvp95cc60hvalet03tqf0 0 153852 844487 2026-06-01T10:47:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Ruwa da tsabta a Uganda]] to [[Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftaceshi a Uganda]]: Take ba daidai ba 844487 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftaceshi a Uganda]] 53b1ndij3mgub1o5iue3q5nyd54iyts 0 153853 844520 2026-06-01T11:51:17Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304662880|Water resources management in Egypt]]" 844520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar''' tsari ne mai sarkakiya wanda ya ƙunshi masu ruwa da tsaki da dama waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|samar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu]], samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma hanyoyin tafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan [[Nil|Nilu]] yana tallafawa yanayin halittu na ruwa waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa. [[Misra|Masar]] kuma tana da albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa a cikin hamada ta Yamma. Babbar matsalar kula da albarkatun ruwa a [[Misra|Masar]] ita ce rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙaruwar buƙatar ruwa da ƙarancin wadata. Don tabbatar da cewa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe tara na yankin kogin Nilu a nan gaba yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. [[Shirin Kogin Nilu]] ya samar da wani dandali na irin wannan haɗin gwiwa. A shekarun 1990, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da manyan ayyuka guda uku don ƙara yawan ban ruwa a "sabbin ƙasashe". Suna cikin yankin Toshka (" Sabon Kwari "), a gefen Yammacin Kogin Nilu, da kuma a Arewacin Sinai . Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa wanda za a iya amfani da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ingantaccen ingantaccen ban ruwa a kan "tsoffin ƙasashe" da aka riga aka yi ban ruwa da kuma sake amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa da ruwan sharar da aka tace. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Lake_Nasser.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Nasser a bayan Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] Tarihin kula da ruwa na zamani a Masar ya fara ne da gina [[Aswan Low Dam|tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] a shekarar 1902 da kuma kwararowar ruwa a kogin Nilu a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta adana ruwan kogin Nilu kaɗan don ba da damar noman amfanin gona da yawa a kowace shekara a yankin Nilu Delta, yayin da kwararowar ruwa ta ɗaga matakin ruwan kogin Nilu ta yadda za a iya karkatar da ruwa zuwa manyan hanyoyin ban ruwa da ke gudana a layi ɗaya da kogin. An sauya tsarin ruwan kogin a shekarar 1970 lokacin da aka kammala [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]], wanda ya kawar da ambaliyar ruwa ta Nilu ta kowace shekara. Madatsar ruwa ta kawo manyan fa'idodi kamar ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa ga noma a Masar wanda ya haifar da ƙarin kuɗi da aikin yi, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, inganta hanyoyin ruwa, da ƙirƙirar kamun kifi a Tafkin Nasser. Amma kuma tana da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa, gami da sake tsugunar da jama'a, asarar ƙasa mai albarka wadda yanzu ke taruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa da ke bayan madatsar ruwa, gajarta ruwa tare da ƙaruwar gishirin ƙasa, da kuma ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku. Ba tare da alaƙa da gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ba, ingancin ruwa ya tabarbare ta hanyar kwararar magudanar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwan sharar gida na birni da na masana'antu da ba a yi wa magani ba. Tun daga shekarun 1980, [[Maganin shara a ruwa|gyaran ruwan shara]] ya inganta kuma ingancin ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu ya sake inganta a hankali. Har zuwa shekarar 1992, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar irin amfanin gona da manoma za su noma, wanda ya ba hukumomi damar isar da takamaiman adadin ruwa ga kowane magudanar ruwa bisa ga buƙatun ruwan amfanin gona. A shekarar 1992, wani babban sauyi ya faru lokacin da aka 'yantar da tsarin amfanin gona kuma manoma suna da 'yancin noma abin da suke so. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}, 1995</ref> A lokaci guda, gwamnati ta fara mayar da alhakin kula da magudanar ruwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, wani tsari da ake kira "canja wurin gudanar da ban ruwa". A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, gwamnati ta kuma fara manyan ayyuka uku don faɗaɗa ban ruwa zuwa "sabbin ƙasashe" a cikin hamada. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke akwai === [[Fayil:Ibrahimiya.jpg|right|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Ibrahimiya a Minya]] Kula da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ya dogara ne akan tsarin ababen more rayuwa mai sarkakiya a duk tsawon kogin. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan ababen more rayuwa shi ne [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] wadda ta samar da [[tafkin Nasser]] . Babban madatsar ruwa tana kare Masar daga ambaliyar ruwa, tana adana ruwa don ban ruwa a duk shekara, kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tana da karfin adana ruwa mai karfin 90.&nbsp;madatsar ruwa mai girman biliyan cubic tana adana fiye da kashi ɗaya da rabi na matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, don haka tana samar da babban matakin tsari a cikin kwarin kogin idan aka kwatanta da sauran kogunan da aka tsara a duniya. A ƙasan madatsar ruwan Aswan, akwai shingaye bakwai don ƙara yawan ruwan kogin ta yadda zai iya kwarara zuwa magudanan ruwa na matakin farko. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine 350.&nbsp;An kammala magudanar ruwa ta Ibrahimiya mai tsawon kilomita 100 a shekarar 1873, mafi girman magudanar ruwa ta wucin gadi a duniya. Tana ratsawa daga gefen hagu na kogin Nilu a Assiut sannan ta yi tafiya a layi daya da kogin. An ƙara fitar da ruwanta ta hanyar [[Rashin Tsaro|Assiut Barrage]] da aka kammala a shekarar 1903. Akwai wasu manyan shinge a Esna da Naga Hammadi a babban kogin Nilu, da kuma [[Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar|Delta Barrage]], Zifta Barrage da Damietta Barrage a reshen Damietta da kuma [[Edfina]] Barrage a reshen Rosetta na kogin Nilu. Ruwa kuma yana gudana daga kogin Nilu zuwa Faiyum Oasis ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da ake kira Bahr Yussef wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin Fir'auna. Daga wurin ruwan yana gudana zuwa [[Tafkin Moeris|Birket Qarun]] (Tafkin Moesis). [[Tashar Ismailiya|Magudanar ruwa mai tsabta]] tana gudana daga Alkahira zuwa Ismailia kuma [[Tashar Ismailiya|Magudanar ruwa mai daɗi]] tana gudana a layi daya da [[Suez canal|Magudanar ruwa ta Suez]], tana samar da ruwan sha ga biranen da ke gefen magudanar ruwa. An kammala dukkan magudanar ruwa a shekarar 1863. Magudanar ruwa ta Mahmoudiyah ta haɗa Kogin Nilu da Alexandria. An kammala shi a shekarar 1820, yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kewayawa, amma a zamanin yau ana amfani da shi musamman don ban ruwa da kuma samar wa Alexandria ruwan sha. [[Fayil:DamiettaDS.jpg|left|thumb|Barrage na Delta a reshen Damietta na Kogin Nilu (daga ƙasa)]] [[Fayil:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Babban tsarin ban ruwa (a tsarin tsari)]] Ana rarraba magudanan ban ruwa zuwa manyan magudanan ruwa ( ''Rayah'' ), manyan magudanan ruwa (magudanan ruwa na mataki na farko), magudanan ruwa (magudanan ruwa na mataki na biyu), magudanan ruwa ( {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ko magudanan ruwa na mataki na uku) da kuma magudanan ruwa ( ''Merwas'' ). Guduwar ruwa a cikin manyan magudanan ruwa da manyan magudanan ruwa yana ci gaba; a cikin reshe da magudanan ruwa yana kan juyawa. Duk da haka, gwamnati tana goyon bayan tsarin canza wasu daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa a hankali zuwa ci gaba da kwarara. Manoma suna fitar da ruwa daga {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} zuwa gonakin ban ruwa (ɗagawa: kimanin mita 0.5–1.5). {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} yawanci yana ba da yanki na feddan 50 zuwa 200 (kadada 20 zuwa 80). <ref name="Allam" /> A yankunan da babu tsarin aiki na yau da kullun don rarraba ruwa yadda ya kamata, masu amfani da ƙarshen wutsiya yawanci ba sa samun isasshen ruwa don kula da amfanin gona. An kafa ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa tun daga shekarun 1990 don inganta rarraba ruwa tsakanin manoma a kan {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} da kuma daidaita famfo, da nufin rage fitar da ruwa, farashin famfo da kuma ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. Magudanar ruwa ta cikin magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona daga gishirin ƙasa da kuma toshewar ruwa . Nan da shekarar 2003, an sanya wa sama da hekta miliyan 2 tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan hekta 7.2&nbsp;Ana zubar da ruwa biliyan ^m3 kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimlar kuɗin saka hannun jari a magudanar ruwa na noma a cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan 3.1&nbsp;dala biliyan na Amurka wanda ya shafi kuɗin ƙira, gini, gyara, bincike da horarwa. A wannan lokacin an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da gudummawa === Shirin Inganta Ban Ruwa === Tanadin ruwa a fannin noma muhimmin maƙasudi ne na dabarun ruwa na Masar don hidimar al'umma mai ƙaruwa da ƙarancin albarkatu. Duk da haka, girman tanadin ruwa a fannin noma da kuma yadda za a iya cimma irin wannan tanadi ya kasance batun muhawara. Duk da cewa ingancin ban ruwa na "na gargajiya" na matakin fili na iya zama ƙasa saboda yawan ban ruwa na ambaliyar ruwa, ingancin tsarin gabaɗaya - "ingantaccen ingancin ban ruwa" - yana da yawa saboda kwararar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew A. Keller |last2=Jack Keller |name-list-style=amp |year=1995 |title=Effective Efficiency: A Water Use Efficiency Concept For Allocating Freshwater Resources |url=http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/IWRM/Toolboxes/WUE/Effective%20Efficiency%20and%20water.pdf |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Center for Economic Policy Studies, Winrock International, Discussion Paper 22}}</ref> Saboda haka, dabarun tanadin ruwa a Masar ba sa mai da hankali sosai kan fasahar adana ruwa kamar feshi ko [[Ruwa mai ban ruwa|ban ruwa na digo]] . Madadin haka, sun dogara ne akan lura cewa lokacin da manoma ba su da iko kan lokaci da adadin samar da ruwa, suna ban ruwa da wuri kuma suna shafa ruwa da yawa. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-898565-03-1|<bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>]], 1995</ref> An fara tantance yuwuwar tanadin ruwa a fannin noma a Masar ta hanyar ayyukan gwaji a ƙarƙashin Shirin Amfani da Gudanar da Ruwa na Masar (EWUP) wanda USAID ke tallafawa wanda aka fara a shekarar 1977. Matukan sun nuna cewa domin cimma tanadin ruwa, yana da mahimmanci a bai wa manoma damar shiga cikin harkokin kula da ban ruwa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, don samar da kwararar ruwa mai ci gaba maimakon juyawa a cikin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, don maye gurbin mutum ɗaya ta hanyar famfo, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabis na ba da shawara kan ban ruwa. <ref name="Allam" /> "Dabarar Ci Gaban Ban Ruwa a Masar har zuwa shekarar 2000" ta 1980 ta riga ta yi hasashen inganta sarrafawa da rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a matsayin mataki na farko na dabarun. Wannan zai biyo bayan haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa na fili da farashin ruwan ban ruwa kai tsaye. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-898565-03-1|<bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>]], 1995</ref> Dangane da darussan EWUP da dabarun ban ruwa da gwamnati ta tsara Shirin Inganta Ban Ruwa na Ƙasa (IIP) a shekarar 1984, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta amince da shi a shekarar 1985. An fara aiwatar da shi, tare da tallafin USAID, a yankuna goma sha ɗaya na gwaji, farawa da Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Serri da feddan 120,000 (hekta 50,400) a Gundumar Minya . <ref name="Allam" /> Aikin ya maye gurbin tsoffin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} masu ƙasa ko dai da {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} masu tsayi, inda ruwa zai gudana zuwa gonaki ta hanyar nauyi, ko kuma da bututun da aka binne da matsi. An yi amfani da dabarun injiniyan ƙima don kimanta mafi kyawun madadin {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} wanda ke niyya ga mafi ƙarancin farashi ba tare da shafar ingancin madadin ba. Zuwa shekarar 1998, an kafa ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa kimanin 1,100 kuma an sabunta tsarin ban ruwa 129,000 feddan. <ref name="Allam" /> Aikin ya rage asarar ruwa, ya inganta ingancin ruwa a ƙarshen wutsiyar {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ya samar da ƙarin ruwa ga manoma a ƙarshen wutsiyar magudanan ruwa, ya ceci ƙasa saboda ƙaramin girman sabbin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ya rage farashin famfo da fiye da 50% da kuma ƙaruwar yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin 5% da 30%. <ref name="Allam" /> An gina wannan nasarar ne bisa ga wannan nasarar, manufar shigar manoma cikin gudanar da ban ruwa ta faɗaɗa zuwa magudanan ruwa tare da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Branch Canal (BCWUAs) tun daga shekarar 1997 a magudanan ruwa na reshen Qemri, Bahr el Dahram da Balaqtar (Lower Egypt) da magudanan ruwa na El Reity (Upper Egypt), da kuma a [[Faiyum|Fayoum]] . Wannan tsari ya samu tallafi daga ayyuka biyu da USAID ta ɗauki nauyinsu, aikin LIFE (Rayuwa da Kuɗi daga Muhalli) (2005-2008) da kuma aikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗaka II (2009-2012). <ref name="Svendsen">{{Cite web |last=Dr. Mark Svendsen, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, and Dr. Wadie Fahim, Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator |date=September 2012 |title=Integrated Water Resources Management II: Final Project M&E Report |url=http://www.iwrm2eg.org/report/IWRMII/Report_35_ME_FINAL_PROJECT_ME.pdf |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=USAID}}</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == === Albarkatun da ake da su a yanzu === [[Fayil:Nile03(js).jpg|left|thumb|Feluccas a kan Kogin Nilu]] Masar ta dogara ne akan kashi 97% na ruwan da take samarwa daga [[Nil|kogin Nilu.]] . Ruwan sama ba shi da yawa a 18&nbsp;mm a kowace shekara, wanda galibi yake faruwa a lokacin kaka da lokacin hunturu. Yarjejeniyar ruwan Nilu ta 1959 tsakanin Masar da Sudan ta ware 55.5&nbsp;biliyan cubic mita na ruwa a kowace shekara ga Masar, ba tare da an ƙayyade wani rabo ga masu rafukan ruwa na sama ba banda Sudan (18.5)&nbsp;biliyan biliyan cubic mita a kowace shekara). Ana kyautata zaton cewa ainihin amfani da ruwa da Masar ke yi ya wuce adadin da aka ware a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar 1959. Babu wata yarjejeniyar raba ruwa tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe goma na kogin Nilu. Duk da haka, ƙasashen yankin na kogin Nilu suna aiki tare ta hanyar [[Shirin Kogin Nilu|Shirin Tafkin Nilu]] . [[Fayil:Nile_SPOT_1173.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na kogin Nilu kusa da Qena a Upper Egypt]] Masar tana da manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu [[Ruwa na kasa|na ruwan karkashin kasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Kogin Nubian Sandstone, Kogin Moghra tsakanin Yammacin Kogin Nilu da kuma Matsugunin Qattara, da kuma magudanan ruwa na bakin teku a gabar tekun Arewa maso Yamma. Kogin Nilu, Kogin Moghra da kuma Magudanan Ruwa na Teku ana iya sabunta su. [[Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian|Tsarin Ruwa na Sandstone na Nubian]] wanda ya ƙunshi 150,000&nbsp;biliyan m³ na ruwan sha mai tsafta, wanda yayi daidai da kusan sau 3,000 na kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, ba za a iya sabunta shi ba. Ana raba shi da [[Sudan]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Libya]] . Albarkatun ruwa na Masar da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da na'urar noma, na'urar [[Tsarkakewa|tace]] ruwan gishiri, na'urar tace ruwan gishiri da kuma sake amfani da ruwan sharar gida na birni. === Albarkatun nan gaba === Ana hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan mutanen Masar zai karu zuwa kimanin miliyan 90 daga kimanin 75&nbsp;miliyan a shekarar 2008, wanda ya haifar da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum daga 800 zuwa 600 ^m3 a kowace shekara, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa jimillar wadatar ruwa har yanzu tana nan. Ci gaba a Sudan, Habasha ko wasu ƙasashen da ke gabar ruwa na iya rage wadatar ruwa ga Masar, misali ta hanyar ƙara yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don ban ruwa. Duk da haka, suna iya ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa, misali ta hanyar zubar da dausayi kamar [[Sudd]] inda ruwa mai yawa ke ƙafewa a halin yanzu. Don haka a ƙarshe, [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] yana iya shafar wadatar ruwa zuwa Masar, kodayake alkiblar sauyin ba ta da tabbas. A cewar Nahla Abou El-Fotouh na Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWRC) "Wasu ƙwararru sun ce za a sami ƙaruwar ruwa tare da ƙarin ruwan sama daga tudun Habasha, wasu kuma sun ce za a sami raguwa saboda ƙafewar ruwa." A cewar Mohamed al-Raey, farfesa a fannin nazarin muhalli a Jami'ar Alexandria, wasu nazarce-nazarce sun yi hasashen raguwar har zuwa kashi 70 cikin ɗari a wadatar ruwan Nilu, yayin da wasu nazarce-nazarce suka yi hasashen ƙaruwar matakan ruwan Nilu da kashi 25 cikin ɗari Ruwan [[Tsarkakewa|tace]] ruwan teku, wanda aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a wasu wuraren shakatawa a Tekun Bahar Maliya, yana iya zama wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da ruwan birni a yankunan bakin teku na Masar. Misali, a watan Oktoba na 2009, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na West Delta ya ba da kwangilar tashar samar da wutar lantarki tare da wata tashar tace ruwan teku mai tsawon mita 10,000 ^{a kowace} rana kusa da Alexandria. Ruwan tace ruwan da ba shi da tsafta don ban ruwa shi ma yana iya zama mafi mahimmanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ouyruj6ejxi2q4mdjnqom313i7kjt5q 844521 844520 2026-06-01T11:51:50Z Engineer014 44591 844521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar''' tsari ne mai sarkakiya wanda ya ƙunshi masu ruwa da tsaki da dama waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|samar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu]], samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma hanyoyin tafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan [[Nil|Nilu]] yana tallafawa yanayin halittu na ruwa waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa. [[Misra|Masar]] kuma tana da albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa a cikin hamada ta Yamma. Babbar matsalar kula da albarkatun ruwa a [[Misra|Masar]] ita ce rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙaruwar buƙatar ruwa da ƙarancin wadata. Don tabbatar da cewa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe tara na yankin kogin Nilu a nan gaba yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. [[Shirin Kogin Nilu]] ya samar da wani dandali na irin wannan haɗin gwiwa. A shekarun 1990, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da manyan ayyuka guda uku don ƙara yawan ban ruwa a "sabbin ƙasashe". Suna cikin yankin Toshka (" Sabon Kwari "), a gefen Yammacin Kogin Nilu, da kuma a Arewacin Sinai . Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa wanda za a iya amfani da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ingantaccen ingantaccen ban ruwa a kan "tsoffin ƙasashe" da aka riga aka yi ban ruwa da kuma sake amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa da ruwan sharar da aka tace. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Lake_Nasser.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Nasser a bayan Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] Tarihin kula da ruwa na zamani a Masar ya fara ne da gina [[Aswan Low Dam|tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] a shekarar 1902 da kuma kwararowar ruwa a kogin Nilu a ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta adana ruwan kogin Nilu kaɗan don ba da damar noman amfanin gona da yawa a kowace shekara a yankin Nilu Delta, yayin da kwararowar ruwa ta ɗaga matakin ruwan kogin Nilu ta yadda za a iya karkatar da ruwa zuwa manyan hanyoyin ban ruwa da ke gudana a layi ɗaya da kogin. An sauya tsarin ruwan kogin a shekarar 1970 lokacin da aka kammala [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]], wanda ya kawar da ambaliyar ruwa ta Nilu ta kowace shekara. Madatsar ruwa ta kawo manyan fa'idodi kamar ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa ga noma a Masar wanda ya haifar da ƙarin kuɗi da aikin yi, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, inganta hanyoyin ruwa, da ƙirƙirar kamun kifi a Tafkin Nasser. Amma kuma tana da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa, gami da sake tsugunar da jama'a, asarar ƙasa mai albarka wadda yanzu ke taruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa da ke bayan madatsar ruwa, gajarta ruwa tare da ƙaruwar gishirin ƙasa, da kuma ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku. Ba tare da alaƙa da gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ba, ingancin ruwa ya tabarbare ta hanyar kwararar magudanar ruwa da kuma fitar da ruwan sharar gida na birni da na masana'antu da ba a yi wa magani ba. Tun daga shekarun 1980, [[Maganin shara a ruwa|gyaran ruwan shara]] ya inganta kuma ingancin ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu ya sake inganta a hankali. Har zuwa shekarar 1992, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar irin amfanin gona da manoma za su noma, wanda ya ba hukumomi damar isar da takamaiman adadin ruwa ga kowane magudanar ruwa bisa ga buƙatun ruwan amfanin gona. A shekarar 1992, wani babban sauyi ya faru lokacin da aka 'yantar da tsarin amfanin gona kuma manoma suna da 'yancin noma abin da suke so. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}, 1995</ref> A lokaci guda, gwamnati ta fara mayar da alhakin kula da magudanar ruwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, wani tsari da ake kira "canja wurin gudanar da ban ruwa". A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, gwamnati ta kuma fara manyan ayyuka uku don faɗaɗa ban ruwa zuwa "sabbin ƙasashe" a cikin hamada. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke akwai === [[Fayil:Ibrahimiya.jpg|right|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Ibrahimiya a Minya]] Kula da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ya dogara ne akan tsarin ababen more rayuwa mai sarkakiya a duk tsawon kogin. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan ababen more rayuwa shi ne [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] wadda ta samar da [[tafkin Nasser]] . Babban madatsar ruwa tana kare Masar daga ambaliyar ruwa, tana adana ruwa don ban ruwa a duk shekara, kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tana da karfin adana ruwa mai karfin 90.&nbsp;madatsar ruwa mai girman biliyan cubic tana adana fiye da kashi ɗaya da rabi na matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, don haka tana samar da babban matakin tsari a cikin kwarin kogin idan aka kwatanta da sauran kogunan da aka tsara a duniya. A ƙasan madatsar ruwan Aswan, akwai shingaye bakwai don ƙara yawan ruwan kogin ta yadda zai iya kwarara zuwa magudanan ruwa na matakin farko. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine 350.&nbsp;An kammala magudanar ruwa ta Ibrahimiya mai tsawon kilomita 100 a shekarar 1873, mafi girman magudanar ruwa ta wucin gadi a duniya. Tana ratsawa daga gefen hagu na kogin Nilu a Assiut sannan ta yi tafiya a layi daya da kogin. An ƙara fitar da ruwanta ta hanyar [[Rashin Tsaro|Assiut Barrage]] da aka kammala a shekarar 1903. Akwai wasu manyan shinge a Esna da Naga Hammadi a babban kogin Nilu, da kuma [[Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar|Delta Barrage]], Zifta Barrage da Damietta Barrage a reshen Damietta da kuma [[Edfina]] Barrage a reshen Rosetta na kogin Nilu. Ruwa kuma yana gudana daga kogin Nilu zuwa Faiyum Oasis ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da ake kira Bahr Yussef wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin Fir'auna. Daga wurin ruwan yana gudana zuwa [[Tafkin Moeris|Birket Qarun]] (Tafkin Moesis). [[Tashar Ismailiya|Magudanar ruwa mai tsabta]] tana gudana daga Alkahira zuwa Ismailia kuma [[Tashar Ismailiya|Magudanar ruwa mai daɗi]] tana gudana a layi daya da [[Suez canal|Magudanar ruwa ta Suez]], tana samar da ruwan sha ga biranen da ke gefen magudanar ruwa. An kammala dukkan magudanar ruwa a shekarar 1863. Magudanar ruwa ta Mahmoudiyah ta haɗa Kogin Nilu da Alexandria. An kammala shi a shekarar 1820, yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kewayawa, amma a zamanin yau ana amfani da shi musamman don ban ruwa da kuma samar wa Alexandria ruwan sha. [[Fayil:DamiettaDS.jpg|left|thumb|Barrage na Delta a reshen Damietta na Kogin Nilu (daga ƙasa)]] [[Fayil:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Babban tsarin ban ruwa (a tsarin tsari)]] Ana rarraba magudanan ban ruwa zuwa manyan magudanan ruwa ( ''Rayah'' ), manyan magudanan ruwa (magudanan ruwa na mataki na farko), magudanan ruwa (magudanan ruwa na mataki na biyu), magudanan ruwa ( {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ko magudanan ruwa na mataki na uku) da kuma magudanan ruwa ( ''Merwas'' ). Guduwar ruwa a cikin manyan magudanan ruwa da manyan magudanan ruwa yana ci gaba; a cikin reshe da magudanan ruwa yana kan juyawa. Duk da haka, gwamnati tana goyon bayan tsarin canza wasu daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa a hankali zuwa ci gaba da kwarara. Manoma suna fitar da ruwa daga {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} zuwa gonakin ban ruwa (ɗagawa: kimanin mita 0.5–1.5). {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} yawanci yana ba da yanki na feddan 50 zuwa 200 (kadada 20 zuwa 80). <ref name="Allam" /> A yankunan da babu tsarin aiki na yau da kullun don rarraba ruwa yadda ya kamata, masu amfani da ƙarshen wutsiya yawanci ba sa samun isasshen ruwa don kula da amfanin gona. An kafa ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa tun daga shekarun 1990 don inganta rarraba ruwa tsakanin manoma a kan {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} da kuma daidaita famfo, da nufin rage fitar da ruwa, farashin famfo da kuma ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. Magudanar ruwa ta cikin magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona daga gishirin ƙasa da kuma toshewar ruwa . Nan da shekarar 2003, an sanya wa sama da hekta miliyan 2 tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan hekta 7.2&nbsp;Ana zubar da ruwa biliyan ^m3 kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimlar kuɗin saka hannun jari a magudanar ruwa na noma a cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan 3.1&nbsp;dala biliyan na Amurka wanda ya shafi kuɗin ƙira, gini, gyara, bincike da horarwa. A wannan lokacin an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da gudummawa === Shirin Inganta Ban Ruwa === Tanadin ruwa a fannin noma muhimmin maƙasudi ne na dabarun ruwa na Masar don hidimar al'umma mai ƙaruwa da ƙarancin albarkatu. Duk da haka, girman tanadin ruwa a fannin noma da kuma yadda za a iya cimma irin wannan tanadi ya kasance batun muhawara. Duk da cewa ingancin ban ruwa na "na gargajiya" na matakin fili na iya zama ƙasa saboda yawan ban ruwa na ambaliyar ruwa, ingancin tsarin gabaɗaya - "ingantaccen ingancin ban ruwa" - yana da yawa saboda kwararar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew A. Keller |last2=Jack Keller |name-list-style=amp |year=1995 |title=Effective Efficiency: A Water Use Efficiency Concept For Allocating Freshwater Resources |url=http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/IWRM/Toolboxes/WUE/Effective%20Efficiency%20and%20water.pdf |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=Center for Economic Policy Studies, Winrock International, Discussion Paper 22}}</ref> Saboda haka, dabarun tanadin ruwa a Masar ba sa mai da hankali sosai kan fasahar adana ruwa kamar feshi ko [[Ruwa mai ban ruwa|ban ruwa na digo]] . Madadin haka, sun dogara ne akan lura cewa lokacin da manoma ba su da iko kan lokaci da adadin samar da ruwa, suna ban ruwa da wuri kuma suna shafa ruwa da yawa. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-898565-03-1|<bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>]], 1995</ref> An fara tantance yuwuwar tanadin ruwa a fannin noma a Masar ta hanyar ayyukan gwaji a ƙarƙashin Shirin Amfani da Gudanar da Ruwa na Masar (EWUP) wanda USAID ke tallafawa wanda aka fara a shekarar 1977. Matukan sun nuna cewa domin cimma tanadin ruwa, yana da mahimmanci a bai wa manoma damar shiga cikin harkokin kula da ban ruwa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, don samar da kwararar ruwa mai ci gaba maimakon juyawa a cikin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, don maye gurbin mutum ɗaya ta hanyar famfo, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabis na ba da shawara kan ban ruwa. <ref name="Allam" /> "Dabarar Ci Gaban Ban Ruwa a Masar har zuwa shekarar 2000" ta 1980 ta riga ta yi hasashen inganta sarrafawa da rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a matsayin mataki na farko na dabarun. Wannan zai biyo bayan haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa na fili da farashin ruwan ban ruwa kai tsaye. <ref name="Hvidt">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', {{ISBN|1-898565-03-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-898565-03-1|<bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>]], 1995</ref> Dangane da darussan EWUP da dabarun ban ruwa da gwamnati ta tsara Shirin Inganta Ban Ruwa na Ƙasa (IIP) a shekarar 1984, wanda Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta amince da shi a shekarar 1985. An fara aiwatar da shi, tare da tallafin USAID, a yankuna goma sha ɗaya na gwaji, farawa da Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Serri da feddan 120,000 (hekta 50,400) a Gundumar Minya . <ref name="Allam" /> Aikin ya maye gurbin tsoffin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} masu ƙasa ko dai da {{Transl|ar|mesqas}} masu tsayi, inda ruwa zai gudana zuwa gonaki ta hanyar nauyi, ko kuma da bututun da aka binne da matsi. An yi amfani da dabarun injiniyan ƙima don kimanta mafi kyawun madadin {{Transl|ar|mesqa}} wanda ke niyya ga mafi ƙarancin farashi ba tare da shafar ingancin madadin ba. Zuwa shekarar 1998, an kafa ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa kimanin 1,100 kuma an sabunta tsarin ban ruwa 129,000 feddan. <ref name="Allam" /> Aikin ya rage asarar ruwa, ya inganta ingancin ruwa a ƙarshen wutsiyar {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ya samar da ƙarin ruwa ga manoma a ƙarshen wutsiyar magudanan ruwa, ya ceci ƙasa saboda ƙaramin girman sabbin {{Transl|ar|mesqas}}, ya rage farashin famfo da fiye da 50% da kuma ƙaruwar yawan amfanin ƙasa tsakanin 5% da 30%. <ref name="Allam" /> An gina wannan nasarar ne bisa ga wannan nasarar, manufar shigar manoma cikin gudanar da ban ruwa ta faɗaɗa zuwa magudanan ruwa tare da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Branch Canal (BCWUAs) tun daga shekarar 1997 a magudanan ruwa na reshen Qemri, Bahr el Dahram da Balaqtar (Lower Egypt) da magudanan ruwa na El Reity (Upper Egypt), da kuma a [[Faiyum|Fayoum]] . Wannan tsari ya samu tallafi daga ayyuka biyu da USAID ta ɗauki nauyinsu, aikin LIFE (Rayuwa da Kuɗi daga Muhalli) (2005-2008) da kuma aikin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗaka II (2009-2012). <ref name="Svendsen">{{Cite web |last=Dr. Mark Svendsen, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, and Dr. Wadie Fahim, Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator |date=September 2012 |title=Integrated Water Resources Management II: Final Project M&E Report |url=http://www.iwrm2eg.org/report/IWRMII/Report_35_ME_FINAL_PROJECT_ME.pdf |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=USAID}}</ref> == Albarkatun ruwa == === Albarkatun da ake da su a yanzu === [[Fayil:Nile03(js).jpg|left|thumb|Feluccas a kan Kogin Nilu]] Masar ta dogara ne akan kashi 97% na ruwan da take samarwa daga [[Nil|kogin Nilu.]] . Ruwan sama ba shi da yawa a 18&nbsp;mm a kowace shekara, wanda galibi yake faruwa a lokacin kaka da lokacin hunturu. Yarjejeniyar ruwan Nilu ta 1959 tsakanin Masar da Sudan ta ware 55.5&nbsp;biliyan cubic mita na ruwa a kowace shekara ga Masar, ba tare da an ƙayyade wani rabo ga masu rafukan ruwa na sama ba banda Sudan (18.5)&nbsp;biliyan biliyan cubic mita a kowace shekara). Ana kyautata zaton cewa ainihin amfani da ruwa da Masar ke yi ya wuce adadin da aka ware a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar 1959. Babu wata yarjejeniyar raba ruwa tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe goma na kogin Nilu. Duk da haka, ƙasashen yankin na kogin Nilu suna aiki tare ta hanyar [[Shirin Kogin Nilu|Shirin Tafkin Nilu]] . [[Fayil:Nile_SPOT_1173.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na kogin Nilu kusa da Qena a Upper Egypt]] Masar tana da manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu [[Ruwa na kasa|na ruwan karkashin kasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Kogin Nubian Sandstone, Kogin Moghra tsakanin Yammacin Kogin Nilu da kuma Matsugunin Qattara, da kuma magudanan ruwa na bakin teku a gabar tekun Arewa maso Yamma. Kogin Nilu, Kogin Moghra da kuma Magudanan Ruwa na Teku ana iya sabunta su. [[Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian|Tsarin Ruwa na Sandstone na Nubian]] wanda ya ƙunshi 150,000&nbsp;biliyan m³ na ruwan sha mai tsafta, wanda yayi daidai da kusan sau 3,000 na kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, ba za a iya sabunta shi ba. Ana raba shi da [[Sudan]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Libya]] . Albarkatun ruwa na Masar da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da na'urar noma, na'urar [[Tsarkakewa|tace]] ruwan gishiri, na'urar tace ruwan gishiri da kuma sake amfani da ruwan sharar gida na birni. === Albarkatun nan gaba === Ana hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan mutanen Masar zai karu zuwa kimanin miliyan 90 daga kimanin 75&nbsp;miliyan a shekarar 2008, wanda ya haifar da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum daga 800 zuwa 600 ^m3 a kowace shekara, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa jimillar wadatar ruwa har yanzu tana nan. Ci gaba a Sudan, Habasha ko wasu ƙasashen da ke gabar ruwa na iya rage wadatar ruwa ga Masar, misali ta hanyar ƙara yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don ban ruwa. Duk da haka, suna iya ƙara yawan wadatar ruwa, misali ta hanyar zubar da dausayi kamar [[Sudd]] inda ruwa mai yawa ke ƙafewa a halin yanzu. Don haka a ƙarshe, [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] yana iya shafar wadatar ruwa zuwa Masar, kodayake alkiblar sauyin ba ta da tabbas. A cewar Nahla Abou El-Fotouh na Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWRC) "Wasu ƙwararru sun ce za a sami ƙaruwar ruwa tare da ƙarin ruwan sama daga tudun Habasha, wasu kuma sun ce za a sami raguwa saboda ƙafewar ruwa." A cewar Mohamed al-Raey, farfesa a fannin nazarin muhalli a Jami'ar Alexandria, wasu nazarce-nazarce sun yi hasashen raguwar har zuwa kashi 70 cikin ɗari a wadatar ruwan Nilu, yayin da wasu nazarce-nazarce suka yi hasashen ƙaruwar matakan ruwan Nilu da kashi 25 cikin ɗari Ruwan [[Tsarkakewa|tace]] ruwan teku, wanda aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a wasu wuraren shakatawa a Tekun Bahar Maliya, yana iya zama wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da ruwan birni a yankunan bakin teku na Masar. Misali, a watan Oktoba na 2009, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na West Delta ya ba da kwangilar tashar samar da wutar lantarki tare da wata tashar tace ruwan teku mai tsawon mita 10,000 ^{a kowace} rana kusa da Alexandria. Ruwan tace ruwan da ba shi da tsafta don ban ruwa shi ma yana iya zama mafi mahimmanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7e0jwvkf17sgpuv7xez7fg1tuh37tjs 0 153854 844522 2026-06-01T11:54:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352198831|Mphanda Nkuwa Dam]]" 844522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Mphanda Nkuwa''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Kogin Zambezi]] da ke [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Zai kasance kimanin {{Convert|60|km|mi}} ƙasan [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa]] da ke kusa da birnin Tete . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami ƙarfin megawatts 1,500. <ref name="ir">{{Cite web |last=Machena, Yolanda |last2=Maposa, Sibonginkosi |date=2013-06-13 |title=Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 |access-date=2014-06-22 |publisher=International Rivers}}</ref> Dam ɗin zai kai {{Convert|103|m|ft}} tsayi <ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/}}</ref> kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kimanin {{Convert|97|km2|acre}} na kwarin Zambezi. <ref name="ir">{{Cite web |last=Machena, Yolanda |last2=Maposa, Sibonginkosi |date=2013-06-13 |title=Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 |access-date=2014-06-22 |publisher=International Rivers}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMachena,_YolandaMaposa,_Sibonginkosi2013">Machena, Yolanda; Maposa, Sibonginkosi (2013-06-13). [http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 "Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta"]. International Rivers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kiyasta kudin aikin shine dala biliyan 4.2 na Amurka. Da zarar an kammala madatsar ruwan, ana sa ran za a sayar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], saboda rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa na watsawa a Mozambique. <ref name="ir" /> Madatsar ruwan da aka tsara tana da matuƙar cece-kuce saboda zai tilasta ƙaura da iyalai 1,400, kuma ya shafi rayuwar wasu mutane 200,000 a ƙarƙashin kogin. Saboda za a yi amfani da madatsar ruwan ne a kan kololuwar ruwa, yawan canjin da ake samu a kowace rana a cikin kwararar koguna zai lalata tsarin ban ruwa da ke akwai kuma ya shafi kiwon kamun kifi a cikin babban yankin kogin. <ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/ "Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents"]. November 22, 2013.</cite></ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta bayyana a cikin 1984 madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa da ke akwai a matsayin "babban aikin madatsar ruwa da ba a yarda da shi ba a Afirka." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Pete |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Debate Over Dams on Africa's Zambezi River |url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/debate-over-dams-on-africas-zambezi-river/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 |website=green.blogs.nytimes.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanar da cewa za ta fara gina madatsar ruwan. An yi kwangilar gina madatsar ruwan ga Camargo Corrêa na Brazil, Insitec na Mozambique, da Electricidade de Moçambique . A shekarar 2020, shugaban Mozambique Filipe Nyusi ya yi fatan za a fara gina madatsar ruwan kafin shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DGA |title=Construção da Hidroeléctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa deve iniciar até 2024 |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/economia/70052 |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=@Verdade Online |language=pt-pt}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC), wani reshe na Bankin Duniya, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da gwamnatin Mozambique, wanda ke nuna sha'awar shiga cikin haɓaka wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=23 May 2022 |title=Mozambique: IFC Supports Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-ifc-supports-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Ci gaba == A watan Oktoba na 2022, gwamnatin Mozambique ta fitar da sunayen kamfanoni bakwai da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda za a ba su izinin ziyartar wurin sannan su tsara tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare don haɓaka madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="ShortR">{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=28 September 2022 |title=Mozambique completes prequalification of investors for 4.5-bln-USD hydroelectric project |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/09/28/mozambique-completes-prequalification-of-investors-for-45-bln-usd-hydroelectric-project |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]}}</ref> Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don aikinsa. <ref name="EPCR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=12 October 2022 |title=Mozambique: 7 Companies Run for the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Mega Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-7-companies-run-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-mega-project/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekarar 2023, hukumomin Mozambique suka zaɓi ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Électricité de France da [[Total|TotalEnergies]] a matsayin wadda aka fi so. Sauran membobin ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara su ne kamfanonin Japan, Sumitomo Corporation da Kansai Electric Power . Ana sa ran tattaunawa da wanda aka fi so za ta fara da gaske, wanda zai kai ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin rangwame da ake buƙata. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ETC Holdings na Mauritius, ZESCO na Zambia, CECOT, reshen Mota-Engil Group na Portugal, da PetroSA, wani reshe na Babban Asusun Makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu, an zaɓi shi a matsayin mai neman ajiyar kuɗi. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (29 May 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ "Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A wani ɓangare na ci gaban, an samar da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki 550 kV, wanda ke auna {{Convert|1300|km|0}} za a gina tsakanin garin Cataxa da babban birnin ƙasar [[Maputo]] . Ana sa ran jimillar farashin kwangilar zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (29 May 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ "Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Yulin 2025, Ajay Banga, Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya sanar da cewa hukumar kuɗi ta ɓangarori daban-daban za ta goyi bayan aikin ta hanyar samar da "kuɗaɗen rangwame ga (a) batutuwan shari'a (b) batutuwan muhalli (c) layukan watsawa (d) garantin haɗari na ɓangare da (e) inshorar haɗarin siyasa". A wancan lokacin ba a buga jimillar kasafin kuɗin ci gaba ba amma an kiyasta tsakanin dala biliyan 5 zuwa 6. == Masu Haɓakawa == A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi masu alaƙa da masu haɓaka wannan HPP. Ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara, wadda ta ƙunshi EDF Energies of France, [[Total|TotalEnergies]] of France da Sumitomo Corporation of Japan, ita ce ke da kashi 70 cikin 100 na yarjejeniyar, yayin da EDM, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Mozambique da Hidroeléctrica da Cahora Bassa (HCB), kamfanin da ke da [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Madatsar Ruwa ta Cahora Bassa]], suka mallaki sauran kashi 30 cikin 100. Madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki za su ci kimanin dala biliyan 5 don ginawa. Ana sa ran injin turbin farko zai zo ta yanar gizo a shekarar 2031. <ref name="Own1R">{{Cite web |last=Wendell Roelf and Sharon Singleton |date=13 December 2023 |title=Mozambique signs $5 billion hydro-project accord with EDF-led consortium |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-signs-5-bln-hydro-project-accord-with-edf-led-consortium-2023-12-13/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="Own2R">{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=13 December 2023 |title=Consortium selected to develop 1.5 GW Mphanda Nkuwa hydropower project in Mozambique |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/new-development/consortium-selected-to-develop-1-5-gw-mphanda-nkuwa-hydropower-project-in-mozambique/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Hydroreview.com}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == Kula da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ya dogara ne akan tsarin ababen more rayuwa mai sarkakiya a duk tsawon kogin. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan ababen more rayuwa shi ne [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] wadda ta samar da [[tafkin Nasser]] . Babban madatsar ruwa tana kare Masar daga ambaliyar ruwa, tana adana ruwa don ban ruwa a duk shekara, kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tana da karfin adana ruwa mai karfin 90.&#x20;madatsar ruwa mai girman biliyan cubic tana adana fiye da kashi ɗaya da rabi na matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, don haka tana samar da babban matakin tsari a cikin kwarin kogin idan aka kwatanta da sauran kogunan da aka tsara a duniya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t19j3d0no824ysql6zu8qkl58us9qqc 844523 844522 2026-06-01T11:55:00Z Engineer014 44591 844523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Mphanda Nkuwa''' madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Kogin Zambezi]] da ke [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Zai kasance kimanin {{Convert|60|km|mi}} ƙasan [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa]] da ke kusa da birnin Tete . Tashar wutar lantarki za ta sami ƙarfin megawatts 1,500. <ref name="ir">{{Cite web |last=Machena, Yolanda |last2=Maposa, Sibonginkosi |date=2013-06-13 |title=Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 |access-date=2014-06-22 |publisher=International Rivers}}</ref> Dam ɗin zai kai {{Convert|103|m|ft}} tsayi <ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/}}</ref> kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kimanin {{Convert|97|km2|acre}} na kwarin Zambezi. <ref name="ir">{{Cite web |last=Machena, Yolanda |last2=Maposa, Sibonginkosi |date=2013-06-13 |title=Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 |access-date=2014-06-22 |publisher=International Rivers}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMachena,_YolandaMaposa,_Sibonginkosi2013">Machena, Yolanda; Maposa, Sibonginkosi (2013-06-13). [http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/zambezi-basin-dam-boom-threatens-delta-8014 "Zambezi Basin Dam Boom Threatens Delta"]. International Rivers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> An kiyasta kudin aikin shine dala biliyan 4.2 na Amurka. Da zarar an kammala madatsar ruwan, ana sa ran za a sayar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], saboda rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa na watsawa a Mozambique. <ref name="ir" /> Madatsar ruwan da aka tsara tana da matuƙar cece-kuce saboda zai tilasta ƙaura da iyalai 1,400, kuma ya shafi rayuwar wasu mutane 200,000 a ƙarƙashin kogin. Saboda za a yi amfani da madatsar ruwan ne a kan kololuwar ruwa, yawan canjin da ake samu a kowace rana a cikin kwararar koguna zai lalata tsarin ban ruwa da ke akwai kuma ya shafi kiwon kamun kifi a cikin babban yankin kogin. <ref name="Morrissey">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-zuma-guebuza-ignore-effect-of-new-hydro-dam-on-residents/ "Zuma, Guebuza ignore effect of new hydro dam on residents"]. November 22, 2013.</cite></ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta bayyana a cikin 1984 madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa da ke akwai a matsayin "babban aikin madatsar ruwa da ba a yarda da shi ba a Afirka." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Pete |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Debate Over Dams on Africa's Zambezi River |url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/debate-over-dams-on-africas-zambezi-river/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 |website=green.blogs.nytimes.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanar da cewa za ta fara gina madatsar ruwan. An yi kwangilar gina madatsar ruwan ga Camargo Corrêa na Brazil, Insitec na Mozambique, da Electricidade de Moçambique . A shekarar 2020, shugaban Mozambique Filipe Nyusi ya yi fatan za a fara gina madatsar ruwan kafin shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DGA |title=Construção da Hidroeléctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa deve iniciar até 2024 |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/economia/70052 |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=@Verdade Online |language=pt-pt}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC), wani reshe na Bankin Duniya, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da gwamnatin Mozambique, wanda ke nuna sha'awar shiga cikin haɓaka wannan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=23 May 2022 |title=Mozambique: IFC Supports Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-ifc-supports-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Ci gaba == A watan Oktoba na 2022, gwamnatin Mozambique ta fitar da sunayen kamfanoni bakwai da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda za a ba su izinin ziyartar wurin sannan su tsara tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare don haɓaka madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="ShortR">{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=28 September 2022 |title=Mozambique completes prequalification of investors for 4.5-bln-USD hydroelectric project |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/09/28/mozambique-completes-prequalification-of-investors-for-45-bln-usd-hydroelectric-project |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]}}</ref> Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kwangilar injiniya, saye da gini (EPC) don aikinsa. <ref name="EPCR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=12 October 2022 |title=Mozambique: 7 Companies Run for the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Mega Project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-7-companies-run-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-hydroelectric-mega-project/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekarar 2023, hukumomin Mozambique suka zaɓi ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Électricité de France da [[Total|TotalEnergies]] a matsayin wadda aka fi so. Sauran membobin ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara su ne kamfanonin Japan, Sumitomo Corporation da Kansai Electric Power . Ana sa ran tattaunawa da wanda aka fi so za ta fara da gaske, wanda zai kai ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin rangwame da ake buƙata. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ETC Holdings na Mauritius, ZESCO na Zambia, CECOT, reshen Mota-Engil Group na Portugal, da PetroSA, wani reshe na Babban Asusun Makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu, an zaɓi shi a matsayin mai neman ajiyar kuɗi. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (29 May 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ "Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A wani ɓangare na ci gaban, an samar da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki 550 kV, wanda ke auna {{Convert|1300|km|0}} za a gina tsakanin garin Cataxa da babban birnin ƙasar [[Maputo]] . Ana sa ran jimillar farashin kwangilar zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. <ref name="BidderR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 May 2023 |title=Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2023">Jean Marie Takouleu (29 May 2023). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-edf-and-totalenergies-qualify-for-the-mphanda-nkuwa-mega-dam/ "Mozambique: EDF and TotalEnergies qualify for the Mphanda Nkuwa mega-dam"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Yulin 2025, Ajay Banga, Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya sanar da cewa hukumar kuɗi ta ɓangarori daban-daban za ta goyi bayan aikin ta hanyar samar da "kuɗaɗen rangwame ga (a) batutuwan shari'a (b) batutuwan muhalli (c) layukan watsawa (d) garantin haɗari na ɓangare da (e) inshorar haɗarin siyasa". A wancan lokacin ba a buga jimillar kasafin kuɗin ci gaba ba amma an kiyasta tsakanin dala biliyan 5 zuwa 6. == Masu Haɓakawa == A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi masu alaƙa da masu haɓaka wannan HPP. Ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara, wadda ta ƙunshi EDF Energies of France, [[Total|TotalEnergies]] of France da Sumitomo Corporation of Japan, ita ce ke da kashi 70 cikin 100 na yarjejeniyar, yayin da EDM, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Mozambique da Hidroeléctrica da Cahora Bassa (HCB), kamfanin da ke da [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Madatsar Ruwa ta Cahora Bassa]], suka mallaki sauran kashi 30 cikin 100. Madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki za su ci kimanin dala biliyan 5 don ginawa. Ana sa ran injin turbin farko zai zo ta yanar gizo a shekarar 2031. <ref name="Own1R">{{Cite web |last=Wendell Roelf and Sharon Singleton |date=13 December 2023 |title=Mozambique signs $5 billion hydro-project accord with EDF-led consortium |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-signs-5-bln-hydro-project-accord-with-edf-led-consortium-2023-12-13/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="Own2R">{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=13 December 2023 |title=Consortium selected to develop 1.5 GW Mphanda Nkuwa hydropower project in Mozambique |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/new-development/consortium-selected-to-develop-1-5-gw-mphanda-nkuwa-hydropower-project-in-mozambique/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Hydroreview.com}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == Kula da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ya dogara ne akan tsarin ababen more rayuwa mai sarkakiya a duk tsawon kogin. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan ababen more rayuwa shi ne [[babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] wadda ta samar da [[tafkin Nasser]] . Babban madatsar ruwa tana kare Masar daga ambaliyar ruwa, tana adana ruwa don ban ruwa a duk shekara, kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tana da karfin adana ruwa mai karfin 90.&#x20;madatsar ruwa mai girman biliyan cubic tana adana fiye da kashi ɗaya da rabi na matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Kogin Nilu a kowace shekara, don haka tana samar da babban matakin tsari a cikin kwarin kogin idan aka kwatanta da sauran kogunan da aka tsara a duniya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sv5ubuxdutbiaso80p2fyg004jxt4f6 0 153855 844524 2026-06-01T11:56:06Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1130492756|List of rivers of the Gambia]]" 844524 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan '''jerin koguna ne a [[Gambiya|ƙasar Gambia]]''' . An tsara wannan jerin ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka yi musu lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowace babbar rafi. * Masarinko Bolon ** Niji Bolon * [[Kogin Gambiya]] ** Buniadu Bolon ** Lamin Bolon ** Mandina Bolon ** Pirang Bolon ** Bulok Bolon ** Sami Bolon ** [[Bintang Bolon]] ** Jurunku Bolon ** [[Koular Bolon|Bolon Koular]] (Ƙaramin Bolon Minium) ** [[Boa Bolon]] ** [[Sofaniama Bolon]] ** Simbara Bolon ** [[Nianija Bolon]] ** Pallan Bolon ** Pachar Bolon ** [[Sandougou River|Kogin Sandougou]] ** Punti Bolon ** Mansala Bolon ** Sankutu Bolon ** Tuba Kuta Bolon ** Bolon na Prufu *** Kumbija Bolon ** Shima Simong Bolon ** Sine Bolon * Oyster Creek * Cape Creek * Kotu Stream * Kogin Tanji * Kogin Tujering * Kogin Benifet * Kogin Allahein == Manazarta == m3y5nwysebqumqkjg81719ojow27b8g