Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Cadi 0 2341 846334 821049 2026-06-03T21:59:59Z Ziv 32466 Copyvio replacement 846334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:茶地镇 - Chadi Town - 2016.09 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cikin birnin cadi]] [[File:Mahamat Idriss Déby in 2022.jpg|thumb|'''Mahamat Déby shugaban kasar mai ci''']] [[File:Chad (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Chad (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|manuniyar cadi]] [[Fayil:GMIP at Sudan-Chad border.png|thumb|bodar cadi]] [[Fayil:Chadi nachabe picture.jpg|thumb]] Ƙasar '''Chadi,''' tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suke [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirika]] ta tsakiya.<ref>Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF". Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</ref><ref>"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023</ref><ref>Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8032-3733-2</nowiki>, pp. 391–397</ref> Tanada iyaka da ƙasashe shida sune:- daga nahiyar gabas [[Sudan]],<ref>Ngarbe, Eluard (4 February 2025). "Le MPS lance sa campagne pour le Sénat". Manara Radio Télévision (in French).</ref><ref>Chad". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023. (Archived 2023 edition.)</ref><ref>Glottolog 4.8 – Languages of Chad". glottolog.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</ref><ref>S. Collelo, Chad</ref> nahiyar arewa [[Libya]] daga nahiyar yamma [[Nijar]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], nahiyar kudu jamhuriyar [[Afirka ta tsakiya]].<ref>"Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024</ref><ref>Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref><ref>Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit". Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020</ref> Ƙasar Chadi ƙasa ce da bata da wani [[kogi]] ko teku,<ref>"Human Development Reports 2023/24"</ref><ref>Decalo, pp. 44–45</ref> amma tanada wani ɗan tabki sunansa tabkin Chadi yana [[Arewa maso yammacin|arewa]] maso yammacin [[Ndjamena]] baban birnin ƙasar.<ref>"Le TCHAD en bref" (in French). INSEED. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015</ref><ref>Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</ref><ref>Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</ref><ref>Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021). "Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:Map of Chad (1980s).png|thumb|taswirar cadi]] [[Fayil:ECDM 20221021 FL Chad.pdf|thumb|cadi]] [[Fayil:Chad w2 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar cadi]] [[Fayil:Les chameaux et les chevaux mobilisés pour le campagne 10.jpg|thumb|rakumma a cadi]] [[Fayil:Maison de nomade.jpg|thumb|kauyen cadi]] [[Fayil:102nd Chad Ministerial Review (4291069880).jpg|thumb|sojoji a cadi]] [[Fayil:Flag of Chad.svg|thumb|Tutar cadi]] == Tarihi == daga Yusif sahabi == Mulki == === Siyasa === Kasar [[Larabcin Chadi|Chadi]] tasamu yancin gashin kanta daga hannun kasar [[faransa]] tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1960,<ref>D. Lange 1988</ref><ref>Decalo, p. 6</ref><ref>Decalo, p. 53</ref> a wannan lokacin [[Ngarta Tombalbaye]] dan kudanci chadi wanda ba musulmi bane ya karbi ikon kasa daga hannun [[Faransa]].<ref>Decalo, pp. 7–8</ref><ref>Decalo, pp. 8, 309</ref> Bayan shekara 5 da karbar mulki sai aka fara yaki tsakaninsa da musulmai ýan arewacin kasar,<ref>Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</ref><ref>Decalo, pp. 8–9</ref> acikin babban birni [[Ndjamena]],<ref>Debos, Marielle (2009). "Chad 1900-1960" (PDF). Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. p. 8-9. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</ref> haka aka cigaba da yakin har shekara ta 1979 musulmai suka yi nasara akan ýan kudancin kasar wadan da, mafi yawansu ba musulmai bane.<ref>Lanne, Bernard. Histoire politique du Tchad de 1945 à 1958. Administration, partis, élections. Paris: Karthala. p. 197-218. <nowiki>ISBN 9782865378838</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Decalo, pp. 248–249</ref> A waccan lokaci [[Hissène Habré]] yazama shugaban Kasar.<ref>Lemarchand, René (1980). "The Politics of Sara Ethnicity : A Note on the Origins of the Civil War in Chad". Cahiers d'études africaines. 20 (80): 455–456</ref><ref>Nolutshungu, p. 17</ref><ref>"Death of a Dictator", Time, (28 April 1975). Accessed on 3 September 2007.</ref><ref>Decalo, pp. 12–16</ref> [[Fayil:ECDM 20221021 FL Chad.pdf|thumb|Taswirar cadi]] [[Fayil:102nd Chad Ministerial Review (4291102482).jpg|thumb|sojoji a cadi]] [[Fayil:ECDM 20161108 LakeChad BokoHaramCrisis.pdf|thumb|Chad Chrisis]] [[Fayil:ECDM 20221021 FL Chad.pdf|thumb|chadi]] [[Fayil:Chad on stage in 2007.JPG|thumb|mumbarin cadi]] == Arziki == tanada arziki mai yawa == Wasanni == == Fannin tsaro == == Kimiyya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Ƙasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Yaruka === === Abinci === === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === === Kiristanci === ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg|Coat of Arms File:Flag_of_Chad.svg|Tutar kasar File:Enfant_eleveur.jpg|Wani bisa Raƙumi, Chadi File:Tchad Ounianga Sérir 2.jpg|Bakin Teku, Cadi File:A_village_in_Chad_Republic.jpg|Wasu yan kauye na Kasar Cadi File:Les_chameaux_et_les_chevaux_mobilis%C3%A9s_pour_le_campagne_3.jpg|Rakumai da dawakai sun yi gangamin yakin neman zabe a kasar File:Southern_Sahara_(24154028139).jpg|Cadi File:Toubou-nomad-ennedi-chad.jpg|Wani bafullatani, Chadi File:Ministre_de_l%27aviation_civile,du_transport_et_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_Fatime_Goukouni_Weddeye.jpg|Ministar Sufuri da Jiragen Sama Fatime Goukouni Weddeye File:The_President_of_Chad,_Mr._Idriss_Deby_being_received_by_the_Minister_of_State_for_Human_Resource_Development,_in_New_Delhi.jpg|Shugaban Kasar Idris Deby </gallery> {{Afirka}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Afirka]] 96hnv4iyp3b9yw36hpr93i7ziwwi5iy Katsina 0 2497 846593 833885 2026-06-04T05:44:00Z Nura Bello 24854 846593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta 2016 da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne Umar Dikko Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmin alama na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta 1348 [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|thumb|Federal College of Education, Katsina State </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 kvehtmj87ncdr6mn8o5berx91cjdbno Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad 3 6214 846564 845185 2026-06-04T05:26:19Z ~2026-32944-08 45516 /* Reuben lover gwamma */ sabon sashe 846564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 4ko0udweuds4q6l2zyp4bw8zgom00ga Ja'afar Mahmud Adam 0 7391 846195 494200 2026-06-03T18:55:24Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Mutuwarsa */ 846195 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]|main_interests=[[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]] and [[Tawhid]]|notable_ideas=[[Steadfastness to the traditions of prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu-'Alaihi-wa-Sallam)]]|notable_works=[[Complete Translation of the Holy Qur'an, Teaching the true religion of Allah, and forewarning against whatsoever negates it (Bid'a and kufr, etc.)]]|alma_mater=[[Islamic University Madina]]|teachers=[[Sheikh Ahmad Bamba (Rahimahullah)]]|denomination=[[Sunni]] and [[Salafi]]<ref name="auto">Gérard L. F. Chouin, Religion and bodycount in the Boko Haram crisis: evidence from the Nigeria Watch database, p. 214. {{ISBN|978-90-5448-135-5}}</ref>|expand_students=|disciple_of=|disciples=|influences=[[Ibn Taymiyyah]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] and [[Abubakar Gumi]]|expand_influences=|influenced=|jurisprudence=[[Maliki]]|movement=[[Maliki]]yya|students=|death_date=April 13, 2007 (47 years old)|image=Sheikh_Ja'afar_Mahmud_Adam_1.jpg|alt=|caption=Shiekh Ja'afar Mahmud|title=Sheikh Ja'afar|birth_name=Ja'afar Mahmud Adam|birth_place=[[Daura]], [[Katsina State]]|birth_date=February 12, 1960|honorific_prefix=Sheikh|death_place=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|death_cause=[[Assassination]]|resting_place=|nationality=Nigerian|ethnicity=[[Hausa people|Hausa]]|name='''Ja'far Mahmud Adam'''|expand_influenced=}} ''' Shiekh Ja'afar Mahmud Adam''' (Fabrairu 12, 1960 - Afrilu 13, 2007) ya kasance masanin addinin [[Salafiyya|Salafiyyah]] kuma memba na Jama'at Izalat al Bid'a Wa Iqamatus Sunnah na Najeriya, ƙungiyar addini da siyasa da ke da hedikwata a Abuja . Ya zaun a Kano kuma yana tafiya [[Maiduguri]] don Ramadan Tafsir na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=2016-06-18 |title=Sheikh Ja’afar Adam: Same emotions 9 years after |url=https://dailytrust.com/sheikh-jaafar-adam-same-emotions-9-years-after/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwarsa == An kashe Sheikh Ja'afar a masallacinsa yayin sallar Subh a arewacin birnin Kano a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007. Ra'ayoyi sun rabu a wannan lokacin game da wadanda suka aikata laifin. Duk da yake wasu sun ce [[Boko Haram]], wata kungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta kashe Sheikh din, wasu sun ce Mista Shekarau, gwamnan Kano a lokacin, na iya kasancewa da alhakin saboda malamin yana daya daga cikin manyan masu sukar sa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/230012-nigeria-police-found-senator-gojes-home-concerning-sheikh-jaafars-murder.html?tztc=1</ref> Abu Musab Al-Barnawi ɗan shugaban [[Boko Haram]])" Mohammed Yusuf, wanda ya kafa Boko Haram, a cikin littafinsa na 2018, Abu Musab al-Barnaui - Slicing off the Tumor Book - Yuni 2018 ya tabbatar da cewa Jafar Adam ya kashe shi da kanaan Taliban, wanda aka fi sani da Taliban na Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=Abu Musab al-Barnawi – Slicing off the Tumor Book – June 2018 |url=https://unmaskingbokoharam.com/2019/05/10/abu-musab-al-barnawi-slicing-off-the-tumor-book-june-2018/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Unmasking Boko Haram: Exploring Global Jihad in Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Not Quite Closed on the Assassination of Nigerian Salafi Scholar Shaikh Jaafar Adam {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/case-not-quite-closed-assassination-nigerian-salafi-scholar-shaikh-jaafar-adam |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 6317jbhws4slung2fd2p3ydvgin46nq Jerin Sarakunan Kano 0 7462 846581 703592 2026-06-04T05:35:58Z Nura Bello 24854 846581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Emir of Kano.jpg|thumb|Sarki sunusi ll]] [[File:Aminu Ado Bayero.jpg|thumb|ado Bayero]] '''Sarakunan Kano''' Wadannan jerin sunayen ('''Sarakunan [[Kano]])''' ne, wato birni kuma masarauta dake a [[Arewacin Najeriya]]. Wanda ta taba kasancewa [[Daular Kano|daular]] [[Mutanen Hausawa|Hausawa]], wanda [[Fulani]] ta hannun shugaba mujajdadi [[Usman dan Fodiyo]] wanda Yakafa ta a shekarar 1805, wanda ya kafa masarautar ta Fulani ne dan cigaba da jan ragamar masarautar. Sarakunan farko na masarautar an same su ne daga tushe daya, wanda aka tattara a karni na 19th, wanda ya tsaya a karshe da sarautar [[Muhammadu Bello dan Dabo]], amma dai ance samosu akayi daga cikin littafan tarihi wadanda suka dade da bacewa kuma ta shahara ne da yadda ta ke da cikakken bayanai da karancin sun kai a wurin nuni zuwa ga asalin shudaddiyar daular.<ref>H. R. Palmer (1908), "The Kano Chronicle", ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland'', vol. 38, pp. 58-98</ref> == Sarakunan Hausa == === Sarakunan Masarautar Kano === * Bagauda dan Bawo, Jikan Bayajidda (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 999 zuwa shekarar 1063) * Warisi dan Bagauda (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1063 zuwa shekarar 1095) * Gijimasu dan Warisi (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1095 zuwa shekarar 1134) * Nawata (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1134 zuwa shekarar 1136) * Yusa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1136 zuwa shekarar 1194) * Naguji (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1194 zuwa shekarar 1247) * Guguwa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1247 zuwa shekarar 1290) * Shekarau (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1290 zuwa shekarar 1307) * Tsamiya (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1307 zuwa shekarar 1343) * Usmanu Zamnagawa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1343 zuwa shekarar 1349) * Yaji I dan Tsamiya (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1349 zuwa shekarar 1385) === Sarakunan Kano, Masarautar Kano === * Yaji I (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1349 zuwa shekarar 1385) * Bugaya (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1385 zuwa shekarar 1390) * Kanejeji (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1390 zuwa shekarar 1410) * Umaru (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1410 zuwa shekarar 1421) * Daud (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1421 zuwa shekarar 1438) * Abdullah Burja (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1438 zuwa shekarar 1452) * Dakauta (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1452) * Atuma (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1452) * Yaquled (a shekara ta 1452 zuwa shekarar 1463) * Muhammadu Rumfa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1463 zuwa shekarar 1499) * Abdullahi dan Rumfa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1499 zuwa shekarar 1509) ==== Daular Kano ==== * Muhammad Kisoki (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1509 zuwa shekarar 1565) * Yakubu (Yayi mulki a shekarar 1565) * Abu-Bakr Bahaushe (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1565 zuwa shekarar 1573) * Muhammad Shashere (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1573 zuwa shekarar 1582) * Muhammad Zaki (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1582 zuwa shekarar 1618) * Muhammad Nazaki (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1618 zuwa shekarar 1623) === Masarautar Kano === ==== Gidan Kutumbi ==== * Kutumbi (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1623 zuwa shekarar 1648) * al-Hajj (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1648 zuwa shekarar 1649) * Shekarau (emir) (Yayi a shekara ta mulki 1649 zuwa shekarar 1651) * Muhammad Kukuna (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1651 zuwa shekarar 1652) * Soyaki (Yayi mulki a shekarar 1652 shi Yayi mulki Kano in those days) * Muhammad Kukuna (restored) (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1652 zuwa shekarar 1660) * Bawa (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1660 zuwa shekarar 1670) * Dadi (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1670 zuwa shekarar 1703) * Muhammad Sharif (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1703 zuwa shekarar 1731) * Kumbari (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1731 zuwa shekarar 1743) * al-Hajj Kabe (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1743 zuwa shekarar 1753) * Yaji II (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1753 zuwa shekarar 1768) * Baba Zaki (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1768 zuwa shekarar 1776) * Daud Abasama II (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1776 zuwa shekarar 1781) * Muhammad al-Walid (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1781 zuwa shekarar 1805) == Sarakunan Fulani == === Sarakunan Kano === ==== Halifancin Sakkwato, Masarautar Kano ==== GIDAN MUNDUBAWA *sulaiman ===== Dabar Sullubawa ===== * Ibrahim Dabo dan Mahmudu (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1819 zuwa shekarar 1846) * Usman I Maje Ringim dan Dabo (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1846 zuwa shekarar 1855) * Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1855 zuwa shekarar 1883) * Muhammadu Bello dan Dabo (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1883 zuwa shekarar 1893) * Muhammadu Tukur dan Bello (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1893 zuwa shekarar 1894) * Aliyu Babba dan Maje Karofi (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1894 zuwa shekarar 1903) ==== Sarakunan Kano, Kano, Arewacin Najeriya ==== * Muhammad Abbass Dan Maje Karofi (Yayi mulki 1903-1919) ===== Sarakunan Kano, Najeriya ===== * Usman II dan Maje Karofi (Yayi mulki 1919-1926) * Abdullahi Bayero (Yayi mulki 1926-1953) ==== Sarakunan Kano, Lardin Kano - Gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ==== * Abdullahi Bayero Dan Abbas (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1926 zuwa shekarar 1953) * Muhammadu Sanusi I Dan Bayero (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1954 zuwa shekarar 1963) * Muhammad Inuwa Dan Abbas (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1963 zuwa watanni uku) * Ado Bayero Dan Abdu Bayero (Yayi mulki a shekara ta 1963 zuwa shekarar 2014) * [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi II]] (a shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekarar 2020) *Aminu Ado Bayero (a shekarar 2020) Amma na Kwaryar Kano Kadai (a shekara ta 2020 zuwa shekarar 2024) *Muhammadu Sanusi II (a shekara ta 2024...) * == Ku gani [[Hausa Bakwai]]== * [[Tarihin Nigeria]] == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jerin sarakunan Kanon}} [[Category:Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Jeri]] 1aegvg0g9ljcopoxi1kw8bb50zdkhap Shehu Idris 0 8686 846123 846014 2026-06-03T14:45:30Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Sarauta */ 846123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 08.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Zazzau Na 18]] [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|thumb|masarautar Zazzau 09]] [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg|thumb]] '''Shehu Idris''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1936 ya rasu a shekara ta 2020), ya kasance shine [[Sarki]]n [[Zazzau]] na goma sha takwas 18 a jerin sarakunan [[Zaria|Zariya]] dake [[Jihar Kaduna]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Buhari, N-Govs, others mourn as Emir of Zazzau, Shehu Idris dies at 84 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/buhari-n-govs-others-mourn-as-emir-of-zazzau-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a sarakunan Fulani a karkashin Daular usmanniya ta [[Musulunci]] ta [[Sokoto]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="breaking"/> Shehu idris shine da na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma da na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu Idiris ya kasance shine mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin masarautar ƙasar Zazzau, ya kwashe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar 45 a akan karagar mulkin zazzau Ya hau karagar mulki tun a ranar takwas ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1975 biyo bayan rasuwar Sarkin Zazzau na goma sha bakwai Muhammadu Aminu a sannan Idris yana da shekaru talatin da tara 39 a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work= Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shine Malam Idris Auta, mahaifiyarsa kuma itace Hajiya Aminatu Idris.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/history-beckons-as-emir-of-zazzau-marks-45th-anniversary{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwa == Tarihin mai martaba sarkin [[zazzau]] Alhaji Shehu Idris ya fara ne daga Ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1936, wanda shine asalin ranar da aka haifawa malam Idiris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu matarsa ta uku (mahaifan shehu Idris). Bayan sati daya da haihuwarsa an sanya ma yaron suna SHEHU USMAN kamar yadda addini da al’ada suka tanadar. An haifi Idris daga gidan malam Idiris Auta wanda akafi sani da Auta Sambo tare da matarsa Hajiya Aminatu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emir Shehu Idris of Zazzau: Exit of a gentleman peacemaker|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20200921/281565178190492|website=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Adamu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|title=HH Alhaji Shehi Idris|last1=Marshal|first1=Adamu|last2=|first2=|date=14 January 2015|website=Kabidonews.com|publisher=|access-date=30 April 2016|quote=|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115422/http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karatu == Shehu ya fara karatu yana ɗan shekara biyar. A wannan shekarun ba’a aika shi makarantar nursery ko firamari ba sai dai an tura shi makarantar islamiyya inda ya koyo karatun Al-Qur’ani kamar yadda [[addini]] ya tanadar. Shehu ya kasance dalibi mafi kwazo a lokacin da yake zuwa makarantar Allo, saboda baya taba yin fashin ajin safe ko na yamma ba tare da wani dalili mai ƙarfi ba. Ranaku biyar ne ake zuwa Makarantar a sati watau daga Asabar zuwa laraba ƙarfe 7:30 zuwa 11:30 na safe, sai kuma 2:30 zuwa 6:00 na yamma.<ref name=":1">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris,the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 60-63 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> A lokacin da ya kai shekara 11 an sanyashi makarantar zamani a nan garin Zariya  a shekara ta 1947. Duk da yana zuwa makarantar boko domin neman ilimin zamani, hakan bai hana shi cigaba da karatunsa na addini ba.<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 01.jpg|thumb|261x261px]] == Sarauta == Shehu Idris ya zama Sarki ne sanda Jihar take a matsayin Jihar Arewa ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1975. A shekarar mai zuwa, Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] lokacin yana Shugaban ƙasa ya canja mata suna zuwa [[Jihar Kaduna]]. Bayan an kwashe shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sai Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya raba jihar zuwa gida biyu [[Katsina]] da [[Jihar Kaduna]] a shekara ta 1987. Inda rabewar ya haifar da natsuwa akan tashin hankalin dake faruwa tsakanin Masarautar Katsina da Zazzau a sanda suke jiha ɗaya. Amma duk da wancan rabewar kuma, sai aka sake samo wata sabuwar rabuwa tsakanin mutanen dake rayuwa a kudancin Kaduna da Arewacin Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work=Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Idris ya fara karatunsa ne daga samun koyarwa na addini a wurin malamai a Zariya da Kuma cigaba da karatun sa a makarantar Zariya Elementary School.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|title=The Emir of Zazzau, His royal Highness Alh(Dr) Shehu Idris, is dead|url=https://newswirengr.com/2020/09/20/the-emir-of-zazzau-his-royal-highness-alhdr-shehu-idris-is-dead/|website=NewsWire NGR|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref> Yana elementary school dafa a shekarar 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1950, Inda a wannan lokacin ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekara 12.<ref name="newswire" /> Idris ya cigaba da karatun alkur’ani da na zamani har yakai ga Zariya Middle School a shekarar 1950 sa'annan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1955.<ref name="newswire" /> Sannan ya shiga Katsina Training College inda yazama malamin makaranta mai koyarwa.<ref name="Adamu" /> Wanda wannan rabuwa ta haifar da rashin jituwa da dama. Waɗanda suka shahara sune Rikicin Kafanchan a shekarar 1987, Faɗan Zangon Kataf sau biyu a shekarar 1992, faɗan Shari’a a 2000 da kuma faɗan bayan zaɓen shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2012. Lokacin sarautar Shehu Idris, yawancin dukkanin yankunan al'umma dake cikin garin Zazzau waɗanda ba Hausawa ba an basu cin gashin kansu kuma suka zama Masarautun kansu. Wannan yakamata ya baƙanta ma Idris rai. Biyo bayan ƙirƙiran wata sabuwar masarauta a 2001, wasu bangaren Musulmai dake Zazzau suma sun nemi a basu cin gashin kansu. Samun kaiwa shekaru 45 a sarauta ba ƙaramin abu bane, Kuma ya zamo mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin sarautar Zazzau. A yan' wannan karnin, an sha samun tsige-tsigen sarakunan gargajiya a masarautun Arewacin Najeriya. Sultan [[Ibrahim Dasuki]] an tsige shi a 1996, sarkin Gwandu Almustapha Jokolo an tsige shi a 2005 da Kuma Sarkin Kano [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi]] na II shi ma an tsige shi a farkon shekarar 2020. Haka Kuma sarakunan a Muri, Suleja da Agaie. Sai dai Sarkin Zazzau ya kiyaye wa kansa duk wani abunda zai sanya asamu matsala tsakanin shi da wani Shugaba. ==Aiki == Idris nada shekaru 39 ne a sanda ya zama Sarkin Zazzau a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta alif 1975. Gabanin hawan sa sarauta ya kasance hakimi Kuma malamin makaranta. Gwamnan Kaduna na wancan lokacin Birgediya [[Abba Kyari]] shine ya naɗa Shehu Idris a matsayin Sarkin Zazzau na sha takwas a shekara ta alif 1975. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 06.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Shehu Idris a makarantar sakandiri]] == Dangi == Shehu shine ɗa na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma ɗa na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa Allah godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref name=":0">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> Shehu Idris ya taso ne a gidan yawa saboda mahaifinsa yana da mata har guda huɗu, kuma gidan ya kasance daga sashin mulkin katsinawa a zazzau. Shehu ya samu tarbiyya kai tsaye daga wajen iyayensa malam Idris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu tare da taimakon sauran iyayensa mata na gida. Malama Suwaibatu, Malama Zainabu, Malama Raliyatu. Kuma dukkanin su sun karkatu ne akan tarbiyya ta addini da kuma al’adu na ƙwarai. Al’ada ne a ƙasar hausa uwa take ɓoye sunan ɗanta na farko ko na biyu saboda alkunya, amma malama Aminatu ta ɓoye gaba ɗaya sunayen yaranta guda biyar inda kowanne ta bashi laƙabi da take kiransa da shi, ya kasance shehu ya samu suna “Na Allah”. Kuma ta kanyi wasa dashi a matsayin yaronta na biyar.<ref name=":0" /> Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa [[Allah]] godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref>Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> == Mutuwa == A yanzu bayan rasuwar Alhaji Shehu Idris gasar data daɗe a kwance ta tashi tsakanin a wane gida ne Sabon sarki zai fito, Barebari, [[Mallawa]], [[Sullubawa]] ne ko kuma daga gidan Shehu Idris [[Katsinawa]]. Yarimomi sun daɗe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar (45) suna jiran wannan damar. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|Shehu Idris a Makarantar Jami'a dake Landan. File:Masarautar Zazzau 10.jpg File:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg </gallery> == Bibilyo == * Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. ISBN 978-2118-028 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idris, Shehu}} [[Category:Sarakunan Zazzau]] [[Category:Sarakunan Nijeriya]] ckzmokkjj9lak9rqu266qa5zf3uqc02 846129 846123 2026-06-03T14:49:51Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Sarauta */ 846129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 08.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Zazzau Na 18]] [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|thumb|masarautar Zazzau 09]] [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg|thumb]] '''Shehu Idris''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1936 ya rasu a shekara ta 2020), ya kasance shine [[Sarki]]n [[Zazzau]] na goma sha takwas 18 a jerin sarakunan [[Zaria|Zariya]] dake [[Jihar Kaduna]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Buhari, N-Govs, others mourn as Emir of Zazzau, Shehu Idris dies at 84 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/buhari-n-govs-others-mourn-as-emir-of-zazzau-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a sarakunan Fulani a karkashin Daular usmanniya ta [[Musulunci]] ta [[Sokoto]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="breaking"/> Shehu idris shine da na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma da na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu Idiris ya kasance shine mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin masarautar ƙasar Zazzau, ya kwashe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar 45 a akan karagar mulkin zazzau Ya hau karagar mulki tun a ranar takwas ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1975 biyo bayan rasuwar Sarkin Zazzau na goma sha bakwai Muhammadu Aminu a sannan Idris yana da shekaru talatin da tara 39 a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work= Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shine Malam Idris Auta, mahaifiyarsa kuma itace Hajiya Aminatu Idris.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/history-beckons-as-emir-of-zazzau-marks-45th-anniversary{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwa == Tarihin mai martaba sarkin [[zazzau]] Alhaji Shehu Idris ya fara ne daga Ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1936, wanda shine asalin ranar da aka haifawa malam Idiris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu matarsa ta uku (mahaifan shehu Idris). Bayan sati daya da haihuwarsa an sanya ma yaron suna SHEHU USMAN kamar yadda addini da al’ada suka tanadar. An haifi Idris daga gidan malam Idiris Auta wanda akafi sani da Auta Sambo tare da matarsa Hajiya Aminatu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emir Shehu Idris of Zazzau: Exit of a gentleman peacemaker|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20200921/281565178190492|website=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Adamu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|title=HH Alhaji Shehi Idris|last1=Marshal|first1=Adamu|last2=|first2=|date=14 January 2015|website=Kabidonews.com|publisher=|access-date=30 April 2016|quote=|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115422/http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karatu == Shehu ya fara karatu yana ɗan shekara biyar. A wannan shekarun ba’a aika shi makarantar nursery ko firamari ba sai dai an tura shi makarantar islamiyya inda ya koyo karatun Al-Qur’ani kamar yadda [[addini]] ya tanadar. Shehu ya kasance dalibi mafi kwazo a lokacin da yake zuwa makarantar Allo, saboda baya taba yin fashin ajin safe ko na yamma ba tare da wani dalili mai ƙarfi ba. Ranaku biyar ne ake zuwa Makarantar a sati watau daga Asabar zuwa laraba ƙarfe 7:30 zuwa 11:30 na safe, sai kuma 2:30 zuwa 6:00 na yamma.<ref name=":1">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris,the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 60-63 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> A lokacin da ya kai shekara 11 an sanyashi makarantar zamani a nan garin Zariya  a shekara ta 1947. Duk da yana zuwa makarantar boko domin neman ilimin zamani, hakan bai hana shi cigaba da karatunsa na addini ba.<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 01.jpg|thumb|261x261px]] == Sarauta == Shehu Idris ya zama Sarki ne sanda Jihar take a matsayin Jihar Arewa ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1975. A shekarar mai zuwa, Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] lokacin yana Shugaban ƙasa ya canja mata suna zuwa [[Jihar Kaduna]]. Bayan an kwashe shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sai Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya raba jihar zuwa gida biyu [[Katsina]] da [[Jihar Kaduna]] a shekara ta 1987. Inda rabewar ya haifar da natsuwa akan tashin hankalin dake faruwa tsakanin Masarautar Katsina da Zazzau a sanda suke jiha ɗaya. Amma duk da wancan rabewar kuma, sai aka sake samo wata sabuwar rabuwa tsakanin mutanen dake rayuwa a kudancin Kaduna da Arewacin Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work=Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Idris ya fara karatunsa ne daga samun koyarwa na addini a wurin malamai a Zariya da Kuma cigaba da karatun sa a makarantar Zariya Elementary School.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|title=The Emir of Zazzau, His royal Highness Alh(Dr) Shehu Idris, is dead|url=https://newswirengr.com/2020/09/20/the-emir-of-zazzau-his-royal-highness-alhdr-shehu-idris-is-dead/|website=NewsWire NGR|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref> Yana elementary school a shekarar 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1950, Inda a wannan lokacin ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekara 12.<ref name="newswire" /> Idris ya cigaba da karatun alkur’ani da na zamani har yakai ga Zariya Middle School a shekarar 1950 sa'annan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1955.<ref name="newswire" /> Sannan ya shiga Katsina Training College inda yazama malamin makaranta mai koyarwa.<ref name="Adamu" /> Wanda wannan rabuwa ta haifar da rashin jituwa da dama. Waɗanda suka shahara sune Rikicin Kafanchan a shekarar 1987, Faɗan Zangon Kataf sau biyu a shekarar 1992, faɗan Shari’a a 2000 da kuma faɗan bayan zaɓen shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2012. Lokacin sarautar Shehu Idris, yawancin dukkanin yankunan al'umma dake cikin garin Zazzau waɗanda ba Hausawa ba an basu cin gashin kansu kuma suka zama Masarautun kansu. Wannan yakamata ya baƙanta ma Idris rai. Biyo bayan ƙirƙiran wata sabuwar masarauta a 2001, wasu bangaren Musulmai dake Zazzau suma sun nemi a basu cin gashin kansu. Samun kaiwa shekaru 45 a sarauta ba ƙaramin abu bane, Kuma ya zamo mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin sarautar Zazzau. A yan' wannan karnin, an sha samun tsige-tsigen sarakunan gargajiya a masarautun Arewacin Najeriya. Sultan [[Ibrahim Dasuki]] an tsige shi a 1996, sarkin Gwandu Almustapha Jokolo an tsige shi a 2005 da Kuma Sarkin Kano [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi]] na II shi ma an tsige shi a farkon shekarar 2020. Haka Kuma sarakunan a Muri, Suleja da Agaie. Sai dai Sarkin Zazzau ya kiyaye wa kansa duk wani abunda zai sanya asamu matsala tsakanin shi da wani Shugaba. ==Aiki == Idris nada shekaru 39 ne a sanda ya zama Sarkin Zazzau a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta alif 1975. Gabanin hawan sa sarauta ya kasance hakimi Kuma malamin makaranta. Gwamnan Kaduna na wancan lokacin Birgediya [[Abba Kyari]] shine ya naɗa Shehu Idris a matsayin Sarkin Zazzau na sha takwas a shekara ta alif 1975. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 06.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Shehu Idris a makarantar sakandiri]] == Dangi == Shehu shine ɗa na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma ɗa na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa Allah godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref name=":0">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> Shehu Idris ya taso ne a gidan yawa saboda mahaifinsa yana da mata har guda huɗu, kuma gidan ya kasance daga sashin mulkin katsinawa a zazzau. Shehu ya samu tarbiyya kai tsaye daga wajen iyayensa malam Idris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu tare da taimakon sauran iyayensa mata na gida. Malama Suwaibatu, Malama Zainabu, Malama Raliyatu. Kuma dukkanin su sun karkatu ne akan tarbiyya ta addini da kuma al’adu na ƙwarai. Al’ada ne a ƙasar hausa uwa take ɓoye sunan ɗanta na farko ko na biyu saboda alkunya, amma malama Aminatu ta ɓoye gaba ɗaya sunayen yaranta guda biyar inda kowanne ta bashi laƙabi da take kiransa da shi, ya kasance shehu ya samu suna “Na Allah”. Kuma ta kanyi wasa dashi a matsayin yaronta na biyar.<ref name=":0" /> Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa [[Allah]] godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref>Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> == Mutuwa == A yanzu bayan rasuwar Alhaji Shehu Idris gasar data daɗe a kwance ta tashi tsakanin a wane gida ne Sabon sarki zai fito, Barebari, [[Mallawa]], [[Sullubawa]] ne ko kuma daga gidan Shehu Idris [[Katsinawa]]. Yarimomi sun daɗe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar (45) suna jiran wannan damar. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|Shehu Idris a Makarantar Jami'a dake Landan. File:Masarautar Zazzau 10.jpg File:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg </gallery> == Bibilyo == * Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. ISBN 978-2118-028 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idris, Shehu}} [[Category:Sarakunan Zazzau]] [[Category:Sarakunan Nijeriya]] 9d0yy4t75j21ctscpx63418lq5pc9uh 846175 846129 2026-06-03T17:15:42Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Sarauta */ 846175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 08.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Zazzau Na 18]] [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|thumb|masarautar Zazzau 09]] [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg|thumb]] '''Shehu Idris''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1936 ya rasu a shekara ta 2020), ya kasance shine [[Sarki]]n [[Zazzau]] na goma sha takwas 18 a jerin sarakunan [[Zaria|Zariya]] dake [[Jihar Kaduna]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Buhari, N-Govs, others mourn as Emir of Zazzau, Shehu Idris dies at 84 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/buhari-n-govs-others-mourn-as-emir-of-zazzau-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a sarakunan Fulani a karkashin Daular usmanniya ta [[Musulunci]] ta [[Sokoto]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="breaking"/> Shehu idris shine da na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma da na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu Idiris ya kasance shine mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin masarautar ƙasar Zazzau, ya kwashe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar 45 a akan karagar mulkin zazzau Ya hau karagar mulki tun a ranar takwas ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1975 biyo bayan rasuwar Sarkin Zazzau na goma sha bakwai Muhammadu Aminu a sannan Idris yana da shekaru talatin da tara 39 a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work= Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shine Malam Idris Auta, mahaifiyarsa kuma itace Hajiya Aminatu Idris.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/history-beckons-as-emir-of-zazzau-marks-45th-anniversary{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwa == Tarihin mai martaba sarkin [[zazzau]] Alhaji Shehu Idris ya fara ne daga Ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1936, wanda shine asalin ranar da aka haifawa malam Idiris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu matarsa ta uku (mahaifan shehu Idris). Bayan sati daya da haihuwarsa an sanya ma yaron suna SHEHU USMAN kamar yadda addini da al’ada suka tanadar. An haifi Idris daga gidan malam Idiris Auta wanda akafi sani da Auta Sambo tare da matarsa Hajiya Aminatu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emir Shehu Idris of Zazzau: Exit of a gentleman peacemaker|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20200921/281565178190492|website=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Adamu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|title=HH Alhaji Shehi Idris|last1=Marshal|first1=Adamu|last2=|first2=|date=14 January 2015|website=Kabidonews.com|publisher=|access-date=30 April 2016|quote=|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115422/http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karatu == Shehu ya fara karatu yana ɗan shekara biyar. A wannan shekarun ba’a aika shi makarantar nursery ko firamari ba sai dai an tura shi makarantar islamiyya inda ya koyo karatun Al-Qur’ani kamar yadda [[addini]] ya tanadar. Shehu ya kasance dalibi mafi kwazo a lokacin da yake zuwa makarantar Allo, saboda baya taba yin fashin ajin safe ko na yamma ba tare da wani dalili mai ƙarfi ba. Ranaku biyar ne ake zuwa Makarantar a sati watau daga Asabar zuwa laraba ƙarfe 7:30 zuwa 11:30 na safe, sai kuma 2:30 zuwa 6:00 na yamma.<ref name=":1">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris,the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 60-63 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> A lokacin da ya kai shekara 11 an sanyashi makarantar zamani a nan garin Zariya  a shekara ta 1947. Duk da yana zuwa makarantar boko domin neman ilimin zamani, hakan bai hana shi cigaba da karatunsa na addini ba.<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 01.jpg|thumb|261x261px]] == Sarauta == Shehu Idris ya zama Sarki ne sanda Jihar take a matsayin Jihar Arewa ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1975. A shekarar mai zuwa, Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] lokacin yana Shugaban ƙasa ya canja mata suna zuwa [[Jihar Kaduna]]. Bayan an kwashe shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sai Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya raba jihar zuwa gida biyu [[Katsina]] da [[Jihar Kaduna]] a shekara ta 1987. Inda rabewar ya haifar da natsuwa akan tashin hankalin dake faruwa tsakanin Masarautar Katsina da Zazzau a sanda suke jiha ɗaya. Amma duk da wancan rabewar kuma, sai aka sake samo wata sabuwar rabuwa tsakanin mutanen dake rayuwa a kudancin Kaduna da Arewacin Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work=Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Idris ya fara karatunsa ne daga samun koyarwa na addini a wurin malamai a Zariya da Kuma cigaba da karatun sa a makarantar Zariya Elementary School.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|title=The Emir of Zazzau, His royal Highness Alh(Dr) Shehu Idris, is dead|url=https://newswirengr.com/2020/09/20/the-emir-of-zazzau-his-royal-highness-alhdr-shehu-idris-is-dead/|website=NewsWire NGR|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref> Yana elementary school a shekarar 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1950, Inda a wannan lokacin ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekara 12.<ref name="newswire" /> Idris ya cigaba da karatun alkur’ani da na zamani har yakai ga Zariya Middle School a shekara ta 1950 sa'annan ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1955.<ref name="newswire" /> Sannan ya shiga Katsina Training College inda yazama malamin makaranta mai koyarwa.<ref name="Adamu" /> Wanda wannan rabuwa ta haifar da rashin jituwa da dama. Waɗanda suka shahara sune Rikicin Kafanchan a shekarar 1987, Faɗan Zangon Kataf sau biyu a shekarar 1992, faɗan Shari’a a 2000 da kuma faɗan bayan zaɓen shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2012. Lokacin sarautar Shehu Idris, yawancin dukkanin yankunan al'umma dake cikin garin Zazzau waɗanda ba Hausawa ba an basu cin gashin kansu kuma suka zama Masarautun kansu. Wannan yakamata ya baƙanta ma Idris rai. Biyo bayan ƙirƙiran wata sabuwar masarauta a 2001, wasu bangaren Musulmai dake Zazzau suma sun nemi a basu cin gashin kansu. Samun kaiwa shekaru 45 a sarauta ba ƙaramin abu bane, Kuma ya zamo mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin sarautar Zazzau. A yan' wannan karnin, an sha samun tsige-tsigen sarakunan gargajiya a masarautun Arewacin Najeriya. Sultan [[Ibrahim Dasuki]] an tsige shi a 1996, sarkin Gwandu Almustapha Jokolo an tsige shi a 2005 da Kuma Sarkin Kano [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi]] na II shi ma an tsige shi a farkon shekarar 2020. Haka Kuma sarakunan a Muri, Suleja da Agaie. Sai dai Sarkin Zazzau ya kiyaye wa kansa duk wani abunda zai sanya asamu matsala tsakanin shi da wani Shugaba. ==Aiki == Idris nada shekaru 39 ne a sanda ya zama Sarkin Zazzau a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta alif 1975. Gabanin hawan sa sarauta ya kasance hakimi Kuma malamin makaranta. Gwamnan Kaduna na wancan lokacin Birgediya [[Abba Kyari]] shine ya naɗa Shehu Idris a matsayin Sarkin Zazzau na sha takwas a shekara ta alif 1975. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 06.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Shehu Idris a makarantar sakandiri]] == Dangi == Shehu shine ɗa na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma ɗa na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa Allah godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref name=":0">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> Shehu Idris ya taso ne a gidan yawa saboda mahaifinsa yana da mata har guda huɗu, kuma gidan ya kasance daga sashin mulkin katsinawa a zazzau. Shehu ya samu tarbiyya kai tsaye daga wajen iyayensa malam Idris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu tare da taimakon sauran iyayensa mata na gida. Malama Suwaibatu, Malama Zainabu, Malama Raliyatu. Kuma dukkanin su sun karkatu ne akan tarbiyya ta addini da kuma al’adu na ƙwarai. Al’ada ne a ƙasar hausa uwa take ɓoye sunan ɗanta na farko ko na biyu saboda alkunya, amma malama Aminatu ta ɓoye gaba ɗaya sunayen yaranta guda biyar inda kowanne ta bashi laƙabi da take kiransa da shi, ya kasance shehu ya samu suna “Na Allah”. Kuma ta kanyi wasa dashi a matsayin yaronta na biyar.<ref name=":0" /> Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa [[Allah]] godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref>Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> == Mutuwa == A yanzu bayan rasuwar Alhaji Shehu Idris gasar data daɗe a kwance ta tashi tsakanin a wane gida ne Sabon sarki zai fito, Barebari, [[Mallawa]], [[Sullubawa]] ne ko kuma daga gidan Shehu Idris [[Katsinawa]]. Yarimomi sun daɗe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar (45) suna jiran wannan damar. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|Shehu Idris a Makarantar Jami'a dake Landan. File:Masarautar Zazzau 10.jpg File:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg </gallery> == Bibilyo == * Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. ISBN 978-2118-028 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idris, Shehu}} [[Category:Sarakunan Zazzau]] [[Category:Sarakunan Nijeriya]] 82fftrs47qbs2yjqnuo4sd0a2zwv0wy Harshen Karai-Karai 0 9096 846227 619438 2026-06-03T21:03:25Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Karai karai festival.jpg|thumb|Taton yaren kari karai ]] [[Fayil:Bara majalam karai-karai festival day.jpg|thumb|bikin karai kari ]] '''Karai-Karai''' (Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun [[Najeriya]] wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin [[Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Jihar Borno|Borno]], [[Jihar Yobe|Yobe]], [[Jihar Gombe|Gombe]] da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun [[Al ummah|al'ummar]] da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira kasar Karai-Karai ko [[Daular Karai-Karai]] wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Borno]] da kuma gabashin [[Kasar Hausa]] wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da [[Kukar-Gadu]], [[Dagare]], [[Maje]], [[Potiskum]], [[Fika]], [[Nangere]], [[Dambam]], [[Kalam]], [[Jalam]], [[Gulani]], [[Daya]], [[Damagum]], [[Gujba]], [[Ngelzarma]], [[Deba]], [[Janda]] da kuma [[Misau]] duk a cikin [[Najeriya]]. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai [[Birkai]], Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma [[Pakarau]]. <ref>"OLAC resources in and about the Karai-Karai language".</ref><ref>Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref><ref>Russeel G. Schuch; Yobe State Languages Research Project: aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/Karai-Karai</ref><ref>Tikau & Yusuf 2009, p. viii.</ref> ==Tarihin Harshe== ===Bayanin Asalin Suna=== ===Alakar Harshe=== ==Harufan Rubutu== ==Tsarin Sauti== ==Adabin Karai-Karai== Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum. Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum. Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu. ==Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai== Tatsuniya, bagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen [[Karai-Karai]], tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan [[Karai-Karai]], inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha. Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka buɗi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila. ===Zanjai Ka Auyaku=== '''Dindeno tiku! – Marza!''' Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai dayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula wadi, na tingenasu a fula waki, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula wadi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka bi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula wadi. To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri. To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke. To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai. Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni. Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?” Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.” Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.” Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!” Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.” Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.” Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!” Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau. Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu. Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai. To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai. Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai. Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?” Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni. Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?” Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo. Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma. Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?” Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.” Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!” Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci. Dindeno wayatako. ==Waƙoƙin Karai-Karai== Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin waɗannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka haɗa da: Waƙoƙin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Waƙoƙin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai waɗanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni: ===WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE)=== '''BADINE NA LATO''' 1a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 1b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento, 2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento. 3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato, 3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato. 4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma, 6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma. 7a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 7b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 8a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 8b Ayye yawo badine na lato. ===WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO)=== '''ABU ARUFE''' ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa) 1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. ==Karin Maganar Karai-Karai== Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa. ===Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai:=== 1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike. A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka. 2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi. Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya. 3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai. Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne. 4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru. Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi. 5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo. Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu. 6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako. Mai rabon shan duka, 7) Bilan ma zu adimo. Kyan dan maciji 8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai. An bawa Kura rabon nama. 9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau. Da babu gar aba daɗi 10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai. Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe 11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi. Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi. 12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe. Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri. 13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe. Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba. 14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska. Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska. 15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa. Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi. 16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi. Gidan wani, Dajin wani. 17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu. Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska. 18) Nguzumur ngusi a da. A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta! 19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba! Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa. 20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu. Allah Ya hada ido da bacci. ==Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai== Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse. Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi. Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa. Misalan Kacici-Kacicin [[Bakarkarai]] 1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari. 2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno. 3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya. 4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala. 5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje 6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa. 8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi. 9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya. 10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi. 11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato. 12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik! 13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai. 14. Kukkuruk ka rugde. 15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo. 16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware. 17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai. 18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi. 20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karekare}} [[Category: Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] [[Category:Najeriya]] 1871jbku24hspgywv7r96bvrhi5wek0 846228 846227 2026-06-03T21:04:34Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Karai karai festival.jpg|thumb|Taton yaren kari karai ]] [[Fayil:Bara majalam karai-karai festival day.jpg|thumb|<ref>Kariya Gambo, Adamu Hassan (2001). Karai-Karai People and Language (A Package for Barakau 2001) (First ed.). Yobe State, Nigeria: Mbeeno Club, Potiskum. p. 53.</ref>bikin karai kari ]] '''Karai-Karai''' (Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun [[Najeriya]] wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin [[Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Jihar Borno|Borno]], [[Jihar Yobe|Yobe]], [[Jihar Gombe|Gombe]] da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun [[Al ummah|al'ummar]] da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira kasar Karai-Karai ko [[Daular Karai-Karai]] wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Borno]] da kuma gabashin [[Kasar Hausa]] wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da [[Kukar-Gadu]], [[Dagare]], [[Maje]], [[Potiskum]], [[Fika]], [[Nangere]], [[Dambam]], [[Kalam]], [[Jalam]], [[Gulani]], [[Daya]], [[Damagum]], [[Gujba]], [[Ngelzarma]], [[Deba]], [[Janda]] da kuma [[Misau]] duk a cikin [[Najeriya]]. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai [[Birkai]], Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma [[Pakarau]]. <ref>"OLAC resources in and about the Karai-Karai language".</ref><ref>Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref><ref>Russeel G. Schuch; Yobe State Languages Research Project: aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/Karai-Karai</ref><ref>Tikau & Yusuf 2009, p. viii.</ref> ==Tarihin Harshe== ===Bayanin Asalin Suna=== ===Alakar Harshe=== ==Harufan Rubutu== ==Tsarin Sauti== ==Adabin Karai-Karai== Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum. Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum. Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu. ==Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai== Tatsuniya, bagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen [[Karai-Karai]], tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan [[Karai-Karai]], inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha. Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka buɗi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila. ===Zanjai Ka Auyaku=== '''Dindeno tiku! – Marza!''' Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai dayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula wadi, na tingenasu a fula waki, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula wadi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka bi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula wadi. To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri. To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke. To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai. Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni. Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?” Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.” Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.” Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!” Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.” Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.” Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!” Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau. Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu. Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai. To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai. Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai. Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?” Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni. Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?” Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo. Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma. Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?” Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.” Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!” Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci. Dindeno wayatako. ==Waƙoƙin Karai-Karai== Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin waɗannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka haɗa da: Waƙoƙin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Waƙoƙin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai waɗanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni: ===WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE)=== '''BADINE NA LATO''' 1a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 1b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento, 2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento. 3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato, 3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato. 4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma, 6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma. 7a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 7b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 8a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 8b Ayye yawo badine na lato. ===WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO)=== '''ABU ARUFE''' ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa) 1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. ==Karin Maganar Karai-Karai== Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa. ===Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai:=== 1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike. A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka. 2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi. Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya. 3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai. Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne. 4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru. Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi. 5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo. Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu. 6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako. Mai rabon shan duka, 7) Bilan ma zu adimo. Kyan dan maciji 8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai. An bawa Kura rabon nama. 9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau. Da babu gar aba daɗi 10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai. Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe 11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi. Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi. 12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe. Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri. 13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe. Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba. 14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska. Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska. 15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa. Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi. 16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi. Gidan wani, Dajin wani. 17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu. Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska. 18) Nguzumur ngusi a da. A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta! 19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba! Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa. 20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu. Allah Ya hada ido da bacci. ==Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai== Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse. Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi. Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa. Misalan Kacici-Kacicin [[Bakarkarai]] 1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari. 2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno. 3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya. 4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala. 5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje 6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa. 8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi. 9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya. 10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi. 11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato. 12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik! 13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai. 14. Kukkuruk ka rugde. 15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo. 16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware. 17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai. 18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi. 20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karekare}} [[Category: Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] [[Category:Najeriya]] rm8a8bwdihcaij919rr28e8qoinfi7p 846232 846228 2026-06-03T21:05:27Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Karai karai festival.jpg|thumb|Taton yaren kari karai ]] [[Fayil:Bara majalam karai-karai festival day.jpg|thumb|<ref>Kariya Gambo, Adamu Hassan (2001). Karai-Karai People and Language (A Package for Barakau 2001) (First ed.). Yobe State, Nigeria: Mbeeno Club, Potiskum. p. 53.</ref>bikin karai kari ]] '''Karai-Karai''' (Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun [[Najeriya]] wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin [[Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Jihar Borno|Borno]], [[Jihar Yobe|Yobe]], [[Jihar Gombe|Gombe]] da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun [[Al ummah|al'ummar]] da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira kasar Karai-Karai ko [[Daular Karai-Karai]] wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Borno]] da kuma gabashin [[Kasar Hausa]] wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da [[Kukar-Gadu]], [[Dagare]], [[Maje]], [[Potiskum]], [[Fika]], [[Nangere]], [[Dambam]], [[Kalam]], [[Jalam]], [[Gulani]], [[Daya]], [[Damagum]], [[Gujba]], [[Ngelzarma]], [[Deba]], [[Janda]] da kuma [[Misau]] duk a cikin [[Najeriya]]. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai [[Birkai]], Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma [[Pakarau]]. <ref>"OLAC resources in and about the Karai-Karai language".</ref><ref>Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref><ref>Russeel G. Schuch; Yobe State Languages Research Project: aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/Karai-Karai</ref><ref>Tikau & Yusuf 2009, p. viii.</ref> ==Tarihin Harshe== ===Bayanin Asalin Suna=== ===Alakar Harshe=== ==Harufan Rubutu== ==Tsarin Sauti== ==Adabin Karai-Karai== Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum. Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum. Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu.<ref>Kariya Gambo, Adamu Hassan (2001). Karai-Karai People and Language (A Package for Barakau 2001) (First ed.). Yobe State, Nigeria: Mbeeno Club, Potiskum. p. 53.</ref> ==Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai== Tatsuniya, bagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen [[Karai-Karai]], tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan [[Karai-Karai]], inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha. Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka buɗi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila. ===Zanjai Ka Auyaku=== '''Dindeno tiku! – Marza!''' Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai dayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula wadi, na tingenasu a fula waki, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula wadi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka bi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula wadi. To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri. To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke. To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai. Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni. Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?” Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.” Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.” Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!” Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.” Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.” Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!” Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau. Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu. Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai. To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai. Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai. Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?” Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni. Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?” Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo. Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma. Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?” Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.” Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!” Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci. Dindeno wayatako. ==Waƙoƙin Karai-Karai== Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin waɗannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka haɗa da: Waƙoƙin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Waƙoƙin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai waɗanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni: ===WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE)=== '''BADINE NA LATO''' 1a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 1b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento, 2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento. 3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato, 3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato. 4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai, 5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai. 6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma, 6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma. 7a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 7b Ayye yawo badine na lato. 8a Ayye yawo badine na lato, 8b Ayye yawo badine na lato. ===WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO)=== '''ABU ARUFE''' ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa) 1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X 3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi, Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. ==Karin Maganar Karai-Karai== Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa. ===Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai:=== 1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike. A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka. 2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi. Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya. 3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai. Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne. 4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru. Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi. 5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo. Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu. 6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako. Mai rabon shan duka, 7) Bilan ma zu adimo. Kyan dan maciji 8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai. An bawa Kura rabon nama. 9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau. Da babu gar aba daɗi 10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai. Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe 11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi. Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi. 12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe. Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri. 13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe. Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba. 14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska. Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska. 15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa. Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi. 16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi. Gidan wani, Dajin wani. 17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu. Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska. 18) Nguzumur ngusi a da. A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta! 19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba! Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa. 20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu. Allah Ya hada ido da bacci. ==Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai== Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse. Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi. Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa. Misalan Kacici-Kacicin [[Bakarkarai]] 1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari. 2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno. 3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya. 4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala. 5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje 6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa. 8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi. 9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya. 10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi. 11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato. 12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik! 13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai. 14. Kukkuruk ka rugde. 15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo. 16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware. 17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai. 18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai. 19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi. 20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karekare}} [[Category: Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] [[Category:Najeriya]] ctt7ac3k15a1dsb0ttj1ndf6p7gatpf Ajingi 0 9175 846486 703255 2026-06-04T04:55:26Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356141940|Ajingi]]" 846486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ajingi''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . Tanada Hedkwatar a cikin garin Ajingi . Yana da yanki na 714 km{{Sup|2}} da yawan jama'a 174,137 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.&nbsp; Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 713.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa karamar hukumar Ajingi a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi "Ajingi Local Government Area"]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara na yankin karamar hukuma na Ajingi ana sa ran ya zama digiri 31 na Celsius ko digiri 87.8 na Fahrenheit, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 40%. Lokacin ruwan sama da bushewa sune lokutan biyu daban-daban da yankin ke fuskanta. Yankin Karamar Hukumar Ajingi ya [[danshi]] 714 km<sup>2</sup> a cikin jimlar yanki, tare da kimanin tsawo na {{Convert|1669|feet}} ko ƙafa 1,669. Matsakaicin saurin iska a yankin shine 10 km / h ko 6.2 mph.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi "Ajingi Local Government Area"]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts |url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Weather Crave}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today "Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts"]. ''Weather Crave''. 2024-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp; === Yanayi === A Ajingi, zafi na shekara-shekara yana tare da lokacin fari mai duhu da kuma lokacin rigar ruwa. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 54 ° F zuwa 103 ° F; da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 49 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 107 ° F.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=weatherspark.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round "Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark"]. ''weatherspark.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts |url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Weather Crave}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Daga Maris 17 zuwa Mayu 27, lokacin zafi, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ya wuce 100 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.3. Mayu shine watan da ya fi zafi a Ajingi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 101 ° F da ƙananan zafin jiki ya 76 ° F.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a lokacin sanyi na watanni 1.8, wanda ke gudana daga Disamba 4 zuwa Janairu 29, ƙasa da 90 ° F. Tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 55 ° F da kuma babban zafin jiki ya 88 ° F, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Ajingi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tattalin Arziki == Ayyukan tattalin arziki na farko na mutanen da ke zaune a yankin karamar hukuma na Ajingi shine [[noma]] da yin tukwane. Tare da kasuwanni da yawa kamar kasuwar Larabar Zango, babbar kasuwa a yankunan karkara na jihar Kano da ke cikin yankin karamar hukuma, kasuwanci wani muhimmin aikin tattalin arziki ne a yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Gundumomin Karamar Hukumar Ajingi == Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Ajingi-Local-Government-Area/62325/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.finelib.com}}</ref> * Ajingi * Balare * Chula * Dabin Canada * Dundun * Gafasa * Gurduba * Kanara makama * Kunkurawa * Unguwar Bai == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] joh2di8fc2y0updwps0ldzzwbj6g7qt 846487 846486 2026-06-04T04:55:51Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ajingi''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . Tanada Hedkwatar a cikin garin Ajingi . Yana da yanki na 714 km{{Sup|2}} da yawan jama'a 174,137 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2006.&nbsp; Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 713.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa karamar hukumar Ajingi a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi "Ajingi Local Government Area"]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara na yankin karamar hukuma na Ajingi ana sa ran ya zama digiri 31 na Celsius ko digiri 87.8 na Fahrenheit, tare da matsakaicin zafi na 40%. Lokacin ruwan sama da bushewa sune lokutan biyu daban-daban da yankin ke fuskanta. Yankin Karamar Hukumar Ajingi ya [[danshi]] 714 km<sup>2</sup> a cikin jimlar yanki, tare da kimanin tsawo na {{Convert|1669|feet}} ko ƙafa 1,669. Matsakaicin saurin iska a yankin shine 10 km / h ko 6.2 mph.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi "Ajingi Local Government Area"]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts |url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Weather Crave}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today "Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts"]. ''Weather Crave''. 2024-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp; === Yanayi === A Ajingi, zafi na shekara-shekara yana tare da lokacin fari mai duhu da kuma lokacin rigar ruwa. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 54 ° F zuwa 103 ° F; da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 49 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 107 ° F.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=weatherspark.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round "Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark"]. ''weatherspark.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Weather Forecast Ajingi - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts |url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-72553/weather-forecast-ajingi-today |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Weather Crave}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Daga Maris 17 zuwa Mayu 27, lokacin zafi, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ya wuce 100 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.3. Mayu shine watan da ya fi zafi a Ajingi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 101 ° F da ƙananan zafin jiki ya 76 ° F.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61883/Average-Weather-in-Ajingi-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a lokacin sanyi na watanni 1.8, wanda ke gudana daga Disamba 4 zuwa Janairu 29, ƙasa da 90 ° F. Tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 55 ° F da kuma babban zafin jiki ya 88 ° F, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Ajingi.<ref name=":2" /> == Tattalin Arziki == Ayyukan tattalin arziki na farko na mutanen da ke zaune a yankin karamar hukuma na Ajingi shine [[noma]] da yin tukwane. Tare da kasuwanni da yawa kamar kasuwar Larabar Zango, babbar kasuwa a yankunan karkara na jihar Kano da ke cikin yankin karamar hukuma, kasuwanci wani muhimmin aikin tattalin arziki ne a yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/407/ajingi |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Gundumomin Karamar Hukumar Ajingi == Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajingi Local Government Area |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Ajingi-Local-Government-Area/62325/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.finelib.com}}</ref> * Ajingi * Balare * Chula * Dabin Canada * Dundun * Gafasa * Gurduba * Kanara makama * Kunkurawa * Unguwar Bai == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] n3ps217y0odnvh4u8828a92g5mbzztm Ringim 0 9285 846548 839929 2026-06-04T05:23:07Z Nura Bello 24854 846548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ringim''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], A Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. [[File:Princes, Adnan and Ajman. 01.jpg|thumb|Yarima Adnan da Yarima Ajman, na Ringim]] Ringim ({{ Audio|Ringim,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) karamar hukuma ce (LGA) a jihar [[Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Ringim, LGA tana da yanki mai girman kilomita 1,057 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 192,024 a ƙidayar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213051200/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masarautar Ringim ta fara aiki ne a watan Nuwamba, 1991, sakamakon kirkiro jihar [[Jigawa]] daga jihar [[Kano]] a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1991 da shugaban kasa kuma babban kwamandan<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/why-ringim-was-sacked/</ref> sojojin Najeriya na lokacin, Janar Ibrahim [[Ibrahim Babangida|Badamasi Babangida]] ya yi. Masarautar ta kunshi kananan hukumomi hudu, wato: [[Ringim]], [[Taura]], [[Garki (Nijeriya)|Garki]] da [[Babura]]. Mai Martaba Sarkin Ringim na yanzu, HRH Alh. (Dr) Sayyadi mahmoud usman (CON) shine sarkin fulani na daya na Ringim. Sarkin ya kasance shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasashen yammacin Afirka.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/amp/emir-of-ringim-a-dignified-silver-jubilee</ref> == Cigaban ilimi == Shekara 1930 shine farkon ci gaban ilimi daban-daban a Ringim. A shekarar 1930 aka kafa makarantar firamare ta farko a garin Ringim (Katutu Primary School). Daliban da aka dauka a shekarar 1931 sun kai 39. A 1954, an kafa wata makarantar firamare (Sabon Gida Senior. Primary School). Sakamakon shirin UPE a shekarar 1976 an kara gina wasu makarantu a garin Ringim sannan daliban sun karu, makarantar firamare ta Galadanchi da mayar da St.Peters zuwa makarantar firamare ta Sabon Gari. Wannan ya sanya adadin makarantun firamare a Ringim ya koma hudu baya ga wasu Makarantun Islamiyya. A shekarar 9176 aka koma makarantar sakandiren gwamnati zuwa Ringim bayan ta zauna na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru biyu a dawakin Tofa sannan aka kafa babbar jami’a a karkashin Polytechnic Jigawa a shekarar 1991. == Mazaɓu == Ƙaramar hukumar [[Ringim]] tanada mazaɓu guda goma (10). * Chai-chai * Dabi * Kafin Babushe * Karshi * Kyarama * Ringim * Sankara * Sintilmawa<ref>https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/379/ringim</ref> * Tofa * Yandutse == Hotuna == <gallery> Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 03.jpg Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 02.jpg Ringim Gate.jpg Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 01.jpg Ringim Gate.jpg </gallery> ===manazarta=== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] lzxkm629m9tefk1debpwlubiesv8hxo Tabkin Malawi 0 9447 846423 496256 2026-06-03T23:44:20Z Baban Asiya 15906 846423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, tana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzania. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta kebeshi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka daki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tabkin}} [[Category:Tabkuna]] lz5iexpgy2yjfyb30yemtn6m4h7l3cs 846424 846423 2026-06-03T23:45:13Z Baban Asiya 15906 846424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta kebeshi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka daki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tabkin}} [[Category:Tabkuna]] jizo4as3o5s5k31ka91frce8pjgbu5i 846425 846424 2026-06-03T23:47:34Z Baban Asiya 15906 846425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka daki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tabkin}} [[Category:Tabkuna]] nf1ifj835pzvdlcix148nsjh0gzj4bf 846426 846425 2026-06-03T23:51:02Z Baban Asiya 15906 846426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tabkin}} [[Category:Tabkuna]] rhv2kitbzmnuar3gkln62yz7ojpr37i 846427 846426 2026-06-03T23:52:10Z Baban Asiya 15906 846427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] 1f5iicycd1qig4i07r3zkuuob5rplub 846428 846427 2026-06-03T23:55:15Z Baban Asiya 15906 846428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] jjcxuws1njelvbv3g18s8w2dm157y7b 846429 846428 2026-06-03T23:56:41Z Baban Asiya 15906 846429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] imehc2ahvxefzkhz5qnhxwp8vir1urz 846430 846429 2026-06-03T23:58:27Z Baban Asiya 15906 846430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] 340ulzenuzys1njbc2x4195tqvfhak2 846431 846430 2026-06-03T23:59:07Z Baban Asiya 15906 846431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi. Mussam ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] grcjznq16m3qc78ntwh1yy57hln783d 846432 846431 2026-06-04T00:01:17Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma */ 846432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi. Musamman ta fuskar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] b1kxdgaaz8mriwje6gcjqjangaprdke 846433 846432 2026-06-04T00:03:20Z Baban Asiya 15906 Qqq 846433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi. Musamman ta fuskar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, noma da kiwo, kamun kifi ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] ls0x6f1cl43bi77d2oek2k1yg90j6uk 846434 846433 2026-06-04T00:04:55Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma */ 846434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi. Musamman ta fuskar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, noma da kiwo, kamun kifi, da sauransu. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] ndzgb3cgtx23yp0clqxad14mm0h8k30 846604 846434 2026-06-04T05:48:52Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma */ 846604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|Tafkin malawi]] [[Fayil:Lake Malawi 270406.jpg|thumb|tafkin malawi]] '''Tabkin Malawi''', Anfi saninsa da '''Tafkin Nyasa''' a kasar [[Tanzania]] da kuma '''Lago Niassa''' a kasar [[Mozambique]], na daga cikin [[Manyan Tabkunan Afirka]] kuma ita ce tafki a mafi kudancin [[East African Rift]] system, yana nan ne a tsakanin kasar [[Malawi]], Mozambique da Tanzaniya. Shi ne tafki [[List of lakes by area|Mafi girma]] na hudu (4) mai ruwa mai kyau a duniya a fadi da cika, na tara [[List of lakes by area|mafi girman tabki]] a duniya wuri fadi da tsawo, kuma na uku da na biyu a girma da zurfi a nahiyar Afirka. Tafkin Malawi na dauke da nau'ukan kifaye daban-daban fiye da kowane tafki a duniya,<ref name=unep/> wadanda a kalla yana dauke da nau'uka 700 na [[cichlid]]s.<ref name=Turner2001>Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref> Bangaren tabkin na Mozambique gwamnatin kasar ta ke be shi a matsayin wurin Adana a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin, 2011,<ref name=panda>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique’s Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> A kasar Malawi bangaren tasu na cikin [[Lake Malawi National Park]].<ref name=unep>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |title=Protected Areas Programme |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=October 1995 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archivedate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ==Amfanin Tafkin Ga Al'umma== Tafkin Malawi, yana amfanar da al'umomin da ke kewaye da shi. Musamman ta fuskar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, noma da kiwo, kamun kifi, sufuri da sauransu. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg|Tafkin kenan da aka ɗauki hoton sa daga na'urar Orbit File:Nkhata_Bay,_Malawi.jpg|Nkhata Bay File:Lake_Malawi,_view_from_Likoma_Island.jpg|Tafkin Malawi File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Bakin Teku na Mwaya Malawi </gallery> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi, Tafkin}} [[Category:Tafkuna]] k0b9zftqilh56b80irybihreemvz6l3 Lola Ashiru 0 15994 846760 651344 2026-06-04T09:40:23Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oyelola Yisa Ashiru''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955) ɗan asalin gine-ginen [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Yankin Sanatan Kudancin Kudu a Majalisar Dattawa ta 9 . Shine Babban Daraktan Kamfanin Capital Projects Limited, kamfani mai mallakar gidaje tare da rassa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]] da wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashiru a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955 a [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa da]] ke [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara a]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Iyeru okin, Offa kafin ya zarce zuwa Esie Iludun makarantar nahawu Anglican a shekarar, 1968. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekarar, 1974, sannan ya karanci zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar [[Legas]] inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1980. == Harkar siyasa == Bayan tsayawa takara a lokuta da dama, a shekarar 2018, Ashiru ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar, 2019 a babban zaben shekarar, 2019 a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|title=10 Kwara South senatorial aspirants battle seat with governor|date=2018-09-08|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909120425/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, mambobin jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Kwara ciki har da Lola Ashiru sun sauya sheka zuwa [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin yin kamfen din daular [[Bukola Saraki]] wanda ya zarga da rashin gudanar da mulkin jihar ta Kwara tsawon shekaru 16 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|title=Kwara PDP members decamp to APC|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2018-08-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115203745/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zaɓen fitar da gwani na APC, Ashiru ya lashe tikitin takarar sanata bayan ya kayar da Suleiman Ajadi da wasu da dama. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, Ashiru ya lashe zaɓen sanatan da kuri’u 89,704, ya kayar da mai ci yanzu Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim na PDP wanda ya samu ƙuri’u 45,175.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Bayan an rantsar da shi a majalisar dattijai ta 9 a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2019, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Gidaje da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Sayen Jama'a a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019. == Yunkurin kisan kai == A yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Ojoku a yankin [[Oyun]] na jihar Kwara a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, an kaiwa Ashiru da magoya bayansa hari kuma APC ta yi zargin cewa wasu mahara da ke biyayya ga PDP sun harbi mambobinta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|title=Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2019-02-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308155539/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojoku shine garin mahaifar Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim wanda ya yi takarar kujerar sanata ta kudu ta kudu a babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar, 2019 . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, da shugaba mai ci Sanata na [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]] kudu aka kama dangane da kai hari a kan Ashiru, kuma magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] 3mm103yg5wrcut80jn18dul2qqb653t 846761 846760 2026-06-04T09:41:40Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oyelola Yisa Ashiru''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955) ɗan asalin gine-ginen [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Yankin Sanatan Kudancin Kudu a Majalisar Dattawa ta 9 . Shine Babban Daraktan Kamfanin Capital Projects Limited, kamfani mai mallakar gidaje tare da rassa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]] da wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref><ref>UPDATED: Lawan names Senate committee chairpersons (FULL LIST)". Premium Times. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashiru a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955 a [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa da]] ke [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara a]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Iyeru okin, Offa kafin ya zarce zuwa Esie Iludun makarantar nahawu Anglican a shekarar, 1968. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekarar, 1974, sannan ya karanci zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar [[Legas]] inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1980. == Harkar siyasa == Bayan tsayawa takara a lokuta da dama, a shekarar 2018, Ashiru ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar, 2019 a babban zaben shekarar, 2019 a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|title=10 Kwara South senatorial aspirants battle seat with governor|date=2018-09-08|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909120425/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, mambobin jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Kwara ciki har da Lola Ashiru sun sauya sheka zuwa [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin yin kamfen din daular [[Bukola Saraki]] wanda ya zarga da rashin gudanar da mulkin jihar ta Kwara tsawon shekaru 16 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|title=Kwara PDP members decamp to APC|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2018-08-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115203745/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zaɓen fitar da gwani na APC, Ashiru ya lashe tikitin takarar sanata bayan ya kayar da Suleiman Ajadi da wasu da dama. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, Ashiru ya lashe zaɓen sanatan da kuri’u 89,704, ya kayar da mai ci yanzu Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim na PDP wanda ya samu ƙuri’u 45,175.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Bayan an rantsar da shi a majalisar dattijai ta 9 a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2019, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Gidaje da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Sayen Jama'a a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019. == Yunkurin kisan kai == A yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Ojoku a yankin [[Oyun]] na jihar Kwara a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, an kaiwa Ashiru da magoya bayansa hari kuma APC ta yi zargin cewa wasu mahara da ke biyayya ga PDP sun harbi mambobinta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|title=Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2019-02-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308155539/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojoku shine garin mahaifar Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim wanda ya yi takarar kujerar sanata ta kudu ta kudu a babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar, 2019 . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, da shugaba mai ci Sanata na [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]] kudu aka kama dangane da kai hari a kan Ashiru, kuma magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] 30mn5n601lr8oiqlrz18ciyz9q4t38l 846762 846761 2026-06-04T09:42:40Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oyelola Yisa Ashiru''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955) ɗan asalin gine-ginen [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Yankin Sanatan Kudancin Kudu a Majalisar Dattawa ta 9 . Shine Babban Daraktan Kamfanin Capital Projects Limited, kamfani mai mallakar gidaje tare da rassa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]] da wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref><ref>UPDATED: Lawan names Senate committee chairpersons (FULL LIST)". Premium Times. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</ref><ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashiru a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955 a [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa da]] ke [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara a]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Iyeru okin, Offa kafin ya zarce zuwa Esie Iludun makarantar nahawu Anglican a shekarar, 1968. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekarar, 1974, sannan ya karanci zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar [[Legas]] inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1980. == Harkar siyasa == Bayan tsayawa takara a lokuta da dama, a shekarar 2018, Ashiru ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar, 2019 a babban zaben shekarar, 2019 a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|title=10 Kwara South senatorial aspirants battle seat with governor|date=2018-09-08|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909120425/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, mambobin jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Kwara ciki har da Lola Ashiru sun sauya sheka zuwa [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin yin kamfen din daular [[Bukola Saraki]] wanda ya zarga da rashin gudanar da mulkin jihar ta Kwara tsawon shekaru 16 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|title=Kwara PDP members decamp to APC|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2018-08-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115203745/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zaɓen fitar da gwani na APC, Ashiru ya lashe tikitin takarar sanata bayan ya kayar da Suleiman Ajadi da wasu da dama. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, Ashiru ya lashe zaɓen sanatan da kuri’u 89,704, ya kayar da mai ci yanzu Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim na PDP wanda ya samu ƙuri’u 45,175.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Bayan an rantsar da shi a majalisar dattijai ta 9 a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2019, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Gidaje da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Sayen Jama'a a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019. == Yunkurin kisan kai == A yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Ojoku a yankin [[Oyun]] na jihar Kwara a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, an kaiwa Ashiru da magoya bayansa hari kuma APC ta yi zargin cewa wasu mahara da ke biyayya ga PDP sun harbi mambobinta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|title=Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2019-02-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308155539/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojoku shine garin mahaifar Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim wanda ya yi takarar kujerar sanata ta kudu ta kudu a babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar, 2019 . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, da shugaba mai ci Sanata na [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]] kudu aka kama dangane da kai hari a kan Ashiru, kuma magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] jml9elxwakmci7qg9f9dlfeojg3xwfn 846763 846762 2026-06-04T09:46:24Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oyelola Yisa Ashiru''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955) ɗan asalin gine-ginen [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Yankin Sanatan Kudancin Kudu a Majalisar Dattawa ta 9 . Shine Babban Daraktan Kamfanin Capital Projects Limited, kamfani mai mallakar gidaje tare da rassa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]] da wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref><ref>UPDATED: Lawan names Senate committee chairpersons (FULL LIST)". Premium Times. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</ref><ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashiru a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955 a [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa da]] ke [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara a]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Iyeru okin, Offa kafin ya zarce zuwa Esie Iludun makarantar nahawu Anglican a shekarar, 1968. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekarar, 1974, sannan ya karanci zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar [[Legas]] inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1980.<ref>Ahmad, Romoke W. (20 February 2019). "Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara". Daily Trust. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</ref> == Harkar siyasa == Bayan tsayawa takara a lokuta da dama, a shekarar 2018, Ashiru ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar, 2019 a babban zaben shekarar, 2019 a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|title=10 Kwara South senatorial aspirants battle seat with governor|date=2018-09-08|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909120425/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, mambobin jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Kwara ciki har da Lola Ashiru sun sauya sheka zuwa [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin yin kamfen din daular [[Bukola Saraki]] wanda ya zarga da rashin gudanar da mulkin jihar ta Kwara tsawon shekaru 16 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|title=Kwara PDP members decamp to APC|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2018-08-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115203745/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zaɓen fitar da gwani na APC, Ashiru ya lashe tikitin takarar sanata bayan ya kayar da Suleiman Ajadi da wasu da dama. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, Ashiru ya lashe zaɓen sanatan da kuri’u 89,704, ya kayar da mai ci yanzu Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim na PDP wanda ya samu ƙuri’u 45,175.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Bayan an rantsar da shi a majalisar dattijai ta 9 a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2019, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Gidaje da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Sayen Jama'a a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019. == Yunkurin kisan kai == A yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Ojoku a yankin [[Oyun]] na jihar Kwara a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, an kaiwa Ashiru da magoya bayansa hari kuma APC ta yi zargin cewa wasu mahara da ke biyayya ga PDP sun harbi mambobinta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|title=Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2019-02-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308155539/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojoku shine garin mahaifar Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim wanda ya yi takarar kujerar sanata ta kudu ta kudu a babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar, 2019 . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, da shugaba mai ci Sanata na [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]] kudu aka kama dangane da kai hari a kan Ashiru, kuma magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] a7qw0rdphbecj6n97rqs4hlg9yxpic9 846768 846763 2026-06-04T10:13:24Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oyelola Yisa Ashiru''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955) ɗan asalin gine-ginen [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Yankin Sanatan Kudancin Kudu a Majalisar Dattawa ta 9 . Shine Babban Daraktan Kamfanin Capital Projects Limited, kamfani mai mallakar gidaje tare da rassa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]] da wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref><ref>UPDATED: Lawan names Senate committee chairpersons (FULL LIST)". Premium Times. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</ref><ref>Tomori, Abdulfatai (13 June 2022). "Senator Oyelola Ashiru: Ode to a Sower of Seeds @67". Factual Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ashiru a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1955 a [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa da]] ke [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara a]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Iyeru okin, Offa kafin ya zarce zuwa Esie Iludun makarantar nahawu Anglican a shekarar, 1968. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a shekarar, 1974, sannan ya karanci zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar [[Legas]] inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1980.<ref>Ahmad, Romoke W. (20 February 2019). "Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara". Daily Trust. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</ref><ref>"Senator being detained for alleged murder — Police". ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</ref> == Harkar siyasa == Bayan tsayawa takara a lokuta da dama, a shekarar 2018, Ashiru ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a zaɓen shekarar, 2019 a babban zaben shekarar, 2019 a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|title=10 Kwara South senatorial aspirants battle seat with governor|date=2018-09-08|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909120425/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, mambobin jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Kwara ciki har da Lola Ashiru sun sauya sheka zuwa [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress]] (APC) domin yin kamfen din daular [[Bukola Saraki]] wanda ya zarga da rashin gudanar da mulkin jihar ta Kwara tsawon shekaru 16 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|title=Kwara PDP members decamp to APC|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2018-08-02|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115203745/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kwara-pdp-members-decamp-to-apc-263784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zaɓen fitar da gwani na APC, Ashiru ya lashe tikitin takarar sanata bayan ya kayar da Suleiman Ajadi da wasu da dama. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, Ashiru ya lashe zaɓen sanatan da kuri’u 89,704, ya kayar da mai ci yanzu Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim na PDP wanda ya samu ƙuri’u 45,175.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Bayan an rantsar da shi a majalisar dattijai ta 9 a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2019, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Gidaje da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa kan Sayen Jama'a a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019. == Yunkurin kisan kai == A yayin rangadin yaƙin neman zaɓe zuwa Ojoku a yankin [[Oyun]] na jihar Kwara a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2019, an kaiwa Ashiru da magoya bayansa hari kuma APC ta yi zargin cewa wasu mahara da ke biyayya ga PDP sun harbi mambobinta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|title=Two die as APC Senatorial candidate escapes assassination in Kwara|last=Ahmad|first=Romoke W.|date=2019-02-20|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308155539/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/two-die-as-apc-senatorial-candidate-escapes-assassination-in-kwara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ojoku shine garin mahaifar Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim wanda ya yi takarar kujerar sanata ta kudu ta kudu a babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar, 2019 . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2019, Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim, da shugaba mai ci Sanata na [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]] kudu aka kama dangane da kai hari a kan Ashiru, kuma magoya bayansa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Yan najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] nna2xat6n42qejpahgeqsk9cvdwqo19 Lagos Lagoon 0 17728 846752 443245 2026-06-04T09:28:27Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>"History Of Lagos". ''One Lagos Fiesta''. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] tsvtwsayo9igw4yonoyvssto6xj26bc 846753 846752 2026-06-04T09:29:18Z Sardeeq 39275 846753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>"History Of Lagos". ''One Lagos Fiesta''. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Portuguese 'founded Lagos but did not discover Nigeria' - diplomat". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] n0arq5kq5z31f4pnsplmwp77thdrzh1 846755 846753 2026-06-04T09:33:24Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] hppfqvxu9v2d8ybeujman6p3qqwn9j4 846756 846755 2026-06-04T09:34:49Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Portuguese 'founded Lagos but did not discover Nigeria' - diplomat". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] t61pimcbxaj7vuxv8sqpjvauqx3c8ik 846757 846756 2026-06-04T09:35:42Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Portuguese 'founded Lagos but did not discover Nigeria' - diplomat". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>About Lagos". Lands Bureau - Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] 6i5nuhifauuq6zkw33odaccvum6mkan 846758 846757 2026-06-04T09:36:38Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Portuguese 'founded Lagos but did not discover Nigeria' - diplomat". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>About Lagos". Lands Bureau - Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Fajemila, Olugbenga T.; Sariaslan, Nisan; Langer, Martin R. (2020-12-07). "Spatial distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Lagos Lagoon (Nigeria): Tracing the impact of environmental perturbations". PLOS ONE. 15 (12) e0243481.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] fgjw8sdop225ll50xjrndb8hvw1r431 846759 846758 2026-06-04T09:38:03Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lagos Lagoon''' ne mai tafasan a Najeriya. An lakafta shi ne bayan birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Birnin yana gefen kudu maso yamma na lagoon.<ref>History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Portuguese 'founded Lagos but did not discover Nigeria' - diplomat". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>About Lagos". Lands Bureau - Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2022-06-12.</ref><ref>Fajemila, Olugbenga T.; Sariaslan, Nisan; Langer, Martin R. (2020-12-07). "Spatial distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Lagos Lagoon (Nigeria): Tracing the impact of environmental perturbations". PLOS ONE. 15 (12) e0243481.</ref><ref>Adeogun, Aina. "How we learnt more about dangerous pollutants in Lagos lagoon". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> == Bayani == Jirgin ruwa ya fi {{Convert|50|km}} tsayi. Yana {{Convert|3|to|13|km}} fadi. Ya rabu da Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar yashi mai yashi mai tsawon {{Convert|2|to|5|km}} . Yakin da yashi yashi yana da raƙuman dausayi a gefen lagoon. Yankin na lagoon {{Convert|6,354.7|km2}} . <ref>[http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1579.pdf Lagos Lagoon Coastal Profile: Information Database For Planning Theory], by Obafemi McArthur Okusipe, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos - Accessed September 22, 2008</ref> Yana da kyau zurfin. [[Jirgin Ruwa|Jirgin ruwa]] mai zuwa teku ba ya ratsawa ta ciki. Barananan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa suna yi.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Lagos (jiha)]] [[Category:Lagos]] [[Category:Najeriya]] rgxuy1xw7dd4ynfnia4z8pw06hcfnmk Salman Natour 0 19222 846052 509615 2026-06-03T13:52:11Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Natour1.jpg|thumb| Natour a 2010]] [[Fayil:Natour1.jpg|thumb|Natour]] '''Salman Natour''' (An haifeshi 3 [[yuli]], 1949 - [[Fabrairu]] 15, 2016) ya Druze - Palasdinawa <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssohNWXJXGk Interview with Israeli journalist Kobi Meidan [0:042 second]</ref> marubuci kuma mawallafi. Ya kasance ɗan ƙasar [[Isra'ila]] . Natour ya buga littattafai da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa. Ya yi rubutu da harsunan Ibrananci da [[Larabci]] . An fi saninsa da aikinsa ''Granta'' . <ref>http://granta.com/contributor/salman-natour/ ''Granta'' contributors: Salman Natour]. Accessed 15 February 2016</ref> An haife shi a Daliyat al-Karmel a kudancin Haifa a 1949. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a garinsu, sannan ya tafi jami'a a Urushalima daga baya kuma a Haifa. Ya mutu a safiyar ranar 15 ga [[Fabrairu]], 2016 bayan mummunan ciwon zuciya . == Manazarta == [[Category:Marubata]] [[Category:Marubutan Asiya]] [[Category:Mutanen Asiya]] oct8q27k8k7vtkwdv1qmso5uzennzdm Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya 0 20456 846237 728439 2026-06-03T21:08:10Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar. == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] lqji99ys9g8cilyzm3nnqsgph5d4np0 846242 846237 2026-06-03T21:09:19Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] b5bn2zn83lfes8lm66ri0uytid63hjj 846245 846242 2026-06-03T21:10:37Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] szkvgsde9xmlvpmtv20msu5s2m9qds1 846248 846245 2026-06-03T21:11:28Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] cfhath20yr7d0j0sr23lkm8xy1sv7am 846251 846248 2026-06-03T21:12:14Z Sardeeq 39275 846251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] py7lkkl15p8vee737og5flhahpi130k 846253 846251 2026-06-03T21:16:03Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] 7eamoucj55d8k57851zdgd4kb46861d 846254 846253 2026-06-03T21:16:57Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] pbdfbq9zbjb1xmbky03oi18ajoxirx4 846260 846254 2026-06-03T21:23:02Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje. A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] nr5vczn67ykzqzgpc8wy968876q0pew 846270 846260 2026-06-03T21:24:33Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] df1tpkfzl3eu0mkfdmfwpasg5vgvv7c 846279 846270 2026-06-03T21:25:26Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] ctziu4f2jbcm0bmw8jhgqs0mdqwah6v 846286 846279 2026-06-03T21:26:23Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] j2f8iyum253xefb5481519dp7k8zjcs 846293 846286 2026-06-03T21:27:22Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }} . Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] hkp5jwkrna1frrfzueo89f343il3k1m 846304 846293 2026-06-03T21:30:49Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] h3zf81tyqdvvzricone4lib3ij1guz9 846305 846304 2026-06-03T21:31:44Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] a3ozlpm3y258q9tqj95mqg130qin8p5 846306 846305 2026-06-03T21:32:29Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Rapheal (2022-10-10). "NGX Group appoints Kwairanga as new chairman". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] mj5mpeivmhlkdd7adq9f2mjau6fbkly 846307 846306 2026-06-03T21:33:24Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Rapheal (2022-10-10). "NGX Group appoints Kwairanga as new chairman". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>"Leadership - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] 5o2q6nk5t721w8wc5pnuj6g6ctcsii7 846312 846307 2026-06-03T21:34:18Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Rapheal (2022-10-10). "NGX Group appoints Kwairanga as new chairman". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>"Leadership - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NGX ASI Crosses Historic 200,000 Mark as Market Rally Extends”. Nigerian Exchange Group. March 2026. Retrieved March 2026.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] nu9ufycal7saorabpx9yocqxvgzz0wp 846313 846312 2026-06-03T21:35:13Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Rapheal (2022-10-10). "NGX Group appoints Kwairanga as new chairman". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>"Leadership - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NGX ASI Crosses Historic 200,000 Mark as Market Rally Extends”. Nigerian Exchange Group. March 2026. Retrieved March 2026.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>All-Share Index". NSE. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] 50qzeyd6h3mhy55qamsu5qphea20vz1 846315 846313 2026-06-03T21:36:16Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kasuwar hannun''' '''jari ta Najeriya''' (NSE) ita ce kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da aka kafa ta, a shekara ta 1961 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, yana da jimillar kamfanoni 161 da aka jera, tare da kamfanoni na gida 8 a kan babban kwamiti, kamfanoni guda 144 a kan babban jirgi, da kuma 4 a kan Hukumar Sauran Kasuwancin Tsaro (ASeM). A cikin Kafaffen Income market, NSE tana da jarin FGN 84, jarin jihohi 21, jarin kamfanoni 27, jakar kudi 1 da kuma jerin abubuwan rubutu 53.<ref>NGX Listed Securities". September 2020.</ref><ref>Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (2022): 189-217.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya a matsayin kasuwar hannun jari ta Legas, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1960. Akwai masu biyan kuɗi guda bakwai zuwa Memorandum na Exchangeungiyar Exchange: RSV Scott, wakiltar CT Bowring da Co. Nigeria Ltd.; Cif Theophilus Adebayo Doherty ; John Holt Ltd ; Kamfanin Zuba jari na Nig. Ltd. (ICON); Yallabai. Odumegwu Ojukwu ; Cif Akintola Williams ; da Alhaji Shehu Bukar. An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961 tare da kuma lambobin tsaro 19 da aka jera don ciniki. Koyaya, ayyuka na yau da kullun sun fara a farkon watan Yuni, shekara ta 1961. An fara gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ginin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] tare da kamfanoni hudu a matsayin dillalan kasuwa: Inlaks, John Holt, CT Bowring da ICON (Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Nijeriya). <ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref> Thearin watan Agusta, shekara ta 1961, ya kai kimanin fam 80,500 kuma ya tashi zuwa kusan fam 250,000 a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar tare da yawancin saka hannun jari a cikin sha'anin tsaro na gwamnati. <ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref> A watan Disamba shekara ta 1977 ya zama sananne da Kamfanin Kasuwancin Najeriyar, tare da rassa a wasu manyan biranen kasuwancin ƙasar.<ref>About Us - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-22.</ref><ref>The Stock Exchange". The Nigerian Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2012-06-08.</ref><ref>Opening of Lagos Stock Exchange. The Financial Times (London, England), Thursday, June 15, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,417</ref><ref>Good Start on Lagos S. E. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, October 24, 1961; pg. 5; Edition 22,528</ref><ref>Jeremiah, Urowayino (2021-04-13). "Nigerian Exchange launches new corporate identity". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Ayodele, Mercy (2021-04-22). "EXPLAINER: What NSE's rebranding as Nigerian Exchange Group means". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref> == Ayyuka == Kasuwar hadahadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya tana aiki da wani tsarin kasuwanci kai tsaye (ATS) tun a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1999, tare da dillalai da ke kasuwanci ta hanyar sadarwar komputa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, NSE ta ƙaddamar da dandalin ciniki na ƙarni na gaba, X-Gen, da nufin ba da damar cinikin lantarki don ɓangarori da ƙungiyoyi. Ciniki akan Musayar yana farawa daga 9.30 na safe kuma yana rufewa da 2.30 na yamma kowane Litinin - Jumma'a. Ana fitar da farashin kasuwa, tare da Fihirisar Duk-Share, NSE 30, da ctorididdigar Bangarori a kowace rana a cikin Jerin kididdigar Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nijeriya na CAPNET (kayan intanet), jaridu, da kuma a shafin kasuwar hannun jari na Kamfanin Gudummawar Lantarki na Reuters. Hakanan ana sanya farashin tarihi da bayanan aiwatarwa akan gidan [http://www.nse.com.ng yanar gizon NSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006115716/http://www.nse.com.ng/ |date=2020-10-06 }}.<ref>Jude named CEO Nigerian Exchange Limited". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>NGX Group appoints new chairman The Nation Newspaper". The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>Rapheal (2022-10-10). "NGX Group appoints Kwairanga as new chairman". The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>"Leadership - Nigerian Exchange Limited". 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NGX ASI Crosses Historic 200,000 Mark as Market Rally Extends”. Nigerian Exchange Group. March 2026. Retrieved March 2026.</ref> Don karfafa gwiwar saka jari daga kasashen waje zuwa Najeriya, gwamnatin ta soke dokar hana kwararar kudaden kasashen waje zuwa cikin kasar. Wannan ya yarda da kasashen waje dillalai zuwa enlist kamar dillalai a kan Nijeriya Stock Exchange, da kuma masu zuba jari na wani kabila ne free su zuba jari. Hakanan an ba kamfanonin Najeriya dama kuma suna ƙetare kan iyaka a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.<ref>Nigerian Exchange Group launches new corporate identity | Marketing Edge Magazine". Marketing Edge Magazine. 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-10-10.</ref><ref>NSE Investors' Protection Fund" (PDF).</ref><ref>What We Do". SEC Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-08.</ref><ref>Temi Popoola named GMD/CEO Nigerian Exchange Group". Nairametrics. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-01.</ref><ref>All-Share Index". NSE. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</ref><ref>Nigerian Stock Exchange joins United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative". UNCTAD. Retrieved 9 May 2014.</ref> A wani yunkuri na inganta nuna gaskiya da amana a kasuwar babban birnin kasar, NSE ta sake kirkirar Asusun Kariyar Masu saka jari a shekara ta 2012 Asusun an ba da umarnin ne don ramawa ga masu saka hannun jari wadanda ke fama da asarar kudi wanda ya samo asali daga sokewa ko soke rajistar memba na kasuwanci; rashin kuɗi, fatarar kuɗi ko sakacin memba na ma'amala; ko lalatawa da memba na ma'amala ko wani daraktocinsa, jami'anta, ma'aikata ko wakilai suka aikata. == Dokar == Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya ta tsara NSE. == Indices == Musayar tana riƙe da kididdigar Allimar Duk-Raba mai nauyi wanda aka tsara a watan Janairu shekara ta 1984 (Janairu 3, ga watan shekara ta 1984 = 100). Darajarta mafi girma na 66,371.20 an rubuta ta a ranar 3 ga Maris, shekara ta 2008. Hakanan musayar yana amfani da Fihirisar NSE-30, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, da ƙididdigar sassa biyar. Waɗannan su ne Shafin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin NSE, NSE na Bankin NSE, NSE na Inshorar Inshora, NSE na Masana'antu, da NSE Mai / Gas. == Ƙungiyoyi == Kasuwancin Najeriya memba ne na Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Duniya (FIBV). Har ila yau, mai sa ido ne a tarurrukan theungiyar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Duniya (IOSCO) da memba mai kafa Kungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Afirka (ASEA). A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Oktoba shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin Kaddamarwar Canji na karin Kasuwanci (SSE) == Duba kuma == * Jerin musayar hannayen jari na Afirka * Jerin musayar hannun jari * Jerin musayar hannayen jari a cikin Kungiyar Kasashe == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Masu saka hannayen jari]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hannayen jari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin arziki]] [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanni]] 7qaz5l6s4p9jfl8pnym3pq1n0asp54x Kyaututtukan Najeriya Pitch 0 20501 846750 413800 2026-06-04T09:22:58Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyaututtukan Nijeriya Pitch kyaututtuka''' ne da aka gabatar wa tsoffin 'yan wasan na Najeriya nada dana yanzu, masu gudanarwa da' yan jarida don girmamawa ga kuma kyakkyawan gudummawar da suka bayar ga wasnni a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-venue/|title=Nigeria Pitch Awards gets venue|work=Daily Times Nigeria|last=Ekejiuba|first=Andrew|date=10 March 2016|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311111642/http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-venue/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/03/nff-backs-3rd-nigeria-pitch-awards/|title=NFF Backs 3rd Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=[[Thisday|ThisDay Newspaper]]|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313065510/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/03/nff-backs-3rd-nigeria-pitch-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wanda kamfanin Matchmakers Consult International Limited ya fara kuma ya samu karbuwa daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya, an gudanar da bikin bada kyaututtuka na farko na Najeriya a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2013 a [[Kalaba|Calabar]], [[Cross River|Jihar Kuros Riba]], Najeriya. <ref name="eagle">{{cite news|url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/mikel-nkwocha-win-nigeria-pitch-awards/|title=Mikel, Nkwocha win Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=The Eagle News|last=Adebowale|first=Segun|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Ekejiuba, Andrew (7 May 2015). "Nigeria Pitch Awards Gets New Date". Daily Times Nigeria. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</ref> == Bukukuwa == * '''Shekarar 2013''' &#x2013; Kyautar yabo ta Farko ta Nijeriya * '''Shekarar 2015''' &#x2013; Na Biyu Kyautar Kyautar Najeriya * '''Shekarar 2016''' {{En dash}} uku a Najeriya * '''Shekarar 2017''' {{En dash}} Kyautar yabo ta 4 a Nijeriya * '''shekarar 2018''' {{En dash}} Lambar yabo ta 5 na Najeriya == Categories == An fara kyautar tare da rukuni 16 har zuwaga Satan Maris 10shekarar , 2016 lokacin da aka kara nau'ikan 6. Wadannan su ne nau'ikan halin yanzu: == Littattafan da suka gabata == === Kyautar Farko ta Nijeriya === Bugun farko na kyaututtukan na Nijeriya an gabatar da shi ne a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2013 a Transcorp Metropolitan Hotel a Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba tare da fitattun wasanni da manyan mutane na gwamnati. ==== Gwanaye ==== * Mai tsaron raga na bana - [[Vincent Enyeama]] * Wakilin Shekara - Godfrey Oboabona * Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel Obi]] * Dan wasan gaba na shekara - [[Emmanuel Emenike]] * Kocin shekara - Stephen Keshi * Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu * Kulob na bana - [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars FC]] * Alkalin wasa na shekara - Jelili Ogunmuyiwa * Wakilin 'Yan wasa na bana - John Olatunji Shittu * Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] * Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Ade Ojeikere * Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye * Kyautar Gwarzon Kwallo - Aminu Maigari, Musa Amadu da Chris Green * Kyaututtuka na Musamman na Musamman - [[Jay-Jay Okocha]], Rafiu Ladipo, Gideon Akinsola da Paul Bassey === Lambar yabo ta 2 a Najeriya === An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan na Nijeriya karo na biyu a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2015 a [[Abuja]] bayan canjin jadawalin wanda aka shirya za a fara a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar , 2015 a [[Lagos (birni)|garin Legas]] . Bikin ya ga Vincent Enyeama, Toyin Ibitoye, Bimbo Adeola da Felix Anyansi-Agwu sun rike Gwarzon Gola na Gwarzo, Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (TV), Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (Rediyo) da kuma Manajan Gwarzon Shekara. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/185103-enyeama-oshoala-win-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html|title=Enyeama, Oshoala win at Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=15 June 2015|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-new-date/|title=Nigeria Pitch Awards Gets New Date|work=Daily Times Nigeria|last=Ekejiuba|first=Andrew|date=7 May 2015|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123120448/http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-new-date/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Gwanaye ==== * Mai tsaron raga na bana - Vincent Enyeama * Mai kare gwarzon shekara - [[Kenneth Omeruo]] * Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - [[Ogenyi Onazi]] * Dan wasan gaba na shekara - [[Ahmed Musa]] * Alkalin wasa na shekara - Ferdinand Udoh * Kulob na bana - Kano Pillars FC * Kocin shekara - Okey Emordi * Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu * Abokin Gwanin Kwallon kafa na Shekara - Liyel Imoke * Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - Jihar Legas * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Tana Aiyejina * Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye * Sarauniyar Riga - [[Asisat Oshoala]] * Sarkin Fulawa - Vincent Enyeama === Na 3 Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya === An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtuka karo na uku a Najeriya a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2016, a Otal din Goma sha bakwai a Kaduna. A wajen bikin, Assisat Oshoala da Tana Aiyejina sun ci gaba da rike lambobin yabo a matsayin Sarauniya ta Tsangayar da kuma 'Yar Jaridar Kwallon kafa ta Shekara. Bikin ya samu halartar Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Malam Nasir El-Rufai, Mai girma Ministan Matasa da Ci gaban Wasanni, Barr. Solomon Dalong, Shugaban NFF, Amaju Pinnick, Mataimakin NFF na 2, Shehu Dikko da sauran mambobin kwamitin. Akwai kuma Sir Mike Okiro, Shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Yan Sanda, Fasto Ituah Ighodalo, Manajan Abokin Hulɗa, SIAO Partners, Kunle Soname, Shugaba, Bet9ja, Kocin rikon kwarya na Super Eagles, Samson Siasia, Kyaftin ɗin Super Eagles, John Obi Mikel da dukkan mambobin kungiyar. Super Eagles da masu horarwa. ==== Gwanaye ==== * Ikechukwu Ezenwa - Gwarzon Gola shekara * Chinedu Udoji - Wakilin Shekara * Paul Onobi - Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara * Odion Ighalo - Dan wasan gaba na Shekara * Gbolahan Salami - Kyautar Rasheedi Yekini * Gbolahan Salami - MVP (Maza) a cikin NPFL * [[Ngozi Ebere]] - MVP (Mata) a Firimiya matan Nigeria * Enyimba FC - Kulob na Shekara * U-17 Golden Eaglet - Kungiyar Gwarzo * Emmanuel Amuneke - Kocin shekara * Kadiri Ikhana - Manajan Shekara * Ferdinand Udoh _ Alkalin wasa na Shekara * John Olatunji Shittu - Wakilin gwarzon dan wasa na bana * Jihar Legas _ Jiha tare da Kyakkyawan Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa * HE Nyesom Wike - Gwarzon Mai Kwallon Kafa na Shekara * Tana Aiyejina _ Jaridar Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara - Buga * Godwin Enakhena - Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –Radio * Austin Okon-Akpan _ Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –TV * Globacom _ Tallafin Gwal na Kamfanin Gwal * Guinness - Azurfa- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa * Supersport - Bronze- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa * Segun Odegbami _ Sam Okwaraji Awards * Amaju Pinnick - Kyautar Sam Okwaraji * John Obi Mikel _ Sam Okwaraji Awards * Asisat Oshoala - Sarauniyar Tushe * Odion Ighalo - Sarkin Fulawa * SHI Nasir El-Rufai - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Barr. Solomon Dalong - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Sir Mike Mbama Okiro - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Dr Mohammed Sanusi - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Samson Siasia - Gwarzon nasarar Kwallon kafa == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Official website|nigeriapitchawards.com}} [[Category:Kyaututtuka]] [[Category:Najeriya]] exybke10zgosf3prqbmnd0dxmc1b4ed 846751 846750 2026-06-04T09:25:08Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyaututtukan Nijeriya Pitch kyaututtuka''' ne da aka gabatar wa tsoffin 'yan wasan na Najeriya nada dana yanzu, masu gudanarwa da' yan jarida don girmamawa ga kuma kyakkyawan gudummawar da suka bayar ga wasnni a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-venue/|title=Nigeria Pitch Awards gets venue|work=Daily Times Nigeria|last=Ekejiuba|first=Andrew|date=10 March 2016|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311111642/http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-venue/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/03/nff-backs-3rd-nigeria-pitch-awards/|title=NFF Backs 3rd Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=[[Thisday|ThisDay Newspaper]]|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313065510/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/03/nff-backs-3rd-nigeria-pitch-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wanda kamfanin Matchmakers Consult International Limited ya fara kuma ya samu karbuwa daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya, an gudanar da bikin bada kyaututtuka na farko na Najeriya a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2013 a [[Kalaba|Calabar]], [[Cross River|Jihar Kuros Riba]], Najeriya. <ref name="eagle">{{cite news|url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/mikel-nkwocha-win-nigeria-pitch-awards/|title=Mikel, Nkwocha win Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=The Eagle News|last=Adebowale|first=Segun|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Ekejiuba, Andrew (7 May 2015). "Nigeria Pitch Awards Gets New Date". Daily Times Nigeria. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</ref><ref>Ighalo, Oshoala emerge King, Queen of Nigerian Football". DailyTimes.ng. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018.</ref> == Bukukuwa == * '''Shekarar 2013''' &#x2013; Kyautar yabo ta Farko ta Nijeriya * '''Shekarar 2015''' &#x2013; Na Biyu Kyautar Kyautar Najeriya * '''Shekarar 2016''' {{En dash}} uku a Najeriya * '''Shekarar 2017''' {{En dash}} Kyautar yabo ta 4 a Nijeriya * '''shekarar 2018''' {{En dash}} Lambar yabo ta 5 na Najeriya == Categories == An fara kyautar tare da rukuni 16 har zuwaga Satan Maris 10shekarar , 2016 lokacin da aka kara nau'ikan 6. Wadannan su ne nau'ikan halin yanzu: == Littattafan da suka gabata == === Kyautar Farko ta Nijeriya === Bugun farko na kyaututtukan na Nijeriya an gabatar da shi ne a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2013 a Transcorp Metropolitan Hotel a Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba tare da fitattun wasanni da manyan mutane na gwamnati. ==== Gwanaye ==== * Mai tsaron raga na bana - [[Vincent Enyeama]] * Wakilin Shekara - Godfrey Oboabona * Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel Obi]] * Dan wasan gaba na shekara - [[Emmanuel Emenike]] * Kocin shekara - Stephen Keshi * Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu * Kulob na bana - [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars FC]] * Alkalin wasa na shekara - Jelili Ogunmuyiwa * Wakilin 'Yan wasa na bana - John Olatunji Shittu * Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] * Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Ade Ojeikere * Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye * Kyautar Gwarzon Kwallo - Aminu Maigari, Musa Amadu da Chris Green * Kyaututtuka na Musamman na Musamman - [[Jay-Jay Okocha]], Rafiu Ladipo, Gideon Akinsola da Paul Bassey === Lambar yabo ta 2 a Najeriya === An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan na Nijeriya karo na biyu a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2015 a [[Abuja]] bayan canjin jadawalin wanda aka shirya za a fara a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar , 2015 a [[Lagos (birni)|garin Legas]] . Bikin ya ga Vincent Enyeama, Toyin Ibitoye, Bimbo Adeola da Felix Anyansi-Agwu sun rike Gwarzon Gola na Gwarzo, Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (TV), Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (Rediyo) da kuma Manajan Gwarzon Shekara. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/185103-enyeama-oshoala-win-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html|title=Enyeama, Oshoala win at Nigeria Pitch Awards|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=15 June 2015|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-new-date/|title=Nigeria Pitch Awards Gets New Date|work=Daily Times Nigeria|last=Ekejiuba|first=Andrew|date=7 May 2015|accessdate=12 March 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123120448/http://dailytimes.com.ng/nigeria-pitch-awards-gets-new-date/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Gwanaye ==== * Mai tsaron raga na bana - Vincent Enyeama * Mai kare gwarzon shekara - [[Kenneth Omeruo]] * Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara - [[Ogenyi Onazi]] * Dan wasan gaba na shekara - [[Ahmed Musa]] * Alkalin wasa na shekara - Ferdinand Udoh * Kulob na bana - Kano Pillars FC * Kocin shekara - Okey Emordi * Manajan Shekara - Felix Anyansi-Agwu * Abokin Gwanin Kwallon kafa na Shekara - Liyel Imoke * Jiha tare da Mafi Kyawun Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa - Jihar Legas * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Buga) - Tana Aiyejina * Istan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (Rediyo) - Bimbo Adeola * Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara (TV) - Toyin Ibitoye * Sarauniyar Riga - [[Asisat Oshoala]] * Sarkin Fulawa - Vincent Enyeama === Na 3 Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya === An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtuka karo na uku a Najeriya a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2016, a Otal din Goma sha bakwai a Kaduna. A wajen bikin, Assisat Oshoala da Tana Aiyejina sun ci gaba da rike lambobin yabo a matsayin Sarauniya ta Tsangayar da kuma 'Yar Jaridar Kwallon kafa ta Shekara. Bikin ya samu halartar Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Malam Nasir El-Rufai, Mai girma Ministan Matasa da Ci gaban Wasanni, Barr. Solomon Dalong, Shugaban NFF, Amaju Pinnick, Mataimakin NFF na 2, Shehu Dikko da sauran mambobin kwamitin. Akwai kuma Sir Mike Okiro, Shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Yan Sanda, Fasto Ituah Ighodalo, Manajan Abokin Hulɗa, SIAO Partners, Kunle Soname, Shugaba, Bet9ja, Kocin rikon kwarya na Super Eagles, Samson Siasia, Kyaftin ɗin Super Eagles, John Obi Mikel da dukkan mambobin kungiyar. Super Eagles da masu horarwa. ==== Gwanaye ==== * Ikechukwu Ezenwa - Gwarzon Gola shekara * Chinedu Udoji - Wakilin Shekara * Paul Onobi - Dan wasan tsakiya na Shekara * Odion Ighalo - Dan wasan gaba na Shekara * Gbolahan Salami - Kyautar Rasheedi Yekini * Gbolahan Salami - MVP (Maza) a cikin NPFL * [[Ngozi Ebere]] - MVP (Mata) a Firimiya matan Nigeria * Enyimba FC - Kulob na Shekara * U-17 Golden Eaglet - Kungiyar Gwarzo * Emmanuel Amuneke - Kocin shekara * Kadiri Ikhana - Manajan Shekara * Ferdinand Udoh _ Alkalin wasa na Shekara * John Olatunji Shittu - Wakilin gwarzon dan wasa na bana * Jihar Legas _ Jiha tare da Kyakkyawan Shirin Ci Gaban Kwallon kafa * HE Nyesom Wike - Gwarzon Mai Kwallon Kafa na Shekara * Tana Aiyejina _ Jaridar Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara - Buga * Godwin Enakhena - Dan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –Radio * Austin Okon-Akpan _ Journalan Jaridar Kwallon Kafa na Shekara –TV * Globacom _ Tallafin Gwal na Kamfanin Gwal * Guinness - Azurfa- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa * Supersport - Bronze- Mai tallafawa Kwallan kafa * Segun Odegbami _ Sam Okwaraji Awards * Amaju Pinnick - Kyautar Sam Okwaraji * John Obi Mikel _ Sam Okwaraji Awards * Asisat Oshoala - Sarauniyar Tushe * Odion Ighalo - Sarkin Fulawa * SHI Nasir El-Rufai - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Barr. Solomon Dalong - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Sir Mike Mbama Okiro - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Dr Mohammed Sanusi - Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman * Samson Siasia - Gwarzon nasarar Kwallon kafa == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Official website|nigeriapitchawards.com}} [[Category:Kyaututtuka]] [[Category:Najeriya]] pnnuaoo1rw9vm7ma0d83uxmc47s2mwl Akwamu 0 21014 846235 815958 2026-06-03T21:07:23Z Sumy IB 32481 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 846235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akwamu''' (ana kuma kiran sa Akuambo) jiha ce da mutanen Akwamu suka kafa a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu. Babban birnin Masarautar Akwamu ana kiransa Akwamufie. Bayan yin ƙaura daga jihar Bono, Akan waɗanda suka kafa Akwamu suka zauna a Twifo-Heman. Akwamu ya jagoranci daular faɗaɗa a ƙarni na 17 da 18. A lokacin daular su, Akwamu sun kirkiro al'adu masu tasiri wadanda suka ba da gudummawa ga Ghana. == Tarihin jihar Akwamu == [[File:Akwamu_State.jpg|thumb| Alamar Jiha ta Kasa]] Akwamuman ko a Turanci: ''Aasar Akwamu, al'umma'' ce ta Akan. Akwamu suna daya daga cikin tsoffin jihohin Akan tare da jihohin Fante da Akyem. A Akwamu suna ƙarƙashin sarkin of [[:en:User:Yaa_Ansaa_Royal_Family|Yaa ansaa Royal Family]] of the Aduana abusua (masu juna biyu kabila). Aduana tare da Asona sune kawai rukunin da aka ba da izinin yin auratayya tsakanin membobin dangi ɗaya tsakanin Royals.<ref>http://www.asanteman.org/akan-abusua.html</ref> SBisa ga al'adar baka, Akan ya samo asali ne daga gabashin Sahara da [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Zuwa shekara ta 750 AD, bayan jerin ƙaura zuwa yamma masarautar ta zama tsohuwar Daular Ghana ytt Daular ta kasance daga 750 AD zuwa 1200 AD kuma ta faɗi sakamakon rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, koma bayan kasuwanci da haɓakar masarautun Sosso da Mali . Kakanninsu sun tafi Kong (watau [[Ivory Coast]] ta yanzu). Daga Kong suka koma Wam, daga Wam suka koma Bono Manso, sannan suka koma Dormaa (a yankin Bono na Ghana a yanzu).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021|reason=dubious claim}} Mitsubishi daga Kong ya zama dalilin sha'awar mutane don nemo yanayin Savannah masu dacewa tunda ba'a saba dasu da rayuwar Daji ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021|reason=dubious claim}} Around 14th karni, suka koma kudu daga Dormaa gabashin to Twifo-Hemang (North West Cape Coast). Motsi ya motsa saboda kasuwanci kuma suka zauna a dajin Twifo-Heman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16. Bayan kuma sasantawa, rikicin rikici ya haifar da Otomfuo (brass-smith) Asare ya kum awatsar da dangin don kafa sabuwar birni mai suna Asaremankesee (babbar jihar Asare). Akwamus ne ya kafa garin Asamankese na zamani kuma ya mamaye shi. Fadada Akwamu ya fara ne tsakanin shekarun 1629 da 1710. Sun fadada zuwa yankin Akuapem, gami da Kyerepon da Larteh, Denkyera, Ga-Adangbe; da jihohin Ladoku na filayen Agona, Winneba da Afram. Sarki mai iko Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku I ya haɗu da Guan kuma ya karɓi yankunan gargajiya na Kyerepon. Ya mallake su har sai Asonaba Nana Ofori Kuma da mabiyansa, bayan takaddama da suka biyo baya a kokarin kafa Jiharsu, suka tsunduma su cikin mummunan yaki. An kori Akwamu daga tsaunuka. Wadannan dangin Asona da mabiyansu Guan da Kyerepon, wadanda kuma suka fara zama sun basu wani yanki, don kafa kasar Akuapem. Yawancin Akuapem na yanzu har yanzu suna da tushe daga Akwamufie, musamman waɗanda ke ɗauke da suna Addo da Akoto, waɗanda suka fito daga gidan Aduana.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=B4VgTJaVqCwC&pg=PA161&dq=Bighu+Mali&hl=en&ei=dgd6TYHhIMnbrAHDj-WNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, ''Almanac of African Peoples & Nations''], p.161</ref> A al'adar Akwamu, Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku I, shima ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Sarki Osei Tutu I na Asante ta hanyar kare shi daga Denkyera. Sunan mahaifin Osei Tutu shine Owusu Panin daga Akwamu sannan mahaifiyarsa kuma sunanta Manu Kotosi daga Kwaaman. Ta kasance 'yar'uwar Oti Akenten da Obiri Yeboah marigayi sarakunan Kwaaman. Lokacin da Manu ba ta iya haihuwa ba, dan uwanta Obiri Yeboah ya aike ta zuwa wurin bautar gumaka da ake kira Tutu a Akuapem don neman taimako. Daga baya ta yi ciki kuma ta haifi ɗa namiji (Osei Kofi) kuma ta sa masa suna bayan wurin bautar da ake kira Tutu; a lokacin Kwaaman yana karkashin Denkyera don haka lokacin da Osei yake saurayi, an tura shi yayi aiki a kotun Odeefuo Boa Amponsem, sarkin Denkyera na lokacin. Daga baya, Osei ya sami kansa cikin matsala ta hanyar yiwa 'yar'uwar sarki Akobena Bensua ciki kuma ya gudu zuwa wurin mahaifinsa a Akwamu don kariya. Lokacin da Osei ya isa Akwamu, Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku ya karbe shi kuma yayi masa kyakkyawar kulawa; kuma sun kare shi daga Denkyeras. Daga baya, Osei Tutu ya sadu da Kwame Frimpong Anokye (aka Okomfo Anokye) kuma ya zama abokinsa. Jim kaɗan bayan wannan kawun Osei, Obiri Yeboah, sarkin Kwaaman na lokacin ya mutu a yakinsu da Domaa ; kuma sakamakon haka, dole ne Osei ya zama sarki na gaba amma yana jin tsoron Denkyeras ya koma Kwaaman don haka Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku ya ware mayaƙan Akwamu 300 don yi masa jagora zuwa Kwaaman. Lokacin da sojoji suka zo Kwaman, sai suka zauna a tsakaninsu kuma daga baya suka zama 'yan asalin Asafo. Daga nan shugabannin Akwamu sun sake fasalin rundunar Asante a matsayin kwatankwacin kyakkyawan tsarin sojoji. Hakanan tare da taimakon Akwamu, sun fara jerin kamfe wanda ya kai ga kayar da Denkyera. Daga nan Asante Stool ta zama matar Akwamu Stool, alama don nuna kusancin jihohin Akan biyu. Aasar Asante daga baya ta zama Masarauta kuma har ma tana magana da ''Sarkinta'' kuma Otumfuo, wanda ya samo asali daga Akwamuman. Lokacin da Akwamu yake fuskantar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akyem ( Akyem Abuakwa, Akyem Kotoku da Akyem Bosome ), Ga, Kyerepong, da kuma Dutch, Asante sun nuna kamar basu san komai game da hakan ba kuma basu taimaki Akwamu ba wanda ya haifar musu da kayen su a shekarar 1734. Kodayake Akwamuman ya rasa yankin yamma na Daular, yayi hanzarin sake kafa kansa kuma yana sarrafa gabashin gabashin Daular. Lokacin da Asanteman yayi yaki da turawan Ingila a yakin su na uku da na hudu, Akwamu yayi kokarin taimakawa amma ya janye taimakon su, domin a shekarar 1867. Akwamu da Anlo (abokan biyu na Asante), sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya; saboda haka bisa ga yarjejeniyar, Akwamu ba zai iya ƙara yin aiki tare da Asante don yaƙar Turawan Ingila ba kuma Asante ta sha kashi. Duk da wannan Akwamus da Asantes har yanzu ƙawaye ne masu ƙarfi. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin ƙawaye, ɗayan mawuyacin yaƙi shi ne "yaƙin Krepi" a 1869 inda sojojin Peki-Ewe suka yiwa sojojin Asante da na Akwamu mummunan rauni har ta kai ga Otumfuo Kofi Karikari, sannan Asantehene ya yanke shawarar janyewa. daga yakin, don haka ya umarci Adu Bofo, janar din soja na Asante da ya yi watsi da yakin Krepi; amma Bofo ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshe, kuma daga baya ya buƙaci zinariya da yawa don mishaneri ɗin Jamus da na Dutch da aka kama. Yaƙin Krepi (Peki) ya ci gaba, tare da haɗuwar Peki daga wasu garuruwan garin Ewe kamar Ho, Kpandu da sauransu suka kayar da Asante da Akamu daga baya. Shaidun tarihi suna nuna wannan. NB: Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Peki (watau wani garin alƙarya) da Asante tare da Akamu. Landsasunan Ewe / mutanen Ewe suna faɗin ƙasar Ghana, Togo, Benin da kuma Najeriya. Yaƙin bai haifar da haɗin gwiwa na dukkan sojojin Ewe a yankin ba (watau irin su Aja, Fon, Mina, Phe Phlera da sauransu). Nana Osei Tutu Anumfuo (daga baya Adumfuo) wanda ya raka shi daga Akwamu ya taimaka a shari'un zartarwa. A cikin karni na 21, yawancin Asante sun samo asalinsu zuwa Akwamu musamman; wadannan sun hada da mutane daga Asafo da Adum, da kuma bangarorin mutane daga Bantama da Barekese, dukkan garuruwan da ke cikin babban birnin Asante babban birnin [[Kumasi]]. Bayan rasuwar Nana Ansa Sasraku, sarakuna biyu ne suka gaje shi gaba ɗaya, Nana Addo Panin da Nana Basua. A wannan lokacin ne Akwamu suka karɓi mallakin gidan sarautar Danmark da ke Christianborg a Osu, a cikin Accra ta yau. Saboda kyakkyawar dangantakar da ke tsakanin Akwamu da Asante, a lokacin faɗaɗa ƙarni na 19 na Asante, Akwamu, Anlo da Asante sun yi yaƙi a matsayin ƙawaye. A yayin bikin tunawa da ranar tunawa da Nana Kwafo Akoto II (Regent), Nana Opoku Ware Na tsallaka Kogin Pra don yin kwana biyu a Akwamufie. A lokacin da suke kan karagar mulkinsu, kasar Akwamu ta mamaye mafi yawan yankin gabashin kasar Ghana ta yanzu.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=B4VgTJaVqCwC&pg=PA161&dq=Bighu+Mali&hl=en&ei=dgd6TYHhIMnbrAHDj-WNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, ''Almanac of African Peoples & Nations''], p.161</ref> Hakanan Akwamu sun ci mutanen Ga kuma suka mamaye tsohuwar Masarautar Ga. A shekarar 1693, Asimani na Akwamu suka jagoranci wani samame suka kwace Gidan masarautar Osu daga [[Denmark|turawan]] mulkin mallaka na Denmark. Don haka Akwamu ya mallaki yawancin hanyoyin kasuwanci daga ciki zuwa bakin tekun a gabashin gabashin abin da ke yanzu Ghana kuma ya ƙirƙiri babban birni a Nyanoase. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DRc4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Adansi&hl=en&ei=E7F5TdnsEZPzrAHBxMjCBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Adansi&f=false Kwamina B. Dickson, ''A Historical Geography of Ghana''], p.23</ref> A cikin 1720s yakin basasa a cikin jihar Akwamu ya haifar da wahala mai yawa. Wadanda suka yi nasara sun sayar da yawancin kawancen Sarki a matsayin bayi kuma aka dauke su zuwa tsibirin Caribbean na St. John . A cikin 1733 suka tayar da tawayen bawa a tsibirin. <ref>Hartman, Saidiya. ''Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route''. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) pp. 91-93</ref> A shekara ta 1734 aka sami nasara akan Akwamus daga Akyem (Abuakwa, Kotoku da Bosome), Ga, Kyerepong, da sojojin Holland, kuma suka rasa rabin daular su. An tura Akwamus zuwa Akwamufie, wurin da babban birnin su yake yanzu; amma a 1869 yayin da Akwamu ke fuskantar sojojin Peki (Ewe) a yakin Krepi, Akyem, Akuapem, da sauransu sun ga wata dama ta shiga cikin rundunar Peki (Ewe) don murkushe Akwamu sau daya tak; don haka Dompre, sarkin Akyem Kotoku na lokacin ya shirya rundunonin Akuapem, Ga, da Akyem kuma suka yi daidai da Akwamu. == Jerin sarakunan jihar Akwamu == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sarakunan Akwamu ! Lokacin mulki |- | Otumfuo Agyen Kokobo (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1505-1520 |- | Otumfuo Ofosu Kwabi (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1520-1535 |- | Otumfuo Oduro (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1535–1550 |- | Otumfuo Addow (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1550-1565 |- | Otumfuo Akoto I (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1565–1580 |- | Otumfuo Asare (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1580–1595 |- | Otumfuo Akotia (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1595-1610 |- | Otumfuo Obuoko Dako (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1610-1625 |- | Ohemmaa Afrakoma (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1625-1640 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku I (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1640-1674 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku II (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1674-1689 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku III (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1689-1699 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku IV (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1699–1702 |- | Otumfuo Akonno Panyin (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1702-1725 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Kwao (Yaa Ansaa Gidan Sarauta) | 1725–1730 |- | Otumfuo Akonno Kuma (Regent) | 1730–1744 |- | Otumfuo Opoku Kuma (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1744–1747 |- | Otumfuo Darko Yaw Panyin (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1747-1781 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Panyin (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1781-1835 |- | Otumfuo Darko Yaw Kuma (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1835-1866 |- | Otumfuo Kwafo Akoto I (Yaa Botwe na Aboabo) | 1866-1882 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Ababio (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1882-1887 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Ababio II (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1887–1909 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Kwadwo (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1909–1910 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Ababio III (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1910–1917 |- | Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku V (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1917–1921 |- | Otumfuo Akoto Ababio IV (Yaa Ansaa Royal Family) | 1921–1937 |- | Kwafo Akoto II (Yaa Botwe Iyalan Aboabo) | 1937–1992 |} == Bayani == # # '''^''' # '''^''' <nowiki>http://www.asanteman.org/akan-abusua.html</nowiki> # '''^''' # ^ <sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> <sup>'''''c'''''</sup> Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, ''Almanac of African Peoples & Nations'', p.161 # '''^''' # '''^''' Kwamina B. Dickson, ''A Historical Geography of Ghana'', p.23 # '''^''' Hartman, Saidiya. ''Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route''. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) pp. 91-93 # [[Category:Tarihin Afrika]] [[Category:Bay]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iwsr996cyxw7nk9xwgj8473a7crm72d Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya 0 21044 846665 536307 2026-06-04T07:38:14Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960. Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ors9rbduzw0aaqs8bkczs8rasb1tym1 846666 846665 2026-06-04T07:39:04Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960. Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kgo6hqeo9elt0gvuhxpbimffiglxtzd 846671 846666 2026-06-04T07:42:14Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref><ref>Fundamental Principles | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960. Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e1ssezt27l2n7rgjwnpfoohn93vpbrb 846726 846671 2026-06-04T08:41:17Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref><ref>Fundamental Principles | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960.<ref>"New Chairman emerges at 9th West Coast Group Meeting". redcrossnigeria.org. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f5tiqr2nytet4j6zp9ilryy45v8uorh 846732 846726 2026-06-04T08:44:40Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref><ref>Fundamental Principles | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960.<ref>"New Chairman emerges at 9th West Coast Group Meeting". redcrossnigeria.org. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref><ref>Nigerian Red Cross Society". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lgmgryu79jjyc76bouaxn281reuy945 846737 846732 2026-06-04T08:56:03Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref><ref>Nigerian Red Cross Society". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref><ref>Fundamental Principles | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960.<ref>"New Chairman emerges at 9th West Coast Group Meeting". redcrossnigeria.org. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref><ref>Nigerian Red Cross Society". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f5ip6xf29vgfoviwur7ltwtgueduovm 846738 846737 2026-06-04T08:57:31Z Sumy IB 32481 846738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Niĝeria_Ruĝa_Kruco.png|alt=Logo of the Nigerian Red Cross|thumb| Logo na Redungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya]] Ƙungiyar '''Red Cross ta Najeriya''' ,(NRCS) an [[kafa]] ta a 1960 [[Kumasi|kuma]] tana da hedkwata a [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian Red Cross Society expands fight against COVID-19 in Nigeria with support from Coca-Cola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-red-cross-society-expands-fight-against-covid-19-in-nigeria-with-support-from-coca-cola|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>www.bbchausa.com</ref><ref>Our 7 Fundamental Principles | Nigerian Red Cross". www.redcrossnigeria.org. 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-08-01.</ref><ref>"Doctors without borders | The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law". ''guide-humanitarian-law.org''. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref><ref>Nigerian Red Cross Society". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Yana da sama da masu sa kai guda 500,000 da ma'aikata na dindindin 300. Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Nijeriya ta kafa ta Dokar Majalisar a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama memba na 86 - Ƙungiyar ofasa ta Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent (Yanzu Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Ƙungiyoyin Red Crescent ) a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611093507/https://redcrossnigeria.org/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>www.aminiya.com</ref><ref>www.freedomradio.com</ref><ref>Fundamental Principles | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref> Umurninta ya samo asali ne daga: - Dokokin Motsa Jiki - Manyan Shawarwari game da Ƙa'idojin - Ƙa'idojin RCRC da Byelaws - Yarjejeniyar Geneva da - Dokar Red Cross ta Najeriya ta shekara ta1960.<ref>"New Chairman emerges at 9th West Coast Group Meeting". redcrossnigeria.org. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref><ref>Nigerian Red Cross Society". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 2022-04-30.</ref> Ƙa'idojinta na tukawa sune mutuntaka, rashin son kai, tsaka-tsaki, 'yanci, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da gama gari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.redcrossnigeria.org Kungiyar Red Cross ta Najeriya] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kongiyo a Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pr0hgwp8ak6mroamd4flwbu72abilrp Kwanton Bauna Abagana 0 21295 846747 501133 2026-06-04T09:17:39Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Drum beaters.jpg|thumb|al adun '''Abagana''']] '''Kwanton Baunar Abagana''' (31 ga Maris, din shekarar 1968) ya kasance kwanton bauna ne daga sojojin kungiyar masu rajin kafa Biafra karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu inda suka rusa runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya. Daga cikin sojojin Najeriya 6,000 da suka yi wa kwanton bauna, kadan ne kawai suka tsira, ciki har da kwamandan runduna ta biyu, Janar [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]] . == Bayan Fage == A ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1967, runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya ta fara ruwan bama-bamai kan [[Onitsha]] kuma ta ci gaba da kai mata hari har tsawon kwanaki takwas, kafin jirgin ruwan armada 10 ya tsallaka Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] zuwa cikin gari. 'Yan Najeriya da ke mamaya ba su bi sojojin Biafran da suka dawo ba sai suka gwammace wawashewa da kona kasuwar Onitsha a kasa. Bataliyar Biyafara ta 11 da ta 18 karkashin Manjo Joseph Achuzie da Col. Assam Nsudoh kafa pincer da farmaki Onitsha daga biyu kwatance, kamawa da kuma kashe mafi sojojin Najeriya da. A watan Disamban shekarata 1967 runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya da bataliya ta 6 suka tsallaka Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] a [[Idah]] suka fara hanyarsu zuwa Onitsha, a ƙarshe suka kame garin bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Sojojin Najeriya yanzu haka sun yi niyyar hada Runduna ta daya a Enugu da ta 2 a Onitsha. A karshen wannan ne runduna ta 2 ta Nijeriya ta tashi zuwa Enugu, a cikin wata ayarin motoci masu dauke da motoci masu sulke, a ranar 31 ga Maris 1968. == Kwanton Bauna == A 31 Maris din shekarar 1968, a jerin gwanon kunshi 106 motocin na zuwa Nijeriya rumfuna ta 2 shari 6,000 sojoji, kazalika da makamai daga [[Onitsha]] zuwa [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] aka kwanton bauna da decimated a garin Abagana da wani kananan naúrar na Biafran sojoji karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu . 'Yan Biafra sun harba rokoki na gida mai suna Ogbunigwe ne a cikin wata motar dakon mai dauke da fetur wanda ya haifar da wani mummunan fashewa da ya lalata da yawa daga motocin sulke na ayarin tare da kashe adadi mai yawa na sojojin Najeriya. Sojojin Biafra sun lalata ko kuma sun kama tan 350 na kayan aikin Sojojin Najeriya. Bayan harin na roka sai sojojin Biafran suka bude wuta kan ayarin tare da kananan bindigogi suka kashe karin sojojin Najeriya da yawa. == Bayan haka == Samun nasarar kwanton baunar da aka yi a Abagana ya baiwa sojojin Biafran da farar hula fata a yakin tare da dakatar da ci gaban Najeriya na wani lokaci zuwa yankin Biyafara. Janar Murtala Muhammed ya sami sauki daga umarnin sa kuma bai sake ba da umarnin ballewa ba. A nasa kalaman, Uchendu ya ce ganin ayarin motocin ya kusan shanye sojojin nasa. Yaransa sun yi matukar damuwa don fara harbe-harbe, fiye da fargaba fiye da komai. Ya roke su da su kwantar da hankulansu har sai ya ba da umarnin. Ya bar yawancin ayarin sojojin Najeriya na 2 suka wuce. Yaransa sun yi mamakin dalilin da zai ba su izinin shiga yankin Biafra da aka kame. Sun kasance masu tsoro da shakku, duk da haka sun aminta da aikin soja kuma don haka suna jiran sanin dabarun sa. Ya ce sun gama cewa yakin ya kare, amma a matsayinsu na jarumawa sojoji, dole ne su yi fada har zuwa karshe! Yayin da yake jagorantar sojan tare da harba roket kan abin da zai yi wa ayarin da ke shigowa da kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa ya buge, sojan ba da daɗewa ba ya danna harbin, yana barin rokar. Yayi sa'a, ya buge tankar mai. Tankar ta fashe kuma ta jefa abubuwan da ke ciki a kan dako dauke da makamai kusa da wurin wanda ya cinna wuta komai, ya haifar da fashe-fashe da yawa. A cikin firgici, sojojin da tuni suka tsallaka layin Biafra sun gudu zuwa wurare daban daban cikin rudani. Sojojin Biafra sun kai hari. Sun yi magana da sojoji na yau da kullun kuma sun shiga cikin harin. Lokacin da Uchendu ya samu labarin cewa Muritala Muhammed yana tare da ayarin kuma a wani wuri a Nawfia, sai ya tashi da sauri don kamo shi amma ya makara kasancewar ana ganin Muritala yana tashi da jirgi mai saukar ungulu.<ref>Omipidan, Teslim (17 June 2021). "Abagana Ambush: How Biafran Army Killed Over 500 Nigerian Troops in One Attack". OldNaija. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</ref> == Bayanan kula ==   # '''^''' Though John de St. Jorre mentions Colonel Joseph Achuzie as commander of the operation, Major-General Alexander Madiebo (General Officer Commanding the Biafran Army) credits Major Uchendu. Chinua Achebe and others also credit Uchendu. From all indications, Achuzie was the commanding officer of Uchendu`s division and strategically planned the operation, while Uchendu led the actual ambush. # '''^''' International journalists present in Biafra at the time like Frederick Forsyth, Gilles Caron and other authors give the strength of the ambushed Nigerian troops as 6000 men supported by armor, of which almost all were lost. Chinua Achebe gives the much lower figure of about 500 Nigerian troops. All sources state that the convoy was about 100 vehicles long including troop transport, ammunition transport, tankers and armored cars. # == Manazarta == # de St. Jorre, John (2012). The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571287376. # Oyewẹsọ, Syan (1992). The post-Gowon Nigerian accounts of the Civil War, 1975 - 1990: a preliminary review. Africa Peace Research Institute, Lagos. p. 17. # Achebe, Chinua (2012). There was a country. Penguin. ISBN 9780141973678. # Osuji, Steve (23 October 2012). "'There was a country': Ogbunigwe, Abagana ambush; Achebe, Okigbo and Ifeajuna". The Nation Online. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. # Forsyth, Frederick (1971). The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend. ISBN 1848846061. # Caron, Gilles (1968). La Mort du Biafra: Photographies du Gilles Caron. Presentation de F. de Bonneville, Paris Solar. # Baxter, Peter (2014). Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion & Co Ltd. pp. 31–50. ISBN 9781909982369. # Alabi-Isama, Godwin. The Tragedy of Victory: On-the-spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan. ISBN 9789789260393. # Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana (2ème éd. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780195170559. # Nwadike, Jerome (2010). A BIAFRAN SOLDIER’S SURVIVAL FROM THE JAWS OF DEATH: NIGERIAN – BIAFRAN CIVIL WAR. p. 57. ISBN 9781453513811 [[Category:Rikici]] [[Category:Afirka]] [[Category:Najeriya]] 2zrt3kr40xnw730f361k81dmvjukxl3 Sulluɓawa 0 21303 846589 791841 2026-06-04T05:40:09Z Nura Bello 24854 846589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sulluɓawa''' [[Fulani|dangin Fulani]] ne a [[Arewacin Najeriya]], su ne gidajen da ke mulki yanzu haka. [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Ringim]] da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina, ku]]<nowiki/>ma ɗaya daga cikin Gidaje huɗu masu mulkin [[Zazzau|masarautar Zazzau]]. Ana kuma samun su a [[Kano (jiha)|jihohin Kano]], [[Jigawa]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] da [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. An ce sun samo asali ne daga Futa Toro, a cikin ƙasar [[Senegal]] ta yanzu, kuma suna da alaƙa da Torodbe (Toronkawa), Sulluɓawa sun samo asali ne daga Sissilo mijin Cippowo ƙanwar Uthman Toroddo kakan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] saboda haka ake ganin su a matsayinsu na 'yan uwan Toronkawa,da farko suna cikin ƙungiyar Wangarawa, suna da alaƙa da Mandigo a cikin asalinsu kuma suna da dangantaka da Mandika, mandika' ya'yan Masarautar [[Mali]] ne, Sullubawa ya yi magana da Wakore kafin su tsunduma cikin ƙungiyar [[Fulani]].rasa asalin yarensu da kuma amfani da yaren Fulatanci. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a Jihadin Fulani wanda [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranta]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifanci na Sakkwato]].Sulluɓawa ya zama "wadanda ke cin gajiyar duk muƙaman mulki a duk in ban da ƙasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] daya". A cikin ƙarni na 19, Sullubawa ya mallaki yawancin masarautar Masarautar [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]]. Dangin ya ci gajiyar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da mulkin kai tsaye wanda ya ga tasirinsu ya karu.Daga baya dangin Sullubawa suka sami muƙamin bayan faɗuwar jamhuriya ta farko ; tare da ɗaya daga cikinsu [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Origin of the Sullubawa|url=https://www.kanoemirate.org/new/pdfs/Origin_of_Sullubawa.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Ejiogu2011">{{cite book|last=Ejiogu|first=E. C.|title=The roots of political instability in Nigeria: political evolution and development in the Niger Basin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYAVGA2P_p8C&pg=PA91|access-date=1 November 2011|date=1 February 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7987-5|page=91}}</ref><ref name="CrowderIkime19703">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml2OAAAAMAAJ|title=West African chiefs: their changing status under colonial rule and independence|last1=Crowder|first1=Michael|last2=Ikime|first2=Obaro|publisher=University of Ife. Institute of African Studies, Africana Publishing Co|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8419-0046-2|pages=173–6|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Keita2002">{{cite book|last=Keita|first=Maghan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sd4gnqTZ8IUC&pg=PA13|title=Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African historical identity|publisher=BRILL|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12420-2|page=13|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=African Experience: Volume One|publisher=Northwestern University|year=1969|pages=Evanston, Illinois, 60201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Umar Mani|first=Sani Ibrahim|title=Salsala da Rassan Zuriyar Sullubawan Gidan Sarkin Tafarki Muhammadu Dahiru na Katsina|publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited|year=2012|isbn=978-125-286-3|location=Zaria, Nigeria|pages=412}}</ref>. == Sanannun Sullubawa == * [[Ibrahim Dabo]] - [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] (a shekara ta 1819 zuwa shekarar 46) * Sarkin Zazzau Abdulsalam - Sarkin Zazzau (a shekara ta 1853 zuwa shekarar 1863) * [[Muhammadu Dikko]] - [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman|Sarkin Katsina]] (a shekara ta 1906 zuwa 44) * [[Usman Nagogo]] - Sarkin Katsina (a shekara ta 1944 har zuwa 81) * [[Muhammadu Sanusi I]] - Sarkin Kano (a shekara ta 1953 zuwa shekarar 1963) * [[Ado Bayero]] - Sarkin Kano (a shekara ta 1963 zuwa shekarar 2014) * [[Musa Yar'Adua]] - [[Gwamnan Legas|Ministan Harkokin Legas]] (Jamhuriya ta Farko) da Matawalle na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] * [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]] - Shugaban hafsan soji (a shekara ta 1966 zuwa 67), da kuma Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya (a shekara ta 1966 zuwa 67) * [[Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu]] - Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda (a shekara ta 1975 zuwa shekarar 1979) * Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman- Sarkin [[Ringim]], [[Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa]] * [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar'adua]] - Shugaban Ma’aikata, Hedikwatar Koli (a shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekarar 1979) * [[Mohammed Bello (alkali)|Mohammed Bello]] - Babban Jojin Najeriya (a shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekarar 1995) * [[Sanusi Ado Bayero]] - Chiroma na [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Kano]] (a shekara ta 1990 zuwa shekarar 2015), [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya|Manajan Daraktan Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya]] (a shekarar 2015) da Wamban na [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Kano]] (a shekara ta 2020 har zuwa yau) * Tijjani Hashim - Galadima na [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Kano]] (a shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekarar 2014) *[[Shitu Dikko|Dan Galadiman Wazirin Zazzau]] - [[District Head |District Head of Gabasawa]] [[Kaduna North Local Government Area, Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria]] * [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] - [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|Gwamnan jihar Katsina]] (a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekarar 2007), [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] (a shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekarar 2010), da Matawalle na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]]. * [[Abdullahi Dikko]] - [[Nigerian Customs Service|Kwanturola-Janar na Kwastam]] (a shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekarar 2015) * [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi II]] - [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (a shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekarar 2014), da Sarkin Kano (a shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekarar 2020) * [[Hadiza Bala Usman]] - Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya (a shekarar 2016 har zuwa yau ) * [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] - Sarkin Kano (a shekarar 2020 har zuwa yau ) [[Category:Kano]] [[Category:Kano (jiha)]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] == Sulluɓawa == * [[Ibrahim Dabo]] - Sarkin Kano (1819-46) * [[Sarkin Zazzau]] Abdulsalam - Sarkin Zazzau (1853-1863) * [[Muhammadu Dikko]] - [[Tarihin Katsina|Sarkin Katsina]] (1906-44) * [[Usman Nagogo]] - Sarkin Katsina (1944-81) * [[Muhammadu Sanusi I]] - Sarkin Kano (1953-1963) * [[Ado Bayero]] - Sarkin Kano (1963-2014) * [[Musa Yar'Adua]] - [[Gwamnan Legas|Ministan Harkokin Legas]] ([[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko|Jamhuriyar Farko]]) da Matawalle na [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] * [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]] - Shugaban Sojoji (1966-67), kuma [[Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya]] (1966-67) * [[Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu]] - [[Sufeto Janar na Ƴan Sandan (Najeriya)|Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda]] (1975-1979) * Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman- Sarkin [[Ringim]], [[Jihar Jigawa]] * [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] - [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Shugaban Ma'aikata, Babban Hedikwatar]] (1976-1979) * [[Mohammed Bello (alkali)|Mohammed Bello]] - [[Shugaban Alƙalan Alƙalai na Najeriya|Babban Alkalin Najeriya]] (1987-1995) * [[Sanusi Ado Bayero]] - [[Kano Emirate Council|Kano]]" Chiroma na Kano (1990-2015), Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (2015) da [[Taran Kano|Wamban]] Kano (2020 zuwa yanzu) * Tijjani Hashim - [[Kano Emirate Council|Kano]]" Galadima na Kano (1993-2014) * [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] - [[Katsina Emirate|Katsina]]Gwamnan Jihar Katsina (1999-2007), [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] (2007-2010), Kuma Matawalle na Katsina. * [[Abdullahi Dikko]] - Babban Mai Kula da hukumar Kwastam (2009-2015) * Muhammadu Sanusi II - [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (2009-2014), da kuma Sarkin Kano [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin sarakuna na Kano]] * [[Shitu Dikko|Dan Galadiman Wazirin Zazzau]] - [[District Head|Shugaban Gundumar Gabasawa]] Kaduna Yankin Karamar Hukumar Arewa, Kaduna Metropolis, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya[[Kaduna North Local Government Area, Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria|Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kaduna ta Arewa, Kaduna Metropolis, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya]] * [[Hadiza Bala Usman]] - Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (2016-2021) * [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] - Sarkin Kano (2020-2024) * [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] - gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu * Tukur Abdulkadir Sulaiman - Daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya 2% mafi tasiri a duniya (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024). * Aliyu Isa Aliyu - Daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya 2% mafi tasiri a duniya (2021, 2022). * Ahmad lawal Saulawa- [[Injiniyan kwamfuta|Injiniyan Kwamfuta]] == Manazarta == 55wrrgc6rn18uqgvzrh1u30hptjb15i Kogin Densu 0 21717 846022 815045 2026-06-03T13:27:24Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Densu''' Babban kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 116km a kasar [[Ghana]] wanda ke hawa a cikin [[Gandun Dajin Jigon Atewa|Jigon Atewa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|title=Protecting Atewa Forest|date=2015-07-13|website=Ghana {{!}} A Rocha|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518151057/https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tana gudana ne ta wani yanki mai matukar muhimmanci a fannin noma, yana ba da rabin ruwan sha zuwa babban birnin [[Ghana]] na [[Accra]], kuma ya ƙare zuwa wani yanki mai muhimman muhalli<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/wetlands|title=Wetlands {{!}} Habitats {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> a gefen Tekun Atlantika.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Ghana: Rivers and Lakes]</ref> Dam din Densuano<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/|title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net|website=www.africalocal.net|access-date=2019-05-18}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da na [[Dam din Weija|Weija]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm|last=Welsing|first=Kobina|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> suna kan Kogin Densu. == Basin na Densu == [[File:Densuano_Waterworks_pumping_station_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Densuano_Waterworks_pumping_station_2.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px|Tashar ruwan famfo ta Densuano ta samar da ruwa]] Yawan jama'ar Basin din kusan mutane 240 ne a kowace murabba'in kilomita.<ref name="wrc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|title=River Basin Activities|publisher=Water Resources Commission of Ghana|accessdate=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|archive-date=2008-11-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == * Wani mawaƙi ɗan ƙasar Ghana Kojo Antwi ya sanya wa faifan sautin sa na biyu, wanda aka fitar a 2002, bayan kogin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/densu/id301615532|title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music|website=iTunes|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> * Osibisa, kungiyar mawaka ta Afrobeat, ta yi waka mai taken Densu, inda ta yi bayani game da nau'ikan kifaye da kuma wakar da masuntan yankin ke rerawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw|title=Densu by Osibisa|website=YouTube|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> == Barazana == Wani sashe na Kogin Densu ya zama wurin zubar da shara daga wasu mazauna yankin, banda zubar da shara wanda ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa, manoma suma suna noma kusa da kogin, a can akwai wasu ayyuka kamar cin nasarar yashi da ayyukan fasa dutse a kusa kogin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/165424/River-Densu-chokes-on-dumped-refuse|title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse|website=BusinessGhana|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html|title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee|website=www.graphic.com.gh|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana-net.com/densu-delta-ramsar-site.html|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site|website=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22|archive-date=2019-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609075204/http://ghana-net.com/densu-delta-ramsar-site.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == ljaskduelmjefx940u35d17bstrpgwm Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 846301 845542 2026-06-03T21:28:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 846301 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Agpigeon|Agpigeon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Agpigeon|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Antiaichecker|Antiaichecker]] |[[Special:Contributions/Antiaichecker|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:NonSoCheNickMettere|NonSoCheNickMettere]] |[[Special:Contributions/NonSoCheNickMettere|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Aniyahol|Aniyahol]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aniyahol|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:B.beibit87|B.beibit87]] |[[Special:Contributions/B.beibit87|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 31 ga Mayu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Screamers Pod|Screamers Pod]] |[[Special:Contributions/Screamers Pod|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 1 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Normalzebr|Normalzebr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Normalzebr|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 1 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 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|[[User:Dan yarabawa|Dan yarabawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dan yarabawa|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Zinnia Glean|Zinnia Glean]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zinnia Glean|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Abdulrashid12|Abdulrashid12]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulrashid12|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |45 |[[User:سید محمد صادق بشارت|سید محمد صادق بشارت]] |[[Special:Contributions/سید محمد صادق بشارت|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Thegreatfraudster|Thegreatfraudster]] |[[Special:Contributions/Thegreatfraudster|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Magcover|Magcover]] |[[Special:Contributions/Magcover|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Ілля Касакоў|Ілля Касакоў]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ілля Касакоў|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Մանե Նարգիզյան|Մանե Նարգիզյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Մանե Նարգիզյան|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |50 |[[User:AbuSidiqIII|AbuSidiqIII]] |[[Special:Contributions/AbuSidiqIII|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Anashanytaha6|Anashanytaha6]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anashanytaha6|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Sale Rafiot|Sale Rafiot]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sale Rafiot|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Khalid wasiiuu|Khalid wasiiuu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Khalid wasiiuu|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Bnkmt3000|Bnkmt3000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bnkmt3000|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Sebastian4610|Sebastian4610]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sebastian4610|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |56 |[[User:SophieAnneMarie|SophieAnneMarie]] |[[Special:Contributions/SophieAnneMarie|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Adini Anna|Adini Anna]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adini Anna|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |58 |[[User:BeeboMan|BeeboMan]] |[[Special:Contributions/BeeboMan|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |59 |[[User:CarterDillard|CarterDillard]] |[[Special:Contributions/CarterDillard|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 2 ga Yuni 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Eletuo|Eletuo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Eletuo|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Sayaanakmalaysia92|Sayaanakmalaysia92]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sayaanakmalaysia92|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |62 |[[User:FOAM543678|FOAM543678]] |[[Special:Contributions/FOAM543678|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |63 |[[User:InlineCitations|InlineCitations]] |[[Special:Contributions/InlineCitations|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |64 |[[User:约翰的便利店|约翰的便利店]] |[[Special:Contributions/约翰的便利店|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Takechan-2025|Takechan-2025]] |[[Special:Contributions/Takechan-2025|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Eeso1980|Eeso1980]] |[[Special:Contributions/Eeso1980|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Auwahusaini|Auwahusaini]] |[[Special:Contributions/Auwahusaini|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Mahithasuresh1|Mahithasuresh1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mahithasuresh1|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Thegeneralsir001|Thegeneralsir001]] |[[Special:Contributions/Thegeneralsir001|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |70 |[[User:ZullySalami|ZullySalami]] |[[Special:Contributions/ZullySalami|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Tayeb2025|Tayeb2025]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tayeb2025|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Dac3uk|Dac3uk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dac3uk|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Gately-W|Gately-W]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gately-W|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |74 |[[User:ATMXLAWA|ATMXLAWA]] |[[Special:Contributions/ATMXLAWA|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Yusuf kabir1122|Yusuf kabir1122]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yusuf kabir1122|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Gurbin Bore|Gurbin Bore]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gurbin Bore|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Fammad|Fammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fammad|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Anasharuna96|Anasharuna96]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anasharuna96|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Devammar2|Devammar2]] |[[Special:Contributions/Devammar2|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |80 |[[User:B khaleed|B khaleed]] |[[Special:Contributions/B khaleed|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Aabba1589|Aabba1589]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aabba1589|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Bashir0111|Bashir0111]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bashir0111|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Zaharaddeen123|Zaharaddeen123]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zaharaddeen123|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Ntdstg|Ntdstg]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ntdstg|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Peternyam|Peternyam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Peternyam|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |86 |[[User:Bennorey|Bennorey]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bennorey|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Rabsy64|Rabsy64]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rabsy64|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Yassin Zahran 3615|Yassin Zahran 3615]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yassin Zahran 3615|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Muayad Ameen|Muayad Ameen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muayad Ameen|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Abualbani|Abualbani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abualbani|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 3 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} e20abusfvjrm1nwor8inorwrauzy51z Salim 0 24090 846781 431959 2026-06-04T10:50:28Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310785066|Salim]]" 846781 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Salim''', Saleem ko '''Selim''' na iya zama.   == Mutane == * Salim (sunan) , ko Saleem ko Salem ko Selim, sunan asalin Larabci Salim (mawaki) (1800-1866), mawaki na Kurdawa Saleem (mai wasan kwaikwayo), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Musulmi ɗan Falasdinu-Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, DJ, da mai rawa Selim I (1470-1520), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1512-1520 Selim II (1524-1574), sultan na Ottoman ya mulki 1566-1574 Selim III (1761-1808), sultan Ottom ya yi mulki 1789-1807 Sultan Salim, sunan haihuwar haihuwar haifaffen ** Salim (mai waka) (1800-1866), mawaki na Kurdawa ** Saleem (marubucin wasan kwaikwayo) , marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Musulmi ɗan Falasdinawa-Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, DJ, da kuma mai rawa ** Selim I (1470-1520), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1512-1520 ** Selim II (1524-1574), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1566-1574 ** Selim III (1761-1808), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1789-1807 ** Salim, sunan haihuwar Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569-1627) * Mutanen Selim, kabilun Sudan == Hotuna na almara == * Selim Bradley, a cikin Fullmetal Alchemista cikin Fullmetal Alchemist<nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Masanin kimiyyar ƙarfe</i></nowiki> * Pasha Selim, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Mozart ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'' * Saleem Sinai, a cikin Midnight's Children''Yaran Tsakar dare'' * Salim Othman, a cikin ''Gidan Ashes'' * Salim, a cikin fim din Indiya na 1999 <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">Sarfarosh</i></nowiki>, wanda Mukesh Rishi ya nuna == Wuraren da aka yi == * Salim, Iran (disambiguation) * Salem, Ma'ale Iron, ko Salim, Isra'ila * Selim, Yenipazar, Turkiyya * Selim, Kars, Turkiyya Gundumar Selim, Turkiyya Tashar jirgin kasa ta Selim ** Gundumar Selim, Turkiyya ** Tashar jirgin kasa ta Selim * Salim, Nablus, Yammacin Kogin == Sauran amfani == * <nowiki><i id="mwQw">Salim</i></nowiki> (fim) , fim mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil na Indiya na 2014 * Saleem (fim) , fim din Indiya na harshen Telugu na 2009 * Selim (doki) (1802-1825), doki mai tsere na ƙarni na 19 * Salim Group, ƙungiyar Indonesiya * Salim (Thai slang) , wani harshe na siyasa a cikin Thai * Shalim, ko Salim, allahn Kan'ana * [[Girbi of Selim|Girbi na Selim]], kayan yaji na Afirka == Dubi kuma == * All pages with titles containing Salim * All pages with titles containing Saleem * All pages with titles containing Selim * Ænon kusa da Salim, wurin da aka ambata a cikin Linjilar Yahaya * Salaam (disambiguation) * Salem (disambiguation) ** Salem (sunan) * Salimi (disambiguation) * Slim (sunan) * Š-L-M, tushen triconsonantal na kalmomin Semitic da yawa f0ckvmleyivdqpen9xssovnvbvz5st6 846782 846781 2026-06-04T10:50:45Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Salim''', Saleem ko '''Selim''' na iya zama.   == Mutane == * Salim (sunan) , ko Saleem ko Salem ko Selim, sunan asalin Larabci Salim (mawaki) (1800-1866), mawaki na Kurdawa Saleem (mai wasan kwaikwayo), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Musulmi ɗan Falasdinu-Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, DJ, da mai rawa Selim I (1470-1520), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1512-1520 Selim II (1524-1574), sultan na Ottoman ya mulki 1566-1574 Selim III (1761-1808), sultan Ottom ya yi mulki 1789-1807 Sultan Salim, sunan haihuwar haihuwar haifaffen ** Salim (mai waka) (1800-1866), mawaki na Kurdawa ** Saleem (marubucin wasan kwaikwayo) , marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Musulmi ɗan Falasdinawa-Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, DJ, da kuma mai rawa ** Selim I (1470-1520), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1512-1520 ** Selim II (1524-1574), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1566-1574 ** Selim III (1761-1808), sultan Ottoman ya yi mulki 1789-1807 ** Salim, sunan haihuwar Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569-1627) * Mutanen Selim, kabilun Sudan == Hotuna na almara == * Selim Bradley, a cikin Fullmetal Alchemista cikin Fullmetal Alchemist<nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Masanin kimiyyar ƙarfe</i></nowiki> * Pasha Selim, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Mozart ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'' * Saleem Sinai, a cikin Midnight's Children''Yaran Tsakar dare'' * Salim Othman, a cikin ''Gidan Ashes'' * Salim, a cikin fim din Indiya na 1999 <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">Sarfarosh</i></nowiki>, wanda Mukesh Rishi ya nuna == Wuraren da aka yi == * Salim, Iran (disambiguation) * Salem, Ma'ale Iron, ko Salim, Isra'ila * Selim, Yenipazar, Turkiyya * Selim, Kars, Turkiyya Gundumar Selim, Turkiyya Tashar jirgin kasa ta Selim ** Gundumar Selim, Turkiyya ** Tashar jirgin kasa ta Selim * Salim, Nablus, Yammacin Kogin == Sauran amfani == * <nowiki><i id="mwQw">Salim</i></nowiki> (fim) , fim mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil na Indiya na 2014 * Saleem (fim) , fim din Indiya na harshen Telugu na 2009 * Selim (doki) (1802-1825), doki mai tsere na ƙarni na 19 * Salim Group, ƙungiyar Indonesiya * Salim (Thai slang) , wani harshe na siyasa a cikin Thai * Shalim, ko Salim, allahn Kan'ana * [[Girbi of Selim|Girbi na Selim]], kayan yaji na Afirka == Dubi kuma == * All pages with titles containing Salim * All pages with titles containing Saleem * All pages with titles containing Selim * Ænon kusa da Salim, wurin da aka ambata a cikin Linjilar Yahaya * Salaam (disambiguation) * Salem (disambiguation) ** Salem (sunan) * Salimi (disambiguation) * Slim (sunan) * Š-L-M, tushen triconsonantal na kalmomin Semitic da yawa swgerfeo9wmih6daf1pym1sm693t2sy Victor Kodei 0 25026 846243 446556 2026-06-03T21:09:29Z Sumy IB 32481 846243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Kodei''' (an haife shi 11 Nuwamba, 1965) ɗan kokawa ne na Najeriya. Ya yi gasa a wasannin bazara na 1988, wasannin bazara na 1996 da wasannin bazara na 2000.{{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category: Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category: Haifaffun 1965]] habx8ltufv5h1fhp4w343iy8b2fhy4k Safi Faye 0 25583 846024 518970 2026-06-03T13:31:55Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Safi_Faye.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Safi Faye]] [[Fayil:Safi Faye.jpg|thumb|safi faye]] [[Fayil:Safi Faye.jpg|thumb|safi faye]] '''Safi Faye''' (An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan [[Nuwamba]], a shekarar 1943) [[Darakta|darektan fina]] [[Senegal|-finan Senegal]] ne kuma masani kan al'adu . <ref name="JP1">Petrolle, p. 177.</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko daga yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar [[Afirka]] da ta jagoranci fim ɗin da aka rarraba ta kasuwanci, ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda aka saki a 1975. Ta ba da umarnin fina -finai da fina -finai da yawa da suka mai da hankali kan rayuwar karkara a [[Senegal]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Safi Faye a 1943 a [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], ga dangin Serer mai kishin addini. <ref name="JP1">Petrolle, p. 177.</ref> Iyayenta, Fayes, sun fito ne daga Fad'jal, wani ƙauye a kudu da Dakar. <ref name="GAF1">Foster, p. 130.</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Al'ada a Rufisque kuma ta karɓi takardar shedar koyarwa a 1962 ko 1963, ta fara koyarwa a Dakar Senegal. <ref name="GAF1" /> A cikin 1966 ta je bikin Dakar na Negro Arts kuma ta sadu da ɗan asalin Faransa kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch . Ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi amfani da yin fim a matsayin kayan aikin ƙabilanci. <ref name="FP" /> Tana da rawar taka rawa a fim dinsa na 1971 ''Petit à petit'' . <ref name="NFU1">Ukadike, p. 29.</ref> Faye ta ce ba ta son fim ɗin Rouch amma yin aiki tare da shi ya ba ta damar koyan yin fim da cinéma-vérité . <ref name="LS1">Spaas, p. 185.</ref> A cikin 1970s ta yi nazarin ilimin ɗabi'a a École pratique des hautes études sannan a Makarantar Fim ta Lumière . <ref name="GAF1">Foster, p. 130.</ref> <ref name="NFU1" /> Ta tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin abin koyi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma a cikin tasirin sauti na fim. <ref name="GAF1" /> A shekara ta 1979, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Jami'ar Paris . <ref name="JP1">Petrolle, p. 177.</ref> Daga 1979 zuwa 1980, Faye ya yi nazarin samar da bidiyo a [[Berlin]] kuma ya kasance baƙo malami a Jami'ar Kyauta ta Berlin . <ref name="NS">Schmidt, p. 286.</ref> Ta sami ƙarin digiri a cikin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Sorbonne a 1988. <ref name="JP1" /> === Aikin fim === Faye tayi fim ɗin farko, wanda ita ma ta shirya fim, gajere ne na 1972 mai suna ''La Passante'' (''The Passerby)'', wanda aka zana daga abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayin mace baƙi a Paris. <ref name="JP1">Petrolle, p. 177.</ref> <ref>Schmidt, p. 287.</ref> Yana bin wata mata (Faye) tana tafiya akan titi tana lura da halayen maza kusa. <ref name="LS1">Spaas, p. 185.</ref> Faye fim ɗin farko na fim ɗin shi ne ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda ke nufin ''Muryar Manoma'' a Wolof kuma an san shi a duk duniya a matsayin ''Harafi daga Ƙauye na'' ko ''Labari daga Kauye na'' . <ref name="LS1" /> Ta sami tallafin kudi ga ''Kaddu Beykat'' daga Ma'aikatar Hadin Kan Faransa. <ref name="GAF1">Foster, p. 130.</ref> An sake shi a 1975, shine fim ɗin farko da wata mace 'yar Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta shirya don rarraba ta ta kasuwanci kuma ta sami karɓuwa a duniya ga Faye. <ref name="LS1" /> <ref name="NFU2">Ukadike, p. 30.</ref> A kan sakinsa an haramta shi a Senegal. A cikin 1976 ya ci lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI daga Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Fina -Finan Duniya (daura da ''Chhatrabhang'' ) da lambar yabo ta OCIC. Fim ɗin shirin fim na 1983 ''Selbé: Daya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa ya'' biyo bayan wata mace mai shekaru 39 da ake kira Sélbe wacce ke aiki don tallafa wa 'ya'yanta takwas tunda mijinta ya bar ƙauyensu don neman aiki. <ref>Thackway, p. 153.</ref> Selbé yana tattaunawa akai-akai tare da Faye, wacce ba ta kan allo, kuma tana bayanin alakarta da mijinta da rayuwar yau da kullun a ƙauyen. <ref>Thackway, p. 154.</ref> An fi sanin fina-finan Faye a [[Turai]] fiye da Afirka ta asali, inda ba kasafai ake nuna su ba. <ref name="NS">Schmidt, p. 286.</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Faye, wanda ke zaune a Paris, auren ta ya mutu kuma tana da 'ya mace guda. == Finafinai == * 1972: ''La Passante'' ( ''Mai'' wucewa) * 1975: ''Kaddu Beykat'' ( ''Harafi daga Kauyana'' ) * 1979: ''Fad'jal'' ( ''Ku zo ku yi aiki'' ) * 1979: ''Goob na nu'' ( ''Girbi yana cikin'' ) * 1980: ''Man Sa Yay'' ( ''Ni, Mahaifiyarka'' ) * 1981: ''Les âmes au soleil'' ( ''Rayuka a ƙarƙashin Rana'' ) * 1983: ''Selbe: Amongaya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa'' (ko ''Selbe da Sauransu da yawa'' ) * 1983: ''3 zuwa 5 mois'' ( ''Shekaru uku da watanni biyar'' ) * 1985: Masu ''wariyar launin fata'' ( ''Black Roots'' ) * 1985: ''Elsie Haas, mace mai launi da cinéaste d'Haiti'' ( ''Elsie Haas, Haitian Woman Painter and Filmmaker'' ) * 1989: ''Tesito'' * 1996: ''Mossane'' == Nassoshi == [[Category:Fim]] [[Category:Mata yan fim]] [[Category:Mutanen Senegal]] c7bqk9m0yt2j9ndremeymm5s398qqml Sinima a Najeriya 0 25587 846029 846010 2026-06-03T13:35:13Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta. * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} amae5moi1m6pro4lmg7ju9kyuqscvx8 846031 846029 2026-06-03T13:36:05Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta. * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} f38rezg35o7j6czghbd23gnuxe23qtl 846033 846031 2026-06-03T13:37:33Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su".<ref>Onikeku, Qudus (January 2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of …. Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta. * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} f2yzizodw5px5h01xh3tg2vf2rkve6a 846035 846033 2026-06-03T13:38:34Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su".<ref>Onikeku, Qudus (January 2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of …. Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta.<ref>"Facts About Nigerian Movies and History". Total Facts about Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</ref> * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} a5u7w4a7lsk4x0ldm0bd4wn79lw62b7 846037 846035 2026-06-03T13:39:39Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su".<ref>Onikeku, Qudus (January 2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of …. Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref><ref>Onuzulike, Uchenna (2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". Nollywood Journal. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.</ref> Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta.<ref>"Facts About Nigerian Movies and History". Total Facts about Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</ref> * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} 8xh6nze7djl375tklshp2seulscqsrv 846041 846037 2026-06-03T13:41:11Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su".<ref>Onikeku, Qudus (January 2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of …. Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref><ref>Onuzulike, Uchenna (2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". Nollywood Journal. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.</ref> Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka far<ref>"Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa". The Economist. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref>u == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta.<ref>"Facts About Nigerian Movies and History". Total Facts about Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</ref> * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} n0j49iobnwuforda0fabuhr7ruqj4y5 846043 846041 2026-06-03T13:42:22Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Hafsat_Ahmad_Idris.jpg |thumb|Hafsat Idris jarumar fim ɗin Hausa, a Masana'antar fim ta Kannywood da ke a arewacin Najeriya]] [[File:Nadineibrahim.jpg |thumb|Nadine Ibrahim, daraktar fim a kasar]] [[File:Silverbird_cinema_building,_Lagos.jpeg|thumb| Cinemas na Silverbird Galleria, a Legas]] '''Sinima a Najeriya [[Najeriya]]''', wanda galibi ake kiransa '''Nollywood''', ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana.<ref>Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954,<ref>"PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin ''Fina - finan'' Najeriya shine Fincho (1957) na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon.<ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Dokar Indigenization]]'', wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. <ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, ''Papa Ajasco'' (1984) na [[Wale Adenuga]] ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, ''Mosebolatan'' (1985) na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.<ref>"Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref> Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s,<ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.</ref> wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ''Rayuwa a daure'' (1992); masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai.<ref>"History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014</ref> Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa [[Karibiyan]] da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da ''The Figurine'' (2009) da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu. == Tarihi == Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi.<ref>"X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903.<ref>Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref><ref>Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, ''Balboa da Kamfanin'' [[Ispaniya]] don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. <ref name="autogenerated7" />. Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu [[Afirka ta Yamma|ƙasashen Afirka ta]] Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da ''aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na [[Abeokuta]]'' zuwa Ingila. === Lokacin mulkin mallaka (ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) === Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine ''Palaver'' na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a ''Palaver'' sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihohin Bauchi]] da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya a yau]], kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. <ref name="Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima" /> <ref name="Colonial Film" /> Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine ''Sanders na Kogin'' 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da ''The Man from Morocco'' (1945), ''Men of Two Worlds'' (1946) da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin [[Lagos Mainland|Babban yankin Legas]] da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da [[Oshodi-Isolo|Oshodi]] . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini. Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas mai]] tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su. A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref name="autogenerated6" />. === Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980) === Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. <ref>. [http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html ''New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan'' (2006). ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916171023/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/events/akininterview.html |date=2006-09-16 }}</ref>. A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban ''[[Yakubu Gowon|Ƙasa]]'' [[Yakubu Gowon|na lokacin Yakubu Gowon]] ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida. An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar [[Naira]], rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999. === Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida (ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) === Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen [[Talabijin]] suka bunƙasa. ''Mugun Haɗuwa da'' Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da ''Tashin Hankali'', ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne ''Soso Meji na'' 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya ''Ekun'' (1989) a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa ''rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure'' (1992) ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake ''Rayuwa a daure'' ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin ''Rayuwa a Daure'' . Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. A cewar ƙungiyar ''masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya'', kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion). A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " ''Alaba cartel'' ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya. === Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu) === Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. <ref name="Adelakun, Abimbola" />. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin ''yaren Yarabawa Irapada'' (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 ''The Figurine galibi'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ ''Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya'' ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan ''fina -finai na'' Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce ''The Figurine'' ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta ''Rabin Yellow Sun'' (2013). Zuwa shekarar 2016, ''The Wedding Party'', fim ne na [[Kemi Adetiba]] . A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Indiya]] . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan ($750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida, mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya. == Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana == Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, ''Venus Films'', wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, [[Nadia Buari]] da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga [[Los-Angeles]] zuwa birane kamar [[Toronto]] da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ ''Runaway. samarwa'' ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina ''-finai'' 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana ''Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora'' . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama. Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini. <ref name="Enengedi, Victor" /> Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Belinda Effah]], da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. <ref name="Ebirim, Juliet" /> Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane". Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”. == Tasiri == Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna [[Ghana|']] yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ". == Shahara da roko == A shekarar 2009, [[UNESCO|Unesco]] ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa. === Afirka === Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, <ref name="CCSU" /> kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a [[Ghana]] ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su".<ref>Onikeku, Qudus (January 2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of …. Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref><ref>Onuzulike, Uchenna (2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". Nollywood Journal. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.</ref> Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci.<ref>""Nollywood": What's in a Name?". Nigeria Village Square. 3 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</ref> [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai <nowiki>'' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''</nowiki>. <ref name="economist" />. === Turai === Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke [[Turai]] musamman a [[Birtaniya|Ingila]].<ref>Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref><ref>"Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka far<ref>"Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa". The Economist. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2015</ref>u == === Ƙungiyoyi === * Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta.<ref>"Facts About Nigerian Movies and History". Total Facts about Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</ref> * Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN) * Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN) * Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya. * Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria. === Abubuwan da suka faru === * Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF) * Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka * Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka. * Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards * Nollywood Movies Awards   == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya] * [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa] * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/nigeria/nollywood.html Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] {{Sinima a Afrika}} 7u7bh8kjzwg9w93am704fz7272hlg10 Tattaunawar user:Onyinye Achukwu 3 25979 846640 116474 2026-06-04T07:02:28Z Qədir 31490 Qədir moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Onyinyeonuoha]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Onyinye Achukwu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Onyinyeonuoha|Onyinyeonuoha]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Onyinye Achukwu|Onyinye Achukwu]]" 116474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Onyinyeonuoha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Onyinyeonuoha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 06:24, 8 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) 6druwgax0h7jazdji636vqg39ml14ht Tondikandia 0 26269 846034 735828 2026-06-03T13:38:14Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tondikandia''' yankunan karkara ne, na ƙungiya a [[Filingué (sashe)|Filingue Department]], [[Yankin Tillabéri|Tillabéri Region]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Babban wurinsa da cibiyar gudanarwa shine garin Damana. <ref>[http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux]{{Dead link|date=May 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats</ref> == Geography == Tondikania, wasu 120&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso gabas da [[Niamey|Yamai]] babban birnin ƙasar. Tana tsakiyar tsakiyar babban kwarin kogin Dallol Bosso, wanda ke tafiya kudu daga Saharan Mali, yana shiga kwarin Kogin Neja kudu da Yamai. Tondikania tana da iyaka da Dingazi da [[Filingué (gari)|Filingué]] zuwa arewa maso yamma, Cibiyar Imanan da Kourfeye zuwa arewa maso gabas, Loga da [[Tagazar]] a kudu, da [[Simiri]] a gabas. == Tarihi == Sunan Tondikania ya fito ne daga tsohuwar jihar Zarma mai mulkin wannan sunan, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 19. Al'adar baka daga ƙauyen Shat, zuwa arewa maso gabas na Tondikania, ya bayyana mutanen Zarma da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin daga kudu maso yamma a farkon kwanan wata, sannan kuma suna ƙaura da ƙaramin yawan jama'ar Sudye, haɗe -haɗen al'ummomin da suka gabata wanda yanzu suna yaren Zarma. Prefix "Tondi-", "Mountain" a Zarma, an raba shi da yankuna da yawa a yankin. <ref>p. 57-59 of N. Échard. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1969_num_39_1_1442?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard& Histoire du peuplement : les traditions orales d'un village sudye, Shat (Filingué, République du Niger)]. Journal de la Société des Africanistes. 1969, Volume 39, Issue 39-1, pp. 57-78</ref> Nomadic Fula ( {{Lang-ff|Fulɓe}} ; {{Lang-fr|Peul}} ) ya koma cikin Dallol Bosso a karni na 18, inda ya kafa kananan jihohi da cibiyoyin koyar da Musulmai tare da ƙwarin Kogin Neja zuwa kudu da yamma. Wani lokaci a kusa da 1830 Kel Gres [[Buzaye|Tuareg ya]] ƙaura zuwa arewacin Tondikania, wanda ya haifar da jerin rikice -rikice da maƙwabtansa na Zarma da Fula, amma kuma ya daidaita yawan al'ummomin da ke dogaro da zama ("Bellah") a yankin. <ref>p. 76 of N. Échard. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1969_num_39_1_1442?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard& Histoire du peuplement : les traditions orales d'un village sudye, Shat (Filingué, République du Niger)]. Journal de la Société des Africanistes. 1969, Volume 39, Issue 39-1, pp. 57-78</ref> Kafin faɗuwar Frech zuwa cikin kwarin Niger a ƙarshen 1890, Tondikania ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin mulkin jagoran yaƙi Karanta. <ref>Edmond Séré de Rivières: ''Histoire du Niger''. Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, S. 86–87.</ref> A cikin 1901, Faransanci ya sanya sarautar sarauta ta "Canton na Tondikania", wanda shugabansa ya amsa ga mulkin Faransa na Tarayyar Nijar . An haifi Janar kuma Shugaban [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Seyni Kountché]] (1931–1987) a ƙauyen Fandou Béri, Tondikania. Iyalin Kountché har yanzu suna da tasiri a yankin, yayin da ɗan'uwan marigayi shugaban ya kasance a cikin 2009 wanda ya daɗe yana aiki kuma ana girmama shugaban gwamnatin farar hula ta Tondikania. <ref>Eric Komlavi Hahonou. [http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/10.pdf Les pouvoirs locaux à Balleyara. Perspective historique sur la dynamique des pouvoirs locaux.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021231924/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/10.pdf |date=2021-10-21 }} In Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, Mahaman Tidjani Alou (ed) Les pouvoirs locaux au Niger (Tome 1: A la veille de la décentralisation), Karthala-Codesria, Dakar-Paris: 2009 pp. 221-254.</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Duk da cewa Tondikania tana da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen [[Zabarmawa|Zarma]], ƙungiyar kuma ta haɗa da al'ummomin [[Buzaye|Tuareg]], [[Fulani|Fulbe]], da [[Hausawa|Hausa]] . A cikin 2010, gwamnatin Nijar ta ba da rahoton cewa Commune na Tondikandia tana da mazauna mutane 111,459. An ba da rahoton yawan mutane 84,223 a 2001. == Gudanarwa == Tondikania Ƙungiya ce ta Karkara, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan hukumomi, waɗanda zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ke jagoranta a matakin Commune, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Damana. Ita kuma Hukumar [[Filingué (sashe)|Filingué ce]], ƙarƙashin wani yanki na [[Yankin Tillabéri|Yankin Tillabéri ke]] mulkin ta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kwamitin ya mallaki "Ƙananan Hukumomi" 210, wanda ya haɗa da ƙauyuka guda 118, garuruwa guda 89 da sarakunan gargajiya 3. <ref name="stat-niger.org">[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/RENACOM/RENACOM.rar ''Répertoire National des Communes (RENACOM)'']. Statistical report (2010) of Institut National de la Statistique, consulted 8 November 2010.</ref> Gari mafi girma da kujerar gudanarwa na gari ( ''chef-lieu'' ) shine garin Damana, wanda ke da yawan jama'a da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2010 na 3500. <ref>Republic du Niger: ''Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux'' ([http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf Online-Version]{{Dead link|date=July 2018|fix-attempted=no}}).</ref> Agazol Fandou, Agazol Gorou, Alfa Kouara, Alfagaye, Alfari Kouara, Allabo (Allabo Koira Tegui), Alphagaye, Asko, Atchom, Atta Loga, Balle Kouara, Bambaka, Ban Kouara, Bangali, Bangou Banda Babitouri, Bangou Banda Gachi Kou Banda, Bangou Bi, Bangou Foumbo I, Bangou Foumbo (II), Bani Fandou, Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou, Banizounbou, Bardji Kouara, Birgui Kouara, Birki Kaina, Bomberi, Bongou Kouarey Bougara, Boukar Hima, Boukay Gorou, Bouki Bari, Boukou Zaweini Foulan, Boukou Zaweini, Boulkass, Bourgari, Bourtossi, Cahibou Kouara, Ciminti, Dagueye Deye, Damana Garia (I, II), Damana, Dani Fandou, Dankoukou, Darey Dey Tegui Fondabon, Dey Tegui Kouara, Deye Gorou, Deye Tegui, Deyguine, Dineyane, Dioula Kouara, Djiogo Kouara, Djole, Dolewa, El Kouara, Elh Fandobon Kouara, Elhadji Kouara, Fadi Foga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fantou Yan, Fare, Faria Beri, Faria Goubey (Faria Maourey), Farmas Beri, Farmas Keina, Fazi Hinka, Fin a Kouara, Folo, Foney Ganda, Foye Fandou, Gabda Fandou, Gabda Ganda, Gamsa Gorou, Ganda Bangou Alfaga Kouara, Ganda Bangou Simintodo, Gangamyan, Gani Damana, Garbey Taweye, Gatta Garbey Kouara Zeno, Gatta Gardey Kouara Tegui, Gatta Sogua, Gawaye, Gille Kouara (Hameau),Gonga, Gorma Fando Bon, Gorma Moussa, Gorou Banda, Gorou, Goumbi Banda, Gounize, Guile Koira Tegui, Haini Si Morou Belle (I), Haini Si Morou Belle (II), Haini Si Morou Goubeye, Haini Si Morou Maourey, Hari Gana, Hassoumi Kouara, Kabey Kougou, Kandabata, Kandirkoye, Kandoum Ganda, Kandoum, Karaga Moumssou, Karim Bawa, Katamba Kaina, Kirip Beri, Kirip Kaina, Kobe, Koberi, Kobi, Kofandou (Sixieme), Kofandou Talladje, Kofandou, Kogo, Kogorou Santche, Kokaina Kouara Tegui, Kokaina Kouara Zeno, Korgoni Zarma, Korombol, Kossey, Kouboutche, Koura, Kourega, Kourega, Kourega,, Ladan Kouara, Lassour, Loguery, Loki Damana, Malam Oumarou Kouara, Manzaka, Maourey, Maridoumbo, Matchi Zaley (Sindbey), Mobangou, Moribene, Moufa Tombo, Naguiz Kouara Zeno, Naguize Dabaga, Naguize Tondi Sanda, Namari Bello, Namarou Bangou, Sabarey Kaina, Sabarey, Sakdamna, Samari Kouara, Sansami, Sofani Djerma, Sofani Peul Korgom Foulan), Soley Damana, Soley Deye Djinde, Soley Deye Tegui, Soley Ganotondi, Soley Tanka, Soudje Mani Kouara, Soudjere, Soukoutou, Sourgo Kouara, Tadene Gao Beri, Tadene Kaina, Talibi Dey, Talifanta Beri, Talifanta Fando Goubey, Tamagueye, Tamara, Tanka Lamine, Tanka Lokoto, Tarifo, Tassi Kaina, Tchimori, Tebewa II, Tibawa I, Tiguiri Bellah (Tiguiri Zarma), Toka, Toke Yaw, Tolo Bango, Tombaize Kouara, Tombo, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondikouara, Toutou Fandou, Wadouka Peulh, Wadouka Z (Va), Wahadi, Wandilan, Yaragaberi, Zaley Kouara, Zanagane Koiratagui, Zaza, Zebane Fitti, Zouragane Kouara Zeno. <ref name="stat-niger.org"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Garuruwa]] [[Category:Gari]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Nijar]] g2rxsdb5wethquj0di99s1tqhji7xmv The Therapist 0 27424 846025 445561 2026-06-03T13:32:14Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345744293|The Therapist (film)]]" 846025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Therapist''''' fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Kayode Kasum ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Watch the official trailer for 'The Therapist' starring Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya haɗa da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham]] a cikin manyan ayyuka. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Rita Dominic is a woman on a quest in 'The Therapist' directed by Kayode Kasum [Teaser]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-teaser-for-the-therapist-directed-by-kayode-kasum/pcqnv0v|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taƙaitaccen bayani == Labarin ya samo asali ne daga wata mata da ta rasa jin daɗin rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma a karshe ta samu rabuwar aure daga mijinta wanda ya zalunce ta. Sannan ta ba da taimako na son rai ga sauran mata a cikin al'umma wadanda kuma suke neman a raba aurensu daga mazajensu marasa aminci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Adekanye|first=Modupeoluwa|date=2021-02-12|title=Genesis Pictures Sets To Release "The Therapist" On 26th Of March|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/genesis-pictures-sets-to-release-the-therapist-on-26th-of-march/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=m.guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title='Ponzi', 'La Femme Anjola', here is a list of Nigerian movies coming to cinemas in March|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nigerian-movies-in-cinemas-this-march/32yg1he|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Rita Dominic]] * [[Michelle Dede]] * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shafi Bello]] * Tope Tedela * Anthony Monjaro * Saeed Balogun * Ina Icha == Takaitawa == == Manazarta == [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] oo7pxhcumob9wodddxcy9ptcka0mhzu 846026 846025 2026-06-03T13:32:33Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Synopsis" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345744293|The Therapist (film)]]" 846026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Therapist''''' fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Kayode Kasum ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Watch the official trailer for 'The Therapist' starring Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya haɗa da [[Rita Dominic]], [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham]] a cikin manyan ayyuka. An saki fim ɗin a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Rita Dominic is a woman on a quest in 'The Therapist' directed by Kayode Kasum [Teaser]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-teaser-for-the-therapist-directed-by-kayode-kasum/pcqnv0v|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taƙaitaccen bayani == Labarin ya samo asali ne daga wata mata da ta rasa jin daɗin rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma a karshe ta samu rabuwar aure daga mijinta wanda ya zalunce ta. Sannan ta ba da taimako na son rai ga sauran mata a cikin al'umma wadanda kuma suke neman a raba aurensu daga mazajensu marasa aminci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Adekanye|first=Modupeoluwa|date=2021-02-12|title=Genesis Pictures Sets To Release "The Therapist" On 26th Of March|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/genesis-pictures-sets-to-release-the-therapist-on-26th-of-march/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=m.guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title='Ponzi', 'La Femme Anjola', here is a list of Nigerian movies coming to cinemas in March|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nigerian-movies-in-cinemas-this-march/32yg1he|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Rita Dominic]] * [[Michelle Dede]] * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] * [[Shafy Bello|Shafi Bello]] * Tope Tedela * Anthony Monjaro * Saeed Balogun * Ina Icha == Takaitawa == == Takaitawa == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne kan wata mata da ta rasa farin cikinta bayan ta yi aure, kuma daga bisani ta samu saki daga mijinta mai zalunci. Bayan haka, ta fara ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda su ma suke neman su rabu da mazajensu masu zalunci, marasa aminci, kuma masu cin amanar aure.【1】【2】 == Manazarta == [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] s2z7vcjkuonalqqt3lp59aarqexovp1 Ibrahim Dabo 0 30640 846568 331895 2026-06-04T05:27:27Z Nura Bello 24854 846568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Dabo'''{{Audio|Ha-Ibrahim Dabo.ogg|Ibrahim Dabo}} shi ne shugaban [[Fulani]] [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] a [[Kano]] kuma ya kafa daular Dabo. Zuriyarsa ta kwashe sama da karni biyu (2) tana mulki a matsayin [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|sarakunan musulmi na tsohuwar jihar Kano]]. Masarautar ta zama dai-dai da tsohuwar jihar birni a cikin kalmomin soyayya kamar " ''Kano ta Dabo Cigari'' ". Sun yi mulkin [[Masarautar Kano]] da ’yancin kai tun daga shekara ta 1819 har zuwa yakin Kano a shekara ta 1903 wanda sakamakon mulkin mallaka na [[Ingila]] ya rikide zuwa Majalisar [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Masarautar Kano]] . Dabo ya yi sarauta a matsayin [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] daga shekara ta alif 1819 zuwa shekara ta 1846. Ya kuma fara aiwatar da tsare-tsare don mayar da mulki a tsakiya da tara kudaden shiga. A lokacin mulkinsa ya ɗauki nauyin ƙafa ribat da dama da suka hada da Fanisau da Waceni. Ƙaddamar da shi ya ga farfaɗo da sunayen sarauta na tsohuwar sarauta waɗanda ya yi amfani da su don ƙarfafa ikonsa. <ref name="MiersKlein1999" /> Dabo ya mamaye masarautar Ningi amma Gwarsum ya ci nasara a Basshe . Domin ya kwato mulki da ‘yancin gashin kansa, Dabo ya kuma sake gabatar da babbar kotu da kuma kayan masarufi na masarautar [[Bagauda]] bayan da masarautar Kano ta mamaye masarautar Kano da [[Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi|Muhammad al-Kanemi]] na Bornu da ke neman kwace birnin a matsayin wani yanki mai karewa. Tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu da Daular]] [[Daular Sokoto|Sakkwato]] daga bisani [[Masarautar Bauchi|Sarkin Bauchi]] ya rusa sojojinsa bayan sun gaza karya [[Ganuwa a Birnin Kano|katangar birnin Kano]] na da dadewa . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Dabo ya kasance malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] saliha kuma dalibin sarki Suleimanu daya taba yi, daya daga cikin ayyukan Dabo ''Kaff al-Ikhwani'' an dawo da shi daga baya aka buga shi. An san shi ya rubuta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur’ani]] kuma yana da ‘ya’ya mata uku da maza da dama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunwick|publisher=Kano Native Authority Press|year=1955|location=Kano|pages=258–259}}</ref><ref name="Boyd1989">{{cite book|last=Boyd|first=Jean|title=The caliph's sister: Nana Asma'u, 1793-1865, teacher, poet, and Islamic leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywomgPz35B8C&pg=PA78|accessdate=1 November 2011|year=1989|publisher=F. Cass|isbn=978-0-7146-4067-9|page=78}}</ref> === Tashi zuwa mulki === Sarkin Musulmi [[Muhammadu Bello]] ya nada shi Sarkin Kano a ranar 23/24 ga Zul Qa'ada 1234AH (21 Satumba 1819) wanda ya cika burin sarki Suleiman. === Mutuwa da gado === Ya rasu ranar Juma'a 9 ga watan Safar 1262 bayan hijira (9 Fabrairu 1846) kuma babban dansa Usman I. (Ado-Kurawa 1989: 53 da Karshe 1966: 468-9). == Daular == Zuriyar Patrilineal ita ce ƙa'idar da ke bayan zama memba a cikin gidajen sarauta, kamar yadda za a iya samo ta ta cikin tsararraki. A gidan sarautar Kano, zuriyar Ibrahim Dabo ta samo asali ne daga dangin Ibrahim Dabo. # Usman I Maje Ringim dan Dabo (mulkin 1846-1855) # Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1855-1883) # Muhammadu Bello dan Dabo (1883-1893) # Muhammadu Tukur dan Bello dan Dabo (mulki 1893-1894) # [[Aliyu Babba]] dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1894-1903) # Muhammad Abbass dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1903-1919) # Usman II dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1919-1926) # Abdullahi Bayero dan Abbas dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1926-1953) # [[Muhammadu Sanusi I]] dan Abdullahi Bayero dan Abass dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1954-1963) # Muhammad Inuwa dan Abbas dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1963 - ya yi aiki tsawon wata 3 kacal) # [[Ado Bayero|Ado dan Abdullahi Bayero]] dan Abbas dan Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (mulki 1963-2014) # [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi II]] dan Chiroman Kano Aminu dan Muhammadu Sanusi I dan Abdullahi Bayero (ruled 2014-2020) # [[Aminu Ado Bayero|Aminu dan Ado dan Abdullahi Bayero]] (2020-present) Ibrahim Dabo shi ne mahaifin Osumanu (Usman I) (ya yi mulki 1846-1855), Abdullahi (ya yi mulki 1855-1883), da Muhammad Bello (1883-1892). == Tarihin Rayuwa a Tarihin ''Kano'' == A ƙasa akwai cikakken tarihin Ibrahim Dabo daga fassarar littafin ''[[Tarihin Kano|Kano Chronicle]]'' na Palmer a 1908 a Turanci.<ref name=Palmer1908>{{citation |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Herbert Richmond |editor-link=Herbert Richmond Palmer |title=The Kano Chronicle |work=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume= 38 |year=1908 |pages=58–98 |url= https://archive.org/stream/v38a39journalofro38royauoft#page/n87/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive | ref=none }}; in [https://books.google.com/books?id=NsYEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58 Google Books]. {{PD-notice}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna Haɓe]] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakunan Daura]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Sarakunan Fulani]] jozn49fj1m8x8jeivizvgj5l9fd9v5w Ma'aikatar Agaji ta Tarayya, Kula da Gudanuwar Bala'i da Ci gaban Al'umma 0 30798 846769 600381 2026-06-04T10:15:43Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ma'aikatar Agaji ta Tarayya, Kula da Gudanuwar Bala'i da Ci gaban Al'umma''', ma'aikatar Najeriya ce wacce manufarta ita ce bunƙasa manufofin jin kai da samar da ingantaccen tsarin ayyukan jin ƙai na kasa da kasa. An kafa ta ne a ranar Laraba 21 ga watan Agusta, 2019 ta wata sanarwa ta shugaban kasa kuma kwamandan rundunar sojojin Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] GCFR a wajen ƙaddamar da ministocin tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, FMHDS |url=https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/nigeria-federal-ministry-humanitarian-affairs-disaster-management-and-social |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=socialprotection.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=FMHDS |url=https://www.fmhds.gov.ng/about-fmhds/ |website=FMHDS website}}</ref><ref>"Humanitarian Minister assumes office, reassures Nigerians speedy results". ''Nigerian Tribune''. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</ref> Ministan da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] ya naɗa ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda babban sakatare ne ka taimaka masa, wanda [[Nigerian Civil Service|ma’aikacin gwamnati ne]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]], GCFR a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2019 ya rantsar da Dr. [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Key into FG's empowerment programmes, Farouq begs youths |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/key-into-fgs-empowerment-programmes-farouq-begs-youths/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Sadiya Farouq: Group lauds Buhari’s appointment of Minister |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/sadiya-farouq-group-lauds-buharis-appointment-of-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |date=2019-10-12 |title=Sadiya Umar-Farouq: The New Super Minister |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/12/sadiya-umar-farouq-the-new-super-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> a matsayin ministar harkokin jin kai, magance bala'o'i da ci gaban al'umma tare da Dr. (Mrs) Bashir Nura Alkali FCA, FCIT a matsayin babban sakatare a ma’aikatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullateef |first=Ismail |date=2020-09-30 |title=Nura Alkali Assumes Duty As New PS Humanitarian Affairs Ministry |url=https://fmic.gov.ng/nura-alkali-assumes-duty-as-new-ps-humanitarian-affairs-ministry/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] kko6d319w14yhl91p9guwd021dph7a1 846770 846769 2026-06-04T10:18:26Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ma'aikatar Agaji ta Tarayya, Kula da Gudanuwar Bala'i da Ci gaban Al'umma''', ma'aikatar Najeriya ce wacce manufarta ita ce bunƙasa manufofin jin kai da samar da ingantaccen tsarin ayyukan jin ƙai na kasa da kasa. An kafa ta ne a ranar Laraba 21 ga watan Agusta, 2019 ta wata sanarwa ta shugaban kasa kuma kwamandan rundunar sojojin Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] GCFR a wajen ƙaddamar da ministocin tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, FMHDS |url=https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/nigeria-federal-ministry-humanitarian-affairs-disaster-management-and-social |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=socialprotection.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=FMHDS |url=https://www.fmhds.gov.ng/about-fmhds/ |website=FMHDS website}}</ref><ref>"Humanitarian Minister assumes office, reassures Nigerians speedy results". ''Nigerian Tribune''. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</ref><ref>Wale Edun, Keyamo, Betta Edu take oath of office as ministers". TheCable. 2023-08-21. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</ref> Ministan da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] ya naɗa ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda babban sakatare ne ka taimaka masa, wanda [[Nigerian Civil Service|ma’aikacin gwamnati ne]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]], GCFR a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2019 ya rantsar da Dr. [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Key into FG's empowerment programmes, Farouq begs youths |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/key-into-fgs-empowerment-programmes-farouq-begs-youths/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Sadiya Farouq: Group lauds Buhari’s appointment of Minister |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/sadiya-farouq-group-lauds-buharis-appointment-of-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |date=2019-10-12 |title=Sadiya Umar-Farouq: The New Super Minister |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/12/sadiya-umar-farouq-the-new-super-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> a matsayin ministar harkokin jin kai, magance bala'o'i da ci gaban al'umma tare da Dr. (Mrs) Bashir Nura Alkali FCA, FCIT a matsayin babban sakatare a ma’aikatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullateef |first=Ismail |date=2020-09-30 |title=Nura Alkali Assumes Duty As New PS Humanitarian Affairs Ministry |url=https://fmic.gov.ng/nura-alkali-assumes-duty-as-new-ps-humanitarian-affairs-ministry/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] 73vh8cuq38zyz43jjrmsjrpss0go8ar 846771 846770 2026-06-04T10:19:00Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ma'aikatar Agaji ta Tarayya, Kula da Gudanuwar Bala'i da Ci gaban Al'umma''', ma'aikatar Najeriya ce wacce manufarta ita ce bunƙasa manufofin jin kai da samar da ingantaccen tsarin ayyukan jin ƙai na kasa da kasa. An kafa ta ne a ranar Laraba 21 ga watan Agusta, 2019 ta wata sanarwa ta shugaban kasa kuma kwamandan rundunar sojojin Najeriya, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] GCFR a wajen ƙaddamar da ministocin tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, FMHDS |url=https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/nigeria-federal-ministry-humanitarian-affairs-disaster-management-and-social |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=socialprotection.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=FMHDS |url=https://www.fmhds.gov.ng/about-fmhds/ |website=FMHDS website}}</ref><ref>"Humanitarian Minister assumes office, reassures Nigerians speedy results". ''Nigerian Tribune''. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</ref><ref>Wale Edun, Keyamo, Betta Edu take oath of office as ministers". TheCable. 2023-08-21. Retrieved 2023-08-26.</ref> Ministan da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban ƙasa]] ya naɗa ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda babban sakatare ne ka taimaka masa, wanda [[Nigerian Civil Service|ma’aikacin gwamnati ne]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]], GCFR a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2019 ya rantsar da Dr. [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Key into FG's empowerment programmes, Farouq begs youths |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/key-into-fgs-empowerment-programmes-farouq-begs-youths/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Sadiya Farouq: Group lauds Buhari’s appointment of Minister |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/sadiya-farouq-group-lauds-buharis-appointment-of-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |date=2019-10-12 |title=Sadiya Umar-Farouq: The New Super Minister |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/12/sadiya-umar-farouq-the-new-super-minister/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> a matsayin ministar harkokin jin kai, magance bala'o'i da ci gaban al'umma tare da Dr. (Mrs) Bashir Nura Alkali FCA, FCIT a matsayin babban sakatare a ma’aikatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdullateef |first=Ismail |date=2020-09-30 |title=Nura Alkali Assumes Duty As New PS Humanitarian Affairs Ministry |url=https://fmic.gov.ng/nura-alkali-assumes-duty-as-new-ps-humanitarian-affairs-ministry/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Folorunsho-Francis, Adebayo (2024-10-25). "APC chieftain hails Tinubu for appointing Yilwatda humanitarian minister". The Punch. Retrieved 2025-06-05.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] 4t0unl6knw1vyof9mnm3imwr2c98df9 Hikima 0 36007 846357 345675 2026-06-03T22:48:20Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261739503|Wis]]" 846357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disambig|callsign}}'''WIS (ƙaddamarwa) ''' na iya tsayawa don: == Rediyo da talabijin == * == Makarantu == * iate School, makarantar tsakiya a Connecticut, Amurka * Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Washington, a cikin Gundumar Columbia, Amurka * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, a Rehovot, Isra'ila * Makarantar West Island, makarantar sakandare ta Burtaniya a Hong Kong, China * Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Windhoek, a Windhoek * Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Wellington, a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa == Sauran == * {{Disambig|callsign}} h1kbmdubapbe0hnb8dj16rfkxdlpvxe Kennedy Agyapong 0 39284 846021 827897 2026-06-03T13:25:52Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:KEN OHENE AGYAPONG.jpg|thumb|Kennedy Agyapong]] '''Kennedy Ohene Agyapong''' (An haife shi a watan [[Yuni]] 16, 1960) ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ke wakiltar Assin ta tsakiya a majalisar New Patriotic Party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I don't fear for my life, 'all die be die' – Kennedy Agyapong – MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/composition/top-story/i-dont-fear-for-my-life-all-die-be-die-kennedy-agyapong/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No time for demonstration again; our gods will deal with you - Assin youth tells politicians - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/no-time-for-demonstration-again-our-gods-will-deal-with-you-assin-youth-tells-politicians/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An fara zaɓen shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa a shekara ta 2000 zuwa kujerar Assin ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/g/ghana/ghana20003.txt|title=REPUBLIC OF GHANA - LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 7 DECEMBER 2000|work=Adam Carr's Election Archives|accessdate=2010-08-28|publisher=Adam Carr}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa a zabukan 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ec.gov.gh/userfiles/file/2004ParliamentaryDetResults.pdf|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana - Parliamentary Election Results - Date of Election:- Tuesday, 7th December 2004|accessdate=2010-08-28|publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Ghana]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112175254/http://www.ec.gov.gh/userfiles/file/2004ParliamentaryDetResults.pdf|archivedate=2011-01-12}}</ref> da 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ec.gov.gh/userfiles/Central.pdf|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana - Parliamentary Election Results - Date of Election:- Sunday, 7th December 2008|accessdate=2010-08-28|publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Ghana]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326210858/http://www.ec.gov.gh/userfiles/Central.pdf|archivedate=2010-03-26}}</ref> A shekarar 2012 an zaɓe shi a sabuwar kujerar Assin ta tsakiya kuma an sake zaɓen sa a shekarar 2016. Ya kuma ci gaba da rike kujerarsa a babban zaɓen 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assin Central: Kennedy Agyapong retains seat, gets sixth term as MP|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/assin-central-kennedy-agyapong-retains-seat-gets-sixth-term-as-mp.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin tsaro da harkokin cikin gida na majalisar. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ohene Agyapong ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 1960 kuma ya fito daga Assin Dompim a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=34|access-date=2022-11-24|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174403/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=34|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Adisadel da ke yankin Tsakiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2529|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Agyapong Ohene Ken|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Agyapong yana da matakin GCE A kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fordham, New York, Amurka.<ref name=":0" /> Shi manomi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa, darektan Assin Farms, Supercare Group of Companies da Cibiyar Siyayya ta Hollywood.<ref name=":0" /> Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya 22.<ref name=":0" /> == Siyasa == Kennedy Agyapong har yanzu yana daya daga cikin 'yan siyasar da ba su taba fadi zabe ba. Aikinsa na hankali a zaben 2016 ya haifar da nasarar Nana Addo Dankwah Akufo-Addo. Ya kuma bayar da gudunmawa sosai wajen samun nasarar mafi yawan 'yan takarar majalisar dokokin NPP- irin su K.T Hammond da sauran su. Kennedy Agyapong shi ne shugaban kwamitin sadarwa a majalisar, karkashin shugabancin Nana Akufo-Addo. Agyapong ya sha alwashin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://classfmonline.com/1.10910325|title=I'll drink poison if Ibrahim Mahama isn't jailed: Agyapong|first=Patrick|last=Ayumu|website=www.classfmonline.com|accessdate=17 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174253/https://www.classfmonline.com/1.10910325|url-status=dead}}</ref> kashe kansa idan har gwamnatin [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Akufo-Addo]] ba ta daure dan uwan ​​tsohon shugaban kasa John Mahama Ibrahim a gidan yari saboda wasu ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa da a cewar Agyapong ya janyo jihar ta yi asarar kudade. Misali daya da ya yi ikirarin, shi ne rashin biyan haraji da Ibrahim Mahama ya yi sama da shekara guda a lokacin da dan uwansa ke shugaban kasar Ghana. Kamfen na sirri na Agyapong kan batun don gabatar da shi ga manema labarai ya kai ga binciken Ibrahim Mahama da kuma yarjejeniyar [[Ibrahim Mahama (ɗan kasuwa)|Ibrahim Mahama]] na biyan harajin da aka ambata. Wannan aikin ya sami yabo Kennedy Agyapong daga sassa daban-daban na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-will-poison-myself-if-Ibrahim-Mahama-is-not-jailed-Ken-Agyapong-523675|title=I will poison myself if Ibrahim Mahama is not jailed – Ken Agyapong|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222246/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-will-poison-myself-if-Ibrahim-Mahama-is-not-jailed-Ken-Agyapong-523675|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harin kai tsaye da Agyapong ya kai kan kwamishiniyar zabe ta Ghana, [[Charlotte Osei]], da laifin yin lalata da ita a matsayinta na shugabar hukumar zabe, ya jawo masa suka daga shugabanni daban-daban da suka hada da matan Sarauniya da masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanapoliticsonline.com/queen-mothers-petition-parliament-over-ken-agyapong/|title=Queen mothers petition parliament over Ken Agyapong - GhanaPoliticsOnline|website=ghanapoliticsonline.com|date=11 July 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329221645/https://ghanapoliticsonline.com/queen-mothers-petition-parliament-over-ken-agyapong/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, bayan kama shugaban hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana, Kwasi Nyantakyi, ya ce ya kamata a dakatar da dan jaridar nan mai yaki da cin hanci da rashawa Anas Aremeyaw Anas kafin ya fara binciken mutane a cikin "dakunansu suna barci".<ref>{{cite news|title=Let's stop Anas before he gets into our bedrooms - Kennedy Agyapong pleads|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Let-s-stop-Anas-before-he-gets-into-our-bedrooms-Kennedy-Agyapong-pleads-655231|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=GhanaWeb|date=27 May 2018|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527212117/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Let-s-stop-Anas-before-he-gets-into-our-bedrooms-Kennedy-Agyapong-pleads-655231|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sha yi wa Anas barazana kuma kwamitin kare hakkin ‘yan jarida<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2018/06/ghana-investigative-film-crew-faces-death-threats.php|title=In Ghana, investigative film crew faces death threats, harassment|first1=Committee to Protect Journalists 330 7th|last1=Avenue|first2=11th Floor New|last2=York|last3=Ny 10001|website=cpj.org|date=4 June 2018|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> da kuma Reporters Without Borders<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/death-threats-against-well-known-ghanaian-investigative-journalist|title=Death threats against well-known Ghanaian investigative journalist - Reporters without borders|date=6 June 2018|website=RSF|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> ya yi Allah wadai da shi inda ya bayyana cewa hanyoyin da Anas ke bi ba su dace ba. Da yake magana kai tsaye a gidan rediyon Adom FM a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni 2018, ya kira Anas “mai katsalandan ne, mai karbar kudi”, ya kwaikwayi an yanke masa makogwaro ya ce a rataye shi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgwhtw5LFoo|title=Full Interview of Kennedy Agyapong on Anas on Adom FM|last=joe Quaye|publisher=|accessdate=17 January 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref> Ya kuma yi kira da a dauki fansa kan abokin aikin Anas, Ahmed Hussein-Suale, yana mai cewa "Idan ya zo nan ku doke shi... Duk abin da ya faru, zan biya." Daga baya aka kashe Hussein-Suale.<ref name="BBC-46902748">{{cite news|title=Football bribes investigator shot dead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46902748|accessdate=17 January 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="YCSM">{{cite web|title=You can't silence me - Anas reacts to the killing of his partner at Madina|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/You-can-t-silence-me-Anas-reacts-to-the-killing-of-his-partner-at-Madina-715823|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=17 January 2019|accessdate=17 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2018, an yi masa tambayoyi game da raina Majalisa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2018/June-26th/kennedy-agyapongs-useless-parliament-contempt-hearing-set-for-july-3.php|title=Kennedy Agyapong's 'useless parliament' contempt hearing set for July 3|website=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=17 January 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton shi ne dan Ghana na farko da ya mallaki Rolls Royce ¢ miliyan 8,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kennedy-Agyapong-buys-8bn-Rolls-Royce-183477|title=Kennedy Agyapong buys ¢8bn Rolls Royce|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> kuma ana kyautata zaton yana da wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa, lamarin da ya janyo kiraye-kirayen da hukumar hana fasa kwauri ta Kwastam ta gudanar da bincike kan dukiyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanavibes.com/photos-of-kennedy-agyapongs-rolls-royce-and-rumoured-private-jet/|title=Photos Of Kennedy Agyapong's Rolls Royce And 'Rumoured' Private jet|website=ghanavibes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223322/http://ghanavibes.com/photos-of-kennedy-agyapongs-rolls-royce-and-rumoured-private-jet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Shi ne shugaban kwamitin tsaro da na cikin gida; kuma memba ne a kwamitin shari'a sannan kuma memba na kwamitin kasafin kudi na musamman.<ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi Kirista ne.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ic89ol6jos9wps4jl6p77p1fbvdicj5 Masarautar Ringim 0 41145 846555 370205 2026-06-04T05:24:33Z Nura Bello 24854 846555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ringim_Emir's_Palace.joh_02.jpg|thumb| Fadar sarki Ringim]] '''Masarautar Ringim''' majalisar masarauta ce a [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]] [[Najeriya]], hedikwatarta tana cikin [[Ringim|garin Ringim]], An kafa Masarautar Ringim ne a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 1991 sakamakon kafuwar Jihar Jigawa a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1991. Sarkin Ringim shine Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman tun kafuwar masarautar har zuwa yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Hussain |date=2021-12-22 |title=Sarkin Ringim Sayyadi Muhammad Ya Cika Shekara 30 A Kan Mulki |url=https://haske12.com.ng/sarkin-ringim-sayyadi-muhammad-ya-cika-shekara-30-a-kan-mulki/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=HASKE12 Media |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106203612/https://haske12.com.ng/sarkin-ringim-sayyadi-muhammad-ya-cika-shekara-30-a-kan-mulki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-18 |title=Sarkin Ringim ya cika shekaru 25 akan Gadon Sarauta |url=https://ringimkabir.wordpress.com/2016/12/18/sarkin-ringim-ya-cika-shekaru-25-akan-gadon-sarauta/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=sakaina |language=en}}</ref> Ƙananan hukumomin da ke ƙarƙashin masarautar sun haɗa da [[Ringim]], [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[Garki (Nijeriya)|Garki]] da [[Babura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ringim - Jigawa State Government |url=https://jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=jigawastate.gov.ng |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106203606/https://jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Mai Ka Sani Kan Masarautar Ringim? |url=https://www.sawabafm.com/mai-ka-sani-kan-masarautar-ringim/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sawaba FM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TARIHIN GARIN RINGIM TA JIHAR JIGAWA |url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2018/12/tarihin-garin-ringim-ta-jihar-jigawa.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.alummarhausa.com.ng}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Masarauta]] [[Category:Masarautu a Nijeriya]] [[Category:Masarautu]] 0seldt3uestkq0d1tgz9zallyjxdfyy Mohammad-Ali Rajai 0 43673 846121 836750 2026-06-03T14:44:51Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nasaka photo 846121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Mohammad-Javad Bahonar.jpg|200px|right|Mohammad-Ali_Rajai_and_Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar]] [[File:Mohammad-Ali Rajai picture.jpg|thumb|hoton mohammad ali rajal]] [[Fayil:PM Rajai in his office.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] '''Mohammad-Ali Rajai''' an haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Yunin Shekarar 1933 kuma ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara 1981, shine shugaban kasar Iran daga 2 zuwa 30 ga watan Augustan shekarar 1981, bayan daya gama mukaminsa na firayim minista a karkashin gwamnatin Abolhassan Banisadr. Bugu da kari kuma shine minista mai kula da harkokin waje na kasar iran daga ranar 11 ga watan maris shekara ta 1981 zuwa 15 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1981. Anyi kai masa hari da Bom a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1981 tare da firayim minista dinshi wanda hakan yayi sanadiyyar mutuwar shi. ==Farkon Rayuwa da karatun shi== [[File:Mohammad Ali Rajai Museum.jpg|thumb|left|GIdan Mohammad-Ali Rajai dake a [[Gundumar Baharestan |Layin Baharestan ]], Tehran, Iran.]] An haifi Mohammad-Ali Rajai a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 1933 a garin Qazvin dake akasar iran.<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&pg=PA228&redir_esc=y</ref> Mahaifin shi dan tireda ne mai shago daya rasu tun Mohammad-Ali Rajai yana dan shekara hudu<ref> Brown, Roland Elliott (20 April 2017). "Rajai: The Clerics' Loyalist (1981)". IranWire</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iricenter.org/uncategorized/documentary-biography-of-president-mohammad-ali-rajai/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2016-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102145119/http://iricenter.org/uncategorized/documentary-biography-of-president-mohammad-ali-rajai/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajai ya girma a Qazvin wanda daga bisani ya koma Tehran a karshen shekarar 1940. Kuma ya shiga kungiyar SOjan sama ta kasar Iran a lokacin yana dan shekara 16-17<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Ali-Rajai</ref><ref>Kihss, Peter (1 September 1981). "Obituaries | Mohammad Ali Rajai, Iran's President". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015.</ref><ref>Brown, Roland Elliott (20 April 2017). "Rajai: The Clerics' Loyalist (1981)". IranWire.</ref> == Siyasarshi == '''Kafin juyin musulunci''' Bayan komawa Tehran Rajai ya kasance ya kasance cikin masu kishiyartar Gwamnatin Shah, a cikin kungiyar Mahmoud Taleghani da kuma Fadaeian group. A lokaci guda kuma babban memba a fitattaciyar kungiyar nan [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] (MKO). A shekarar 1960 Rajai ya shiga kungiyar kare yanci ta Iran wato Freedom Movement of Iran.<ref>Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-85043-198-5. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</ref><ref>"Mohammad Ali Raja'i". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</ref> Saboda yawan kalubalantar Gwamnatin shah, Jamian sharo sun kamashi har sau biyu, kuma ya bayyana irin ukubar daya fuskanta daga jami'an tsaro a dalilin hakan. Daya daga cikin kamun da yafi dadewa a hannun jami'an tsaro shine daga May 1974 har zuwa jarshen shekarar 1978. '''Bayan juyin Musulunci''' Rajai yana cikin yan gaba gaba a lokacin yunkurin tabbatar da gwamnatin musulunci, shine shugaban masu ra'ayin dakile tasirun Amurka a jami'o'in iran, wanda yasa ake kiran wannan yunkuri da ''Cultural Revolution''. Rajai ya rike manyan wurare a Gwamnatin Iran iran bayan an tabbatar da Gwamnatin musulunci. Ayyukan da yayi sun hada da; *Ministan Ilimi *Masu takarar kasancewa cikin Islamic Consultative Assembly *Firayim Minista *Shugaban Kasa ====Ministan Ilimi==== [[File:Rajai Khomeinis.jpg|thumb|left|Rajai, [[Ahmad Khomeini|Ahmad]], and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]]] [[Fayil:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 1981.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] [[Fayil:Rjaee.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei's speech on the occasion of the second anniversary of the martyrs Rajaee and Bahonar (1).jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] [[Fayil:PM Rajai enters his office.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] [[Fayil:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir03.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] Da farko Gholam Hosein Shokohi shine Ministan ilimi na Iran shi kuma Rajai ya kasance daya daga cikin mukarraban shi, amma daga bisani Shokohi ya ajiye aiki a sakamakon rashin lafiyar da yake fama da ita, shi kuma Muhammad Rajai sai aka nadashi a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan Ministiri gaba daya. A karshe dai Mehdi Bazargan ya gabatar dashi a matsayin minista ==Manazarta== nd279mfwho6cumtfznr4g0pvk06ekf2 Akwá 0 45471 846076 560286 2026-06-03T14:04:51Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara nasaka photo 846076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fabrice Alcebiades Maieco''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 1977 a [[Benguela]]), wanda aka fi sani da '''Akwá''', tsohon dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Angola|na ƙasar Angola]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Angola. Daga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekarar 1995, Akwá ya wakilci Angola sau 78, inda ya zura kwallaye 39 a tarihi. Ya buga musu wasa a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka guda uku kuma ya zama kyaftin a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2006.<ref>"2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: Angola" (PDF). FIFA. 21 March 2014. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2019.</ref> Akwá yana da ɗan'uwa, Rasca, wanda ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kulob ɗin Atlético Sport Aviação a [[Angola]]. == Aikin kulob == Akwá ya taka leda a kungiyoyin kwallon kafa uku a [[Portugal]] a farkon aikinsa: Benfica, FC Alverca, da Académica de Coimbra. Ya shafe shekaru hudu a [[Portugal]] kafin ya koma [[Qatar]] inda ya samu nasara a rayuwarsa. [[Fayil:Akwa Ibom Network lunch.jpg|thumb|Akwá]] Ya shafe shekaru bakwai a can, yana wasa da kungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku a Qatar Stars League. Ya buga wasa a Al-Wakrah, Al-Gharrafa da Qatar SC. A lokacinsa a Qatar ya lashe gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa, Qatar Crown Prince Cup kuma ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a shekarar 1999 da kwallaye 11. Bayan barin Al-Wakrah a karo na biyu a cikin shekarar 2006, ya kasance ba tare da haɗin gwiwa ba har zuwa 2007, lokacin da ya koma kulob din Angolan Petro Atlético. Akwá ya kasance a can na tsawon kaka daya kafin ya yi ritaya daga buga kwallo. == Club Career Stats == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |Emir of Qatar Cup ! colspan="2" |Qatar Cup ! colspan="2" |Sheikh Jassim Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="3" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Al-Wakrah |1998–9 |12 |11 |3 |4 |2 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |17 |16 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Gharafa |1999–2000 |14 |7 |4 |2 |3 |1 |5 |7 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Arab Cup Winners' Cup]]}} |3 |30 |22 |- |2000–01 |14 |5 |3 |0 |0 |0 |1 |3 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Arab Cup Winners' Cup]]}} |2 |22 |12 |- !Total !28 !12 !7 !2 !3 !1 !6 !10 !6 !5 !52 !34 |- | rowspan="5" |Qatar |2001–02 |11 |8 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |– |– |11 |8 |- |2002–03 |18 |12 |3 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[GCC Champions League]]}} |1 |25 |14 |- |2003–04 |18 |13 |2 |4 |3 |1 | - | - |– |– |23 |18 |- |2004–05 |25 |11 |1 |1 |1 |0 |2 |0 |– |– |29 |12 |- !Total !72 !44 !6 !5 !6 !2 !2 !0 !2 !1 !88 !52 |- |Al-Wakrah |2005–06 |12 |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |12 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Career total !124 !71 !16 !11 !11 !6 !8 !10 !8 !6 !176 !104 |} == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Akwá ya lashe wasansa na farko a Angola a 1995 da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Ya buga wasanni 78 gaba daya, inda ya zura kwallaye 39. Ɗayan ita ce kwallon da ya yi nasara wanda ya tura Angola zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko. Ya buga dukkan wasanni 3 da Angola ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006, amma bai zura kwallo a raga ba, kuma an fitar da su daga rukuninsu. Akwá ya yi ritaya daga buga wasan kasa da kasa bayan kammala gasar. == Kididdigar kungiya ta kasa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |tawagar kasar Angola |- ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- |- | 1995 | 6 | 3 |- | 1996 | 3 | 1 |- | 1997 | 8 | 4 |- | 1998 | 7 | 2 |- | 1999 | 2 | 3 |- | 2000 | 9 | 5 |- | 2001 | 11 | 6 |- | 2002 | 3 | 1 |- | 2003 | 6 | 4 |- | 2004 | 3 | 2 |- | 2005 | 8 | 2 |- | 2006 | 12 | 6 |- ! Jimlar ! 78 ! 39 |} === Kwallayen kasa da kasa === : ''Maki da sakamakon da kwallayen Angola ta ci ta farko.'' <ref>"Akwa" . RSSSF.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !No !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1. | rowspan="2" |23 April 1995 | rowspan="2" |Estádio da Cidadela, [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] | rowspan="2" |{{fb|GUI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |1996 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |2. | align="center" |'''3'''–0 |- |3. |4 June 1995 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|MLI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |1996 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |4. |10 November 1996 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|ZIM}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |2–1 |1998 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |5. |6 April 1997 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|TOG}} | align="center" |'''2'''–1 | align="center" |3–1 |1996 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |6. |8 June 1997 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|CMR}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | align="center" |1–1 |1996 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |7. |22 June 1997 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|GHA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |1998 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |8. |27 July 1997 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|ZIM}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–1 |1998 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |9. | rowspan="2" |16 August 1998 | rowspan="2" |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola | rowspan="2" |{{fb|BEN}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2000 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |10. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |11. | rowspan="3" |24 January 1999 | rowspan="3" |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola | rowspan="3" |{{fb|GAB}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |3–1 | rowspan="3" |2000 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |12. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |13. | align="center" |'''3'''–1 |- |14. | rowspan="2" |19 June 2000 | rowspan="2" |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola | rowspan="2" |{{fb|ZAM}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |15. | align="center" |'''2'''–0 |- |16. |6 July 2000 |[[Praia]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] |{{fb|CPV}} | align="center" | ? | align="center" |1–1 |Friendly |- |17. |16 July 2000 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|EQG}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |4–1 |2002 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |18. |23 July 2000 |Setsoto Stadium, [[Maseru]], [[Lesotho]] |{{fb|LES|1987}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2000 COSAFA Cup |- |19. |24 January 2001 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|LBY|1977}} | align="center" |'''3'''–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |20. |11 March 2001 |Stade de Kégué, [[Lomé]], [[Togo]] |{{fb|TOG}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |21. |25 March 2001 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|BFA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2002 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |22. |6 May 2001 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|CMR}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |23. |29 July 2001 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|TOG}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |24. |18 August 2001 |Independence Stadium, [[Lusaka]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]] |{{fb|ZAM}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–1 (4–2 pen.) |2001 COSAFA Cup |- |25. |25 June 2002 |Estádio do Maxaquene, [[Maputo]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] |{{fb|MOZ}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Friendly |- |26. |21 June 2003 |Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] |{{fb|NGA}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–2 |2004 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |27. |6 July 2003 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|MAW}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |5–1 |2004 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |28. |20 September 2003 |Independence Stadium, [[Windhoek]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] |{{fb|NAM}} | align="center" |'''3'''–1 | align="center" |3–1 |Friendly |- |29. |16 November 2003 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|CHA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |30. |20 June 2004 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|NGA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |31. |3 July 2004 |Stade Omar Bongo, [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]] |{{fb|GAB}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |2–2 |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |32. |5 June 2005 |Estádio da Cidadela, Luanda, Angola |{{fb|ALG}} | align="center" |'''2'''–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |33. |8 October 2005 |Amahoro Stadium, [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] |{{fb|RWA}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |34. |17 January 2006 |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rabat]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] |{{fb|MAR}} | align="center" |'''1'''–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Friendly |- |35. | rowspan="4" |29 April 2006 | rowspan="4" |Setsoto Stadium, Maseru, Lesotho | rowspan="4" |{{fb|MRI}} | align="center" |'''1'''–1 | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |5–1 | rowspan="4" |2006 COSAFA Cup |- |36. | align="center" |'''2'''–1 |- |37. | align="center" |'''3'''–1 |- |38. | align="center" |'''4'''–1 |- |39. |2 June 2006 |Fortuna Sittard Stadion, Sittard, [[Holand|Netherlands]] |{{fb|TUR}} | align="center" |'''1'''–0 | align="center" |2–3 |Friendly |} == Siyasa == A halin yanzu Akwa memba ce a [[Angolan legislative assembly|majalisar dokokin Angola]]. Yana sha'awar ci gaban wasanni a [[Angola]]. == Girmamawa == === Individual === * Qatar Stars League: Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye 1998–99 * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a Qatar: 1999, 2004, 2005 * Gwarzon dan wasan Angola: 2006 === Kungiyoyi === * Kofin Yariman Qatar: 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004 * Kofin Cheikh Qassim: 1999 === Ƙasa === * Kofin COSAFA: 1999, 2001, 2004 ==Bayanan kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.girabola.com/fabrice-alcebiades-maieco-akwa/ Girabola.com - Akwá] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120130630/http://www.girabola.com/fabrice-alcebiades-maieco-akwa/ |date=2009-01-20 }} Archived * [http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/w/player/170066_AKWA.html Yahoo! Bayanan wasanni] Archived * [http://allafrica.com/stories/200706050736.html Kwallon kafa - Akwa, Petro's New Reinforcement] AllAfrica.com, 5 Yuni 2007 [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ohwhtbvhbaeotbsz10xfjq07nxfasvg Sal Jobarteh 0 46217 846244 796560 2026-06-03T21:09:47Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sulayman "Sal" Jobarteh''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta IFK Haninge. An kuma haife shi a Sweden, Jobarteh yana wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Gambia]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haifi Jobarteh a ƙasar Sweden kuma dan asalin kasar Gambiya ne. Ya na cikin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|tawagar kwallon kafa ta Gambia]] a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] da ci 1-0 a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jobarteh ɗan'uwan ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Alagie Sosseh. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|74697/Sal_Jobarteh}} * [http://fotbolltransfers.com/site/player/3783 Fotboll Transfers Profile] * Sal Jobarteh at FootballDatabase.eu * {{Soccerway|sal-jobarteh/177733}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] 27ckjppez7g3r3of85gkmcfqdoebif0 Agagiwa 0 49703 846241 427982 2026-06-03T21:09:01Z Sumy IB 32481 846241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agagiwa''' kauye ne dake a hukumar Malumfashi a jihar [[Katsina]]<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Mnazarta== pii65yp7ruq1stpejdmb08rjgk3p8sv Michael Jackson (bambanta) 0 52685 846543 598960 2026-06-04T05:20:12Z Nura Bello 24854 846543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] [[Fayil:Michael Jackson, 1988 (46845017052).jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' (1958 – 2009) Mawakin Ba’amurke, ne, marubuci kuma dan rawa wanda aka fi sani da “Sarkin Pop”. '''Michael Jackson''', '''Mike Jackson''', ko '''Mick Jackson''' na iya komawa zuwa:   == Mutane == === Masana'antar nishadi === Michael Jackson (mai sharhin rediyo) (1934–2022), mai gabatar da jawabi ne a gidan rediyon Amurka, KABC da KGIL, Los Angeles. ==== Mawaka ==== * Mike Jackson (mawaki) (1888-1945), ɗan wasan piano na jazz na Amurka kuma mawaki. * Mike Jackson ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), dan wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya, marubucin waka kuma dan wasan yara. * Mick Jackson (mawaki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), Mawakin Ingilishi-mawaƙi * Michael Gregory ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), dan wasan jazz na Amurka, an haifi Michael Gregory Jackson. * Mike da Michelle Jackson, Ostiraliya Multi-instrumental Duo * Michael Jackson (Mawakin Ingilishi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), Mawakin Biritaniya tare da kungiyar Karfe mai nauyi Shaiɗan/Pariah. * Oh No (mawaki), sunan haihuwa Michael Woodrow Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), mawakin Amurka * Michael Lee Jackson, guitarist * Mick Jackson, bassist tare da Kungiyar Kaunar kauna ta Birtaniya (1950-) === Sojoji da mayakan === * Michael Jackson (soja na Amurka) (1734-1801), soja daga [[Massachusetts]], rauni a Bunker Hill. * Mike Jackson (Jami'in Sojan Burtaniya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), tsohon shugaban sojojin Burtaniya * Salman Raduyev ko Michael Jackson (1967-2002), shugaban yakin Chechen === 'Yan siyasa da jami'ai === * Mike Jackson (dan siyasar [[Texas]]) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), ɗan Republican na Majalisar Dattawan Texas * Michael P. Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaron Cikin Gida na Amurka, 2005–2007 * Michael W. Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Lauyan gundumar Alabama * Michael A. Jackson (dan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), daga gundumar Prince George, Maryland * Mike Jackson (dan siyasar Oklahoma) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), memba na majalisar wakilai ta Oklahoma === Mutanen wasanni === ==== Kwallon kafa na Amurka ==== * Michael Jackson (mai ba da layi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan NFL na Amurka (1979 – 1986) * Michael Jackson (mai karba mai fadi) (1969 – 2017), dan siyasan Amurka kuma mai karɓar NFL mai fadi. * Mike Jackson Sr. (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), kwallon kafa ta Amurka ==== Kwallon, kafa (kwallon kafa) ==== * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1939) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Scotland kuma manaja * Michael Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) (Mariléia dos Santos), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Kungiyar mata ta [[Brazil]]. * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) Dan wasan ƙwallon kafa ta kasar Ingila haifaffen Liverpool ne * Michael Jackson (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila haifaffen Cheltenham ne ==== Sauran wasanni ==== * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwando na hagu) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Mike Jackson (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka ABA (1972 – 1976) * Michael Jackson (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), dan wasan kwallon kwando na NBA na Amurka, Sacramento Kings (1987 – 1990) * Mike Jackson (dan wasan kwando na dama) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), Dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Michael Jackson (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1969), Dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Rugby na Burtaniya, Wakefield Trinity, Halifax * Mike Jackson (dan kokawa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), kwararren dan kokawa na Amurka * Mike Jackson (dan gwagwarmaya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), dan wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka === Sauran mutane === * Michael A. Jackson (masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta) (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara talatin da shida miladiyya 1936), mai habaka hanyoyin habaka software * Michael Jackson ( an haife shi 1940), New Zealand, farfesa a fannin ilimin dan adam da marubuci * Mike Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), tsohon Shugaba na Mercedes-Benz USA kuma Shugaba na AutoNation. * Mike Jackson (masanin kimiyyar tsarin) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), masanin ka'idar kungiyar Burtaniya kuma mai ba da shawara * Michael Jackson (wanda ya yi kisan kai) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan Amurka wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa * Mike Jackson (an haife shi 1954), tsohon shugaban kasa kuma COO na Supervalu * Michael Jackson (bishop) (an haife shi 1956), Cocin Ireland Archbishop na Dublin, Ireland, tun 2011 * Michael Jackson (dan jarida), dan jarida Niuean kuma tsohon dan siyasa * Michael Jackson, Ba'amurke mai laifi tare da Tiffany Cole === Halaye === * Mike Jackson (hali), hali a cikin littattafan ''Psmith'' na PG Wodehouse == Wakoki, == * "Michael Jackson", wakar Cash Cash daga ''The Beat Goes On'' * "Michael Jackson", wakar Das Racist daga ''Relax'' * "Michael Jackson", wakar Fatboy Slim, B-gefen " Fita Daga Kaina " * "Michael Jackson", wakar The Mitchell Brothers * "Michael Jackson", waƙayr Negativland daga ''Tsere daga Noise'' == Duba kuma == * All pages with titles containing Michael Jackson * All pages with titles containing Mike Jackson * All pages with titles containing Mick Jackson * Michael L. Jackson (disambiguation) * Jackson (disambiguation) * Jackson (name) * Michael (disambiguation) * Mitchell Jackson (disambiguation) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} frkar8tvpw87abvfdesnk8edj1y7mbx Yusuf 0 52944 846538 495415 2026-06-04T05:17:27Z Nura Bello 24854 846538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Yusuf_in_Islamic_calligraphy.png |thumb| Sunan Yusuf a harshen Larabci]] [[File:Yusuf_G%C3%BCltekin.jpg |thumb|Yusuf Gültekin. ]] '''Yusuf''' ( {{Lang-ar|يوسف}} </link> ''{{Transl|ar|ALA-LC|Yūsuf}}'' ) sunan namiji ne ma'ana " [[Allah]] yana karuwa" (a cikin takawa, iko da tasiri). <ref>From the Hebrew יהוה להוסיף ''YHWH Lhosif'' meaning "[[YHWH]] will increase/add".</ref> Yana da [[Larabci]] daidai da sunan [[Ibrananci]] Yosef da [[Turanci]] sunan Yusufu . Ana amfani dashi ne sosai a sassa da dama na [[duniya]] [[Larabawa]] na dukan [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinai na Ibrahim]], ciki har da [[Yahudawa]] na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Larabawa Kirista, da [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] . Hakanan ana fassara shi ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da '''Yousef''', '''Yousif''', '''Youssef''', '''Youssif''', '''Yousuf''' da '''Yusef'''. == Sunan da aka ba wa == === Yusuf === * Yousaf Ali Khan, darektan fina-finan [[Burtaniya]] * Yousaf Aziz Magsi (1908-1935), shugaban Baloch daga lardin Balochistan na [[Pakistan]] a yau. * [[Yousaf Borahil Al-Msmare]] (wato daga 1866-1931), jagoran gwagwarmayar musulmin [[Libya]] da ke yaki da mulkin mallaka na [[Italiya]]. === Yusuf === * Yossef Karami (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), dan wasan Takwondo dan kasar Iran * Yossef Romano (1940-1972), dan kasar Libiya dan kasar Isra'ila mai daukar nauyi (wanda kuma aka sani da Joseph Romano ko Yossi Romano), an kashe shi a kisan kiyashin 1972 na Munich. === Youcef === * Youcef Abdi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), dan wasan Ostiraliya * [[Youcef Belaïli|Youcef Belaili]], dan wasan mwallon kafa na Aljeriya * Youcef Ghazali, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya * Youcef Nadarkhani, dan kasar Iran ne da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda yayi imani da addinin Kiristanci * Youcef Touati, dan wasan kwallon mafa ta Aljeriya === Yusuf === * Yousef El Nasri (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), dan tseren nesa na Spain * Yousef Beidas (1912-1968), ma'aikacin banki na Lebanon Bafalasdine * Yousef Erakat, Halin YouTube Bafalasdine-Amurka * Yousef Saanei (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), limamin Iran kuma dan siyasa * Yousef Sheikh Al-Eshra, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Syria === Yusuf === * Yousif Ghafari, dan kasuwan Amurka * Yousif Hassan, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Emirate === Yusuf === * Youssef Abdelke, mawakin Syria * Youssef Aftimus (1866-1952), injiniyan farar hula na Lebanon da kuma gine-gine * Youssef Bey Karam (1823–1889), jagoran kishin kasa na Lebanon * Youssef Chahine (1926-2008), darektan fina-finan Masar * Youssef Hossam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne dan wasan tennis na kasar Masar * Youssef Hussein (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), dan wasan barkwanci na Masar * Youssef Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Masar * Youssef Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ana yi masa lakabi da [[Yusuf Obama|Youssef Obama]], dan wasan kwallon ƙafa ta Masar * [[Youssef Jobs]] (an haifi 2015), jikan Steve Jobs === Yusuf === * Youssif (wanda aka kone), wanda aka azabtar Iraqi === Yusuf === * Youssof Kohzad, Ba'amurke marubuci kuma mai fasaha === Yusuf === * Youssouf Bakayoko, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ivory Coast * [[Yusuf Hadji|Youssouf Hadji]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco * Youssouf Hersi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Holand * [[Yusuf Mulumbu|Youssouf Mulumbu]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Kwango === Yusuf === * Yusef na Maroko ( ''Yusef ben Hassan'', 1882–1927), mai mulkin Maroko (1912–27) * Yusuf Ahmed (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Qatar * Yusef al-Ayeri (1973-2003), dan ta'addar Saudiyya, shugaban Al-Qaeda na farko a yankin Larabawa. * Yusef Ali Khan (1816-1865), Nawab (1855-1865) a cikin masarautar Rampur (yanzu a Uttar Pradesyh, Indiya) * Yusef Greiss (1899-1961), mawakin Masar * Yusef Hawkins (kuma Yusuf Hawkins, 1973–1989), wanda aka kashe Ba'amurke a Brooklyn, New York City, wanda wasu ’yan wariyar launin fata suka kai wa hari. * Yusef Khan, halin almara a cikin opera ta sabulun talabijin ta Burtaniya ''ta EastEnders'' * Yusef Khan-e Gorji (ya rasu a shekara ta 1824), shugaban sojojin Iran * Yusef Komunyakaa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), mawakin Amurka * Yusef Lateef (1920–2013), mawakin jazz na Amurka * Yusef Majidzadeh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Iran * [[Yusef Mishleb]] (wanda kuma aka sani da Yosef Mislev, an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), Druze Janar a Rundunar Tsaro ta Isra'ila. * Yusef Sozi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Rugby na kasar Uganda * Yusef Urabi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1966), jami'in Falasdinu a cikin sojojin Siriya a cikin rundunar 'yantar da Falasdinu kuma memba na Fatah. === Yusuf === * Yusof Ishak (1910-1970), Shugaban farko na Singapore === Yusuf === * Yussef al-Shihri (1985-2009), wanda ake tsare da shi a gidan yari na Guantanamo Bay. === Yusuf === * Yussuf Poulsen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Denmark === Yusuf === * Yusuf ibn Muhammad, wanda aka fi sani da Al-Mustanjid, khalifan Baghdad 1160-1170. * Yusuf Emre Fırat (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Turkiyya * Yusuf I, Sultan na Granada (1318-54), Nasrid na bakwai mai mulkin Masarautar Granada a Al-Andalus a kan Iberian Peninsula. * Yusuf II, Almohad sarki (c. 1203-1224), sarkin Morocco * Yusuf Abdullahi, dan wasan cricket na Afirka ta Kudu * Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf al-Mustanjid, khalifa na Mamluk Sultanate (1455-1479). * Yusuf al-Azma (1883-1920), Ministan Yakin Siriya, jami'in soja a Daular Usmaniyya. * [[Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali (rashin fahimta)]], mutane da yawa * Yusuf Balasaguni, Uyghur scribe * Yusuf Başer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ƙarateka na Turkiyya * Yusuf Bey (1935 – 2003), shugaban musulmin Amurka kuma bakar fata dan kishin kasa kuma dan gwagwarmaya * Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Somali Muslim school * Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945), dan siyasan kasar Omani * Yusuf Corker (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Amirka * Yusuf Dadoo, dan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu * Yusuf Dikeç (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Turkiyya * Yusuf Ekinci, lauyan Turkiyya * Yusuf Garaad Omar, dan jaridan Somaliya * Yusuf Halaçoğlu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), masanin tarihi kuma dan siyasa dan kasar Turkiyya * Yusuf Hamied, hamshakin attajirin Indiya * Yusuf Hamadani (1062–1141), malamin Sufi na Farisa mai aiki a tsakiyar Asiya * Yusuf Islam, mawakin Birtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da Cat Stevens * [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] (c.1061-1106), Sarkin Berber Almoravid daular. * Yusuf Ismail (1857-1898), dan kokawa na kasar Turkiyya * Yusuf Karamanli (1766-1838), pasha na daular Karamanli a Tripolitania (lardin Libya na yau) * Yusuf Khatri, kwararren dan Indiya * Yusuf Kurtuluş, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Turkiyya * Yusuf Ma Dexin, masani musulmin kasar Sin * Yusuf Mersin, dan wasan kwallon kafar Turkiyya * Yusuf Nabi, marubucin Turkiyya * Yusuf Öztürk (mai wasan lwallon kafa), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Turkiyya * Yusuf Öztürk (dan dambe), dan damben Turkiyya * [[Yusuf Alkaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] (1926-2022), malamin addinin Islama na Masar, (tsohon) jagoran 'yan uwa musulmi. * Yusuf Salim (1929–2008), mawakin jazz na Amurka kuma mawaki * Yusuf Salman Yusuf, dan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Iraqi * Yusuf Siddiq (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957). * Yusuf Şimşek, dan kwallon Turkiyya * Yusuf Taktak (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), dan wasan fasaha na Turkiyya * Yusuf Uçar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Turkiyya * Yusuf Yasin (1888-1962), dan siyasan Saudiyya dan asalin Siriya * Yusuf Yazicı, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Turkiyya * Yusuf Yilmaz, dan wasan kwallon kafar Turkiyya * Abu Yusuf Al-Turki (wanda aka fi sani da, Ümit Yaşar Toprak, c. 1967–2014), maharbi na Turkiyya mai fafutuka a cikin kungiyar al-Nusra Front. === Yusuf === * Jusuf Nurkić, dan wasan kwando na Bosnia == Sunan mahaifi == === Giousouf === * Cemile Giousouf (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar siyasar Jamus ce ta kabilar Turkiyya === Yusuf === * Bilal Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1928), marubucin Farisa * Humza Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), Ministan Farko na Scotland na yanzu * Jam Mohammad Yousaf (1954-2013), Jam na 12 na birnin Lasbela, tsohon babban ministan lardin Balochistan na Pakistan. * Kyle Yousaf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne dan dambe dan kasar Burtaniya * The Yousaf Sisters, American music duo wanda ya hada da Krewella: ** Jahan Yousaf ** Yasmine Yusuf === Yusuf === * Abd-El-Aziz Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Somaliya * Farrah Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), mawakin Siriya * Hediya Yousef, 'yar siyasar Siriya-Kurdawa * Mosab Hassan Yousef, dan leken asirin Falasdinu da ke aiki da Isra'ila * Ramzi Yousef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), dan ta'adda dan Pakistan ne wanda ya shirya harin bam a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a 1993. * Rasmea Yousef, babban darektan kungiyar Arab American Action Network na Jordan === Yusuf === * Bassem Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), marubuci dan kasar Masar ne kuma dan wasan barkwanci * Dhafer Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mawakin Tunisiya kuma dan wasan oud * Maimouna Youssef (sunan mataki: Mumu Fresh), mawakin Amurka kuma mawaka * Maya Youssef, mawakiyar Syria * Mohamed Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kwando na Libya * Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Youssef, 1930-1973), dan gwagwarmayar Falasdinu. * Ramy Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), dan wasan kwallon hannu na Masar * Ramy Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne dan wasan Ba’amurke dan asalin kasar Masar * Michael Youssef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) shi ne limamin Larabawa Ba-Amurke === Yusuf === * Mohammad Yousuf ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) shi ne dan wasan kurket na Pakistan === Yusuf === * Anatol Yusef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya * Malik Yusef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), dan kasar Amurka mawaki ne kuma mawaki * Mohammad Yusef Mai Zane, Mawakin Farisa Safavid * Molla Yusef (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa === Yusuf === * Khairuddin Mohamed Yusof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), Farfesan Malaysia Emeritus a Jami'ar Malaya. * Meor Aziddin Yusof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), mawakin Malesiya ne kuma marubuci * Mohammad Said Yusof, dan majalisar dokokin Malaysia === Yusuf === * [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ali]], malamin addinin Islama na kudancin Asiya * Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, tsohon shugaban kasar Somaliya * Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1135-1184), Almohad khalifa na biyu, yayi sarauta a Marrakesh. * [[Ali Yusuf Kenadid]], Sarkin Somaliya na Sultanate na Hobyo * Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, dan siyasan Somaliya * [[Hamza Yusuf]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), malamin addinin musulunci na Amurka * Hanna Yusuf (1992 – 2019), yar jarida kuma yar jarida ’yar Somaliya-British * Isa Yusuf Alptekin, dan siyasar Uygur * Mohammad Yusuf (dan siyasa) (1917-1998), Firayim Minista na Afghanistan * [[Muhammad Yusuf|Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)]] (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, 1970-2009), wanda ya kafa kungiyar Musulmi ta Najeriya kuma jagora. * [[Osman Yusuf Kenadid]], masani dan kasar Somaliya * [[Sami Yusuf]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), mawakin Burtaniya kuma marubuci === Yusuf === === Yusuff === === Yusufu ===   == Duba kuma == * Yusuf (sunan ba) * [[Annabi Yusuf|Yusuf a Musulunci]] * Yusif Muhammad (Muhammad) * Hajj Yusef (rashin fahimta) - wurare * Hajji Yusef (rashin fahimta) - wurare * Sunan Larabci * Sunan Turkiyya * All pages with titles beginning with Jusuf * All pages with titles beginning with Yusufu * All pages with titles beginning with Yossef * All pages with titles beginning with Youcef * All pages with titles beginning with ku * All pages with titles beginning with Yusaf * All pages with titles beginning with Yusef * All pages with titles beginning with Yusif * All pages with titles beginning with Yusof * All pages with titles beginning with Yuss * All pages with titles beginning with Yusuf == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yusuf]] b3mswu9w0yznd4lkp928g2jq0qa7pob Jeta Amata 0 54067 846054 773392 2026-06-03T13:54:16Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350975218|Jeta Amata]]" 846054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeta Amata''' Listen ⓘ fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Agustan shekarar 1974, ga shahararren jarumin Najeriya Zack Amata. Ya fito daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da [[Fred Amata]] . Tun yana girma a masana'antar fina-finai, bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya shirya kuma ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko ''Glamour Boyz'' yana da shekaru 21, wanda hakan bai zama abin mamaƙi ba lokacin da ya fara tasowa a duniyar fina-finai da nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Conference on World Affairs {{!}} University of Colorado Boulder |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.colorado.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Sana'a == Aikinsa ya fara zuwa duniya baƙi ɗaya lokacin da ya shirya wani fim na shirin gaskiya na [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC) a shekara ta 2003, inda ya yi amfani da fim ɗinsa ''Game of Life'' a matsayin fim ɗin shirin gaskiya. Yana da zaɓe 53 da kuma nasarori 10 na kyaututtukan fina-finai a Afirka, Turai da Amurka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Glo/CNN African Voices profile Nigerian film director, Jeta Amata - Vanguard News Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/glocnn-african-voices-profile-nigerian-film-director-jeta-amata/ |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, shugaban Haiti, ya naɗa Jeta Amata jakadan alheri a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Glo/CNN African Voices profile Nigerian film director, Jeta Amata - Vanguard News Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/glocnn-african-voices-profile-nigerian-film-director-jeta-amata/ |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Amata ta yi aiki tare da Kim Basinger, wacce ta lashe kyautar Academy Award , Mickey Rourke, wacce ta lashe kyautar Academy Award, da kuma fitattun mawakan [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din ''[[Black November]]'' na shekarar 2012. == Takaitaccen bayani game da ayyuka == == 2004–11 == An fara nuna ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Amata mai suna ''The Alexa Affair'' a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekarar 2004. Fim ɗin Amata mai ''[[The Amazing Grace|suna The Amazing Grace]]'', <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Glo/CNN African Voices profile Nigerian film director, Jeta Amata - Vanguard News Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/glocnn-african-voices-profile-nigerian-film-director-jeta-amata/ |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fina-finan Yammacin Afirka a bikin Screen Nations Awards na 2006 a Burtaniya, ya kasance fim na farko da aka nuna a bikin nuna fina-finai na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, Jeta ya sami karramawa saboda fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da ''Mary Slessor'' . == 2012-yanzu == An fara nuna fim ''[[Black November|ɗin Black November]]'' a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron Majalisar a shekarar 2012, kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]] da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Fim ɗin ya zaburar da ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙuduri na jam'iyyu biyu kan 'yan [[Neja Delta|Niger Delta]] na Najeriya na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 112, H.CON.RES.121. An nuna Amata a cikin shirin fim ɗinsa mai suna ''Into the Delta'', game da halin da yankin Neja Delta ke ciki, a jami'o'i tara a Amurka, ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]] . == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayanan kula |- | 1996 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan Samari Masu Kyau'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | 1997 | ''Babu Abincin Allahn da Yake Da Shi'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | 2001 | ''Mutunta'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | wani |- | rowspan="2" | 2002 | ''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | ''Hawayen Mace'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2003 | ''Soyayya Mara Sharaɗi'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | ''Soyayya Ta Kusa'' (bidiyo) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | Jarumai: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- | ''Sha'awa Mai Haɗari'' (bidiyo) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2004 | ''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- | ''Sarauniya ta 2'' (bidiyo) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | ''Sha'anin Alexa'' (gajere) | Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" | 2005 | ''Tayar Canji'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- | ''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | ''Wasan Karshe'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- | 2006 | ''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Ban Mamaki]]'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- | 2007 | ''Wasan Rayuwa'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | 2008 | ''Mary Slessor'' (jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin) | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- | 2009 | ''Sarauniya Amina'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | 2010 | ''[[Inale]]'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- | 2012 | ''[[Black November|Baƙin Nuwamba]]'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | starring: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- | 2013 | ''Sarkin Amurka'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | 2016 | ''Hanya Zuwa Fansa'' | Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | Jarumai: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == * Bikin Fina-finan Afirka na Verona na Duniya, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fina-finan Afirka na Verona na Duniya, Kyautar Masu Sauraro, ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Monaco, Fim Mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fina-finan Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi Kyawun Darakta (wanda aka zaɓa), ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fina-finan Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaɓa), ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fina-finan Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo, ''Baƙar fata Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fina-finan Afirka Academy AAMA, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Najeriya (wanda aka zaɓa), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Nigeria, Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja, Kyaututtukan Masu Sauraro, ''Mary Slessor'', 2009 * Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Gajeru, ''Mary Slessor'', 2009 * Kyautar SIMA, Mafi kyawun Darakta, ''Kyauta Mai Ban Mamaki'', 2008 * Kyautar Screen Nations, Mafi kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, ''Kyauta Mai Ban Mamaki'', 2007 * Kyautar Fina-finan Najeriya NMA, Mafi Kyawun Darakta (wanda aka zaɓa), ''The Amazing Grace'', 2007 * Kyautar Fina-finan Najeriya NMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaɓa), ''The Amazing Grace'', 2007 * Kyautar Fina-finan Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Fina-finai, ''Alherin Mai Ban Mamaki'', 2007 * Kyautar Fina-finan Afirka Academy AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Darakta (wanda aka zaɓa), ''The Amazing Grace'', 2006 * Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Fina-finai, ''Alherin Mai Ban Mamaki'', 2006 * Kyautar Fina-finan Afirka Academy AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaɓa), ''The Amazing Grace'', 2006 * Kyautar Fina-finan Afirka Academy AAMA, Mafi kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo (wanda aka zaɓa), ''The Amazing Grace'', 2006 == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 2001 a wani gwaji da aka yi a Calabar, ya haɗu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Glo/CNN African Voices profile Nigerian film director, Jeta Amata - Vanguard News Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/glocnn-african-voices-profile-nigerian-film-director-jeta-amata/ |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, suka fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma aka haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 suka rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 suka sake. A halin yanzu Amata tana cikin haɗin gwiwa da Vanessa Teemsma, wacce ta yi aiki a fannin shirya fina-finansa, ciki har da Black November. Amata da Teemsma sun haifi ɗa a shekarar 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya shine bayan mahaifin Teemsma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Glo/CNN African Voices profile Nigerian film director, Jeta Amata - Vanguard News Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/glocnn-african-voices-profile-nigerian-film-director-jeta-amata/ |access-date=2018-12-03 |work=Vanguard News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * Nau'i:Fina-finai da Jeta Amata ya bada umarni == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood] daga [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com] * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryar Afirka: Jeta Amata-Filmmaker] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 82a28py1dbvez2pecmr0696v6zc5hlh Magdeburg 0 55196 846238 562033 2026-06-03T21:08:21Z Sumy IB 32481 846238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Wappen Magdeburg.svg|thumb|Magdeburg]] '''Magdeburg,''' (Jamus: [ˈmakdəbʊʁk] (saurara); Ƙananan Jamusanci: Meideborg [ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x]) babban birni ne na jihar [[Jamus]] Saxony-Anhalt. Birnin yana bakin kogin Elbe<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Magdeburg |volume=17 |page=301}}</ref>. Otto I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki na farko kuma wanda ya kafa Archdiocese na Magdeburg, an binne shi a babban cocin birnin bayan mutuwarsa<ref>{{cite web |title=Brandkatastrophen und deren Bedeutung für die Verbreitung gotischer Sakralarchitektur |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/7156/1/Kremb_Das_Feuer_der_Erneuerung_2020.pdf |website=archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de |publisher=Jens Kremb|language=de |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>. Sigar Magdeburg ta dokar garin Jamus, wacce aka sani da haƙƙin Magdeburg, ta bazu ko'ina cikin Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Marigayi, Magdeburg ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen Jamus kuma mafi wadata kuma sanannen memba na Hanseatic League. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane daga birnin shine Otto von Guericke, wanda ya shahara da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi da yankin Magdeburg. Magdeburg ta fuskanci manyan barna uku a tarihinta. A shekara ta 1207 musiba ta farko ta afku a birnin, inda wata gobara ta kona manyan sassan birnin, ciki har da babban cocin Ottoniya. Kungiyar Katolika ta kori Magdeburg a cikin 1631, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 25,000 wadanda ba mayaƙa ba, asarar mafi girma na Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwa sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin a shekara ta 1945 tare da lalata yawancin tsakiyar birnin. {{stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Aerial view of Magdeburg.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg File:ViewOfMagdeburg.jpg|ViewOfMagdeburg File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 11.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_11 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 09.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_09 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 11.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_11 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 12.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_12 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 06.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_06 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 14.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_14 File:Aerial view of Magdeburg, seen from Buckau 07.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magdeburg,_seen_from_Buckau_07 File:Magdeburg, Kirche Jakobstr. - 098.26.jpg|Magdeburg,_Kirche_Jakobstr._-_098.26 </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} qmmy94cjsdiha3f70xfh9t8bnhqzgb9 Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya 0 63121 846317 337366 2026-06-03T21:37:22Z Sardeeq 39275 846317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni. Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tfznj05ifofnt5zas5wtu8l9qxz8vww 846318 846317 2026-06-03T21:39:01Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni. Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7vcvpzqjvz74jd1fy8cg9uc5oshph63 846319 846318 2026-06-03T21:40:02Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni. Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oq2iobtfd42kvyu026ctm7d0ypfzqd5 846320 846319 2026-06-03T21:40:55Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni. Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tkc4shwdegtb1ac2gjq81j3t9kwx5zl 846321 846320 2026-06-03T21:42:01Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdamcck8c5di5oteqsiyzqbtveok3rf 846322 846321 2026-06-03T21:42:55Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g75necdweqew5ic98z21kbb2uekfdwo 846325 846322 2026-06-03T21:44:32Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t8znl5f2posd76kzd2h968wjag247uk 846326 846325 2026-06-03T21:45:16Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jc0rivzanl3psey5v5q12az0whfopq9 846327 846326 2026-06-03T21:46:06Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i3a3d0jdhgiv6taxp8cf1wv9o20r2r4 846328 846327 2026-06-03T21:46:52Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aliu5rmckppdpnixa4jcgn8c9ry3whs 846329 846328 2026-06-03T21:48:01Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9m07vt7go8xtituk7dr9l58qr8npg1f 846330 846329 2026-06-03T21:48:50Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref><ref>1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". LawXplorer. Retrieved 22 August 2025.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kj27p9tnr2ucu6aitrfu15kzjpo4pg4 846331 846330 2026-06-03T21:49:44Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref><ref>Elaigwu, J. Isawa (17 August 2006). "The Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.formed.org. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref><ref>1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". LawXplorer. Retrieved 22 August 2025.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66a3tqfgdxeinkfejo8msod5ny4hsss 846332 846331 2026-06-03T21:50:30Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref><ref>Elaigwu, J. Isawa (17 August 2006). "The Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.formed.org. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref><ref>1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". LawXplorer. Retrieved 22 August 2025.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6naxgxjpgl1e57sxdvoubec96awujia 846333 846332 2026-06-03T21:51:13Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya''' ita ce rubutacciyar [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|doka koli]] ta [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] . Najeriya tana da kundin tsarin mulki da yawa. A halin yanzu an kafa tsarin da yake a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999 kuma ya kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu . {{Siyasar Najeriya}} == Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya == Tsarin Nijeriya da tsarinta, sun kasance gadon mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Birtaniya]] . Tana da ƙungiyoyin harsuna sama da 374 masu al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. <ref>Eyene Okpanachi, Eyene and Garba, Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004257/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf ''Federalism and constitutional change in Nigeria'', 7(1) Federal Governance 3 (2010)]. Archived from [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/34175/ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-fedgov-2010-1-okpanachi_et_al-Federalism_and_constitutional_change_in.pdf the original] on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Wannan bambance-bambancen ya ba da gudummawa ga Najeriya ta kasance "kasashen da ya fi rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya" tare da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}</ref> Hakan ya sa Najeriya ta sha yunkurin kafa tsarin mulki mai inganci. Waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da mulkin farar hula da na soja, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|tsarin tarayya]] na tsakiya da na tsakiya, tsarin shugaban ƙasa da na majalisa, da sauran cibiyoyin siyasa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>"The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). Global Citizenship Observatory. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer". Channels Television. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</ref><ref>1979 Constitution of Nigeria" (PDF). 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref><ref>Elaigwu, J. Isawa (17 August 2006). "The Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.formed.org. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</ref><ref>Shekau, Abubakar (1 July 2018), "Message to Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan", The Boko Haram Reader, Oxford University Press, pp. 245–248, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190908300.003.0033, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-090830-0</nowiki>, retrieved 8 July 2022</ref> Wata Order a Council ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a lokacin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka]] a lokacin da kasar ke mulkin mallaka . Waɗannan kundin tsarin mulki sun haɗa da Tsarin Mulki na Clifford na 1922, Tsarin Mulki na Richards na 1946, Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951, da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton na 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=3–4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSuberu2019">Suberu, Rotimi (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310153614/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf "Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Occasional Papers Series''. Forum of Federations: 3–4. [[EISSN (mai ganowa)|eISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-5598|1922-5598]]. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1922-558X|1922-558X]]. Archived from [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2022.</cite></ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref><ref>1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". LawXplorer. Retrieved 22 August 2025.</ref> === Tsarin Mulkin Richards === Westminster ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a 1946. An kira shi Tsarin Mulki na Richards bayan Gwamna-Janar Sir Arthur Richards, wanda ke da alhakin tsara shi. Duk da cewa ta bar iko mai inganci a hannun Gwamna-Janar da Majalisar Zartaswa da ya nada, ta kuma kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta fadada da ke da ikon yin shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi kasar. Har ila yau, ta samar da Majalisun Dokoki guda uku na yanki don yin la'akari da tambayoyin gida tare da ba da shawara ga laftanar gwamnoni.<ref>"Nigeria - Military regimes, 1983–99 | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Introducing the Third Republic". Nigerian Scholars. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Tsarin mulkin Richards ya amince da bambancin ƙasar ta hanyar gabatar da ƙa'idar tarayya tare da ikon yanki. Ko da yake yana da haƙiƙa wajen tantance halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kundin tsarin mulkin Richards ya ƙara ƙarfafa yanki maimakon ƙarfafa haɗin kai na siyasa . An dakatar da shi a cikin 1950 akan kiran neman yancin kai. === Tsarin mulki na Macpherson === Wani taron ‘yan majalisa a [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 1950 ya tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. An yi masa lakabi da Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson bayan Gwamna-Janar John Stuart Macpherson mai ci. Ya fara aiki a shekara mai zuwa, a 1951. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya tanadi 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki da ƙungiyar tarayya, tare da samar da gwamnatin tsakiya tare da Majalisar Ministoci. Hakan ya karfafa shigar siyasa da ayyukan jam’iyya a matakin kasa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin yankin suna da faffadan ikon majalisa wanda sabuwar majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai kujeru 185 ba za ta iya kwacewa ba. Sakamakon haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson ya inganta yankin yanki sosai. === Tsarin mulkin Lyttleton === An kira sake fasalin tsarin mulki na gaba da Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton bayan Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos . An kafa shi a cikin 1954 kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idar tarayya. Hakan ya share fagen samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya. === 1960 tsarin mulkin ƴancin kai === Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na farko a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Ya fara aiki ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960. A karkashin wannan tsarin mulkin, Najeriya ta rike [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu]] a matsayin shugabar kasa, Sarauniyar Najeriya . [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya wakilci sarauniya a matsayin Gwamna-Janar. === tsarin mulkina 1963 === Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya mai cin gashin kansa na biyu ya soke tsarin sarauta ya kafa [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko]] . Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1963, wato cika shekaru uku da samun ƴancin kai. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya zama [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] na farko . Kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 ya dogara ne akan tsarin Westminster . An yi amfani da shi har zuwa [[Juyin mulki a Najeriya, (15 ga watan Janairu 1966)|juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a 1966]] wanda ya hambarar da hukumomin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya. === tsarin mulkina 1979 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1979 ya kafa [[jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu]] . Ta yi watsi da tsarin Westminster don goyon bayan tsarin shugabancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] irin na Amurka tare da zaɓe kai tsaye. Domin kaucewa kutsawa cikin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1979 ya wajabta wa jam’iyyun siyasa rajista a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohin. Bugu da kari, ta kafa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|majalisar zartaswar Najeriya]], inda kowace jiha ke da akalla mamba daya. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan ya ba da "halayen tarayya" ga al'umma. <ref name=":2" /><ref>Ogowewo, Tunde I. (2000). "Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy". Journal of African Law. 44 (2): 135–166. doi:10.1017/S0021855300012195. ISSN 0021-8553. JSTOR 1587454. S2CID 145120828.</ref> === tsarin mulkin 1993 === Kundin tsarin mulkin 1993 ya kafa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku . Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kamata ya mayar da mulkin dimokuradiyya ga Najeriya amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi sosai ba. Sojoji ne ke rike da kasar har zuwa shekarar 1999. == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya == Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya kafa jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, tarayya mai mulkin dimokradiyya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 2.</ref> Ya kasance yana aiki a yau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url-status=135–166}}</ref><ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin 1999 ya bayyana babban birnin kasar, jihohi 36 da manyan biranen su, da kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 774 a cikin Najeriya. <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(6).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(4).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(1).</ref> <ref>Nigeria Const. § 3(3).</ref> Ita ce ta kafa sassan gwamnati da na majalisa da zartaswa da na shari’a tare da ba da cikakken bayani kan ayyukansu da raba madafun iko tsakanin rassa da gwamnatocin tarayya da na jihohi. Ikon majalisar dokokin Najeriya na hannun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ne mai zauruka biyu: [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] da [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|ta Wakilai.]] <ref name="Nigeria Const. § 41">Nigeria Const. § 4(1).</ref> Kundin tsarin mulki ya bai wa Majalisar Dokoki ikon kafa dokoki don " zaman lafiya, oda da kuma kyakkyawan gwamnatin tarayya". Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin ya zayyana muhimman hakkokin mutum, da suka hada da rayuwa, yanci, mutunci, kebantawa, yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yancin addini, da tsaro daga bauta, tashin hankali, wariya, da kuma hidimar tilastawa aikin soja. Har ila yau, yana bayyana haƙƙin mutum na yin shari'a a kan kari kuma na gaskiya idan an kama shi da kuma zato ba shi da laifi . <ref name=":5" /> 'Yan Najeriya kuma suna da 'yancin mallakar filaye, ' [[Yancin taro|yancin yin taro]], da 'yancin walwala . <ref name=":4" /> Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare dokoki hudu: Dokar Amfani da Filaye, Dokar Hukumomin Tsaro ta Kasa, Dokar Hidima ta Kasa, da Dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a. A watan Janairun 2011, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rattaba hannu kan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga kundin tsarin mulkin, wanda shine gyara na farko tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1999. == Manazarta == [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h17pyhvvrgz1xt3edu60nz0588eempd Harsunan Sal 0 72215 846239 796558 2026-06-03T21:08:22Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harsunan Sal''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''harsunan Brahmaputran''', reshe ne na harsunan Tibeto-Burman da ake magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya, da kuma sassan Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), da [[Sin]]. == Madadin sunaye == Ethnologue yana kiran ƙungiyar "Jingpho-Konyak-Garo-Bodo", yayin da Scott DeLancey (2015) <ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19606028-00442p02</ref> yana nufin "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog ya lissafa wannan reshe a matsayin "Brahmaputran (brah1260)", kamar yadda harsunan ke faruwa a kusa da kwarin Brahmaputra. == Rarraba tsakanin Sino-Tibet == Scott DeLancey (2015) <ref name=":0" />yana ɗaukar harsunan Sal, waɗanda yake nufin Garo-Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw (BKJ), don zama wani ɓangare na babban rukunin Tibeto-Burman ta Tsakiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Rabewar ciki == Benedict (1972:7) ya kuma lura cewa harsunan Bodo–Garo, Konyak, da Jingpho (Kachin) da kuma ɓataccen harshe na Chairel, sun raba tushen tushen “rana” da “wuta”. Burling a shekarar (1983) ya ba da shawarar haɗakar Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Arewacin Naga), da harsunan Jingpho, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sabbin ƙamus da yawa, gami da: <nowiki>*</nowiki>sal "rana" (STEDT #2753) Yaki "wuta" (STEDT #2152) <nowiki>*</nowiki>s-raŋ "sky" (STEDT #3571) <nowiki>*</nowiki>wa "baba" (STEDT #5484) <nowiki>*</nowiki>nu "uwa" (STEDT #1621) Burling (1983) ya kira ƙungiyar da aka tsara Sal, bayan kalmomin sal, san da jan don "rana" a cikin waɗannan harsuna daban-daban. Coupe (2012:201–204) ya bayar da hujjar cewa, wasu sabbin abubuwan da Burling ya gabatar, ko dai ba a tabbatar da su a cikin yarukan Sal ba, ko kuma suna da kwarjini a wasu harsunan Sino-Tibet. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013) <ref name=":1">https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship</ref>ya yarda da ƙungiyar Burling's Sal, kuma yana ɗaukar *s-raŋ 'sky/rain' da *nu 'mother' a matsayin mafi gamsarwa ga sababbin sababbin abubuwa. An gabatar da iyali gabaɗaya tare da rassa uku (Burling 2003:175, Thurgood 2003:11): Harsunan Bodo–Garo, gami da harsunan Bodo da Koch, ana magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya na jihohin Assam, Meghalaya da Tripura. Mutanen Naga suna magana da harsunan Konyak a kudu maso gabashin Arunachal Pradesh da arewa maso gabashin Nagaland (dukansu a arewa maso gabashin Indiya). Ana kiran wannan rukunin Gabashin Naga ta Burling (1983) da Northern Naga ta wasu marubuta. (Sauran harsunan Nagaland suna cikin rukunin Kuki-Chin-Naga daban.) Harsunan Kachinic ko Jingpho–Luish sun haɗa da Jingpho (Jinghpaw, Singhpo ko Kachin), waɗanda ake magana da su a arewacin Burma da yankunan da ke kusa da su, da harsunan Luish (ko Sak) da ake magana da su a yammacin Burma. Shafer ya hada biyun farko a matsayin sashin Baric, kuma Bradley (1997:20) shima ya hada su a matsayin reshe. Bradley (1997) ya ɗauki Pyu da Kuki-Chin a matsayin mai yiwuwa suna da alaƙa da Sal, amma ba shi da tabbas game da wannan. Peterson (2009)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245</ref>ya ɗauki Mru-Hkongso a matsayin reshen Tibeto-Burman na daban, amma ya lura cewa Mru-Hkongso yana da kamanceceniya da Bodo-Garo wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda farkon rabuwar Mruic daga reshen Tibeto-Burman wanda ya haɗa da. Bodo-Garo. '''Van Driem (2011)''' Reshen Brahmaputran na van Driem (2011) yana da bambance-bambancen guda uku: Bodo–Garo da Konyak.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2014</ref> Bodo–Garo, Konyak, and Dhimalish.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2001</ref> Bodo–Garo, Konyak, Dhimalish, and Kachin–Luic.<ref name=":2" /> Mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne na baya-bayan nan, kuma wanda van Driem ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar Sino-Tibet.<ref>https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2641q8vv</ref> Amma, Glottolog bai yarda da Dhimalish a matsayin harshen Sal ba.<ref>http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhim1245</ref>Sotrug (2015) <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#cite_ref-8</ref>da Gerber, et al. (2016) <ref>https://www.academia.edu/30259338/Links_between_Lhokpu_and_Kiranti_some_observations</ref>yi la'akari da Dhimalish yana da alaƙa musamman da harsunan Kiranti maimakon harsunan Sal. '''Matisoff (2012, 2013)''' James Matisoff (2012) <ref>https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/JAM_Jingpho-Luish_20121003.pdf</ref>ya yi waɗannan abubuwan lura game da ƙungiyar Sal. Ko da yake Bodo–Garo da Arewa maso Gabas Naga (Konyak) hakika suna da alaƙa, Jingpho da Arewa maso Gabashin Naga (Konyak) da alama sun fi kusanci da juna fiye da Jingpho da Bodo-Garo. Luish shi ne reshen Tibeto-Burman da ke da alaƙa da Jingpho, wanda aka ba da ƙarin shaida a cikin Matisoff (2013).<ref name=":1" /> Kamanceceniya tsakanin Jingpho da Nungish ya kasance saboda tuntuɓar. Don haka, Nungish ba shi da alaƙa da Jingpho musamman, kuma ba yaren Sal ba ne. A gefe guda, Lolo-Burmese ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da Nungish fiye da Jingpho. Matisoff (2012) ya lura cewa, waɗannan rassan Tibeto-Burman ba su rabu da kyau ba a cikin tsari irin na bishiya, sai dai sun samar da alaƙa. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name=":1" /> har yanzu yana ba da Stammbaum mai zuwa don reshen Sal. '''Sal''' * Bodo-Garo * Jingpho-Konyak * Konyakian (Naga Arewa) * Jingpho-Asakian * Jingphoic * Asakiyan Harshen Taman da ba a bayyana ba na arewacin Myanmar yana nuna wasu kamanceceniya da harsunan Luish, Jingpho, da Bodo-Garo, amma ba a tantance ko Taman yaren Sal ne ko a'a ba.<ref>https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018</ref> == Manazarta == 5nstnvn5pm86d7llz5ryfoaih0xl12k 846240 846239 2026-06-03T21:08:43Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harsunan Sal''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''harsunan Brahmaputran''', reshe ne na harsunan Tibeto-Burman da ake magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya, da kuma sassan Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), da [[Sin]]. == Madadin sunaye == Ethnologue yana kiran ƙungiyar "Jingpho-Konyak-Garo-Bodo", yayin da Scott DeLancey (2015) <ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19606028-00442p02</ref> yana nufin "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog ya lissafa wannan reshe a matsayin "Brahmaputran (brah1260)", kamar yadda harsunan ke faruwa a kusa da kwarin Brahmaputra. == Rarraba tsakanin Sino-Tibet == Scott DeLancey (2015) <ref name=":0" />yana ɗaukar harsunan Sal, waɗanda yake nufin Garo-Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw (BKJ), don zama wani ɓangare na babban rukunin Tibeto-Burman ta Tsakiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Rabewar ciki == Benedict (1972:7) ya kuma lura cewa harsunan Bodo–Garo, Konyak, da Jingpho (Kachin) da kuma ɓataccen harshe na Chairel, sun raba tushen tushen “rana” da “wuta”. Burling a shekarar (1983) ya ba da shawarar haɗakar Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Arewacin Naga), da harsunan Jingpho, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sabbin ƙamus da yawa, gami da: <nowiki>*</nowiki>sal "rana" (STEDT #2753) Yaki "wuta" (STEDT #2152) <nowiki>*</nowiki>s-raŋ "sky" (STEDT #3571) <nowiki>*</nowiki>wa "baba" (STEDT #5484) <nowiki>*</nowiki>nu "uwa" (STEDT #1621) Burling (1983) ya kira ƙungiyar da aka tsara Sal, bayan kalmomin sal, san da jan don "rana" a cikin waɗannan harsuna daban-daban. Coupe (2012:201–204) ya bayar da hujjar cewa, wasu sabbin abubuwan da Burling ya gabatar, ko dai ba a tabbatar da su a cikin yarukan Sal ba, ko kuma suna da kwarjini a wasu harsunan Sino-Tibet. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013) <ref name=":1">https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship</ref>ya yarda da ƙungiyar Burling's Sal, kuma yana ɗaukar *s-raŋ 'sky/rain' da *nu 'mother' a matsayin mafi gamsarwa ga sababbin sababbin abubuwa. An gabatar da iyali gabaɗaya tare da rassa uku (Burling 2003:175, Thurgood 2003:11): Harsunan Bodo–Garo, gami da harsunan Bodo da Koch, ana magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya na jihohin Assam, Meghalaya da Tripura. Mutanen Naga suna magana da harsunan Konyak a kudu maso gabashin Arunachal Pradesh da arewa maso gabashin Nagaland (dukansu a arewa maso gabashin Indiya). Ana kiran wannan rukunin Gabashin Naga ta Burling (1983) da Northern Naga ta wasu marubuta. (Sauran harsunan Nagaland suna cikin rukunin Kuki-Chin-Naga daban.) Harsunan Kachinic ko Jingpho–Luish sun haɗa da Jingpho (Jinghpaw, Singhpo ko Kachin), waɗanda ake magana da su a arewacin Burma da yankunan da ke kusa da su, da harsunan Luish (ko Sak) da ake magana da su a yammacin Burma. Shafer ya hada biyun farko a matsayin sashin Baric, kuma Bradley (1997:20) shima ya hada su a matsayin reshe. Bradley (1997) ya ɗauki Pyu da Kuki-Chin a matsayin mai yiwuwa suna da alaƙa da Sal, to amma ba shi da tabbas game da wannan. Peterson (2009)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245</ref>ya ɗauki Mru-Hkongso a matsayin reshen Tibeto-Burman na daban, amma ya lura cewa Mru-Hkongso yana da kamanceceniya da Bodo-Garo wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda farkon rabuwar Mruic daga reshen Tibeto-Burman wanda ya haɗa da. Bodo-Garo. '''Van Driem (2011)''' Reshen Brahmaputran na van Driem (2011) yana da bambance-bambancen guda uku: Bodo–Garo da Konyak.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2014</ref> Bodo–Garo, Konyak, and Dhimalish.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2001</ref> Bodo–Garo, Konyak, Dhimalish, and Kachin–Luic.<ref name=":2" /> Mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne na baya-bayan nan, kuma wanda van Driem ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar Sino-Tibet.<ref>https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2641q8vv</ref> Amma, Glottolog bai yarda da Dhimalish a matsayin harshen Sal ba.<ref>http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhim1245</ref>Sotrug (2015) <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#cite_ref-8</ref>da Gerber, et al. (2016) <ref>https://www.academia.edu/30259338/Links_between_Lhokpu_and_Kiranti_some_observations</ref>yi la'akari da Dhimalish yana da alaƙa musamman da harsunan Kiranti maimakon harsunan Sal. '''Matisoff (2012, 2013)''' James Matisoff (2012) <ref>https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/JAM_Jingpho-Luish_20121003.pdf</ref>ya yi waɗannan abubuwan lura game da ƙungiyar Sal. Ko da yake Bodo–Garo da Arewa maso Gabas Naga (Konyak) hakika suna da alaƙa, Jingpho da Arewa maso Gabashin Naga (Konyak) da alama sun fi kusanci da juna fiye da Jingpho da Bodo-Garo. Luish shi ne reshen Tibeto-Burman da ke da alaƙa da Jingpho, wanda aka ba da ƙarin shaida a cikin Matisoff (2013).<ref name=":1" /> Kamanceceniya tsakanin Jingpho da Nungish ya kasance saboda tuntuɓar. Don haka, Nungish ba shi da alaƙa da Jingpho musamman, kuma ba yaren Sal ba ne. A gefe guda, Lolo-Burmese ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da Nungish fiye da Jingpho. Matisoff (2012) ya lura cewa, waɗannan rassan Tibeto-Burman ba su rabu da kyau ba a cikin tsari irin na bishiya, sai dai sun samar da alaƙa. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name=":1" /> har yanzu yana ba da Stammbaum mai zuwa don reshen Sal. '''Sal''' * Bodo-Garo * Jingpho-Konyak * Konyakian (Naga Arewa) * Jingpho-Asakian * Jingphoic * Asakiyan Harshen Taman da ba a bayyana ba na arewacin Myanmar yana nuna wasu kamanceceniya da harsunan Luish, Jingpho, da Bodo-Garo, amma ba a tantance ko Taman yaren Sal ne ko a'a ba.<ref>https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018</ref> == Manazarta == 3r174o4mkeomuxk6a9hhirfsjqucnzd Nawal El Moutawakel 0 75441 846028 717431 2026-06-03T13:34:27Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|caption=El Moutawakel in 2009|image=Nawal El Moutawakel (cropped).JPG|occupation=Women's athletics (sport){{!}}athletics Medal{{!}}Gold{{!}} Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics|citizenship=MAR}} [[File:Nawal_El_Moutawakel_2012.jpg |thumb| Nawal El Moutawakel]] '''Nawal El Moutawakel''' ( [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]] : ⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ; {{Lang-ar|نوال المتوكل}} ; An haife shi 15 [[Afrilu]] 1962) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Moroko|Morocco]] ne, wanda ya lashe gasar tseren mita 400 na mata na farko a gasar [[Olympics]] ta bazara ta 1984, kuma ita ce ƴar [[Moroko|Morocco]] ta farko da ta lashe zinare na [[Olympics]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011610/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/nawal_el_moutawakel/ Nawal El Moutawakel] Wise Muslim Women. Retrieved 9 April 2011</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benbachir |first=Simo |date=2019-07-21 |title=El Moutawakel… la championne qui trône sur le cœur des Marocains |url=http://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/ |access-date=2020-02-17 |website=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728235546/https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2007, an nada El Moutawakel a matsayin ministan wasanni a majalisar ministocin [[Moroko|Morocco]] mai <ref>{{cite book|title=Olympic media|last=Billings|first=Andrew C.|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|date=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/olympicmediainsi0000bill/page/3 3]|isbn=0-415-77250-8|url=https://archive.org/details/olympicmediainsi0000bill|url-access=registration|quote=Taiwan Winter Olympics Boycott.|access-date=2009-03-20}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011610/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/nawal_el_moutawakel/ Nawal El Moutawakel] Wise Muslim Women. Retrieved 9 April 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benbachir |first=Simo |date=2019-07-21 |title=El Moutawakel… la championne qui trône sur le cœur des Marocains |url=http://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/ |access-date=2020-02-17 |website=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728235546/https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/07/21/el-moutawakel-la-championne-qui-trone-sur-le-coeur-des-marocains/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa == [[File:PortraitNawalElMoutawakelJune2016.jpg |left|thumb| Nawal El Moutawakel]] An haifi El Moutawakel a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], kuma tana karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa lokacin da ta lashe gasar Olympics, wanda ya zo da mamaki a kasarta. Sarkin Maroko Hassan na biyu ya buga mata waya domin taya ta murna, kuma ya bayyana cewa duk ‘yan matan da aka haifa a ranar nasararta za a ba ta suna domin karrama ta. Har ila yau lambar yabo ta na nufin samun ci gaba ga mata masu wasa a Maroko da sauran kasashen musulmi. Ta kasance majagaba ga musulmi da 'yan wasa na Afirka ta yadda ta rikitar da imanin da aka dade ana yi na cewa mata masu irin wannan yanayi ba za su iya yin nasara a [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasannin motsa jiki]] ba . [[Fayil:Nawal El Moutawakel 2012.jpg|thumb|Nawal El Moutawakel]] A cikin 1993 ta fara gudu don jin daɗi, 5&nbsp;kilomita ya yi takarar mata a Casablanca, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama gasar mata mafi girma da aka gudanar a kasar da ke da rinjayen musulmi, tare da 30,000 da suka zo takara. A cikin 1995, El Moutawakel ya zama mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya (IAAF), wanda yanzu ake kira World Athletics Athletics, kuma a cikin 1998 ta zama mamba a kwamitin Olympics na duniya (IOC). El Moutawakel memba ne na kwamitin Olympics na duniya, kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitocin tantance zaɓen birnin da za a yi gasar Olympics ta bazara na 2012 da 2016 . Tun 2012 ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar IOC. <ref>[http://www.olympic.org/ms-nawal-el-moutawakel Ms Nawal EL MOUTAWAKEL], IOC site.</ref> A cikin 2006, El Moutawakel yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da aka karrama don ɗaukar tutar Olympic a bukin buɗe gasar Olympics na lokacin sanyi na 2006 a [[Torino|Turin]], Italiya. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2012, ta ɗauki fitilar Olympics ta London ta Westminster. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC – Olympic Torch Relay – Camden to Westminster |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/torchrelay/day69 |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nawal El Moutawakel Nona visita Rio.jpg|thumb|Nawal El Moutawakel]] [[Fayil:25th Laureus World Sports Awards - Red Carpet - Nawal El Moutawakel - 240422 174614.jpg|thumb|Nawal El Moutawakel]] El Moutawakel na ɗaya daga cikin jakadun Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid . == Gasar kasa da kasa == <sup>1</sup> Wakilin Afirka == Duba kuma == * Politics of Morocco * Sport in Morocco == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] ooiie4weqkjisf0tsg45rjyvp07x147 Arinze Ifeakandu 0 77734 846107 521037 2026-06-03T14:35:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348086080|Arinze Ifeakandu]]" 846107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arinze Ifeakandu''' marubuci ne ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda aka san shi da tarin gajerun labaransa, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willie-Okafor |first=Paula |date=4 April 2023 |title=With God's Children Are Little Broken Things, Arinze Ifeakandu Garners Breakout Acclaim |url=https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173237/https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar Dylan Thomas da kuma kyautar Jamhuriyar Sanin Kai a Amurka da Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manley |first=Janet |date=28 March 2023 |title=Arinze Ifeakandu has won the 2022 Republic of Consciousness prize. |url=https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173241/https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Kirkus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |title=Finalists for the 2022 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173249/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Kirkus}}</ref> Lambda Awards, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=LeKesha |date=20 March 2023 |title=Announcing the 35th Annual Lammy Awards Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622234001/https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Lambda Literary}}</ref> kuma ya sami kyautar Spotlight ta Kyautar Labari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022/23 Winner & Finalists |url=https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711174005/https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=The Story Prize}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe kyautar O. Henry saboda ɗaya daga cikin labaran. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=24 April 2023 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Ifeakandu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] da kuma Taron Horar da Marubuta na Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Viviane |date=16 June 2022 |title=THE PEN TEN: AN INTERVIEW WITH ARINZE IFEAKANDU |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=PEN.org}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleibermann |first=Erik |title=Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://www.full-stop.net/2022/11/01/interviews/erikgleibermann/arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin adabi == Tarin gajerun labarai na Ifeakandu, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', an buga shi ta A Public Space Books a shekarar 2022. ''Kirkus Reviews'' ya ba shi yabo:<blockquote>Labarun da ke cikin tarin farko na Ifeakandu ba komai ba ne illa abin sha'awa da ƙarfin hali, kowannensu yana bincika alaƙar ƙawaye a cikin dukkan tsare-tsarensu masu ban mamaki da rashin tabbas: soyayya ta sirri, gamuwa ta gajeru amma mai cike da sha'awa, dangantaka da aka gwada ta hanyar matsin lamba na al'adu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GOD'S CHILDREN ARE LITTLE BROKEN THINGS |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173244/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref></blockquote>A cikin wani sharhi mai tauraro 5, ''Open Country Mag'' ta kira shi "wani muhimmin abu na soyayyar 'yan luwadi da cikar ɗan adam", tana rubuta:<blockquote>An raba shi da mafi mahimmancin dangantakarsa, littafin God's Children ya ba da labarin soyayyar ƙuruciya a ƙasar da zama ɗan luwaɗi ke da wahala. Tana cike da nassoshi masu jan hankali, tana bin alƙawarin da wahalar halayenta ba tare da wata matsala ba. Suna da gaske, kusan za ka iya miƙa hannu ka taɓa su; don haka cikin sauƙi za ka iya mai da matsalolinsu naka, ka warware abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma yin bincike kan ƙananan bayanai. Ifeakandu ba ta sadaukar da kwararar ruwa ba; a cikin wannan littafin, jimloli suna tafiya kamar raƙuman ruwa masu kyau a rana mai haske. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esomnofu |first=Emmanuel |date=14 June 2022 |title=God's Children Are Little Broken Things by Arinze Ifeakandu Review—A Momentous Debut of Gay Love and Human Fullness |url=https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref></blockquote>''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta bayyana haruffan a matsayin "masu ƙwarewa a ɓoyewa da kuma ɗaliban maza masu bambancin ra'ayi. Idan suna tare su kaɗai, suna bayyana kansu cikin tausayi, kuma wani lokacin suna yin hakan; a bainar jama'a ba za su iya yin kasadar fitowa waje ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Edmund |title=Alone in each other's company |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181742/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=The Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> ''iD'' ta kwatanta labaran a matsayin "mai ɗaci" da kuma Ifeakandu a matsayin "ƙwararren mai lura." <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |title=Arinze Ifeakandu writes bittersweet stories of Nigerian queerness |url=https://i-d.co/article/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173236/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/93aa4v/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=i-D}}</ref> Jaridar Irish Times ta rubuta cewa labaran "suna nuna soyayyar ƙauye a cikin dukkan kyawunta, ƙarfinta, da rauninta." [1] Jaridar Common ta ba da shawarar cewa "Ifeakandu ya cancanci a karanta shi sosai don muryar mutum ɗaya mai kyau, mai kyau, da kuma ta batsa da aka haɗa da kayan al'adu iri-iri; yana sa abubuwan da kowane hali ya fuskanta su zama na kowa da kowa, kuma mai karatu yana jin zafi da ƙauna tare da su." [2] == Littattafai == * ''<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Allah Ƙananan Abubuwa Ne Masu Karyewa'' (Littattafan Sararin Samaniya na Jama'a, 2022) == Daraja(s) == * ''Kyautar AKO Caine ga wanda ya lashe gasar rubuce-rubuce ta Afirka'' ''- 2017'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=africaindialogue |date=2017-07-05 |title=The Caine Prize For African Writing 2017 Shortlist: A Dialogue With Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://africaindialogue.com/2017/07/05/the-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2017-shortlists-a-dialogue-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Africa in Dialogue |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ma'aikacin Rubutu na Jama'a'' ''- 2015'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Writing Fellowship |url=https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/,%20https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/writing-fellowship |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=A Public Space |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=kanopi_admin |date=2022-06-16 |title=The PEN Ten: An Interview with Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar O. Henry don Gajerun Labarai - 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=2023-04-24 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Literary Hub |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ktq9aoyba0m8xru565olxqn4tmxcxx7 846108 846107 2026-06-03T14:35:53Z Sardeeq 39275 846108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arinze Ifeakandu''' marubuci ne ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda aka san shi da tarin gajerun labaransa, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willie-Okafor |first=Paula |date=4 April 2023 |title=With God's Children Are Little Broken Things, Arinze Ifeakandu Garners Breakout Acclaim |url=https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173237/https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar Dylan Thomas da kuma kyautar Jamhuriyar Sanin Kai a Amurka da Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manley |first=Janet |date=28 March 2023 |title=Arinze Ifeakandu has won the 2022 Republic of Consciousness prize. |url=https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173241/https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Kirkus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |title=Finalists for the 2022 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173249/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Kirkus}}</ref> Lambda Awards, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=LeKesha |date=20 March 2023 |title=Announcing the 35th Annual Lammy Awards Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622234001/https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Lambda Literary}}</ref> kuma ya sami kyautar Spotlight ta Kyautar Labari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022/23 Winner & Finalists |url=https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711174005/https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=The Story Prize}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe kyautar O. Henry saboda ɗaya daga cikin labaran. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=24 April 2023 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Ifeakandu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] da kuma Taron Horar da Marubuta na Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Viviane |date=16 June 2022 |title=THE PEN TEN: AN INTERVIEW WITH ARINZE IFEAKANDU |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=PEN.org}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleibermann |first=Erik |title=Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://www.full-stop.net/2022/11/01/interviews/erikgleibermann/arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin adabi == Tarin gajerun labarai na Ifeakandu, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', an buga shi ta A Public Space Books a shekarar 2022. ''Kirkus Reviews'' ya ba shi yabo:<blockquote>Labarun da ke cikin tarin farko na Ifeakandu ba komai ba ne illa abin sha'awa da ƙarfin hali, kowannensu yana bincika alaƙar ƙawaye a cikin dukkan tsare-tsarensu masu ban mamaki da rashin tabbas: soyayya ta sirri, gamuwa ta gajeru amma mai cike da sha'awa, dangantaka da aka gwada ta hanyar matsin lamba na al'adu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GOD'S CHILDREN ARE LITTLE BROKEN THINGS |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173244/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref></blockquote>A cikin wani sharhi mai tauraro 5, ''Open Country Mag'' ta kira shi "wani muhimmin abu na soyayyar 'yan luwadi da cikar ɗan adam", tana rubuta:<blockquote>An raba shi da mafi mahimmancin dangantakarsa, littafin God's Children ya ba da labarin soyayyar ƙuruciya a ƙasar da zama ɗan luwaɗi ke da wahala. Tana cike da nassoshi masu jan hankali, tana bin alƙawarin da wahalar halayenta ba tare da wata matsala ba. Suna da gaske, kusan za ka iya miƙa hannu ka taɓa su; don haka cikin sauƙi za ka iya mai da matsalolinsu naka, ka warware abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma yin bincike kan ƙananan bayanai. Ifeakandu ba ta sadaukar da kwararar ruwa ba; a cikin wannan littafin, jimloli suna tafiya kamar raƙuman ruwa masu kyau a rana mai haske. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esomnofu |first=Emmanuel |date=14 June 2022 |title=God's Children Are Little Broken Things by Arinze Ifeakandu Review—A Momentous Debut of Gay Love and Human Fullness |url=https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref></blockquote>''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta bayyana haruffan a matsayin "masu ƙwarewa a ɓoyewa da kuma ɗaliban maza masu bambancin ra'ayi. Idan suna tare su kaɗai, suna bayyana kansu cikin tausayi, kuma wani lokacin suna yin hakan; a bainar jama'a ba za su iya yin kasadar fitowa waje ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Edmund |title=Alone in each other's company |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181742/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=The Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> ''iD'' ta kwatanta labaran a matsayin "mai ɗaci" da kuma Ifeakandu a matsayin "ƙwararren mai lura." <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |title=Arinze Ifeakandu writes bittersweet stories of Nigerian queerness |url=https://i-d.co/article/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173236/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/93aa4v/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=i-D}}</ref> Jaridar Irish Times ta rubuta cewa labaran "suna nuna soyayyar ƙauye a cikin dukkan kyawunta, ƙarfinta, da rauninta." [1] Jaridar Common ta ba da shawarar cewa "Ifeakandu ya cancanci a karanta shi sosai don muryar mutum ɗaya mai kyau, mai kyau, da kuma ta batsa da aka haɗa da kayan al'adu iri-iri; yana sa abubuwan da kowane hali ya fuskanta su zama na kowa da kowa, kuma mai karatu yana jin zafi da ƙauna tare da su." [2] == Littattafai == * ''<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Allah Ƙananan Abubuwa Ne Masu Karyewa'' (Littattafan Sararin Samaniya na Jama'a, 2022) == Daraja(s) == * ''Kyautar AKO Caine ga wanda ya lashe gasar rubuce-rubuce ta Afirka'' ''- 2017'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=africaindialogue |date=2017-07-05 |title=The Caine Prize For African Writing 2017 Shortlist: A Dialogue With Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://africaindialogue.com/2017/07/05/the-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2017-shortlists-a-dialogue-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Africa in Dialogue |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ma'aikacin Rubutu na Jama'a'' ''- 2015'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Writing Fellowship |url=https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/,%20https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/writing-fellowship |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=A Public Space |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=kanopi_admin |date=2022-06-16 |title=The PEN Ten: An Interview with Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar O. Henry don Gajerun Labarai - 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=2023-04-24 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Literary Hub |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1ccj4e1j1prr51118am2oafrvmadunk 846109 846108 2026-06-03T14:36:36Z Sardeeq 39275 846109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arinze Ifeakandu''' marubuci ne ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] wanda aka san shi da tarin gajerun labaransa, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willie-Okafor |first=Paula |date=4 April 2023 |title=With God's Children Are Little Broken Things, Arinze Ifeakandu Garners Breakout Acclaim |url=https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173237/https://opencountrymag.com/with-gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-garners-breakout-acclaim/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar Dylan Thomas da kuma kyautar Jamhuriyar Sanin Kai a Amurka da Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manley |first=Janet |date=28 March 2023 |title=Arinze Ifeakandu has won the 2022 Republic of Consciousness prize. |url=https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173241/https://lithub.com/arinze-ifeakandu-has-won-the-2022-republic-of-consciousness-prize/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Kirkus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |title=Finalists for the 2022 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173249/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-the-2022-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Kirkus}}</ref> Lambda Awards, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=LeKesha |date=20 March 2023 |title=Announcing the 35th Annual Lammy Awards Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622234001/https://lambdaliterary.org/2023/03/announcing-the-35th-annual-lammy-awards-finalists/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Lambda Literary}}</ref> kuma ya sami kyautar Spotlight ta Kyautar Labari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022/23 Winner & Finalists |url=https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711174005/https://thestoryprize.org/202223 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=The Story Prize}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe kyautar O. Henry saboda ɗaya daga cikin labaran. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=24 April 2023 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Ifeakandu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] da kuma Taron Horar da Marubuta na Iowa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=Viviane |date=16 June 2022 |title=THE PEN TEN: AN INTERVIEW WITH ARINZE IFEAKANDU |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=PEN.org}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleibermann |first=Erik |title=Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://www.full-stop.net/2022/11/01/interviews/erikgleibermann/arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin adabi == Tarin gajerun labarai na Ifeakandu, ''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'', an buga shi ta A Public Space Books a shekarar 2022. ''Kirkus Reviews'' ya ba shi yabo:<blockquote>Labarun da ke cikin tarin farko na Ifeakandu ba komai ba ne illa abin sha'awa da ƙarfin hali, kowannensu yana bincika alaƙar ƙawaye a cikin dukkan tsare-tsarensu masu ban mamaki da rashin tabbas: soyayya ta sirri, gamuwa ta gajeru amma mai cike da sha'awa, dangantaka da aka gwada ta hanyar matsin lamba na al'adu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GOD'S CHILDREN ARE LITTLE BROKEN THINGS |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173244/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arinze-ifeakandu/gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref></blockquote>A cikin wani sharhi mai tauraro 5, ''Open Country Mag'' ta kira shi "wani muhimmin abu na soyayyar 'yan luwadi da cikar ɗan adam", tana rubuta:<blockquote>An raba shi da mafi mahimmancin dangantakarsa, littafin God's Children ya ba da labarin soyayyar ƙuruciya a ƙasar da zama ɗan luwaɗi ke da wahala. Tana cike da nassoshi masu jan hankali, tana bin alƙawarin da wahalar halayenta ba tare da wata matsala ba. Suna da gaske, kusan za ka iya miƙa hannu ka taɓa su; don haka cikin sauƙi za ka iya mai da matsalolinsu naka, ka warware abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma yin bincike kan ƙananan bayanai. Ifeakandu ba ta sadaukar da kwararar ruwa ba; a cikin wannan littafin, jimloli suna tafiya kamar raƙuman ruwa masu kyau a rana mai haske. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esomnofu |first=Emmanuel |date=14 June 2022 |title=God's Children Are Little Broken Things by Arinze Ifeakandu Review—A Momentous Debut of Gay Love and Human Fullness |url=https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173235/https://opencountrymag.com/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-by-arinze-ifeakandu-review-a-momentous-debut-of-gay-love-and-human-fullness/ |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref></blockquote>''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta bayyana haruffan a matsayin "masu ƙwarewa a ɓoyewa da kuma ɗaliban maza masu bambancin ra'ayi. Idan suna tare su kaɗai, suna bayyana kansu cikin tausayi, kuma wani lokacin suna yin hakan; a bainar jama'a ba za su iya yin kasadar fitowa waje ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Edmund |title=Alone in each other's company |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711181742/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/gods-children-are-little-broken-things-arinze-ifeakandu-book-review-edmund-gordon/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=The Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> ''iD'' ta kwatanta labaran a matsayin "mai ɗaci" da kuma Ifeakandu a matsayin "ƙwararren mai lura." <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |title=Arinze Ifeakandu writes bittersweet stories of Nigerian queerness |url=https://i-d.co/article/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173236/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/93aa4v/arinze-ifeakandu-gods-children-are-little-broken-things |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=i-D}}</ref> Jaridar Irish Times ta rubuta cewa labaran "suna nuna soyayyar ƙauye a cikin dukkan kyawunta, ƙarfinta, da rauninta." [1] Jaridar Common ta ba da shawarar cewa "Ifeakandu ya cancanci a karanta shi sosai don muryar mutum ɗaya mai kyau, mai kyau, da kuma ta batsa da aka haɗa da kayan al'adu iri-iri; yana sa abubuwan da kowane hali ya fuskanta su zama na kowa da kowa, kuma mai karatu yana jin zafi da ƙauna tare da su." [2] == Littattafai == * ''<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Allah Ƙananan Abubuwa Ne Masu Karyewa'' (Littattafan Sararin Samaniya na Jama'a, 2022) == Daraja(s) == * ''Kyautar AKO Caine ga wanda ya lashe gasar rubuce-rubuce ta Afirka'' ''- 2017'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=africaindialogue |date=2017-07-05 |title=The Caine Prize For African Writing 2017 Shortlist: A Dialogue With Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://africaindialogue.com/2017/07/05/the-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2017-shortlists-a-dialogue-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Africa in Dialogue |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ma'aikacin Rubutu na Jama'a'' ''- 2015'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Writing Fellowship |url=https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/,%20https://apublicspace.org/about/fellowships/writing-fellowship |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=A Public Space |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=kanopi_admin |date=2022-06-16 |title=The PEN Ten: An Interview with Arinze Ifeakandu |url=https://pen.org/the-pen-ten-an-interview-with-arinze-ifeakandu/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=PEN America |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar O. Henry don Gajerun Labarai - 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groff |first=Lauren |date=2023-04-24 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2023 O. Henry Prize for Short Fiction |url=https://lithub.com/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2023-o-henry-prize-for-short-fiction/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Literary Hub |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 41xj2xyfruy80ggzk002av5pruwiwur Lynique Beneke 0 77890 846059 420947 2026-06-03T13:55:50Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara nasaka photo 846059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:1324 ver dames prinsloo (35691681931).jpg|thumb|'''Lynique Beneke''']] '''Lynique Beneke''' (née '''Prinsloo'''; an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1991) ƴar wasan Afirka ta Kudu ce da ta ƙware a tsalle mai tsawo.<ref>{{World Athletics}}</ref> Ta wakilci kasar ta a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013. Mafi kyawunta a cikin taron shine mita 6.81 (-1.2 m / s) da aka kafa a Stellenbosch a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sascoc.co.za/2016/05/02/longjumper-lynique-lays-down-her-marker-for-rio-2016/|title=Longjumper Lynique lays down her marker for Rio 2016 {{!}} TeamSA|date=2016-05-02|work=TeamSA|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917023416/http://www.sascoc.co.za/2016/05/02/longjumper-lynique-lays-down-her-marker-for-rio-2016/|url-status=dead|archivedate=2018-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917023416/http://www.sascoc.co.za/2016/05/02/longjumper-lynique-lays-down-her-marker-for-rio-2016/}}</ref> Ta auri wani dan wasan Afirka ta Kudu, PC Beneke. == Gasar kasa da kasa == {| {{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{RSA}} |- |2012 |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Porto Novo, Benin]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Long jump |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.22 m]] |- |2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow, Russia]] |27th (q) |Long jump |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.17 m]] |- |2016 |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]] |5th |Long jump |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's long jump|6.13 m]] |- |rowspan=2|2016 |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Durban, South Africa]] |5th |Long jump |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.20 m]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]] | (q) |Long jump |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|6.10 m]] |- |2017 |[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Taipei, Taiwan]] |6th |Long jump |[[Athletics at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Women's long jump|6.21 m]] |- |rowspan=2|2018 |rowspan=2|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Asaba, Nigeria]] |4th |4 × 100 m relay |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|45.63 s]] |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Long jump |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.38 m]] |- |rowspan=2|2019 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games|African Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Rabat, Morocco]] |4th (h) |4 × 100 m relay |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|45.54 s]] |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Long jump |[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's long jump|6.30 m]] |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] 1x89z97804fa6cxj43brzymf1tq1o9n Gya Tea Co 0 78085 846746 521416 2026-06-04T09:15:13Z Sti Aromas 45524 846746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Edit article}} '''Gya Tea Co''' offers a variety of delightful tea flavors for every individual preference, providing comfort, refreshment, and nutrition that celebrates health and wellness.<ref>https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness-sunshine-in-a-cup-how-green-tea-boosts-your-mood-and-energy-levels-in-summer-8876148.html</ref> == History == Gya Tea Co began its journey with the goal of offering premium tea blends to customers seeking to perfect their personal tea rituals. Founded in 2022, Gya Tea Co launched on Amazon in 2023 and quickly gained recognition for sourcing the finest tea leaves from around the world and creating unique blends that captivate the senses, including green tea, black tea, herbal infusions, and specialty blends.<ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/lifestyle/5-food-items-to-avoid-eating-with-tea-1714916243085</ref> == Product Line == '''Offerings''' A selection of diverse blends and smooth tea infusions. '''Brand Positioning''' Gya Tea positions itself as a premium tea brand, synonymous with quality, authenticity, and dedication. It caters to tea enthusiasts who appreciate the finer things in life and seek to elevate their tea-drinking experience. '''Target Market''' Tea lovers and connoisseurs who value quality, authenticity, and uniqueness in their tea choices. Health-conscious individuals seeking natural and flavorful alternatives to traditional beverages. Global consumers interested in exploring diverse and distinctive tea varieties. == Brand Mission & Vision == '''Mission''' To inspire consumers to embark on a journey of healing and self-discovery, promoting self-care and enhanced well-being. '''Vision''' To encourage people to experience positive change and tranquility in their daily routines. To empower customers to embrace self-care while enjoying a satisfying beverage. == Philanthropy == Gya Tea Co engages in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives by contributing to communities through social programs and outreach activities. == References == fnvw9dqag2nyvbtn9ab0iles1rnx9t8 Gya Labs 0 78086 846744 540174 2026-06-04T09:14:14Z Sti Aromas 45524 846744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gya Labs''' provides natural, high-quality wellness products, serving as a brand that promotes self-care and mindfulness. == History == '''Founding and Early Years''' Founded with a passion for wellness, Gya Labs aims to harness the power of natural ingredients for health and well-being. '''Early Development''' Gya Labs launched a range of essential oils, including popular varieties such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, known for their therapeutic and aromatic properties.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1042488</ref> == Mission and Vision == '''Mission''' To build and support a community connected through self-care knowledge, personal growth, and well-being.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cag-to-probe-gyas-illegal-occupation-of-prime-land/articleshow/87071313.cms</ref> '''Vision''' To provide accessible self-care for every lifestyle, promising “make it part of your everyday” with natural, high-quality products. == Values == * Customer Focus: Always put the customer first. * Thirst for Knowledge: Continue learning and sharing knowledge. * Integrity: Do everything with honesty, using 100% pure natural products. * Accountability: Take responsibility for customer concerns and issues. * Results: Set positive goals, improve what doesn’t work, and deliver outcomes. == Philanthropy == Gya Labs engages in charitable initiatives, such as the Vanilla Beans CSR project in Indonesia, supporting local youth education.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/996630</ref> == References == dmtd9t5tvlmknj64pvc4434myyhaad2 846748 846744 2026-06-04T09:20:11Z Sti Aromas 45524 846748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gya Labs''' provides natural, high-quality wellness products, serving as a brand that promotes self-care and mindfulness. == History == '''Founding and Early Years''' Founded with a passion for wellness, Gya Labs aims to harness the power of natural ingredients for health and well-being. '''Early Development''' Gya Labs launched a range of essential oils, including popular varieties such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, known for their therapeutic and aromatic properties.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1042488</ref> == Mission and Vision == '''Mission''' To build and support a community connected through self-care knowledge, personal growth, and well-being.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cag-to-probe-gyas-illegal-occupation-of-prime-land/articleshow/87071313.cms</ref> '''Vision''' To provide accessible self-care for every lifestyle, promising “make it part of your everyday” with natural, high-quality products. == Values == * Customer Focus: Always put the customer first. * Thirst for Knowledge: Continue learning and sharing knowledge. * Integrity: Do everything with honesty, using 100% pure natural products. * Accountability: Take responsibility for customer concerns and issues. * Results: Set positive goals, improve what doesn’t work, and deliver outcomes. == Philanthropy == Gya Labs engages in charitable initiatives, such as the Vanilla Beans CSR project in Indonesia, supporting local youth education.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/996630</ref> == Media Coverage == On January 9, 2026, '''Gya Labs’ Lemon Essential Oil''' was featured in *Vogue*. The article highlighted that Gya Labs’ Lemon Oil comes in under $10 and is made with cold-pressed Italian lemon rinds, channeling the feeling of a sunny Mediterranean afternoon even in the depths of the winter SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) season.<ref>https://www.vogue.com/article/best-essential-oils-for-every-need</ref> == References == mfetj1b886wp3cac228f67i2aj9lg4h 846749 846748 2026-06-04T09:21:14Z Sti Aromas 45524 846749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gya Labs''' provides natural, high-quality wellness products, serving as a brand that promotes self-care and mindfulness. == History == '''Founding and Early Years''' Founded with a passion for wellness, Gya Labs aims to harness the power of natural ingredients for health and well-being. '''Early Development''' Gya Labs launched a range of essential oils, including popular varieties such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, known for their therapeutic and aromatic properties.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1042488</ref> == Mission and Vision == '''Mission''' To build and support a community connected through self-care knowledge, personal growth, and well-being.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cag-to-probe-gyas-illegal-occupation-of-prime-land/articleshow/87071313.cms</ref> '''Vision''' To provide accessible self-care for every lifestyle, promising “make it part of your everyday” with natural, high-quality products. == Values == * Customer Focus: Always put the customer first. * Thirst for Knowledge: Continue learning and sharing knowledge. * Integrity: Do everything with honesty, using 100% pure natural products. * Accountability: Take responsibility for customer concerns and issues. * Results: Set positive goals, improve what doesn’t work, and deliver outcomes. == Philanthropy == Gya Labs engages in charitable initiatives, such as the Vanilla Beans CSR project in Indonesia, supporting local youth education.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/996630</ref> == Media Coverage == On January 9, 2026, '''Gya Labs’ Lemon Essential Oil''' was featured in *Vogue*. The article highlighted that Gya Labs’ Lemon Oil is made with cold-pressed Italian lemon rinds, channeling the feeling of a sunny Mediterranean afternoon even in the depths of the winter SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) season.<ref>https://www.vogue.com/article/best-essential-oils-for-every-need</ref> == References == h2rossxa24ac2cmt1ci6ppuugpcgs9x KUKKA 0 78087 846743 540172 2026-06-04T09:12:11Z Sti Aromas 45524 846743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''KUKKA''' offers natural, high-quality wellness products at affordable prices, serving as a brand that encourages customers to embrace mindfulness and self-care.<ref>https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/life/Kukka-v3-Injecting-some-va-va-voom-into-Colombos-fashion-landscape/243-274635</ref> == History == Kukka Essential Oils was born out of a passion to simplify the world of aromatherapy. Inspired by the simplicity and effectiveness of essential oils, Kukka began creating these natural remedies for everyone, without compromising on quality, by offering oils that are pure and true to nature. As the brand expanded, Kukka ventured into offering a wider range of lifestyle products beyond essential oils. This expansion included items such as deodorants and massage oils, catering to evolving needs and customer preferences. This diversification allowed Kukka to become a wellness brand, providing products designed to enhance overall well-being.<ref>https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_be_successful_and_still_compassionate</ref> == Product Line == Offerings: Essential oils, carrier oils, and other lifestyle-related products such as deodorants and massage oils. Brand Positioning: Kukka is recognized as a trusted provider of essential oils and wellness products. == Brand Mission & Vision == '''Mission''' * To provide accessible self-care for every lifestyle without high costs. * To introduce people to the world of essential oils. * To cultivate a slower lifestyle with mindful self-care practices. '''Values''' * Customer-first: Kukka always strives to prioritize its users. All products are designed for easy use by everyone. * Affordable self-care: Kukka products are thoughtfully made to encourage self-care while keeping prices reasonable. * Self-love in a slower world: A reminder for users to put themselves first, with Kukka aiming to empower them on their journey. == References == nvh3iyqnmel3h3fpsnd6gobahcsx1rl Eid al-Adha a Najeriya 0 78885 846186 840458 2026-06-03T17:46:42Z Zahrah0 14848 846186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Eid prayers in Kaduna Nigeria 03.jpg|thumb|yanda Yan najeriya ke sallah edi]] '''Eid al-Adha''' biki ne da [[Musulmi|al'ummar musulmi]] a [[Najeriya]] da ma duniya baki daya ke gudanar da shi a ranar 10 ga watan [[Zulhajji|Zul-Hijja.]] Yana daya daga cikin bukukuwan hukuma guda biyu da ake yi a [[Musulunci]] (dayan shi ne [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Id el Kabir 2022, 2023 and 2024 in Nigeria - PublicHolidays.africa |url=https://publicholidays.africa/nigeria/id-el-kabir/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408094204/https://publicholidays.africa/nigeria/id-el-kabir/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=}}</ref> Yana girmama yarda [[Annabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Ibrahim) ya sadaukar da dansa Isma'il ( Isma'il ) a matsayin aiki na biyayya ga umarnin Allah . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Muslim Brotherhood Emblem.svg|thumb|Alamun wasu Gaga cikin Yan uwa musulmai]] Tun bayan shigowar addinin Musulunci and Najeriya, musulmi suka gudanar da bukukuwan karamar Sallah a ranar goma ga watan Zul-Hijja a kowace shekara. Ana ce da ita “Eid Al-kabir”, ko kuma a [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] Babbar Sallah. Musulmai a Najeriya suna gudanar da bikin ne da ibadar da ta hada da zuwa filin sallah da safe, yanka hadayu akasari ta hanyar tumaki (wani muhimmin aiki na ranar), da raba abinci tare da dangi da abokai.Manufar ita ce raba farin ciki tare da sauran musulmi, a wasu lokuta, maƙwabta waɗanda ba musulmi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title=Eid-El-Kabir: NLC felicitates with Muslims - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/eid-el-kabir-nlc-felicitates-with-muslims/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808110513/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/eid-el-kabir-nlc-felicitates-with-muslims/ |archive-date=8 August 2021 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=}}</ref> == Al'adu == === Ziyarar filin sallah === Maza da mata na kowane zamani suna ziyartar filin sallah don yin sallar idi. Yawancinsu suna sanya sabbin tufafi don nuna farin ciki da jin daɗi, saboda wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin ranaku na shekara. Suna yin wannan sallar ne ta hanyar yin [[raka'a]] biyu bayan [[liman]] sannan su dakata a filin sallah don sauraron huduba daga liman,wanda kuma ya samu halartar sarakuna da sauran manyan baki. An harba bindiga a sararin sama daga tawagar sarakunan domin bikin idar da sallah. === Hadaya === Bayan kammala sallah da huduba, liman yakan yanka hadayarsa, sau da yawa tunkiya. Wannan tunkiya tana wurin sallah kafin a fara sallar. Bayan an gama yanka sai su koma gidajensu su yanka nasu domin neman kusanci zuwa ga Allah da murna. Galibin Musulmai na yanka raguna, masu tsada sosai a wannan kakar. Kadan daga cikin mawadata suna yanka shanu da rakuma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title=SALLAH: Ram prices soar to over 100 per cent as sellers, buyers lament |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/sallah-ram-prices-soar-to-over-100-per-cent-as-sellers-buyers-lament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810075057/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/sallah-ram-prices-soar-to-over-100-per-cent-as-sellers-buyers-lament/ |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=}}</ref> === Hawan doki (Durbar) === Bayan kammala Sallar Idin Al-Adha, sarakuna da sarakuna a arewacin Najeriya sun fito a gaban taron jama'a da sauran jama'ar da ke kallon yadda abin ke gudana, suna hawa dawakai na ado. Ana kuma san shi da [[Durbar|bikin Durbar]] . Ana tseren doki a gaban sarki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Eid Mubarak: 10 Riders Fall Off Horses At Durbar Festival |url=https://leadership.ng/eid-mubarak-10-riders-fall-off-horses-at-durbar-festival/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412022317/https://leadership.ng/eid-mubarak-10-riders-fall-off-horses-at-durbar-festival/ |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=}}</ref> === Rabawa daga sadaukarwa === Musulmi a Najeriya na raba naman sadaukarwar da suka yi tare da 'yan uwa da abokan arziki don taya murnar Sallah. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=The Eid-el Kabir 2021 {{!}} The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News — Opinion — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/the-eid-el-kabir-2021/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720114626/https://guardian.ng/opinion/the-eid-el-kabir-2021/ |archive-date=2021-07-20 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> === Ziyara === Ziyara tana daga cikin hadisai. Musulmai suna ziyartar abokansu da danginsu, kuma ana ba da kyaututtuka ga matasa. Wannan aiki, musulmi sun yi imani, yana haɓaka soyayya da jituwa da Musulunci ke wakilta. Daga cikin wuraren da aka ziyarta a lokacin wannan biki akwai wuraren shakatawa, bakin teku, da sauran wuraren shakatawa. == Manazarta== <references /> 6wr6t4j65dqg50xm6crubvsdhbeq4y5 Ayo Shonaiya 0 79374 846046 499705 2026-06-03T13:45:44Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 846046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Timi Adegbite with DJ Abass 7 Ayo Shonaiya at Dallas Airport.jpg|thumb|ayo shonaiya]] [[Fayil:AyoShonaiya.jpg|thumb|ayo shonaiya]] '''Ayo Shonaiya,ya''' ƙirƙira [[Kumauni|kuma]] ya samar da [[Shire Haji Farah|shirye]]-[[Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Gida na Ayyuka|shirye]] 9 don BEN TV a cikin [[Shekara|shekaru]] 2, gami da Inspective, Pots & Pans, Out & About da Soul Sista tare da Dakore Egbuson.Ayo Shonaiya ɗan fim ne kuma lauya, kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren waƙa ne wanda ya jagoranci yawancin masu fasahar Najeriya. Jerin sun hada da mawaƙin Fuji Wasiu Ayinde Marshall (K1 De Ultimate), pop star D'banj, furodusan kiɗa Don Jazzy da rapper Eldee the Don. Ya kuma wakilci tsohuwar sarauniyar kyau kuma mawakiyar Muna da tauraron mawakan duniya Akon. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin nishadantarwa da watsa labarai na Kamfanin RMG a Burtaniya da Najeriya, kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a kamfanin lauyoyi na Shonaiya & Co. ke Legas. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom, Ayo Shonaiya ya girma kuma ya yi karatu a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya tsawon shekarunsa na girma. Ya karanta Fim da Talabijin a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, da Law a Ingila a Jami'ar Westminster. <ref name="kingofmycountry">[http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3713/3/im-the-king-of-my-country-ayo-shonaiya.html I'm The King Of My Country - Ayo Shonaiya], Modern Ghana, 5 January 2009.</ref> Haka kuma tsohon dalibi ne a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari’a ta Najeriya da ke Legas. Yayin da yake nazarin fina-finai, talabijin da samar da bidiyo a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fort Lauderdale a Florida, ya yi aiki kyauta a gidan talabijin na gida don samun kwarewa a cikin samarwa don talabijin kuma a cikin watanni yana samar da sassan kiɗa da kasada don shirin da aka watsa a cikin gida. Sunshine Cable Network. An ba shi shawarar yayin da yake kwaleji don ci gaba, bayan kammala karatunsa, aikin rubutun allo don yin fim ko shirya fina-finai. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a [[Los Angeles]] [[California]] bayan kwaleji, ya koma [[Landan|London]] a 1992 don yin fina-finai don rayuwa, amma a maimakon haka ya shiga Jami'ar Westminster Law School a 1993 don horar da lauya. A shekararsa ta karshe ta Makarantar Shari’a, ya rubuta, shirya, bada umarni da kuma yin fim a fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''More Blessing'' <ref name="Guardian News">Olukayode Thomas, [https://archive.today/20121107153844/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Naija-news/message/2191 "Movieman Shonaiya blames patrons, for film woes"], Guardian News (Nigeria), 10 July 2002.</ref> game da wani Fasto dan Najeriya mai shakku a Landan. A cikin 1997 Shonaiya ya zaɓi ya mai da hankali kan sana'ar fim kuma a wannan shekarar ya yi kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin ''Sarkin Ƙasata'', <ref name="Guardian News"/> <ref name="Modern Ghana">Alonge Michael, [http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3713/3/im-the-king-of-my-country-ayo-shonaiya.html "Im The King Of My Country - Ayo Shonaiya" (interview)], Modern Ghana, 5 January 2009.</ref> yana wasa da wani ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Landan don yin ayyuka marasa ƙarfi amma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma yaudara. Fim din shi ne ya zaburar da wakar ''Sarkin kasata'' ta mawakin Najeriya Sound Sultan, wanda daga baya aka sake yin remix tare da Wyclef Jean . A cikin 1999 ya rubuta, ba da umarni da tauraro a cikin fim ɗin fasalinsa na uku ''Spin'' . An dakatar da yin fim ɗin bayan makonni 3 lokacin da jarumar ta farko ta kasa ci gaba saboda rashin lafiya. An samu hutun wasu makwanni 6 kafin a samu jarumar da ta maye gurbinta. 'Yar wasan Birtaniya/Nigeria [[Caroline Chikezie]] an jefa a cikin rawar ta na farko a cikin ''Spin'', wanda kuma ya fito da Chebe Azih, Deborah Asante da Femi Houghton tare da waƙar da mawakin Birtaniya/Najeriya mai suna Ola Onabule ya yi. Spin shi ne fim na farko da wani dan Najeriya ya fara haskawa a wani sinima a yammacin karshen Landan a bikin kaddamar da fina-finai na BFM na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1999. An zabi Spin don Mafi kyawun Sabon Darakta <ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/article/festivals_two_black_film_festivals_seize_the_spotlight_in_tinsel_town/# FESTIVALS: Two Black Film Festivals Seize the Spotlight in Tinsel Town (press release)], indieWIRE, 26 February 2001.</ref> </link> a 2001 Pan African Film Festival a Los Angeles da kuma lambar yabo ta MICA a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] a [[Ouagadougou]] [[Burkina Faso]] a cikin wannan shekarar. A cikin 2005, Ayo ya yi fim ɗinsa na huɗu a Landan, yana rubutawa tare da ba da umarnin fim ɗin ''Good Evening'', <ref>[http://nigeriacelebrities.blogspot.com/2010/09/jim-iyke.html Biographies Of All Nigerian Celebrities: Jim Iyke]</ref> wanda tauraron [[Nollywood]] Jim Iyke ya shirya [[Fayil:Ayo2face.jpg|thumb|Ayo Shonaiya]] A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2021, Ayo Shonaiya ya ƙaddamar da shirin fim ɗinsa, ''Afrobeats: The Backstory'' a wani sinima a Lagos Nigeria. An yi imani da cewa shi ne fim na farko game da ci gaban wannan nau'in kiɗa daga Afirka, jerin docu-jerin haɗin gwiwa ne na ayyukan 20 na kiɗan da ya yi daidai da farawa da haɓakar abin da ake kira Afrobeats a yau. An yi fim a cikin shekaru 20, jerin shirye-shiryen ya ƙunshi faifan da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma ba a taɓa ganin su ba na yawancin manyan taurari a yau, tambayoyi daga majagaba na bayan fage na nau'in, ciki har da Ayo Shonaiya da kansa a matsayin babban dan wasa a tarihin Afrobeats. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, Afrobeats The Backstory, jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na 12 sun fara fitowa a duk duniya akan Netflix. === Talabijin === Bayan yaje rangadin duniya tare da mawakin Fuji Kwam 1, abokinsa Alistair Soyode ya gayyace Ayo Shonaiya domin ya taimaka wajen kafawa da shirya shirye-shirye na asali don wani sabon kamfani na talabijin, gidan talabijin na farko mallakar baƙar fata a Burtaniya mai suna Bright Entertainment. Cibiyar sadarwa ( BEN Television ). Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 2 don samar da shirye-shirye na jadawalin sa'o'i 24 na tashar da kuma matsayin Daraktan shirye-shirye don neman da samun shirye-shirye daga wasu kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin shekaru 2 (2003-2005) kamfaninsa ''R70 World'' ne ke da alhakin kashi 70% na ayyukan tashar ciki har da shirye-shirye, kashe abubuwan da suka faru da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2003, ya ƙirƙira, samarwa da kuma jagoranci shirin kiɗa mai suna Intro, watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye daga London, tare da abokinsa Abass Tijani ( DJ Abass ) a matsayin mai gabatarwa. Intro shi ne ke da alhakin nuna bidiyon kiɗan Najeriya da Afirka ga 'yan Afirka a Turai, da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ban sha'awa kamar shirye-shiryen kide-kide na shekara-shekara Babban Independence Intro Jam da Intro Hollywood Special fasalin TV da ake yin fim a Los Angeles kowace shekara. karshen mako na Grammy. Wani kuma daga cikin shirye-shiryensa na TV, Baƙin Baƙi Nuna an fara watsa shi a BEN TV a watan Agusta 2003, wasan kwaikwayon kiran kai tsaye tare da masu gabatarwa 2 (Ronke Apampa da Maria Soyinka). An sanya alamar nunin don zama game da "ba komai, wani abu, komai da komai". Gabaɗaya, Ayo Shonaiya ya ƙirƙira kuma ya samar da shirye-shirye 9 don BEN TV a cikin shekaru 2, gami da Inspective, Pots & Pans, Out & About da Soul Sista tare da Dakore Egbuson. A cikin 2010, Ayo Shonaiya ya ƙirƙiri wani jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai suna ''United States of Nigeria'', wanda ke ɗauke da tambayoyi na musamman da fasali game da 'yan Najeriya a Amurka. Seun Maduka ne ya gabatar da shirin. <ref>[http://www.ladybrillenigeria.com/2009/11/industry-moves-seun-maduka-host-of-united-states-of-nigeria.html "Industry Moves: Seun Maduka Host of United States of Nigeria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316195811/http://ladybrillenigeria.com/2009/11/industry-moves-seun-maduka-host-of-united-states-of-nigeria.html |date=2016-03-16 }}, Ladybrille®Nigeria, 19 November 2009.</ref> === Kiɗa === [[File:AyoKwam1.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Ayo da Wasiu Ayinde Marshall (K1 De Ultimate) a cikin 1999.]] A cikin 1999 yayin da yake harbin wani shiri game da K1 De Ultimate kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba shi shawara a fannin shari'a, mawaƙin ya gayyaci Ayo Shonaiya don kasancewa cikin tawagarsa na cikakken lokaci. Ya amince kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar zama Manajan International K1 De Ultimate kuma aikinsa na farko shi ne ya inganta bikin "dawo" na Kirsimeti a Landan a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Daga nan ne aka ba shi alhakin haɓaka cikakken balaguron balaguron Burtaniya tare da Biyi Adepegba na Joyful Noise sannan ya zagaya Amurka (da Kanada) tare da rukuni guda 17 a shekara mai zuwa. A matsayin Manajan Internationalasashen Duniya, a ƙarshe zai zagaya duniya tare da Kwam 1 da cikakken band sau 3 a cikin kusan shekaru 4, yana yin rikodin albam 5 a wancan lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2001, Ayo Shonaiya ta ci karo da ƴan wasan Eldee, Freestyle da Kaboom, matasa 'yan Najeriya masu raɗa a wata ƙungiya mai suna Trybesmen . Duk da cewa har yanzu an ba shi kwangilar zuwa Kwam 1, amma ya yi sha'awar 'yan Trybesmen kuma ya fara gudanar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da tallafa musu. Ya taba cewa a wata hira "The Trybesmen da Da Trybe sun kasance kamar 'ya'yana, ina amfani da kashi dari na manajana daga Wasiu don tallafawa bidiyon su" . Bidiyon Trybesmen na Plenty Nonsense da Oya (na Da Trybe) shi ne ya jagoranci shi. Daga baya Ayo Shonaiya zai yi aiki tare da/ko sarrafa ayyukan 'yan Trybesmen (da membobin Da Trybe irin su Dr SID, Sasha da 2Shotz ) a cikin shekaru 3. Shugaban Ayo da Trybe Eldee the Don daga baya sun sake haduwa a Atlanta US yayin da na karshen ya fitar da kundin sa na solo Return of the King . [[File:Ayo2face.jpg|left|thumb|214x214px| Ayo da [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] bayan faifan wasan kwaikwayo na Mo'Nique a Atlanta.]] A cikin 2004, Ayo Shonaiya ya ɗauki ɗan wasan kwaikwayo D'banj, da furodusa Don Jazzy, a ƙarƙashin reshensa don haɓakawa da sarrafa ayyukansu na farko. Kundin farko na D'banj No Long Thing Don Jazzy ne ya shirya shi kuma an zana dabarar da za ta sa jaruman biyu su zama tauraro. Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin an yi masa suna Tongolo tare da layin mawaƙa "Make I tell dem the Koko" (D'banj zai yi wa kansa lakabi da Kokomaster ). A watan Disamba na 2004 an yi fim ɗin Tongolo a Lagos Nigeria, kuma a cikin Janairu 2005, an ƙaddamar da bidiyon a matsayin Duniya na musamman akan shirin Intro live tare da DJ Abass yana hira da D'banj da Ayo Shonaiya suna jagorantar shirin. Daga baya an ƙaddamar da kundin Tongolo a cikin Burtaniya don yin sharhi kuma T-Joe ya tallata shi a Najeriya. Ba da dadewa ba, Ayo Shonaiya ya yi yarjejeniya da Obaino Records a Najeriyar da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba don biyan D'banj kuɗin remix na faifan bidiyo dangane da yuwuwar siyarwa. Bidiyo/takardun Tongolo Remix (wanda DJ Tee ya jagoranta kuma R70 World ya samar) an sake shi a cikin 2005. [[File:AyoAkonElumelu.jpg|thumb|210x210px| Ayo Shonaiya tare da UBA MD/CEO Philips Oduoza, Akon da [[Tony Elumelu]] a lacca ta Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship Lecture a Legas 2015.]] Ayo Shonaiya ya raba hanya da D'banj da Don Jazzy cikin lumana a cikin 2006 kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da samun babban nasara tare da lakabin rikodin su [[Mo' Hits Records]] har zuwa rushe a 2012. A shekara ta 2006, Ayo Shonaiya ya tafi [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]], Najeriya, domin ya jagoranci wani shirin talabijin na gaskiya mai suna ''Creative Academii'' . Wanda ya zo na biyu shi ne wani matashin dalibi mai suna Michael Ojo (daga baya aka sake masa suna Michael Word). Ayo Shonaiya ya gabatar da Michael ga furodusa Puffy T don yin rikodin wasu waƙoƙi (ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin shine ''Wanene Ni'' na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya [[Jim Iyke]] wanda ke nuna [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] ), kuma ya kai Michael yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Abuja]], [[Accra]] [[Ghana]] da Ingila. . A shekara ta 2010, an rattaba hannu da model Munachi Abii ( Mafi Kyakyawar Yarinya a Najeriya 2007 da ta yi nasara) zuwa kamfanin Ayo Shonaiya RMG <ref name="lux">[http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/05/12/bn-exclusive-munachi-as-the-new-face-of-lux-soap-a-sneak-peek-of-the-tv-print-ads/ BN Exclusive: Munachi as the new Face of LUX Soap – A Sneak Peek of the TV & Print Ads], Bella Naija, 12 May 2011.</ref> a matsayin [[Munachi Abii|Muna]] mawaƙin rap, don sarrafa ta kuma ya wakilce ta. Ba da daɗewa ba, Ayo Shonaiya ya kulla yarjejeniya da Munachi Abii don zama sabuwar fuska ga alamar sabulun Lux <ref name="lux" /> sannan kuma a cikin 2012 ya kulla yarjejeniya da ita don zama sabuwar jakadiyar alamar sabulun hakori na ''Dabur'' a tsakanin sauran ayyukan watsa labarai. A cikin watan Mayun 2012 Ayo ta fito fili ta kare Muna, lokacin da aka yi mata kakkausar suka tare da kai mata hari a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] bayan ta yi wata ‘yar karamar hatsaniya da tsohon sojan rap na Najeriya ''Mode 9'' . Shi kuma ya sha suka game da yadda ya tafiyar da lamarin, wasu na kiransa mai girman kai, amma a cikin wata guda da faruwar lamarin, Muna da Mode 9 sun yi tare a mataki guda a ''Industry Nite'' . == Ayyukan Doka == A cikin 2019, Ayo Shonaiya ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi Shonaiya & Co. a Legas Nigeria tare da wasu lauyoyi uku, ƙwararru a kan Nishaɗi, Kayayyakin Hankali, Media da Dokar Wasanni. == Sauran ayyukan == [[File:AyoJuliusBasketmouth.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Ayo tare da 'yan wasan barkwanci Julius Agwu & [[Basketmouth]] a taron Najeriya da aka yi a Atlanta 2006.]] * Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jcryudh8z222zxagflynu8shj8hoekc Yin allurar rigakafi 0 84423 846181 539479 2026-06-03T17:21:42Z Zaharaddeen123 45493 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334423809|Immunization]]" 846181 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''rigakafi''' rigakafi''', ko rigakafi ne, shine tsari wanda Tsarin rigakafi mutum ya zama mai ƙarfi akan wakili mai kamuwa da cuta (wanda aka sani da immunogen). Lokacin da wannan tsarin ya fallasa ga kwayoyin da ba su da kyau ga jiki, wanda ake kira wadanda ba su da kai, zai tsara amsawar rigakafi, kuma zai haɓaka ikon amsawa da sauri ga haɗuwa da gaba saboda ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafin. Wannan aiki ne na tsarin Rigakafin rigakafi. Sabili da haka, ta hanyar fallasa mutum, ko dabba, ga rigakafin jiki a hanyar da aka sarrafa, jikinsa na iya koyon kare kansa: wannan ana kiransa rigakafin aiki. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na tsarin rigakafin da aka inganta ta hanyar rigakafi sune sel T, sel B, da antibodies B cells da ke samarwa. Kwayoyin B ajiya B da ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya T suna da alhakin amsawa cikin sauri ga gamuwa ta biyu tare da kwayar kasashen waje. Rigakafin rigakafi shine gabatarwar waɗannan abubuwa kai tsaye a cikin jiki, maimakon samar da waɗannan abubuwa ta jiki kanta. Rigakafin yana faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, a cikin [[Dajin daji|daji]] da kuma yadda aka yi ta hanyar kokarin mutum a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ana samun Rigakafin halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin da tsarin rigakafin su ya yi nasara wajen yaki da kamuwa da cuta ta baya, idan kwayar cutar ta dace ita ce wacce rigakafin zai yiwu. Rigakafin halitta na iya samun digiri na tasiri (na bangare maimakon cikakke) kuma yana iya ɓacewa cikin lokaci (a cikin watanni, shekaru, ko shekarun da suka gabata, dangane da kwayar cutar). A cikin kiwon lafiya, babbar hanyar shigar da rigakafi na wucin gadi ita ce [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaccines |url=https://medlineplus.gov/immunization.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000938/https://medlineplus.gov/immunization.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> wanda shine babban nau'in rigakafin cututtuka, ko ta hanyar rigakafin kamuwa da cuta (pathogen ya kasa samun isasshen haifuwa a cikin mai karɓar bakuncin), rigakafin mummunar cuta (ciwon lafiya har yanzu yana faruwa amma ba mai tsanani ba), ko duka biyun. Allurar rigakafi game da cututtukan da za a iya hanawa shine babban taimako daga Nauyin cuta duk da cewa yawanci ba zai iya kawar da cutar ba. Allurar rigakafi ga microorganisms da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya shirya tsarin rigakafin jiki, don haka taimakawa wajen yaki ko hana kamuwa da cuta. Gaskiyar cewa maye gurbi zai iya haifar da ƙwayoyin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] don samar da sunadarai ko wasu kwayoyin da aka sani ga jiki sun zama tushen ka'idoji don maganin rigakafin ciwon daji. Ana iya amfani da wasu kwayoyin don rigakafi, misali a cikin allurar rigakafin gwaji akan nicotine (NicVAX) ko hormone ghrelin a cikin gwaje-gwaje don ƙirƙirar allurar rigakawa ta kiba. Sau da yawa ana bayyana rigakafi a ko'ina a matsayin mafi ƙarancin haɗari kuma hanya ce mai sauƙi don zama rigakafi ga wani cuta fiye da haɗarin nau'in cutar kanta. Suna da mahimmanci ga manya da yara saboda suna iya kare mu daga cututtuka da yawa a can. Rigakafin ba wai kawai yana kare yara daga cututtukan da ke kashewa ba har ma yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa tsarin rigakafin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Vaccination For Your Child |url=http://vaxins.in/blog/child-vaccinations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815014307/http://vaxins.in/blog/child-vaccinations/ |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=Vaxins}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da rigakafi, an kusan kawar da wasu cututtuka da cututtuka a duk faɗin duniya. Misali daya shine cutar shan inna. Godiya ga masu kula da kiwon lafiya da suka ba da kansu da kuma iyayen yara da suka yi allurar rigakafi a kan jadawalin, an kawar da cutar shan inna a Amurka tun 1979. Har yanzu ana samun cutar [[Polio]] a wasu sassan duniya don haka wasu mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin samun ta. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da ba su taɓa samun allurar rigakafin ba, waɗanda ba su karɓi duk allurar rigakanin ba, ko waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa yankunan duniya inda cutar shan inna ke ci gaba. An sanya wa rigakafi / allurar rigakafi suna daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyuka Goma na Lafiya na Jama'a a cikin karni na 20". == Tarihi == Kafin gabatar da allurar rigakafi, mutane za su iya zama masu rigakafi ga cutar da ke yaduwa ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar kuma su tsira daga gare ta. An hana kyanda ([[Agana|variola]]) ta wannan hanyar ta hanyar rigakafi, wanda ya haifar da sakamako mai sauƙi fiye da cutar ta halitta. Marubucin kasar Sin Wan Quan (1499-1582) ne ya fara ambaton maganin kyanda a cikin littafinsa ''Douzhen xinfa'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]) wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1549. A kasar Sin, an busa ma'adanai na kyanda a hanci na masu lafiya. Marasa lafiya za su kamu da cutar kuma daga wannan lokacin sun kasance masu rigakafi ga shi. Hanyar tana da yawan mace-mace 0.5-2.0%, amma wannan ya kasance ƙasa da yawan mace'i 20-30% na cutar kanta. Rahotanni biyu game da aikin rigakafin kasar Sin sun karbi Royal Society a London a cikin 1700; daya daga Dokta Martin Lister wanda ya karbi rahoto daga wani ma'aikacin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya da ke zaune a China da kuma wani daga Clopton Havers. A cewar [[Voltaire]] (1742), Turks sun samo amfani da rigakafin su daga makwabciyar Circassia. Voltaire bai yi hasashe game da inda Circassians suka samo dabararsu ba, kodayake ya ba da rahoton cewa Sinawa sun yi amfani da shi "shekaru ɗari". Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ce ta gabatar da shi zuwa Ingila daga Turkiyya a cikin 1721 kuma Zabdiel Boylston ne ya yi amfani da shi a [[Boston]] a wannan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta 1798 Edward Jenner ya gabatar da rigakafi tare da cowpox (allpox [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]]), hanya mafi aminci. Wannan hanya, wanda ake kira allurar rigakafi, a hankali ya maye gurbin allurar riguna, wanda yanzu ake kira variolation don rarrabe shi daga allurar rigakawa. Har zuwa shekarun 1880 allurar rigakafi / allurar rig rigakafi ana magana ne kawai game da kyanda, amma Louis Pasteur ya haɓaka hanyoyin rigakafi don kwalara da anthrax a cikin dabbobi da kuma rabies na ɗan adam, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a faɗaɗa kalmomin allurar rigakawa / allurar allurar rigako don rufe sabbin hanyoyin. Wannan na iya haifar da rikice-rikice idan ba a kula da shi ba don bayyana wane allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da ita misali allurar riguna ko allurar rigakawa ta mura. == Rigakafin da ba shi da amfani da shi == [[Fayil:National_Immunization_Campaign_in_"San_Miguel_Topilejo".JPG|thumb|Dalibin likita yana shiga cikin kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar shan inna a Mexico]] Ana iya samun rigakafi ta hanyar aiki ko ba ta aiki: rigakafi wani nau'i ne na rigakafi. === Rigakafin rigakafi === [[Fayil:Simplified_Immunization_Diagram.jpg|thumb|Hoton da aka sauƙaƙe wanda ke nuna tsarin rigakafi ta hanyar samar da rigakafi]] Muhimmancin rigakafi yana da girma sosai har Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Amurka sun kira shi daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyukan Lafiya na Jama'a Goma a cikin karni na 20".[1] Allurar rigakafin da aka rage su sun rage pathogenicity. Tasirin su ya dogara da ikon tsarin rigakafi don sakewa kuma yana haifar da martani mai kama da kamuwa da cuta ta halitta. Yawancin lokaci yana da tasiri tare da kashi ɗaya. Misalan rigakafin rigakafi masu rai, sun hada da kyanda, mumps, rubella, MMR, zazzabin rawaya, varicella, Rutavirus, da mura (LAIV). Rigakafin rigakafi na wucin gadi shine inda ake yin allurar kwayar cuta, ko wasu sassanta, a cikin mutum kafin su iya ɗaukar shi ta halitta. Idan aka yi amfani da kwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya, ana kula da su. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> peaxmby49dysr8x76d8eztfpzqeqse1 846182 846181 2026-06-03T17:25:16Z Zaharaddeen123 45493 846182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''rigakafi'<nowiki/>'' rigakafi''', ko rigakafi ne, shine tsari wanda Tsarin rigakafi mutum ya zama mai ƙarfi akan wakili mai kamuwa da cuta (wanda aka sani da immunogen). Lokacin da wannan tsarin ya fallasa ga kwayoyin da ba su da kyau ga jiki, wanda ake kira wadanda ba su da kai, zai tsara amsawar rigakafi, kuma zai haɓaka ikon amsawa da sauri ga haɗuwa da gaba saboda ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafin. Wannan aiki ne na tsarin Rigakafin rigakafi. Sabili da haka, ta hanyar fallasa mutum, ko dabba, ga rigakafin jiki a hanyar da aka sarrafa, jikinsa na iya koyon kare kansa: wannan ana kiransa rigakafin aiki. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na tsarin rigakafin da aka inganta ta hanyar rigakafi sune sel T, sel B, da antibodies B cells da ke samarwa. Kwayoyin B ajiya B da ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya T suna da alhakin amsawa cikin sauri ga gamuwa ta biyu tare da kwayar kasashen waje. Rigakafin rigakafi shine gabatarwar waɗannan abubuwa kai tsaye a cikin jiki, maimakon samar da waɗannan abubuwa ta jiki kanta. Rigakafin yana faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, a cikin [[Dajin daji|daji]] da kuma yadda aka yi ta hanyar kokarin mutum a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ana samun Rigakafin halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin da tsarin rigakafin su ya yi nasara wajen yaki da kamuwa da cuta ta baya, idan kwayar cutar ta dace ita ce wacce rigakafin zai yiwu. Rigakafin halitta na iya samun digiri na tasiri (na bangare maimakon cikakke) kuma yana iya ɓacewa cikin lokaci (a cikin watanni, shekaru, ko shekarun da suka gabata, dangane da kwayar cutar). A cikin kiwon lafiya, babbar hanyar shigar da rigakafi na wucin gadi ita ce [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaccines |url=https://medlineplus.gov/immunization.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000938/https://medlineplus.gov/immunization.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> wanda shine babban nau'in rigakafin cututtuka, ko ta hanyar rigakafin kamuwa da cuta (pathogen ya kasa samun isasshen haifuwa a cikin mai karɓar bakuncin), rigakafin mummunar cuta (ciwon lafiya har yanzu yana faruwa amma ba mai tsanani ba), ko duka biyun. Allurar rigakafi game da cututtukan da za a iya hanawa shine babban taimako daga Nauyin cuta duk da cewa yawanci ba zai iya kawar da cutar ba. Allurar rigakafi ga microorganisms da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya shirya tsarin rigakafin jiki, don haka taimakawa wajen yaki ko hana kamuwa da cuta. Gaskiyar cewa maye gurbi zai iya haifar da ƙwayoyin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] don samar da sunadarai ko wasu kwayoyin da aka sani ga jiki sun zama tushen ka'idoji don maganin rigakafin ciwon daji. Ana iya amfani da wasu kwayoyin don rigakafi, misali a cikin allurar rigakafin gwaji akan nicotine (NicVAX) ko hormone ghrelin a cikin gwaje-gwaje don ƙirƙirar allurar rigakawa ta kiba. Sau da yawa ana bayyana rigakafi a ko'ina a matsayin mafi ƙarancin haɗari kuma hanya ce mai sauƙi don zama rigakafi ga wani cuta fiye da haɗarin nau'in cutar kanta. Suna da mahimmanci ga manya da yara saboda suna iya kare mu daga cututtuka da yawa a can. Rigakafin ba wai kawai yana kare yara daga cututtukan da ke kashewa ba har ma yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa tsarin rigakafin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Vaccination For Your Child |url=http://vaxins.in/blog/child-vaccinations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815014307/http://vaxins.in/blog/child-vaccinations/ |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=Vaxins}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da rigakafi, an kusan kawar da wasu cututtuka da cututtuka a duk faɗin duniya. Misali daya shine cutar shan inna. Godiya ga masu kula da kiwon lafiya da suka ba da kansu da kuma iyayen yara da suka yi allurar rigakafi a kan jadawalin, an kawar da cutar shan inna a Amurka tun 1979. Har yanzu ana samun cutar [[Polio]] a wasu sassan duniya don haka wasu mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin samun ta. Wannan ya haɗa da mutanen da ba su taɓa samun allurar rigakafin ba, waɗanda ba su karɓi duk allurar rigakanin ba, ko waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa yankunan duniya inda cutar shan inna ke ci gaba. An sanya wa rigakafi / allurar rigakafi suna daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyuka Goma na Lafiya na Jama'a a cikin karni na 20". == Tarihi == Kafin gabatar da allurar rigakafi, mutane za su iya zama masu rigakafi ga cutar da ke yaduwa ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar kuma su tsira daga gare ta. An hana kyanda ([[Agana|variola]]) ta wannan hanyar ta hanyar rigakafi, wanda ya haifar da sakamako mai sauƙi fiye da cutar ta halitta. Marubucin kasar Sin Wan Quan (1499-1582) ne ya fara ambaton maganin kyanda a cikin littafinsa ''Douzhen xinfa'' ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]) wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1549. A kasar Sin, an busa ma'adanai na kyanda a hanci na masu lafiya. Marasa lafiya za su kamu da cutar kuma daga wannan lokacin sun kasance masu rigakafi ga shi. Hanyar tana da yawan mace-mace 0.5-2.0%, amma wannan ya kasance ƙasa da yawan mace'i 20-30% na cutar kanta. Rahotanni biyu game da aikin rigakafin kasar Sin sun karbi Royal Society a London a cikin 1700; daya daga Dokta Martin Lister wanda ya karbi rahoto daga wani ma'aikacin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya da ke zaune a China da kuma wani daga Clopton Havers. A cewar [[Voltaire]] (1742), Turks sun samo amfani da rigakafin su daga makwabciyar Circassia. Voltaire bai yi hasashe game da inda Circassians suka samo dabararsu ba, kodayake ya ba da rahoton cewa Sinawa sun yi amfani da shi "shekaru ɗari". Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ce ta gabatar da shi zuwa Ingila daga Turkiyya a cikin 1721 kuma Zabdiel Boylston ne ya yi amfani da shi a [[Boston]] a wannan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta 1798 Edward Jenner ya gabatar da rigakafi tare da cowpox (allpox [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]]), hanya mafi aminci. Wannan hanya, wanda ake kira allurar rigakafi, a hankali ya maye gurbin allurar riguna, wanda yanzu ake kira variolation don rarrabe shi daga allurar rigakawa. Har zuwa shekarun 1880 allurar rigakafi / allurar rig rigakafi ana magana ne kawai game da kyanda, amma Louis Pasteur ya haɓaka hanyoyin rigakafi don kwalara da anthrax a cikin dabbobi da kuma rabies na ɗan adam, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a faɗaɗa kalmomin allurar rigakawa / allurar allurar rigako don rufe sabbin hanyoyin. Wannan na iya haifar da rikice-rikice idan ba a kula da shi ba don bayyana wane allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da ita misali allurar riguna ko allurar rigakawa ta mura. == Rigakafin da ba shi da amfani da shi == [[Fayil:National_Immunization_Campaign_in_"San_Miguel_Topilejo".JPG|thumb|Dalibin likita yana shiga cikin kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar shan inna a Mexico]] Ana iya samun rigakafi ta hanyar aiki ko ba ta aiki: rigakafi wani nau'i ne na rigakafi. === Rigakafin rigakafi === [[Fayil:Simplified_Immunization_Diagram.jpg|thumb|Hoton da aka sauƙaƙe wanda ke nuna tsarin rigakafi ta hanyar samar da rigakafi]] Muhimmancin rigakafi yana da girma sosai har Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Amurka sun kira shi daya daga cikin "Babban Ayyukan Lafiya na Jama'a Goma a cikin karni na 20".[1] Allurar rigakafin da aka rage su sun rage pathogenicity. Tasirin su ya dogara da ikon tsarin rigakafi don sakewa kuma yana haifar da martani mai kama da kamuwa da cuta ta halitta. Yawancin lokaci yana da tasiri tare da kashi ɗaya. Misalan rigakafin rigakafi masu rai, sun hada da kyanda, mumps, rubella, MMR, zazzabin rawaya, varicella, Rutavirus, da mura (LAIV). Rigakafin rigakafi na wucin gadi shine inda ake yin allurar kwayar cuta, ko wasu sassanta, a cikin mutum kafin su iya ɗaukar shi ta halitta. Idan aka yi amfani da kwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya, ana kula da su. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 46pfykc6gh92d4ftw6ch395921k55xa Michael Mosley 0 90159 846116 748103 2026-06-03T14:40:23Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nasaka photo 846116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Mosley in Lab at Porton Down.jpg|thumb]] '''Michael Hugh Mosley''' (22 Maris 1957 - 5 Yuni 2024) ɗan jarida ne na gidan talabijin da rediyo na Biritaniya, furodusa, mai gabatarwa kuma [[marubuci]] wanda ya yi aiki da BBC daga 1985 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin akan ilmin halitta da magani kuma yana fitowa akai-akai acikin shirin ''The One Show''. Mosley ya kasance mai ba da shawarar yin [[azumi]] na tsaka-tsaki da ƙarancin cin abinci mai dauke da carbohydrate wanda ya rubuta littattafai masu inganta abincin ketogenic. Ya mutu a tsibirin Symi na Girka a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2024. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Michael Hugh Mosley<ref>https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2016-17</ref> an haife shi a Calcutta, Indiya, akan 22 Maris 1957, ɗan Arthur Daryl Alexander George “Bill” Mosley da Joan Stewart.<ref>https://www.gale.com/intl/c/the-times-digital-archive</ref><ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/06/09/michael-mosley-5-2-diet-trust-me-im-a-doctor-bbc-radio/</ref><ref>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-mosley-obituary-death-dr5vpptrm</ref> Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin banki ne wanda aka haife shi a George Town, Penang, na ɗan asalin [[Armeniya]].<ref>https://gw.geneanet.org/dmmason?lang=en&pz=bastiaan&nz=minjoot&p=arthur+daryl+alexander+george&n=mosley</ref><ref>https://robertmarcaranthony.com/marc-anthony-musician-by-colin-l-goddard/the-biography/</ref> Kakansa na wajen uwa, Arthur Dudley Stewart, wani limamin Anglican ne kuma shugaban Kwalejin St. Paul, [[Hong Kong]], wanda iyayen mishan na Irish suka haifa a China. Kakan mahaifiyar Mosley, Gerard Lander, shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Victoria (Hong Kong).<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=eHZKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9</ref><ref>https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/dr-michael-mosley-what-i-know-about-women-20190313-p513x7.html</ref> Mosley ya halarci makarantar kwana a [[Ingila]] tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai.<ref>https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/dr-michael-mosley-what-i-know-about-women-20190313-p513x7.html</ref> Bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Haileybury,<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/posts/haileybury-connect_our-community-is-saddened-by-the-tragic-loss-activity-7205914574754041858-dD67</ref> ya karanci Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki a New College, Oxford, kafin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin ma'aikacin banki a birnin [[Landan]]. Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar komawa aikin likitanci, da nufin zama likitan tabin hankali, sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Asibitin Kyauta ta Royal (yanzu bangaren UCL Medical School).<ref>Chapman, Beth (27 March 2004). "From finance to medicine to the media". BMJ Careers. 328 (7442). BMJ Group: s129. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7442.s129. S2CID 79711196. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</ref>. Ya yi sanyin gwiwa game da ilimin tabin hankali bayan ya sami gurbin karatu a fannin sana'a a lokacin karatunsa na digiri, kuma ya yanke shawarar kin yin aikin likitanci bayan ya ci jarrabawar karshe a shekarar 1985.<ref>Chapman, Beth (27 March 2004). "From finance to medicine to the media". BMJ Careers. 328 (7442). BMJ Group: s129. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7442.s129. S2CID 79711196. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</ref> Mosley ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai addini sosai" har ya kai shekaru 20 kuma yana tunanin zama daya.<ref>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-mosley-obituary-death-dr5vpptrm</ref> ==Sana'a== Bayan kammala karatun likitanci, Mosley ya zaɓi kada ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin likita, amma a maimakon haka ya shiga shirin mataimakin furodusa a [[BBC]] a 1985.<ref>https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/s129</ref> Mosley ya kasance mai gabatar da zartarwa na hadin gwiwa don shirye-shiryen kimiyya da yawa, gami da shirye-shirye tare da Robert Winston,<ref>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-mosley-obituary-death-dr5vpptrm</ref> Fuskar Dan Adam wanda John Cleese ya gabatar,<ref>https://www.emmys.com/bios/michael-mosley</ref> da 2004 BBC jerin Injiniyan Injiniya Biyu waɗanda suka Canza Duniya wanda Jeremy Clarkson ya shirya.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/12_december/23/inventions.shtml</ref> Ayyukansa a gaban kyamara ya fara ne a cikin 2007, lokacin da ya shirya jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC mai suna Medical Mavericks kuma, ya kasa samun mai masaukin da ya dace, ya ba da damar gabatar da shi da kansa.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/06/09/michael-mosley-5-2-diet-trust-me-im-a-doctor-bbc-radio/</ref> Ya ci gaba da gabatar da shirye-shirye masu yawa don TV, ciki har da Jini da Guts, Labarin Kimiyya, Yi Ni, da Amince Ni, Ni Likita ne.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/06/09/michael-mosley-5-2-diet-trust-me-im-a-doctor-bbc-radio/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c8770jyz6vvo</ref> A cikin 2011, Mosley ya yi jerin abubuwa mai suna The Brain: A Sir History on the History of Psychology and Neuroscience. A yayin jerin shirye-shiryen, yayin da yake bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don gano matsalolin da ke tattare da tsarin kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da psychopathy, sakamakon gwajin nasa ya nuna cewa shi kansa yana da waɗannan halayen kwakwalwar ɗan takara.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/22/michael-mosley-ecigarettes-miracle-menace-tv</ref> Mosley ya gabatar da wani shiri na kashi biyu, Magungunan Frontline, a cikin 2011, tare da jigogi mai taken "Ciraye" da "Sake Gina Rayuwa". Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun bayyana ci gaban kiwon lafiya na baya-bayan nan wanda ya ba da damar inganta jinya ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a yakin [[Afghanistan]], kuma sun yi nazari kan yadda ake amfani da wadannan sabbin dabaru wajen maganin gaggawa ga fararen hula da suka jikkata a Amurka da Birtaniya.<ref>https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hve3duxb</ref> Takardun shirin Mosley Gaskiya Game da Motsa jiki, wanda aka fara watsawa a cikin 2012, ya nuna yadda nau'ikan motsa jiki daban-daban na iya taimakawa cimma fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, haɗarin zama na tsawon lokaci kuma ya bayyana yadda wasu nau'ikan genotypes ba su iya samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin motsa jiki na motsa jiki (VO2 max) ta bin shirye-shiryen motsa jiki na jimiri. Nau'in kwayoyin halittarsa na iya samun yawancin fa'idodin motsa jiki, da farko ingantaccen amsa insulin, ta hanyar gajeriyar zaman horo mai ƙarfi kamar yadda binciken James Timmons ya nuna.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7852987.stm</ref> A cikin 2021, Mosley ya gabatar da jerin sassa uku, Rasa Dutse a cikin Kwanaki 21, don Channel 4. A kan shirin Mosley ya ba da shawarar cewa mutane na iya rasa dutse (14 lb; 6.4 kg) a cikin kwanaki 21 ta hanyar ƙuntata calories zuwa calories 800 kawai. rana daya. Wasu kwararrun likitocin sun dauki wannan shawara mai hadari kuma shirin ya samu suka a dandalin sada zumunta.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/lose-a-stone-in-21-days-channel-4-criticism-eating-disorder-food-relationship-beat-a9656531.html</ref> Beat, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta Burtaniya da ke tallafawa waɗanda ke fama da matsalar rashin abinci, ta rubuta washegari cewa "shirin ya haifar da isasshen damuwa da damuwa ga waɗanda suka amfana da mu cewa mun tsawaita sa'o'in layin taimakonmu don tallafawa duk wanda abin ya shafa kuma mun sami ƙarin lamba 51% a lokacin".<ref>https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/news/channel-4s-lose-a-stone-in-21-days/</ref> Mosley ta gabatar da jerin abubuwa guda daya kawai a gidan rediyon BBC 4, inda kowane bangare ya binciko mataki daya da mutum zai iya dauka don inganta lafiyarsa. Shawarwari sun shafi fannoni daban-daban da suka hada da karanta wakoki da babbar murya,<ref>https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/article/just-one-thing-review-michael-mosley-marvellous-medicine-x5206679w</ref> yin wanka mai zafi da yamma,<ref>https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/24-may/books-arts/radio/radio-review-rosebud-just-one-thing-with-michael-mosley-and-the-essay-music-in-bloom</ref> kunna kayan kida, tafiya ta Nordic, da dafa [[tumatir]] don kara musu fa'ida.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240609123511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09by3yy/broadcasts/upcoming</ref> An ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen a cikin Maris 2021;<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09by4rs</ref> har zuwa 9 ga Yuni 2024, an watsa shirye-shirye 102 tare da ƙarin uku, suna raba taken "Mai Hankali", wanda aka shirya don 13, 20 da 27 ga Yuni 2024.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240609123511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09by3yy/broadcasts/upcoming</ref> Daga baya aka ja su.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240613150902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00202lj/episodes/guide</ref> Hirar da ya rubuta a bikin Hay bai wuce makwanni biyu kafin mutuwarsa ba, an watsa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin kuma a matsayin girmamawa gare shi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240613151154/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09by3yy/broadcasts/upcoming</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0020l75</ref> A ciki, an yaba masa a matsayin "daya daga cikin masu watsa shirye-shirye mafi mahimmanci a shekarun baya-bayan nan" kuma ya furta cewa yana da wuya a aiwatar da yawancin shawarwarin kiwon lafiya da ya ba da shawara a kan shirye-shiryensa kuma ya gano sakamakon gwajin mutum. fuskantar<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/michael-mosley-doctor-bbc-tribute-b2562636.html</ref>. ==Yin azumi na wucin gadi da shawarwarin rage cin abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate== Mosley ya haɓaka azumi na ɗan lokaci kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan rage cin abinci na carbohydrate.<ref>https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-fast-800-diet</ref> ==== 5:2 cin abinci ==== An yaba Mosley da yada wani nau'in azumi na tsaka-tsaki wanda ake kira 5:2 rage cin abinci ta hanyar wani shiri na shirin shirin BBC Horizon mai suna "Ci, Azumi da Rayuwa Mai tsawo".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/health-19112549</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01lxyzc/horizon-20122013-3-eat-fast-and-live-longer</ref><ref>https://www.abc.net.au/everyday/what-the-science-says-about-the-5-2-intermittent-fasting-diet/11932126</ref> Ta hanyar wannan shirin ne ya koya game da abinci na 5: 2 daga masanin kimiyyar neuroscientist Mark Mattson wanda ya buga takarda akan abinci tare da Michelle Harvie da wasu masana kimiyya 14 a cikin 2011.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017674</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mattson</ref><ref>https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/does-52-diet-work</ref> A cikin gwaji na asali, abincin 5:2 baya bin tsarin abinci na musamman, amma a maimakon haka yana mai da hankali gabaɗaya akan abun cikin kalori.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324303</ref> A farkon 2013 littafinsa The Fast Diet, wanda aka rubuta tare da Mimi Spencer, Short Books ne ya buga.<ref>https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/hidden-problem-with-52-diet/3835094/</ref><ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/money/dr-michael-mosley-for-me-health-and-wealth-go-together-g8z6fz9sb</ref> ==== Abincin Fast 800 ==== Mosley ya ba da shawarar The Fast 800 Diet, rage cin abinci na Rum mai ƙarancin carbohydrate tare da azumi na ɗan lokaci wanda ke bin tsarin cin abinci mai adadin kuzari 800 na yau da kullun.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01lxyzc/horizon-20122013-3-eat-fast-and-live-longer</ref> Littafinsa The Fast 800 Keto ya haɗu da abinci na ketogenic tare da azumi na ɗan lokaci.<ref>https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/can-a-fasting-diet-lead-to-sustainable-good-health/13691362</ref> Mosley's Fast 800 Keto yana ba da shawarar tsarin abinci mai matakai uku don asarar nauyi:mataki na 1, abincin ketogenic mai ƙarancin-carbohydrate; mataki na 2, sake dawo da carbohydrates tare da azumi na lokaci-lokaci; mataki na 3, rage cin abinci na Rum.<ref>https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/fast-800-keto/</ref> Red Pen Reviews ya ba littafin Mosley Fast 800 Keto maki 58% don daidaiton kimiyya, amma ya kammala cewa abincin "ya kamata ya haifar da asarar nauyi da inganta lafiya a yawancin mutanen da ke da karin nauyi da / ko [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]], amma wasu bangarorin abincin na iya zama ba dole ba kuma yana da wahala a bi". Binciken ya kuma lura cewa Mosley's Fast 800 Keto ba abinci ne na ketogenic na dogon lokaci ba kuma dagewar cin abinci maras-carbohydrate don abincin Rum na dogon lokaci ba lallai ba ne.<ref>https://www.redpenreviews.org/reviews/fast-800-keto/</ref> ==Kyaututtuka da karramawa== Wani shirin shirin Horizon na Mosley na 1994 "Ulcer Wars" ya ba da rahoton alakar da ke tsakanin Helicobacter pylori da ulcers na ciki, wanda masana kimiyyar Australiya Robin Warren da Barry Marshall suka gano a cikin 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/baf970949e3a46a992ae52420395a7c2 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-03 |archive-date=2022-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109124634/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/baf970949e3a46a992ae52420395a7c2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/michael-mosley-gut-feelings/</ref> Kungiyar Likitoci ta Biritaniya ta nada shi dan Jarida na Likita na shekarar a cikin 1995.<ref>https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7442/s129</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/article/2024/jun/09/body-of-man-believed-to-be-tv-doctor-michael-mosley-found-on-greek-island-authorities-say</ref> A cikin 1996 an lura da shirin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke tasiri ga al'adun manyan likitocin Biritaniya.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350770</ref><ref>https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/download.aspx?name=20-006.pdf</ref> A cikin 2002, an zaɓi Mosley don Emmy a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa don Fuskar Dan Adam tare da John Cleese.<ref>"Michael Mosley". Television Academy. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Outstanding Non-Fiction Special (Informational) – 2002 NOMINEE Michael Mosley, Executive Producer The Human Face with John Cleese TLC'</ref> A cikin 2017, Jami'ar Edinburgh ta ba Mosley lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Science.<ref>https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2016-17</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Mosley ta auri Clare Bailey Mosley a cikin 1987.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/06/09/michael-mosley-5-2-diet-trust-me-im-a-doctor-bbc-radio/</ref><ref>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-mosley-obituary-death-dr5vpptrm</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0kk9gvw8l0o</ref> Ta kasance babbar likita har zuwa 2022; sun hadu a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Asibitin Kyauta kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/michael-mosley-obituary-death-dr5vpptrm</ref><ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/money/dr-michael-mosley-for-me-health-and-wealth-go-together-g8z6fz9sb</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.you.co.uk/dr-clare-bailey-approach-to-diet-views-on-hrt/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-03-29 |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163254/https://www.you.co.uk/dr-clare-bailey-approach-to-diet-views-on-hrt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A cikin wani shirin shirin BBC na 2019 kan barci, Mosley ya bayyana cewa yana fama da rashin barci mai tsanani.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08q8p13</ref> Littafinsa Fast Barci, akan batun, Atria ne ya buga shi a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/money/dr-michael-mosley-for-me-health-and-wealth-go-together-g8z6fz9sb</ref> ==Mutuwa== A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2024, Mosley ya ɓace a tsibirin Symi na Girka yayin da yake hutu tare da matarsa. Ya bar bakin tekun St. Nikolas don tafiya zuwa garin Symi, kimanin mil biyu (kilomita uku), inda suke zama. An tsinci gawarsa ne a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, a kan dutsen da ke wajen bangon wani wurin shakatawa mai zaman kansa mai suna Agia Marina. Ya bayyana cewa ya dauki hanya mara kyau bayan ya bar garin Pedi.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0kk9gvw8l0o</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/article/2024/jun/09/body-of-man-believed-to-be-tv-doctor-michael-mosley-found-on-greek-island-authorities-say</ref> An tsinci gawarsa ne bayan wani dan jarida dan kasar Birtaniya ya hange shi da ke cikin jirgin ruwa tare da magajin gari da kuma 'yan jaridar ERT TV.<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/06/09/body-found-search-dr-michael-mosley</ref><ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/michael-mosley-body-found-symi-greece-b2559772.html</ref> Yana da nisan yadi 100 (m90) daga gidan abinci da yadi 150 (m 140) daga wani yanki da ’ya’yansa hudu suka yi bincike a baya, wadanda duk suka tashi don tallafawa binciken.<ref>https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/celebs-tv/dr-michael-mosley-search-branded-9333326</ref> Wani bincike na farko da aka yi masa ya tabbatar da cewa, dangane da matsayin jikinsa da kuma rashin wani rauni mai kisa, Mosley ya mutu ne daga sanadin halitta da misalin karfe 4 na yamma a ranar da ya bace. An yi tsammanin rahotannin toxicology da histology.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1dd7ekyrpyo</ref> Wani bincike, wanda aka gudanar a Buckinghamshire a watan Disamba 2024, ya ba da rahoton cewa musabbabin mutuwarsa "ba a iya saninsa" kuma mutuwarsa "yana iya zama mai yiwuwa ko dai saboda bugun jini (na hatsari) ko kuma abin da ba a gano shi ba".<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/dec/20/michael-mosleys-cause-of-death-unascertainable-coroner-says</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] b5liz9imtdeurx4gzj27i68a559rlcb Jerry Maseko 0 90167 846023 690842 2026-06-03T13:29:24Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Funani Jerry Maseko''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekara ta 1966) dan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne wanda ya wakilci jam'iyyar ''African National Congress Congress'' (ANC) a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo tun daga shekara ta 2019. An zabe shi a kujerarsa a babban zaben shekara ta 2019, inda ya zo na 11 a jerin jam'iyyar ANC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funani Jerry Maseko |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/funani-jerry-maseko/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Maseko a ranar 21 ga watan [[Yuli]] shekara ta 1966.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kgolane |first=Koriney |date=2020-03-10 |title=Maseko flexes his muscles for top post |url=https://sundayworld.co.za/news/maseko-flexes-his-muscles-for-top-post/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Sunday World |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ya kasance mai fafutuka a fagen siyasar daliban yaki da wariyar launin fata a lokacin da yake horar da shi a matsayin malami a shekarun 1980, sannan a shekarun 1990 ya shiga matakin kananan hukumomi da na yanki na kungiyar matasan ANC a lardin.<ref name=":0" /> Ya wakilci ANC a matsayin dan majalisa a Limpopo daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2011, na farko a Gabashin Tubatse-Ohrigstad majalisar rikon kwarya daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2000 sannan a gundumar Sekhukhune a cikin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2011, daga karshe ya zama memba na Kwamitin Magajin Gari<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2007 |title=Mayor reshuffles committee |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2007-07-20-mayor-reshuffles-committee/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> da Babban Mai Shari'a a Sekhukhune.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a reshen yankin Sekhukhune na jam’iyyar ANC, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin sakataren yankin a shekara ta 2014 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kgolane |first=Koriney |date=2020-03-10 |title=Maseko flexes his muscles for top post |url=https://sundayworld.co.za/news/maseko-flexes-his-muscles-for-top-post/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Sunday World |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKgolane2020">Kgolane, Koriney (2020-03-10). [https://sundayworld.co.za/news/maseko-flexes-his-muscles-for-top-post/ "Maseko flexes his muscles for top post"]. ''Sunday World''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> aka sake zabe a shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=Second blow for Dlamini-Zuma |url=https://capricornreview.co.za/112815/second-blow-for-dlamini-zuma/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Polokwane Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2020, ana kyautata zaton zai kalubalanci mai ci Stanley Ramaila, a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar yankin,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matlala |first=Alex Japho |date=2020-03-10 |title=ANC bigwigs vie for tasty regional chair post in Limpopo |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/anc-bigwigs-vie-for-tasty-regional-chair-post-in-limpopo/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yende |first=Sizwe Sama |date=12 February 2020 |title=‘Mr Ma-Millions’ cracks the whip over missing millions in Limpopo |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/mr-ma-millions-cracks-the-whip-over-missing-millions-in-limpopo-20200212 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> amma lokacin da aka gudanar da babban taron zaben yanki na gaba a watan Disamba a shekara ta 2021 bai tsaya ba kuma ya tsaya. Tala Mathope ta gaje shi a matsayin Sakatariyar Yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motseo |first=Thapelo |date=20 December 2021 |title=ANC Sekhukhune Regional Conference a success |url=https://sekhukhunetimes.co.za/2021/12/20/anc-sekhukhune-regional-conference-a-success/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Sekhukhune Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan sake zabensa a Majalisar Dokokin Lardi a babban zaben 2024, an nada Maseko a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Limpopo tare da alhakin Fayil na Fasaha, Wasanni da Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramathuba shakes up Limpopo provincial cabinet |url=https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/news/ramathuba-shakes-limpopo-provincial-cabinet/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Jacaranda FM}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dmy8tuuk04gqig7uifqo8r24wrt5w03 Kimiyya ta bincike 0 91533 846234 835860 2026-06-03T21:06:56Z Sumy IB 32481 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 846234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} kimiyya ta shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da '''masu aikata laifuka''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminology Vs. Criminalistics: What's the Difference? |url=https://study.com/articles/Criminology_vs_Criminalistics_Whats_the_Difference.html |publisher=Study.com |quote=Criminalistics, also known as forensic science, is the application of scientific principles to provide evidence in criminal cases.}}</ref> aikace-aikacen ka'idodin kimiyya da hanyoyin don tallafawa yanke shawara na shari'a a cikin batutuwan aikata laifula da dokar farar hula. Masana kimiyya na shari'a suna tattara, adanawa, da kuma nazarin shaida yayin binciken. Yayinda wasu masana kimiyya ke tafiya zuwa wurin aikata laifuka don tattara shaidar da kansu, wasu suna da matsayi na dakin gwaje-gwaje, suna yin bincike kan abubuwan da wasu mutane suka kawo musu.<ref name="job desc">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2013 |title=Job Description for Forensic Laboratory Scientists |url=http://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/forensic-scientist-job-description/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906092342/http://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/forensic-scientist-job-description/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=28 August 2015 |website=Crime Scene Investigator EDU}}</ref> Sauran suna da hannu a cikin nazarin kudi, banki, ko wasu bayanai na lambobi don amfani a cikin binciken laifukan kudi, kuma ana iya amfani da su a matsayin masu ba da shawara daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, malamai, ko kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Prosecutors just got millions of pages of Trump documents. His taxes are only the beginning. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/prosecutors-just-got-millions-trump-documents-his-taxes-are-just-n1258876 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga aikin su na dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana kimiyya suna ba da shaida a matsayin ƙwararrun shaidu a cikin shari'o'in laifi da na farar hula kuma suna iya aiki don ko dai masu gabatar da kara ko masu karewa. Duk da yake kowane filin na iya zama na fasaha, wasu sassan sun bunkasa a tsawon lokaci don kunshe da mafi yawan shari'o'in da suka shafi shari'a.<ref name="aafs sections">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Sections |url=http://www.aafs.org/about-aafs/sections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830013131/http://www.aafs.org/about-aafs/sections/ |archive-date=30 August 2015 |access-date=28 August 2015 |website=American Academy of Forensic Sciences}}</ref> Kalmar forensic ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin, ''forēnsis'' (3rd declension, adjective), ma'ana "na wani taro, wurin taro".<ref>{{Cite web |title=forensic (adj.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/forensic |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Tarihin kalmar ya samo asali ne a zamanin Roman, lokacin da tuhumar aikata laifuka ta nufin gabatar da karar a gaban ƙungiyar jama'a a cikin taron. Dukkanin mutumin da ake zargi da laifin da kuma wanda ake zargi za su ba da jawabai bisa ga bangarorin su na labarin. Za a yanke shawarar shari'ar a madadin mutumin da ke da mafi kyawun gardama da isar da shi. Wannan asalin shine tushen amfani biyu na zamani na kalmar forensic - a matsayin nau'in shaidar shari'a; kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na gabatarwar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forensic Science |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/what-is-forensic-science-forensic-science-types-etymology.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=study.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani na zamani, ana amfani da kalmar forensics a maimakon "kimiyya ta forensic". Kalmar "kimiyya", an samo ta ne daga kalmar Latin don 'sani' kuma a yau tana da alaƙa da Hanyar kimiyya, hanyar da ta dace don samun ilimi. Tare, kimiyyar shari'a tana nufin amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya da matakai don warware laifuka. == Tarihi ==   === Asalin kimiyyar shari'a da hanyoyin farko === {{Reflist}} Duniyar tsohuwar duniya ba ta da daidaitattun ayyukan bincike, wanda ya ba masu laifi damar tserewa daga hukunci. Binciken aikata laifuka da shari'o'i sun dogara sosai da ikirarin tilasta da shaida shaidu. Koyaya, tsoffin tushe suna ƙunshe da asusun da yawa na dabarun da ke nuna ra'ayoyi a cikin kimiyyar shari'a da aka haɓaka ƙarni da yawa daga baya. Labarin farko da aka rubuta game da amfani da magani da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta don warware shari'o'in aikata laifuka an danganta shi da littafin <nowiki><i id="mwUg">Xi Yuan Lu</i></nowiki> (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Washing Away of Wrongs <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forensics Timeline |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/forensics/timeline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040006/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/forensics/timeline.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=2011-12-20 |publisher=Cbsnews.com}}</ref>), wanda Song Ci ya rubuta a kasar Sin a cikin 1248 ([[[[[[[[, 1186-1249), darektan shari'a, kurkuku da kulawa, a lokacin Daular Song.[10] Song Ci ya gabatar da ka'idoji game da rahotanni na autopsy ga kotu, yadda za a kare shaidar a cikin tsarin jarrabawa, kuma ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ma'aikatan bincike dole ne su nuna rashin son kai ga jama'a. [11][12] Ya kirkiro hanyoyin yin maganin antiseptic da kuma inganta sake bayyana ɓoyayyun raunin ga gawawwakin da ƙasusuwa (ta amfani da hasken rana da ruwan inabi a ƙarƙashin laima mai ja); don lissafin lokacin mutuwa (yana ba da izinin yanayi da aikin kwari); ya bayyana yadda za a wanke da bincika gawawwakinsu don tabbatar da dalilin mutuwa.[13][14][15] A wannan lokacin littafin ya bayyana hanyoyin da za a rarrabe tsakanin kashe kansa da kashe kansa.[16] Ya rubuta littafin kan forensics yana mai cewa duk raunuka ko gawawwakin ya kamata a bincika su, ba a guje su ba. Littafin ya zama nau'i na farko na wallafe-wallafen don taimakawa wajen tantance dalilin mutuwa. A daya daga cikin asusun Song Ci (Washing Away of Wrongs), wani mai bincike ne ya warware batun wanda aka kashe da takobi wanda ya umarci kowane wanda ake zargi da kawo takobi zuwa wuri daya. (Ya fahimci cewa shi shi takobi ne ta hanyar gwada takalma daban-daban a kan gawawwakin dabba da kuma kwatanta raunukan.) Tsuntsaye, wanda ƙanshin jini ya ja hankalin su, daga ƙarshe sun taru a kan takobi ɗaya. A cikin hasken wannan, mai mallakar wannan lauje ya furta kisan. Littafin ya kuma bayyana yadda za a rarrabe tsakanin [[nutsewa]] (ruwa a cikin [[huhu]]) da maƙurewa (karyewar wuyan wuyan da aka karye), kuma ya bayyana shaidu daga nazarin gawawwakin don sanin ko mutuwar ta haifar da kisan kai, kashe kansa ko hadari.[18] Hanyoyi daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun haɗa da hawaye da nazarin baki da harshe don tantance rashin laifi ko laifi, a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga Gwajin polygraph. A tsohuwar Indiya, an sanya wasu wadanda ake zargi su cika bakinsu da busassun [[shinkafa]] kuma su tofa shi. Hakazalika, a tsohuwar kasar Sin, wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifi za su sanya foda shinkafa a bakinsu.<ref>McCrie, Robert D. "General Managerial Fundamentals and Competencies". ''Security Operations Management''. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier, 2007. 93. Print.</ref> A cikin al'adun tsohuwar gabas ta tsakiya, an sanya wadanda ake tuhuma su yi amfani da sandunan ƙarfe masu zafi a takaice. An yi tunanin cewa waɗannan gwaje-gwaje suna da inganci <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2017 |title=The History of Forensic Science and it's evolution |url=https://ifflab.org/history-of-forensic-science/ |website=IFF Lab |access-date=18 January 2025 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504221659/https://ifflab.org/history-of-forensic-science/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tunda mutum mai laifi zai samar da karancin hanci kuma saboda haka yana da baki mai bushewa; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-24 |title=Licking hot metal spoons to expose lies: Egypt's oldest tribal judicial system |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2018/09/24/Licking-hot-metal-spoons-to-expose-lies-revealing-Egypt-s-oldest-tribal-judicial-system- |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> wanda ake tuhuma za a dauke shi da laifi idan shinkafa yana mannewa a bakinsu da yawa ko kuma idan harsunan su sun kone sosai saboda rashin kariya daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANCIENT JUDICIAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION |url=https://polygraph.org.uk/history-of-the-polygraph/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=The British Polygraph Society |quote=ORDEAL OF RICE CHEWING — ANCIENT CHINA — CIRCA 500 BC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi da Horarwa == Bincike na farko, ilimin bincike na iya bayyana a matsayin sabon bangare na kimiyyar bincike wanda aka inganta ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin fasahar bayanai kamar kwamfutoci, bayanan bayanai, da software na gudanar da bayanai. Koyaya, bincike mai zurfi ya nuna cewa bayanan bincike yana wakiltar ainihin sha'awar da ke fitowa tsakanin masu aikin bincike don shiga cikin dabarun bincike da 'yan sanda. A yin haka, yana bayyana ayyukan da ke akwai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, yana ba da shawara don sauya tsarin daga ra'ayi na kimiyya a matsayin tarin horo kawai don taimakawa tsarin shari'a na laifi. Maimakon haka, yana ƙarfafa hangen nesa wanda ke kallon kimiyyar shari'a a matsayin horo da ke nazarin yiwuwar bayanai na alamomi - ragowar ayyukan aikata laifuka. Karɓar wannan canjin canji yana haifar da babbar ƙalubale ga ilimi, yana buƙatar canji a cikin tunanin masu koyo don karɓar ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin da ke cikin ilimin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alvarez-Cubero |first=Maria Jesus |last2=Saiz |first2=Maria |last3=Martínez-García |first3=Belén |last4=Sayalero |first4=Sara M. |last5=Entrala |first5=Carmen |last6=Lorente |first6=Jose Antonio |last7=Martinez-Gonzalez |first7=Luis Javier |date=2017-10-03 |title=Next generation sequencing: an application in forensic sciences? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2017.1375155 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=581–592 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2017.1375155 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=28948844}}</ref> Kira na baya-bayan nan da ke ba da shawara don haɗa masana kimiyya a cikin tsarin shari'a na aikata laifuka, da kuma aikin 'yan sanda da na leken asiri, sun jaddada bukatar kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da horo a fagen leken asiri. Wannan labarin ya yi jayayya cewa akwai gibin da za a iya ganewa da kuma ainihin fahimtar bayanan shari'a tsakanin masu tilasta bin doka da manajojin kimiyya na shari'a, suna nuna cewa ana iya gyara wannan asymmetry ne kawai ta hanyar shiga tsakani na ilimi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prego-Meleiro |first=Pablo |last2=García-Ruiz |first2=Carmen |last3=Sanz-Pareja |first3=Miguel |last4=Recalde Esnoz |first4=Irantzu |last5=Quintanilla |first5=M Gloria |last6=Montalvo |first6=Gemma |date=2022-08-01 |title=Forensic intelligence-led prevention of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073822002031 |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=337 |pages=111373 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111373 |issn=0379-0738 |pmid=35803167 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban ƙalubalen a cikin ilimin leken asiri da horo an gano shi azaman tsara shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a, musamman tsakanin manajoji, don rage haɗarin yin yanke shawara mara kyau a cikin sarrafa bayanai. Takardar ta nuna darussan Turai guda biyu na baya-bayan nan a matsayin misalai na kokarin ilimi, bayyana darussan da aka koya da kuma ba da shawarar jagororin nan gaba. Babban ƙarshe shine cewa ƙara mayar da hankali kan ilimin likitanci yana da damar sake farfado da tsarin da ya dace da kimiyyar likitanci, inganta ingancin ƙididdiga, da haɓaka ƙarin shiga cikin bincike da yanke shawara na gudanarwa. Wani sabon kalubale na ilimi an tsara shi don shirye-shiryen jami'ar kimiyya a duk duniya: canji a cikin jaddadawa daga nazarin laifuka zuwa tsarin warware matsalar tsaro. === Ci gaban kimiyyar shari'a === [[Fayil:Ambroise_Paré.jpg|thumb|Ayyukan tiyata na Ambroise Paré sun kafa tushe don ci gaban dabarun bincike a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.]] A cikin karni na 16 a Turai, likitoci a cikin sojoji da jami'o'i sun fara tattara bayanai game da dalilin da kuma hanyar mutuwa. Ambroise Paré, likitan soja na Faransa, ya yi nazarin tasirin mutuwar tashin hankali a gabobin ciki. Likitoci biyu na Italiya, Fortunato Fidelis da Paolo Zacchia, sun kafa harsashin ilimin cututtukan zamani ta hanyar nazarin canje-canjen da suka faru a cikin tsarin jiki sakamakon cutar. A ƙarshen karni na 18, rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa sun fara bayyana. Wadannan sun hada da A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health by the French likitan [[Francois Immanuele Fodéré]] da The Complete System of Police Medicine by the German likitan Johann Peter Frank . Yayinda dabi'u masu ma'ana na zamanin Haskakawa suka kara mamaye al'umma a karni na 18, binciken aikata laifuka ya zama hanyar da ta fi dacewa, hanyar da ta dace - an rage amfani da azabtarwa don tilasta ikirari, kuma imani da maita da sauran ikon sihiri ya daina rinjayar yanke shawara na kotun. Misalai guda biyu na kimiyyar shari'a ta Ingilishi a cikin shari'o'in shari'a na mutum suna nuna karuwar amfani da ma'ana da tsari a cikin binciken aikata laifuka a lokacin. A shekara ta 1784, a [[Lancaster]], an gwada John Toms kuma an yanke masa hukunci saboda kisan Edward Culshaw da bindiga. Lokacin da aka bincika gawar Culshaw, wani wad na bindiga (takardar da aka yi amfani da ita don tabbatar da foda da kwallaye a cikin bakinsa) da aka samu a cikin raunin kansa ya dace da jaridar da aka samu cikin aljihun Toms, wanda ya haifar da hukunci. [[Fayil:Diego_Alva_-_Forensics_Final_Project_(4).jpg|thumb|Wannan misali ne da bayani game da alamun mai fitarwa / mai fitarwa a kan casings.]] A Warwick 1816, an yi wa wani ma'aikacin gona shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan kisan wata budurwa. An nutsar da ita a cikin wani tafki mai zurfi kuma tana da alamun mummunan hari. 'Yan sanda sun sami sawun sawun da kuma ra'ayi daga zane mai laushi tare da sutura a cikin ƙasa mai laushi kusa da tafkin. Har ila yau, akwai hatsi da aka warwatsa na alkama da ciyawa. An bincika breeches na wani ma'aikacin gona wanda ke niƙa alkama a kusa kuma ya dace daidai da ra'ayi a ƙasa kusa da tafkin. Wani labarin da ya bayyana a cikin Scientific American a cikin 1885 ya bayyana amfani da microscopy don rarrabe tsakanin jinin mutane biyu a cikin wani laifi a Chicago. Chromatography wata dabara ce ta yau da kullun da ake amfani da ita a fagen Kimiyya. Chromatography wata hanya ce ta raba abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda daga matakin hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromatography {{!}} Definition, Types, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/chromatography |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Chromatography kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci da aka yi amfani da shi a kimiyyar bincike, yana taimaka wa masu sharhi ganowa da kwatanta samfurori da suka hada da ruwa mai ƙonewa, kwayoyi, da samfurori na halitta. Yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje suna amfani da gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC / MS) don bincika waɗannan samfurori; wannan bincike yana ba da saurin kuma abin dogaro da bayanai don gano samfurori da ake tambaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shipman |first=Robert |last2=Conti |first2=Trisha |last3=Tighe |first3=Tara |last4=Buel |first4=Eric |date=June 2013 |title=Forensic Drug Identification by Gas Chromatography – Infrared Spectroscopy |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/242698.pdf |access-date=September 23, 2023}}</ref> === Ilimin guba === Hanyar gano arsenious oxide, arsenic mai sauƙi, a cikin gawawwakin an tsara shi ne a cikin 1773 ta hanyar likitan Sweden, Carl Wilhelm Scheele . An fadada aikinsa, a cikin 1806, ta hanyar likitan Jamus Valentin Ross, wanda ya koyi gano guba a cikin ganuwar ciki na wanda aka azabtar. [[Fayil:Marsh_test_apparatus.jpg|left|thumb|Na'urar gwajin arsenic, wanda James Marsh ya kirkira]] James Marsh shine na farko da ya yi amfani da wannan sabon kimiyya ga fasahar forensics. Masu gabatar da kara sun kira shi a cikin shari'ar kisan kai don ba da shaida a matsayin likitan sunadarai a 1832. Wanda ake tuhuma, John Bodle, an zarge shi da guba ga kakansa da kofi mai laushi. Marsh ya yi gwajin misali ta hanyar hada samfurin da ake zargi da hydrogen sulfide da hydrochloric acid. Duk da yake ya sami damar gano arsenic a matsayin rawaya arsenic trisulfide, lokacin da aka nuna wa juri ya lalace, yana ba da damar wanke wanda ake zargi saboda shakku mai ma'ana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visible Proofs: Forensic Views of the Body: Galleries: Technologies: The Marsh test |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/marsh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007131101/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/marsh.html |archive-date=7 October 2015 |access-date=2015-11-04}}</ref> Da yake fushi da hakan, Marsh ya samar da gwaji mafi kyau. Ya haɗu da samfurin da ke dauke da arsenic tare da sulfuric acid da [[zinc]] mara arsenic, wanda ya haifar da iskar Arsine. An kunna iskar gas ɗin, kuma ya lalace zuwa arsenic na ƙarfe mai tsabta, wanda, idan ya wuce zuwa wuri mai sanyi, zai bayyana a matsayin ajiyar baƙar fata. Gwajin ya kasance mai hankali sosai, wanda aka sani da Gwajin Marsh, wanda zai iya gano kadan kamar kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na milligram na arsenic. Ya fara bayyana wannan gwajin a cikin The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal a cikin 1836. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=James Marsh |year=1836 |title=Account of a method of separating small quantities of arsenic from substances with which it may be mixed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FR4AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229 |url-status=live |journal=Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal |publisher=A. and C. Black |volume=21 |pages=229–236 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904044244/https://books.google.com/books?id=FR4AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q=%22detecting%20the%20presence%22&f=false |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> === Harkokin harbi da bindigogi ===   Ballistics shine "kimiyya ta motsi na makamai masu linzami a cikin jirgin".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of BALLISTICS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ballistics |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin kimiyyar shari'a, masu sharhi suna nazarin alamu da aka bari a kan harsashi da katako bayan an fitar da su daga makami. Lokacin da aka harbe shi, ana barin harsashi tare da alamomi da alamomi waɗanda suka kasance na musamman ga ganga da kuma bindigar harsashi wanda ya fitar da harsashi. Wannan binciken na iya taimakawa masana kimiyya gano yiwuwar yin da kuma samfuran makamai da ke da alaƙa da laifi. Henry Goddard a Scotland Yard ya fara amfani da kwatancin harsashi a 1835. Ya lura da lahani a cikin harsashi wanda ya kashe wanda aka azabtar kuma ya sami damar gano wannan zuwa ga ƙirar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballistics |url=http://web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h453proj/forensic1/Ballistics.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017052224/http://web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h453proj/forensic1/Ballistics.htm |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bullet_Entry_and_Exit_wound_diagram.png|thumb|Raunin shigarwa / fita bisa ga nisan da aka fitar da bindigar]] === Anthropometry === [[Fayil:Bertillon_-_Signalement_Anthropometrique.png|right|thumb|238x238px|Frontispiece daga Bertillon's Identification anthropométrique (1893), yana nuna ma'aunin da ake buƙata don tsarin gano kansa na anthropometric]] Jami'in 'yan sanda na Faransa Alphonse Bertillon shine na farko da ya yi amfani da fasahar ilimin ɗan adam na Anthropometry ga tilasta bin doka, don haka ya kirkiro tsarin ganewa bisa ga ma'aunin jiki. Kafin wannan lokacin, ana iya gano masu laifi ne kawai ta hanyar suna ko hoto.<ref>As reported in, "A Fingerprint Fable: The Will and William West Case". {{Cite web |title=SCAFO Online Articles |url=http://www.scafo.org/library/110105.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110105229/http://www.scafo.org/library/110105.html |archive-date=10 November 2005 |access-date=2005-12-19}}</ref><ref name="Thompson 2007">Kirsten Moana Thompson, ''Crime Films: Investigating the Scene''. London: Wallflower Press (2007): 10</ref> Ba ya gamsu da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don gano masu aikata laifuka da aka kama a Faransa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya fara aikinsa na haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin anthropometrics don rarraba ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Carlo Ginzburg|edition=Thomas}}</ref> Bertillon ya kirkiro wasu dabarun bincike da yawa, gami da jarrabawar takardun bincike, amfani da mahaɗan galvanoplastic don adana sawun sawun, ballistics, da Dynamometer, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tantance matakin ƙarfin da aka yi amfani dashi wajen karyawa da shiga. Kodayake hanyoyinsa na tsakiya ba da daɗewa ba za a maye gurbin su ta hanyar yatsan hannu, "sauran gudummawarsa kamar harbi muguna da tsarin daukar hoto na aikata laifuka sun kasance a wurin har zuwa yau. "<ref name="Thompson 2007">Kirsten Moana Thompson, ''Crime Films: Investigating the Scene''. London: Wallflower Press (2007): 10</ref> === Alamar yatsunsu === Sir William Herschel na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da yatsan yatsa wajen gano masu aikata laifuka. Yayinda yake aiki ga Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Indiya, ya fara amfani da yatsun yatsa a kan takardu a matsayin matakin tsaro don hana ƙin sa hannu a 1858. [[Fayil:Fingerprints_taken_by_William_James_Herschel_1859-1860.jpg|left|thumb|Alamar yatsunsu da William Herschel ya ɗauka 1859/60]] A shekara ta 1877 a Hooghly (kusa da Kolkata), Herschel ya kafa amfani da yatsan yatsa a kan kwangila da ayyuka, kuma ya yi rajistar yatsan yatta na masu fansho na gwamnati don hana tattara kudi ta dangi bayan mutuwar mai fansho.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschel |first=William James |date=25 November 1880 |title=Skin furrows of the hand |url=http://galton.org/fingerprints/herschel-1880-nature-furrows.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature |volume=23 |issue=578 |page=76 |bibcode=1880Natur..23...76H |doi=10.1038/023076b0 |s2cid=4068612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200727/http://galton.org/fingerprints/herschel-1880-nature-furrows.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> A cikin 1880, Henry Faulds, likitan Scotland a asibitin [[Tokyo]], ya buga takarda ta farko a kan batun a cikin mujallar kimiyya Nature, yana tattauna amfanin yatsan hannu don ganowa da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar yin rikodin su tare da tawada. Ya kafa rarrabuwa ta farko kuma shi ne na farko da ya gano yatsan yatsa da aka bari a kan kwalba.<ref name="faulds1">{{Cite journal |last=Faulds |first=Henry |date=28 October 1880 |title=On the skin-furrows of the hand |url=http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds-1880-nature-furrows.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature |volume=22 |issue=574 |page=605 |bibcode=1880Natur..22..605F |doi=10.1038/022605a0 |s2cid=4117214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912031154/http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds-1880-nature-furrows.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2008 |access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> Da ya dawo Burtaniya a 1886, ya ba da ra'ayin ga 'yan sanda na Metropolitan a London, amma an sallame shi a wannan lokacin.<ref name="reid1">{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Donald L. |year=2003 |title=Dr. Henry Faulds – Beith Commemorative Society |journal=Journal of Forensic Identification |volume=53 |issue=2}} See also this on-line article on Henry Faulds: {{Cite web |last=Tredoux |first=Gavan |date=December 2003 |title=Henry Faulds: the Invention of a Fingerprinter |url=http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds.htm#herschel1880 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602152655/http://galton.org/fingerprints/faulds.htm#herschel1880 |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=galton.org}}</ref> Faulds ya rubuta wa [[Charles Darwin]] tare da bayanin hanyarsa, amma, ya tsufa kuma ba shi da lafiya don yin aiki a ciki, Darwin ya ba da bayanin ga dan uwansa, Francis Galton, wanda ke da sha'awar ilimin ɗan adam. Da yake an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don nazarin yatsan yatsa na tsawon shekaru goma, Galton ya buga cikakken tsarin kididdiga na nazarin yatsan hannu da ganowa kuma ya karfafa amfani da shi a kimiyyar shari'a a cikin littafinsa Finger Prints . Ya lissafa cewa damar "mahimmanci mara kyau" (mutane biyu daban-daban da ke da yatsunsu iri ɗaya) kusan 1 cikin biliyan 64.<ref name="galtonfps">{{Cite web |last=Galton |first=Francis |year=1892 |title=Finger Prints |url=http://www.clpex.com/Information/Pioneers/galton-1892-fingerprints-lowres.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012152917/http://www.clpex.com/Information/Pioneers/galton-1892-fingerprints-lowres.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=MacMillan and Co}}</ref> [[Fayil:Fingerprinting_1928.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan mata na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na LA suna samun sawun yatsa da daukar hoto a cikin 1928]] Juan Vucetich, babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Argentina, ya kirkiro hanyar farko ta yin rikodin yatsan mutane a cikin fayil. A shekara ta 1892, bayan nazarin nau'ikan tsarin Galton, Vucetich ya kafa ofishin sawun yatsa na farko a duniya. A wannan shekarar, an sami Francisca Rojas na Necochea a cikin wani gida tare da raunin wuyansa yayin da aka sami 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun mutu tare da yanke makogwaronsu. Rojas ya zargi maƙwabci, amma duk da tambayoyi masu tsanani, wannan maƙwabcin ba zai furta laifuffukan ba. Sufeto Alvarez, abokin aiki na Vucetich, ya tafi wurin kuma ya sami alamar yatsa mai jini a ƙofar. Lokacin da aka kwatanta shi da bugawa na Rojas, an gano ya zama daidai da yatsan hannu na dama. Daga nan sai ta furta kisan 'ya'yanta maza. An kafa Ofishin Fingerprint a Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]), Indiya, a cikin 1897, bayan Majalisar Gwamna Janar ta amince da rahoton kwamitin cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da yatsan hannu don rarraba bayanan aikata laifuka. Yin aiki a Ofishin Anthropometric na Calcutta, kafin ya zama Ofishin Fingerprint, sune Azizul Haque da Hem Chandra Bose. Haque da Bose sun kasance masana yatsan yatsa na Indiya waɗanda aka yaba da ci gaban farko na tsarin rarraba yatsan yatta wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan mai kula da su, Sir Edward Richard Henry . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tewari |first=RK |last2=Ravikumar |first2=KV |year=2000 |title=History and development of forensic science in India |journal=J Postgrad Med |volume=46 |issue=46 |pages=303–308 |pmid=11435664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sodhi |first=J.S. |last2=Kaur |first2=asjeed |year=2005 |title=The forgotten Indian pioneers of finger print science |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102005/185.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Science |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=185–191 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208112115/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102005/185.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2005}}</ref> An karɓi Tsarin rarraba Henry, wanda Haque da Bose suka tsara, a Ingila da Wales lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Fingerprint na farko na Burtaniya a Scotland Yard, hedkwatar 'yan sanda ta Metropolitan, London, a cikin 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry daga baya ya sami ci gaba a cikin dactyloscopy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Benjamin |title=The Fingerprint Sourcebook |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/225320.pdf |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Office of Justice Programs |publisher=National Institute of Justice}}</ref> A Amurka, Henry P. DeForrest ya yi amfani da yatsan yatsa a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ta New York a cikin 1902, kuma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1905, Mataimakin Kwamishinan Sashen 'Yan Sanda na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] Joseph A. Faurot, gwani a tsarin Bertillon kuma mai ba da shawara ga yatsan yatta a hedikwatar' yan sanda, ya gabatar da yatsan hannu na masu laifi a Amurka.<ref>Introduction to U.S. 23 Dec 1905 New York – The City Record Volume 33</ref> === Gwajin Uhlenhuth === Gwajin Uhlenhuth, ko gwajin antigen-antibody precipitin don jinsuna, Paul Uhlenhuth ne ya kirkireshi a cikin 1901 kuma zai iya rarrabe [[jini]] mutum daga jinin dabba, bisa ga binciken cewa jinin jinsuna daban-daban yana da furotin guda ɗaya ko fiye. Gwajin ya wakilci babban ci gaba kuma ya zama da muhimmancin gaske a kimiyyar shari'a. An ci gaba da inganta gwajin don amfani da shi ta hanyar likitan Switzerland Maurice Müller a cikin shekara ta 1960.<ref>Keith Inman, Norah Rudin, ''Principles and Practice of Criminalistics: The Profession of Forensic Science'' (p. 32), CRC Press, 2000</ref> === DNA === An fara amfani da Nazarin DNA na bincike a shekarar 1984. Sir Alec Jeffreys ne ya kirkireshi, wanda ya fahimci cewa za'a iya amfani da bambancin tsarin kwayar halitta don gano mutane da kuma gaya wa mutane ban da juna. Aikace-aikacen farko na bayanan DNA Jeffreys ya yi amfani da shi a cikin asirin kisan kai sau biyu a cikin ƙaramin garin Ingila na Narborough, Leicestershire, a cikin 1985. An yi wa wata yarinya 'yar shekara 15 mai suna Lynda Mann fyade kuma an kashe ta a asibitin Carlton Hayes. 'Yan sanda ba su sami wanda ake zargi ba amma sun sami samfurin maniyyi. A shekara ta 1986, Dawn Ashworth, mai shekaru 15, an kuma yi mata fyade kuma an maƙure ta a ƙauyen Enderby da ke kusa. Shaidar bincike ta nuna cewa masu kisan biyu suna da nau'in jini iri ɗaya. Richard Buckland ya zama wanda ake zargi saboda ya yi aiki a asibitin Carlton Hayes, an hango shi a kusa da wurin kisan Dawn Ashworth kuma ya san cikakkun bayanai game da jikin. Daga baya ya furta kisan Dawn amma ba na Lynda ba. An kawo Jefferys cikin shari'ar don nazarin samfurori na maniyyi. Ya kammala cewa babu wata wasa tsakanin samfurori da Buckland, wanda ya zama mutum na farko da za a cire shi ta hanyar amfani da DNA. Jefferys ya tabbatar da cewa bayanan DNA sun kasance iri ɗaya ga samfurori biyu na kisan kai. Don samun mai aikata laifin, an tattara samfurori na DNA daga dukkan maza, sama da 4,000 masu shekaru daga 17 zuwa 34, daga garin. Dukansu an kwatanta su da samfurori na maniyyi daga laifin. An ji wani aboki na Colin Pitchfork yana cewa ya ba da samfurinsa ga 'yan sanda yana da'awar cewa shi ne Colin. An kama Colin Pitchfork a shekarar 1987 kuma an gano cewa bayanan DNA dinsa ya dace da samfurori na maniyyi daga kisan. Saboda wannan yanayin, an haɓaka bayanan DNA. Akwai bayanan kasa (FBI) da na kasa da kasa da kuma kasashen Turai (ENFSI: Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Turai). Ana amfani da waɗannan bayanan bayanan bincike don daidaita bayanan DNA na aikata laifuka ga waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a cikin bayanan. === Girma === [[Fayil:JacktheRipperPuck.jpg|alt=Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses|thumb|'Yan sanda sun kawo sabbin dabarun kimiyya a kokarin da suke yi na ganowa da kuma kama mai kisan gilla Jack the Ripper.]] A farkon karni na 20, kimiyyar forensics ta zama mafi yawa a fannin binciken aikata laifuka. Binciken kimiyya da tiyata ya yi amfani da shi sosai ta hanyar 'yan sanda na Metropolitan yayin da suke bin Jack the Ripper mai ban mamaki, wanda ya kashe mata da yawa a cikin shekarun 1880. Wannan shari'ar ta kasance canji ne a aikace-aikacen kimiyyar shari'a. Manyan kungiyoyin 'yan sanda sun gudanar da bincike gida-gida a ko'ina cikin Whitechapel. An tattara kayan bincike kuma an bincika su. An gano wadanda ake zargi, an gano su kuma an bincika su sosai ko kuma an kawar da su daga binciken. Ayyukan 'yan sanda suna bin wannan tsari a yau. Fiye da mutane 2000 ne aka yi hira da su, an bincika "fiye da mutane 300", kuma an tsare mutane 80. The investigation was initially conducted by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. Later, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. Initially, butchers, surgeons and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. The alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry. Some contemporary figures thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks, and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday. The cattle boats were examined, but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements, and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out. A ƙarshen Oktoba, Robert Anderson ya nemi likitan 'yan sanda Thomas Bond ya ba da ra'ayinsa game da girman ƙwarewar tiyata da ilimi na mai kisan kai.<ref>Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, ''The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook'', pp. 359–360</ref> Ra'ayin da Bond ya bayar game da halin "mai kisan gilla" shine farkon Bayanan mai laifi.<ref name="canter5">Canter, pp. 5–6</ref> Binciken Bond ya dogara ne akan bincikensa na wanda aka fi lalata da shi da kuma bayanan Bayan mutuwa daga kisan gillar da suka gabata. A ra'ayinsa mai kisan dole ne ya kasance mutum ne mai halaye masu zaman kansu, wanda ke ƙarƙashin "harin kisan kai da lalata", tare da halin yankan da ke nuna "satyriasis".<ref name="bond" /> Bond ya kuma bayyana cewa "matsayin kisan kai na iya samo asali ne daga fansa ko yanayin tunani, ko kuma cewa mania na addini na iya zama cutar ta asali amma ban tsammanin ko dai ra'ayi ne mai yiwuwa".<ref name="bond" /> [[Fayil:The_Adventure_of_the_Abbey_Grange_03.jpg|left|thumb|Shahararren halin almara Sherlock Holmes ya kasance a hanyoyi da yawa a gaban lokacinsa a cikin amfani da bincike na bincike.]] ''Littafin hannu don Coroners, jami'an 'yan sanda,' yan sanda na soja'' an rubuta shi ne ta hanyar lauyan aikata laifuka na Austrian Hans Gross a cikin 1893, kuma an yarda da shi gabaɗaya a matsayin haihuwar fagen aikata laifukan. Aikin ya haɗu a cikin tsarin tsarin ilimi guda ɗaya wanda ba a haɗa shi ba a baya, kamar ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar jiki, kuma wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da nasara akan aikata laifuka. Gross ya daidaita wasu fannoni don bukatun binciken aikata laifuka, kamar daukar hoto na aikata laifukan. Ya ci gaba da kafa Cibiyar Criminalistics a 1912, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Graz' Law School. Wannan Cibiyar ta biyo bayan irin wannan cibiyoyin a duk duniya. A cikin 1909, Archibald Reiss ya kafa Institut de police scientifique na Jami'ar Lausanne (UNIL) , makarantar farko ta kimiyyar shari'a a duniya. Dokta Edmond Locard, ya zama sananne da "Sherlock Holmes na [[Faransa]]". Ya tsara ka'idar asali ta kimiyyar bincike: "Kowane lamba ya bar alama", wanda aka sani da Ka'idar musayar Locard. A shekara ta 1910, ya kafa abin da zai iya zama dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko a duniya, bayan ya shawo kan Sashen 'yan sanda na [[Lyon]] (Faransa) don ba shi ɗakuna biyu da mataimakan biyu. Alamar sabon matsayi na forensics da kuma amfani da tunani a cikin aikin bincike shine shahararren halin Sherlock Holmes, wanda Arthur Conan Doyle ya rubuta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Ya kasance babban wahayi ga kimiyyar shari'a, musamman ga yadda binciken da ya yi game da wani wurin aikata laifuka ya samar da ƙananan alamomi game da ainihin jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Ya yi amfani sosai da shaidu irin su takalma da taya, da kuma yatsun yatsa, ballistics da nazarin rubuce-rubuce, wanda yanzu aka sani da jarrabawar takardun tambaya. Ana amfani da irin wannan shaidar don gwada ka'idodin da 'yan sanda suka ɗauka, alal misali, ko kuma mai binciken da kansa. Dukkanin dabarun da Holmes ya ba da shawarar daga baya sun zama gaskiya, amma galibi suna cikin jariri a lokacin da Conan Doyle ke rubutu. A yawancin shari'o'in da ya ruwaito, Holmes akai-akai yana gunaguni game da yadda wasu suka gurɓata wurin aikata laifuka, musamman 'yan sanda, suna jaddada muhimmancin kiyaye mutuntakarsa, sanannen fasalin binciken wurin aikata laphuka. Ya yi amfani da ilmin sunadarai na nazari don nazarin Ragowar jini da kuma binciken toxicology da ƙuduri ga guba. Ya yi amfani da ballistics ta hanyar auna Calibres na harsashi da daidaita su da makamin kisan kai. === Karni na 20 === [[Fayil:Shoeprint(forensic).jpg|right|thumb|An yi amfani da takalma na dogon lokaci don daidaita takalma biyu zuwa wurin aikata laifuka.]] Edmond Locard ya fadada aikin Gross tare da Locard's Exchange Principle wanda ya bayyana "duk lokacin da abubuwa biyu suka haɗu da juna, ana musayar kayan tsakanin su". Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wani hulɗa da mai laifi ya bar alama. Alphonse Bertillon masanin laifuka ne na Faransa kuma wanda ya kafa Anthropometry (bincike na kimiyya game da ma'auni da daidaitattun jikin mutum). Ya yi amfani da anthropometry don ganewa, yana mai cewa, tunda kowane mutum na musamman ne, ta hanyar auna fannoni na bambancin jiki akwai yiwuwar tsarin ganewa na mutum. Ya kirkiro tsarin Bertillon a kusa da 1879, hanyar gano masu laifi da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar auna sassa 20 na jiki. A cikin 1884, an kama masu laifi sama da 240 ta amfani da tsarin Bertillon, amma tsarin ya fi maye gurbin sawun yatsa. Frances Glessner Lee, wacce aka fi sani da "mahaifiyar kimiyyar shari'a", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Murder is Her Hobby: Frances Glessner Lee and the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/nutshells}}</ref> ta taimaka wajen ci gaban kimiyyar Shari'a a Amurka. Ta yi kira da a maye gurbin masu binciken shari'a da ƙwararrun likitoci, ta ba da kyautar Harvard Associates a Kimiyya ta 'yan sanda, kuma ta gudanar da tarurruka da yawa don ilimantar da masu binciken kisan kai. Ta kuma kirkiro Nazarin Nutshell na Mutuwa da ba a Bayyanawa ba, dioramas masu rikitarwa da aka yi amfani da su don horar da masu bincike, waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. === Karni na 20 === [[Fayil:Alec_Jeffreys_-2008.jpg|thumb|Alec Jeffreys ya kirkiro fasahar rarraba DNA a shekarar 1984.]] Daga baya a cikin karni na 20 da yawa daga cikin likitocin Burtaniya, [[Mikey Rochman]], Francis Camps, [[Sydney]] Smith da Keith Simpson sun fara sababbin hanyoyin kimiyya. Alec Jeffreys ya fara amfani da Bayanan DNA a kimiyyar shari'a a shekarar 1984. Ya fahimci girman yatsa na DNA, wanda ke amfani da bambance-bambance a cikin lambar kwayar halitta don gano mutane. Hanyar ta zama mahimmanci a kimiyyar shari'a don taimakawa aikin bincike na 'yan sanda, kuma ya tabbatar da amfani wajen warware rikice-rikicen iyaye da shige da fice.<ref name="welcome 2004">{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Giles |date=4 February 2004 |title=Discovering DNA fingerprinting: Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development |url=http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd020877.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305135415/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd020877.html |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=23 December 2007 |publisher=[[Wellcome Trust]]}}</ref> An fara amfani da yatsan hannu na DNA a matsayin gwajin 'yan sanda don gano mai fyade da mai kisan matasa biyu, Lynda Mann da Dawn Ashworth, wadanda aka kashe a Narborough, Leicestershire, a 1983 da 1986 bi da bi. An gano Colin Pitchfork kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisan kai bayan samfurori da aka karɓa daga gare shi sun dace da samfurori na maniyyi da aka karba daga 'yan mata biyu da suka mutu. Kimiyyar kimiyya ta sami ci gaba ta hanyar wasu kungiyoyi masu ilimin kimiyya na kasa da kasa ciki har da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka (wanda aka kafa a 1948), masu wallafa Jaridar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Forensic Sciences &#124; American Academy of Forensic Sciences |url=https://www.aafs.org/journal-forensic-sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123140138/http://www.aafs.org/journal-forensic-sciences |archive-date=23 November 2010 |website=www.aafs.org}}</ref> Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Kanada (wanda aka samo a 1953), masu wallafa mujallar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Kanada; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences &#124; Recognised Professional Body |url=https://www.csofs.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609094436/http://www.csofs.org/ |archive-date=9 June 2016 |website=The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences}}</ref> (wanda aka gina a 1959), wanda aka sani da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Forensic ta Kimiyya ta Kimiyye ta Kimiywar Kimiyyar Turai; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences Publications |url=http://www.csofs.org/publications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615161534/http://www.csofs.org/Publications |archive-date=15 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> (wanda aka kirkiro da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Turai; da Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Kimiyyan Kimiyya ta Nazarin Kimiyar Kimiyya (wanda aka Kafa a 1967),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Academy of Forensic Sciences |url=http://www.bafs.org.uk/cgi-bin/dispatch.cgi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627092734/http://www.bafs.org.uk/cgi-bin/dispatch.cgi/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicine, Science and the Law |url=http://www.bafs.org.uk/cgi-bin/dispatch.cgi/journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627111139/http://www.bafs.org.uk/cgi-bin/dispatch.cgi/journal |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> === Karni na 21 === A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, rubuce-rubuce na al'amuran bincike sun zama mafi inganci. Masana kimiyya sun fara amfani da laser scanners, drones da photogrammetry don samun girgije na 3D na haɗari ko wuraren aikata laifuka. Sake gina wani wurin hatsari a kan babbar hanya ta amfani da drones ya haɗa da lokacin samun bayanai na minti 10-20 kawai kuma ana iya yin sa ba tare da rufe zirga-zirga ba. Sakamakon ba kawai daidai ba ne, a cikin centimeters, don a gabatar da ma'auni a kotu amma kuma yana da sauƙin adanawa ta hanyar dijital a cikin dogon lokaci.Yanzu, a cikin karni na 21, yawancin makomar kimiyyar shari'a tana cikin tattaunawa. Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Kasa (NIST) tana da shirye-shirye da yawa da suka shafi kimiyyar shari'a: CSAFE, Cibiyar NIST ta Kwarewa a Kimiyya ta Shari'a, Hukumar Kasa kan Kimiyya ta Kimiyya (yanzu an kammala), da kuma gudanar da Kwamitin Yankin Kimiyya na Kimiyya (OSAC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=Forensic Science |url=https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=NIST}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da NIST ta ƙara kwanan nan shine takardar da ake kira NISTIR-7941, mai taken "Forensic Science Laboratories: Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, and Relocation". Littafin yana ba da cikakken tsari don kusantar kimiyyar shari'a. Bayanan sun haɗa da irin ma'aikatan da ya kamata a hayar su don wasu mukamai.<ref>"National Institute of Standards and Technology" group="Scientist in Practice">{{Cite web |last=Aguilar |first=James |title=Forensic Science Laboratories: Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, and Relocation |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2013/NIST.IR.7941.pdf |access-date=15 April 2019 |website=nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2013/NIST.IR.7941.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |ref=68}}</ref> == Rarrabawar == [[Fayil:US_Army_CID_agents_at_crime_scene.jpg|thumb|Jami'an Sashen Binciken Laifuka na Sojojin Amurka suna binciken wani wurin aikata laifuka.]] [[Fayil:England-forensic2.jpg|thumb|Binciken 'yan sanda a Ashton-under-Lyne, Ingila, ta amfani da alfarwa don kare wurin aikata laifuka]] * Art forensics ya shafi shari'ar tabbatar da fasaha don taimakawa wajen binciken sahihancin aikin. Ana amfani da hanyoyin tabbatar da fasaha don ganowa da gano karya, karya da kwafin ayyukan fasaha, misali zane-zane. * Binciken tsarin jini shine binciken kimiyya na tsarin zubar da jini da aka samu a wurin aikata laifuka don sake gina abubuwan da suka faru na aikata laifukan. * Nazarin kwatankwacin shine aikace-aikacen dabarun kwatanta gani don tabbatar da kamanceceniyar shaidar jiki. Wannan ya haɗa da nazarin yatsan yatsa, nazarin alamun kayan aiki, da nazarin ballistic. * Kwamfuta ta lissafi ta shafi ci gaban algorithms da software don taimakawa jarrabawar shari'a. * Criminalistics shine aikace-aikacen kimiyyar daban-daban don amsa tambayoyin da suka shafi jarrabawa da kwatanta Shaidar halittu, shaidar ganowa, shaidar burgewa (kamar yatsan yatsa, shaidar takalma, da waƙoƙin taya), abubuwa masu sarrafawa, ballistics, bindiga da gwajin kayan aiki, da sauran shaidu a cikin binciken aikata laifuka. A yanayi na yau da kullun, ana aiwatar da shaidu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na aikata laifuka. * Digital forensics shine aikace-aikacen tabbatar da hanyoyin kimiyya da dabarun don dawo da bayanai daga kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki / dijital. Masana ilimin lissafi na dijital suna aiki a fagen da kuma a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. * Ana amfani da nazarin buga kunne a matsayin hanyar ganowa da aka nufa a matsayin kayan aiki na ganowa mai kama da yatsan yatsa. Alamar kunne ita ce haihuwar nau'i biyu na sassan kunne na waje waɗanda suka taɓa takamaiman farfajiyar (yawanci helix, antihelix, tragus da antitragus). * Shari'ar zabe ita ce amfani da kididdiga don tantance ko sakamakon zabe na al'ada ne ko kuma ba daidai ba. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don bincika da gano shari'o'in da suka shafi gerrymandering. * Lissafin lissafi shine nazarin da fassarar shaidar lissafi, bayanin kuɗi wato: Takardar Balance, Sanarwar Income, Sanarutar Cash flow. * Hotunan sama na bincike shine nazarin da fassarar shaidar daukar hoto ta sama. * Ilimin ilimin ɗan adam na shari'a shine aikace-aikacen ilimin ɗan adam ya zahiri a cikin tsarin doka, yawanci don dawowa da gano ragowar ɗan adam. * Ilimin binciken archaeology shine aikace-aikacen haɗuwa da dabarun archaeological da kimiyyar forensic, yawanci a tilasta bin doka. * ilimin taurari na bincike yana amfani da hanyoyin daga ilimin taurari don tantance taurari na sama da suka gabata don dalilai na bincike. * Forensic botany shine nazarin rayuwar shuke-shuke don samun bayanai game da yiwuwar laifuka. * Kimiyyar ilmin sunadarai shine nazarin ganowa da gano magungunan haramtacciya, masu hanzari da aka yi amfani da su a lokuta na ƙonewa, fashewa da raguwar bindiga. * Forensic dactyloscopy shine nazarin yatsan yatsa. * Binciken takardun bincike ko jarrabawar takardun da aka yi tambaya ya amsa tambayoyi game da takaddar da ake jayayya ta amfani da matakai da hanyoyin kimiyya daban-daban. Gwaje-gwaje da yawa sun haɗa da kwatanta takardar da aka yi tambaya, ko abubuwan da ke cikin takardar, tare da saitin ka'idojin da aka sani. Irin jarrabawar da aka fi sani da ita ta haɗa da rubutun hannu, inda mai jarrabawa ke ƙoƙarin magance damuwa game da yiwuwar marubuci. * Binciken DNA na bincike yana amfani da bambancin DNA na mutum don amsa tambayoyin bincike kamar gwajin iyaye / haihuwa da sanya wanda ake zargi a wurin aikata laifuka, misali a cikin Binciken fyade. * Injiniyanci shine binciken kimiyya da nazarin tsarin da samfuran da suka shafi gazawar su ko dalilin lalacewa. * Ilimin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta yana hulɗa da nazarin kwari a ciki, a kan da kewayen gawar mutum don taimakawa wajen ƙaddamar da lokaci ko wurin mutuwa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a tantance ko an motsa jikin bayan mutuwa ta amfani da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta. * Ilimin ilimin ƙasa yana hulɗa da shaidar a cikin ƙasa, ma'adanai da man fetur. * Geomorphology na bincike shine nazarin ƙasa don neman wuri mai yuwuwa (s) na abin da aka binne (s). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruffell |first=A |last2=McKinley |first2=J |year=2014 |title=Forensic geomorphology |url=http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/15818973/Forensic_geomorphology_V3jmk_1_.pdf |journal=Geomorphology |volume=206 |pages=14–22 |bibcode=2014Geomo.206...14R |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.020 |s2cid=248914146}}</ref> * Geophysics na bincike shine aikace-aikacen dabarun geophysical kamar radar don gano abubuwan da aka ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=JK |last2=Ruffell |first2=A |last3=Jervis |first3=JR |last4=Donnelly |first4=L |last5=McKinley |first5=J |last6=Hansen |first6=J |last7=Morgan |first7=R |last8=Pirrie |first8=D |last9=Harrison |first9=M |year=2012 |title=The use of geoscience methods for terrestrial forensic searches |url=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/788/ |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=114 |issue=1–2 |pages=108–123 |bibcode=2012ESRv..114..108P |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.05.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=R |last2=Ruffell |first2=A |last3=Hughes |first3=D |last4=Pringle |first4=JK |year=2010 |title=Geophysics and the search of freshwater bodies: A review |journal=Science & Justice |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=141–149 |doi=10.1016/j.scijus.2009.09.001 |pmid=20709275}}</ref> * Tsarin leken asiri na bincike yana farawa tare da tattara bayanai kuma yana ƙare tare da haɗa sakamakon cikin nazarin laifuka a ƙarƙashin bincike.<ref>p.611 Jahankhani, Hamid; Watson, David Lilburn; Me, Gianluigi ''Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics'' World Scientific, 2009</ref> * Ana gudanar da tambayoyin bincike ta amfani da kimiyya ta hanyar amfani da ƙwarewa don gudanar da tambayoyolin bincike iri-iri tare da wadanda abin ya shafa, shaidu, wadanda ake zargi ko wasu tushe don tantance gaskiyar game da tuhuma, zarge-zarge ko takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru a ko dai tsarin jama'a ko masu zaman kansu. * [[Forensic histopathology|Histopathology na shari'a]] shine aikace-aikacen dabarun histological da gwaji ga aikin ilimin cututtukan shari'a. * Forensic limnology shine nazarin shaidar da aka tattara daga wuraren aikata laifuka a cikin ko kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Binciken kwayoyin halitta, musamman diatoms, na iya zama da amfani wajen haɗa wadanda ake zargi da wadanda abin ya shafa. * Harshen harshe na shari'a yana hulɗa da batutuwa a cikin tsarin shari'a wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewar harshe. * Ilimin yanayi na bincike shine takamaiman bincike na yanayin yanayi na baya don asarar. * Forensic metrology shine aikace-aikacen metrology don tantance amincin shaidar kimiyya da aka samu ta hanyar ma'auni * [[Forensic microbiology|Ilimin kimiyyar halittu]] shine nazarin Necrobiome. * [[Ungozoma|Nursing]] forensic shine aikace-aikacen kimiyyar Nursing ga laifuka masu cin zarafi, kamar cin zarafin yara, ko cin zarafin jima'i. Rarraba raunuka da rauni, tattara ruwa na jiki da goyon bayan motsin rai wasu daga cikin ayyukan ma'aikatan jinya ne. * Ilimin hakora shine nazarin bambancin hakora, wanda aka fi sani da nazarin hakora. * Forensic optometry shine nazarin tabarau da sauran kayan ido da suka shafi wuraren aikata laifuka da binciken aikata laifukan. * Ilimin Cututtukan shari'a wani bangare ne wanda ake amfani da ka'idodin magani da cututtukani don tantance dalilin mutuwa ko rauni a cikin mahallin binciken shari'a. * Forensic podiatry aikace-aikace ne na nazarin sawun ƙafa ko takalma da alamun su don nazarin wurin aikata laifuka da kuma kafa asalin mutum a cikin jarrabawar forensic. * Forensic psychiatry reshe ne na musamman na psychiatry kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi kuma bisa ga ilimin laifuka na kimiyya. * Ilimin halayyar mutum shine nazarin tunanin mutum, ta amfani da hanyoyin forensic. Yawancin lokaci yana ƙayyade yanayin da ke bayan halayyar mai laifi. * Ilimin girgizar ƙasa shine nazarin dabarun don rarrabe siginar girgizar kasa da fashewar nukiliya ta ƙasa ta haifar da waɗanda girgizar ƙasar ta haifar. * Forensic serology shine nazarin ruwa na jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forensic serology |url=http://www.forensic-medecine.info/forensic-serology.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506005516/http://www.forensic-medecine.info/forensic-serology.html |archive-date=6 May 2010 |access-date=2010-06-08 |publisher=Forensic-medecine.info}}</ref> * Ayyukan zamantakewa na shari'a shine ƙwararren nazarin ka'idodin aikin zamantakewa da aikace-aikacen su ga asibiti, shari'ar aikata laifuka ko yanayin ilimin halayyar mutum. Masu aiki da aikin zamantakewa da ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'a na aikata laifuka galibi ana kiransu masu kula da zamantakewa, yayin da sauran ke amfani da lakabi masu musayar [[Forensic social worker|ma'aikacin zamantakewa]], ƙwararren mai kiwon lafiya ko likitan likita kuma suna gudanar da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa game da haɗari, tsara kulawa da aiki a matsayin jami'in kotun. * Ilimin toxicology shine nazarin tasirin kwayoyi da [[Dafi|guba]] a / a cikin jikin mutum. * Binciken bidiyo na bincike shine binciken kimiyya, kwatankwacin da kimanta bidiyon a cikin batutuwan shari'a. * Kayan bincike na wayar hannu shine binciken kimiyya da kimantawa na shaidar da aka samu a cikin wayoyin hannu, misali Tarihin Kira da SMS da aka share, kuma ya haɗa da SIM Card Forensics. * Binciken shaidar alama shine bincike da kwatanta shaidar alama ciki har da gilashi, fenti, fiber da gashi (misali, ta amfani da micro-spectrophotometry). * Kimiyya ta ilimin kimiyyar namun daji tana amfani da fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya ga shari'o'in shari'a da suka shafi shaidar halittu marasa rai, don warware laifuka kamar farauta, Cin zarafin dabbobi, da cinikayya a cikin nau'in da ke cikin haɗari. == Hanyoyin da ake tuhuma == Wasu dabarun bincike, waɗanda aka yi imanin suna da kyau a kimiyya a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su, daga baya sun zama suna da ƙarancin ƙwarewar kimiyya ko babu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saks |first=Michael J. |last2=Faigman |first2=David L. |year=2008 |title=Failed forensics: how forensic science lost its way and how it might yet find it |url=https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2312&context=faculty_scholarship |journal=[[Annual Review of Law and Social Science]] |volume=4 |pages=149–171 |doi=10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172303}}</ref> Wasu irin wadannan dabarun sun hada da: * FBI ta yi amfani da bincike na harsashi sama da shekaru arba'in, farawa da Kisan John F. Kennedy a 1963. Ka'idar ita ce kowane rukuni na harsashi yana da sinadarin sinadarai daban-daban don a iya gano harsashi zuwa wani rukuni ko ma wani akwati. Nazarin ciki da binciken waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa sun gano cewa dabarar ba ta da tabbas saboda fassarar da ba ta dace ba, kuma FBI ta watsar da gwajin a shekara ta 2005. * Likitan hakora ya shiga cikin wuta: a kalla uku an yi amfani da shaidar alama don yanke wa mutane hukunci kan kisan kai waɗanda daga baya aka sake su ta hanyar shaidar DNA. Wani binciken da aka yi a 1999 da wani memba na Hukumar Kula da Kula da Kulawa ta Amurka ya gano kashi 63 cikin dari na ganewar ƙarya kuma ana yawan ambaton shi a cikin labarun labarai na kan layi da shafukan yanar gizo na makirci. Nazarin ya dogara ne akan wani bita na al'ada a lokacin taron ABFO, wanda yawancin mambobi ba su yi la'akari da ingantaccen yanayin kimiyya ba. Ka'idar ita ce kowane mutum yana da saiti na musamman da na musamman na hakora, wanda ke barin tsari bayan ya ci wani. Suna nazarin halaye na hakora kamar girman, siffar, da kuma siffar baka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bite Mark Analysis {{!}} NC PRO |url=https://ncpro.sog.unc.edu/manual/624-1#:~:text=Bite%20mark%20analysis%20is%20conducted,defendant%20left%20the%20original%20mark. |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ncpro.sog.unc.edu}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2009, masana kimiyya sun iya nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri shaidar DNA, don haka "ya rushe amincin abin da aka ɗauka a matsayin ma'auni na zinariya na hujja a cikin shari'o'in laifi". * 'Yan sanda Samun damar zuwa bayanan Genealogy Databases: Akwai damuwa game da sirri tare da' yan sanda suna iya samun damar samun damar bayanan kwayar halitta na mutum wanda ke kan ayyukan asali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Guerrini |first=Christi |last2=Robinson |first2=Jill |last3=Petersen |first3=Devan |last4=McGuire |first4=Amy |date=October 1, 2018 |title=Should Police have Access to Genetic Genealogy Databases? Capturing the Golden State Killer and other Criminals Using a Controversial New Forensic Technique |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=e2006906 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006906 |pmc=6168121 |pmid=30278047 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kowane mutum na iya zama masu ba da labari ga iyalansu ko ga kansu kawai ta hanyar shiga cikin bayanan asalin kwayar halitta. The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) wani bayanan da FBI ke amfani da shi don riƙe bayanan kwayar halitta na duk sanannun masu laifi, masu laifi, da waɗanda aka kama.<ref name=":0" /> Wasu mutane suna jayayya cewa mutanen da ke amfani da bayanan asali ya kamata su kasance da tsammanin sirri a cikin bayanan su wanda shine ko kuma za a iya keta shi ta hanyar binciken kwayar halitta ta hanyar tilasta bin doka.<ref name=":0" /> Wadannan ayyuka daban-daban suna da alamun gargadi game da masu iya amfani da bayanan su, amma yawancin mutane ba sa karanta yarjejeniyar sosai. Dangane da binciken da Christi Guerrini, Jill Robinson, Devan Petersen, da Amy McGuire suka yi, sun gano cewa yawancin mutanen da suka ɗauki binciken suna tallafawa binciken 'yan sanda na shafukan yanar gizo na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke gano dangi na kwayoyin.<ref name=":0" /> Mutanen da suka amsa binciken sun fi tallafawa ayyukan 'yan sanda ta amfani da asalin kwayar halitta lokacin da yake da manufar gano masu aikata laifuka na tashin hankali, wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yara ko mutanen da suka bace. Bayanan daga binciken da aka bayar sun nuna cewa mutane ba su damu da binciken 'yan sanda ba ta amfani da bayanan kwayar halitta na mutum idan ya dace. An gano a cikin wannan binciken cewa masu laifi suna da ƙarancin kuɗi da baƙar fata kuma matsakaicin mutumin Gwajin kwayar halitta yana da arziki da fari. Sakamakon binciken ya sami sakamako daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2016, an yi wani binciken da ake kira National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) wanda Ofishin Kididdiga na Adalci na Amurka ya bayar. A cikin wannan binciken, an gano cewa kashi 1.3% na mutanen da ke da shekaru 12 ko sama da haka sun sha wahala daga laifukan tashin hankali, kuma 8.85 na iyalai sun sha wahala da laifukan dukiya.<ref name=":0" /> Akwai wasu batutuwa tare da wannan binciken duk da haka. NCVS tana samar da ƙididdigar shekara-shekara kawai game da zalunci. Binciken da Christi Guerrini, Jill Robinson, Devan Petersen, da Amy McGuire suka samar sun tambayi mahalarta game da abubuwan da suka faru na zalunci a rayuwar mutum.<ref name=":0" /> Binciken da suka yi bai kuma iyakance wasu 'yan uwa ga iyali daya ba.<ref name=":0" /> Kimanin kashi 25% na mutanen da suka amsa binciken sun ce suna da dangin da suka yi aiki da su ta hanyar tilasta bin doka wanda ya hada da masu tsaro da masu ba da izini.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin waɗannan binciken, an gano cewa akwai tallafin jama'a don tilasta bin doka don samun damar bayanan asalin kwayoyin halitta. == Kimiyya ta shari'a == "Kimiyyar shari'a" tana bayyana bincike ko bayanan da aka haɓaka ko aka samar don amfani a cikin gwaji da waɗanda aka samar a yayin bincike mai zaman kansa. Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta 9 ce ta yi wannan bambancin yayin kimanta yarda da masana. Wannan yana amfani da shaidar nunawa, wanda shine shaidar da aka kirkira a shirye-shiryen shari'a ta hanyar [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] ko masu ba da izini. == Yawan jama'a == A cikin Amurka akwai sama da masu fasahar kimiyya 17,200 a shekarar 2019. <ref>"Forensic Science." ''U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics''. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 22 February 2021. Web.</ref> == Tasirin kafofin watsa labarai == Masu binciken aikata laifuka na ainihi da masana kimiyya sun yi gargadi cewa shahararrun shirye-shiryen talabijin ba sa ba da hoto na ainihi na aikin, sau da yawa suna karkatar da yanayin sa, da kuma wuce gona da iri, saurin, tasiri, wasan kwaikwayo, glamour, tasiri da matakin ta'aziyya na ayyukansu - wanda suka bayyana a matsayin mafi yawan duniya, mai gajiyarwa da banƙyama. Wasu suna da'awar cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen talabijin na zamani sun canza tsammanin mutane game da kimiyyar bincike, wani lokacin ba daidai ba - tasirin da ake kira "Tasirin CSI". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmgren |first=Janne A. |last2=Fordham |first2=Judith |date=January 2011 |title=The CSI Effect and the Canadian and the Australian Jury |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=56 |issue=S1 |pages=S63–S71 |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01621.x |pmid=21155799 |s2cid=21221066}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa kuskuren jama'a game da masu aikata laifuka na iya haifar, a cikin tunanin mai shari'a, tsammanin da ba daidai ba na shaidar shari'a - wanda suke sa ran gani kafin yanke hukunci - wanda ke nuna bambanci ga mai shari'ar ga wanda ake tuhuma. Da yake ambaton "tasirin CSI," aƙalla wani mai bincike ya ba da shawarar tantance masu juri don matakin tasirin su daga irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen TV. == Rashin jituwa == Tambayoyi game da wasu fannoni na kimiyyar bincike, kamar shaidar yatsan hannu da kuma zaton da ke bayan waɗannan horo an kawo su a cikin wasu wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title='Badly Fragmented' Forensic Science System Needs Overhaul |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12589 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826234749/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12589 |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=2009-03-09 |publisher=The National Academies}}</ref> ciki har da ''New York Post'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=National Academy of Sciences Finds 'Serious Deficiencies' in Nation's Crime Labs |url=http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/newsreleases/2009mn06?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305013129/http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/newsreleases/2009mn06?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2009-03-07 |publisher=National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers}}</ref><ref name="ForensicChallenge">{{Cite web |last=Katherine Ramsland |date=6 March 2009 |title=CSI: Without a clue; A new report forces Police and Judges to rethink forensic science |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/03072009/postopinion/opedcolumnists/csi__without_a_clue_158464.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310062628/http://www.nypost.com/seven/03072009/postopinion/opedcolumnists/csi__without_a_clue_158464.htm |archive-date=10 March 2009 |access-date=2009-03-07 |website=[[The New York Post]], PostScript}}</ref> Labarin ya bayyana cewa "Babu wanda ya tabbatar da ainihin zaton: cewa yatsan kowa da kowa na musamman ne. " Labarin ya kuma bayyana cewa "Yanzu ana tambayar irin waɗannan zaton - kuma tare da shi yana iya zuwa canji mai mahimmanci a yadda sassan 'yan sanda da masu gabatar da kara ke amfani da kimiyyar shari'a. " Farfesa Jessica Gabel ya ce a kan NOVA cewa kimiyyar bincike "ba ta da tsananin, ka'idoji, kula da inganci da hanyoyin da muke samu, yawanci, a kimiyya. "<ref name="ForensicChallenge" />] Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Fasaha ta Kasa ta sake nazarin tushen kimiyya na nazarin alamar cinyewa da aka yi amfani da shi a kimiyyar shari'a. Binciken alamar cinyewa wata fasaha ce ta kimiyya wacce ke nazarin alamun da ke kan fatar wanda aka azabtar idan aka kwatanta da hakoran da ake zargi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bite Mark Analysis {{!}} NC PRO |url=https://ncpro.sog.unc.edu/manual/624-1#:~:text=Overview,or%20impression%20after%20a%20bite. |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=ncpro.sog.unc.edu}}</ref>NIST ta sake nazarin binciken Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Medicine 2009. Masana kimiyya na kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna sun gudanar da bincike don magance batutuwan amintacce, daidaito, da amintacce na nazarin bitmark, inda suka kammala cewa akwai rashin isasshen tushe na kimiyya don tallafawa bayanan.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-10-11 |title=Forensic Bitemark Analysis Not Supported by Sufficient Data, NIST Draft Review Finds |url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/forensic-bitemark-analysis-not-supported-sufficient-data-nist-draft-review |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka har yanzu ana amfani da dabarar a kotu a matsayin shaida. NIST ta ba da kuɗin taron 2019 wanda ya kunshi likitocin hakora, lauyoyi, masu bincike da sauransu don magance gibin a wannan fagen. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-10-11 |title=Forensic Bitemark Analysis Not Supported by Sufficient Data, NIST Draft Review Finds |url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/10/forensic-bitemark-analysis-not-supported-sufficient-data-nist-draft-review |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref> A Amurka, a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2009, Kotun Koli ta ba da shawarar 5-to-4 a cikin Melendez-Diaz v. [[Massachusetts]] da ke nuna cewa ba za a iya amfani da rahotanni na dakin gwaje-gwaje na aikata laifuka a gaban shari'a ba sai dai idan masu sharhi da ke da alhakin kirkirar su ba da shaida kuma su fuskanci kansu.<ref>''Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 557|557]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]]305 (2009). ''This article incorporates [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|public domain material from this U.S government document]].''</ref> Kotun Koli ta ambaci rahoton Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta ''Ƙarfafa Kimiyya a Amurka'' a cikin shawarar da suka yanke. A rubuce-rubuce ga mafi rinjaye, Mai Shari'a Antonin Scalia ya yi magana game da rahoton Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa a cikin ikirarinsa cewa "Shaida ba ta da kariya daga haɗarin magudi". A Amurka, wani bangare na kimiyyar shari'a wanda ya kasance cikin tambaya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shine rashin dokokin da ke buƙatar izini ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Wasu jihohi suna buƙatar izini, amma wasu jihohi ba sa. Saboda wannan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Impact of False or Misleading Forensic Evidence on Wrongful Convictions |url=https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/impact-false-or-misleading-forensic-evidence-wrongful-convictions |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=National Institute of Justice |publisher=Office of Justice Programs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2015 |title=Justice Department Announces New Accreditation Policies to Advance Forensic Science |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-new-accreditation-policies-advance-forensic-science |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Office of Public Affairs |publisher=U.S Department of Justice}}</ref> an kama dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa suna yin aiki mara kyau wanda ya haifar da hukunce-hukuncen ƙarya ko wankewa. Alal misali, an gano shi bayan binciken da Sashen 'yan sanda na Houston a 2002 cewa dakin gwaje-gwaje ya ƙirƙiri shaidar da ta haifar da George Rodriguez da yanke masa hukunci da fyade ga yarinya mai shekaru goma sha huɗu. Tsohon darektan dakin gwaje-gwaje, lokacin da aka tambaye shi, ya ce jimlar adadin shari'o'in da za a iya gurɓata su ta hanyar aiki mara kyau na iya kasancewa a cikin kewayon 5,000 zuwa 10,000.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> The Innocence Project <ref>{{Cite web |title=Innocence Project – Help us put an end to wrongful convictions! |url=https://innocenceproject.org/ |website=Innocence Project}}</ref> bayanan bayanan DNA ya nuna cewa yawancin kuskuren da ba daidai ba sun ƙunshi kuskuren kimiyya. Dangane da aikin Innocence da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka, kimiyyar shari'a ta ba da gudummawa ga kusan kashi 39 zuwa kashi 46 cikin dari na hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When forensic science isn't so scientific (Rebroadcast) |url=https://the1a.org/segments/when-forensic-science-isnt-so-scientific-2/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=1A |language=en}}</ref>Kamar yadda rahoton Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ya nuna Karfafa Kimiyya ta Shari'a a Amurka, wani ɓangare na matsalar shi ne cewa yawancin kimiyyar shari'a ta gargajiya ba a taɓa tabbatar da su ba; kuma wani ɓangare na matsala shi ne cewa duk masu jarrabawa suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya na tabbatar da shari'a kuma ya kamata a kare su daga bayanan da ba su dace da hukuncin da suke yi ba. Bincike da yawa sun gano bambanci a cikin raunin da ya shafi fyade wanda aka bayar da rahoto bisa ga launin fata, tare da fararen wadanda suka kamu da cutar suna ba da rahoton yawan raunin da suka fi baƙar fata.<ref name="ReferenceA">Baker RB, Fargo JD, Shambley-Ebron D, Sommers MS. "A source of healthcare disparity: Race, skin color, and injuries after rape among adolescents and young adults". ''Journal of Forensic Nursing'', 2010; 6: 144–150</ref> Koyaya, tunda dabarun jarrabawar shari'a na yanzu bazai kasance mai hankali ga duk raunin da ke kewayon launuka na fata ba, ana buƙatar gudanar da ƙarin bincike don fahimtar idan wannan yanayin ya faru ne saboda fata da ke rikitar da masu ba da kiwon lafiya yayin nazarin raunin ko kuma idan fata mai duhu ya shimfiɗa wani abu mai kariya.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A cikin aikin asibiti, ga marasa lafiya da fata mai duhu, wani binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa dole ne a mai da hankali ga cinya, labia majora, baya fourchette da fossa navicularis, don haka babu wani raunin da ya shafi fyade da aka rasa a kan binciken kusa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Kimiyya da aikin jin kai == [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya]] (ICRC) yana amfani da kimiyyar bincike don dalilai na jin kai don bayyana makomar mutanen da suka ɓace bayan rikici, bala'o'i ko ƙaura, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Forensic science and humanitarian action |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/what-we-do/forensic/index.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707145212/http://www.icrc.org/eng/what-we-do/forensic/index.jsp |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=2014-08-03 |publisher=ICRC}}</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi Maido da Dangantakar Iyali da Mutanen da suka ɓoye. Sanin abin da ya faru da dangi da ya ɓace sau da yawa zai iya sauƙaƙa ci gaba da aikin baƙin ciki kuma ya ci gaba da rayuwa ga iyalai na mutanen da suka ɓace. Sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban suna amfani da kimiyyar bincike don bayyana makomar da inda mutanen da suka ɓace suke. Misalan sun haɗa da kungiyar NGO Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, tana aiki don bayyana makomar mutanen da suka ɓace a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja na 1976-1983. Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Mutanen da suka Rubuce (ICMP) ta yi amfani da kimiyyar bincike don gano mutanen da suka ɓace, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Forensic archeology and anthropology |date=28 February 2012 |title=Forensic archeology and anthropology |url=http://www.ic-mp.org/activities/technical-assistance/?page_id=539 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624073824/http://www.ic-mp.org/activities/technical-assistance/?page_id=539 |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=2014-08-03 |publisher=Ic-mp.org}}</ref> misali bayan rikice-rikice a cikin Balkans. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=Southeast Europe |url=http://www.ic-mp.org/icmp-worldwide/southeast-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813081559/http://www.ic-mp.org/icmp-worldwide/southeast-europe/ |archive-date=13 August 2014 |access-date=2014-08-03 |publisher=Ic-mp.org}}</ref> Da yake fahimtar rawar da kimiyyar shari'a ke takawa don dalilai na jin kai, da kuma muhimmancin binciken shari'a wajen cika nauyin jihar don bincika take hakkin dan adam, ƙungiyar masana a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 sun kirkiro Littafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rigakafi da Bincike na Kashe-Kare, Arbitrary da Summary, wanda aka sani da [[Minnesota]] Protocol. Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam ya sake fasalin wannan takarda kuma ya sake bugawa a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 1, 2016 |title=The Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death (2016): The Revised United Nations Manual on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions (2016) |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/MinnesotaProtocol.pdf |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=UN Human Rights |publisher=UN Human Rights Office of the Commissioner}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Makamai da Kayan aiki - Ƙungiyar ba da riba ta duniya * Kungiyar Bayyanawa ta Kanada * Kimiyyar kwamfuta - Sashen kimiyyar bincike na dijital * Kimiyya ta aikata laifuka - nazarin aikata laifuka don neman hanyoyin hana shiShafuka da ke nuna bayanin wikidata a matsayin fallback * Diplomatics - Nazarin ilimi na ladabi na takardu (forensic paleography) * Epigenetics a cikin kimiyyar bincike - Bayani na gaba ɗaya * Ruwan shaida - Kayan kwalliya na musamman don shaidar jiki * Ilimin halittu na bincike - Aikace-aikacen bincike na nazarin ilmin halitta * Tattalin Arziki * Bayyanawa na bincike - Bayyanawa ta doka game da takamaiman abubuwa da kayan aiki * Injiniyan kayan bincike - reshe na injiniyan bincikeShafuka da ke nuna bayanin wikidata a matsayin fallback * Hotunan bincike - Fasahar samar da daidaitattun hotuna na wani wuri na aikata laifuka * Injiniyan polymer na bincike - Nazarin gazawar a cikin samfuran polymeric * Bayanan bincike - Nazarin shaidar a cikin binciken aikata laifuka * Rubutun safofin hannu - Mark ya bar a saman da safofin hannu da aka yi amfani da shi * Tarihin daukar hoto * Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Bayyanawa * Masana binciken ruwa * Bayani game da kimiyyar bincike - Bayani na gaba da jagora na yau da kullun ga kimiyyar bincike * Bayani (kimiyya ta bayanai)  - Tsarin gini da aikace-aikacen bayanan mai amfani da aka samar ta hanyar nazarin bayanai na kwamfuta * Binciken baya - Ayyukan gano rashin lafiya bayan mutuwar mai haƙuri * Jerin Bayyanawa Mai Saurin Ruwa (RSID) * Hotuna na jami'in aikata laifuka - Jami'in da ke tattara shaidu ga 'yan sanda na Burtaniya * Alamar tsalle - Markus ya bar wani abu mai ƙarfi wanda ke motsawa da wani * Jami'ar [[Florida]] shirin ilimi na nesa == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t07lu4waclotypma58nee0hs44cznl1 Helen Klanderud 0 93791 846118 597711 2026-06-03T14:43:04Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 846118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Helen Kalin Klanderud''' (an haife ta a watan Yuni 9, 1937 - Oktoba 3, 2013) yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] Amurka ce, ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a kuma [[lauya]]. A cikin shekara ta 1980, an zaɓi Klanderud zuwa gundumar Pitkin, Colorado, Hukumar Kwamishinoni, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama kwamishiniyar gunduma. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Magajin Garin Aspen, Colorado, na sharuɗɗa uku a jere daga 2001 zuwa 2007. A matsayinsa na magajin gari, Klanderud ya kasance mai ba da goyon baya ga ƙoƙarin yin nazari da magance sauyin yanayi, shirye-shiryen da birnin ya sami karɓuwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. An ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta sabis na al'umma da sunanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Kyautar Kulawar Ƙasar Pitkin. <ref> name="PitkinAward">{{Cite web |title=Pitkin County Cares Award Created in Memory of Helen Klanderud |url=http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Whats-New-/Press-Releases/newsid378/579/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821190529/http://aspenpitkin.com/Whats-New-/Press-Releases/newsid378/579/ |archive-date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=November 25, 2013 |website=The City of Aspen & Pitkin Country}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da aiki === An haifi Klanderud a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1937, a Kansas City, Missouri, a cikin gida da matsuguni ga iyaye mata masu aure. Iyali ne suka ɗauke ta, waɗanda suka rene ta a [[Lincoln]], Nebraska . Mahaifinta da aka ɗauke ta ya kasance mai sayar da giya, wanda yakan ba da shawara da nasiha ga abokan cinikinsa. Klanderud ya ambaci iyayenta a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jin dadin jama'a kuma ta yi aiki a cikin aikin al'umma. Mai sha'awar Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]], ta shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat a lokacin 20s. Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Kwalejin Saint Mary a Notre Dame, Indiana . <ref name=adn>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Travers|title=Helen Kalin Klanderud: June 9, 1937 — Oct. 3, 2013 |url=http://www.aspendailynews.com/section/home/159690 |work=[[Aspen Daily News]] |date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-10-27}}</ref><ref name=vdaily>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Condon|title=Former Aspen Mayor Helen Klanderud dies at 76|url=http://www.vaildaily.com/news/8387328-113/klanderud-aspen-mayor-braun|work=[[Vail Daily]]|date=2013-10-07|access-date=2013-10-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194151/http://www.vaildaily.com/news/8387328-113/klanderud-aspen-mayor-braun|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> A cikin 1971, ta bar aikinta tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar tunani ta Fort Logan, kuma ta ƙaura daga [[Denver]] zuwa Aspen, Colorado, tare da 'ya'yanta huɗu jim kaɗan bayan kisan aure da mijinta. Ta zauna a wani gida a gabashin Aspen kuma ta yi renon 'ya'yanta hudu, Kurt, Erik, Kaela da Soren. Ta dauki aiki tare da Touchstone Mental Health Clinic, wanda aka bude a 1969, kuma yayi aiki tare da ɗimbin hippies tare da matsalolin ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda ke ƙaura zuwa yankin Aspen a lokacin. Daga baya ta haɗu da Aspen Matsuguni na Gida kuma ta fara Dama Door, wanda ya ba da shawarwari game da shaye-shaye . Ta yi nasarar yin kamfen a madadin Asusun Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, harajin kadarorin yanki na yanki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen sa-kai da ayyukan jin kai . Masu jefa ƙuri'a na gundumar Pitkin sun amince da Asusun Al'umma Lafiya a 2002 kuma sun sabunta shi a cikin 2006 da 2011. A cikin 1976, Klanderud ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar Aspen Writers' Foundation (AWF) kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa. == Sana'ar siyasa == Helen Klanderud ta fara aikinta na siyasa a lokacin bazara na 1980. Klanderud yana halartar wani wasan kwaikwayo na Lahadi a bikin kiɗa na Aspen lokacin da magajin garin Aspen [[Herman Edel]] ya tuntube ta, wanda ya nemi ta gudu don sabon wurin zama a cikin Hukumar Kwamishinonin Pitkin County a cikin bazara. Hukumar kwamishinonin na kara fadada daga kujeru uku zuwa mambobi biyar a wannan shekarar.Klanderud ya shiga tseren. Ta samu nasara ne a zaben hukumar, inda ta doke abokin hamayyarta Tom Isaac da kuri'u 40 kacal cikin kuri'u 5,126 da aka kada a zaben. Ta yin haka, Klanderud ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin kwamishiniyar gundumar Pikin da zarar ta hau mulki a shekarar 1981. An sake zaɓe ta a karo na biyu a 1984 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1987. A matsayinsa na kwamishinan gundumar, Klanderud, mai shan sigari, ya yi adawa da [[Hana shan sigari|dokar hana shan taba]] a fadin birni wanda magajin garin Aspen Bill Stirling ya kafa a shekarun 1980. Duk da haka, Klanderud da magajin gari Stirling sun yi haɗin gwiwa kan wasu batutuwan da suka shafi Aspen, kamar gina ginin wutar lantarki a Ruedi Reservoir . A cikin 1980s da 1990s, Klanderud kuma ya sami nasarar haɓaka haɓaka Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Roaring Fork, yana ba da jigilar jama'a zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da Aspen. Daga baya an kalli wannan aikin a matsayin abin koyi ta wasu al'ummomin da ke gefen Teku zuwa Sky corridor. A cikin 1986, Klanderud ya yi takara don Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar Colorado, amma ya sha kaye a zaben da aka yi kusa da kusan kuri'u 500. Klanderud ta kammala sauran wa'adinta a kan Hukumar Kwamishinonin Pitkin. Daga nan ta koma Nebraska, inda ta sami digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln kuma ta kula da mahaifiyarta. Ta koma Aspen bayan makarantar lauya, inda ta bude Alpine Legal Service, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ba da shawarar doka ga matalauta. === Magajin garin Aspen === Klanderud ba ta cikin zababbun siyasa har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ta kalubalanci magajin garin Aspen [[Rachel Richards]] a zaben magajin gari. Richards ya lashe zaben a kan Klanderud da kuri'u 14 kacal ya sake lashe zaben. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, magajin gari Rachel Richards ya nemi sake tsayawa takara a wani wa'adi a shekara ta 2001. Klanderud ya sake kalubalantar ta a karawar da aka yi a zaben 1999. A wannan karon, Klanderud ya doke magajin garin Richards a zaben fidda gwani na magajin garin Aspen na farko da aka gudanar a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2001. Klanderud ya samu kuri'u 927, yayin da Richards ya samu kuri'u 878. Ko da yake Richards da Klanderud sun kasance abokan hamayyar siyasa a zabuka biyu, su biyun sun zama abokai bayan sun hadu da ruwan inabi a Syzygy Restaurant bayan daya daga cikin yakin neman zabe. An sake zaben Klanderud cikin sauki zuwa wa'adi na biyu a 2003 da wa'adi na uku a 2005 a zabtarewar kasa a lokuta biyu. [1] Ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari daga 2001 zuwa 2007 na wa'adi uku, shekaru biyu a jere. Ba ta nemi sake tsayawa takara ba a cikin 2007 saboda iyakacin lokaci [1] kuma Mick Ireland ya gaje shi, wanda ya kasance mai adawa da wasu manufofin shigar da Aspen. ==== Ayyukan ɗan adam ==== A matsayinsa na magajin gari, Klanderud ya jajirce wajen haɓaka ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin birni. Ta zama magajin gari na farko da ke halartar tarurrukan wata-wata da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ke yi. Ta goyi bayan manufofin da suka ba da shawarar shigar da kaya don yaƙar bazuwar birane a cikin Aspen. A karkashin waɗannan manufofin, Klanderud ya ba da izinin haɓaka yawan gine-gine da iyakokin tsayi a cikin gari da tsakiyar Aspen, wanda ta sami 'yan adawa. Sabanin haka, a cikin watan Satumba na 2003, Klanderud ya fito yana adawa da wani shiri mai rahusa mai rahusa 330, wanda da an gina shi akan Ranch Burlingame, yana mai nuni da matsalolin muhalli. Ci gaban, wanda masu jefa ƙuri'a suka amince da shi a cikin 2000, zai kasance mafi girman ginin gidaje masu araha da aka taɓa ginawa a Aspen. Da farko Klanderud ta goyi bayan shawarar a lokacin yakin neman zaben magajin gari. ==== Canjin yanayi ====   Klanderud ya kasance mai fafutukar ganin an yi nazari da magance sauyin yanayi, saboda tasirinsa ga garuruwa kamar Aspen. "Dubamar yanayi na haifar da babbar barazana ga makomar garinmu. Mun himmatu wajen kasancewa cikin jagorori a kokarin da duniya ke yi na tinkarar wannan kalubale." <ref> name="CanaryInitiative">{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Dan |last2=Katzenberger |first2=John |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Aspen Climate Study Finds Serious Risk to the Future of Skiing |url=http://www.agci.org/docs/AGCI_PressRelease07.06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203162016/http://www.agci.org/docs/AGCI_PressRelease07.06.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2011 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=City of Aspen}}</ref> A cikin 2003, a madadin birnin Aspen, ta rattaba hannu kan Sanarwar Magajin Garin Amurka game da Dumamar Duniya. A cikin 2004, birnin ya goyi bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na makamashi. A cikin 2005, magajin gari Klanderud ya rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Yanayi na Mazaunan Amurka. A cikin 2005, Birnin Aspen kuma ya shiga Canjin Yanayi na Chicago kuma ya yi alkawari mai daurewa bisa doka don rage GHGs (ayyukan gwamnati kawai) da 1% a kowace shekara. A karshen shekarar 2006, birnin ya rage yawan hayakin da yake fitarwa da kashi 11.5 cikin dari kasa da matakan 2005. <ref> name="ActionPlan">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=City of Aspen Canary Initiative Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Portals/0/docs/City/GreenInitiatives/Canary/CAP-final%20without%20dates.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020203340/http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Portals/0/docs/City/GreenInitiatives/Canary/CAP-final%20without%20dates.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=City of Aspen}}</ref> Don "maganin canjin yanayi ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga makomar makamashi mai tsabta", Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya ba da Aspen Canjin wutar lantarki na 2005! Kyautar majagaba. <ref> name="AGCIReport">{{Cite web |last=Aspen Global Change Institute |date=2006 |title=Climate Change and Aspen: An assessment of impacts and potential responses |url=http://www.agci.org/dB/PDFs/Publications/2006_CCA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205182537/http://www.agci.org/dB/PDFs/Publications/2006_CCA.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=Aspen Global Change Institute}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2005, Klanderud ya wakilci Aspen a taron "Sundance Summit: A Mayors Gathering on Climate Protection," da aka gudanar a Salt Lake City, wanda yayi nazarin hanyoyin da biranen zasu iya yankewa da rage fitar da iskar carbon . Aspen ita ce karamar karamar hukuma da aka gayyata zuwa taron na kwanaki uku, wanda ya hada da manyan biranen Amurka kamar [[Seattle]] da [[Chicago]] . An gayyaci masu unguwanni uku na Colorado zuwa taron Sundance akan Kariyar Yanayi, ciki har da Klanderud, magajin garin [[Denver]] John Hickenlooper, da Boulder Mayor Mark Ruzzin . <ref>name="DenverPostSummit" /> Daga baya a wannan watan, magajin garin Klanderud da sauran jami'an Aspen sun ba da sanarwar "Initiative Canary" don [[Rage canjin yanayi|magance sauyin yanayi]] da kuma auna hayakin garin. <nowiki><ref> name="ActionPlan"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=City of Aspen Canary Initiative Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Portals/0/docs/City/GreenInitiatives/Canary/CAP-final%20without%20dates.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020203340/http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Portals/0/docs/City/GreenInitiatives/Canary/CAP-final%20without%20dates.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=City of Aspen}}</ref> A lokacin, Klanderud ya ba da sanarwar mayar da hankali kan inganta harkokin sufuri na Aspen da ka'idojin gini masu amfani da makamashi . Klanderud kuma ya gabatar da shi a taron kasa, "Ƙarfafa Garuruwan Mu: Magajin Gaggawa na Amsa ga Sauyin Yanayi na Duniya", Satumba 16-18, 2006, a Anchorage, Alaska . Da take jaddada mahimmancin matakin na gida da na ɗaiɗaiku, ta ce game da taron Alaska, "Yana da game da masu unguwanni su ɗauki jagoranci saboda gazawar gwamnatin tarayya na shiga cikin yarjejeniyar Kyoto ." Har ila yau, ta yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Ayyukan Yanayi don Ayyukan Yanayi na Colorado. <ref> name="CCP">{{Cite web |title=The Colorado Climate Project |url=http://rockymountainclimate.org/images/ColoradoClimateProjectParticipants.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205171840/http://rockymountainclimate.org/images/ColoradoClimateProjectParticipants.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=The Rocky Mountain Climate Organization}}</ref> A madadin birnin Aspen, magajin garin Klanderud ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, a cikin 2007. == Daga baya rayuwa == Kaluderud ya zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Aspen Chamber Resort Association a matsayin magajin gari. Ta ci gaba da aiki a Aspen Chamber Resort Association a matsayin zababben memba bayan ta bar ofis, sannan aka nada ta a kwamitin zartarwa. Klanderud ya yi fama da bugun jini a ofishin likita a Aspen a safiyar ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2013. An kai ta jirgin sama zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sweden a Denver, Colorado, inda ta mutu a karfe 5 na yamma ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2013. Ta rasu ta bar uku daga cikin 'ya'yanta hudu - Kurt Klanderud, Erik Klanderud da Kaela Moontree. An ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta sabis na al'umma da sunanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Kyautar Kulawar Ƙasar Pitkin. <ref> name="PitkinAward">{{Cite web |title=Pitkin County Cares Award Created in Memory of Helen Klanderud |url=http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Whats-New-/Press-Releases/newsid378/579/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821190529/http://aspenpitkin.com/Whats-New-/Press-Releases/newsid378/579/ |archive-date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=November 25, 2013 |website=The City of Aspen & Pitkin Country}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k2d81suxb8ocu39fdi21gmbzg71e2x5 Jesca Ababiku 0 97065 846032 716406 2026-06-03T13:37:08Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jesca Ababiku''' (An haife shi 17 [[Yuli]] 1975) malama ce kuma [[Malami|'yar siyasar ƙasar]] [[Uganda]]. A halin yanzu ita mamba ce a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta [[Uganda]], <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 June 2024 |title=Find an MP |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/find-an-mp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928020246/https://www.parliament.go.ug/find-an-mp |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=Parliament of the Republic of Uganda}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ababiku Jesca (Woman MP Adjumani District) |url=https://www.adjumani.go.ug/hon-ababiku-jesca-woman-mp-adjumani-district |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.adjumani.go.ug}}</ref> tana wakiltar al'ummar gundumar Adjumani a ɗaya daga cikin kujerun majalisar da aka kebe domin mata. Ababiku memba ce ta National Resistance Movement kuma Shugaban Harkokin Shugaban Ƙasa (NRM), jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a [[Uganda]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa]], shugaban [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda]] na yanzu (har zuwa 2021). A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, Ababiku ta ci gaba da riƙe kujerarta ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya a karo na uku a matsayin 'yar majalisar wakilai ta mata a gundumar Adjumani tun a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Administration of oaths underway for new members of parliament |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/anthrax-disease-over-15-cases-confirmed-in-kween-district/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ababiku Jesca - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/ababiku-jesca-10100/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Adjumani District Applauds Support of Denmark Towards Refugee Response Interventions |url=https://uganda.unfpa.org/en/news/adjumani-district-applauds-support-denmark-towards-refugee-response-interventions |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=UNFPA Uganda |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ababiku a ranar 17 ga watan [[Yuli]], 1975. Ta girma a gundumar Adjumani. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 November 2019 |title=Jesca Ababiku |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=1 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta ’Yan mata ta Adjumani, inda ta kammala a shekarar 1990 da Jarrabawar Firamare. A shekarar 1994 ta samu shaidar karatunta na ƙasar [[Uganda]] daga makarantar sakandare ta Metu, a shekarar 1997 ta samu shaidar kammala karatunta a ƙasar Uganda daga makarantar Moyo dake cikin garin Moyo, sannan a shekarar 1999 ta kammala karatu a kwalejin malamai ta ƙasa Muni da difloma a fannin ilimi. A shekarar 2006, ta samu digirin farko a fannin ilimi a [[jami'ar Makerere]], daga bisani a shekarar 2013 ta kammala karatu daga [[jami'ar Gulu]] da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi. <ref name=":0" /> == Gogewa a fannin aiki == Ababiku ta zama malama ne jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Malamai ta ƙasa ta Muni. A shekara ta 2000, ta fara koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta Alere, <ref name=":0"/> makarantar da gwamnati ta taimaka a cikin yankin Adropi na gundumar Adjumani <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Alere Secondary School |url=https://ugandaschools.guide/view/27532/alere-secondary-school |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127232701/https://ugandaschools.guide/view/27532/alere-secondary-school |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=Uganda Schools Guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin makarantar kwana don taimakawa yara '[[Ƴan gudun hijira|yan gudun hijira]], musamman daga [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Project for Construction of Boys' Dormitory Blocks at Alere Senior Secondary School |url=https://www.ug.emb-japan.go.jp/02en/e04develop/ggp/ggp2010/12adjumani.html |access-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=Embassy of Japan in Uganda |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018104151/https://www.ug.emb-japan.go.jp/02en/e04develop/ggp/ggp2010/12adjumani.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2002 ta zama wakiliyar malamai a kwamitin gwamnonin makarantar Alere, inda ta riƙe har zuwa shekarar 2004, sannan ta riƙe muƙamin malamar aji kuma shugabar sashen tarihi daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2006. Ta kuma zama kansila a ƙaramar hukumar Adjumani daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2010 kuma ta kasance mamba a [[jami'ar Kyambogo]] daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2010. Ta kasance Sakatariyar Ayyuka na Ƙaramar Hukumar Adjumani daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2006, kuma daga shekarun 2006 zuwa 2010 ta kasance mamba a kungiyar naƙasassu ta ƙasa ta Uganda. Tun da farko a cikin shekarar 2002 ta zama shugaban kungiyar naƙasassu ta Adjumani, muƙamin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":0"/> == Sana'ar siyasa == A shekara ta 2010, ta yi ritaya daga zama malama, daga zama kansila mai kula da gundumar Adjumani, da kuma matsayinta na kungiyar naƙasassu ta Uganda da kuma Adjumani nakasassu don tsayawa takarar majalisar dokokin Uganda. <ref name=":0"/> Ta yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kanta (ko da yake daga baya ta zama memba na National Resistance Movement) a matsayin Wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar na gundumar Adjumani kuma ta yi nasara. Ta samu kuri'u 17,037 da samun nasara a fafatawar da ta yi na neman kujerar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=The Electoral Commission |date=July 2011 |title=REPORT ON THE 2010/2011 GENERAL ELECTIONS |url=https://www.ec.or.ug/pub/General%20election%20Report%202010-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123191848/https://www.ec.or.ug/pub/General%20election%20Report%202010-2011.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=The Electoral Commission of Uganda}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Zaɓen shekara ta 2011 ! colspan="4" | Babban zaben Uganda na 2011 : Wakilin mata na gundumar Adjumani <ref name=":1"/> |- ! Biki ! Dan takara ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- | Mai zaman kansa | Jesca Ababiku | 17,037 | 51.38 |- | National Resistance Movement | Jesca Osuna Eriya | 14,231 | 42.92 |- | Dandalin Canjin Dimokradiyya | Helen Achan | 1,145 | 3.45 |- | Mai zaman kansa | Mamawi Josephine Ujjeo | 732 | 2.21 |} A majalisar, Ababiku mamba ce a kwamitin asusun gwamnati da kuma kwamitin kula da harkokin shugaban ƙasa. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matovu |first=Muhamadi |date=2020-06-21 |title=Parliamentary committee asks wetland encroachers to vacate government land without compensation |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/06/21/parliamentary-committee-asks-wetland-encroachers-to-vacate-government-land-without-compensation/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, mamba ce a Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Mata ta Uganda (UWOPA), inda ta kasance mamba na Dokar Aiki/Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki na zagaye na kwamitin tebur wanda Agnes Kunihira ke shugabanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uwopa Round Table Committees |url=http://uwopa.or.ug/page/uwopa-round-table-committees |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418020754/http://uwopa.or.ug/page/uwopa-round-table-committees |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Uganda Women Parliamentary Association}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jesca Ababiku bata da aure. <ref name=":0"/> Abubuwan da take sha'awa sun haɗa da sauraron kiɗa da karatu. <ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma sha daya na Uganda * Musa Ali * Gundumar Adjumani == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 50lg8kjww48qckr1r354fygzzfzqpaw Musa Ngum 0 99838 846027 620989 2026-06-03T13:32:51Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Ngum''' (ko '''Musa Afia Ngum''', Wanda kuma aka rubuta da "Moussa Ngom"; an haife shi a shekara ta 1953 <ref>"Remembering a fallen Legend Musa Ngum" Archived 2020-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Voice Gambia'', October 18, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2020</ref>a [[Fatoto]], gundumar Kantora a yankin ''Upper River Division'', Gambiya; ya mutu 11 Oktoba 2015 a Asibitin Dantec (Fr.: Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec), [[Dakar]], Senegal <ref>"Remembering a fallen Legend Musa Ngum" Archived 2020-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, ''The Voice Gambia'', October 18, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2020</ref>) ya kasance mashahurin marubuci wakoki a Senegal. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na kiɗan mbalax, kuma "ya taimaka wajen ayyana salon salon kiɗan mbalax a Senegambia" kuma "yayi tasiri mai ƙarfi akan marubucin [[Youssou N'Dour]] da sauran majagaba wakokin mbalax".<ref>Janet Sturman (ed.), The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture, SAGE Publications, 2019, p. 976.</ref> Ya kasance "wani kaman wani alamar kungiyar asiri a baya a yankin Senegambia, kuma majagaba na salon kidan mbalax".<ref>"Circulation Lampe Fall" Archived 2022-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, Rate Your Music. Retrieved December 16, 2019.</ref> Mbalax, wanda ya samo asali daga al'adar kiɗan addinin Serer da tsatssaurar kidan mazan jiya na al'adun njuup wanda ake rerawa a lokacin ibadar Ndut ta maza da aka yi wa kaciya (wanda kuma ake kira "Kassak") shine tushen aikin waƙar Ngum. Ya ƙware sosai a cikin wakokin njuup kuma ya gina wa kansa suna a lokaci guda kuma yana haɓaka muryarsa<ref>"Gambia’s superstar musician Musa Ngum dies" Archived 2019-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Point (the Gambia), October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</ref>. Daya daga cikin dalilan da Youssou N'Dour ya dauke shi a matsayin babban abin koyi shi ne saboda wakokinsa a cikin salon "daraja" Wolof sabanin "na kan hanya" Wolof.<ref>"Guelewar Band of Banjul (The Gambia)"[usurped], Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique. Retrieved December 16, 2019</ref> ==Rayuwar farko== An haifi Ngum a ƙauyen Fatoto, Gambia, a cikin 1953<ref>"Remembering a fallen Legend Musa Ngum" Archived 2020-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Voice Gambia, October 18, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2020</ref> ga Pa Antouman Ngum da Ya Ramou Nyang (cikakken suna Ramatoulaye Nyang) na [[Banjul]].<ref>Foroyaa, (TRIBUTE): Gambian Legendary Musician Musa Afia Ngum (October 20, 2015), by Mamour Mbenga, [1] Archived 2020-02-07 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Ta hannun mahaifiyarsa Ramatoulaye Nyang, Musa Ngum kani ne ga dan siyasar Gambia kuma masanin tarihi Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Sunan nasa Ngum kuma an rubuta shi kamar yadda Ngom shine ainihin sunan Serer a cikin yankin Senegambia.<ref>Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, the People and the Culture'', Continental Press 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 9789987932221</nowiki>, p. 227, [2] Archived 2022-06-04 at the Wayback Machine</ref> A wata hira ta musamman da yayi da gidan Talabijin na Raaki, Ngum ya bayyana cewa shi dan asalin Serer ne, sannan ya ci gaba da cewa “Wolof ba kabila ba ce, amma harshe ne”<ref>Musa Afia Ngum Interview On Raaki TV, uploaded on Buharry Gassama's (founder of Raaki Media) official YouTube Channel (October 15, 2015). [3] Archived 2022-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved February 13, 2020)</ref>. ==Sana'a== Tun yana matashi, Ngum ya fara koyon waka a koyarwar gargajiya ta ndut, yana rera wakokin njuup na gargajiya wanda aka fi sani da wakokin kasa. Ya ƙware sosai a cikin wakokin njuup kuma ya gina wa kansa suna a lokaci guda kuma yana haɓaka muryarsa.<ref>"Gambia’s superstar musician Musa Ngum dies" Archived 2019-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Point (the Gambia), October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</ref> Ya kasance jagoran mawaƙin Guelewar, <ref>"Guelewar Band of Banjul (The Gambia)"[usurped], Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique. Retrieved December 16, 2019.</ref> <ref>"Décès du musicien Moussa Ngom" Archived 2017-07-05 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, October 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawakan Super Diamono a lokacin 1980s.[5] Har ila yau, ya kasance mawaƙin solo, wani lokaci a ƙarƙashin sunansa, wani lokacin kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan "Moussa Ngom et l'Ensemble Lyrique Traditionnel du Senegal" <ref>"Discography of Super Diamono" Archived 2019-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, African Music Home Page (website). Retrieved December 16, 2019</ref>. A matsayinsa na ɗan Afirka, Musa Ngum kuma ya yi aiki tuƙuru don ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin Senegal da Gambia.<ref>"Vive émotion au Sénégal et en Gambie après la mort du chanteur Moussa Ngom" Archived 2019-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, ''Afrik.com'', October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</ref><ref>"Remembering a fallen Legend Musa Ngum" Archived 2020-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Voice Gambia, October 18, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2020.</ref> ==Rayuwar iyali == Ngum ya auri Sohna Jobe a shekarun 1970s kuma a tare suna da 'ya'ya tara, mata biyu, maza bakwai. Daya daga xikin 'ya'yansa ya kasance mawaki da aka karrama da lambar yabo [[Yusupha Ngum]].<ref>[http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/musa-ngum-tribute-concert-held "Musa Ngum tribute concert held"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211054329/http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/musa-ngum-tribute-concert-held|date=2019-12-11}}, ''[[The Point (the Gambia)]]'', October 21, 2016. {{Retrieved|access-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kaironews.com/musa-afia-ngone-is-gone-but/ "Musa Afia Ngum Is Gone But..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215234452/http://www.kaironews.com/musa-afia-ngone-is-gone-but/ |date=2019-12-15 }}, ''Kaira News'', October 21, 2015. {{Retrieved|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> Babban abokin-wasansa Lie Ngum ya kasance babban mawaki kuma abun tunawa (wanda aka fi sani da Abdel Kabirr)<ref>[[The Daily Observer]], Interview of "Lie Ngum (abdel Kabirr)", by [[Omar Bah]] [in] [[AllAfrica.com]] (May 21, 2005) [https://allafrica.com/stories/200608180783.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604053307/https://allafrica.com/stories/200608180783.html|date=2022-06-04}} (retrieved February 13, 2020)</ref> wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin mambobin Gungun Gelewar na asali, kuma mamallakin wurin hutawa na gabar tekun Taranga a [[Gambiya]].<ref>[[The Point (the Gambia)]], ''Veteran musician Lie Ngum comments on Gambian music'', Friday, April 8, 2016 [http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/veteran-musician-lie-ngum-comments-on-gambian-music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823173611/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/veteran-musician-lie-ngum-comments-on-gambian-music|date=2021-08-23}}</ref> ==Mutuwa== A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2015, Ngum yayi wasa na kai tsaye a Dakaar a wani dakin rawa ''Just For You''. An shirya taron ne don cikarsa shekaru 40 a masana'antar nishadantarwa. Ya yi wasa tare da dansa [[Yusupha Ngum]] da kuma tsohon abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa [[Omar Pene]]. Ya fara rashin lafiya sa'o'i kadan bayan wasan kuma an garzaya da shi Asibitin Dantec da ke Dakar. Da safiyar ranar Lahadi 11 ga watan Oktoban 2015, an sanar cewa Ngum ya mutu. An birne Ngum a [[Touba]] a ranar "Litinin, 12 Oktoban 2015, ya samu masu jimami da yawa daga kasashen [[Gambiya]] da kuma [[Senegal]], wanda ya hada da danginsa, abokansa, mabiyansa, mawaka, malaman addini da kuma jagororin gwamnati. Youssou N'Dour da Omar Pene na daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izarsa. == Wasu daga cikin wakokinshi == === Tare da Guelewar === * 1979 ''Sama Yaye Demna N'Darr * 1980 ''Tasito'' * 1981 ''Warteef Jigeen'' * 1982 ''Dieuf Dieul Khadin Rassoul'' * 198? ''Xaley Ndakarou Vol. 2'' * 2011 ''Halleli N'Dakarou'' * 2012 ''Touki Ba Banjul: Acid Trip from Banjul to Dakar'' === Tare da Super Diamono === {{main|Super Diamono}} * 1985 ''Volume: Confederation'' * 1985 ''Volume: Pastêf'' * 1986 ''Borom Daarou'' * 1987 ''People'' === Shi kadai === * 1990 ''Banjul'' (under the name "Moussa Ngom et l'Ensemble Lyrique Traditionnel du Senegal") * 1995 ''Circulation Lampe Fall'' (under the name "Moussa Ngom et l'Ensemble Lyrique Traditionnel du Senegal") * 1995 ''(Goudi Ndakarou) En live au Sahel, Vol. 1'' (live album) * 1996 ''Gal Gui'' * 1998 ''Alahou'' * 1999 ''Artist'' * 2003 ''(Goudi Ndakarou) En live au Sahel, Vol. 2'' (live album) * 2006 ''Bajen Yandeh (Ngom)'' ==Lambobin yabo== *[[National Order of the Lion]], ([[Senegal]])<ref name="Foyaa"/><ref>Observer Co., 2001, ''Gambian diary: July 1994 – October 2001'', p. 129</ref> ==Manazarta== 1hijwqkzk3iybew154lf8arzc5p4vit Abshir Aden Ferro 0 100472 846439 748388 2026-06-04T03:26:31Z BnHamid 12586 846439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Abshir Aden Ferro dan takarar shugaban kasa ne a Somaliya tun daga 2021 kuma a halin yanzu yana yakin neman zaben 2026.<ref>Yaya, Ngonah (July 18, 2020). "Who is Abshir Aden Ferro, 2021 presidential candidate in Somalia". Afrinik. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> Tsarin siyasarsa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan kafa zabukan dimokuradiyya da kuma hana kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al-Shabaab iko da gwamnatin Somaliya<ref>Lina, Sofia; Santos, Nuno Ferreira (October 5, 2020). "Abshir Aden Ferro quer "1460 dias" para mudar o futuro da Somália". PÚBLICO. Retrieved March 11, 2021</ref> <ref>"Somalie: la médiatique démonstration de puissance de Trump contre Daech"</ref> ]Ferro an haife shi a Somaliya a cikin 1968. Ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, inda ya zama ɗan kasuwa kuma ya fara kasuwanci da yawa. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Ferro a shekara ta 1968[1] a Somaliya.<ref>Lorena, Sofia; Santos, Nuno (October 5, 2020). "Abshir Aden Ferro quer "1460 dias" para mudar o futuro da Somália". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> ] Mahaifinsa tsohon mataimakin Somaliya ne.<ref>"SOMALIA : Turkish influence comes under fire in presidential campaign"</ref> Ferro kuma yana da alaƙa da tsohon shugaban ƙasar Mohamed Siad Barre, model Iman Bowie, da sauran 'yan siyasa. Tun yana yaro ya halarci makaranta a birnin [[Mogadishu]] kuma ya karantar da shi daga Alkur’ani<ref>Yaya, Ngonah (July 18, 2020). "Who is Abshir Aden Ferro, 2021 presidential candidate in Somalia". Afrinik. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref>Ya kuma yi karatu da ƴan uwa mata daga Italiya, har sai da ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa yana ɗan shekara sha biyu don ya kasance tare da mahaifinsa da uwarsa.<ref> Yaya, Ngonah (July 18, 2020). "Who is Abshir Aden Ferro, 2021 presidential candidate in Somalia". Afrinik. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> shafe shekara guda baya cikin Somaliya a cikin karatun harshe, kafin ya zauna a [[Landan]] a kusa da shekaru 21 na kimanin shekaru 30.<ref>Yaya, Ngonah (July 18, 2020). "Who is Abshir Aden Ferro, 2021 presidential candidate in Somalia". Afinikinik. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> <ref>Jean-Marie BOCKEL à la conférence IDC, au Sénat français : « En Afrique, il ne peut y avoir de démocratie sans développement »". AfricaPress.paris (in French). June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024</ref> <ref>"Somalia opposition leader Abshir blasts PM Abiy for 'dividing' region". The-Star.co.ke. August 31, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.</ref> ==Kasuwanci da siyasa== Yayin da yake Landan, Ferro ya yi aure kuma ya kafa wani kamfanin tsaro na duniya mai suna Fort Roche.Ya kuma mallaki kamfanonin Abshir Advisors da Somsec.<ref>Fayol, Clément (April 15, 2016). "Soupçons de corruption dans un projet européen en Somalie". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> ] Da farko ya shiga harkokin siyasar kasa da kasa ta hanyar hada kai da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Burtaniya, da yunkurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yaki da 'yan fashin teku, da saura. Ya kirkiro jam'iyyar Somalian Alliance for the Future Party a 2019kuma ya tsaya takarar shugabancin [[Somaliya|Somalia]] a karkashin waccan jam'iyyar a 2021, duk da yunƙurin kashe shi da yawa.<ref>Okello, Christina (September 29, 2020). "Somali presidential candidate vows to fight corruption and al-Shabaab". RFI. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> <ref>"100 Most Reputable Africans: The list of the 100 Most Reputable Africans is evidence of the tenacity and resiliency of the African continent". ReputationPoll.com. January 28, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024.</ref> <ref>Intervenants de l'Africa Political Outlook 2024". AfricaPoliticalOutlook.org (in French). March 28, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Ferro yana yawan tafiya tsakanin London, Dubai da Mogadishu.<ref>Lorena, Sofia; Santos, Nuno (October 5, 2020). "Abshir Aden Ferro quer "1460 dias" para mudar o futuro da Somália". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> Shi dan kasar Faransa ne da kuma dan Somaliya <ref>Somalia opposition leader accuses Ethiopia PM Abiy Ahmed of dividing the region". Nation.Africa. August 31, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.</ref> <ref>Somalia opposition party chief calls for unity talks". The-Star.co.ke. October 4, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024</ref> <ref>"Somalia Alliance for Future Party chairman stresses need for unity". Nation.Africa. September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5xom0oated7fzenrqknbdzhogfz9iwj Kwamitin Majalisa kan Kudi 0 103937 846745 795311 2026-06-04T09:14:20Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwamitin kudi na majalisar wakilai ne na dindindin na majalisar wakilai a Najeriya'''.<ref>Guardians of the Public Purse: Reps tackle fiscal issues". Premium Times. Retrieved 2025-01-06</ref> Kwamitin yana da alhakin kula da harkokin kudi a kasar, ciki har da samar da kudaden shiga, tsara kasafin kudi, da manufofin kasafin kudi. An kafa kwamitin ne a karkashin doka mai lamba 24 ta shekarar 1989, wadda ta kafa tsarin majalissar dokokin Najeriya bayan da gwamnatin soja ta yi wa tsarin mulkin Najeriya garambawul. Dokar dai na daga cikin kokarin da ake na tsara tsarin dokoki da ayyukan kwamitoci daban-daban na majalisar dokokin kasar. Tun daga shekarar 2025, kwamitin yana karkashin jagorancin Honorabul James Faleke a matsayin shugaba da Honorabul Abubakar Makki Yalleman a matsayin mataimakin shugaba.<ref>"Economic Watchdogs: The Role of the House Committee on Finance". The Nation. Retrieved 2025-01-06.</ref><ref>Okojie, Kelvin (2023-07-21). "Faleke chairs finance committee, see full list of Abbass's 134 House committees". Business Day. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> Kwamitin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da kudaden jama'a a bayyane da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati.<ref>Essien, Gloria (2024-02-11). "House Committee On Finance Approves FIRS 2024 Budget". Voice of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2025-01-05.</ref> == Tarihi == Kwamitin kudi na majalisar wakilai na daya daga cikin kwamitocin majalisar wakilai a Najeriya. An kirkiro shi ne domin kula da harkokin kudi na kasa, kamar samar da kudaden shiga na kasa, manufofin kasafin kudi, tsara kasafin kudi, da lura da yadda gwamnati ke kashe kudade.<ref>THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY HOUSE COMMITTEE ON DEFENCE PAID AN OVERSIGHT VISIT TO THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE ON THURSDAY 7TH MARCH 2024 AT ABUJA". Nigerian Defence Headquarters. No. 2024–03–08. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> Tun farko dai an kafa kwamitin ne a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin majalisar dokoki na sa ido kan harkokin kudi a Najeriya. Ƙirƙirar ta ya mayar da martani ga karuwar buƙatu na nuna gaskiya a cikin tafiyar da kuɗin jama'a, musamman ma yadda al'ummar ƙasar ke fuskantar ƙarin buƙatu na ingantaccen lissafin kuɗi.<ref>Akoje, Juliet (2024-10-01). "House Committee Issues Ultimatum to Finance Ministry, Accountant General to Automate Foreign Revenue Collection". This day live. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> A tsawon tarihinsa, kwamitin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantancewa da kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin kasa, da yin nazari kan yadda ake tafiyar da lamuni da albarkatun kasa, da ba da shawarwari kan manufofin kasafin kudi da ke tasiri ga lafiyar tattalin arzikin kasar. Har ila yau, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa hukumomin gwamnati sun bi ka'idojin kudi da kuma amfani da kudaden jama'a yadda ya kamata. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, ta fadada ayyukanta ta hada da sa ido kan yadda Najeriya ke karbar rancen waje da kuma kula da tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje, tare da tabbatar da cewa irin wannan hada-hadar kudi ba ta kawo illa ga daidaiton kasafin kudin kasar.<ref>Reps may fine banks for not providing access facilities for PWDs, says Bello el-Rufai". The cable nigeria. The cable nigeria. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2025-01-05.</ref> Baya ga ayyukan sa ido, kwamitin na taka rawar gani wajen tattaunawa game da dabarun samar da kudaden shiga. An dorawa alhakin ba da shawarar matakan inganta hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga na kasa. Haka kuma ta shiga cikin binciken almundahanar kudi, kamar shari’ar da ta shafi kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya (NNPC), wanda ya kai ga yin bincike sosai a karkashin jagorancin Honorabul Abdulmumin Jibrin, wanda ya rike mukamin shugaban kwamitin a lokacin majalissar ta bakwai. Jibrin ya taka rawar gani wajen sa ido kan binciken da hukumar NNPC ta yi na gaza tura kudade zuwa asusun tarayya.<ref>Reps to investigate NNPC's $2.26bn debt". Punch Nigeria. 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> Kwamitin ya ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban, waɗanda ke tabbatar da wakilci na siyasa daban-daban da ƙwarewa a cikin harkokin kasafin kuɗi. Haka kuma kasancewar mambobin kwamitin ya dogara ne akan cancantar mutum da gogewa a fannin kuɗin gwamnati, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin ya zama babban jigon tattaunawa na majalisar dokoki kan manufofin kuɗi a Najeriya.<ref>Akowa, Tonye (2024-05-12). "Reps committee threatens to block accounts of agencies for not honouring invitations". Thenationonline.ng. Thenationonline.ng. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> A shekarun baya-bayan nan dai kwamitin ya tsunduma sosai wajen tattaunawa kan tsare-tsaren karbo rancen waje a Najeriya, inda ya mayar da hankali wajen ganin an karbo lamuni mai dorewa da kuma rikon amana. Wannan bangare na aikinta ya samu ci gaba mai mahimanci yayin da Najeriya ke ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga masu ba da lamuni na kasa da kasa da kuma bukatun cikin gida na ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da gyare-gyaren kasafin kudi. Kwamitin ya tabbatar da cewa irin wannan rancen yana biyan bukatun kasa ba tare da ta’azzara bashin da ake bin kasar ba.<ref>Essien, Gloria (2024-02-11). "House Committee On Finance Approves FIRS 2024 Budget". Voice of Nigeria. Voice of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2025-01-05</ref> == Duba kuma == Kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar Kwamitin Majalisar Mai Kula da Agaji, Lamuni da Kula da Bashi (Nigeria) Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya (Nigeria) Ofishin Kula da Bashi (Nigeria) Majalisar dokokin Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Najeriya]] rd871718gu3n23dih2913wlnybjq2wh Abubakar Abdullai Ahmad 0 104278 846442 653469 2026-06-04T03:29:29Z BnHamid 12586 846442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Abdullai Ahmad''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1968 a jihar Sokoto a Najeriya. Ya yi digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref>PEPS". peps.directoriolegislativo.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.</ref> A shekarar 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, mai wakiltar mazabar Sokoto ta Arewa/Sokoto ta kudu.<ref>Citizen Science Nigeria". citizensciencenigeria.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11</ref><ref>Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation". orderpaper.ng. Retrieved 2024-12-11</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] tbwgrml90vgphporqjcgtlf8wwnf4yz Rashin jituwar N'Délé 2020 0 105657 846236 817443 2026-06-03T21:07:45Z Sumy IB 32481 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 846236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ndeleoffensive.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar rikice-rikice]] A cikin 2020 rikice-rikice mai tsanani tsakanin tsoffin kungiyoyin [[Seleka|Séléka]] sun ɓarke a N'Délé a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Yaƙi ya kasance a kan kabilanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Rounga na FPRC da kabilanci na Gula da Kara. == Tarihi == A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2020 mayakan FPRC sun kashe wani kwamandan RPRC. FPRC ta ki kashe mayakan da ke da alhakin harin. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka rikice-rikice masu tsanani sun ɓarke tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu a N'Délé, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa da rauni.<ref name="one" /> A ranar 5 ga watan Maris bangarorin biyu sun sami ƙarfafawa daga Birao da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. Da karfe 5 na safe an ruwaito rikice-rikice 5 km daga N'Délé. Dubban 'yan gudun hijira, galibi daga kabilun Goula, sun fara taruwa a sansanin MINUSCA kusa da filin jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=RCA : Reprise de combat à Ndélé, des milliers des déplacés devant la base de la Minusca |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-reprise-de-combat-a-ndele-des-milliers-des-deplaces-devant-la-base-de-la-minusca/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202182825/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-reprise-de-combat-a-ndele-des-milliers-des-deplaces-devant-la-base-de-la-minusca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Maris 2020, an kashe wani ma'aikacin MINUSCA a N'Délé yayin rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Security Council Press Statement on Attack against United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Central African Republic |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14145.doc.htm |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> An tilasta wa RPRC janyewa daga N'Délé kuma prefect na Bamingui ya tsere daga birnin. RPFC ce ta mamaye gidansa.<ref name="one">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Flash info : combats de Ndélé, le préfet en fuite, sa résidence occupée par les rebelles. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/flash-info-combats-de-ndele-le-prefet-en-fuite-sa-residence-occupee-par-les-rebelles/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028075849/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/flash-info-combats-de-ndele-le-prefet-en-fuite-sa-residence-occupee-par-les-rebelles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, RPRC ta kashe mambobi shida da ake zargi da FPRC. Adadin 'yan gudun hijira ya kai 3,000. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris kusan mambobi 100 na MLCJ sun isa daga Vakaga don karfafa matsayin RPRC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=RCA : crise humanitaire à Ndélé, le chef de la délégation du CICR est arrivée dans la ville. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-crise-humanitaire-a-ndele-la-chef-de-la-delegation-du-cicr-est-arrivee-dans-la-ville/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204025644/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-crise-humanitaire-a-ndele-la-chef-de-la-delegation-du-cicr-est-arrivee-dans-la-ville/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=RCA : panique à Ndélé, une centaine des rebelles du MLCJ sont signalés à 10 km |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-panique-a-ndele-une-centaine-des-rebelles-du-mlcj-sont-signales-a-10-km/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204111205/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-panique-a-ndele-une-centaine-des-rebelles-du-mlcj-sont-signales-a-10-km/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Maris RPRC tare da goyon bayan MLCJ sun kai hari kan matsayin FPRC a N'Délé inda suka kwace rabin birnin kuma suka yi fashi da kuma kone kasuwar tsakiya da kuma gidan shugaban FPRC. Fiye da fararen hula 40 ne aka kashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centrafrique : 40 civils massacrés à Ndélé par la coalition Jandjawids soudanais RPRC-MLCJ-TOUADERA |url=https://letsunami.net/index.php/2020/03/11/centrafrique-40-civils-massacres-a-ndele-par-la-coalition-jandjawids-soudanais-et-rprc-mlcj-touadera/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001144736/https://letsunami.net/index.php/2020/03/11/centrafrique-40-civils-massacres-a-ndele-par-la-coalition-jandjawids-soudanais-et-rprc-mlcj-touadera/ |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Maris an ruwaito cewa FPRC ta mallaki Ndélé yayin da RPRC ta mallake ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=RCA : Ndélé, tentative d'enlèvement du médecin de la ville |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-tentative-denlevement-du-medecin-de-la-ville/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028090116/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-tentative-denlevement-du-medecin-de-la-ville/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Maris RPRC ta kai hari kauyen Gozbéda kilomita 7 daga Ndélé inda ta lalata gidaje. Ƙarfafawar FPRC ta yi karo da su wanda ya haifar da kashe mayakan FPRC guda uku da RPRC guda bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2020 |title=RCA : des violents combats en cours dans la localité de Ndélé entre le RPRC et le FPRC |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-des-violents-combats-en-cours-dans-la-localite-de-ndele-entre-le-rprc-et-le-fprc/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920203510/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-des-violents-combats-en-cours-dans-la-localite-de-ndele-entre-le-rprc-et-le-fprc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Maris sama da mayakan 60 sun karfafa matsayin RPRC. Rana daga baya fada ya kai gefen Ndélé.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2020 |title=RCA : Ndélé, les combats s'intensifient à 5 kilomètres |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-les-combats-sintensifient-a-5-kilometres/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Maris mayakan FPRC masu dauke da makamai sun tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijira barin sansanin IDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=RCA : pagaille dans le camp des déplacés à Ndélé, le FPRC accusé de violation de droit humanitaire |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-pagaille-dans-le-camp-des-deplaces-a-ndele-le-fprc-accuse-de-violation-de-droit-humanitaire/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151340/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-pagaille-dans-le-camp-des-deplaces-a-ndele-le-fprc-accuse-de-violation-de-droit-humanitaire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2020 rikice-rikice ya ɓarke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Goula da Rounga na FPRC a unguwar Bornou ta N'Délé. Sojoji sun bukaci shugaban FPRC, Moctar Adam ya yi murabus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2020 |title=RCA : violent accrochage entre les différents éléments coalisés du FPRC à Ndélé |url=http://centrafrique-presse.over-blog.com/2020/04/rca-violent-accrochage-entre-les-differents-elements-coalises-du-fprc-a-ndele.html}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Afrilu an ci gaba da fada tare da fashewa da ake ji a cikin birni. Kungiyar hadin gwiwar RPRC ta kai hari kan N'Délé daga bangarori huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=Flash info : reprise des combats à Ndélé, les Goula du RPRC contre-attaquent |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/flash-info-reprise-des-combats-a-ndele-les-goula-du-rprc-contre-attaquent/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028075846/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/flash-info-reprise-des-combats-a-ndele-les-goula-du-rprc-contre-attaquent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa halin da ake ciki ya fara ingantawa bayan shugaban FPRC ya koma birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=AFTER DEADLY VIOLENCE, THE SITUATION IS GRADUALLY IMPROVING IN BIRAO AND NDELE |url=https://minusca.unmissions.org/%C2%A0apr%C3%A8s-les-violences-meurtri%C3%A8res-la-situation-s%E2%80%99am%C3%A9liore-progressivement-%C3%A0-birao-et-%C3%A0%C2%A0ndele-%C2%A0 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208225735/https://minusca.unmissions.org/%C2%A0apr%C3%A8s-les-violences-meurtri%C3%A8res-la-situation-s%E2%80%99am%C3%A9liore-progressivement-%C3%A0-birao-et-%C3%A0%C2%A0ndele-%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu RPRC da MLCJ sun kai hari kan kasuwar tsakiya a N'Délé inda suka kashe akalla mutane 37 Bayan harin RPRC ta janye zuwa unguwanni na Artisanat, Mourouba, Sodeca da Mbatta waɗanda fararen hula suka watsar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=CAR: Clashes erupt following attack in Ndélé April 29 |url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/337946/car-clashes-erupt-following-attack-in-ndele-april-29}}</ref> Sun kafa sansanin su a cikin cocin gida kuma sun kama kayan fasaha guda biyu waɗanda daga baya aka lalata su bisa ga FPRC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=RCA : combat de Ndélé, le bilan s'élève à 37 morts, et les RPRC se positionnent dans la ville. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-combat-de-ndele-le-bilan-seleve-a-37-morts-et-les-rprc-se-positionnent-dans-la-ville/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918134953/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-combat-de-ndele-le-bilan-seleve-a-37-morts-et-les-rprc-se-positionnent-dans-la-ville/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Mayu masu zaman lafiya na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Portugal]] sun isa birnin don tilasta mayakan RPRC su bar birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=RCA : Ndélé, arrivée des forces spéciales portugaises et rwandaises de la Minusca |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-arrivee-des-forces-speciales-portugaises-et-rwandaises-de-la-minusca/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028090122/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-arrivee-des-forces-speciales-portugaises-et-rwandaises-de-la-minusca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu rikice-rikice tsakanin FPRC da RPRC sun sake tashi a wani kauye mai nisan kilomita 2 daga Ndélé bayan zargin fashi da mayakan FPRC suka yi wanda ya haifar da kashe mayakan hudu da fararen hula biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=CAR: Clashes erupt between rival groups near Ndélé May 12 |url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/342171/car-clashes-erupt-between-rival-groups-near-ndele-may-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=RCA : Ndélé, 6 personnes tuées dans un affrontement intergroupe armé |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-6-personnes-tuees-dans-un-affrontement-intergroupe-arme/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920193037/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-6-personnes-tuees-dans-un-affrontement-intergroupe-arme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sakamakon haka == A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2020 an tura FACA a N'Délé a tsohon tushe na FPRC a karo na farko tun 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Centrafrique : les soldats FACA de retour à Ndélé. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/centrafrique-les-soldats-faca-de-retour-a-ndele/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027202914/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/centrafrique-les-soldats-faca-de-retour-a-ndele/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu MINUSCA ta kama mayakan RPRC tara a N'Délé ciki har da janar Azor Kalité yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa zuwa Tirigoulou. An tura su bayan kwana biyu zuwa [[Bangui]]. An zarge su da laifukan yaki da laifuka a kan bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2020 |title=RCA : arrivée à Bangui du général Azor Kalité et ses 8 éléments arrêtés par la Minusca à Ndélé. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-arrivee-a-bangui-du-general-azor-kalite-et-ses-8-elements-arretes-par-la-minusca-a-ndele/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602140003/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-arrivee-a-bangui-du-general-azor-kalite-et-ses-8-elements-arretes-par-la-minusca-a-ndele/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Mayu MINUSCA ta kama mayakan RPRC guda biyu kilomita 16 daga N'Délé sannan kuma wata kwana biyu bayan haka ciki har da janar Amar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=RCA : Ndélé, arrestation du célèbre général Amar, un important stratège de la coalition RPRC-MLCJ-PRNC. |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-arrestation-du-celebre-general-amar-un-important-stratege-de-la-coalition-rprc-mlcj-prnc/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611182155/https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-ndele-arrestation-du-celebre-general-amar-un-important-stratege-de-la-coalition-rprc-mlcj-prnc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rashin tashin hankali a Bamingui-Bangoran tsakanin bangarorin Goula da Rounga na FPRC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=Centrafrique : Pacte de non – agression et de bonne cohabitation entre les parties belligérantes dans la Bamingui – Bangoran |url=https://letsunami.net/index.php/2020/08/27/centrafrique-pacte-de-non-agression-et-de-bonne-cohabitation-entre-les-parties-belligerantes-dans-la-bamingui-bangoran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019125659/https://letsunami.net/index.php/2020/08/27/centrafrique-pacte-de-non-agression-et-de-bonne-cohabitation-entre-les-parties-belligerantes-dans-la-bamingui-bangoran/ |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Ndélé : Goula et Rounga enterrent la hache de guerre |url=https://www.pcrc-rca.org/Ndele-Goula-et-Rounga-enterrent-la-hache-de-guerre~P_NEWS-846-0-1 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Shari'a == A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023 Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta musamman (CPS), kotun hadin gwiwa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke tallafawa da ke Bangui, ta bude shari'ar a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi kisan kiyashi na N'Délé, tare da hudu (Azor Kalite, Charfadine Moussa, Antar Hamat da Oscar Wordjonodroba) daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma goma da ke wurin. An zarge su da kisan kai, hare-hare kan kiwon lafiya da lafiyar jiki ko tunanin mutane, mummunan bi, hare-haren fararen hula na Ndélé da fashi. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2024, bayan watanni biyu na jinkiri saboda yajin aikin lauyoyi, kotun ta ci gaba da sauraro. An kuma tambayi Abdoulaye Hissène a wani lamari daban wanda ya samo asali daga abubuwan da suka faru.[1] A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024 aka yanke wa Azor Kalité hukuncin shekaru 20 a kurkuku kuma Charfadine Moussa, Antar Hamat da Oscar Wordjonodroba hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku saboda aikata laifuka a kan bil'adama a lokacin harin. == Bayanan da aka ambata == c6ltzb9a5dk8gbd52nivsms7lmqbppd John A. Power 0 105666 846038 675904 2026-06-03T13:39:43Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John A. Power''' tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Ingila (An haife shi (1976-12-23) 23 [[Disamba]] 1976 (mai shekara 48) a Rochdale, Greater Manchester, [[Ingila]]). == Raunin da ya ƙare. == John yana da shekaru 18 kawai lokacin da ya sami mummunan rauni a kashin baya, yayin da yake wasa ga kungiyar Oldham RLFC 'A'. Ya ƙare aikinsa mai kyau a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan rugby. == Haɗin waje == RFL Benevolent Fund: Kokarin Oarsome Oldham Chronicle: Ikon ya buga alamar sa Oldham Chronicla: Ikon wutar lantarki don dawowa ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] szyllumclh35x9jjellywxt5q1l2qa6 Abubakar Yerima Idris 0 105896 846444 661692 2026-06-04T03:30:49Z BnHamid 12586 846444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Yerima''' Idris ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisa a majalisar dokokin Najeriya.<ref>Yobe APC primaries: 100 aspirants participate peacefully – Amb. Danladi – Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 2024-12-26</ref> Ya fito ne daga jihar Yobe a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Yobe, yana wakiltar mazabar Fika/Fune tun 2019.<ref>Gaddafi, Ibrahim Tanko (2023-01-12). "Lawan sponsored zero bills in three years | Yobe NASS Scorecard". OrderPaper. Retrieved 2024-12-26</ref><ref><nowiki>https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/House-of-Reps-votes-and-proceedings-Tuesday-11th-June-2019.pdf</nowiki></ref> Mohammed Aliyu Sakin Kasuwa ne ya gaje shi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] 2ejdjynw7luh5auyn5kmwdz0uxuerle Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya 0 108494 846437 677203 2026-06-04T03:25:03Z BnHamid 12586 846437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abokan Duniya''' (FoE) Ostiraliya ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin gida masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke aiki don daidaitaccen zamantakewa da dorewar muhalli nan gaba. Ya yi imanin cewa bin kariyar muhalli ba shi da bambanci da manyan matsalolin zamantakewa, kuma a sakamakon haka yana amfani da yanayin adalci na muhalli a cikin yakin sa. An kafa shi a cikin 1974 [1] kuma memba ne na Ostiraliya na Abokan Duniya na Duniya.<ref>Walker, Cam (26 August 2019). "30 years of creative resistance". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 23 October 2023</ref> == Matsalolin yakin neman zabe == Abokan Duniya suna la'akari da al'amuran muhalli a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kamfen nasu ya wuce fagen al'ada na ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa da neman magance tattalin arziki, adalci na zamantakewa da ci gaban abubuwan dorewa. Kamfen na ƙasa na yanzu da ayyukan FoEA sune: == Adalci na yanayi == Halin adalci na yanayi yana magance ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar kallon wanda sauyin yanayi ya cutar da shi, da kuma yadda, da kuma wanda ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki da ya haifar da dumamar yanayi. A zahiri wannan yana nufin FoEA yaƙin neman zaɓe ga Ostiraliya don rage fitar da iskar carbon zuwa matakin 'daidaituwar duniya' yayin da kuma ta yarda da karɓar adadin 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi'. A cikin 2009 ta ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Matsugunin Yanayi tare da faɗaɗa aikin yaƙin neman zaɓen zuwa ayyukan da aka kafa a jahohin da ke adawa da faɗaɗa hakar kwal da fitarwa zuwa ketare. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a yanzu na yaƙin neman zaɓen yanayi shine adawa da faɗaɗa dogaro da Ostiraliya akan kwal da haɓaka ƙaura zuwa ƙananan hanyoyin samar da makamashi.<ref>Rooney, Millie (1 June 2022). "'Always look up': Connecting Community for a Win against Gas". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</ref> == Anti-nukiliya == Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, FoEA ta yi yaƙi da duk wani nau'i na sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya. Ƙungiyar ACE Anti-Nuclear Collective ita ce yaƙin neman zaɓe mafi dadewa na ci gaba da gudana a FoEA, kuma ya yi aiki sama da shekaru arba'in yana bincike, ilmantarwa da kuma yin kamfen sosai kan batutuwan nukiliya. A halin yanzu wannan ya haɗa da yaƙi da zubar da sharar rediyo da aka tsara don Kudancin Ostiraliya da kuma rufe duk ma'adinan Uranium da ake da su, gami da ma'adinin Dam ɗin Olympic a Roxby Downs a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Mai gudanar da yakin neman zabe na kasa shi ne Jim Green. === Nanotechnology === FoEA na kira da a dakatar da bincike, haɓakawa da samar da nanoproducts na roba yayin da aka ƙera ka'idoji don kare lafiya da amincin ma'aikata, jama'a da muhalli daga tasirin nanotechnology.<ref>Nanotechnology Project". Friends of the Earth Australia. Retrieved 21 September 2010.</ref> Sinadaran FoEA na yaƙin neman zaɓe akan batutuwan da suka shafi sinadarai na masana'antu, musamman amfani da Bisphenol A a cikin samfuran mabukaci da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a wuraren ruwan sha. === Abinci mai dorewa === Shirin Abinci da Noma Mai Dorewa na FoEA yana magance batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa da dorewar muhalli a tsarin abinci da noma na zamani. === Ƙasar ƴan ƙasa da haƙƙoƙinsu === Ƙungiyoyin FoE da yawa na gida suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin Yan Asalin. FoE tana aiki a matsayin sakatariya na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Nukiliya ta Australiya (ANFA). Baya ga ƙarin yaƙin neman zaɓe na al'ada, ƙungiyoyin FoE da dama suna gudanar da kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan da ke aiki a matsayin misalai masu amfani na kasuwanci mai dorewa. A cikin 1999 FoE Brisbane ta ƙaddamar da cibiyar sake amfani da shara na Reverse, wanda ke gano amfanin al'umma don zubar da masana'antu wanda in ba haka ba zai je wurin shara. Juyin Keke (wanda ke nemowa da gyara tsofaffin kekunan turawa) shima yana aiki daga FoE Brisbane. FoE a Melbourne ta kasance tana gudanar da babban haɗin gwiwar abinci da kantin sayar da littattafai sama da shekaru ashirin da kuma, kwanan nan[yaushe?] kantin sayar da abinci.<ref>Food Co-op". Friends of the Earth Melbourne. Retrieved 21 September 2010</ref> == Tallafawa == Ƙungiyoyin gida suna samar da kuɗin kansu. Kamfen na ƙasa da ayyuka sun dogara da gudummawar mutum ɗaya, tushe, kayayyaki, da wasiyya. FoE Ostiraliya a halin yanzu ba ta samun tallafin gwamnati ko na kamfani. == Siyasa da suka == FoE Ostiraliya tana zaune a gefen hagu na bakan siyasa. Duk da yake ƙungiyar 'koloniya' kore ce, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin. Yana son yin aiki daga tsarin siyasa na asali, wanda ke nufin yana ba da fifiko ga sha'awar, ko haɗin gwiwa tare da, ko dai gwamnatin Australiya ta tarayya ko manyan kamfanoni fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin kore na ƙasa. Tana yin amfani da bincike, zaɓe, aikin watsa labarai, ba da shawarwarin siyasa da aiki kai tsaye cikin lumana don cimma manufofinta. An san shi don haɓaka alaƙa mai ɗorewa tare da kewayon al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyi na ƴan asalin a kan wuraren da ake amfani da su. An soki lamirin aiwatar da matakin da ba na tashin hankali kai tsaye ta hanyar masu sharhi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (misali, Andrew Bolt, marubucin jaridar Herald Sun a Melbourne). Andrew Bolt ya kuma zarge su da kasancewa masu tayar da hankali kan batun sauyin yanayi.<ref>Bolt, Andrew (19 June 2008). "Age drowns in green myths". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] dexvx6ti8mqrakj8ea96771emg01hvj Abubakar Shehu Giwa 0 114623 846443 703201 2026-06-04T03:29:53Z BnHamid 12586 846443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Shehu Giwa''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin mai ba gwamnan jihar Kaduna shawara na musamman kan harkokin siyasa Uba Sani. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == Giwa ya yi digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan ya yi Diploma a fannin tattalin arzikin jama’a a Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna.<ref>Kaduna govt lists names of govt workers on payroll". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2023-04-17.</ref> == Sana'a == Giwa yana da gogewa a harkokin siyasa da gudanarwa. Ya rike mukamin Shugaban Zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Giwa na wa’adi biyu sannan kuma ya jagoranci Majalisar Kamfen na Karamar Hukumar Giwa a lokacin zabukan 2019 da 2023.<ref>Kaduna gov lists workers on payroll". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2023-04-17.</ref> == Alƙawari == Gwamna Uba Sani ne ya nada Giwa a matsayin mai ba shi shawara na musamman kan harkokin siyasa, a wani bangare na kokarin inganta ayyukan hidima da karfafa huldar jama’a a jihar Kaduna. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == - Shafin Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] nuf8frkuqhlc6tow54u942co86pjjzv Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman 0 114849 846563 787621 2026-06-04T05:26:05Z Nura Bello 24854 846563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman CON|native_name=Sayyadi|native_name_lang=Hausa|birth_date=1928|birth_place=Ringim|status=King|residence=Ringim, Jigawa state|other names=Abubakar|nickname=Sarkin Ringim|citizenship=Nigeria|occupation=Monarc|home town=Ringim|father=Usman Abdullahi Maje|mother=Hajiya Hauwa’u Yakubu (Uwar Soro)|family=Sulluɓawa}} '''Sayyadi Abubakar Mahmoud Usman''' CON (an haife shi ne a shekara ta 1928) [[Fulani]] ne daga dangin [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] kuma Sarkin sarakuna na farko na [[Masarautar Ringim|Ringim]], [[Jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne mafi tsufa da ya tsira daga [[Ibrahim Dabo|Daular Dabo Fulani]] . <ref name="Daily memories">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2016 |title=Emir of Ringim: Memories of a royal uncle |url=https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191855/https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mahaifinsa, Mahmoud Usman ɗan 9th Emir na Kano [[Ibrahim Dabo|Usman Abdullahi Maje Karofi]] ne . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa aka nada Sayyadi hakimin Ringim mai suna Danmajen Kano. Bayan shekara guda, Sarkin Kano na 13 ya nada shi Tafidan Kano [[Ado Bayero]] <ref name="Daily Jublee">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2016 |title=Emir of Ringim: A Dignified Silver Jubilee |url=https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-a-dignified-silver-jubilee |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193405/https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-a-dignified-silver-jubilee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan harajin [[Jihar Jigawa]] daga [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta [[Idris Garba]] a cikin 1991, an kirkiro masarautar Ringim kuma an ɗaga Sayyadi daga shugaban gundumar zuwa Sarkin Ringim na farko daga dangin [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyediji |first=Tayo |date=10 October 2019 |title=Meet 30 Top Emirs Who Rule The NORTH |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-30-top-emirs-who-rule-the-north/ |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=City People Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2016 |title=Buhari congratulates Emir of Ringim on his silver jubilee |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/buhari-congratulates-emir-ringim-silver-jubilee/ |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> ==Rayuwar sa == Rayuwar sa da lokutan Mai Martaba, babban shaida ne na tsarkakakkiyar aminci ga iyayensa, Tashinsa daga zama basarake zuwa dan majalisa, wakilin Hakimai, shugaban kungiyar hadin kan duniya, zuwa cikakken hakimi a karkashin masarautar Kano, kuma a yanzu ya zama sarki mai daraja ta daya, ya nuna irin sadaukarwarsa, sadaukarwa da bayar da gudunmawa ga ci gaban Dan Adam baki daya, wanda ya kasance ba shakka.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle/</ref> ==Mahaifin sa == Mahaifinsa Marigayi Wamban Kano Mahmud dan Sarkin Fulanin Kano na 9 Usman Abdullahi Maje Karofi, ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun yarima mai so da kauna da sha'awa a tarihin masarautar Kano. An nada shi Hakimin Dabi mai suna Tafidan Kano yana dan shekara tara, don haka ya zama basarake mafi karancin shekaru da aka nada a irin wannan matsayi a tarihin Kano. Saboda kunya da ilimin addini da tawali’u da kuma tsarin tafiyar da harkokin mulkin sa, sunansa ya yi fice a cikin kowane jerin sunayen da Sarkin Kano ya gabatar domin nada su Tafidan Sarkin Kano daga 1926 zuwa 1963. Ya rike sarautar Tafida sama da shekaru 50 kafin a daukaka shi zuwa Wambai, wanda ya rike a lokacin da, ya rasune a ranar juma'a a cikin watan Ramadan na shekarar 1989.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle/</ref> ==Mahaifi Yarsa== Mahaifiyarsa, Hajiya Hauwa’u Yakubu (Uwar Soro) ta kasance abar koyi kan tarbiyya, kasuwanci kuma ta kasance mai karfin imani kuma musulma. Ita ce diya ga Shattiman kano biyu Yakubu, kuma yar autan Shattima Zakari na farko. Hajiya Babba kamar yadda ake ce mata, ta cusa wa ‘ya’yanta rashin sturu da imani da kuma kyawawan Dabi'u. <ref>https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle/</ref>. ==lambobin yabo da na girmamawa== Jami’ar Jihar Delta dake Abraka da kuma kwamandan Hukumar Neja (CON) na Gwamnatin Tarayya sun karrama mai martaba da digirin girmamawa (Honorus-Causa). <ref>https://dailytrust.com/emir-of-ringim-memories-of-a-royal-uncle/</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] fqp726yi1rgp7hkxwux1aelhra1e3kz Gambo Gujungu 0 117787 846546 731422 2026-06-04T05:21:31Z Nura Bello 24854 846546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdulrahman Ibrahim Gambo Gujunju''' wanda akafi sani da '''Gambo Gujunju''' an haife shi ne a (14 April 1972). Dan siyasa kuma dan gwagwarmaya mai kare haqqin matasa. Shine wanda ya qirqiri Arewa Youth Forum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://taskaryanci.com/gwagwarmayar-hon-gambo-ibrahim-gujungu/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-10-11 |archive-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819190705/https://taskaryanci.com/gwagwarmayar-hon-gambo-ibrahim-gujungu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi shi a Gujungu karamar hukumar Taura jihar Jigawa.<ref><nowiki>https://wikibin.org/articles/gambo-ibrahim-gujungu.html</nowiki></ref> Ya fara makarantar a Gujungu central primary a Jihar Jigawa sannan ya karasa a Sabon Gari Primary a Jihar Kaduna. Yayi sakandiri dinsa a Rimi College Kaduna. Daga nan ya tafi Kaduna Polytechnic inda yayi Difloma a Cooperative Studies sannan kuma yayi (Advance Diploma) a Marketing sannan kuma yayi Babban difloma (HND) a Business Administration duk a Kaduna Polytechnic din. An zabe shi inda ya samu halartar International Visitors Leadership Program (IVLP) wanda akayi a karo da shekarar 2013, a kasar Amurka (USA). Ya kammala makarantar USA International Institute of Professionals Exchange Program na gomnatin Amurka wanda ke maida hankali akan chanjin rayuwa akan Kasuwanci. == Siyasa == Gambo Gujunju yayi takarar Dan Majilisan Taura/Ringim a Jihar Jigawa a zaben shekarar 2019, a jam'iyyar PDP. Yanzu shine Babban mai baiwa Gomna [[Ubasani ]] shawara akan harkar gomnatoci.<ref><nowiki>https://abiaonline.com.ng/2019-were-under-pressure-to-support-buhari-gujungu-arewa-youth-leader/</nowiki></ref> ya taba zama mamba na Hukumar dake kula da hana sace mutune a Nigeria (National agency for Prohibition of Traffic In Person and other related matters) NAPTIP. == Gwagwarmaya == Gambo Gujunju ya kafa kungiyar (Arewa Youth Forum), Kungiyace mai zaman kanta (NGO). Kuma ya zama jagorar ta. Inda suke tallafawa matsa da basu tallafi. Inda har Embassy Amurka dake Abuja suka basu takardar yabawa. Inda a shekarar 2014 Kungiyar cikin shirye shiryen ta mai suna ( Conflict Mitigation and Peace Building Project) suka baiwa matasa sama dubu goma horar Zaman wakilan zaman lafiya (Peace Ambassador) a jihohin Kaduna, Nasarawa, Bauchi da Taraba.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yan siyassa]] 6eybyqverp6txwvm0bmxiwm1yc37m3x Abubuwa masu kyau (fim na 2001) 0 120060 846445 732437 2026-06-04T03:31:19Z BnHamid 12586 846445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pretty Things''' (Faransanci: Les Jolies Choses) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Faransa]] na 2001 wanda Gilles Paquet-Brenner ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, bisa ga littafin 1998 Les Jolies Cheuses na Virginie Despentes . Ya lashe kyautar Michel d'Ornano a bikin fina-finai na Deauville na shekara ta 2001. [1] A cikin fim din, Marion Cotillard ta nuna tagwayen da suka saba da juna, Lucie da Marie. An zabi ta ne don lambar yabo ta César don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau saboda rawar da ta taka.[2] == Masu ba da labari ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] hbjccb8ayp8vouivzq5ux4htk4xb2ea Adam Fletcher (speaker) 0 120694 846446 821538 2026-06-04T03:32:24Z BnHamid 12586 846446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam F.C. Fletcher''' masanin ka'idar ilimi ne, masani kuma mai ba da shawara.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-1</ref> mai da hankali kan muryar matasa, haɗin gwiwar ɗalibai da ƙarfafa al'umma.An san shi don kafa The Freechild Project.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-2</ref> Ayyukansa sun shafi nazarin matasa, muryar dalibai, da ci gaban al'ummar dimokuradiyya.Tsohon Likitan Likita Janar na Amurka David Satcher ya ba shi "Jarumin Makarantun Lafiya" don Aiki don Yara masu Lafiya a cikin 2010.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-3</ref> Fletcher ma'aikacin matasa ne a kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama da kuma a cikin hukumomin gwamnati sama da shekaru goma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-4</ref>Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin ilimin koyar da matasa da karatun matasa a The Evergreen State College.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-5</ref>kuma sun gudanar da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Washington a cikin jagorancin ilimi da nazarin manufofi.Ya sauke karatu daga Omaha North High School a Arewacin Omaha, Nebraska. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, Fletcher ya kasance mai shi kuma mai ba da shawara na CommonAction Consulting.Yin aiki tare da malamai da masu gudanar da gwamnati a duk duniya, shawarwarinsa sun mayar da hankali kan ilimin dimokuradiyya.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-6</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-7</ref>Bugu da ƙari, yana magana akai-akai a cikin gida, jihohi, tarukan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, a Brazil da ƙari.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-8</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-9</ref> Fletcher ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darekta da mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi da dama ciki har da kungiyar kare hakkin matasa ta kasa<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-10</ref>da sauransu<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-11</ref>kuma edita ne mai ba da gudummawa ga Binciken Ilimi, Ilimi da Nazarin Al'adu, wanda Taylor da Francis suka buga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(speaker)#cite_note-12</ref>Ya rubuta fiye da 50 wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi ilimi, aikin matasa da canjin zamantakewa. ==Zaɓi tarihin littafi== * ''Democracy Deficit Disorder: Learning Democracy with Young People'' (2023) {{ISBN|9781636673844}} * ''Steps to Youth Leadership in Modern Times'' (2022) {{ISBN|979-8363787553}} * ''#OmahaBlackHistory: African American People, Places and Events from the History of Omaha, Nebraska'' (2021) {{ISBN|979-8701245707}} * ''Student Voice Revolution: The Meaningful Student Involvement Handbook'' (2017) {{ISBN|0692954449}} * ''North Omaha History, Volume Three'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1533361981}} * ''North Omaha History, Volume Two'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1539578635}} * ''North Omaha History, Volume One'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1533361981}} * ''Facing Adultism'' (2015) {{ISBN|978-1517641238}} * ''The Guide to Student Voice, 2nd edition.'' (2014) {{ISBN|0692217320}} * ''The Practice of Youth Engagement'' (2014) {{ISBN|1501001752}} * ''School Boards of the Future: A Guide to Students as Education Decision-Makers'' (2014) {{ISBN|1502983443}} * ''The Freechild Project Guide to Youth-Driven Programming.'' (2013) {{ISBN|1482607727}} * ''Suffering Love, Laughing at Myself'' (2013) {{ISBN|1492244651}} * ''SoundOut Student Voice Curriculum.'' (2007) {{ISBN|1483941396}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1975]] 723mpaqe38p18wjqsxfjms0shdei986 Frank Johnson (babban gari) 0 125812 846068 826225 2026-06-03T14:01:29Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 846068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Johnson''' (27 ga Afrilu 1855 - 25 ga Afrilu 1921) ya kasance magajin garin Adelaide, Kudancin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] daga 1907 zuwa 1909. An haife shi a Titin Hindley, [[Adelaide]], ɗan Thomas Johnson, a wani lokaci memba na West Adelaide da East Adelaide a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide ta JL Young, ya shiga kasuwancin yin takalman mahaifinsa a Titin King William, sannan ya zama fitaccen mai yin gwanjo. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin gundumar Gawler ta Majalisar Birnin Adelaide daga 1891 zuwa 1895, wani mukami da mahaifinsa ma ya taɓa riƙewa. Ɗan'uwansa Thomas Johnson jr. (ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1904) fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne a Broken Hill. Ɗan'uwansa Frederick Johnson shi ne magajin garin Charters Towers, Queensland. Bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma 'yar uwarsa Mrs. NA Mayfield ta yi aiki a matsayin Lady Mayoress a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin Lord Mayor. Ya maye gurbin William Ashley Magarey a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kudancin Australia. Ya kasance fitaccen mai jawabi a bainar jama'a kuma Freemason kuma shine shugaban Hukumar Kula da Hakora ta Kudancin Australia.[1] == Manazarta == Personal" The Advertiser Monday 2 December 1907 p.6 accessed 14 February 2011 [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1855]] mivqf077z1pcm68riljw42u2ucnz3ye Abokan Duniya Scotland 0 129622 846438 765623 2026-06-04T03:25:46Z BnHamid 12586 846438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abokan Duniya Scotland''' ( '''FoE Scotland''' ) wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Scotland kuma memba mai zaman kanta na cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta [[Abokan Duniya]] ta [[Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya|ƙungiyoyi 73 na muhalli]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi 30 na ƙasa da ke wakiltar Abokan Duniya Turai kuma suna haɗa kai a matakin Turai. FoE Scotland tana da mambobi kimanin mutane 3,000 a Scotland. == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar Friends of the Earth ta farko a Scotland a shekarar 1972 kuma an gudanar da taron haɗin gwiwa na farko na dukkan ƙungiyoyin yankin Scotland a shekarar 1977. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=About us: Our history |url=http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927185834/http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/history |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Friends of the Earth Scotland}}</ref> A shekarar 1980 ta zama mai zaman kanta bisa doka daga Friends of the Earth Ltd. A shekarar 1982 tana da membobinta kusan 1,200. An yi wa FoE Scotland rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 1992, kuma wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka yi wa rijista da Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sadaka ta Scottish (OSCR), lambar agaji ta Scotland SC 003442. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search OSCR: Charity Details: Citizens Advice Scotland, SC003442 |url=http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC003442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142254/http://www.oscr.org.uk/search-oscr/charity-details?number=SC003442 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=[[Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator|Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR)]]}}</ref> FoE Scotland tana aiki daban da Friends of the Earth a Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland (EWNI) . A shekarar 1991, an naɗa [[Kevin Dunion]] a matsayin daraktan su na farko, inda ya bar aiki a shekarar 2003 ya zama [[Kwamishinan Bayanai na Scotland|Kwamishinan Yaɗa Labarai na Scotland]] . An naɗa Richard Dixon Darakta a shekarar 2013. A shekara ta 2003, Abokan Duniya Scotland sun lashe kyautar "Charity of the Year" ta jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' . A shekara ta 2021, FoE Scotland ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a martanin ƙungiyoyin farar hula ga Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yanayi (COP26) da ya zo Glasgow, inda suka taimaka wajen shirya babban gangamin yanayi a Scotland da Birtaniya. == Yaƙin neman zaɓe na baya == [[Fayil:RBS_AGM_protest_18_Apr_2010_Ric_Lander.jpg|right|thumb|Zanga-zangar a wajen RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland) AGM, 2010, tare da membobin Abokan Duniya Scotland da sauran ƙungiyoyi]] Yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya gabata ya haɗa da: * ''Tsaftace Bankin Royal na Scotland.'' An yi kira ga bankunan da aka ceto da kuɗin jama'a da su yi ɗa'a da kuma nuna sanin ya kamata * ''Dinosaur na Carbon'' . FoE Scotland ta jawo hankali ga kasancewar cibiyoyin wutar lantarki mafi gurɓata ta hanyar amfani da kwal a shekarar 2003 * ''Hunterston'' . A shekarar 2010 ta yi kamfe a kan shirin gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal a Hunterston da ke Ayrshire. A watan Yunin 2012, Ayrshire Power ta janye aikace-aikacenta na tsara birane * ''Zanga-zangar M74'' . FoE Scotland ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da tsawaita wa'adin M74, inda ta janye karar da ta shigar a shekarar 2006 * ''Kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na South Harris'' . Ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai da aka shirya yi a South Harris tsakanin 1994-2004 * ''Dokokin sauyin yanayi'' . FoE Scotland ta yi kira ga Scotland da ta sami ƙaƙƙarfan dokokin sauyin yanayi. [[Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Scotland) 2009|Dokar Sauyin Yanayi (Scotland) ta 2009]] an ɗauke ta a matsayin babbar hukuma a duniya lokacin da aka zartar da ita == Ƙungiyoyin gida == Abokan Duniya Scotland suna da hanyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi goma na gida. <ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2014 |title=Original tree huggers |url=http://www.holyrood.com/articles/feature/original-tree-huggers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223032922/https://www.holyrood.com/articles/feature/original-tree-huggers |archive-date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=8 November 2015 |work=[[Holyrood (magazine)|Holyrood]]}}</ref> Akwai ƙungiyoyi a Aberdeen, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow, Inverness & Ross, Moray, Stirling da Tayside. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin Agaji]] [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] irjd7y3gcj7t2mkvq2qw58hu7n1qk8f Brutus da Portia 0 129770 846460 765950 2026-06-04T03:58:53Z BnHamid 12586 846460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brutus da Portia wani zane ne mai siffar tempera a kan allon kimanin 1486–1490 na Ercole de' Roberti a Gidan Tarihi na Kimbell da ke Fort Worth, Texas, wanda ya same shi a shekarar 1986. Ya nuna wanda ya kashe Kaisar Marcus Junius Brutus da matarsa Porcia.[1] Wannan kwamitin, Brutus, Lucretia da Collatinus da Matar Hasdrubal da 'ya'yanta sun kasance asali ne daga jerin ayyukan da ke nuna shahararrun mata na zamanin d ̄ a, mai yiwuwa matar Ercole I d'Este Eleanor na Aragon ce ta ba da umarni kuma tana komawa ga ka'idar mahaifinta, Ferdinand I na Naples: "Preferisco la morte al disonore" ('Na fi son mutuwa fiye da rashin kunya').[1] == Game da zanen == Hoton ya samo asali ne daga littafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Ruth Wilkins |date=1994 |title=Three Ferrarese Panels on the Theme of 'Death Rather than Dishonour' and the Neapolitan Connection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1482717 |journal=Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=610–625 |doi=10.2307/1482717 |issn=0044-2992 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Akwai wasu littattafai daban-daban game da wannan batun, kowannensu ya bambanta da juna a cikin ƙaramin hanya.<ref name=":0" /> Littafin da zanen ya samo asali ba a sani ba, amma kowane littafi a cikin jerin yana riƙe da irin wannan taken.<ref name=":0" /> Haruffa a cikin wannan zanen suna nuna kansu a wata hanya mai ban mamaki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Jaffé |first=David |last2=Syson |first2=Luke |last3=Allen |first3=Denise |last4=Helvey |first4=Jennifer |date=1999 |title=Ercole de' Roberti The Renaissance in Ferrara |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/888299 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=141 |issue=1153 |pages=i–xl |issn=0007-6287}}</ref> Porta tana buɗe hannayenta ga masu sauraro.<ref name=":1" /> Wannan hoton haruffa biyu ya nuna mana cewa suna cikin wani mummunan yanayi.<ref name=":1" /> Babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga wannan zanen shine Portia.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin wannan zanen akwai cikakkun bayanai da ke haɗa wannan aikin zuwa wasu ayyukansa na Ercole de 'Roberti.<ref name=":1" /> Wadannan ƙananan bayanai sune abin da ke haɗa da tsari wanda aka nufa a sanya ayyukansa.<ref name=":1" /> Portia, a gefe guda, an nuna shi ya fi zama yarinya ta gargajiya a cikin zanen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Web Catalog |url=https://libcat.sanjac.edu:443/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-research-ebsco-com.libcat.sanjac.edu%3A443%2Flinkprocessor%2Fplink%3Fid%3D54b21131-84cc-3a35-96c4-34bbc7d198b9 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=libcat.sanjac.edu}}</ref> == Wanene Portia == Portia matar wani mutum ne mai suna Brutus . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Virginia |date=2009 |title=Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598371 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=61–101 |doi=10.1086/598371 |issn=0034-4338 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Web Catalog |url=https://libcat.sanjac.edu:443/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-research-ebsco-com.libcat.sanjac.edu%3A443%2Flinkprocessor%2Fplink%3Fid%3D54b21131-84cc-3a35-96c4-34bbc7d198b9 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=libcat.sanjac.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://libcat.sanjac.edu:443/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-research-ebsco-com.libcat.sanjac.edu%3A443%2Flinkprocessor%2Fplink%3Fid%3D54b21131-84cc-3a35-96c4-34bbc7d198b9 "Sierra Web Catalog"]. ''libcat.sanjac.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa an canza halinta bisa ga abin da aka yi imani da mata a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da wannan, halinta yana da fannoni waɗanda ba a saba da su ba ga mata a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":2" /> An kuma san Portia da ƙoƙarin samun bayanan da mijinta, Brutus, ya mallaka.[1] Ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da ikonta na sha'awa don karɓar bayanin da aka bayyana a baya.[1] Akwai muhawara da yawa Portia yana da kyakkyawar ikon yin kyau ko a'a.[1] Labarin ya ce wasu mutane suna cewa tana da wannan ikon kuma wasu suna cewa ba ta da shi.[1] Yunkurin, don karɓar bayanai, ya kara zurfin halinta wanda, bisa ga labarin, mutane za su zo su yi tsammanin ta.[1] Ta ƙare ta zama mai riƙe da sirri ga mijinta, Brutus . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Virginia |date=2009 |title=Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598371 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=61–101 |doi=10.1086/598371 |issn=0034-4338 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCox2009">Cox, Virginia (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598371 "Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus"]</span>. ''Renaissance Quarterly''. '''62''' (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>101. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/598371|10.1086/598371]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338 0034-4338].</cite></ref> Brutus ya yanke shawarar amincewa da ita da wannan sirrin saboda gaskiyar cewa tana shirye ta cutar da kanta saboda shi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Web Catalog |url=https://libcat.sanjac.edu:443/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-research-ebsco-com.libcat.sanjac.edu%3A443%2Flinkprocessor%2Fplink%3Fid%3D54b21131-84cc-3a35-96c4-34bbc7d198b9 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=libcat.sanjac.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://libcat.sanjac.edu:443/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-research-ebsco-com.libcat.sanjac.edu%3A443%2Flinkprocessor%2Fplink%3Fid%3D54b21131-84cc-3a35-96c4-34bbc7d198b9 "Sierra Web Catalog"]. ''libcat.sanjac.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> An yi muhawara game da niyyar raunin kai na Portia a baya kuma babu wata amsa mai kyau.<ref name=":2" /> Duk da wannan, an san ta da kuma nuna manyan ka'idojin ɗabi'a a duk yankin Roma.<ref name=":2" /> Ko da haka, wannan sadaukarwa ta bayyana a cikin dangantakarta da mijinta, Brutus . <ref name=":3" /> == Mutuwar Portia == Portia ta mutu lokacin da ta kashe kanta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Virginia |date=2009 |title=Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598371 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=61–101 |doi=10.1086/598371 |issn=0034-4338 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCox2009">Cox, Virginia (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598371 "Gender and Eloquence in Ercole de' Roberti's Portia and Brutus"]</span>. ''Renaissance Quarterly''. '''62''' (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>101. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/598371|10.1086/598371]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338 0034-4338].</cite></ref> Ta yi haka ne saboda motsin zuciyar da take da shi game da mutuwar Brutus.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Zane]] 1m3lvzjw0175w9bm32ezp9fltsxh7y9 Junia Secunda 0 130041 846459 766793 2026-06-04T03:58:03Z BnHamid 12586 846459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Junia''', wacce masana tarihi na zamani suka kira '''Junia Secunda''' don rarrabe ta daga 'yan uwanta mata, tsohuwar mace ce ta Roma wacce ta rayu a karni na 1 BC. Ita 'yar'uwar [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Marcus Brutus]] ce, kuma ta auri Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . <ref name=":0">{{Citation|journal=Jonathan|url-status=Stiles}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Aure === Ta auri Lepidus, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na Triumvirate na biyu, tare da Mark Antony da Octavian (daga baya [[Augustus]]). Ba kamar 'yan uwansa ba, Lepidus ya kasance yana da aure ga wannan mace a duk rayuwarsa, kuma da alama an sadaukar da shi ga Junia. Duk da haka, mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta duk sun mutu kafin 91 BC. Sakamakon haka, Servilia, ƙannenta, da 'yan uwanta duk an rene su a gidan kawunsu na uwa, Marcus Livius Drusus. An kashe shi a lokacin mulkinsa a shekara ta 91 BC, a cikin ɗakinsa na alfarma, lokacin da Servilia ke da shekaru tara.[1] An yi wa mahaifinta kwanton bauna aka kashe shi a Yaƙin Zamantakewa da ya biyo baya, yaƙin da kisan Drusus ya haifar, watanni kaɗan bayan kisan kawunta.[1] Bayan haka wataƙila wani kawunta na uwa Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus,[1] kakarta ta uwa Cornelia ko kuma innarta ta uba Servilia ne suka rene ta.[1] Lokacin da ta girma, Servilia ta sami 'yancin kai bisa doka kuma ta sami babban kadara.[1] [shafi na buƙatar][shafi na buƙatar buƙata] === Makirci a kan Octavian === Bayan da Octavian ya tilasta wa mijinta daga mulki, Junia ta rasa yawancin matsayinta. Bayan yaƙin Actium ta zama wani ɓangare na makircin kashe Octavian, wanda ɗanta Lepidus the Younger ya kafa. Koyaya Gaius Maecenas ne ya rushe shi.[undefined] An kashe ɗanta bayan an tura shi zuwa Octavian, wanda har yanzu yana gabas a lokacin. An kira ta ta ta bi shi don bayyana a gaban Octavian. Mijinta ya roki tsohon abokin gaba Lucius Saenius Balbinus da ya ba ta belin don ta kasance tare da shi har sai Octavian ya dawo.[1] == Iyali == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ygsilthpwqz4nd3qfk5098otd4inex Ofishin Firayim Minista (Thailand) 0 130120 846453 766933 2026-06-04T03:37:38Z BnHamid 12586 846453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ofishin Firayim Minista''' (Abrv: OPM; Thai) ita ce hukumar zartarwa ta tsakiya a cikin Gwamnatin Masarautar Thailand. An rarraba shi a matsayin sashen majalisa kuma sakatare na dindindin ne ke jagoranta. Babban alhakinsa shine taimakawa Firayim Minista na Thailand a matsayin [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]] da shugaban majalisar ministocin Thailand. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=http://www.opm.go.th/opmportal//index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034641/https://www.opm.go.th/opmportal/index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=20 Feb 2015 |website=Office of the Permanent Secretary, the Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A matsayinta na hukumar zartarwa ta tsakiya, Ofishin Firayim Minista yana da alhakin daidaitawa da gudanar da reshen zartarwa na gwamnatin Thailand. Yana taimaka wa Firayim Ministoci wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu kuma yana taimaka musu gudanarwa da tsara manufofi. Har ila yau, yana aiki a matsayin ofishin majalisa, yin rikodin da kuma taimakawa majalisa a matsayin babban bangare na gwamnati. Firayim Minista dole ne ya nada sakatare na dindindin, wanda shi ma memba ne na majalisar ministoci, don kula da ayyukanta. Har ila yau, yana da ofisoshin mataimakan Firayim Ministoci daban-daban na Thailand. Ofishin yana cikin Gidan Gwamnati, a Dusit, [[Bangkok]] . A ƙarshen 2016, OPM ta sami ƙarin aiki: a matsayin "mai riƙe alkalami" ga jami'an gwamnati da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa. Tsohon Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ya yi kira ga ikonsa na musamman a karkashin Sashe na 44 na Yarjejeniyar wucin gadi don ƙirƙirar mukamai 50 a OPM don ma'aikatan gwamnati da ake bincike saboda zargin aikata laifi. Jami'an da aka sauya za su ci gaba da karɓar albashinsu.[1] == Kudin kasafin kudi == Kasafin kudin OPM na shekara ta 2019 (FY2019) (1 ga Oktoba 2018-30 ga Satumba 2019) ya kai baht miliyan 41.216.2.<ref name="BB-2019">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-24 |title=Thailand's Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2019 |url=http://www.bb.go.th/en/topic-detail.php?id=8322&mid=456&catID=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200810/http://www.bb.go.th/en/topic-detail.php?id=8322&mid=456&catID=0 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=Bureau of the Budget}}</ref> : 82 Kasafin kudin ta ya kai baht miliyan 36,001.3 a cikin FY2016, baht miliyan 35,412.3 a cikin BY2017, da kuma baht miliyan 34,256.5 a cikin FW2018 . <ref name="BB-2019" /> == Sashen == === Sashen === * Ofishin Sakatare na Dindindin * Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ta Gwamnati (PRD) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=http://www.opm.go.th/opmportal//index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034641/https://www.opm.go.th/opmportal/index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=20 Feb 2015 |website=Office of the Permanent Secretary, the Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> * Ofishin Kwamitin Kare Abokin Ciniki === Hukumomin kai tsaye a karkashin Firayim Minista === Don jerin, duba ''Kasafin kudin Thailand a cikin Takaitaccen Shekarar Kudi ta 2019''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=http://www.opm.go.th/opmportal//index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034641/https://www.opm.go.th/opmportal/index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=20 Feb 2015 |website=Office of the Permanent Secretary, the Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> * Sakatariyar Firayim Minista * Sakatariyar majalisar ministoci ** Hukumar sulhu ta kasa ** Royal Gazette * Ofishin Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSC) * Hukumar leken asiri ta kasa (NIA) * Ofishin Kasafin Kudi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=http://www.opm.go.th/opmportal//index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034641/https://www.opm.go.th/opmportal/index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=20 Feb 2015 |website=Office of the Permanent Secretary, the Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> * Ofishin Majalisar Jiha * Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jama'a * Ofishin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Jama'a ta Kasa * Ofishin Hukumar Ci Gaban Sashen Jama'a * Ofishin Hukumar Zuba Jari (BOI) * Ofishin Ma'aikatan Ruwa na Kasa (ONWR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=http://www.opm.go.th/opmportal//index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034641/https://www.opm.go.th/opmportal/index.asp?pageid=1629&parent=1629&directory=12163&pagename=content1 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=20 Feb 2015 |website=Office of the Permanent Secretary, the Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> * Ofishin Manufofin Ƙasa === Hukumomin sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista === * Kwamandan Tsaro na Cikin Gida (ISOC) * Cibiyar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa (MECC) * Cibiyar Gudanar da Yankin Kudancin (SBPAC) == Dubi kuma == * Firayim Minista na Thailand * Ma'aikatar Thailand * Jerin Ministocin Gwamnatin Thailand * Gwamnatin Thailand == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b9rv9jejcoyab67p5dm4q6jmpahh87r Aikin Waterwise 0 132114 846454 771387 2026-06-04T03:38:38Z BnHamid 12586 846454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aikin Waterwise''' wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta neman riba ba, wacce ke fafutukar inganta ingancin ruwa da kiyaye shi, wacce ke da hedikwata a [[Landan]], Birtaniya. Da farko ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan rage yawan amfani da ruwa a Burtaniya nan da shekarar 2010 da kuma gina tushen shaida mai ƙarfi don manyan ayyukan inganta ruwa. Waterwise ita ce zakaran "ingancin ruwa" na Burtaniya - "isa ga yankunan da wasu ba za su iya kaiwa ba, da kuma canza manufar [[Resource efficiency|ingancin albarkatun]] ruwa zuwa wani abu mai jan hankali ga masu amfani da kasuwanci."<ref>Walter Menzies, Chief Executive, Mersey Basin Campaign</ref> == Kafawa da manufofi == An kafa Waterwise ne saboda damuwa game da karancin ruwa da kuma karuwar yadda ake shan ruwa a Burtaniya. Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su sune: yanayin fari na yanzu, yanayin yanki da yanayi, yanayin masu amfani, albarkatun da ake da su, da kuma makomar wadata a nan gaba. An yi la'akari da misalai, yanayi, da kwatancen masu zuwa: * Ingila tana da ƙarancin ruwan sama fiye da wasu ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka. * Kudancin Ingila ya fuskanci ɗaya daga cikin lokutan hunturu da bazara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1904 * Rashin kwararar koguna da kuma matakin ruwan karkashin kasa a Kudancin Ingila sun haifar da matsalolin muhalli * Ruwan ƙasa yana raguwa kuma wannan yana faruwa musamman a cikin ruwan alli wanda yake da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Kudancin Ingila. * An sami sauye-sauye a cikin al'umma da zamantakewa: salon rayuwa na zamani yana haifar da ƙarin buƙatar ruwa. Haka kuma an sami ƙaruwa a cikin ƙananan gidaje waɗanda ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa. * Ana hasashen yanayi da ɗumamar yanayi, kamar yadda UKCIP ta yi hasashe, za su haifar da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin cewa noma zai yi gogayya da masana'antar ruwa don samun ƙarancin albarkatu. A shekara ta 2006, dukkan kamfanonin ruwa guda 26 na Burtaniya sun yanke shawarar kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce za ta inganta ingancin ruwa. A watan Satumba na 2006, an ƙaddamar da Aikin Waterwise don gina tushen shaida da hujjar tattalin arziki don ingancin ruwa a Burtaniya. A Ingila, ƙungiyar tana cikin Ƙungiyar Ceton Ruwa ta Ministan Muhalli, tare da masana'antar ruwa da masu kula da su. [4] An kafa ta da ra'ayin cewa mabuɗin ingancin ruwa shine rage sharar gida, ba iyakance amfani ba. Waterwise tana da Hukumar Gudanarwa mai zaman kanta, wacce aka ɗauko daga gwamnati, masu kula da harkokin gudanarwa, masana ilimi, kasuwanci, sauran ƙungiyoyi, da kuma daga masana'antar ruwa . Hukumar tana taro sau huɗu a shekara kuma tana da alhakin kula da ayyukan Waterwise da kuma alkiblar dabarunta. Aikin farko na Waterwise ya ci gaba har zuwa Satumba 2010. An sabunta shi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Manufarsa ita ce rage yawan amfani da kowace mutum a Burtaniya, da kuma gina wani muhimmin lamari na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki don inganta ingancin ruwa. == Masu sauraro da abokan hulɗa == Waterwise tana aiki tare da dukkan sassan al'umma don haɓaka ingancin ruwa da kuma amfani da ruwa cikin hikima. Don cimma burinsu, suna aiki tare da manyan abokan hulɗa a kamfanonin ruwa, gwamnatoci (na gida, yanki, da na ƙasa), masu tsara dokoki, manoma, al'ummomi, kasuwanci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, masana'antu, dillalai, 'yan jarida da kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma daidaikun masu amfani. == Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru == Waterwise tana shiga kuma tana jagorantar ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban domin cimma burinsu: * Waterwise tana karbar bakuncin taron inganta ruwa na shekara-shekara a Burtaniya. Taron ya tattaro masu tsara manufofi, masu aiwatarwa, da masu tunani don koyo game da kuma tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ingancin ruwa. * Waterwise tana gudanar da Alamar Shawarwari ta Waterwise. Alamar Shawarwari ta maye gurbin Marque, wanda aka kafa a watan Oktoba na 2006 kuma aka fara bayar da ita a shekarar 2007. Alamar Shawarwari ta Waterwise tana ba wa masu amfani da ita alamar 'duba-kallo' ta yadda za su iya adana ruwa a wani samfuri. Tana da nufin ƙarfafa masu amfani da ita su yi siyayya ta hanyar amfani da ruwa. * Waterwise tana aiki kafada da kafada da ma'aikatun gwamnati da masu kula da harkokin ruwa wajen tsara manufofi don inganta ingancin ruwa. * Ƙungiyoyin Waterwise tare da kamfanonin ruwa na Burtaniya, jami'o'i, gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi, da masu gini don gudanar da manyan ayyuka, tarurrukan bita, da shirye-shirye don inganta ingancin ruwa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da binciken ruwa zuwa shirye-shiryen gyaran gida zuwa laccoci na jami'a. * Waterwise ta haɗu da cibiyar sadarwa ta The Saving Water in Scotland wadda ta haɗa manyan mutane a Scotland don tattaunawa da kuma haɓaka ingancin ruwa. * Waterwise kuma tana ba gidaje, 'yan kasuwa, kafofin watsa labarai, da gwamnati bayanai kan ruwa a Burtaniya da kuma taimako kan adana ruwa. * Waterwise ta sanya dukkan samfuran injinan wanke-wanke da injinan wanki na Burtaniya a cikin jerin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a yanzu bisa ga ingancin ruwa. Suna aiki akan jerin wuraren shawa, bayan gida, da famfo . * Waterwise kuma tana gudanar da bincike da ya shafi alamun muhalli na ruwa na duniya, ruwan da aka haɗa, ruwa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], da sauran ayyukan bincike daban-daban.<ref>The Crikey Water Diet, based on Waterwise research on embedded water Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine</ref> * Waterwise wani ɓangare ne na haɗin gwiwar Blueprint for Water wanda ya tsara matakai goma don samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa . Haɗin gwiwar ya ƙunshi Waterwise, Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye (RSPB), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-UK), Salmon and Trout Association, The Wildlife Trusts, The National Trust, Association of Rivers Trust, Association of Anglers' Conservation Association, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, da The Fisheries and Angling Conservation Trust. * A shekarar 2017, Waterwise ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Inganta Ruwa ga Burtaniya. Ta hanyar tsara shawarwari da matakai masu mahimmanci, wannan dabarar tana samar da tsarin da Waterwise da kuma masana'antar ruwa za su iya haɓaka ayyukan inganta ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa an mai da hankali kan muhimman fannoni a nan gaba. * Kowace shekara Waterwise tana gudanar da Makon Ceton Ruwa. A shekarar 2019 za a gudanar da wannan tsakanin 29 ga Afrilu - 3 ga Mayu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu]] [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] 6zc8f7ka7pai4agcr5d060y75gy2q9v Jamia Arifia 0 132937 846461 773157 2026-06-04T03:59:46Z BnHamid 12586 846461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jamia Arifia''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta Islama a Saiyed Sarawan, [[Indiya]] . Manufarta ita ce ta cika rata tsakanin ruhaniya da ilimi, orthodoxy da zamani, ƙaunar allahntaka da al'amuran duniya, Cibiyar ilimi ta Madrasa da Khanqah [cibiyar Ruhaniya]. Daiye Islam [[Sheikh Abu Saeed]] ya kafa wannan cibiyar a 1993. Yana gudana a ƙarƙashin Khanqah-e-Arifia Welfare Society of [[Shah Safi Memorial Trust]] . Cibiyar tana cikin ƙauyen Saiyed Sarawan a cikin Gundumar Kaushambi, kilomita 600 daga Delhi da kilomita 23 daga Allahabad.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Game da == Jamia cibiyar addini ce kuma rubutunsa galibi sun dogara ne akan batutuwan gargajiya na Islama, kodayake tana koyar da batutuwan zamani kamar Kimiyya, Lissafi, Hindi da Ingilishi da harsuna da wallafe-wallafen bisa ga NCERT syllabus. [[Fayil:Jamia_Arifia_front_gate.jpg|thumb|Jamia Arifia ƙofar gaba]] == Haɗin kai == * [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] * [[UP Madarasa Board|Hukumar UP Madarasa]] * Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh * Jamia Millia Musulunci == Sashen == === Ilimi na Firamare === Jamia Arifia tana gudanar da Shirin Ilimi na Firamare, farawa daga aji na 1 zuwa 5 a harabarta da rassanta. Yana ba wa ɗalibai tsarin karatu na musamman ciki har da batutuwan addini don ba su tushe mai ƙarfi don ilimi na gaba da aiki mai kyau. Wannan sashen yana aiki sosai don inganta ilimin firamare a yankin da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen ilimi da kuma kawar da jahilci daga al'ummarmu. === Dars-e-Alia Nizamia === ''Dars-e-Alia Nizamia tana da matakai biyu:'' * Moulviat (daidai da 10th) * Alimiat (daidai da 12th) ''Maulviat (daidai da 10th) '' Maulviats wani shiri ne na musamman na shekaru biyar wanda ke da niyyar ba da ilimin addini tare da batutuwa na zamani har zuwa matakin makarantar sakandare kuma yana ba da batutuwa daban-daban kamar Harshen Larabci da Haɗin Kalmomin Larabci, Shari'ar Musulunci da Ka'idodinta, Magana Larabci na Larabci (Arabic Rhetoric, Fassarar Al'adun Al'ada da Kimiyya na Hadisi, Farisa, Hindi, Farisa da Ingilishi, Lissafi da Ingilishi da Harsuna, da Harsunan Jama'a da Halitta, da Halitti. A ƙarshen wannan darasi Jamia Arifia ta ba da Takardar shaidar Maulviat wanda ake ɗauka daidai da makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala Maulviat, ɗalibai suna da zaɓi na ci gaba da ilimin addini na matakin sakandare ko zuwa makarantar sakandare don nazarin batutuwa na zamani. * Dalibai na 5 ne kawai suka cancanci wannan darasi. ''Alimiat (daidai da 12th) '' Wannan darasi ne na shekaru biyu, musamman, yana da niyyar koyar da dalibai a matakin mafi girma na kimiyyar Islama kamar Kimiyya ta Alkur'ani, Hadith da kuma alaƙa da Kimiyya, Shari'a da Ka'idodinta, Larabci da Larabci, Farisa, Hindi da Littattafan Ingilishi tare da batutuwa na zamani kamar Lissafi, Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Halitta, da dai sauransu. A kammala wannan darasi, Jamia ta ba da Takardar shaidar Alimiat wacce ake ɗauka daidai da Tsakanin. Wadannan dalibai sun cancanci shiga cikin batutuwa da yawa a jami'o'in Indiya daban-daban kamar Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jami'ar I.F.L.U Turanci da Harsunan Kasashen Waje, Hyderabad da Jami'ar Maulana Azad ta Urdu, Hydera Bad da Jami'a Al-Azhar, Masar. * Dalibai ne kawai da ke da Maulviat ko takardar shaidar daidai daga kowane cibiyar Islama sun cancanci samun shiga cikin wannan darasi === Digiri mai zurfi a cikin Dawa & Nazarin Musulunci === Wannan darasi shirin shekara guda ne da aka tsara musamman. Manufarta ita ce ta ba da ilimi na addini mai zurfi tare da ilimin zamani da manufofi don shirya ƙungiyar mutane da ke da ƙwarewa game da batutuwa kamar fassarorin Alkur'ani, al'adun annabci da kimiyyar hadisi, shari'ar Musulunci, Tasawwuf, nazarin kwatankwacin addinai, ɗarika da akida, wallafe-wallafen Larabci da Ingilishi da fassara tare da ilimin kwamfuta na asali. Ana buƙatar masu neman shiga su riƙe Fazilat ko daidai daga kowane cibiyar Islama. Dole ne su share gwajin shigarwa sannan kuma a kan alamun da aka samu a gwajin da hira za a zaɓi 'yan takarar don shiga wannan hanya. Wasu 'yan takara masu cancanta suna tallafawa tare da zumunci na Rs.1000. Za a sake nazarin ci gaban ilimi. Bisa ga rahoton ilimi mai gamsarwa za a sabunta zumunci, amma za a soke zumunci idan an same shi ba mai gamsar da shi ba. === Tahifz-ul-Qur'an (kama da Qura'n) === Jamia Arifia tana ba da darasi na musamman "Tahfeez-ul-Qur'an" (Memorization of the Koran) Ana kuma shirya wasannin Hifz-ul-Al'an don ƙarfafa su da kuma duba ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su. Tahfiz-ul-Quran Department has been active since its conception and playing a very important role in the field of Tahfeez-ul- Quran. It has produced a large number of Huffaaz (the scholars who have memorized the Quran completely) for the Muslim community. Right now a big number  of the students are coming from different states. Primary Islamic and modern education are also provided to these students. To apply for this program child should know reading Quranic scripts correctly. === Quirat (Kiranin Alkur'ani) === Jamia tana ba da takardar shaidar matakin takardar shaidarsa a Quirat (Correct Phonetic Recitation of Alkur'ani) wanda ke da niyyar horar da ɗalibai wajen karanta Alkur'an tare da furcin daidai. Dukkanin 'yan takarar da ke riƙe da takardar shaidar Hifz ko Maulviat da Alimiat sun cancanci samun shiga wannan hanya. Dukkanin daliban Maulviat da Almiat dole ne su halarci azuzuwan Quirat. == Cibiyoyin == ''Jamia Arifia tana gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi guda biyu:'' * Cibiyar Nazarin Maulana Azad ta Urdu ta Kasa MANUU * Cibiyar Nazarin NCPUL ta Kasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.jamiaarifia.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evyn43nged2txml6250qli1p1hqq42b Jaleel Ahmad 0 133234 846458 773777 2026-06-04T03:57:27Z BnHamid 12586 846458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jaleel Ahmad''' (1941 - 30 Nuwamba 1996) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, malami, kuma ɗan siyasa daga Nagina, gundumar Bijnor . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa cibiyoyin addini da inganta ilimi a cikin al'ummarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jaleel Ahmad a shekara ta 1941 a Nagina, gundumar Bijnor . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> Ya sami ilimin farko daga mahaifinsa, Qari Ahmad Hasan . Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband, inda ya kware a fannin shari'ar Islama kuma ya sami digiri na kammala. Fahimtarsa mai zurfi game da shari'a da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa ta musamman alama ce ta ƙwarewarsa. == Ayyuka == Ahmad ya kafa Jamia Arabia Rashidiya, Phulwaad, sanannen makarantar sakandare ta Islama, wacce ta bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa, tana ba da ilimi mai zurfi har zuwa Daura-e-Hadith (shekara ta ƙarshe ta tsarin karatun Dars-e-Nizami). Ya kuma gudanar da Madrasa Tajweed-ul-Qur'an, wanda aka kafa da farko don samar da ilimin Alkur'ani ga ɗaliban da ba su gani ba. Yanzu kuma yana karɓar ɗaliban da ba su gani ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, garin Qazi na Nagina, da kuma mai kula da Eidgah (ƙasar addu'a). Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jamiat na gundumar sa na wa'adi ɗaya. Ya yi aiki don fadada ilimin addini kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga jin daɗin al'ummar musulmi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Ahmad ya shiga siyasa sosai. A shekara ta 1977, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki (MLA) daga mazabar Afzalgarh a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Janata, inda ya samu kuri'u 118,885. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1977 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh [1947–1999] |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123131740/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, ya inganta ayyukan ci gaba daban-daban a cikin mazabarsa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> Daga baya, ya zama shugaban gundumar Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj (BSP) kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa jam'iyyar a gundumar Bijnor . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> A cewar rahoton Hukumar Zabe ta Indiya ta 1990, ya tsaya takara a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1989 daga Mazabar Amroha a kan tikitin BSP kuma ya sami kuri'u 86,630, amma bai ci nasara ba.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1977 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh [1947–1999] |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123131740/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> An rubuta cewa saboda bambance-bambance tare da [[Mayawati]], ya bar BSP kuma ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) ta hanyar N. D. Tiwari . <ref name=":2"></ref> === Matsayi === Ahmad yana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin zamantakewa da ilimi da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Waqf, Kwamitin Municipal, da Kwamitin Kurkuku na Gundumar, yana aiki don jin daɗin fursunoni da kuma magance damuwarsu yayin ziyarar kurkuku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ahmad ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1996, yana da shekaru 55 kuma an binne shi washegari a cikin gidan Jamia Rashidiya . Mutane da yawa sun halarci jana'izarsa. Bayan mutuwarsa, ɗansa, Khaleeq Ahmad, ya ɗauki shugabancin Jamia Rashidia kuma ya ci gaba da inganta ma'aikatar.<ref name=":2" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 5p3t04vzuphqdohu8tqdk3isfs9l133 Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini 0 133598 846441 774456 2026-06-04T03:28:40Z BnHamid 12586 846441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini''' ( Arabic أبو إسحاق الإسفراييني) mashahurin malamin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ne, masani a fannin fikihu, ka'idar shari'ahadisi, [[Tafsiri|tafsirin Al-Qur'ani]], Tauhid da kuma [[Larabci|harshen Larabci]]. Ilimin Al-Isfara'ini ya fi ƙarkata ne zuwa ga fannoni kamar Aqidah, [[Hadisi]] da [[Fiƙihu|Fiqihu]]. Shi ne jagoran da ya fi fice acikin mashahuran malaman [[Shafi`iyya|mazhabar Shafi'i]] a zamaninsa.<ref name="page172">{{cite book |last1= Ayub |first1=Zulfiqar |title=THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars | publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub Publications| date=2 May 2015 |isbn= |page=172}}</ref> Shi da [[Ibn Furak]] su ne suka fi kafa aqidarAsh'ariyya ta Ahlus-Sunnah a garin Nishapur a farkon karni na 5 na Musulunci. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Haihuwa da Ilimi === An haifi Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini a Isfarayin, wani gari da ke manne a ƙofar zuwa tsaunukan arewacin Khorasan kuma ya raba biyu da babban titin da ke haɗa Bayhaq zuwa Nishapur kusa da kwarin ciyawa da jerin tsaunuka. Ba a san komai game da yarintarsa ba sai dai ya sami cikakken ilimin Musulunci wanda ya mayar da hankali kan fikihun Musulunci, Hadisi, tauhidin Musulunci, da Aqidah (imani). Ya yi karatun hadisi sosai tare da malamai kamar Abu Bakr al-Ismai'li, sannan ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] domin ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma ya halarci laccocin wasu shahararrun malaman Ahlus-Sunnah na zamaninsa, ciki har da Abul-Hasan al-Bahili, Baqillani da [[Ibn Furak]]. === Sana'a === Daga nan sai Al-Isfara'ini ya zaɓi barin garin Baghdad ya koma garinsu na asali na Isfarayin duk da girmamawa da kuma falalar da malaman Iraki suka nuna masa. Daga baya ya karɓi gayyatar zuwa Nishapur, inda aka gina masa makaranta. Daga shekara ta 411 bayan hijira ya gudanar da zaman koyar da hadisi a masallacin jama'a na Nishapur. === Ɗalibai === Abu Ishaq ya ƙware a [[Fiƙihu|fannin shari'a ta mazhabar Shafi'i]], ka'idar shari'a, [[hadisi]] da tauhidi kuma ya ba da iliminsa mai zurfi ga ɗalibansa da yawa. Mafi shahararrun ɗalibansa sun zama sanannun mutane a duniya a zamaninsu: * Abu al-Tayyib al-Tabari * Al-Mawardi * Al-Lalaka'i * [[Al-Bayhaqi]] * Al-Qushayri * Abu Mansur Al-Baghdadi * Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi * Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi === Mutuwa === Al-Isfara'ini ya rasu a watan Musulunci na [[Muharram]] a shekara ta 418 bayan hijira (Fabrairu 1027 Miladiyya), kuma an binne shi a Isfarayin. Kabarinsa ya ci gaba da jawo hankalin masu ibada a ƙarni na 6/12. == Liyafar maraba == Ibn Asakir ya ce: "Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka cancanci zama [[Ijitihadi|mujtahid]] saboda zurfin iliminsa, da kuma cika buƙatunsa a matsayin imami: iyawa a cikin Larabci, fiqhu, magana, da usul fiqhu, da kuma fahimtar Alƙur'ani da Sunnah." == Tasiri == Kusan babu ɗaya daga cikin littattafan Abu Ishaq da ya tsira kuma [[Al-Nawawi]] ya ce dalilin shine saboda littattafansa sun yi yawa da ba za a iya haɗa su a cikin littattafai ba. Abu Ishaq ya yi rubutu sosai kan ƙa'idar shari'a, shari'ar Shafi'i, hadisi da tauhidi, amma masana sun yi imanin cewa ya ba da hankali sosai wajen muhawara kan ƙungiyoyi masu karkacewa kamar masu kai hari ga akidun Mu'tazila. Ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''al-mukhtasar fi al-radd ala ahl a-i'lizal wa al-qadar (Taƙaitaccen karyata Mu'tazila da waɗanda suka yi imani da 'yancin zaɓi) da wani mai suna'' al-Jami' al-haly fi usul al-din wa al-radd ala al-mulhidin (Ka'idar Ka'idojin Dokoki da kuma karyata waɗanda ba su yi imani ba). Bugu da ƙari, Abu Ishaq ya yi muhawara da Mu'tazila da dama, ciki har da Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar. Abu Ishaq ya kuma yi suka ga akidun ƙungiyar Karramiyya waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyin ɗan adam game da Allah. Duk da haka, duk da cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin littattafan Abu Ishaq da aka adana, ra'ayoyinsa na ilimi sun kasance masu matuƙar daraja kuma suna bayyana akai-akai a cikin ayyukan Shafi'i na baya kan ƙa'idar shari'a kuma manyan malamai kamar Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi da Ibn al-Salah sun fahimci muhimmancin rawar da Abu Ishaq ya taka wajen tsara matsayin Shafi'i/Ash'ari kan batutuwa kamar sokewa da yarjejeniya. Daga baya masu ra'ayin shari'a na Shafi'i kamar Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni da [[Al-Ghazali]] sun kiyaye matsayin Abu Ishaq kan batun yawan hadisai da tasirin yarjejeniya. == Duba kuma == * Jerin Ash'aris == Manazarta == p7e9wqtm61gcjiao14kdq9oeqvw41tu Sal Khan 0 133680 846249 796562 2026-06-03T21:11:39Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salman Amin Khan''' (an haife shi a watan Oktoba)&nbsp;11,&nbsp;1976) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Academy, wani dandali na ilimi kyauta na kan layi wanda ya samar da darussa sama da 6,500 na bidiyo da ke koyar da fannoni daban-daban na ilimi, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan lissafi da kimiyya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Lab School, wata makaranta mai zaman kanta da ke Mountain View, California . <ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Westervelt |first=Eric |date=June 30, 2016 |title=From YouTube Pioneer Salman Khan, A School with Real Classrooms |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/06/30/476193095/from-youtube-pioneer-salman-khan-a-school-with-real-classrooms |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> {{As of|2025|November}}, the Khan Academy channel on YouTube has 9.18 million subscribers, and its videos have been viewed more than two billion times.<ref name="Youtube">{{Cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy/about |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> In 2012, Khan was named in the annual publication of [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]]. In the same year, he was featured on the cover of ''[[Forbes]]'', with the tagline "The $1 Trillion Opportunity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Khan a Metairie, Louisiana, a ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekarar 1976, cikin dangin Musulmi na Bengali . <ref name="biography.com">{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan |url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515083119/http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |publisher=Biography.com}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Fakhrul Amin Khan (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1990) likita ne, asalinsa ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Rahmatpur a Babuganj Upazila, [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh,]] yayin da mahaifiyarsa Masuda Khan ta fito daga Murshidabad, [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Indiya]] . <ref name="biography.com" /> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ce ya girma cikin mawuyacin hali na kuɗi, yana mai tunawa da cewa mahaifiyarsa ta sami dala 16,000 a shekarar 1993—ya san hakan ne saboda dole ne ya biya harajinta don neman taimakon kuɗi. Su zuriyar Rahmat Khan ne, wani basarake na ƙarni na 16 daga asalin Pathan, wanda aka kashe a yaƙi da Kandarpanarayan Rai, tsohon Raja na Chandradwip . Kakan Khan Abdul Wahab Khan fitaccen ɗan siyasa ne na Bengal wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa na uku a Pakistan. == Ilimi == Khan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Grace King, inda, kamar yadda ya tuna, "wasu ƴan ajinsu sun fito daga gidan yari kuma wasu an daure su zuwa manyan jami'o'i." Ya kasance mai zane mai ban dariya a jaridar makarantar sakandare. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ɗauki darussan lissafi na babban mataki a Jami'ar New Orleans lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin karatu a 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ya halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1998 da digirin farko da na biyu a fannin Injiniya a fannin injiniyan lantarki da kuma shirin kimiyyar kwamfuta, da kuma wani digiri na farko a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] . <ref name="Solomon">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Ethan A. |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Sal Khan Is Commencement Speaker |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609045618/http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |publisher=The Tech}}</ref> <ref name="Butcher">{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Ev |title=Course Code Designation Key |url=http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142703/http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |publisher=MIT Club of San Diego}}</ref> A shekararsa ta ƙarshe, Khan shi ne shugaban "Babban Kwamitin Kyauta", wani shiri na taimakon jama'a na ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan kuma yana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2002, Khan ya yi aikin horo a lokacin bazara a PARC . Daga 2003 zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan asusun hedge a Connective Capital Management. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}</ref> === Kwalejin Khan ===   A shekara ta 2004, Khan ya fara koyar da ɗan uwansa, Nadia, a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] ta intanet ta amfani da manhajar rubutu [[Yahoo!|ta Yahoo!]] 's Doodle. Lokacin da wasu dangi da abokai suka nemi koyarwarsa, ya mayar da darussansa zuwa [[YouTube]], inda ya ƙirƙiri asusu a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2006. <ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2006 |title=Khan academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy |access-date=August 26, 2010 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Shahararrun bidiyonsa na ilimi a shafin yanar gizo na raba bidiyo ya sa Khan ya bar aikinsa na mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi a ƙarshen 2009. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref> Ya mayar da hankalinsa ga haɓaka tashar [[YouTube]], Khan Academy, cikakken lokaci tare da taimakon amininsa na kud da kud Josh Gefner. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKowarski2010">Kowarski, Ilana (June 6, 2010). [http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ "College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education"]. Chronicle.</cite></ref> Daga baya Khan ya sami tallafi daga Ann Doerr, matar John Doerr . A shekarar 2023, Khan Academy tana da masu amfani da suka yi rijista sama da miliyan 155, inda ɗalibai ke ɓatar da biliyoyin sa'o'i na koyo a dandalin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya bayyana manufarsa ta "haɓaka ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai na kowane zamani. Da wannan a zuciya, muna son raba abubuwan da muke wallafawa ga duk wanda zai iya samun amfani." Khan yana shirin faɗaɗa "makarantar kyauta" don ya ƙunshi batutuwa kamar adabin Ingilishi . Khan ya buga wani littafi game da Kwalejin Khan da manufofin ilimi mai taken ''The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined.'' Khan Academy, wacce da farko kayan aiki ne ga ɗalibai, ta ƙara fasalin Kocin a shekarar 2012, tana haɓaka haɗin gwiwar malamai da ɗalibai ta hanyar bidiyo da kayan aikin sa ido. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSen2010">Sen, Ashish Kumar (June 28, 2010). [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 "Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On"]. Outlook India.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2012, Khan ya sami lambar zinare ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, Khan ya sami lambar yabo ta Heinz ta shekara-shekara ta 19 a cikin rukunin Yanayin Dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Khan ya sanar da cewa Kwalejin Khan tana haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kwaleji don ƙirƙirar albarkatun aiki kyauta don gwajin SAT . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi imanin cewa ƙara ilimin azuzuwan gargajiya da fasahar da Kwalejinsa ke samarwa zai iya inganta ingancin malamai ta hanyar 'yantar da su daga laccoci na gargajiya da kuma ba su ƙarin lokaci don koyarwa da ta dace da buƙatun ɗalibai. Mai bincike kan fasahar kere-kere [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Stanford]] AI, Andrew Ng, ya ambaci Khan a matsayin wanda ya zaburar da kafa Coursera, daya daga cikin manyan dandamali na farko na bude kwasa-kwasan kan layi (MOOC). <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === Makarantar Lab ta Khan === Manufar koyarwar Khan ita ce ɗalibai su koyi abubuwa da kyau lokacin da za su iya sarrafa tsarin samun ilimi da kansu kuma a kan saurinsu. Sannan ya kamata su yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don amfani da ilimin da suka koya. Wannan ra'ayi ana kiransa da aji mai jujjuyawa . Hanyarsa ta koyo ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi koyo na Benjamin Bloom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> An gwada wannan hanyar koyo ta musamman a Makarantar Lab ta Khan, wacce aka kafa a 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> === Makarantar.duniya === A farkon shekarar 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Khan ya ƙaddamar da Schoolhouse, wani shiri na ba da agaji kyauta don samar da koyarwa ta ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar tarurrukan Zoom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Takaddun shaida na makarantar, waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Chicago, suna gwada ƙwarewar ɗalibai a fannoni da kuma tabbatar da iliminsu. Jami'ar MIT, Caltech, da Case Western Reserve sun rattaba hannu tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === TED === A watan Oktoban 2025, TED ta sanar da cewa Khan zai zama sabon "Mai Kula da Hangen Nesa", wanda zai maye gurbin Chris Anderson . Matsayin Khan ya kunshi ba da shawara kan alkiblar TED ta dogon lokaci a fannin ilimi da fasaha. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2016, Khan ya sami kyautar farar hula ta huɗu mafi girma a [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar Indiya]], Padma Shri, daga Shugaban Indiya . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, Khan ya sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekara ta 2010, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan makarantar. A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa Khan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a TIME ( [[Time 100|Lokaci 100]] ). Bill Gates ya ce; "Na yi amfani da Khan Academy tare da yarana, kuma ina mamakin faɗin ƙwarewar Sal a fannin fannoni da kuma iyawarsa ta sa batutuwa masu rikitarwa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta." == Rayuwa ta sirri == Khan yana auren likita Umaima Marvi. Ma'auratan suna zaune tare da 'ya'yansu a Mountain View, California . <ref name="join_Meet">{{Cite web |title=Meet Sal Khan, Khan Academy |url=http://www.jointventure.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1072&Itemid=53 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |publisher=jointventure.org}}</ref> <ref name="biog_Salm">{{Cite web |title=Sal Khan – Educator |url=http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813181321/https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Biography}}</ref> Ɗan Khan na fari, ɗa, yana fama da farfadiya a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda daga baya ya girma, amma wannan abin ya haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ga iyalin don fahimtar abin da ke da mahimmanci a rayuwa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi magana game da imaninsa:<blockquote>"Idan ka yi imani da ƙoƙarin yin amfani da mafi kyawun adadin shekarun da muka yi a wannan duniyar (ba tare da ƙara wa wani muni ba), ka yi tunanin cewa girman kai da adalcin kai su ne sanadin yawancin rikice-rikice da rashin tausayi, kuma ka ƙasƙantar da kai ta hanyar faɗin da asirin Duniya, to ni addini ɗaya nake da kai." <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref></blockquote>Khan ya buga guitar a lokacin yarintarsa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 20o62pkh9af6shh8bcdmy2m8w4er6b7 846250 846249 2026-06-03T21:12:04Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salman Amin Khan''' (an haife shi a watan Oktoba)&nbsp;11,&nbsp;1976) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Academy, wani dandali na ilimi kyauta na kan layi wanda ya samar da darussa sama da 6,500 na bidiyo da ke koyar da fannoni daban-daban na ilimi, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan lissafi da kimiyya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Lab School, wata makaranta mai zaman kanta da ke Mountain View, California . <ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Westervelt |first=Eric |date=June 30, 2016 |title=From YouTube Pioneer Salman Khan, A School with Real Classrooms |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/06/30/476193095/from-youtube-pioneer-salman-khan-a-school-with-real-classrooms |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> {{As of|2025|November}}, the Khan Academy channel on YouTube has 9.18 million subscribers, and its videos have been viewed more than two billion times.<ref name="Youtube">{{Cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy/about |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> In 2012, Khan was named in the annual publication of [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]]. In the same year, he was featured on the cover of ''[[Forbes]]'', with the tagline "The $1 Trillion Opportunity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Khan a Metairie, Louisiana, a ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekarar 1976, cikin dangin Musulmi na Bengali . <ref name="biography.com">{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan |url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515083119/http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |publisher=Biography.com}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Fakhrul Amin Khan (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1990) likita ne, asalinsa ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Rahmatpur a Babuganj Upazila, [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh,]] yayin da mahaifiyarsa Masuda Khan ta fito daga Murshidabad, [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Indiya]] . <ref name="biography.com" /> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ce ya girma cikin mawuyacin hali na kuɗi, yana mai tunawa da cewa mahaifiyarsa ta sami dala 16,000 a shekarar 1993—ya san hakan ne saboda dole ne ya biya harajinta don neman taimakon kuɗi. Su zuriyar Rahmat Khan ne, wani basarake na ƙarni na 16 daga asalin Pathan, wanda aka kashe a yaƙi da Kandarpanarayan Rai, tsohon Raja na Chandradwip . Kakan Khan Abdul Wahab Khan fitaccen ɗan siyasa ne na Bengal wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa na uku a Pakistan. == Ilimi == Khan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Grace King, inda, kamar yadda ya tuna, "wasu ƴan ajinsu sun fito daga gidan yari kuma wasu an daure su zuwa manyan jami'o'i." Ya kasance mai zane mai ban dariya a jaridar makarantar sakandare. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ɗauki darussan lissafi na babban mataki a Jami'ar New Orleans lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin karatu a 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ya halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1998 da digirin farko da na biyu a fannin Injiniya a fannin injiniyan lantarki da kuma shirin kimiyyar kwamfuta, da kuma wani digiri na farko a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] . <ref name="Solomon">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Ethan A. |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Sal Khan Is Commencement Speaker |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609045618/http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |publisher=The Tech}}</ref> <ref name="Butcher">{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Ev |title=Course Code Designation Key |url=http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142703/http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |publisher=MIT Club of San Diego}}</ref> A shekararsa ta ƙarshe, Khan shi ne shugaban "Babban Kwamitin Kyauta", wani shiri na taimakon jama'a na ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan kuma yana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2002, Khan ya kuma yi aikin horo a lokacin bazara a PARC . Daga 2003 zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan asusun hedge a Connective Capital Management. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}</ref> === Kwalejin Khan ===   A shekara ta 2004, Khan ya fara koyar da ɗan uwansa, Nadia, a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] ta intanet ta amfani da manhajar rubutu [[Yahoo!|ta Yahoo!]] 's Doodle. Lokacin da wasu dangi da abokai suka nemi koyarwarsa, ya mayar da darussansa zuwa [[YouTube]], inda ya ƙirƙiri asusu a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2006. <ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2006 |title=Khan academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy |access-date=August 26, 2010 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Shahararrun bidiyonsa na ilimi a shafin yanar gizo na raba bidiyo ya sa Khan ya bar aikinsa na mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi a ƙarshen 2009. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref> Ya mayar da hankalinsa ga haɓaka tashar [[YouTube]], Khan Academy, cikakken lokaci tare da taimakon amininsa na kud da kud Josh Gefner. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKowarski2010">Kowarski, Ilana (June 6, 2010). [http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ "College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education"]. Chronicle.</cite></ref> Daga baya Khan ya sami tallafi daga Ann Doerr, matar John Doerr . A shekarar 2023, Khan Academy tana da masu amfani da suka yi rijista sama da miliyan 155, inda ɗalibai ke ɓatar da biliyoyin sa'o'i na koyo a dandalin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya bayyana manufarsa ta "haɓaka ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai na kowane zamani. Da wannan a zuciya, muna son raba abubuwan da muke wallafawa ga duk wanda zai iya samun amfani." Khan yana shirin faɗaɗa "makarantar kyauta" don ya ƙunshi batutuwa kamar adabin Ingilishi . Khan ya buga wani littafi game da Kwalejin Khan da manufofin ilimi mai taken ''The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined.'' Khan Academy, wacce da farko kayan aiki ne ga ɗalibai, ta ƙara fasalin Kocin a shekarar 2012, tana haɓaka haɗin gwiwar malamai da ɗalibai ta hanyar bidiyo da kayan aikin sa ido. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSen2010">Sen, Ashish Kumar (June 28, 2010). [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 "Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On"]. Outlook India.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2012, Khan ya sami lambar zinare ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, Khan ya sami lambar yabo ta Heinz ta shekara-shekara ta 19 a cikin rukunin Yanayin Dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Khan ya sanar da cewa Kwalejin Khan tana haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kwaleji don ƙirƙirar albarkatun aiki kyauta don gwajin SAT . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi imanin cewa ƙara ilimin azuzuwan gargajiya da fasahar da Kwalejinsa ke samarwa zai iya inganta ingancin malamai ta hanyar 'yantar da su daga laccoci na gargajiya da kuma ba su ƙarin lokaci don koyarwa da ta dace da buƙatun ɗalibai. Mai bincike kan fasahar kere-kere [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Stanford]] AI, Andrew Ng, ya ambaci Khan a matsayin wanda ya zaburar da kafa Coursera, daya daga cikin manyan dandamali na farko na bude kwasa-kwasan kan layi (MOOC). <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === Makarantar Lab ta Khan === Manufar koyarwar Khan ita ce ɗalibai su koyi abubuwa da kyau lokacin da za su iya sarrafa tsarin samun ilimi da kansu kuma a kan saurinsu. Sannan ya kamata su yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don amfani da ilimin da suka koya. Wannan ra'ayi ana kiransa da aji mai jujjuyawa . Hanyarsa ta koyo ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi koyo na Benjamin Bloom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> An gwada wannan hanyar koyo ta musamman a Makarantar Lab ta Khan, wacce aka kafa a 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> === Makarantar.duniya === A farkon shekarar 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Khan ya ƙaddamar da Schoolhouse, wani shiri na ba da agaji kyauta don samar da koyarwa ta ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar tarurrukan Zoom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Takaddun shaida na makarantar, waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Chicago, suna gwada ƙwarewar ɗalibai a fannoni da kuma tabbatar da iliminsu. Jami'ar MIT, Caltech, da Case Western Reserve sun rattaba hannu tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === TED === A watan Oktoban 2025, TED ta sanar da cewa Khan zai zama sabon "Mai Kula da Hangen Nesa", wanda zai maye gurbin Chris Anderson . Matsayin Khan ya kunshi ba da shawara kan alkiblar TED ta dogon lokaci a fannin ilimi da fasaha. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2016, Khan ya sami kyautar farar hula ta huɗu mafi girma a [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar Indiya]], Padma Shri, daga Shugaban Indiya . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, Khan ya sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekara ta 2010, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan makarantar. A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa Khan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a TIME ( [[Time 100|Lokaci 100]] ). Bill Gates ya ce; "Na yi amfani da Khan Academy tare da yarana, kuma ina mamakin faɗin ƙwarewar Sal a fannin fannoni da kuma iyawarsa ta sa batutuwa masu rikitarwa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta." == Rayuwa ta sirri == Khan yana auren likita Umaima Marvi. Ma'auratan suna zaune tare da 'ya'yansu a Mountain View, California . <ref name="join_Meet">{{Cite web |title=Meet Sal Khan, Khan Academy |url=http://www.jointventure.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1072&Itemid=53 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |publisher=jointventure.org}}</ref> <ref name="biog_Salm">{{Cite web |title=Sal Khan – Educator |url=http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813181321/https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Biography}}</ref> Ɗan Khan na fari, ɗa, yana fama da farfadiya a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda daga baya ya girma, amma wannan abin ya haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ga iyalin don fahimtar abin da ke da mahimmanci a rayuwa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi magana game da imaninsa:<blockquote>"Idan ka yi imani da ƙoƙarin yin amfani da mafi kyawun adadin shekarun da muka yi a wannan duniyar (ba tare da ƙara wa wani muni ba), ka yi tunanin cewa girman kai da adalcin kai su ne sanadin yawancin rikice-rikice da rashin tausayi, kuma ka ƙasƙantar da kai ta hanyar faɗin da asirin Duniya, to ni addini ɗaya nake da kai." <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref></blockquote>Khan ya buga guitar a lokacin yarintarsa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8z4tbcderat22p54r54dpslm623x95k 846252 846250 2026-06-03T21:13:03Z Ummun Sultan 23935 846252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salman Amin Khan''' (an haife shi a watan Oktoba)&nbsp;11,&nbsp;1976) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Academy, wani dandali na ilimi kyauta na kan layi wanda ya samar da darussa sama da 6,500 na bidiyo da ke koyar da fannoni daban-daban na ilimi, waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan lissafi da kimiyya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Khan Lab School, wata makaranta mai zaman kanta da ke Mountain View, California . <ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Westervelt |first=Eric |date=June 30, 2016 |title=From YouTube Pioneer Salman Khan, A School with Real Classrooms |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/06/30/476193095/from-youtube-pioneer-salman-khan-a-school-with-real-classrooms |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> {{As of|2025|November}}, the Khan Academy channel on YouTube has 9.18 million subscribers, and its videos have been viewed more than two billion times.<ref name="Youtube">{{Cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy/about |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> In 2012, Khan was named in the annual publication of [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]]. In the same year, he was featured on the cover of ''[[Forbes]]'', with the tagline "The $1 Trillion Opportunity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Khan a Metairie, Louisiana, a ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekarar 1976, cikin dangin Musulmi na Bengali . <ref name="biography.com">{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan |url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515083119/http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |publisher=Biography.com}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Fakhrul Amin Khan (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1990) likita ne, asalinsa ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Rahmatpur a Babuganj Upazila, [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh,]] yayin da mahaifiyarsa Masuda Khan ta fito daga Murshidabad, [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Indiya]] . <ref name="biography.com" /> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ce ya girma cikin mawuyacin hali na kuɗi, yana mai tunawa da cewa mahaifiyarsa ta sami dala 16,000 a shekarar 1993—ya san hakan ne saboda dole ne ya biya harajinta don neman taimakon kuɗi. Su zuriyar Rahmat Khan ne, wani basarake na ƙarni na 16 daga asalin Pathan, wanda aka kashe a yaƙi da Kandarpanarayan Rai, tsohon Raja na Chandradwip . Kakan Khan Abdul Wahab Khan fitaccen ɗan siyasa ne na Bengal wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa na uku a Pakistan. == Ilimi == Khan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Grace King, inda, kamar yadda ya tuna, "wasu ƴan ajinsu sun fito daga gidan yari kuma wasu an daure su zuwa manyan jami'o'i." Ya kasance mai zane mai ban dariya a jaridar makarantar sakandare. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya ɗauki darussan lissafi na babban mataki a Jami'ar New Orleans lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin karatu a 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ya halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1998 da digirin farko da na biyu a fannin Injiniya a fannin injiniyan lantarki da kuma shirin kimiyyar kwamfuta, da kuma wani digiri na farko a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] . <ref name="Solomon">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Ethan A. |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Sal Khan Is Commencement Speaker |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609045618/http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |publisher=The Tech}}</ref> <ref name="Butcher">{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Ev |title=Course Code Designation Key |url=http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142703/http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |publisher=MIT Club of San Diego}}</ref> A shekararsa ta ƙarshe, Khan shi ne shugaban "Babban Kwamitin Kyauta", wani shiri na taimakon jama'a na ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan kuma yana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2002, Khan ya kuma yi aikin horo a lokacin bazara a PARC . Daga 2003 zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan asusun hedge a Connective Capital Management. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}</ref> === Kwalejin Khan ===   A shekara ta 2004, Khan ya fara koyar da ɗan uwansa, Nadia, a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] ta intanet ta amfani da manhajar rubutu [[Yahoo!|ta Yahoo!]] 's Doodle. Lokacin da wasu dangi da abokai suka nemi koyarwarsa, ya mayar da darussansa zuwa [[YouTube]], inda ya ƙirƙiri asusu a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2006. <ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2006 |title=Khan academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy |access-date=August 26, 2010 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Shahararrun bidiyonsa na ilimi a shafin yanar gizo na raba bidiyo ya sa Khan ya bar aikinsa na mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi a ƙarshen 2009. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref> Ya mayar da hankalinsa ga haɓaka tashar [[YouTube]], Khan Academy, cikakken lokaci tare da taimakon amininsa na kud da kud Josh Gefner. <ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{Cite web |last=Kowarski |first=Ilana |date=June 6, 2010 |title=College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |publisher=Chronicle}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKowarski2010">Kowarski, Ilana (June 6, 2010). [http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ "College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube – Technology – The Chronicle of Higher Education"]. Chronicle.</cite></ref> Daga baya Khan ya sami tallafi daga Ann Doerr, matar John Doerr . A shekarar 2023, Khan Academy tana da masu amfani da suka yi rijista sama da miliyan 155, inda ɗalibai ke ɓatar da biliyoyin sa'o'i na koyo a dandalin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya bayyana manufarsa ta "haɓaka ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai na kowane zamani. Da wannan a zuciya, muna son raba abubuwan da muke wallafawa ga duk wanda zai iya samun amfani." Khan yana shirin faɗaɗa "makarantar kyauta" don ya ƙunshi batutuwa kamar adabin Ingilishi . Khan ya buga wani littafi game da Kwalejin Khan da manufofin ilimi mai taken ''The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined.'' Khan Academy, wacce da farko kayan aiki ne ga ɗalibai, ta ƙara fasalin Kocin a shekarar 2012, tana haɓaka haɗin gwiwar malamai da ɗalibai ta hanyar bidiyo da kayan aikin sa ido. <ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish Kumar |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 |publisher=Outlook India}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSen2010">Sen, Ashish Kumar (June 28, 2010). [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265875 "Bookmark: The Prof Who Keeps His Shirt On"]. Outlook India.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2012, Khan ya sami lambar zinare ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, Khan ya sami lambar yabo ta Heinz ta shekara-shekara ta 19 a cikin rukunin Yanayin Dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Khan ya sanar da cewa Kwalejin Khan tana haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kwaleji don ƙirƙirar albarkatun aiki kyauta don gwajin SAT . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi imanin cewa ƙara ilimin azuzuwan gargajiya da fasahar da Kwalejinsa ke samarwa zai iya inganta ingancin malamai ta hanyar 'yantar da su daga laccoci na gargajiya da kuma ba su ƙarin lokaci don koyarwa da ta dace da buƙatun ɗalibai. Mai bincike kan fasahar kere-kere [[Jami'ar Stanford|ta Stanford]] AI, Andrew Ng, ya ambaci Khan a matsayin wanda ya zaburar da kafa Coursera, daya daga cikin manyan dandamali na farko na bude kwasa-kwasan kan layi (MOOC). <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === Makarantar Lab ta Khan === Manufar koyarwar Khan ita ce ɗalibai su koyi abubuwa da kyau lokacin da za su iya sarrafa tsarin samun ilimi da kansu kuma a kan saurinsu. Sannan ya kamata su yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don amfani da ilimin da suka koya. Wannan ra'ayi ana kiransa da aji mai jujjuyawa . Hanyarsa ta koyo ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi koyo na Benjamin Bloom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> An gwada wannan hanyar koyo ta musamman a Makarantar Lab ta Khan, wacce aka kafa a 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012 |title=One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> === Makarantar.duniya === A farkon shekarar 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Khan ya ƙaddamar da Schoolhouse, wani shiri na ba da agaji kyauta don samar da koyarwa ta ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar tarurrukan Zoom . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Takaddun shaida na makarantar, waɗanda aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Chicago, suna gwada ƙwarewar ɗalibai a fannoni da kuma tabbatar da iliminsu. Jami'ar MIT, Caltech, da Case Western Reserve sun rattaba hannu tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> === TED === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025, TED ta sanar da cewa Khan zai zama sabon "Mai Kula da Hangen Nesa", wanda zai maye gurbin Chris Anderson . Matsayin Khan ya kunshi ba da shawara kan alkiblar TED ta dogon lokaci a fannin ilimi da fasaha. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2016, Khan ya sami kyautar farar hula ta huɗu mafi girma a [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar Indiya]], Padma Shri, daga Shugaban Indiya . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, Khan ya sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekara ta 2010, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan makarantar. A shekara ta 2012, an naɗa Khan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a TIME ( [[Time 100|Lokaci 100]] ). Bill Gates ya ce; "Na yi amfani da Khan Academy tare da yarana, kuma ina mamakin faɗin ƙwarewar Sal a fannin fannoni da kuma iyawarsa ta sa batutuwa masu rikitarwa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta." == Rayuwa ta sirri == Khan yana auren likita Umaima Marvi. Ma'auratan suna zaune tare da 'ya'yansu a Mountain View, California . <ref name="join_Meet">{{Cite web |title=Meet Sal Khan, Khan Academy |url=http://www.jointventure.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1072&Itemid=53 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |publisher=jointventure.org}}</ref> <ref name="biog_Salm">{{Cite web |title=Sal Khan – Educator |url=http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813181321/https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Biography}}</ref> Ɗan Khan na fari, ɗa, yana fama da farfadiya a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, wanda daga baya ya girma, amma wannan abin ya haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa ga iyalin don fahimtar abin da ke da mahimmanci a rayuwa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> Khan ya yi magana game da imaninsa:<blockquote>"Idan ka yi imani da ƙoƙarin yin amfani da mafi kyawun adadin shekarun da muka yi a wannan duniyar (ba tare da ƙara wa wani muni ba), ka yi tunanin cewa girman kai da adalcin kai su ne sanadin yawancin rikice-rikice da rashin tausayi, kuma ka ƙasƙantar da kai ta hanyar faɗin da asirin Duniya, to ni addini ɗaya nake da kai." <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref></blockquote>Khan ya buga guitar a lokacin yarintarsa. <ref>{{Citation}}.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdnc954gehewx0ihwrj6tmni2imbppy Yiannis Bishara 0 133702 846422 832582 2026-06-03T23:41:52Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 /* Manazarta */ 846422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yiannis Evangelides (Girkanci) ya kasance mai tsara kayan ado na Girka. An haifi Evangelides a [[Cyprus]] kuma ya koma [[Athens]] yana da shekaru 18. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Ya auri Vasso Kourtidi. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Evangelides da farko yana da niyyar zama mai buga piano, amma bayan ya tsara wa matarsa riguna waɗanda mai yin kayanta ya ƙera, ya yanke shawarar shiga ƙirar kayan ado.[1] Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ɓarke a 1939, Evangelides ya kasance mai sayar da kayan ado a Athens na tsawon shekaru 20.[1][2] Daga cikin abokan cinikinsa akwai Sarauniyar Girka ta gaba, Frederica ta Hanover, wacce Evangelides ya bayyana a 1958 a matsayin abokin cinikansa mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin buƙata.[3] Frederica ta tallafa wa Evangelides tsakanin 1938 da 1945.[4] An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na farko a New York a watan Janairun 1940, yana nuna riguna masu laushi a cikin shuɗi da terracotta, tare da gajerun jaket masu ado da takalma masu laushi kai tsaye da ke ambaton kayan gargajiya na Girka.[1] A shekara ta 1951 Evangelides ya koma New York, inda ya shirya ya zauna ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tsarawa, ba kawai na kayan ado ba, amma na Shirye-shiryen sawa don kasuwar kaya.[2] Tare da kwarewarsa ta shekaru ashirin a cikin ƙirar kayan ado, ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru biyar a matsayin mai tsarawa ga mai siyarwa a Capetown, California.[2] A shekara ta 1954 Evangelides ya zama mai zane don salon al'ada a Bonwit Teller, inda rigunansa, waɗanda aka gabatar tare da rigunan [[Faris|Paris]] da aka shigo da su, an san su da amfani da tucks da pleats.[3] A shekara ta 1958, Evangelides ta mallaki shagon tufafi a titin Gabas ta 57, mai taken "Yanni".[4] Ya ba da tarin sa na farko a cikin shekara ta 1958.[5] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6iylgizcr0tdg8un046qtj2qgd0851o Magana da Magana 0 137630 846406 787472 2026-06-03T23:32:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345505416|Logotherapy]]" 846406 wikitext text/x-wiki Logotherapy wani nau'i ne na maganin rayuwa wanda masanin ilimin jijiyoyi da likitan kwakwalwa Viktor Frankl ya kirkira. An kafa shi ne a kan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutane shine samun ma'ana a rayuwa. Frankl ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Makarantar Viennese ta Uku ta Psychotherapy" tare da psychoanalysis na [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] da ilimin halayyar mutum na Alfred Adler's. Logotherapy ya dogara ne akan nazarin rayuwa [1] wanda ke mai da hankali kan nufin Kierkegaard ga ma'ana kamar yadda ya saba da koyarwar Nietzschean ta Adler game da nufin iko ko nufin Freud ga jin daɗi. Maimakon iko son jin daɗi, an kafa logotherapy ne akan imanin cewa ƙoƙarin samun ma'ana a rayuwa shine na farko, mafi ƙarfin motsawa da ƙarfin motsawa a cikin mutane.[2] An ba da ɗan gajeren gabatarwa ga wannan tsarin a cikin littafin Frankl mafi shahara, Man's Search for Meaning (1946), inda ya bayyana yadda ra'ayoyinsa suka taimaka masa ya tsira daga kwarewarsa ta Holocaust da kuma yadda wannan kwarewar ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa. A halin yanzu, akwai cibiyoyin logotherapy da yawa a duniya. == Ka'idoji na asali == An kirkiro ra'ayin logotherapy tare da kalmar Helenanci logos ("ma'ana"). Manufar Frankl ta dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutum shine neman ma'ana a rayuwa. Jerin ka'idoji masu zuwa suna wakiltar ka'idojin asali na logotherapy: * Rayuwa tana da ma'ana a kowane yanayi, har ma da mafi munin yanayi. * Babban dalilin da ya sa muke rayuwa shi ne nufinmu na samun ma'ana a rayuwa. * Muna da 'yancin samun ma'ana a cikin abin da muke yi, da abin da muke fuskanta, ko kuma aƙalla a cikin matsayin da muke ɗauka lokacin da muke fuskantar yanayin wahala marar canji. Ana kiran ruhun ɗan adam a cikin ra'ayoyi da yawa na logotherapy, amma amfani da kalmar ruhu ba "ruhaniya" ko "addini ba ne. " A ra'ayin Frankl, ruhun shine nufin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, an jaddada shi ne a kan neman ma'ana, wanda ba lallai ba ne neman [[Allah]] ko wani allahntaka. Frankl ya kuma lura da shingen da ke tattare da neman ma'ana ga bil'adama a rayuwa. Ya yi gargadi game da "...hawan jama'a, [[Hedonism|jin daɗi]], jari-hujja..." a cikin neman ma'ana.[and]<ref name="FranklInstitute">{{Cite web |title=About Logotherapy |url=http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy}}</ref> Manufa a rayuwa da ma'ana a cikin gine-ginen rayuwa sun bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen logotherapy na Frankl tare da alaƙa da rashin rayuwa da nufin ma'ana, da kuma wasu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kuma bayyana aiki mai kyau na tunanin mutum. Frankl ya lura cewa yana iya zama mai cutarwa a hankali lokacin da aka toshe binciken mutum na ma'ana. Manufar rayuwa mai kyau da ma'ana suna da alaƙa da imani na addini mai ƙarfi, kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyi, sadaukarwa ga dalili, dabi'un rayuwa, da manufofi masu kyau. Ci gaban manya da ka'idojin balaga sun haɗa da manufar rayuwa. Girma yana jaddada kyakkyawar fahimtar manufar rayuwa, jagora, da niyya wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga jin cewa rayuwa tana da ma'ana.<ref name="Adler1997">{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nancy |date=November 1997 |title=Purpose in Life |url=http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |access-date=2011-11-03 |website=Psychosocial workgroup |publisher=MacArthur Foundation}}</ref> === Gano ma'ana === A cewar Frankl, "Za mu iya gano wannan ma'anar a rayuwa ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban: (1) ta hanyar ƙirƙirar aiki ko yin aiki; (2) ta hanyar fuskantar wani abu ko saduwa da wani; da kuma (3) ta hanyar halin da muke ɗauka game da wahalar da ba za a iya gujewa ba" kuma cewa "duk abin da za a iya ɗauka daga mutum sai abu ɗaya: na ƙarshe na 'yancin ɗan adam - don zaɓar halin mutum a kowane yanayi". A kan ma'anar wahala, Frankl ya ba da misali mai zuwa: == Manazarta == t6ero9rqmozos2zy621mt0h58wki1u3 846407 846406 2026-06-03T23:33:00Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Logotherapy wani nau'i ne na maganin rayuwa wanda masanin ilimin jijiyoyi da likitan kwakwalwa Viktor Frankl ya kirkira. An kafa shi ne a kan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutane shine samun ma'ana a rayuwa. Frankl ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Makarantar Viennese ta Uku ta Psychotherapy" tare da psychoanalysis na [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] da ilimin halayyar mutum na Alfred Adler's. Logotherapy ya dogara ne akan nazarin rayuwa [1] wanda ke mai da hankali kan nufin Kierkegaard ga ma'ana kamar yadda ya saba da koyarwar Nietzschean ta Adler game da nufin iko ko nufin Freud ga jin daɗi. Maimakon iko son jin daɗi, an kafa logotherapy ne akan imanin cewa ƙoƙarin samun ma'ana a rayuwa shine na farko, mafi ƙarfin motsawa da ƙarfin motsawa a cikin mutane.[2] An ba da ɗan gajeren gabatarwa ga wannan tsarin a cikin littafin Frankl mafi shahara, Man's Search for Meaning (1946), inda ya bayyana yadda ra'ayoyinsa suka taimaka masa ya tsira daga kwarewarsa ta Holocaust da kuma yadda wannan kwarewar ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa. A halin yanzu, akwai cibiyoyin logotherapy da yawa a duniya. == Ka'idoji na asali == An kirkiro ra'ayin logotherapy tare da kalmar Helenanci logos ("ma'ana"). Manufar Frankl ta dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutum shine neman ma'ana a rayuwa. Jerin ka'idoji masu zuwa suna wakiltar ka'idojin asali na logotherapy: * Rayuwa tana da ma'ana a kowane yanayi, har ma da mafi munin yanayi. * Babban dalilin da ya sa muke rayuwa shi ne nufinmu na samun ma'ana a rayuwa. * Muna da 'yancin samun ma'ana a cikin abin da muke yi, da abin da muke fuskanta, ko kuma aƙalla a cikin matsayin da muke ɗauka lokacin da muke fuskantar yanayin wahala marar canji. Ana kiran ruhun ɗan adam a cikin ra'ayoyi da yawa na logotherapy, amma amfani da kalmar ruhu ba "ruhaniya" ko "addini ba ne. " A ra'ayin Frankl, ruhun shine nufin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, an jaddada shi ne a kan neman ma'ana, wanda ba lallai ba ne neman [[Allah]] ko wani allahntaka. Frankl ya kuma lura da shingen da ke tattare da neman ma'ana ga bil'adama a rayuwa. Ya yi gargadi game da "...hawan jama'a, [[Hedonism|jin daɗi]], jari-hujja..." a cikin neman ma'ana.[and]<ref name="FranklInstitute">{{Cite web |title=About Logotherapy |url=http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy}}</ref> Manufa a rayuwa da ma'ana a cikin gine-ginen rayuwa sun bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen logotherapy na Frankl tare da alaƙa da rashin rayuwa da nufin ma'ana, da kuma wasu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kuma bayyana aiki mai kyau na tunanin mutum. Frankl ya lura cewa yana iya zama mai cutarwa a hankali lokacin da aka toshe binciken mutum na ma'ana. Manufar rayuwa mai kyau da ma'ana suna da alaƙa da imani na addini mai ƙarfi, kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyi, sadaukarwa ga dalili, dabi'un rayuwa, da manufofi masu kyau. Ci gaban manya da ka'idojin balaga sun haɗa da manufar rayuwa. Girma yana jaddada kyakkyawar fahimtar manufar rayuwa, jagora, da niyya wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga jin cewa rayuwa tana da ma'ana.<ref name="Adler1997">{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nancy |date=November 1997 |title=Purpose in Life |url=http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |access-date=2011-11-03 |website=Psychosocial workgroup |publisher=MacArthur Foundation}}</ref> === Gano ma'ana === A cewar Frankl, "Za mu iya gano wannan ma'anar a rayuwa ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban: (1) ta hanyar ƙirƙirar aiki ko yin aiki; (2) ta hanyar fuskantar wani abu ko saduwa da wani; da kuma (3) ta hanyar halin da muke ɗauka game da wahalar da ba za a iya gujewa ba" kuma cewa "duk abin da za a iya ɗauka daga mutum sai abu ɗaya: na ƙarshe na 'yancin ɗan adam - don zaɓar halin mutum a kowane yanayi". A kan ma'anar wahala, Frankl ya ba da misali mai zuwa: == Manazarta == ld6ek46iqms5kzlbnl3pw6mdlk4w67b Adivasi Lok Kala Academy 0 138938 846449 810028 2026-06-04T03:34:21Z BnHamid 12586 846449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Aadivasi Lok Kala''' wata cibiyar al'adu ce da Gwamnatin Madhya Pradesh ta kafa a shekarar 1980 da nufin ƙarfafawa, kiyayewa da haɓaka fasahar ƙabila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parampara Project {{!}} Adivasi Lok Kala &#91;sic&#93; |url=http://www.paramparaproject.org/institution_adivasi-lok-kala.html |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=www.paramparaproject.org}}</ref> Tana gudanar da bincike, tana shirya shirye-shirye, kuma tana buga littattafai da kayan aiki kan fasahar gargajiya ta ƙabila. Tana kuma shirya bukukuwa da yawa da suka shafi fasahar gargajiya da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Lok Rang, Ram Leela Mela, Nimad Utsav, Sampada da Shruti Samaroh. Kwalejin ta kafa gidan tarihi na Aadivart kan fasahar gargajiya da ta gargajiya da Saket, Gidan Tarihi na Ramayan Kala a Orchha . Tana kuma shirya bukukuwa da suka shafi Sant Tulsidas - Tulsi Utsava, Tulsi Jayanti Samaroh da Mangalacharan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Culture, Govt. Of M.P. |url=http://www.mpculture.in/html/adivasi-lok.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070555/http://www.mpculture.in/html/adivasi-lok.asp |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2012-10-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk Dances - govt-of-mp-india |url=http://www.mp.gov.in/en/web/guest/folkdances |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=www.mp.gov.in}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da Ayyuka == * Daraktan ƙungiyar na yanzu shine Dr. Kapil Tiwari. A watan Janairun 2021, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da bikin Lokrang wanda Babban Ministan Jiha ya ƙaddamar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Al'adu]] 8h8dktv3pod1lvs03yobwcutr3bshh6 Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i 0 141146 846440 797001 2026-06-04T03:26:54Z BnHamid 12586 846440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abū Hāshīm al-Jubbā'ī''' masanin tauhidin Mu'tazili ne. An haife shi a shekara ta 888 a [[Basra]], kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 933 a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]]. Shi ne ɗan Abū 'Alī Muḥammad al-Jubbā'ī, wani shahararren masanin Mu'tazila wanda kuma malamin [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|Abu al-Hassan al-Ash'ari]] ne.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hawting |first=G. R. |date=1996 |title=Review of Une lecture Mu'tazilite du Coran. Le Tafsīr d'Abū 'Alī al-Djubbā'ī (m. 303/915) partiellement reconstitué à partir de ses citateurs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183251 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=421–423 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Babban malaminsa a fannin tauhidi shi ne mahaifinsa. Bayan rasuwarsa a cikin 915, ya zama shugaban makarantar Mutazilite ta Basra . A kusa da shekara ta 926, dole ne ya tafi Baghdad saboda talaucinsa. Daga baya an san tunaninsa da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bahshamiyya, makarantar Mu'tazilism.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hawting |first=G. R. |date=1996 |title=Review of Une lecture Mu'tazilite du Coran. Le Tafsīr d'Abū 'Alī al-Djubbā'ī (m. 303/915) partiellement reconstitué à partir de ses citateurs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183251 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=421–423 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> == Koyarwa == An san shi da gabatar da ka'idar halaye (''ahwal'') a cikin tauhidin. Wannan ka'idar an yi niyya ne don bayyana yanayin halayen allahntaka. Sauran masu ilimin tauhidi za su karbe shi, ba kawai Mutazilites ba, har ma daga makarantar Ash'arite mai hamayya, kamar Al-Baqillani. Abû 'Alî ibn Khallâd da Abû 'Abdullâh al-Husain ibn 'Alî al-Basrî ɗalibansa ne.<ref name="auto" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 93y1lri8wvvkfzqwr14yuyx5crd7mbf Ailke Westerhof 0 143290 846452 803867 2026-06-04T03:37:10Z BnHamid 12586 846452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Smederij1_Leens.jpg|thumb|Wurin Haihuwar Westerhof a Leens]] '''Ailke Westerhof''' ( Leens, 27 Afrilu 1876 - Leens, 4 Satumba 1946) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar ƙasar Holland wadda ta yi aiki a Red Cross a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]].<ref>Het Vaderland d.d. 30 August 1924: De Lintjesregen op 31 augustus Koninklijke Onderscheidingen (in Dutch)</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Westerhof a Leens, Groningen, 'yar maƙera Ebel Westerhof da Itje de Vries. Daga 1912 zuwa 1919, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a Hungary da Serbia. A ƙarƙashin likita Arius van Tienhovenhe, ta kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar typhus a Valjevo . Daga baya, an ɗauke ta aiki a Amsterdamse Vrijwillige Burgerwacht kuma a matsayin malamar Red Cross a Amsterdam . A 1924, an naɗa ta Knight a cikin Order of Orange-Nassau . [1] A 1935, Gimbiya Juliana ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale . [2] Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka da dama a Serbia saboda aikinta, kamar Cross of Mercy da lambar yabo ta jarumtaka. [3] Ta mutu a watan Satumba na 1946 a garinsu, Leens, tana da shekaru 70. Ailke Westerhof ta mutu a gidan da aka haife ta. Gidan da aka gina a ciki da kuma inda iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta ke aiki yanzu ya zama abin tarihi na ƙasa. An yi barazanar rushe shi, amma an fara gyara shi a shekarar 1975, kuma an sake sanya wa titin suna 'Zuster A. Westerhofstraat'. An zana hotonta a shekarar 1924 ta hannun mai zane [[Bart Peizel]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1946]] lvloqu2hrhz36bgwk8dihtwf1it7830 Conrad Davis Mock 0 147428 846030 839534 2026-06-03T13:35:27Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 846030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''C.D. Mock''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1958) tsohon kocin gwagwarmaya ne na Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC). Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 2003 zuwa 2015. Kungiyarsa ta UNC ta ga nasara a kakar 2005 - 2006. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in UNC kuma mai kokawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock Biography |url=http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821210749/http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205497500 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Mock a shekara ta 1958 a Saint Petersburg, Florida . Ya girma a Newtown Township, Pennsylvania yana halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock. Daga nan ya shiga UNC, ya kammala a shekarar 1982. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Mock ya koma Newton. A cikin 1985, Mock ya kafa Equity Consultants inc., wani kamfani na dillalin hannun jari wanda aka yi rajista har zuwa 2000. A shekara ta 1984, Mock ya auri Mickie Robinson, mataimakin likita wanda ya kammala karatun UNC kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar wasan motsa jiki ta UNC. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Ayyuka == === Babbar Makaranta === Mock ya yi gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru hudu yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock a Newtown. Mock ya fara kokawa a cikin shekara ta farko. A cikin babban shekarunsa, Mock ya lashe lambar yabo ta jihar PIAA. Farawar Mock a cikin kokawa ta kasance a baya fiye da shekaru 6 na yau da kullun. Ya sadaukar da lokacinsa na hutu ga horo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel |archive-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509022555/http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kwalejin === A shekara ta 1982, yayin da ya shiga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC), Mock ya zama zakara na farko na National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) daga makarantarsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Conrad C.D. Mock |url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio/16427 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=nwhof.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya gama da ci 35-0 a cikin nauyin nauyin nauyin 134 lb.<ref name=":0" /> Mock ya kuma lashe lakabi a gasar zakarun Atlantic Coast (ACC) sau uku inda ya samu ci 64-4. Yawan nasarar da ya samu ya kasance na uku mafi girma a tarihin gwagwarmayar kwaleji a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]. An kira Mock a matsayin All-American a gasar NCAA a lokuta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Head Wrestling Coach |url=http://www.uncwrestling.com/c-d-mock.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Carolina Wrestling }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ba Mock lambar yabo ta Patterson, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta UNC don nasarori a wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock (1982) - Patterson Medal Winners |url=https://goheels.com/honors/patterson-medal-winners/cd-mock/78 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}</ref> === Koyarwa === Bayan kammala karatunsa daga UNC, Mock ya zama kocin kokawa a makarantar sakandare ta Council Rock . <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Carolina Names C.D. Mock To Follow Bill Lam As Wrestling Coach |url=http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&page=showarticle&ArticleID=5639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223015/http://themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&page=showarticle&ArticleID=5639 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=USA Wrestling}}</ref> Ya zama babban kocin kokawa a UNC a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C.D. Mock - Wrestling Coach |url=https://goheels.com/sports/wrestling/roster/coaches/cd-mock/520 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, ƙungiyar kwalejin UNC, Tar Heels ta lashe lambobin ACC da kuma rikodin haɗuwa biyu na 16-8-1 a shekara ta 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=UNC wrestling coach C.D. Mock brings fighting mindset to the mat |url=http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=The Daily Tar Heel |archive-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509022555/http://www.dailytarheel.com/index.php/article/2010/11/unc_wrestling_coach_cd_mock_brings_fighting_mindset_to_the_mat |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar Mock a gasar mutum sun hada da Evan Sola wanda ya kasance na shida a gasar ACC a 2005 da kuma Evan Henderson wanda ya sami matsayi na huɗu na ACC a 2014. <ref name=":1" /> == Rikici == A cikin 2015, bayan ya yi magana game da aikace-aikacen dokar tarayya ta Title IX game da ɗansa a [[Jami'ar Tennessee]], an dakatar da aikin Mock a Jami'an North Carolina. A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2015, Mock ya buga wata sanarwa ta sirri a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar James G. Martin don Sabuntawa ta Ilimi, ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ilimi mafi girma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mock |first=C. D. |date=2016-05-31 |title=I Fought Political Correctness and Correctness Won |url=https://jamesgmartin.center/2015/09/i-fought-political-correctness-and-correctness-won/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya rubuta cewa a watan Yunin 2014, an zargi ɗansa da cin zarafin jima'i kuma an watsar da batun lokacin da alƙali ya yi imanin cewa mai tuhuma bai cika nauyin tabbatar da rashin amincewa ba.<ref name=":2" /> Mock ya rubuta, "tsarin da nake da shi cewa karuwar dogaro da kwamitocin harabar da masu gudanarwa da ke amfani da ka'idojin amincewa maimakon bin tsarin shari'a da ya dace dole ne ya kasance ... manyan mutanen UNC".<ref name=":2" /> An kuma gabatar da rashin tasiri na horar da Mock a matsayin dalilin korarsa.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Conrad D. Mock, Jr.|C.D. Mock}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] cr5fqau7uleif4f7qv0c3c67ivc9gq9 Kamfanin Watsa Shirye-shirye na Najeriya 0 147725 846197 840534 2026-06-03T19:36:56Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kamfanin Transmission Company of Nigeria ('''TCN''') kamfani ne na wutar lantarki mallakar gwamnatin tarayya a Najeriya wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2005. Tana da hedkwata a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] a [[Abuja|Abuja.]]<ref>FG to partner Japan agency on power transmission". Blueprint. Abuja, Nigeria. 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-08-02.</ref> Yana daga cikin ƴancin wutar lantarki na Yammacin Afirka, wata hukuma da ta himmatu ga inganta kwararar makamashi a faɗin jihohin membobin [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta hanyar hada-hadar kuɗaɗen tsakanin ƙasashe membobin don ingantaccen ayyukan wutar lantarki a cikin yankin. Yana ci gaba da wannan manufar haɗin gwiwa cewa TCN yana ba da samar da wutar lantarki ga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]], [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] da [[Togo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=TCN Canvasses Timely Contributions wapp |url=https://punchng.com/tcn-canvasses-timely-contributions-to-sustain-wafrican-power-projects/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Power WAPP Set to Complete North Core Transmission Line |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/power-wapp-sets-to-complete-north-core-transmission-line-linking-nigeria-three-other-countries-by-2023/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=WAPP Commits to Linking Nigeria to Three Countries |url=https://independent.ng/electricity-wapp-commits-to-linking-3-countries-with-transmission-line-by-2023/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Independent Nigeria News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == TCN na daga cikin kamfanoni goma sha takwas da aka raba daga PHCN a lokacin shugabancin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2005 wanda Dokar Gyara Sashin Wutar Lantarki (EPSR Act) ta goyi bayan ciki har da kamfanoni shida na ƙarni (GenCos) da kamfanoni gomashen rarrabawa (DisCos). An kafa shi a shekara ta 2005 kuma [[Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya]] ta ba shi lasisi a cikin shekara ta 2006. Gwamnati ce ta kafa kamfanin a ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingantaccen daidaitawar watsa wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasar; yayin da ake samar da wutar lantarki, watsawa sannan a rarraba shi ga mabuƙaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/transmission-company-of-nigeria-tcn-122242 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin watsawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomi wajen isar da wutar lantarki ga mai amfani na ƙarshe, mai amfani da wutar lantarki a Najeriya da maƙwabtanta. Kuma Najeriya a tsawon shekaru ta nemi warware rikitarwa a cikin sarkar isar da wutar lantarki ta haka ne ke haifar da matakai daban-daban na sarkar da aka ba kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wato; tsara, watsawa da rarrabawa. Kamfanin watsa shirye-shirye na Najeriya ya zama an kafa shi a shekara ta 2005 kuma babban hukumar kula da wutar lantarki, (NERC) ta ba shi lasisin aiki. Ayyukan lasisi na TCN sun haɗa da watsa wutar lantarki, aiki na tsarin da kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Yana da alhakin fitar da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki (GenCos) suka samar da kuma tura shi ga kamfanonin rarrabawa (DisCos). Yana samar da muhimman kayan aikin watsawa tsakanin GenCos da DisCos" Feeder Sub-stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuaka |first=Mary |date=2021-05-21 |title=BPE Proposes Privatization of Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/464264-bpe-proposes-privatisation-of-transmission-company-of-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Premium Times |language=en}}</ref> An ba da lasisin da aka amince da shi don matakai biyu waɗanda suka kasance samar da sabis na watsawa da aiki mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Udeme |date=2020-07-10 |title=NERC Unbundles TCN into Transmission, Operations |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/Nerc-unbundles-tcn-into-transmission-operations |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == A ƙarƙashin lasisin da aka bayar don watsawa, kamfanin yana kula da ci gaba da kiyaye kayan aikin watsawa na Najeriya kamar igiyoyin lantarki, hasumiyoyi da masu canzawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Facilitating Energy Transition Greenfield Terminal Project |url=https://www.global-energy-storage.com/facilitating-energy-transition-greenfield-terminal-project |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Global Energy Storage |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Kingsley |date=2019-09-24 |title=Again Discos at Loggerheads with TCN Over Transmission Infrastructure |url=https://www.guardian.ng/business-services/again-discos-at-loggerheads-with-tcn-over-transmission-infrastructure |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Guardian Newspaper Limited |language=en}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da bangaren wutar lantarki na Najeriya ya zama mai yiwuwa da haɓaka saka hannun jari kai tsaye na ƙasashen waje da masana'antu na cikin gida, an tsara takardar umarni da manufofin TCN don mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da amfani da sabuwar fasaha, saurin aiwatar da aikin da inganta ingancin aiki. Najeriya a tsawon shekaru ta danganta jinkirin ci gabanta ga rashin samar da wutar lantarki tun lokacin da aka fara shi a cikin shekarar 1896 lokacin da aka samar da wutar lantarki a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayanruoh |first=Felix |date=26 February 2013 |title=The Challenges of the Nigeria Electric Power Sector Reform |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/the-challenges-of-the-nigerian-electric-power-sector-reform-1/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |publisher=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref> Umurnin da ya kasance don fitar da matakin ci gaba a cikin amfani da iyawa, maye gurbin kayan aikin fasaha na zamani da kuma hanzarta aikin kulawa don ingantaccen aiki ya dogara ne akan babban shirin gwamnati don tabbatar da ci gaba da ingantawa a cikin ikonsa don isar da nauyinsa ga kamfanoni masu samarwa da kamfanonin rarrabawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tena |first=Nomvuyo |date=6 June 2022 |title=Nigeria TCN to Use Transmission Expansion Masterplan |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/transmission-and-distribution/newly-inaugurated-tcn-board-challenged-to-deliver-on-power-mandate/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=ESI Africa |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, an gabatar da mai gudanar da tsarin mai zaman kansa.<ref name="Business" /> ISO yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke samar da kamfanin watsawa na Najeriya. Yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa layin layin watsawa abin dogaro ne kuma kula da kwanciyar hankali na fasaha na layin ta hanyar ayyukanta na tsarawa, aikawa, da sarrafa wutar lantarki a kan layin.<ref name="Business" /> Dokar Gyaran Sashin Wutar Lantarki (EPSR) a karkashin sashi na 26 (7) ta tsara ayyukan ISO a cikin sharuɗɗa da yanayin da NERC ta tsara tare da iko da matsayin mai aiki da tsarin.<ref name="Business">{{Cite web |last=Ogaji |first=Joy |date=2021-03-01 |title=Exploring the Dynamics in the Current Ailing Power Sector |url=https://businessday.ng/energy/power/article/independent-system-operator-exploring-its-dynamics-in-the-current-ailing-power-sector-i/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Business Day Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin TCN == Kamfanin watsa shirye-shirye na Najeriya yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin daraktoci wanda ya ƙunshi shugaban, manajan darektan da sauran mambobi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Simon |date=2022-06-03 |title=Buni and 13 others make TCN board after 7 years |url=https://dailytrust.com/buni-13-others-make-tcn-board-after-7-years/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Media Trust Limited |language=en}}</ref> Manajan darektan da shugaban zartarwa suna kula da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ayyukan yau da kullun na kamfanin. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Sule Abdulaziz shine manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa da aka naɗa tun daga shekarar 2022 kuma yana jagorantar kamfanin har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajudeen |first=Jamiu |date=2022-04-14 |title=Buhari Confirms Sule Abdulaziz as TCN MD |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/buhari-confirms-sule-ahmed-abdulaziz-as-new-md-of-tcn/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Media Trust Limited |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyoyin watsawa == NETAP shine ɓangaren Najeriya na aikin watsawa na arewa wanda zai haɗa Najeriya, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Benin]] da [[Burkina Faso]] a kan layin 330kV DC. Yana tallafawa samarwa da shigarwa na Kulawa da Tsarin Samun Bayanai / Gudanar da Makamashi (SCADA / EMS) da kuma shawarwari waɗanda za su tallafa wa ayyukan PPP a TCN a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Nigeria To Invest 27 Billion Loan in Power Infrastructure |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/nigeria-to-invest-2-7-billion-loan-in-power-infrastructure |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Guardian Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=TCN Votes On 756 Billion on Bilateral Multilateral Projects |url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/tcn-votes-99-756-billion-0n-bilateral-multilateral-projects-next-year |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=The Nation Online |language=en}}</ref> === Legas / Shirin samar da kayayyakin sadarwa === Jihar Legas ita ce birni na kasuwanci na Najeriya kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a a Afirka suna buƙatar ikon kasancewa a kan karuwa saboda haɓaka ayyukan masana'antu da ƙaura. TCN ta dauki mataki don tsara wannan aikin don samar da karin wutar lantarki ga Legas da yankunan da ke kusa da shi a [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]. An yi niyya ne don haɓaka ƙarfin watsa ƙasa ta hanyar megawatts 1,487 don haka haɓaka watsawa ta 7,000MW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Federal Government to Ram Up Power Infrastructure |url=https://www.vanguard.ng/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-$4bn-funding |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216054217/https://www.vanguard.ng/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-$4bn-funding |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tsarin zobe na watsa Abuja === [[Abuja]], babban birnin tarayya na Najeriya yana daya daga cikin biranen da ke girma da sauri a Afirka kuma cibiyar kasar inda gwamnatin tarayya take. A tabbatar da karuwar watsa wutar lantarki a cikin FCT da jihohin makwabta, TCN ta dakatar da wannan makircin a cikin birni tare da hada wasu shafuka biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uko |first=Anthony |title=TCN Plans to Raise Abuja Transmission Network by 624MW |url=https://www.leadership.ng/As-TCN-Plans-To-Raise-Abuja-Transmission-Network-By-624MW |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Leadership Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TCN Builds 5 Substations in Abuja to Boost Power Supply |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2020/07/17/tcn-builds-5-substations-in-abuja-to-boost-power-supply/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=NIPC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Power Wobbles Despite Over One Billion Dollar Investment |url=https://guardian.ng/news/power-wobbles-despite-1-6-billion-investments/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Guardian Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin watsawa na arewa === Hanyar arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya hada da Arewa maso Gabas, Arewa maso Yamma da Arewa maso Tsakiya, ba a bar shi daga cikin fitarwa ba don inganta damar watsawa don bunkasa grid na kasa. TCN a matsayin kamfani na watsawa kawai ya fara wannan aikin don manufar sake gina ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin Shiroro-Kaduna biyu da iyakance layin 330kV SC zuwa layin huɗu kuma ya gina da farko tashoshin 330kV guda huɗu a [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], [[Daura]], Jogana-Kano da Kaura Namoda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=French Agency Approves 245 Million Dollars for Transmission Projects in Northern Nigeria |url=https://guardian.ng/news/french-agency-approves-245m-for-transmission-projects-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Guardian Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=French Agency Approves $245m For Transmission Projects in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/67065-French-agency-approves-245m-for-transmission-projects-in-northern-Nigeria--46 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=News Express Agency |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tashoshin da ke cikin gida == A cikin ci gaba da ƙoƙari na ci gaba da inganta watsa wutar lantarki zuwa cibiyoyin rarraba kaya a duk faɗin ƙasar, Kamfanin watsa wutar lantarki na Najeriya (TCN) yana gina sabbin wuraren watsa wutar lantarki da kuma gyara tsofaffi a duk faɗakarwa a ƙasar. Wadannan tashoshin da ke aiki a matsayin rassan watsawa na kamfanin a duk faɗin ƙasar suna cikin jihohi da yankuna daban-daban ciki har da wasu daga cikin wadannan da aka jera a ƙasa: * Benin ta kudu * Alimosho * Ajah * Ejigbo * Tattalin Arziki * Zaria * Kogin Oji * Mayo Bewa * FCT Kukwaba * Abinda ake kira * Hadejia Jigawa * Keffi * Katampe * Uyo * Umuahia * Aba * Apo * Gombe * Bauchi * Bida * Jos * Suleija * Tsohon Abeokuta * Sabon Kano * Umurni * Zaria * Kakuri * Edo * Ado-Ekiti * Ejigbo na II * Akure * Wudil (Kano) * Okpella * Papalanto * Damaturu * Ayede * Kastina * Daura * Janar na auduga Onitsha * Benin-Agbor * Dan Agundi <ref>{{Cite web |title=TCN Offices in Nigeria |url=https://nigerianfinder.com/tcn-offices-in-nigeria-contact-details/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Nigerian Finder |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Existing Transmission Company of Nigeria Line System Source |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Existing-Transmission-Company-of-Nigeria-TCN-Transmission-Line-System-Source_fig3_319449206 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Research Gate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Recent Project Activities of Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.financialnigeria.com/recent-project-activities-of-transmission-company-of-nigeria-sustainable-photovideo-details-1511.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Financial Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=TCN Completes Ajah Transmission Tower |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/electricity-tcn-completes-ajah-transmission-tower-increases-capacity-to-1200mw/ |access-date= |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=TCN Completes Akure Substation |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/tcn-completes-work-on-330kv-akure-substation/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Blueprint Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=New Lafia Substation to Become Nigeria’s Transmission Hub |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/new-lafia-substation-to-become-nigerias-transmission-hub-ndphc-boss/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Power Transmission Stations in Nigeria |url=https://www.dailytipsfinder.com/list-of-power-transmission-stations-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Daily Tips Finder |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801122014/https://www.dailytipsfinder.com/list-of-power-transmission-stations-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kudin == Kamfanin galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar tashoshi daban-daban ciki har da kudaden shiga daga biyan kuɗi don sabis zuwa kamfanoni masu samarwa, kamfanonin rarrabawa na duniya da abokan ciniki da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye. Har ila yau daga kasafin kuɗi don ayyukan babban birnin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi da irin waɗannan tallafi da rance daga manyan hukumomin duniya kamar Bankin Duniya, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan, Hukumar Francais de Development da [[Tarayyar Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=FG Hopes to Ramp Up Power Infrastructure |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-4bn-funding/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=TCN 15 Transformers To Improve |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/tcns-15-new-procured-transformers-set-to-improve-transmission-capacity-with-1487mw/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ICIR Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=FG Partners Japan on Transmission Expansion Programme |url=https://punchng.com/fg-partners-japan-on-200m-power-transmission-expansion-programme/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=FG to partner Japan agency on power transmission |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/fg-to-partner-japan-agency-on-power-transmission/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Blueprint Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin 2018, yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin shugaban kasar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] da Shugaban Jamusanci, [[Angela Merkel]] ta haifi shirin ikon shugaban kasa. Ana sa ran aikin zai ba da gudummawa sosai wajen tayar da kalubalen ikon kasar. TCN ta kasance a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin Shirin Kula da Harkokin Kasuwancin Shugaban kasa na Najeriya wanda Siemens ya fara, kuma a matsayin yarjejeniyar gwamnati da gwamnati tsakanin Najeriya da Jamus wajen warware kalubalen da ke akwai a bangaren wutar lantarki ta kasar ta haka ne fadada ikon watsawa da rarraba hanyar sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Understanding Nigeria’s Presidential Power Initiative |url=https://www.businessday.ng/understanding-nigeria’s-presidential-power-initiative |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Businessday Newspaper |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=Understanding Nigeria’s Presidential Power Initiative |url=https://www.punchng.com/understanding-nigeria’s-presidential-power-initiative |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Punch Nigeria Newspaper |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ƙalubalen == Tun lokacin da aka mallaki samar da wutar lantarki da rarraba sassan Najeriya, watsa wutar lantarki ya kasance babban batu da mahimmin al'amari.<ref name="CSE">{{Cite web |title=Challenges and Interventions Needs in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry |url=https://cseaafrica.org/challenges-and-interventions-needs-in-the-nigerian-electricity-supply-industry-nesi/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Choice Social Change Africa |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822093507/https://cseaafrica.org/challenges-and-interventions-needs-in-the-nigerian-electricity-supply-industry-nesi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin kalubalen da kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya ke fuskanta sune: * Matsalolin ababen more rayuwa; * Rashin layin watsawa da kayan aiki; * Rashin madadin gas a cikin tashoshin watsa wutar lantarki; * Ayyukan tonowa da ba bisa ka'ida ba a kusa da layin watsawa. Waɗannan sun ba da gudummawa ga sake fashewar wutar lantarki da rushewar grid na kasa.<ref name="CSE"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Opaoluwani |first=Akintayo |title=Why Nigeria Gas to Power Challenges May Worsen |url=https://punchng.com/why-nigerias-gas-to-power-challenges-may-worsen/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As Power Sector Falters TCN Trudges |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/03/20/as-power-sector-falters-tcn-trudges-on-2/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Thisday Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.tcn.org.ng/ Shafin hukuma] * [http://www.nipc.gov.ng/ Hukumar Tallafa Jari ta Najeriya] * [http://www.global-energy-storage.org/ Adana Makamashi na Duniya]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Rukuni:Hanyoyin Sadarwa]] [[Rukuni:Yanar Gizo]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyin Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyi]] [[Rukuni:Labarin ƙasa]] a8cd6z5akta601dmgy6xchgui4vgfw0 Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Wukari 0 148731 846742 827954 2026-06-04T09:01:47Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Wukari]]''' babbar makarantar koyarwa ce ga maza da mata. Tana cikin Wukari dake jihar[[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=FGC Wukari School Fees For New Students (JSS1 & SSS1) 2020/2021 Session |url=https://schoolings.org/fgc-wukari-school-fees-for-new-students/ |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=Schoolings |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa shi tare da makarantar sakandare ta tarayya 109 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantun hadin kai a jihohi daban-daban na tarayyar. An bude makarantar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1978 a Wukari, Zaki Bam, wani wuri na wucin gadi kafin ya koma babban shafin a shekara ta 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=fgc Wukari |url=http://www.geocities.ws/fgc_wukari/home.htm |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=www.geocities.ws}}</ref> Shugaban farko shi ne Mista S.N. Abia.<ref>fgc Wukari". www.geocities.ws. Retrieved 2020-08-18.</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == Daga cikin sanannun tsofaffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Wukari sune kamar haka: * Dokta Ahizechukwu Eke, Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke, Mataimakin Farfesa na Magungunan Maternal & Gynecology & Obstetrics, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins * [[Yohana Izam]] - malamin Najeriya da ma'aikacin gwamnati; ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Plateau (2018-2023) da Kwamishinan Gidaje da Sufuri a Jihar Platea * [[Babangida Nguroje]] - Dan siyasa; tsohon memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya na Sardauna / Gashaka / Kurmi (2003-2011), kuma Mai Gudanar da Ƙasa na Tsohon Majalisar Dokoki ta APC == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == [https://fgcwukari.centralbillingfuc.com/ Gidan yanar gizon makarantar] [[Rukuni:Makaranta]] [[Rukuni:Gine-gine]] [[Rukuni:Aji]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] ctykydbhlaxpfo38plagj09ez0b3bgc Adewale Adegoke 0 149899 846448 832374 2026-06-04T03:33:42Z BnHamid 12586 846448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adewale Adegoke''' ya kasance kocin kwallon kafa na Najeriya wanda ya horar da tawagar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya daga 1950 zuwa 1952. Shi ne kocin na biyu na tawagar Najeriya, kuma dan Najeriya na farko da ya yi nasarar yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Five Things You Didn't Know About The Super Eagles Of Nigeria &#124; Africans In Sports &#124; Your Home To All Things African Sports |url=https://africansinsports.com/five-things-you-dont-know-about-the-super-eagles-of-nigeria/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Mutanen Najeriya]] rjbysiec5kwa7cxi3vv8ofpouj7zb41 Hugo Guillamón 0 150579 846463 834198 2026-06-04T04:00:40Z BnHamid 12586 846463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hugo Guillamón 2020.png|thumb]] '''Hugo Guillamón''' (an haife shi 31 Janairu 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko mai tsaron baya a kulob ɗin :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} da kuma tawagar ƙasar Spain. An san shi da iya sarrafa kwallo, fahimtar wasa, da kuma iya taka rawa a wurare daban-daban a filin wasa. [1] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hugo Guillamón ya fara rayuwarsa a San Sebastián kafin ya koma yankin Valencia tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Valencia CF Academy, wadda aka fi sani da "La Academia", inda ya fara nuna kwarewa tun yana matashi. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen samun damar shiga manyan matakan ƙungiyar. [2] == Fara Wasan Ƙwallo == Guillamón ya fara taka leda a matakin matasa na Valencia CF inda ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar U16 da U19. Daga baya ya fara buga wasa a Valencia B (ƙungiyar ajiyar kulob), inda ya nuna bajinta sosai wanda ya jawo hankalin kociyoyin babban ƙungiyar. [3] == Ayyukansa a Babban Ƙungiya == Ya fara buga wa babban ƙungiyar :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} wasa a shekarar 2020. Daga lokacin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa masu muhimmanci saboda iya buga matsayin tsakiya da kuma mai tsaron baya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar La Liga da Copa del Rey. [4] == Ayyukansa a Tawagar Ƙasa == Guillamón ya wakilci Spain a matakan matasa da dama kamar U17, U18, U19, da U21. Daga baya ya shiga babban tawagar ƙasar Spain, inda ya fara buga wasanni na kasa da kasa. An kuma zaɓe shi cikin tawagar da ta halarci manyan gasa na Turai. [5] == Salon Wasa == An san Hugo Guillamón da: * Kyakkyawan fasahar raba kwallo * Iya karanta wasan gaba * Ƙwarewa a matsayin ɗan tsakiya mai kariya * Iya sauyawa zuwa matsayin mai tsaron baya Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mai amfani sosai a tsarin dabara daban-daban. [6] == Nasarori == * Shiga manyan wasannin La Liga tun yana ƙarami * Wakiltar Spain a matakin manyan ƙasashe * Samun girmamawa a :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} a matsayin ɗan wasa mai dogaro == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dy60oly8el8goyhatp4ch3anw13dcae Janet Akekoromowe 0 151835 846466 838414 2026-06-04T04:03:02Z BnHamid 12586 846466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seimeyeha Janet Akekoromowe ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar Bayelsa Queens a gasar Nigeria Women Football League (NWFL). Ta wakilci Nigeria a matakin matasa tare da Nigeria women's national under-20 football team. Ta fara samun shahara ne sakamakon rawar da ta taka a gasar NWFL da kuma halartar da ta yi a gasar neman gurbin shiga 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup da kuma na 2026 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.''' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-02-05 |title=‘Akekoromowei focused on Falconets duty’ |url=https://punchng.com/akekoromowei-focused-on-falconets-duty/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelechi |date=2026-02-06 |title=Falconets Star Akekoromowei Delays Europe Move for World Cup Qualifier |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/youth-development/falconets-star-akekoromowei-delays-europe-move-for-world-cup-qualifier/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amosu |first=Adeboye |date=2026-02-06 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Falconets Star Delays European Move To Focus On World Cup |url=https://www.completesports.com/exclusive-falconets-star-delays-european-move-to-focus-on-world-cup/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Complete Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da Ilimi == An haifi Akekoromowei a Ese-Odo, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]], Najeriya, kuma ta girma a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas.]] Ita ce ta ƙarshe cikin yara goma sha ɗaya. Ta halarci Makarantar Yara ta 'Yan Sanda da [[Takardar shaidar barin makarantar sakandare|Makarantar Sakandare]] ta Kwamandan a Legas . == Ayyukan kwallon kafa == Akekoromowei ta buga wa [[Nasarawa United F.C.|Nasarawa]] Amazons wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya . A lokacin kakar 2024-25 ta NWFL, ta fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan league kuma ta gama a matsayin mai zira kwallaye na biyu mafi girma tare da kwallaye 13 a wasanni 19. An kuma ba ta suna 'yar wasa mafi mahimmanci (MVP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-02-05 |title=‘Akekoromowei focused on Falconets duty’ |url=https://punchng.com/akekoromowei-focused-on-falconets-duty/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Queens na Bayelsa === A watan Yulin 2025, Akekoromowei ya sanya hannu ga Bayelsa Queens daga Nasarawa Amazons gabanin kakar 2025-26. An sanar da canja wurin ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen Bayelsa Queens don CAF Women's Champions League da kuma yakin neman zabe na NWFL. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Bayelsa Queens 4-1 Sam Nelly: Akekoromowei on fire as NWFL champions maintain perfect run - Soccernet NG |url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/08/bayelsa-queens-sam-nelly-akekoromow-nwfl.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obah |first=Amara |date=2025-07-03 |title=Bayelsa Queens sign striker Janet Akekoromowei |url=https://www.aclsports.com/bayelsa-queens-sign-striker-janet-akekoromowei/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flames |first=Sport |date=2025-07-04 |title=Transfer: Bayelsa Queens FC announces the signing of Janet Akekoromowei - Sport Flames {{!}}{{!}} Female Football {{!}} Janet Akekoromowei {{!}} NWFL |url=https://sportflames.com/2025/07/transfer-bayelsa-queens-fc-announces-the-signing-of-janet-akekoromowei/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan tafiyarta, ta zama babban dan wasa ga kulob din, tana ba da gudummawa ga burin da taimakawa a gasa ta cikin gida da na yanki. A lokacin da ta samu damar shiga gasar zakarun mata ta WAFU B ta 2025, ta zira kwallaye masu muhimmanci ga Bayelsa Queens kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Player of the Match a wasannin da ta yi da Sam-Nelly FC da USFA. An kuma zabe ta a matsayin NWFL Firayim Minista Matchday One Top Performer a lokacin kakar 2025-26. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Olusola |date=2025-12-03 |title=Bayelsa United Forward Akekoromowei Wins NWFL Premiership Week One Top Performer Award |url=https://www.sports247.ng/bayelsa-united-forward-akekoromowei-wins-nwfl-premiership-week-one-top-performer-award/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Janet Akekeromowei named NWFL Premiership MVP in debut season – The NWFL |url=https://thenwfl.com/2025/05/18/janet-akekeromowei-named-nwfl-premiership-mvp-in-debut-season/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kasa da kasa == Akekoromowei ya wakilci Najeriya a matakin matasa tare da Falconets . Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024 a Colombia kuma ta buga wasanni uku a lokacin gasar. Daga baya ta fito fili a lokacin yakin neman cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026, inda ta ci kwallaye a wasannin da suka dace da Rwanda da kuma shiga wasannin shirye-shiryen tawagar. Rahotanni a cikin 2026 sun haɗa ta da yiwuwar motsawa zuwa kungiyoyin Turai ciki har da FC Barcelona Femení, SL Benfica (mata) da Paris Saint-Germain Féminine, kodayake ta bayyana cewa nan da nan ta mai da hankali ne akan taimakawa Najeriya ta cancanci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelechi |date=2026-02-06 |title=Falconets Star Akekoromowei Delays Europe Move for World Cup Qualifier |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/youth-development/falconets-star-akekoromowei-delays-europe-move-for-world-cup-qualifier/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-02-05 |title=‘Akekoromowei focused on Falconets duty’ |url=https://punchng.com/akekoromowei-focused-on-falconets-duty/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title="I couldn't afford university" - Father of Falconet star elated his daughter will play for Nigeria at the U-20 FIFA Women's World Cup - Soccernet NG |url=https://soccernet.ng/2024/08/i-couldnt-afford-university-father-of-falconet-star-elated-his-daughter-will-play-for-nigeria-at-the-u-20-fifa-womens-world-cup.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An bayyana Akekoromowei a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na wasanni na Najeriya a matsayin mai ci gaba da aka sani da iyawarta ta gama, kai farmaki ga hankali da saurin. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == === Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa: 2024-25 === <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amosu |first=Adeboye |date=2026-02-06 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Falconets Star Delays European Move To Focus On World Cup |url=https://www.completesports.com/exclusive-falconets-star-delays-european-move-to-focus-on-world-cup/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Complete Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-02-05 |title=‘Akekoromowei focused on Falconets duty’ |url=https://punchng.com/akekoromowei-focused-on-falconets-duty/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> NWFL Firayim Minista Wasanni Daya Mafi Girma Mai Aiki: 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-02-05 |title=‘Akekoromowei focused on Falconets duty’ |url=https://punchng.com/akekoromowei-focused-on-falconets-duty/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 4368n6aupq3ty19np1svqg8tpfi79j8 Ahmad Rabiu 0 151902 846451 838768 2026-06-04T03:36:10Z BnHamid 12586 846451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmad Rabiuta''' (wanda kuma ake rubutawa '''Rabiu Ahmad''') alƙalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wasan ƙwallon rairayin bakin teku (Beach Soccer). Ya kasance cikin jerin alƙalan wasa na ƙasa da ƙasa da Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta amince da su domin wakiltar Najeriya a wasannin duniya ƙarƙashin [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] da FIFA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inside.fifa.com/pt/associations/NGA/referees |title=Nigeria – International Match Officials |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Aiki == Ahmad Rabiuta ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin alƙalin wasan ƙwallon rairayin bakin teku na Najeriya bayan an saka sunansa cikin jerin jami’an wasan Najeriya da FIFA ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na shekarar 2024. An bayyana sunansa tare da wasu alkalan wasan Najeriya a cikin sanarwar Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/news/fifa-places-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistants-on-2024-international-lists/ |title=FIFA places 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistants on 2024 international lists |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2023-12-14 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, FIFA ta sake saka Ahmad Rabiuta cikin jerin jami’an wasan Najeriya da aka tantance domin gudanar da wasannin duniya a ɓangaren wasan ƙwallon rairayin bakin teku. Wannan ya nuna ci gaba da amincewar da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya ke yi da ƙwarewarsa a aikin alkalanci.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://von.gov.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list/ |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukansa a matakin duniya, Ahmad Rabiuta ya jagoranci wasu wasanni a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL). A watan Yunin 2024, ya kasance babban alƙalin wasan tsakanin Doma United da Sunshine Stars a wasan mako na 36 na gasar NPFL.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/fifa-referees-deployed-for-npfl-matches/ |title=Fifa Referees Deployed For NPFL Matches |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] * [[FIFA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3cdu8kt43dxw2yy71jz6f250cqyo6gg Adamu Baikie 0 152199 846125 840005 2026-06-03T14:48:19Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344921461|Adamu Baikie]]" 846125 wikitext text/x-wiki  Adamu Baikie was born on 2 October 1931 in [[:en:Wusasa|Wusasa]], [[:en:Northern_Region,_Nigeria|Northern Region]] (now [[:en:Kaduna_State|Kaduna State]], Nigeria).<ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=13 December 2025 |title=Ex-ABU don, NSUK’s pioneer VC, Northern Nigeria’s first professor of education, Adamu Baikie, passes away at 94 |url=https://21stcenturychronicle.com/ex-abu-don-nsuks-pioneer-vc-northern-nigerias-first-professor-of-education-adamu-baikie-passes-away-at-94/ |publisher=21st Century Chronicle}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9EAOAQAAMAAJ&q=Adamu+Baikie+October+2+,+1931&dq=Adamu+Baikie+October+2+,+1931&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5n5b-t-GRAxXqRaQEHXcMNW4Q6AF6BAgHEAM#Adamu%20Baikie%20October%202%20,%201931 Profile of Adamu Baikie]</ref> His father worked for the [[:en:Nigerian_Railway_Corporation|Nigerian Railway Corporation]]. He attended schools in [[:en:Kano_(city)|Kano]], [[:en:Lokoja|Lokoja]], and Wusasa '''Adamu Baikie''' (2 ga Oktoba 1931 - 12 ga Disamba 2025) ya kasance malamin ilimin Najeriya kuma mai kula da jami'a. An san shi a matsayin farfesa na farko na ilimi daga Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Benin]] (1978-1986), Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho (1988-1996), kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'an Jihar Nasarawa, Keffi . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adamu Baikie a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1931 a Wusasa, [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] (yanzu [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya). Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]]. Ya halarci makarantu a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Lokoja]], da Wusasa . Baikie ya sami difloma daga Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya, BSc (Hons) a Ilimi daga Jami'ar London a 1964, da kuma PhD a Ilimi manipud Jami'ar Wisconsin, Amurka, a 1968. == Ayyukan ilimi == Baikie ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] (ABU), Zaria, a matsayin mataimakin malami a shekarar 1964, ya ci gaba zuwa malami, dean na Faculty of Education (1971-1974), kuma farfesa na ilimi a shekarar 1971, ya zama na farko daga Arewacin Najeriya a wannan fagen. == Matsayi na gudanarwa == Baikie ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Benin tsakanin 1978 da 1986. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho tsakanin 1988 da 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUL History |url=https://nul.ls/nul-history/ |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=National University of Lesotho}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar Nasarawa, Keffi tsakanin 2001 da 2005. == Mutuwa == Baikie ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025, yana da shekaru 94. == Littattafai == * , Baikie,Adamu(2021).sabongari. * ISBN 978-978-57841-5-2. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Maluman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] bddrw8f8zxzjtjint3ovlhrgybp4qqd 846131 846125 2026-06-03T14:50:58Z Saa063 43144 846131 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Adamu Baikie''' (2 ga Oktoba 1931 - 12 ga Disamba 2025) ya kasance malamin ilimin Najeriya kuma mai kula da jami'a. An san shi a matsayin farfesa na farko na ilimi daga Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Benin]] (1978-1986), Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho (1988-1996), kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'an Jihar Nasarawa, Keffi . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adamu Baikie a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1931 a Wusasa, [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] (yanzu [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya). Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]]. Ya halarci makarantu a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Lokoja]], da Wusasa . Baikie ya sami difloma daga Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya, BSc (Hons) a Ilimi daga Jami'ar London a 1964, da kuma PhD a Ilimi manipud Jami'ar Wisconsin, Amurka, a 1968. == Ayyukan ilimi == Baikie ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] (ABU), Zaria, a matsayin mataimakin malami a shekarar 1964, ya ci gaba zuwa malami, dean na Faculty of Education (1971-1974), kuma farfesa na ilimi a shekarar 1971, ya zama na farko daga Arewacin Najeriya a wannan fagen. == Matsayi na gudanarwa == Baikie ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Benin tsakanin 1978 da 1986. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho tsakanin 1988 da 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUL History |url=https://nul.ls/nul-history/ |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=National University of Lesotho}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar Nasarawa, Keffi tsakanin 2001 da 2005. == Mutuwa == Baikie ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2025, yana da shekaru 94. == Littattafai == * , Baikie,Adamu(2021).sabongari. * ISBN 978-978-57841-5-2. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Maluman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] kb0xzjyvqr5wpavhi9mn0fzo57yl64g Adekunle Ajayi 0 152201 846171 840009 2026-06-03T16:30:58Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355815239|Adekunle Ajayi]]" 846171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adekunle Ajayi was born on 2 February 1974 in Igogo-Ekiti, Moba Local Government Area, [[:en:Ekiti_State|Ekiti State]]. He completed his elementary education at Emmanuel Anglican Primary, Igogo-Ekiti in 1985 and his secondary education at Unity Secondary School (now Government College), Usi-Ekiti in 1991. He obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree from the [[:en:University_of_Ilorin|University of Ilorin]] in 1998. He completed his residency program at the [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University_Teaching_Hospital|Ob]]''' Listeniis farfesa ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan likitan Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne Babban Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Tarayya, Ido Ekiti . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR’S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |url=https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == An haifi Adekunle Ajayi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1974 a Igogo-Ekiti, Karamar Hukumar Moba, [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] . Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Emmanuel Anglican Primary, Igogo-Ekiti a 1985 da kuma karatun sakandare a Unity Secondary School (yanzu Kwalejin Gwamnati), Usi-Ekiti. Ya sami digiri na farko na Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) daga [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kammala shirin zama a asibitin koyar da Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife (OAUTHC). Shi Fellow ne na Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka, Fellow na Kwalecin Likitocin Amurka, Fellow of the Institute of Management Consultants, da sauransu da yawa. Ya yi aure kuma yana da yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR’S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |url=https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ "CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR'S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti"]. 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cw7jdw0sk15cevy8j6oklyjyutvgn47 846172 846171 2026-06-03T16:35:13Z Saa063 43144 846172 wikitext text/x-wiki Adekunle farfesa ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan likitan Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne Babban Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Tarayya, Ido Ekiti . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR’S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |url=https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki == An haifi Adekunle Ajayi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1974 a Igogo-Ekiti, Karamar Hukumar Moba, [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] . Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Emmanuel Anglican Primary, Igogo-Ekiti a 1985 da kuma karatun sakandare a Unity Secondary School (yanzu Kwalejin Gwamnati), Usi-Ekiti. Ya sami digiri na farko na Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) daga [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kammala shirin zama a asibitin koyar da Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife (OAUTHC). Shi Fellow ne na Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka, Fellow na Kwalecin Likitocin Amurka, Fellow of the Institute of Management Consultants, da sauransu da yawa. Ya yi aure kuma yana da yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR’S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |url=https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ "CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR'S OFFICE – Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti"]. 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ggilfivq9gxd6stazad75ex046y3jcc Ademola Adenle 0 152203 846447 840050 2026-06-04T03:33:00Z BnHamid 12586 846447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Prof. Ademola A Adenle.jpg|thumb]] '''Farfesa Ademola Adelowo Adenle''' [[ɗan Najeriya]] ne wanda ya shahara a fannin kimiyyar dorewar ci gaba, tsarin bunƙasa noma, sauyin yanayi da manufofin fasaha. Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a [[Afirka]], [[Turai]]<nowiki/>da [[Asiya]], tare da bayar da gudunmawa wajen bincike kan wadatar abinci, makamashi mai ɗorewa da sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == Ademola Adenle ya fito daga Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Lagos]], sannan ya ci gaba da samun ƙarin ilimi a [[University of Sussex]], [[University of Nottingham]] da kuma [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Adenle ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai bincike a ƙasashe daban-daban da suka haɗa da Birtaniya, Amurka, Japan, Jamus da Najeriya. Ya kuma yi aiki a [[United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability]] (UNU-IAS) a Japan, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan tsarin kula da amfani da ''genetically modified organisms'' (GMOs) a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Global Land Programme |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan: * Tsaron abinci da bunƙasa noma * Sauyin yanayi da hanyoyin daƙile tasirinsa * Makamashi mai ɗorewa * Manufofin kimiyya da fasaha * Inganta amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun muhalli Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin kula da ƙasar noma a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen USAID Feed the Future.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da yabo == A shekarar 2025, Farfesa Adenle ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ''TWAS–M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace'', wadda aka bayar domin girmama gudunmawarsa wajen bunƙasa tsaron abinci da zaman lafiya ta hanyar binciken noma.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigeria’s Prof. Ademola Adenle wins inaugural global M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/nigerias-prof-ademola-adenle-wins-inaugural-global-m-s-swaminathan-award-for-food-and-peace/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award'', inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka bada gudunmawa wajen binciken dorewar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Adenle ya wallafa bincike da dama a mujallu na kimiyya kamar: * ''Nature Biotechnology'' * ''World Development'' * ''Ecological Economics'' * ''Food Policy'' Bincikensa ya fi karkata kan hanyoyin magance matsalolin ci gaba a Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kimiyya da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 Global Land Programme Profile] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle Ademola Adenle a Wikipedia] [[Category:Haifaffun 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] oas6lc7cs6yu1cx1eyldmpcms5zvvsv Adesoji Adelaja 0 152204 846450 840015 2026-06-04T03:34:58Z BnHamid 12586 846450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adesoji O. Adelaja''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin tattalin arziki kuma farfesa a fannin manufofin ƙasa, noma da tsaron abinci. Yana aiki a matsayin '''John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy''' a jami'ar ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> An san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan tattalin arzikin noma, manufofin abinci, rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, amfani da ƙasa, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka musamman Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Adelaja a birnin Lagos na Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a jami'ar Pennsylvania State University inda ya samu digiri a fannin Agricultural Mechanization a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a inda ya samu digirin M.S. a Agricultural Economics a shekarar 1980, sannan M.A. a Economics a shekarar 1981, kafin ya kammala digirin PhD a Economics a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adelaja ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A lokacin yana ba da shawarar tattalin arziki ga ƙabilar Shoshone Bannock ta Amurka kan harkokin albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 1986 ya koma inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban ciki har da shugaban sashen Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, shugaban Food Policy Institute, da kuma shugaban Food Innovation Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Dean na Cook College da shugaban New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 2004 ya shiga inda ya kafa '''Land Policy Institute''' a shekarar 2006 kuma ya jagorance shi har zuwa shekarar 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/adelaja_a/?roleURL=adelaja_a |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Bincike da gudummawa == Binciken Adelaja ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * Manufofin amfani da ƙasa * Tsaron abinci * Tattalin arzikin noma * Rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya * Sauyin tattalin arziki a Afirka * Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa Ya wallafa bincike da dama kan rikicin Boko Haram, rikicin Fulani makiyaya da manoma, da tasirin rikice-rikice ga noma da tattalin arziki a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://michiganstate.academia.edu/AdesojiAdelaja |website=Academia.edu |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa shi ne bincike kan yadda rikice-rikice ke rage samar da abinci da kuma hana ci gaban noma a yankin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Productivity Growth, Resilience and Economic Transformation in SSA |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/BIFAD_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_Resilience_and_Economic_Transformation_in_SSA_Final_Report_4.20.21_2_2.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == A tsawon aikinsa, Adelaja ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga jami'o'i da hukumomi saboda gudummawarsa a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta saka sunansa cikin jerin fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Mutanen Najeriya]] qsorpotq5sr7rw3qokf0len1s6kf4gt Ablaze FC 0 152306 846436 840357 2026-06-04T03:24:22Z BnHamid 12586 846436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Ablaze FC | fullname = Ablaze Football Club | nickname = The Blazers | founded = 2013 | ground = Ipakan Youth and Sport Development Center | capacity = | owner = Samuel Oluwafisayo Osho | league = Nationwide League One | position = | website = }} '''Ablaze FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke da hedikwata a Ikorodu, jihar Legas, Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2013 domin bunƙasa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa tare da gano hazikan 'yan wasa daga matakin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ta hannun '''Ablaze Football Academy''' kuma ta shiga gasar [[Nationwide League One]] (NLO), ɗaya daga cikin manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/ablaze-announces-milo-as-sponsor-ahead-of-nlo-debut-2023032921070435144 |title=Ablaze announces Milo as sponsor ahead of NLO debut |publisher=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=29 March 2023 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Ablaze FC ne a shekarar 2013 karkashin jagorancin Samuel Oluwafisayo Osho domin samar da wata cibiyar horas da matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali wajen horas da matasa da shirya su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi ta hanyar shiga gasa daban-daban na matasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/ablaze-qualifies-for-bayern-youth-cup-nigeria-national-finals-2023042706171289953 |title=Ablaze qualifies for Bayern Youth Cup Nigeria National finals |publisher=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar ta samu kulawa sosai daga kafafen yaɗa labarai bayan sanar da haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin '''Milo''' kafin fara wasanta na farko a gasar Nationwide League One. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya taimaka wajen ƙara wa ƙungiyar farin jini musamman a yankin Ikorodu na jihar Legas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/ablaze-announces-milo-as-sponsor-ahead-of-nlo-debut-2023032921070435144 |title=Ablaze announces Milo as sponsor ahead of NLO debut |publisher=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=29 March 2023 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> == Bayern Youth Cup == Ablaze Football Academy ta samu gagarumar nasara a shekarar 2018 bayan lashe gasar '''FC Bayern Youth Cup Nigeria''' bayan doke Abuja Sporting Dreams a wasan ƙarshe. Wannan nasarar ta sanya ƙungiyar cikin fitattun makarantun horas da matasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/ablaze-fc-beats-abuja-sporting-dreams-to-win-bayern-youth-cup/ |title=Ablaze FC beats Abuja Sporting Dreams to win Bayern Youth Cup |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Ablaze ta sake kaiwa matakin ƙarshe na gasar bayan doke Clique Sports da ci 3–1 a wasan ƙarshe na neman gurbin shiga babban matakin ƙasa. Wannan ya kara tabbatar da matsayin ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin horas da matasa mafi tasiri a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/ablaze-qualifies-for-bayern-youth-cup-nigeria-national-finals-2023042706171289953 |title=Ablaze qualifies for Bayern ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} hj962a7pyrvv3xdgodq67aqj07om39v Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa 0 153550 846455 843624 2026-06-04T03:39:29Z BnHamid 12586 846455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ta ƙwararru a ƙasar Amurka. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi girman matakin wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka a duniya. Gasar tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 waɗanda aka raba zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: '''American Football Conference''' (AFC) da '''National Football Conference''' (NFC). NFL tana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu samun kuɗaɗen shiga mafi yawa a duniya, kuma wasan ƙarshe nata, '''Super Bowl''', yana daga cikin abubuwan wasanni da suka fi samun masu kallo a duniya. == Tarihi == An kafa NFL a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1920 da sunan '''American Professional Football Association''' (APFA) a Canton, Ohio. A shekarar 1922 ne aka sauya sunan zuwa National Football League (NFL). A farkon shekarunta, ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga kuma suka fita daga gasar. Zuwa shekarun 1950 NFL ta zama babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka. A shekarar 1960 an kafa wata gasa mai hamayya da ita mai suna '''American Football League''' (AFL). Bayan shekaru da dama na gasa tsakanin AFL da NFL, an haɗe su gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1970, wanda ya haifar da tsarin AFC da NFC da ake amfani da shi a yau. == Tsarin Gasar == NFL tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 da aka raba kamar haka: === American Football Conference (AFC) === * AFC East * AFC North * AFC South * AFC West === National Football Conference (NFC) === * NFC East * NFC North * NFC South * NFC West Kowane rukuni yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu. == Lokacin Wasanni == NFL tana gudanar da: * Preseason * Regular Season * Playoffs * Super Bowl Regular season yawanci tana ƙunshe da wasanni 17 ga kowace ƙungiya. == Super Bowl == '''Super Bowl''' shi ne wasan ƙarshe na NFL wanda ke haɗa zakaran AFC da zakaran NFC. Wasan ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 bayan yarjejeniyar haɗewar AFL da NFL. Super Bowl ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan wasanni da nishaɗi a duniya. == Kwamishinoni == Waɗanda suka jagoranci NFL sun haɗa da: * Jim Thorpe (1920–1921) * Joseph Carr (1921–1939) * Elmer Layden (1941–1946) * Bert Bell (1946–1959) * Pete Rozelle (1960–1989) * Paul Tagliabue (1989–2006) * Roger Goodell (2006–zuwa yanzu) == Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi == Wasu daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin NFL sun haɗa da: * [[Dallas Cowboys]] * [[New England Patriots]] * [[Green Bay Packers]] * [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] * [[Kansas City Chiefs]] * [[San Francisco 49ers]] * [[Atlanta Falcons]] * [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] == Fitattun 'Yan Wasa == NFL ta samar da shahararrun 'yan wasa da suka haɗa da: * Tom Brady * Jerry Rice * Joe Montana * Peyton Manning * Patrick Mahomes * Walter Payton * Reggie White == Tattalin Arziki da Tasiri == NFL tana samar da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara ta hanyar: * Haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye * Tallace-tallace * Tikitin shiga filayen wasa * Kayayyakin ƙungiyoyi Ana kallon wasannin NFL a ƙasashe da dama a duniya, kuma gasar tana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa shahararta a Turai, Asiya da Afirka. == Alaƙa da Najeriya == 'Yan wasa da dama masu asalin Najeriya sun taka rawa a NFL, ciki har da: * Osi Umenyiora * Christian Okoye * Nnamdi Asomugha * Ruke Orhorhoro * Odafe Oweh Wadannan 'yan wasa sun taimaka wajen ƙara shaharar NFL tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. == Duba kuma == * [[American Football Conference]] * [[National Football Conference]] * [[Super Bowl]] * [[Atlanta Falcons]] * [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Littattafai === * Peterson, Robert W. ''Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football''. Oxford University Press. * MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. * NFL Record and Fact Book. == Hanyoyin Waje == * [https://www.nfl.com Shafin hukuma na NFL] * [https://operations.nfl.com NFL Operations] * [https://www.profootballhof.com Pro Football Hall of Fame] {{DEFAULTSORT:National Football League}} [[Category:National Football League]] [[Category:Sports leagues established in 1920]] [[Category:American football leagues]] [[Category:Sports organizations of the United States]] [[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]] j3caxx3ngbnbtaozrt3w8bfe20euauz 846456 846455 2026-06-04T03:40:46Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[National Football League]] to [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa]] 846455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ta ƙwararru a ƙasar Amurka. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi girman matakin wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka a duniya. Gasar tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 waɗanda aka raba zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: '''American Football Conference''' (AFC) da '''National Football Conference''' (NFC). NFL tana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu samun kuɗaɗen shiga mafi yawa a duniya, kuma wasan ƙarshe nata, '''Super Bowl''', yana daga cikin abubuwan wasanni da suka fi samun masu kallo a duniya. == Tarihi == An kafa NFL a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1920 da sunan '''American Professional Football Association''' (APFA) a Canton, Ohio. A shekarar 1922 ne aka sauya sunan zuwa National Football League (NFL). A farkon shekarunta, ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga kuma suka fita daga gasar. Zuwa shekarun 1950 NFL ta zama babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka. A shekarar 1960 an kafa wata gasa mai hamayya da ita mai suna '''American Football League''' (AFL). Bayan shekaru da dama na gasa tsakanin AFL da NFL, an haɗe su gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1970, wanda ya haifar da tsarin AFC da NFC da ake amfani da shi a yau. == Tsarin Gasar == NFL tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 da aka raba kamar haka: === American Football Conference (AFC) === * AFC East * AFC North * AFC South * AFC West === National Football Conference (NFC) === * NFC East * NFC North * NFC South * NFC West Kowane rukuni yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu. == Lokacin Wasanni == NFL tana gudanar da: * Preseason * Regular Season * Playoffs * Super Bowl Regular season yawanci tana ƙunshe da wasanni 17 ga kowace ƙungiya. == Super Bowl == '''Super Bowl''' shi ne wasan ƙarshe na NFL wanda ke haɗa zakaran AFC da zakaran NFC. Wasan ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 bayan yarjejeniyar haɗewar AFL da NFL. Super Bowl ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan wasanni da nishaɗi a duniya. == Kwamishinoni == Waɗanda suka jagoranci NFL sun haɗa da: * Jim Thorpe (1920–1921) * Joseph Carr (1921–1939) * Elmer Layden (1941–1946) * Bert Bell (1946–1959) * Pete Rozelle (1960–1989) * Paul Tagliabue (1989–2006) * Roger Goodell (2006–zuwa yanzu) == Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi == Wasu daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin NFL sun haɗa da: * [[Dallas Cowboys]] * [[New England Patriots]] * [[Green Bay Packers]] * [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] * [[Kansas City Chiefs]] * [[San Francisco 49ers]] * [[Atlanta Falcons]] * [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] == Fitattun 'Yan Wasa == NFL ta samar da shahararrun 'yan wasa da suka haɗa da: * Tom Brady * Jerry Rice * Joe Montana * Peyton Manning * Patrick Mahomes * Walter Payton * Reggie White == Tattalin Arziki da Tasiri == NFL tana samar da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara ta hanyar: * Haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye * Tallace-tallace * Tikitin shiga filayen wasa * Kayayyakin ƙungiyoyi Ana kallon wasannin NFL a ƙasashe da dama a duniya, kuma gasar tana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa shahararta a Turai, Asiya da Afirka. == Alaƙa da Najeriya == 'Yan wasa da dama masu asalin Najeriya sun taka rawa a NFL, ciki har da: * Osi Umenyiora * Christian Okoye * Nnamdi Asomugha * Ruke Orhorhoro * Odafe Oweh Wadannan 'yan wasa sun taimaka wajen ƙara shaharar NFL tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. == Duba kuma == * [[American Football Conference]] * [[National Football Conference]] * [[Super Bowl]] * [[Atlanta Falcons]] * [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Littattafai === * Peterson, Robert W. ''Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football''. Oxford University Press. * MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. * NFL Record and Fact Book. == Hanyoyin Waje == * [https://www.nfl.com Shafin hukuma na NFL] * [https://operations.nfl.com NFL Operations] * [https://www.profootballhof.com Pro Football Hall of Fame] {{DEFAULTSORT:National Football League}} [[Category:National Football League]] [[Category:Sports leagues established in 1920]] [[Category:American football leagues]] [[Category:Sports organizations of the United States]] [[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]] j3caxx3ngbnbtaozrt3w8bfe20euauz Kogin Ambaliyar Cocody 0 153840 846160 844449 2026-06-03T16:08:47Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cocody''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamitocin Abidjan kuma mafi yawan jama'a, yana gefen arewacin tafkin Ébrié. Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce mm 1,800, wanda hakan ya sa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya zama babban abin damuwa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Saurin birane da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin. <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail "https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == o7udd95c7c8mzttaxy0r6x1e4sv3m78 846161 846160 2026-06-03T16:09:09Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cocody''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamitocin Abidjan kuma mafi yawan jama'a, yana gefen arewacin tafkin Ébrié.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce mm 1,800, wanda hakan ya sa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya zama babban abin damuwa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Saurin birane da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin. <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail "https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == opceuijm51w8hsulzrnt9vj8iux1h8o 846162 846161 2026-06-03T16:12:51Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce mm 1,800, wanda hakan ya sa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya zama babban abin damuwa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Saurin birane da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin. <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail "https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code></code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == 6fr8z0997k2jtyt5fm1w7yy809onsod 846163 846162 2026-06-03T16:15:46Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Aikin wani manufa ne na kiyaye manufofin da aka tsara don kawar da yawan matsalolin ambaliayar ruwa a yankunan birane..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == ey8v2ujzp6x42ba0ih4z50zuxq0oivz 846167 846163 2026-06-03T16:18:21Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Aikin wani manufa ne na kiyaye manufofin da aka tsara don kawar da yawan matsalolin ambaliayar ruwa a yankunan birane..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Cocody daya daga cikin mafi girman gari da ke Abidjan, wanda ke a bangaren Arewa daga Ébrié Lagoon. yankin na fuskantar ruwa mai karfi, tare da akasarin ruwan sama na wuce 1,800 mm a shekara wanda ya sa kula da ambaliya ya zamo babban matsalar lura a yankin. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == 6qi46olyn6tqq5wg8g9ezr3vcgkncpd 846168 846167 2026-06-03T16:19:32Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Aikin wani manufa ne na kiyaye manufofin da aka tsara don kawar da yawan matsalolin ambaliayar ruwa a yankunan birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Cocody daya daga cikin mafi girman gari da ke Abidjan, wanda ke a bangaren Arewa daga Ébrié Lagoon. yankin na fuskantar ruwa mai karfi, tare da akasarin ruwan sama na wuce 1,800 mm a shekara wanda ya sa kula da ambaliya ya zamo babban matsalar lura a yankin.<ref>{{Citation|title=Abidjan|date=2026-05-15|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&oldid=1354283212|access-date=2026-05-31|language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == c7r3znoloe5xcbk8y5tsbzbj8hngktn 846169 846168 2026-06-03T16:19:46Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Aikin wani manufa ne na kiyaye manufofin da aka tsara don kawar da yawan matsalolin ambaliayar ruwa a yankunan birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Cocody daya daga cikin mafi girman gari da ke Abidjan, wanda ke a bangaren Arewa daga Ébrié Lagoon. yankin na fuskantar ruwa mai karfi, tare da akasarin ruwan sama na wuce 1,800 mm a shekara wanda ya sa kula da ambaliya ya zamo babban matsalar lura a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Abidjan|date=2026-05-15|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&oldid=1354283212|access-date=2026-05-31|language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == rn543ylq0bz75nnuagzklxuql8js8ut 846170 846169 2026-06-03T16:23:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bayani */ 846170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Cocody''' (Faransanci: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') magudanar ruwa ne da ke a kauyen Cocody, [[Abidjan|Abidjan,]] [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> Aikin wani manufa ne na kiyaye manufofin da aka tsara don kawar da yawan matsalolin ambaliayar ruwa a yankunan birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Cocody daya daga cikin mafi girman gari da ke Abidjan, wanda ke a bangaren Arewa daga Ébrié Lagoon. yankin na fuskantar ruwa mai karfi, tare da akasarin ruwan sama na wuce 1,800 mm a shekara wanda ya sa kula da ambaliya ya zamo babban matsalar lura a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Abidjan|date=2026-05-15|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&oldid=1354283212|access-date=2026-05-31|language=en}}</ref> Gina birane cikin sauri da faɗaɗa matsugunan jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yankin.<ref name="worldbank2">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> An gano rashin isasshen ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rashin ingantaccen sarrafa shara a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa da ke ci gaba da faruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiki == An tsara magudanar ruwa don ta ratsa ruwan sama mai yawa daga unguwannin zama da manyan hanyoyi, ta hanyar karkatar da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Ébrié. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da ƙananan magudanar ruwa da kwano na riƙewa da aka rarraba a cikin kwamin. Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Cocody ta gudanar da ayyukan gyara da dama da gwamnatin Ivory Coast da abokan hulɗar ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa suka dauki nauyinsu, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Juriyar Birane na Abidjan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Duk da kasancewar magudanar ruwa, Cocody na ci gaba da fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya yi yawa. Bincike da rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci dalilai da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> * Lalacewar ƙasa da tarin ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa * Toshewar da sharar gida da tarkacen filastik ke yi * Shigar da gine-gine marasa tsari a kan magudanar ruwa * Rashin isasshen jadawalin kulawa da tsaftacewa A watan Yunin 2018, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Cocody ta haifar da asarar rayuka da dama da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa, lamarin da ya sa gwamnati ta sake mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa na magudanar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta ƙaddamar da Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Haɗaɗɗen Aikin Gudanar da Ruwan Sama na Abidjan), wanda ya haɗa da gyara da faɗaɗa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Cocody. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin yana samun tallafi daga Agence Française de Développement (AFD) kuma yana da nufin rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ga mazauna sama da 500,000. == Duba Haka == * Yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar Ivory Coast * Tafkin Ébrié == Manazarta == jc6afhxmm9vd6s6s158m655a1jqusnh Olayode Olumide Delano 0 154143 846198 845172 2026-06-03T19:43:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 846198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Olayode Olumide Delano | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer and Senior Advocate of Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | alma mater = University College London<br>Imperial College London<br>Nigerian Law School | known_for = Corporate and commercial law practice | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | organization = Akindelano Legal Practitioners (ALP) | years_active = 1990–present }} '''Olayode Olumide Delano''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Olayode Delano, SAN''') lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma Babban Lauyan Najeriya (Senior Advocate of Nigeria – SAN). Ya yi suna a fannin harkokin kasuwanci, haɗewar kamfanoni (Mergers and Acquisitions), kasuwannin hannayen jari (Capital Markets), da sauran muhimman harkokin kasuwanci a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗa (Senior Partner) a kamfanin lauyoyi na Akindelano Legal Practitioners (ALP), inda yake jagorantar sashen harkokin kasuwanci da mu'amalolin kamfanoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://akindelano.com/our-team/ |title=Our Team – Akindelano Legal Practitioners |publisher=Akindelano Legal Practitioners |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Karatu da horo == Olayode Delano ya karanci fannin shari'a a '''University College London''' inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 1989, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ɗalibai a ajinsa. Bayan haka ya halarci '''Nigerian Law School''', inda aka kira shi zuwa mashayar lauyoyi ta Najeriya (Nigerian Bar) a shekarar 1990. Haka kuma ya samu digirin '''Master of Business Administration (MBA)''' a fannin harkokin kuɗi daga '''Imperial College London'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://akindelano.com/our-team/ |title=Olayode Delano, SAN |publisher=Akindelano Legal Practitioners |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa da samun lasisin aikin lauya, Delano ya yi aiki a kamfanonin lauyoyi na '''Strachan Partners''' da '''George Etomi & Co.''', inda ya ƙware a harkokin dokokin kasuwanci. Daga baya ya shiga kamfanin '''Akindelano Legal Practitioners (ALP)''' a matsayin abokin hulɗa (Partner), inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da manyan mu'amalolin kasuwanci da suka haɗa da haɗewar kamfanoni, kasuwannin jari, da shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://akindelano.com/our-team/ |title=Olayode Delano, SAN |publisher=Akindelano Legal Practitioners |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na masani a harkokin kasuwanci da dokokin kamfanoni, ya wakilci kamfanoni da masu zuba jari a muhimman yarjejeniyoyi da mu'amalolin kasuwanci. Haka kuma memba ne na ƙungiyoyi masu muhimmanci na lauyoyi da ƙwararrun masana harkokin kuɗi, ciki har da '''Capital Market Solicitors Association of Nigeria''', '''International Bar Association (IBA)''', '''International Project Finance Association (IPFA)''', da kuma '''Institute of Directors Nigeria'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://akindelano.com/our-team/ |title=Olayode Delano, SAN |publisher=Akindelano Legal Practitioners |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Olayode Delano cikin sabbin lauyoyin da suka samu lambar yabo ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wacce ita ce mafi girman matsayi da ake bai wa fitattun lauyoyi a Najeriya saboda gudummawarsu ga ci gaban fannin shari'a da aikin lauya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.okay.ng/30-newly-appointed-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-san-see-names/ |title=30 Newly Appointed Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN) |publisher=Okay.ng |date=25 September 2018 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa == An san Delano da ƙwarewa a fannonin dokokin kasuwanci, saka hannun jari, da gudanar da manyan yarjejeniyoyin kamfanoni. A matsayinsa na babban abokin hulɗa a ALP, ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ayyukan kamfanin da kuma ba da shawarwari ga kamfanonin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje kan dokokin kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://akindelano.com/our-team/ |title=Olayode Delano, SAN |publisher=Akindelano Legal Practitioners |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} s8rzfg4wywysw3ggvdg31wrgn8cz83s Asiya Catalyst 0 154404 846358 845807 2026-06-03T23:12:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341861530|Asia Catalyst]]" 846358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asiya Catalyst''' kungiya ce mai jama'a kanta ta Asiya wacce ke inganta al'ummar farar hula da kuma inganta haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga kungiyoyin da aka ware a Asiya. Tun lokacin da Sara L.M. Davis ta kafa ta a shekara ta 2006, kungiyar ta bude ofisoshi a New York, Amurka; [[Beijing]], China, da [[Bangkok]], Thailand. Har ila yau, ta kafa al'ummomi 200 a cikin ƙasashe 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst {{!}} Devex |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/asia-catalyst-54667 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.devex.com}}</ref> == Mai da hankali kan kungiyoyin da aka ware == Asia Catalyst ya bayyana kungiyar da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma (CBO) a matsayin ƙungiyar farar hula da ke aiki a cikin takamaiman al'umma ko ƙungiyoyin al'ummomi. Asia Catalyst yana aiki ne kawai tare da CBOs waɗanda ke wakiltar al'ummomin da aka ware. Yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa su sami aƙalla memba ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da aka ware a matsayin yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyar. Wannan yana nufin "tabbatar da cewa ana jin muryoyin al'ummomin da aka ware, kuma aikin Asia Catalyst yana mai da hankali kan ainihin, da mafi yawan matsin lamba, cin zarafin da aka samu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » WHO WE WORK WITH |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/who-we-are-2/who-we-work-with/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> Asia Catalyst tana tallafawa ci gaban jama'a da karfafawa ta hanyar ingantaccen ƙwarewa, bincike, da kuma bayar da shawarwari kan batutuwan da suka fi damuwa ga al'ummomin da aka ware a Asiya. Asia Catalyst yana amfani da sabon samfurin amsawa don "tabbatar da muryar al'umma da buƙata suna cikin zuciyar duk shirye-shirye". [1] Ya haɗa da hanyar horar da masu horarwa a cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci don tabbatar da dorewa, kuma yana ci gaba da kimantawa da daidaita tsarin shirye-shiryenta don kara tasiri da inganci. Asia Catalyst has four main program areas: CBO Catalyst, Regional Rights Training, tailored coaching, and advocacy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === CBO Catalyst === Asia Catalyst ya yi imanin cewa kungiyoyin da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma (CBOs) sun fi dacewa don gudanar da nasu shawarwari saboda suna da fahimtar yanayi na musamman da suke aiki da al'ummomin da suke wakilta. Shirin farko na Asia Catalyst, CBO Catalyst, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » CBO CATALYST |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/cbo-catalyst/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> shine shirin gina iyawa ga shugabannin CBO daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Asiya. A cikin shekara guda, a Asia Catalyst ta tara ƙungiyar shugabannin CBO don bitar haɓaka ƙwarewa waɗanda ke haɗa ƙwarewar gudanarwa tare da bayar da shawarwari game da haƙƙoƙi. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun kafa hadin gwiwa na dindindin kuma suna gudanar da ingantaccen shawarwari kan batutuwan fifiko na al'ummominsu. === Horar da 'Yancin Yankin === Shirin Horar da 'Yancin Yankin Asia Catalyst <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » REGIONAL RIGHTS TRAINING |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/regional-rights-training/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> yana gina hadin gwiwa mai karfi na CBOs masu tunani iri ɗaya ta hanyar haɓaka iyawa da aiwatar da nazarin' yancin ɗan adam, takardu da shawarwari a kan batutuwan jigogi guda ɗaya da ke haɗa CBOs a duk faɗin Asiya.'''ta hanyar gina iyawa da aiwatar da nazarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, takardu da shawarwari a kan batutuwan jigogi guda ɗaya da ke haɗa CBOs a duk faɗin Asiya.''' A cikin 2015 Asia Catalyst tana tallafawa wakilai 16 daga CBOs takwas daga Kambodiya, [[Sin|China]], [[Myanmar]], da [[Vietnam]] don yin aiki kan kawo karshen [[Wariya|nuna bambanci a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya]] game da mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau (PLHIV) a duk yankin. === Koyarwa mai kyau === Asia Catalyst tana ba da horo na musamman, takamaiman batun ga ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi '''tare da takamaiman buƙatun ƙwarewa''', kamar tsara dabarun, tara kuɗi, ko gudanar da sa kai. Koyarwa mai kyau <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » TAILORED COACHING |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/tailored-coaching/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> don CBOs yawanci ya ƙunshi bita na kwana uku tare da Asia Catalyst a tsawon watanni 3-6. Tsakanin bita, '''kungiyoyi''' masu halarta sun kammala ayyukan da aka yi niyyar aiwatar da ilimin da suka samu a bita, tare da Asia Catalyst yana ba da ƙarin tallafin mai ba da shawara a duk lokacin aikin. == Manazarta == 5a8cgm8sbgpr5fi6rg4a6ik99clclok 846359 846358 2026-06-03T23:12:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asiya Catalyst''' kungiya ce mai jama'a kanta ta Asiya wacce ke inganta al'ummar farar hula da kuma inganta haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga kungiyoyin da aka ware a Asiya. Tun lokacin da Sara L.M. Davis ta kafa ta a shekara ta 2006, kungiyar ta bude ofisoshi a New York, Amurka; [[Beijing]], China, da [[Bangkok]], Thailand. Har ila yau, ta kafa al'ummomi 200 a cikin ƙasashe 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst {{!}} Devex |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/asia-catalyst-54667 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.devex.com}}</ref> == Mai da hankali kan kungiyoyin da aka ware == Asia Catalyst ya bayyana kungiyar da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma (CBO) a matsayin ƙungiyar farar hula da ke aiki a cikin takamaiman al'umma ko ƙungiyoyin al'ummomi. Asia Catalyst yana aiki ne kawai tare da CBOs waɗanda ke wakiltar al'ummomin da aka ware. Yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa su sami aƙalla memba ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da aka ware a matsayin yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyar. Wannan yana nufin "tabbatar da cewa ana jin muryoyin al'ummomin da aka ware, kuma aikin Asia Catalyst yana mai da hankali kan ainihin, da mafi yawan matsin lamba, cin zarafin da aka samu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » WHO WE WORK WITH |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/who-we-are-2/who-we-work-with/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> Asia Catalyst tana tallafawa ci gaban jama'a da karfafawa ta hanyar ingantaccen ƙwarewa, bincike, da kuma bayar da shawarwari kan batutuwan da suka fi damuwa ga al'ummomin da aka ware a Asiya. Asia Catalyst yana amfani da sabon samfurin amsawa don "tabbatar da muryar al'umma da buƙata suna cikin zuciyar duk shirye-shirye". [1] Ya haɗa da hanyar horar da masu horarwa a cikin dukkan shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci don tabbatar da dorewa, kuma yana ci gaba da kimantawa da daidaita tsarin shirye-shiryenta don kara tasiri da inganci. Asia Catalyst has four main program areas: CBO Catalyst, Regional Rights Training, tailored coaching, and advocacy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === CBO Catalyst === Asia Catalyst ya yi imanin cewa kungiyoyin da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma (CBOs) sun fi dacewa don gudanar da nasu shawarwari saboda suna da fahimtar yanayi na musamman da suke aiki da al'ummomin da suke wakilta. Shirin farko na Asia Catalyst, CBO Catalyst, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » CBO CATALYST |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/cbo-catalyst/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> shine shirin gina iyawa ga shugabannin CBO daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Asiya. A cikin shekara guda, a Asia Catalyst ta tara ƙungiyar shugabannin CBO don bitar haɓaka ƙwarewa waɗanda ke haɗa ƙwarewar gudanarwa tare da bayar da shawarwari game da haƙƙoƙi. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun kafa hadin gwiwa na dindindin kuma suna gudanar da ingantaccen shawarwari kan batutuwan fifiko na al'ummominsu. === Horar da 'Yancin Yankin === Shirin Horar da 'Yancin Yankin Asia Catalyst <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » REGIONAL RIGHTS TRAINING |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/regional-rights-training/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> yana gina hadin gwiwa mai karfi na CBOs masu tunani iri ɗaya ta hanyar haɓaka iyawa da aiwatar da nazarin' yancin ɗan adam, takardu da shawarwari a kan batutuwan jigogi guda ɗaya da ke haɗa CBOs a duk faɗin Asiya.'''ta hanyar gina iyawa da aiwatar da nazarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, takardu da shawarwari a kan batutuwan jigogi guda ɗaya da ke haɗa CBOs a duk faɗin Asiya.''' A cikin 2015 Asia Catalyst tana tallafawa wakilai 16 daga CBOs takwas daga Kambodiya, [[Sin|China]], [[Myanmar]], da [[Vietnam]] don yin aiki kan kawo karshen [[Wariya|nuna bambanci a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya]] game da mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau (PLHIV) a duk yankin. === Koyarwa mai kyau === Asia Catalyst tana ba da horo na musamman, takamaiman batun ga ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi '''tare da takamaiman buƙatun ƙwarewa''', kamar tsara dabarun, tara kuɗi, ko gudanar da sa kai. Koyarwa mai kyau <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Catalyst » TAILORED COACHING |url=http://asiacatalyst.org/what-we-do/tailored-coaching/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=asiacatalyst.org}}</ref> don CBOs yawanci ya ƙunshi bita na kwana uku tare da Asia Catalyst a tsawon watanni 3-6. Tsakanin bita, '''kungiyoyi''' masu halarta sun kammala ayyukan da aka yi niyyar aiwatar da ilimin da suka samu a bita, tare da Asia Catalyst yana ba da ƙarin tallafin mai ba da shawara a duk lokacin aikin. == Manazarta == lnlml2ws9rjlrt68xwftzi18gfv41bu Louis Edet 0 154460 846017 2026-06-03T12:11:10Z Najaatu 33569 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Louis Orok Edet | birth_date = 1914 | birth_place = Calabar, Southern Nigeria Protectorate | death_date = 1979 | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Police officer | known_for = First Indigenous Inspector-General of Police in Nigeria }} '''Louis Orok Edet''' (1914–1979) ya kasance babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya kuma shi ne mutum na farko dan Najeriya da ya zama '''Inspector-General of Police (IGP)''' a kasar. Ya rike wannan mukami daga shek... 846017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Louis Orok Edet | birth_date = 1914 | birth_place = Calabar, Southern Nigeria Protectorate | death_date = 1979 | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Police officer | known_for = First Indigenous Inspector-General of Police in Nigeria }} '''Louis Orok Edet''' (1914–1979) ya kasance babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya kuma shi ne mutum na farko dan Najeriya da ya zama '''Inspector-General of Police (IGP)''' a kasar. Ya rike wannan mukami daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1966, lokacin da Najeriya ke cikin farkon shekarun bayan samun 'yancin kai. <ref>Legit.ng, "Full list, profiles of Nigeria's IG of police since Independence", 2018.</ref> <ref>WithinNigeria, "From Edet to Disu: Inside story of past Nigeria's IGPs", 2026.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asali == An haifi Louis Edet a shekarar 1914 a birnin Calabar, a yankin da ake kira yanzu Cross River State a Najeriya. Ya taso ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, kuma wannan lokaci ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina fahimtarsa kan tsarin tsaro da mulki. <ref>Historical Nigeria, "How Kam Salem and Louis Edet shaped policing in Nigeria’s formative years", 2026.</ref> == Aikinsa a 'Yan Sanda == Edet ya shiga aikin 'yan sanda tun kafin Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai, inda ya yi aiki har ya kai ga manyan mukamai. A shekarar 1964, aka nada shi a matsayin '''Inspector-General of Police''' na farko dan asalin Najeriya, bayan turawan mulkin mallaka sun bar shugabancin rundunar. <ref>BlackGeeks Nigeria, "Past Inspector General of Police in Nigeria", 2023.</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi kokari wajen inganta tsarin aikin 'yan sanda, musamman wajen mayar da hankali kan horo da kuma kwarewa. Haka kuma, ya taimaka wajen gina rundunar 'yan sanda da za ta dace da bukatun sabuwar kasa mai cin gashin kanta. <ref>Historical Nigeria, 2026.</ref> == Gudummawa da tasiri == Mulkin Louis Edet ya kasance muhimmi a tarihin Najeriya saboda shi ne ya jagoranci sauyin daga shugabancin Turawa zuwa na 'yan kasa. Ya kafa tubalin da ya taimaka wajen gina rundunar 'yan sanda mai zaman kanta wadda ke aiki bisa tsarin Najeriya. <ref>WithinNigeria, 2026.</ref> Har ila yau, ana girmama shi har yanzu domin an sanya sunansa ga hedikwatar rundunar 'yan sanda ta kasa da ke Abuja, wato '''"Louis Edet House"'''. <ref>BlackGeeks Nigeria, 2023.</ref> == Rayuwa bayan ritaya == Bayan ya bar aiki, Edet ya ci gaba da hidima ga al'umma ta hanyar taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira musamman bayan yakin basasa na Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga harkokin jin kai da ayyukan zamantakewa. <ref>Historical Nigeria, 2026.</ref> == Mutuwa == Louis Edet ya rasu a shekarar 1979, amma ana ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ginshikin aikin 'yan sanda a Najeriya. <ref>Nigerian Leaders, "List of Nigeria Inspector Generals of Police", 2025.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Inspector-General of Police (Nigeria) * Nigeria Police Force == References == <references/> l8nkyfhmeasyf2024zqhk86sp51t9pf 846018 846017 2026-06-03T12:13:30Z Najaatu 33569 846018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Louis Orok Edet | birth_date = 1914 | birth_place = Calabar, Southern Nigeria Protectorate | death_date = 1979 | occupation = Police officer | known_for = First indigenous Inspector General of Police (Nigeria) }} '''Louis Orok Edet''' (1914–1979) tsohon babban jami’in ‘yan sanda ne na Najeriya wanda ya zama '''Inspector General of Police (IGP) na farko ɗan ƙasa''' a Najeriya daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1966. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane da suka kafa tubalin aikin ‘yan sanda a Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai. <ref>Legit.ng, "Full list, profiles of Nigeria's IG of police since Independence", 2018.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Louis Edet a shekarar 1914 a garin Calabar, a yankin da ake kira Southern Nigeria Protectorate a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Ya taso ne a lokacin da Najeriya ke ƙarƙashin Turawan mulkin mallaka, kuma hakan ya yi tasiri wajen shiga harkar tsaro da hidima ga ƙasa. <ref>Historical Nigeria, "How Kam Salem and Louis Edet Shaped Policing in Nigeria’s Formative Years", 2026.</ref> == Aikin ‘yan sanda == Edet ya shiga aikin ‘yan sanda tun kafin Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai, kuma ya yi aiki har ya kai ga manyan mukamai a cikin rundunar. A shekarar 1964, an naɗa shi a matsayin '''Inspector General of Police''' na farko ɗan ƙasa, wanda hakan ya nuna sauyin mulki daga Turawa zuwa ‘yan Najeriya a rundunar ‘yan sanda. <ref>Within Nigeria, "From Edet to Disu: Inside Story of Past Nigeria’s Inspectors-General of Police", 2026.</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa (1964–1966), ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tsarin aiki na zamani da kuma ƙarfafa ƙwarewar jami’an ‘yan sanda a sabuwar ƙasar Najeriya. <ref>Historical Nigeria, 2026.</ref> == Gudunmawa == A matsayin sa na IGP na farko, Edet ya taimaka wajen: * Gina rundunar ‘yan sanda mai zaman kanta daga tasirin Turawa * Inganta horo da ƙwarewar jami’ai * Kafa tubalin tsarin tsaro na ƙasa a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko Ana ganin aikinsa a matsayin ginshiƙi ga ci gaban rundunar ‘yan sanda a Najeriya. <ref>BlackGeeks Nigeria, "Sir Louis Edet: The First Inspector General of Police in Nigeria", 2023.</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan barin aiki, Edet ya ci gaba da hidimar jama’a, musamman wajen taimakawa ‘yan gudun hijira bayan Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya. Haka kuma ya shiga ayyukan jin ƙai da walwalar jama’a. <ref>Historical Nigeria, 2026.</ref> == Mutuwa == Louis Edet ya rasu a shekarar 1979, bayan ya bar tarihin kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kafa tsarin tsaro a Najeriya. <ref>Nigerian Leaders, "List of Nigeria Inspector Generals of Police", 2025.</ref> == Girmamawa == An sanya sunansa a kan hedikwatar rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya da ke Abuja, wato '''Louis Edet House''', domin girmama gudunmawarsa ga ƙasa. <ref>BlackGeeks Nigeria, 2023.</ref> == Manazara == 1ys2hjv0tugra5kohcodd4q90mv1seb Sunday Adewusi 0 154461 846019 2026-06-03T12:17:18Z Najaatu 33569 Sabon shafi: == Sunday Adewusi == '''Sunday Bolorunduro Adewusi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938 – ya rasu a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2016) tsohon babban jami’in ‘yan sanda ne na Najeriya wanda ya rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1983. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar rundunar ‘yan sanda a lokacin gwamnatin soja a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/197904-ex-... 846019 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sunday Adewusi == '''Sunday Bolorunduro Adewusi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938 – ya rasu a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2016) tsohon babban jami’in ‘yan sanda ne na Najeriya wanda ya rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1983. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar rundunar ‘yan sanda a lokacin gwamnatin soja a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/197904-ex-igp-sunday-adewusi-is-dead.html</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sunday Adewusi a jihar Ondo, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko da na sakandare a Najeriya kafin ya shiga aikin ‘yan sanda. Daga baya ya samu karin horo a kasashen waje, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunkasa kwarewarsa a harkar tsaro da gudanarwa.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/ex-igp-adewusi-dies-78/</ref> == Aikin ‘yan sanda == Adewusi ya shiga rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya a shekarun 1960s, inda ya fara aiki a matakai daban-daban. Saboda kwazonsa da kwarewarsa, ya rika samun karin girma har ya kai ga zama '''Inspector General of Police''' a shekarar 1981 a lokacin mulkin shugaba Shehu Shagari.<ref>https://guardian.ng/news/former-igp-adewusi-dies-at-78/</ref> A lokacin da yake kan mukami, ya mayar da hankali wajen inganta tsaro a kasa da kuma karfafa tsarin aiki na rundunar ‘yan sanda. Haka kuma ya yi kokarin tabbatar da doka da oda a lokacin da Najeriya ke fuskantar kalubalen siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/01/27/former-igp-sunday-adewusi-dies-at-78</ref> == Bayan sauka daga mukami == Bayan ya sauka daga mukamin IGP a shekarar 1983, Adewusi ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai tasiri a harkokin tsaro da shawarwari. Ya kuma shiga harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, yana bada gudunmawa wajen cigaban al’umma.<ref>https://www.punchng.com/former-igp-sunday-adewusi-dies-at-78/</ref> == Mutuwa == Sunday Adewusi ya rasu a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2016 yana da shekaru 78. Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga gwamnati da tsofaffin jami’an tsaro, inda aka yabawa irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/197904-ex-igp-sunday-adewusi-is-dead.html</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> k8fmi7pwy6iibo5u0b2hde9wd2umum1 Augustine Enenche Audu 0 154462 846020 2026-06-03T12:36:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 846020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Augustine Enenche Audu | honorific_suffix = SAN | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice | alma_mater = — | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria | years_active = — }} '''Augustine Enenche Audu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fannin aikin lauya da kare haƙƙoƙin shari'a. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya da aka amince da su a matakin ƙasa bayan an zaɓe shi cikin jerin lauyoyin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi na ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=2025 SAN shortlist: LPPC nominates 15 Law professors, 57 advocates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/2025-san-shortlist-lppc-nominates-15-law-professors-57-advocates/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Ba da Matsayin Manyan Lauyoyi na Najeriya (Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee – LPPC) ya sanya sunan Augustine Enenche Audu cikin jerin lauyoyi 57 da aka tantance domin ɗaukaka su zuwa matsayin SAN. Wannan mataki ya nuna irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga harkokin shari'a da kuma ƙwarewarsa a aikin lauya a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=2025 SAN shortlist: LPPC nominates 15 Law professors, 57 advocates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/2025-san-shortlist-lppc-nominates-15-law-professors-57-advocates/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Daga baya, Augustine Enenche Audu ya kasance cikin lauyoyin da aka tabbatar da ɗaukaka su zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Tsohon Babban Lauyan Tarayya kuma Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya, Chief Michael Aondoakaa, SAN, ya taya shi da sauran sababbin SAN murna, yana mai bayyana cewa wannan matsayi ana ba da shi ne ga lauyoyin da suka nuna ƙwazo, jajircewa, nagarta da kuma gagarumar gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimin shari'a da aikin lauya a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-AGF Aondoakaa, SAN congratulates new Idoma SANs |url=https://nationaltrailonline.com.ng/ex-agf-aondoakaa-san-congratulates-new-idoma-sans/ |work=National Trail Newspaper |date=29 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Masu sharhi a harkokin shari'a suna kallon samun matsayin SAN a matsayin wata muhimmiyar alama ta ƙwarewa da martaba a aikin lauya. Samun wannan matsayi na Augustine Enenche Audu ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya, musamman daga yankin Benue da al'ummar Idoma, inda nasarar tasa ta samu yabo daga abokan aiki da shugabannin fannin shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-AGF Aondoakaa, SAN congratulates new Idoma SANs |url=https://nationaltrailonline.com.ng/ex-agf-aondoakaa-san-congratulates-new-idoma-sans/ |work=National Trail Newspaper |date=29 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a == Augustine Enenche Audu ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai zaman kansa a Najeriya, inda ya yi fice wajen gudanar da shari'o'i da ayyukan lauya da suka ba shi damar samun karramawar SAN. Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen gina sunansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya da suka kai matakin koli a sana'arsu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-AGF Aondoakaa, SAN congratulates new Idoma SANs |url=https://nationaltrailonline.com.ng/ex-agf-aondoakaa-san-congratulates-new-idoma-sans/ |work=National Trail Newspaper |date=29 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Karramawa == * [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] (SAN)<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-AGF Aondoakaa, SAN congratulates new Idoma SANs |url=https://nationaltrailonline.com.ng/ex-agf-aondoakaa-san-congratulates-new-idoma-sans/ |work=National Trail Newspaper |date=29 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gax50e2u4lj7a6jc23na1ug18pf3odj Ruhaniya 0 154463 846036 2026-06-03T13:39:15Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349808798|Spirituals]]" 846036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}  '''Ruhaniya''' (wanda aka fi sani da Negro spirituals, African American spirituals, Black spirituals, ko kuma '''Waƙoƙin ruhaniya''') wani nau'i ne na kiɗa na Kirista wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]], <ref name="Grove_oxfordmusiconline">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |year=2012 |title=Spiritual |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002225625 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |website=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2225625 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0}}</ref> wanda ya haɗu da tasirin al'adun Afirka daban-daban tare da abubuwan da ake gudanar da su a cikin bautar, da farko a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic <ref name="UN_DayOfRemembrance">{{Cite web |title=Background on Remember Slavery: Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/slaveryremembranceday/background.shtml |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=United Nations |series=International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (March 25) |quote="The transatlantic slave trade was the largest forced migration in history, and undeniably one of the most inhumane. The extensive exodus of Africans spread to many areas of the world over a 400-year period and was unprecedented in the annals of recorded human history.}}</ref> kuma ƙarni bayan haka, ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta cikin gida. Ruhaniya sun haɗa da "waƙoƙin waka", waƙoƙin aiki, da waƙoƙun shuka waɗanda suka samo asali cikin waƙoƙi na blues da waƙoƙi na bishara a coci. A cikin karni na sha tara, kalmar "ruhaniya" tana nufin duk waɗannan ƙananan waƙoƙin gargajiya.<ref name="NMAAHC_2012">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Celebrating Black Music Month |url=http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132952/http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] |quote=Sacred music, which includes spirituals and gospel music, illustrates the central role that music plays in African American spiritual and religious life. The earliest form of black musical expression in America, spirituals were based on Christian psalms and hymns and were merged with African music styles and secular American music forms. Spirituals were originally an oral tradition and imparted Christian values while also defining the hardships of slavery.}}</ref> Duk da yake sau da yawa suna da tushe a cikin labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun kuma bayyana matsanancin wahalar da 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka jimre waɗanda aka bautar da su daga karni na 17 har zuwa shekarun 1860, [[Shelar 'Yanci|'yanci]] ya canza ainihin yanayin (amma ba ci gaba ba) na bautar ga mutane da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Bruce H. |date=Spring 1979 |title=Songs of an Imprisoned People |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/467516 |journal=MELUS |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.2307/467516 |jstor=467516 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawancin sababbin nau'ikan kiɗa irin su blues sun fito ne daga waƙoƙin ruhaniya.<ref name="Nketia_1973">{{Cite journal |last=Nketia |first=J.H. Kwanbena |date=1978 |title=The Study of African and Afro-American Music |journal=Black Perspectives in Music |volume=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.2307/1214119 |jstor=1214119}}</ref> An yi amfani da waɗannan waƙoƙin don raba saƙonnin da aka tsara, haɗa mutane, bayyana motsin rai da motsin rai, da kuma kiyaye al'adunsu da rai a cikin tsararraki. Daga ƙarshe an yi su a majami'u, makarantu, da kide-kide. Wannan nau'in al'adun Afirka na Amurka ya rinjayi kiɗa a duniya. Baya ga muhimmancin kiɗa, ruhaniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafawa da kuma inganta 'yan Afirka na Afirka a duk tarihin. Wadannan waƙoƙin sun ba da bege, ta'aziyya, da juriya a lokacin mafi duhu na bautar da rarrabewa. Yin waka tare ya ba da damar bayi su gina hadin kai, su kula da al'umma, kuma su sami ƙarfi daga gwagwarmayar da aka raba. Sau da yawa ruhaniya sun haɗa da jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na ceto da 'yanci, suna da ma'ana ga masu sauraro waɗanda ke marmarin' yanci da adalci. Ta hanyar juyawa ga labarun kamar Fitowa, 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami wahayi da tsarin ruhaniya don jimrewa da wahala da kiyaye bangaskiya ga yiwuwar kyakkyawar makoma. Hadisin ruhaniya ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1700 tsakanin 'yan Afirka da suka yi bautar a Kudancin Amurka, musamman a kan shuke-shuke inda waƙoƙin al'umma ya kasance dabarun rayuwa da kuma nau'in juriya. Wannan nau'in ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da al'adun kiɗa na Afirka tare da waƙoƙin Kirista da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da masu bautar suka gabatar. Ruhaniya ta fara bunƙasa a cikin tarurrukan ibada na sirri, wanda aka fi sani da "teku," inda bayi suka taru daga idanun masu kulawa. A tsawon lokaci, ruhaniya ta bazu zuwa tarurrukan sansanin da farfadowa, ta zama tsakiya ga furcin addini da al'adun Afirka na Amurka. Ta hanyar waɗannan waƙoƙin, tsararraki sun sami ƙarfafawa da haɗin kai da ake buƙata don jimrewa kuma a ƙarshe sun kalubalanci kafa bautar.[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/secret-religion-of-the-slaves] Ba wai kawai 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun rufe waƙoƙinsu ba, dole ne su yi sujada a asirce. "Cocin da ba a ganuwa" yana nufin tarurrukan addini na sirri da 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka kafa lokacin da aka hana su' yancin yin sujada a bayyane ko bayyana ayyukansu na ruhaniya. Wadannan tarurruka masu ɓoye sun faru ne a yankuna masu nisa kamar dazuzzuka, gidaje, ko wuraren da aka ɓoye kuma sun ba da damar bayi su haɗa koyarwar Kirista tare da al'adun Afirka ta hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba a ƙarƙashin idanun bayi. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka, mahalarta na iya yin addu'a, raira waƙa, da kuma ba da shaida ba tare da tsoron azabtarwa ba, ƙirƙirar al'umma ta ruhaniya da ta samo asali a cikin gwagwarmaya da bege. Ayyukan kiɗa waɗanda suka haɓaka a cikin cocin da ba a ganuwa - musamman waƙoƙin kira da amsawa, kukan zobe, da kuma abubuwan ruhaniya - sun zama muhimman tushe na kiɗa mai tsarki na Afirka ta Amirka. Wadannan waƙoƙin suna ɗauke da ma'anoni masu yawa, suna ba da ta'aziyya ta addini da saƙonnin ƙididdiga na juriya ko tserewa. Ikilisiyar da ba a ganuwa ta ba da ƙarfin motsin rai, adana al'adu, da kuma fahimtar haɗin kai, suna tsara rayuwar kiɗa da addini ta Afirka ta Amirka ga tsararraki. Kafin ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka da 'yanci, ruhaniya asali ne na al'adar baki da aka wuce daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa na gaba. An haddace labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki sannan aka fassara su cikin waƙa. Bayan 'yanci, an buga kalmomin ruhaniya a cikin bugawa. Kungiyoyi irin su Fisk Jubilee Singers - wanda aka kafa a 1871 - sun shahara da ruhaniya, suna kawo su ga masu sauraro da yawa, har ma da na duniya. Da farko, manyan ɗakunan rikodin suna yin rikodin fararen mawaƙa ne kawai da ke yin ruhaniya da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Wannan ya canza tare da nasarar kasuwanci ta Mamie Smith a shekarar 1920. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1920, masana'antar rikodin kasuwanci ta kara yawan masu sauraro ga ruhaniya da abubuwan da suka samo asali. Masu baƙar fata Harry Burleigh da R. Nathaniel Dett sun kirkiro "sabon repertoire don matakin kide-kide" ta hanyar amfani da ilimin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai ga ruhaniya. Duk da yake an halicci ruhaniya ta hanyar "al'umma mai kewaye da mutane a cikin bautar", a tsawon lokaci sun zama sanannun kiɗa na farko na "sa hannu" na Amurka.<ref name="spiritualsproject_20150725">{{Cite web |title=Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals |url=http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725040520/http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=[[The Spirituals Project]]}}</ref> == Kalmomin == The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians - daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan bincike kan kiɗa da mawaƙa : 284-290 - an tsara su kuma an bayyana su "ruhaniya" a cikin albarkatun lantarki, Grove Music Online - wani muhimmin bangare na Oxford Music Online, a matsayin "irin waƙar da aka kirkira da kuma ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adar baki. Ko da ba a san ainihin asalinsa ba, ana iya gano su a matsayin nau'i a farkon karni na 19. " Sun yi amfani da kalmar ba tare da mai bayyanawa ba, "Amurka ta Afirka ba".<ref name="Grove_oxfordmusiconline">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |year=2012 |title=Spiritual |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002225625 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |website=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2225625 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0}}</ref> Kalmar "Negro spirituals" kalma ce ta ƙarni na 19 "wanda aka yi amfani da shi don waƙoƙi tare da matani na addini waɗanda Afirka ta kirkira a Amurka". Littafin farko da aka buga na waƙoƙin bayi ya kira su "na ruhaniya". A cikin ilimin kiɗa da ethnomusicology a cikin shekarun 1990, ana amfani da kalmar nan "ruhaniya" don bayyana "The Spirituals Project".<ref name="Jones_1998">{{Cite web |title=The Spirituals Project |url=https://liberalarts.du.edu/lamont/spirituals-project |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[University of Denver]] Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisa ta Amurka tana amfani da kalmar nan "African American Spirituals", don shigarwa mai lamba da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara. A cikin gabatarwa, ana amfani da nau'i ɗaya ba tare da adjective "African American ba. " A duk lokacin shigarwar encyclopedic ana amfani da siffar guda ɗaya da jam'i na kalmar ba tare da mai bayyana "Africon American" ba. Maganar gabatarwa ta LOC ta ce, "A ruhaniya wani nau'i ne na waƙoƙin gargajiya na addini wanda ke da alaƙa da bautar mutanen Afirka a Kudancin Amurka. Waƙoƙin sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha takwas wanda ya kai ga kawar da bautar da aka halatta a cikin shekarun 1860. Ruhaniya ta Afirka ta Amirka (wanda ake kira Negro Spiritual) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma mafi mahimmancin siffofin waƙoƙar gargajiya na Amurka. " <ref name="LOC_ihas.200197495" /> == Yanayi == Wani rahoto na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya bayyana cinikin bayi a matsayin mafi girman ƙaura da aka tilasta a tarihin ɗan adam.<ref name="UN_DayOfRemembrance">{{Cite web |title=Background on Remember Slavery: Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/slaveryremembranceday/background.shtml |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=United Nations |series=International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (March 25) |quote="The transatlantic slave trade was the largest forced migration in history, and undeniably one of the most inhumane. The extensive exodus of Africans spread to many areas of the world over a 400-year period and was unprecedented in the annals of recorded human history.}}</ref> A matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na cinikin bayi na transatlantic, babban motsi na 'yan Afirka ya kasance zuwa Amurka - tare da kashi 96 cikin 100 na fursunoni daga gabar tekun Afirka da suka isa a kan jiragen bautar da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Amurka da Tsibirin Caribbean. Daga 1501 zuwa 1830, 'yan Afirka huɗu sun haye Tekun Atlantika ga kowane Turai, suna yin yawan jama'a na Amurka a wannan zamanin ya fi fadada Afirka fiye da Turai. Kyautar wannan ƙaura har yanzu tana bayyane a yau, tare da yawancin mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da ke zaune a ko'ina cikin Amurka. Miliyoyin da suka fi zama bayi a Afirka, inda bautar ta kasance wani bangare ne mai rikitarwa da zurfi na al'adun da suka koma baya ƙarni kafin yaduwar Turai a nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |last2=Berlin |first2=Ira |date=2000 |title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America |journal=African American Review |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=515 |doi=10.2307/2901390 |issn=1062-4783 |jstor=2901390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Clifford. |date=1988 |title=Asante: Human Sacrifice or Capital Punishment? An Assessment of the Period 1807–1874 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/219449 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=433–441 |doi=10.2307/219449 |jstor=219449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>R. Rummel (1997)"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC Death by government]''". Transaction Publishers. p. 63. {{ISBN|1-56000-927-6}}</ref> Daga 1501 zuwa 1867, kimanin "Afirkawa miliyan 12.5" daga "kusan kowace ƙasa da ke da iyakar tekun Atlantika" an sace su kuma an tilasta su cikin bautar, a cewar ''Atlas'' na 2015 wanda ya dogara da kusan tafiye-tafiye na bautar 35,000. Kimanin kashi 6% na dukkan 'yan Afirka da aka kawo ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Atlantic sun isa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kafin da kuma bayan zamanin mulkin mallaka; sauran sun tafi Brazil, West Indies ko wasu yankuna. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun fito ne daga bakin tekun bayi na Yammacin Afirka. Sauran kafofin sun kiyasta cinikin bayi na Islama ya sace irin wannan adadin 'yan Afirka, tare da tsakanin mutane miliyan 8 zuwa miliyan 17 da aka dauka daga Afirka tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa 19 tare da hanyoyin cinikayya na [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|Trans-Sahara]]. Daular Portuguese ta kai 'yan Afirka na farko zuwa Sabon Duniya a cikin shekarun 1560, har zuwa shekarun 1700 [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] ita ce babbar manufa ga waɗancan fursunoni a ƙarƙashin [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]] Mutanen Espanya.<ref>Rawley, James A.; Behrendt, Stephen D. (December 2005). ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. p. 63. {{ISBN|0-8032-0512-0}}.</ref> Mutanen Afirka na farko da suka zama bayi a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka sun isa a shekara ta 1526, suna sauka a Winyah Bay na yanzu, South Carolina a cikin wani ɗan gajeren mulkin mallaka da ake kira San Miguel de Gualdape a ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Spain. Sun kuma kasance 'yan Afirka na farko da suka yi bautar a Arewacin Amurka don shirya tawaye na bayi.<ref name="GHQ_Cameron_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Guy |last2=Vermette |first2=Stephen |date=2012 |title=The Role of Extreme Cold in the Failure of the San Miguel de Gualdape Colony |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=291–307 |issn=0016-8297 |jstor=23622193}}</ref> A shekara ta 1619, jirgin bawa na farko ya ɗauki mutane ashirin daga [[Masarautar Kongo]] ta tsakiya ta Afirka - zuwa rayuwar bautar a cikin abin da ke yanzu Mexico. [[Masarautar Kongo]], a wannan lokacin ta shimfiɗa sama da yanki na kilomita 60,000 (kilomita 97,000) a cikin ruwa na [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] - kogin na biyu mafi tsawo a Afirka - kuma yana da yawan mutane miliyan 2.5 - yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautun Afirka. A ɗan gajeren lokaci, Sarki João I na Kongo, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1470 zuwa 1509, ya tuba da son rai zuwa [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], kuma kusan ƙarni uku - daga 1491 zuwa 1750 - masarautar Kongo ta yi Kiristanci kuma "mai zaman kanta mulkin duniya ne". Zuriyar shinkafa sun bautar mutanen [[Gullah]] - wanda ƙasarsu ta asali ita ce [[Saliyo]] - sun fi warewa a tsibirai da ke bakin tekun [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]].[and]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schrag |first=Norm |last2=Hilton |first2=Anne |date=1987 |title=Review of The Kingdom of Kongo |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=145–147 |doi=10.2307/219308 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=219308}}</ref> Gullah ruhaniya ana raira waƙa a cikin yaren Creole wanda ya rinjayi Afirka ta Amirka ta Turanci tare da yawancin kalmomin Afirka da suka fito daga [[Yaren Akan|Akan]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] da Igbo. Kafawar bautar a Amurka ta ƙare tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka a 1865. [[Cinikin bayi a Amurka|Cinikin bayi na cikin gida]] wanda ya fito bayan Majalisa ta Amurka ta haramta cinikin bayi na duniya a cikin 1808 kuma ya kasance har sai yakin basasar Amurka ya lalata tsararraki na iyalai na Afirka. Bautar a Amurka ta bambanta da ma'aikata a wasu yankuna na Amurka, kamar su West Indies, Dutch Guiana da [[Brazil]]. A cikin Amurka, bayi suna da ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma kuma ta haka ne akwai "ƙaruwar ƙaruwa a cikin yawan bayi sama da ƙarni daya da rabi - tare da lambobi kusan ninka sau uku a ƙarshen cinikin bayi na cikin gida a cikin shekarun 1860. " A wannan lokacin, "kimanin maza, mata, da yara miliyan 1.2. waɗanda aka haifa a Amurka, " sun rasa - ma'aurata sun rabu da juna, kuma iyaye sun rabu da yaransu. <ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> A shekara ta 1850, yawancin 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun kasance "Amurkawa na uku, na huɗu, ko na biyar". <ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> A cikin 1800s, an haifi yawancin bayi a cikin British West Indies da [[Brazil]] a Afirka, yayin da a Amurka, sun kasance "tsara da aka cire daga Afirka".<ref name="Yale_GLC_Context" /> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Frontispiece_of_Frederick_Douglass_in_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave_(1845).jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Douglass daga labarinsa na 1845]] A cikin 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, a American Slave, wani rubutu game da kawar da kuma wani memoire, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) - babban mai magana - ya bayyana waƙoƙin bawa kamar yadda yake ba da "''Labari'' wanda ya wuce cikakkiyar fahimta; sun kasance sautuna, da ƙarfi, suna numfashi da gunaguni na rayuka da ke tafasa tare da baƙin ciki mafi muni. Kowane sautin da aka yi waƙoƙi, da addu'a ga Allah don ceto daga sarƙoƙi da aka rubuta a farkon NLC, har yanzu suna bautarsu, wanda aka rubuta a cikin waɗannan sanannun nan, wanda ya fi sani da kuma ya fi sani. Waƙoƙin bayi an kira su "Waƙoƙin Gobe" ta [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] a cikin littafinsa na 1903, The Souls of Black Folk.<ref name="APT_Kirkland_2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |date=Summer 2015 |title=Sorrow Songs and Self-Knowledge: The Politics of Recognition and Tragedy in W.E.B. Du Bois's ''Souls of Black Folk'' |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/682046?mobileUi=0 |journal=American Political Thought |volume=4 |pages=412–437 |doi=10.1086/682046 |s2cid=155920736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [https://scalar.usc.edu/works/will-the-circle-be-unbroken/hansonia-caldwell Hansonia Caldwell], marubucin kiɗa na Afirka ta Amirka, ruhaniya: ainihin kiɗa na jama'a na Baƙar fata da kiɗa na Baƙar Amurka: jerin lokuta: 1619-1995, ya ce ruhaniya "sun ci gaba da 'yan Afirka lokacin da aka bautarsu. Ta bayyana su a matsayin "waƙoƙin ƙididdiga" wanda "zai sanar da tarurruka, kamar yadda a cikin "Sashe Away", kuma bayyana hanyar gudu, kamar a cikin "Bayan Drinkin' Gourd". Sun yi amfani da Harriet Down Moses - wannan sunan lakabi ne a Jami' ya zama san shi a fannoni mai yawa - don haka ne - don haka a fannonin Jihar CCS "<ref name="CSUDH_20110502" /><ref name="CSUDH_20110502" /> "Afirka ta Afirka ta ruhaniya (wanda ake kira Negro Spiritual) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin nau'ikan waƙoƙin gargajiya na Amurka," a cewar Laburaren Majalisa na 2016 labarin.<ref name="LOC_SOA_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/ritual-and-worship/spirituals |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |series=The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America}}</ref><ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Ruhaniya da farko ana magana da ita, amma a shekara ta 1867 an buga tarin farko, mai taken "Slave Songbook". A cikin gabatarwar littafin, ɗaya daga cikin masu tarawa, William Francis Allen, ya gano "ci gaban Negro Spirituals da alaƙar al'adu zuwa Afirka. " <ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> Littafin 1867 ya haɗa da ruhaniya waɗanda aka sani sosai kuma ana rera su akai-akai a cikin majami'u na Amurka amma waɗanda asalin su a cikin shuke-shuke, ba a amince da su ba. Allen ya rubuta cewa, kusan ba zai yiwu a isar da ruhaniya a cikin bugawa ba saboda ingancin muryoyin Afirka ta Amirka tare da "sauti da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci", inda ba za a iya "sake maimaitawa a kan takarda ba". Allen ya bayyana rikitarwa na waƙoƙi kamar "Ba zan iya zama a baya ba, Ubangijinmu", ko kuma "Turn, mai zunubi, juya O!" waɗanda ke da "kiran da ke da rikitarwa" inda babu ɓangarorin raira waƙa, kuma babu mawaƙa biyu "sun yi kama da suna raira waƙa iri ɗaya. "Mawara "mai raira waƙa yana fara kalmomin kowane aya, sau da yawa yana ingantawa, kuma wasu, waɗanda suka "kafa" shi, kamar yadda ake kira, ya shiga cikin maimaitawa, ko ma shiga cikin solo, lokacin da kalmomin sun saba".<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2015 |title=The Negro Spiritual |url=https://spirituals-database.com/the-negro-spiritual/ |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Spirituals Database}}</ref> [[Fayil:(Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson)_(LOC)_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton James Weldon Johnson a cikin 1932]] A cikin littafin su na 1925, The Books of American Negro Spirituals, James Weldon Johnson da Grace Nail Johnson sun ce ruhaniya, waɗanda "kawai kuma kawai halittar" na 'yan Afirka na Amirka, suna wakiltar "Amurka kawai irin kiɗa na gargajiya...Lokacin da ya zo ga amfani da kalmomi, mai kirkirar waƙar yana gwagwarmaya a ƙarƙashin iyakokinsa a cikin harshe kuma, watakila, kuma a ƙarƙashin kuskuren fahimta ko kuskuren gaskiyar a cikin tushen kayan sa, gabaɗaya Littafi Mai-Tsarki". Ma'aurata masu aiki ne a lokacin Harlem Renaissance National Association of Colored People of Colored Johnson. Arthur C. Jones, farfesa a cikin Musicology, Ethnomusicology da Theory Department a Lamont School of Music a Jami'ar Denver, ya kafa "The Spirituals Project" don adanawa da sake farfado da "kiɗa da koyarwar waƙoƙin gargajiya masu tsarki da ake kira spirituals, "wanda 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka kirkira kuma suka fara rerawa a cikin bautar". <ref name="Jones_1998">{{Cite web |title=The Spirituals Project |url=https://liberalarts.du.edu/lamont/spirituals-project |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[University of Denver]] Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences}}</ref> "Al'ummar da ke cikin bauta" ne suka halicci ruhaniya, a tsawon lokaci sun zama sanannun kiɗa na farko na "sa hannu" na Amurka.<ref name="spiritualsproject_20150725">{{Cite web |title=Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals |url=http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725040520/http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/History |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=[[The Spirituals Project]]}}</ref> An hana su yin magana da yarensu, gabaɗaya sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙamus, sun yi amfani da kalmomin da suka sani don fassara bayanan Littafi Mai-Tsarki da gaskiyar daga sauran tushe zuwa waƙa. == Asalin al'adu == === Tushen Afirka === J.H. Kwabena Nketia (1921-2019), wanda ''New York Times'' ta bayyana a cikin 2019 a matsayin "mafi kyawun masanin kiɗa na Afirka", ya ce a cikin 1973 cewa akwai muhimmiyar, mai dogaro da juna, mai ƙarfi, da kuma "dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin kiɗa na Afrika da na Afirka ta Amirka". <ref name="Nketia_1973">{{Cite journal |last=Nketia |first=J.H. Kwanbena |date=1978 |title=The Study of African and Afro-American Music |journal=Black Perspectives in Music |volume=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.2307/1214119 |jstor=1214119}}</ref> {{Rp|7–15}}<ref name="Jones_1954">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. M. |date=1954 |title=African Rhythm |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=26–47 |doi=10.2307/1156732 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1156732 |s2cid=245910672}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka na Afirka "a cikin shuka ta Kudu sun samo asali ne daga al'adun asali da al'adun Afirka. " <ref name="mcgc">{{Cite web |title=Morehouse College Glee Club: History |url=http://www.mcgclub.com/ |access-date=2010-11-01}}</ref> A cewar wata hira ta PBS ta Mayu 2012, "ruhaniya sune waƙoƙin gargajiya na addini, galibi suna da tushe a cikin labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, an sa su tare, an raira su, kuma sun wuce daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa wani. <ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504">{{Cite journal |last=Faw |first=Bob |date=May 4, 2012 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> [Lura 1][Lura 2][Lura 3] A cewar littafin Walter Pitts na 1996 Old Ship of Zion, ruhaniya wani nau'i ne na kiɗa wanda yake na asali kuma takamaiman ga kwarewar addini na bayi na Afirka da zuriyarsu a Amurka. Pitts ya ce sun kasance sakamakon hulɗar kiɗa da addini daga Afirka tare da kiɗa da addinin asalin Turai. : 74 {{Rp|74}} A cikin wata hira da PBS ta Mayu 2012, Uzee Brown Jr. ya ce ruhaniya sune "kaya aiki na rayuwa ga bawa na Afirka".<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504">{{Cite journal |last=Faw |first=Bob |date=May 4, 2012 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> Brown ya ce yayin da wasu al'adun da aka zalunta "kusan an shafe su", bawan Afirka ya tsira saboda ruhaniya ta hanyar "raira waƙa ta yawancin matsalolinsu", ta hanyar kirkirar nasu "hanyar sadarwa".<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504" /> Mutanen da aka bautar sun gabatar da sabbin kayan kida da yawa zuwa Amurka: ƙasusuwa, ƙwanƙwasa jiki, da kayan aiki daban-daban da ake kira bania, banju, ko banjar, wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa ga banjo amma ba tare da frets ba.<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504">{{Cite journal |last=Faw |first=Bob |date=May 4, 2012 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 20, 2018}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFaw2012">Faw, Bob (May 4, 2012). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ "African-American Spirituals"]. ''[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]]''. [[PBS]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Sun kawo tare da su daga Afirka al'adun addini na dogon lokaci wanda ya nuna muhimmancin ba da labari.<ref name="PBS_Abernethy_20050826">{{Cite journal |last=Abernethy |first=Bob |date=August 26, 2005 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2005/08/26/august-26-2005-african-american-spirituals/10900/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NHC_Q&A_forum_200010">{{Cite web |date=October 2000 |title=African-American Religion |url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/getback/gbafricanam.htm |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[National Humanities Center]] |series=Getting Back To You – Divining America: Religion in American History}}</ref> Shaidar muhimmiyar rawar da kiɗa na Afirka ya taka wajen kirkirar ruhaniya ta Afirka ta wanzu, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a cikin amfani da "rhythms mai rikitarwa" da "polyrhythms" daga Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="Nketia_1973">{{Cite journal |last=Nketia |first=J.H. Kwanbena |date=1978 |title=The Study of African and Afro-American Music |journal=Black Perspectives in Music |volume=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.2307/1214119 |jstor=1214119}}</ref> : 7–15 {{Rp|7–15}} === Addini a rayuwar yau da kullun === Dangane da imanin [[Bauta|Addinin bawa]], "abubuwa da ruhaniya suna cikin haɗin kai".<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" /> Kiɗa, addini, da rayuwar yau da kullun ba za a iya raba su ba a cikin ruhaniya, kuma ta hanyar su, an shigar da manufofin addini cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullum.<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015">{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=Thomas P. |date=2015 |title=Spatial Dialectics |url=https://www.academia.edu/12335806 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=363–383 |doi=10.1177/0021934715574499 |issn=0021-9347 |s2cid=146488455 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :{{Rp|372}} Ruhaniya sun ba da wasu rigakafi don kare addinin Afirka na Amurka daga zama mulkin mallaka, kuma ta wannan hanyar sun adana "mai tsarki a matsayin wuri mai yuwuwa na juriya".<ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" /> :{{Rp|372}} Wani labarin 2015 a cikin Journal of Black Studies ya ce ba abin mamaki ba ne saboda haka "an raira waƙoƙin ruhaniya da farko a matsayin waƙoƙun motsa jiki, waƙoƙan filin, waƙoƙi na aiki, da waƙoƙen zamantakewa, maimakon kawai a cikin coci. " <ref name="JBS_Barker_2015" />:{{Rp|372}} Labarin ya bayyana yadda, "ta hanyar amfani da metonymy (ya maye gurbin kalmomin da aka haɗa don canza abubuwan da ke cikin ma'ana), ruhaniya sun yi aiki a matsayin nau'in ilimin addini, suna iya magana a lokaci guda game da 'yanci na zahiri da' yanci na ruhaniya", misali a cikin ruhaniya, "Sashe zuwa Yesu". : 372 {{Rp|372}} A cikin William Eleazar Barton's (1899-1972) Old Plantation Hymns, marubucin ya rubuta cewa "waƙoƙin Afirka na Afirka ba sa ambaton Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin tushen wahayi. Sun fi son "addini na zuciya" fiye da "addini mai littafi". Barton, wanda ya halarci hidima tare da 'yan Afirka na Amirka, ya ce ba su raira waƙoƙin "allaka" waɗanda suka ƙarfafa "ta' tabbaci ta hanyar alkawarin Allah a cikin Nassi Mai Tsarki"; maimakon haka, a cikin waƙoƙarcen Afirka-Amurka, suna kira ga ƙarin "bayani daga Ubangiji. "Ya ambaci misalai na "Mu Wasu daga cikin Masu Addu'a" da kuma waƙar yabo daga Alabama - "Saɓi kambi mai taurari". Ya kuma lura cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin suna da "maimaitawa uku da layin ƙarshe. ": 16 A cikin ƙarshen, mun sami "sanannen juyawa da haɗin kai" na Ba'amurke. Ruhaniya ba kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙoƙi ko labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba ne, amma a maimakon haka sauye-sauye ne na kayan; sabbin waƙoƙoƙi da kiɗa, da kuma bambance-bambance na salon sun taimaka wajen ware kiɗa a matsayin Afirka-Amurka. Babban farkawa na farko, ko "farkawar bishara" - jerin farkawar Kirista a cikin shekarun 1730 da 1740 sun mamaye Biritaniya da yankunanta na Arewacin Amurka, ya haifar da bayi da yawa a cikin yankuna suna juyawa zuwa Kristanci.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals |url=http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041456/http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |website=spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com |series=Spotlight on music |publisher=McGraw Hill}} A connectED program for Grades 1–8.</ref> A wannan lokacin masu wa'azi na Baptist da Methodist sun tuba da 'yan Afirka na Afirka, gami da wadanda suka zama bayi. A wasu al'ummomi an yarda da 'yan Afirka a cikin al'ummomin Kirista a matsayin dattawa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Thomas S. Kidd}}</ref> Daga 1800 zuwa 1825 an fallasa bayi ga kiɗa na addini na tarurrukan sansanin a kan iyakar da ke fadadawa.<ref name="NMAAHC_2012">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Celebrating Black Music Month |url=http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132952/http://nmaahc.si.edu/Blog/blackmusicmonth |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] |quote=Sacred music, which includes spirituals and gospel music, illustrates the central role that music plays in African American spiritual and religious life. The earliest form of black musical expression in America, spirituals were based on Christian psalms and hymns and were merged with African music styles and secular American music forms. Spirituals were originally an oral tradition and imparted Christian values while also defining the hardships of slavery.}}</ref> Yayinda al'adun addinai na Afirka suka ragu a Amurka a ƙarni na 18 da 19, yawancin 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka fara juyawa zuwa Kiristanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Frank |date=Winter 2002 |title='I Saw the Book Talk': Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening |journal=The Journal of African American History |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv87n1p12 |jstor=1562488 |s2cid=142221704}}</ref> A cikin wani 1982 "rashin amincewa" na malaman farkawa, masanin tarihin Jami'ar Yale, Jon Butler, ya rubuta cewa farkawa tatsuniyar ce da masana tarihi suka gina a karni na 18 wadanda suka yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da labarin farkawa don nasu "ma'anar addini".<ref name="JAH_Butler_198209">{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Butler |date=September 1982 |title=Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction |journal=Journal of American History |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=305–325 |doi=10.2307/1893821 |jstor=1893821}}</ref> === Jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki === A karni na 17, 'yan Afirka masu bautar sun saba da labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista, kamar labarin [[Musa]] da Daniyel, suna ganin labaran kansu sun nuna a cikinsu. Wani nau'i na Kiristanci na Afirka ya samo asali ne a cikin yawan bayi tare da ruhaniya na Afirka na Amurka wanda ke ba da hanyar "bayyana sabuwar bangaskiyar al'umma, da kuma baƙin ciki da fatanta".<ref name="LOC_SOA_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/ritual-and-worship/spirituals |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |series=The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America}}</ref> Yayin da 'yan Afirka suka fallasa labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun fara ganin kamanceceniya da abubuwan da suka faru. Labarin gudun hijira na Yahudawa da bautar da suka yi a Babila, ya yi daidai da bautar kansu.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals |url=http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041456/http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |website=spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com |series=Spotlight on music |publisher=McGraw Hill}} A connectED program for Grades 1–8.</ref> Kalmomin ruhaniya na Kirista suna nuni da siffofi na alama na siffofin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kamar [[Musa]] da Fitowa Isra'ila daga Misira a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Michael Row the Boat Ashore". Har ila yau, akwai nau'i biyu a cikin kalmomin ruhaniya. Sun sanar da ra'ayoyin Kirista da yawa yayin da suke sadarwa game da wahalar da ta haifar da zama bawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.negrospirituals.com/history.htm |access-date=February 15, 2010}}</ref> Kogin Jordan a cikin waƙoƙin addini na gargajiya na Afirka ya zama iyaka ta alama ba kawai tsakanin wannan duniya da na gaba ba. Hakanan yana iya nuna alamar tafiya zuwa arewa da 'yanci ko kuma yana iya nuna iyaka mai ban mamaki daga matsayin bautar zuwa rayuwa kyauta. Syncopation, ko lokaci mai tsayi, wani bangare ne na halitta na kiɗa na ruhaniya. An buga waƙoƙi a kan kayan kida na Afirka. == Tarin kalmomin ruhaniya == Masu ruhaniya na Afirka-Amurka suna da alaƙa da waƙoƙin shuka, waƙoƙun bayi, waƙoƙi na 'yanci, da waƙoƙoƙin Railway na karkashin kasa, kuma suna magana har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, an sami "tattarawa mai yawa da adana ruhaniya a matsayin al'adar waƙoƙin gargajiya". An buga tarin farko na Negro spirituals a 1867, shekaru biyu bayan yakin ya ƙare. An kira shi Slave Songs of the United States, an tattara shi ne ta hanyar 'yan abolitionist uku na arewa - Charles Pickard Ware (1840-1921), Lucy McKim Garrison (1842-1877), William Francis Allen (1830-1889) Tarin 1867 da aka gina akan dukan tarin Charles P. Ware, wanda yafi tattara waƙoƙi a Coffin's Point, St. Helena Island, South Carolina, gidan mutanen Afirka-Amurka [[Gullah]] da suka fito daga Afirka ta Yamma. Yawancin littafin 1867 sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin da aka tattara kai tsaye daga 'yan Afirka na Afirka.<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> A cikin shekarun 1830 aƙalla, "waƙoƙin shuka", "waƙoƙi na bawa na gaskiya", da "Melodies Negro", sun zama sananne sosai. A ƙarshe, an halicci "kayan kwaikwayon ƙarya" don ƙarin "ɗanɗano mai ban sha'awa". Marubutan sun lura cewa "Lokacin da suka gabata", "Kusa da tafkin inda willow ya nutse", da kuma "Hanyar da za ta sauka a Raccoon Hollow" an aro su ne daga waƙoƙin Afirka na Amurka.<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> An sake sha'awar waɗannan waƙoƙin ta hanyar Gwajin Port Royal (1861-), inda sabbin ma'aikatan gonar Afirka ta Amurka suka sami nasarar karɓar aikin gonakin Port Royal Island a 1861, inda aka bautar da su. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Arewa, malamai da likitoci sun zo don kula da ci gaban Port Royal. Marubutan sun lura cewa, a shekara ta 1867, "na farko bakwai na ruhaniya a cikin wannan tarin" an "raira waƙa a coci a kai a kai".<ref name="Slave_songs_1867" /> A cikin 1869, Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, wanda ya umarci rundunar Afirka ta farko ta yakin basasa, 1st South Carolina Volunteers - "an tattara, an horar da shi, kuma an ajiye shi a Beaufort, South Carolina" daga 1862 zuwa 1863. Higginson ya yi sha'awar tsoffin bayi a cikin rundunarsa yana cewa, "Halin su ne a ƙarƙashin makamai wanda ya kunyata al'ummar ta gane su a matsayin maza. "Ya haɗu da sojoji kuma a cikin littafinsa na 1869 Army Life in a Black Regiment wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin zaɓaɓɓun ruhaniya. <ref name="Atlantic_Higginson_1867" /> A lokacin yakin basasa, Higginson ya rubuta wasu abubuwan ruhaniya da ya ji a sansanin. "Kusan dukkanin waƙoƙin su na addini ne sosai a cikin sautin su, ...kuma suna cikin ƙaramin maɓalli, duka game da kalmomi da kiɗa. " Farawa a 1871, Fisk Jubilee Singers sun fara yawon shakatawa, suna haifar da ƙarin sha'awa ga "ruhaniya a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na kide-kide". A shekara ta 1872, Jubilee Singers suna buga nasu littattafan waƙoƙi, wanda ya haɗa da "The Gospel Train". {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}  Reverend Alexander Reid ya halarci wasan kwaikwayon Fisk Jubilee Singers a 1871, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa su kara waƙoƙi da yawa ga repertoire. Reid, wanda ya kasance mai kula a Kwalejin Spencerville a Oklahoma a yankin Choctaw Nation a cikin shekarun 1850, ya ji ma'aikata biyu da mutanen Choctaw suka bautar, - dangin Afirka-Amurka - mahaifin Wallace Willis da 'yar Minerva Willis - suna raira "waƙoƙin shuka da suka fi so" daga ƙofar gidansu da yamma. Sun koyi waƙoƙin a cikin "Mississippi a farkon ƙuruciyarsu. " Reid ya ba wa mawaƙa na Jubilee tare da kalmomin "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot", Roll, Jordan, Roll, "The Angels are Coming", "I'm a Rolling", da "Steal Away To Jesus", da sauransu da Willis da matarsa suka raira waƙa. Masu raira waƙa na Jubilee sun shahara da waƙoƙin Willis.{{Rp|}} {{Reflist}} == Yaduwa == === Fisk Jubilee Waƙoƙi da suka shahara da ruhaniya === [[Fayil:The_Story_of_the_Jubilee_Singers.jpg|left|thumb|Masu raira waƙa na Jubilee na Fisk, 1875]] Mawallafin Fisk Jubilee na asali, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta maza da mata masu yawon shakatawa na ɗalibai tara na sabuwar makarantar Fisk da aka kafa a Nashville, Tennessee waɗanda suka kasance masu aiki daga 1871 zuwa 1878, sun shahara da Negro spirituals.<ref name="FJS_history_2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Our History |url=http://www.fiskjubileesingers.org/our_history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321165614/http://www.fiskjubileesingers.org/our_history.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |website=Fisk Jubilee Singers}}</ref> Sunan "jubilee" yana nufin "shekarar jubilee" a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]] - lokacin 'yancin bayi. A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1866, jim kadan bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka (1861 zuwa 9 ga Mayu, 1865), Ƙungiyar Mishaneri ta Amurka ta kafa Jami'ar Fisk a Nashville, Tennessee, [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi]]. A matsayinta na mai tara kudade a makaranta, Fisk Jubilee Singers sun yi rangadin su na farko a kan abin da ake kira yanzu Jubilee Day - 6 ga Oktoba, 1871. <ref name="FJS_history_2006" /> Masu sauraro na farko sun kasance ƙananan, na gida, kuma masu shakku, amma a shekara ta 1872, sun yi a bikin zaman lafiya na duniya na Boston da kuma Fadar White House, kuma a shekara ta 1879 sun zagaya Turai.<ref name="FJS_history_2006" /> A farkon kwanakin su, Jubilee Singers ba su raira waƙoƙin bayi ba. Sheppard - wanda kuma ya kirkiro kuma ya shirya kiɗa - ya bayyana yadda waƙoƙin bayi, kamar waɗanda aka buga a cikin ''Waƙoƙin Bawa'' na 1867, da farko ba su kasance wani ɓangare na waƙoƙinsu ba saboda waƙoƙinsa, "sun kasance masu tsarki ga iyayensu, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su a cikin bautar addininsu kuma suka yi ihu a kansu". Shephard ya ce, "Sannu bayan watanni ne kawai zukatanmu suka buɗe ga tasirin waɗannan abokai kuma mun fara godiya ga kyakkyawa da ikon waƙoƙinanmu masu ban mamaki". A ƙarshe waƙoƙinku sun fara haɗa waɗannan waƙoƙoninmu. A shekara ta 1878, ƙungiyar mawaƙan (Singers) ta watse. A shekara ta 1890 kuma, an farfaɗo da gadon da suka bari lokacin da Ella Sheppard Moore—ɗaya daga cikin asalin mambobi tara na Fisk Jubilee Singers—ta koma Fisk, ta fara horas da sabbin mawaƙan jubilee, ciki har da John Wesley Work Jr. (1871–1925). A shekara ta 1899, shugaban Fisk University, E. M. Cravath, ya yi kira da a kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙan jubilee mai haɗa maza da mata wadda za ta riƙa yin rangadi domin wakiltar jami'ar. Sai dai cikakkiyar ƙungiyar maza da mata ta yi tsadar da ba za a iya ci gaba da kai ta yawon waƙa ba, don haka aka maye gurbinta da ƙungiyar mawaƙa huɗu maza ta John Work II. Wannan ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa sosai daga jama'a, kuma daga baya ta yi jerin rikodin waƙoƙi masu matuƙar sayuwa ga kamfanonin Victor, Edison, Columbia, da Starr tsakanin shekarun 1909 zuwa 1916. John Work Jr.—wanda kuma ake kira John Work II—ya shafe kusan shekaru talatin yana aiki a Fisk University, inda ya tattara tare da yaɗa salon waƙoƙin jubilee na asalin Fisk Jubilee Singers. A shekara ta 1901 kuma, shi da ɗan'uwansa, Frederick J. Work, sun wallafa littafin mai suna New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers, wanda ya ƙunshi sabbin waƙoƙin jubilee kamar yadda Fisk Jubilee Singers suke rerawa. Daga 1890 zuwa 1919, "Amurkawa na Afirka sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar rikodin a cikin shekarun da suka fara", tare da rikodin da Fisk Jubilee Singers da sauransu suka yi. === Masu raira waƙa na Hampton === A shekara ta 1873, Hampton Singers sun kafa rukuni a Hampton, Virginia a abin da yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Hampton. Su ne rukuni na farko da suka yi "tsayayya da Jubilee Singers". Tare da Robert Nathaniel Dett (1882-1943) a matsayin mai gudanarwa har zuwa 1933, Hampton Singers "sun sami mabiya na duniya".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> === Cibiyar Tuskegee Quartet === An shirya Tuskegee Quartet na farko a cikin 1884 ta hanyar Booker T. Washington, wanda shi ne kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Tuskegee. Tun daga shekara ta 1881, Washington ta nace cewa duk wanda ke halartar hidimar addini ta mako-mako ya kamata ya shiga cikin waƙoƙin ruhaniya na Afirka. An kafa Quartet don "tabbatar da sha'awar Cibiyar Tuskegee". A cikin 1909 an kafa sabon quartet. Mawakin sun yi tafiya a hankali har zuwa shekarun 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choir History |url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/join-a-student-organization/choir/choir-history |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210303175441/https://www.tuskegee.edu/student-life/join-a-student-organization/choir/choir-history |archive-date=2021-03-03 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Tuskegee University}}</ref> Kamar Fisk Jubilee Singers, Tuskegee Institute Singers sun raira waƙoƙi na ruhaniya a cikin salon da aka gyara. === Hadisin ruhaniya na kide-kide === Mawallafin Afirka na Amurka - Harry Burleigh, R. Nathaniel Dett, da William Dawson, sun kirkiro "sabon repertoire don matakin kide-kide" ta hanyar amfani da ilimin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai ga ruhaniya. Sun kawo ruhaniya zuwa saitunan kide-kide kuma sun jagoranci ƙarni na gaba na ƙwararrun mawaƙa na ruhaniya tun daga farkon karni na 20. [[Fayil:Maud_Cuney_Hare-Harry_T_Burleigh_328.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Harry T. Burleigh, 1936]] Harry Burleigh's (1866-1949) - wani mawaki na gargajiya na Afirka-Amurka da baritone da aka yi a cikin saitunan kide-kide da yawa da aka buga Jubilee Songs of the United States a 1929, wanda ya sanya "ruhaniya ga mawaƙa na kide-kiye a matsayin waƙoƙin fasaha a karon farko". :{{Rp|102}} Burleigh ya shirya ruhaniya tare da tsari na gargajiya. Ya kuma kasance baritone, wanda ya yi a wurare da yawa na kide-kide. Ya gabatar da masu zane-zane masu horar da gargajiya, kamar Antonín Dvořák ga masu ruhaniya na Afirka. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa Dvorak ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ruhaniya a cikin Symphony From the New World . Ya horar da 'yan Afirka na Afirka, kamar [[Marian Anderson]], a matsayin mawaƙa na gargajiya. Sauran, kamar Roland Hayes da Paul Robeson sun ci gaba da gadonsa. {{Rp|284}}<ref name="AMRC_Glover_1998" /> [[Fayil:Robert_Nathaniel_Dett.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Nathaniel Dett a cikin 1920s]] R. Nathaniel Dett (1882-1943) an san shi da shirye-shiryen da ya yi wanda ya haɗa da kiɗa da ruhun mawaƙa na Romantic na Turai tare da ruhaniya na Afirka. A shekara ta 1918, ya ce, "Muna da wannan kantin sayar da kiɗa na gargajiya - waƙoƙin bayi" amma ba zai da amfani idan ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Dole ne mu bi da ruhaniya "a irin wannan hanyar da za a iya gabatar da shi a cikin nau'in mawaƙa, a cikin ayyukan lyric da operatic, a cikin kide-kide da suites da kiɗa na salon". :{{Rp|280}} R. Nathaniel Dett ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Edward Boatner (1898-1981), wani mawaki na Afirka na Amurka wanda ya rubuta shirye-shiryen kide-kide da yawa na ruhaniya.<ref name="Southern_1997" /> Boatner da Willa A. Townsend sun buga Spirituals triumphant old and new a 1927. Boatner "ya ci gaba da muhimmancin sahihanci game da tarin da rubutun ruhaniya, amma kuma an gano shi a sarari tare da sababbin hanyoyin da aka tsara su kuma aka yi su".<ref name="AMRC_Glover_1998" /> : 102 {{Rp|102}} William L. Dawson (1876 - 1938), mawaƙi, darektan mawaƙa, farfesa na kiɗa, kuma Masanin kiɗa, an san shi, a tsakanin sauran nasarorin, don gabatarwa ta duniya ta Orchestra na Philadelphia na 1934 Negro Folk Symphony wanda aka sake shi tare da ƙarin rhythms na Afirka a 1952 bayan tafiyar Dawson zuwa Afirka ta Yamma. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan ruhaniya shine "Ezekiel Saw the Wheel". <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Eileen Southern}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=William Levi |date=July 24, 2006 |title=William Levi Dawson papers, 1903–1990 |url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/dawson892/ |website=findingaids.library.emory.edu}}</ref>{{Spaced en dash}} == Ruhaniya a rayuwar zamani == Fisk ''Jubilee'' Singers sun ci gaba da kula da shahararsu a karni na 21 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye a wurare kamar Grand Ole Opry House a cikin 2019 a Nashville, Tennessee . A cikin 2019 Tazewell Thompson ya gabatar da wani kiɗa na cappella mai suna Jubilee, wanda kyauta ce ga Fisk Jubilee Singers . Ruhaniya ta kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci musamman a cikin ƙananan majami'u masu baƙar fata, sau da yawa Baptist ko Pentecostal, a cikin zurfin Kudu.<ref name="Banks">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals (unable to access title, author, date, live url) |url=http://archive.sltrib.com/printfriendly.php?id=2918780&itype=ngpsid |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> Rabin ƙarshen karni na 20 ya ga sake farfado da ruhaniya. Wannan yanayin ya sami tasiri sosai daga mawaƙa da daraktocin kiɗa kamar Moses Hogan da Brazeal Dennard. Arthur Jones ya kafa "The Spirituals Project" a Jami'ar Denver a 1999 don taimakawa wajen kiyaye saƙo da ma'anar waƙoƙin da suka ƙaura daga filayen Kudu zuwa dakunan kide-kide na Arewa.<ref name="Banks">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals (unable to access title, author, date, live url) |url=http://archive.sltrib.com/printfriendly.php?id=2918780&itype=ngpsid |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> Everett McCorvey ya kafa The American Spiritual Ensemble <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASE |url=https://www.americanspiritualensemble.com/ |website=American Spiritual Ensemble}}</ref> a cikin 1995, ƙungiyar kusan mawaƙa masu sana'a guda biyu waɗanda ke zagayawa suna yin ruhaniya a Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Kungiyar ta samar da CD da yawa, gami da "The Spirituals", kuma ita ce mayar da hankali ga shirin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a. <ref name="Gospel_Singers">{{Cite web |date= |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Singers: Primarily a capela}}[https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ www.singers.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2023 |title=KET Documentaries &#124; American Spiritual Ensemble &#124; KET |url=https://video.ket.org/video/american-spiritual-ensemble-pj9ksm/ |via=video.ket.org}}</ref> == Asalin salo da halaye == Halayen ruhaniya sun haɗa da ƙwarewar haɗakar muryoyi, lokaci, da kuma sautin sauti.<ref name="PBS_Faw_20120504">{{Cite journal |last=Faw |first=Bob |date=May 4, 2012 |title=African-American Spirituals |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/05/04/may-4-2012-african-american-spirituals/10896/ |journal=[[Religion & Ethics Newsweekly]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> Na ruhaniya sun kasance waƙoƙi ne da ba a haɗa su ba. Ana iya rage saurin a wasu waƙoƙi a wasu lokuta - ''Ritararando'' - kamar yadda yake a cikin "waƙoƙin makoki" da / ko nuna "kyakkyawan da haɗuwa da muryoyin".<ref name="JSAM_Graham_201205">{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |date=May 2012 |title=There Breathes a Hope: The Legacy of John Work II and His Fisk Jubilee Quartet, 1909–1916 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-society-for-american-music/article/abs/there-breathes-a-hope-the-legacy-of-john-work-ii-and-his-fisk-jubilee-quartet-19091916-archeophone-arch-5020-2010/090B47B50CB7C3FB065B0FFEC2472260 |journal=Journal of the Society for American Music |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1017/S1752196312000107 |issn=1752-1971 |s2cid=190735108 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref> Tare da "kira kawai da amsawar hadin kai", waƙoƙi na iya haɗawa da "ƙididdigar da ke rufewa, da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa. "<ref name="JSAM_Graham_201205">{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Sandra Jean |date=May 2012 |title=There Breathes a Hope: The Legacy of John Work II and His Fisk Jubilee Quartet, 1909–1916 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-society-for-american-music/article/abs/there-breathes-a-hope-the-legacy-of-john-work-ii-and-his-fisk-jubilee-quartet-19091916-archeophone-arch-5020-2010/090B47B50CB7C3FB065B0FFEC2472260 |journal=Journal of the Society for American Music |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1017/S1752196312000107 |issn=1752-1971 |s2cid=190735108 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref> Asalin salo ya haɗa da kiɗa na Afirka, Waƙoƙin Kirista, waƙoƙi na aiki, mai kuka, . Masanin tarihi Jonathan Curiel ya kuma lura da yiwuwar tasirin daga kiɗa na Islama. A cewar wani littafin McGraw Hill don makarantar sakandare, "An raira waƙoƙi na ruhaniya a matsayin waƙoƙoƙi da waƙoƙa. Wasu ruhaniya an daidaita su a matsayin waƙoƙin aiki.<ref name="McGrawHill_AAS">{{Cite web |title=African American Spirituals |url=http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041456/http://spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com/n/teachers/articles/folk-and-traditional-styles/african-american-spirituals |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |website=spotlightonmusic.macmillanmh.com |series=Spotlight on music |publisher=McGraw Hill}} A connectED program for Grades 1–8.</ref> Black spirituals "amfani da microtonally flatted notes, syncopation da counter-rhythms alama da hannu a cikin baƙar fata ruhaniya wasan kwaikwayo. " <ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Yana tsaye ne ga mawaƙa's striking murya murya muryar murya cewa siffofi da ihu, exclamations na kalmar "Glory! "da kuma sautin falsetto mai tsayi da tsayi".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016" /> Za'a iya gano abubuwa masu yawa na ruhaniya da sauti zuwa tushen Afirka, gami da amfani da sikelin pentatonic (maɓallan baki akan piano). A cikin littafinsa na 1954 Studies in African Music, Arthur Morris Jones (1889-1980), mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje kuma masanin ilimin kabilanci, ya ce a cikin kiɗa na Afirka, "mai rikitarwa na bambancin alamu" ya kasance tsakiya ga kiɗa na Afrika, kamar yadda aka kimanta jituwa a cikin kiɗan Turai. Jones ya bayyana drum shine mafi girman furcin rhythms, amma kuma ana iya samar da su ta hanyar bugawa da hannu, bugawa da sanda, rattles, da kuma "bugawa da pestles a cikin turmi". : 26 [Lura 1] A tsawon lokaci "al'adar kide-kide ta samo asali," <ref name="Gospel_Singers">{{Cite web |date= |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Singers: Primarily a capela}}[https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ www.singers.com]</ref> wanda ya haɗa da aikin Hampton Singers a ƙarƙashin mawaƙa R. Nathaniel Dett.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, mawaƙa, kamar su Moses Hogan, Roland Carter, Jester Hairston, Brazeal Dennard da Wendell Whalum sun canza "shirye-shiryen cappella na ruhaniya don mawaƙa" fiye da "tushen waƙoƙin gargajiya na gargajiya".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bach,_Komm,_Jesu_komm.png|thumb]] === Kira da amsawa === Farfesa na Jami'ar Denver, Arthur Jones, wanda ya kafa "The Spirituals Project a cikin 1998, daga makarantar Lamont ta jami'a, ya bayyana yadda za a iya gabatar da kalmomin da aka ƙayyade a cikin kira da amsawa, wanda kawai masu hankali da ke sane da saƙon da aka ɓoye zasu iya fahimta. : 51, 55 Ya bayyana "abubuwan ruhaniya da suka riga sun kasance" an yi amfani da su "a ɓoye" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da mutane suka yi amfani da shi a cikin "gwagwarmayar da yawa don 'yanci. "<ref name="Jones_1993" />{{Rp|51, 55}}<ref name="Gospel_Singers">{{Cite web |date= |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=Singers: Primarily a capela}}[https://www.singers.com/gospel/spirituals/ www.singers.com]</ref> === Waƙoƙin baƙin ciki === Waƙoƙin bayi an kira su "Waƙoƙin Gobe" ta [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] a cikin littafinsa, littafin 1903, The Souls of Black Folk . <ref name="APT_Kirkland_2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |date=Summer 2015 |title=Sorrow Songs and Self-Knowledge: The Politics of Recognition and Tragedy in W.E.B. Du Bois's ''Souls of Black Folk'' |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/682046?mobileUi=0 |journal=American Political Thought |volume=4 |pages=412–437 |doi=10.1086/682046 |s2cid=155920736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waƙoƙin baƙin ciki na ruhaniya ne, kamar, "Wani lokaci Ina Jin Kamar Yaro marar Uwa", da kuma "Babu Wanda Ya San Matsalar da Na gani" - waƙoƙin da ke da ƙarfi da baƙin ciki - ana rera su a hankali.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> === Waƙoƙin Jubilee === [[Fayil:Fisk_jubilee_singers_come_let_us_all_go_down_00987787_4834_0178.jpg|thumb]] Fisk Jubilee Singers sun yi nasara sosai har aka halicci wasu kungiyoyi don yin irin wannan kiɗa.<ref name="Ginell">{{Cite web |last=Ginell |first=Cary |title=Golden Gate Quartet: Gospel Train (1937–1942) |url=https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.120731&catNum=120731&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci an yi amfani da kalmar "jubilee" don komawa ga wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka raira waƙoƙin rukunin asali.<ref name="Ginell" /> A farkon shekarun 1900 mawaƙa na jubilee sun kuma ambaci mawaƙa waɗanda suka yi waƙoƙin bishara, da waƙoƙi da na ruhaniya.<ref name="Ginell" /> Misalan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin farkon ƙarni na sha tara sun haɗa da Norfolk Jubilee Quartet, Utica Jubilee Singers, da Tuskegee Institute Singers . <ref name="Ginell" /> Jubilee songs, also known as "camp meeting songs," such as and "[https://hymnary.org/text/fare_ye_well_fare_ye_well_fare_ye_well_f Fare Ye Well]" and "Rocky my soul in the bosom of Abraham" are fast-paced, "rhythmic and often syncopated".<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Spiritual songs which looked forward to a time of future happiness, or deliverance from tribulation, were often known as 'jubilees.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A wasu majami'u, kamar cocin Pentecostal a cikin 1910s da 1920s a [[New Orleans]], babu wani kwayar halitta ko mawaƙa kuma kiɗa ya fi ƙarfi, ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma ya haɗa da saurin ruhaniya da ake kira "jubilees". Sun "yi amfani da drum, cymbal, tambourine, da triangle na ƙarfe. Kowa a can ya raira waƙa, kuma sun yi bulala da ƙafafunsu, kuma sun raira waƙa tare da dukkan jikinsu. Suna da bugun, rhythm da muka riƙe daga kwanakin bautar, kuma kiɗan su yana da ƙarfi da bayyanawa. "<ref name="Broughton_1985">{{Cite book|last3=Viv Broughton}}</ref>{{Rp|52–53}} === Waƙoƙin 'yanci === [[Fayil:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg|right|thumb|Frederick Douglass]] Frederick Douglass, wani abolitionist kuma tsohon bawa ya ce waƙoƙin bayi sun farka shi ga halin rashin mutunci na bautar, "Kamarwa kawai, har ma yanzu, yana wahalar ruhuna, kuma yayin da nake rubuta waɗannan layin, hawaye na suna fadowa. Ga waɗancan waƙoƙin na gano ra'ayoyi na farko game da halin rashin mutunci na bautar. Ba zan iya kawar da wannan ra'ayi ba. Wadannan waƙoƙin har yanzu suna bin ni, don zurfafa ƙiyayya da bautar, da kuma hanzarta jinƙai ga 'yan'uwana da ke cikin dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederick Douglass |year=1855 |title=My Bondage and My Freedom |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/202/202-h/202-h.htm |access-date=June 6, 2013 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> A cikin 2017 ''PBS Newshour'', ɓangaren da ake kira "Singing in Slavery: Songs of Survival, Songs of Freedom" ya ce, yayin da "ba a tabbatar da shi ba, an yi imani" - cewa "Wade in the Water" yana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da Underground Railroad - cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin sirri da gidaje masu aminci da bayi a Amurka ke amfani da su don neman 'yanci. gargadi bayi su fita daga hanya kuma su shiga cikin ruwa don hana karnuka - waɗanda masu bautar ke amfani da su - daga bin hanyarsu.<ref name="PBS_Berry_20170123" /> : 18 {{Rp|18}} Jones ya bayyana yadda a cikin shekarun Railroad na karkashin kasa "an riga an yi amfani da ruhaniya" "a ɓoye" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da mutane suka yi amfani da su a cikin "gwagwarmayar da aka yi amfani da ita don 'yanci". : 51, 55 Ya bayyana yadda za a iya gabatar da kalmomin da aka ƙayyade a cikin kira da amsawa, wanda kawai masu ciki suka san saƙon da aka ɓoye. : 51, 55 {{Rp|51, 55}} Wani hadin gwiwa da Maryland Public Television, Maryland Historical Society, da Maryland State Archives suka yi mai taken "Hanyar zuwa 'Yanci: Maryland da Jirgin Ruwa na Ƙasa" sun haɗa da wani sashi kan yadda waƙoƙin da bayi da yawa suka sani suna da "ma'anar sirri" cewa za a iya amfani da su don nuna abubuwa da yawa. " An yi imanin cewa wasu waƙoƙi sun ƙunshi bayyane umarni ga bayi masu gudu game da yadda za a guje wa kamawa da kuma hanyar da za a bi don samun nasarar samun 'yanci.<ref name="Ponomarenko_2001">{{Cite web |last=Ponomarenko |first=John |date=2001 |title=Understanding pages: coded |url=http://www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/Understandingpages/coded.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724090201/http://www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/Understandingpages/coded.htm |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=8 August 2008 |series=Soul Review}}</ref><ref name="negrospirituals">{{Cite web |title=The Official Site of the Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music |url=http://www.negrospirituals.com/ |website=www.negrospirituals.com}}</ref> Sauran ruhaniya waɗanda wasu suka yi imanin suna da saƙonnin da aka ƙayyade sun haɗa da "The Gospel Train", "Song of the Free", da kuma "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot", "Bollow the Drinking Gourd".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Follow the Drinking Gourd"—African American Spiritual |url=http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkc/sources/bkc_template.jsp?name=spiritual&state=ca |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150402164323/http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkc/sources/bkc_template.jsp?name=spiritual&state=ca |archive-date=2015-04-02 |website=www.eduplace.com}}</ref> James Kelley a cikin labarinsa na 2008 ya ce akwai rashin tushe don tabbatar da cewa akwai saƙo mai lamba a cikin "Bayan Gourd mai shan giya".<ref name="songstory">{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=James |date=April 2008 |title=Song, Story, or History: Resisting Claims of a Coded Message in the African American Spiritual "Follow the Drinking Gourd" |url=https://www.academia.edu/30498167 |journal=The Journal of Popular Culture |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=262–280 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2008.00502.x}} Kelley said that the 1928 popular account by H.B. Parks was implausible.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bresler |first=Joel |title=Follow the Drinking Gourd: A Cultural History |url=http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/ |access-date=May 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2012 |title=About the African-American Spiritual |url=http://www.charlestonspiritual.com/about/about-the-african-american-spiritual/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150402180204/http://www.charlestonspiritual.com/about/about-the-african-american-spiritual/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=November 20, 2018 |website=Charleston Spiritual Ensemble}}</ref> Wata kasida ta 1953 ta Sterling Brown ta ce akwai malamai waɗanda "sun yi imani da cewa lokacin da Negro ya raira waƙar 'yanci, yana nufin kawai abin da fararen ke nufi, wato' yanci daga zunubi. " <ref name="Brown_1953">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sterling Allen |date=Winter 1953 |title=Negro Folk Expression: Spirituals, Seculars, Ballads and Work Songs |url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/folkexpression.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150208182327/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/folkexpression.htm |archive-date=2015-02-08 |access-date=June 6, 2013 |website=University of Illinois, Department of English}}</ref> Brown ya ce, ga bautar ɗan' yanci zai ma'anar' yanci ካብ bautar. Lokacin da bawa ya raira waƙa, "An tsawata mini, an raina ni; an yi ni da wuya ka yi ka ba'a," ba wai kawai yana nufin 'yanci daga zunubi ba amma daga bautar jiki.<ref name="Brown_1953" /> Brown ya ambaci Douglass, yana cewa Kan'ana Tab tsaye ne ga Kanada; kuma "a sama da ɓoyayyen satire waƙoƙin ma sun kasance inabi don sadarwa. [[Harriet Tubman]], kanta da ake kira Musa na mutanenta, ta gaya mana cewa "Ku tafi Musa" an tsara shi a cikin jihohin bayi, amma duk da haka mutane sun raira shi".<ref name="Brown_1953" /><ref name="Brown_1953" /> Wani labarin Library of Congress na 2016 ya ce waƙoƙin Freedom da waƙoƙun zanga-zanga, kamar su, [[Bob Marley]]'s "Redemption Song" da Billy Bragg's "Sing their souls back home'" sun dogara ne akan ruhaniya na Afirka ta Amirka, kuma hakan ya zama tushen kiɗa na kiran dimokuradiyya a duniya.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Yawancin [[Wakar 'yanci|Waƙoƙin 'yanci]], kamar su "Oh, Freedom!" da "Eyes on the Prize," waɗanda suka bayyana ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama (1954-1968) an daidaita su daga wasu daga cikin ruhaniya na Afirka na farko. Wasu kamar su, "Za mu shawo kan," sun haɗu da waƙar bishara "Zan shawo kan Wata rana" tare da ruhaniya "[[I'll Be all right|Zan yi daidai]]"<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016" /><ref name="UT_MusicLibrary">{{Cite web |title=Wade in the Water |url=https://databases.lib.utk.edu/songdb/songdb.php?list=1&antitle=FREEDOM%20IS%20A%20CONSTANT%20STRUGGLE:%20SONGS%20OF%20THE%20FREEDOM%20MOVEMENT |website=University Libraries at the [[University of Tennessee]], Knoxville |series=Music Library UT Song Index}}</ref> A cikin tarihin 1927, The American Songbag, wanda Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), mawaki da masanin gargajiya na Amurka ya tattara, ya rubuta cewa "Ain' Go'n' to Study War No Mo'" misali ne na ruhaniya wanda 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka yi amfani da shi azaman waƙoƙin aiki. Ya ce, "Yayin da mawaƙa ke ci gaba, awa da awa, suna kawo layi daga wasu ruhaniya da yawa. Saurin yana da mahimmanci. Ba a taɓa yin farin ciki ba, duk da haka yana da ƙarfi a cikin motsi, tabbas game da bugun sa. Ayyukan waƙoƙi ne na ruhaniya. An furta War "waw" ko " kamar dai don yin rhyme tare da "saw". "Doki shine "hawss. "Kuma haka tare da tattalin arzikin Negro na kalmomi a cikin magana da waƙa. " : 480-481{{Rp|480–481}} === Masu kuka a filin === Kiɗa na filin, wanda aka fi sani da kiɗa na filin ruwa, wani nau'i ne na farko na kiɗa na Afirka ta Amirka, wanda aka bayyana a karni na 19. Mai kuka a filin sun kafa tushe ga blues, ruhaniya, kuma a ƙarshe rhythm da blues. Masu kuka a filin, masu kuka da masu kuka na bayi kuma daga baya masu cin gashin kansu da ke aiki a filayen auduga, ƙungiyoyin kurkuku, ƙungiyoyin jirgin ƙasa (masu rawa) ko sansanin turpentine sune farkon kira da amsawa masu ruhaniya na Afirka da kiɗa na bishara, ga ƙungiyoyin jug, minstrel shows, piano, kuma a ƙarshe ga blues, rhythm da blues, jazz da kiɗa ta Afirka gabaɗaya.<ref name="shaw" /> == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == Blues da waƙoƙin bishara sun samo asali ne daga ruhaniya na Afirka. [[Fayil:Twelve-Bar_Blues_Progression-rev.png|thumb]] === Rashin haske === A farkon shekarun 1960, Blues People by Amiri Baraka - sunan da aka zaba ga LeRoi Jones (1934-2014) - ya ba da tarihin 'yan Afirka ta hanyar kiɗan su, farawa da ruhaniya zuwa blues. A shekara ta 1967, Jones ya zama babban mai magana da yawun masu ilimi na Afirka, ya maye gurbin [[James Baldwin]], bisa ga bita na 1965 na Blues People. The blues form originated in the 1860s in the Deep South—[[South Carolina]], [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Texas]]—states that were most dependent on the [[Bauta a Amurka|slave labor]] on plantations and that held the largest number of enslaved people.<ref name="AAIHS">{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2018 |title=The Historical Roots of Blues Music |url=https://www.aaihs.org/the-historical-roots-of-blues-music/ |access-date=March 1, 2020 |publisher=[[African American Intellectual History Society]]}}</ref> The form was collectively developed by generations and communities of enslaved African Americans starting as "unaccompanied work-songs of the plantation culture".<ref name="Grove_Oliver">{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Oliver |title=Blues |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/03311 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 October 2015 |website=[[Grove Music Online]] |publisher=Oxford Music Online}}</ref> The historical roots of the blues have been traced farther back to West African sources by scholars such as Paul Oliver and Gerhard Kubik—with elements such as the "responsorial 'leader-and-chorus' form".<ref name="Grove_Oliver" />{{Rp|10–13}} The blues became the "most extensively recorded of all traditional music types" and since the "early 1960s,—the "most important single influence on the development of Western popular music,"<ref name="Grove_Oliver" /> and are now widespread.{{Rp|131}} [[Fayil:MamieSmith.png|left|thumb|Mamie Smith]] Lokacin da Mamie Smith ta Agusta 10, 1920, Okeh rikodin mawaƙa Perry Bradford's (1893-1970) New York City ''Crazy Blues'' ya zama nasarar kasuwanci, ya buɗe kasuwar rikodin kasuwanci don kiɗa ga masu sauraron Afirka na Afirka. <ref name="LOC_2005_Komara">{{Cite web |last=Komara |first=Ed |date=2005 |title="Crazy Blues"—Mamie Smith (1920) – Added to the National Registry: 2005 |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/CrazyBlues.pdf |access-date=August 9, 2020 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Kafin nasarar wannan rikodin, kamfanonin rikodin kasuwanci sun nuna mawaƙa na Afirka da ba na Afirka ba suna wasa da kiɗa na Afirka. : 343-345 Bradford's African-American band, the Jazz Hounds, "ya buga rayuwa, improvised", "unpredictable", "breakneck" kiɗa wanda ya kasance "bambanci mai ban sha'awa ga maɓallin maɓallin blues da fararen masu zane-zane suka fassara a cikin 1910s".<ref name="NYT_Brooks_20200810" /> Wani littafi na 1976, Stomping the Blues na Albert Murray, ya ce wannan hulɗa tsakanin Kiristanci da ruhaniya na Afirka ya faru ne kawai a Amurka. 'Yan Afirka da suka tuba zuwa Kristanci a wasu sassan duniya, har ma a [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da Latin Amurka, ba su samo asali daga wannan nau'i ba. Shahararren mawaƙin bishara Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972) yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kare waƙoƙin bishara. Ta ce, "Blues sune waƙoƙin fidda rai. Waƙoƙin Linjila sune waƙoƙi na bege. Lokacin da ka raira waƙar bishara kuna jin cewa akwai magani ga abin da ba daidai ba. " <ref name="Broughton_1985">{{Cite book|last3=Viv Broughton}}</ref>: 52 Horace Clarence Boyer ya gano fitowar kiɗa na Linjila a matsayin "style na kiɗa mai zurfi" zuwa Deep South a 1906 a cikin majami'u na Pentecostal. Ta hanyar Babban ƙaura na Ba'amurke na Afirka daga kudu zuwa arewa, musamman a cikin shekarun 1930, waƙoƙin bishara sun shiga "babban al'adun gargajiya na Amurka". Waƙoƙin Bishara sun kasance masu tasowa daga 1945 zuwa 1955 - "Golden Age of Gospel". Gospel Quartets, kamar [[Golden Gate Quartet]]">Golden Jubilee Quartet da Golden Gate Quartet, sun canza salon ruhaniya tare da sababbin su, salon jubilee wanda ya haɗa da sababbin jituwa, haɗin kai tare da shirye-shiryen sophisticated.<ref name="Ginell">{{Cite web |last=Ginell |first=Cary |title=Golden Gate Quartet: Gospel Train (1937–1942) |url=https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.120731&catNum=120731&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> Misali na kiɗan su shine wasan kwaikwayon "Oh, Jonah!" <ref name="Ginell" /> <ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> The Golden Gate Quartet - waɗanda suka kasance masu aiki daga 1934 zuwa ƙarshen 1940s - sun yi a cikin kide-kide ''Daga Ruhaniya zuwa Swing'' a Carnegie Hall a ƙarshen 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh Jonah! |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ftvbib000056/ |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> [[Zora Neale Hurston]], a cikin littafinta na 1938 The Sanctified Church, ta soki abin da ta kira "Glee Club style" na Fisk Jubilee Singers, Tuskegee Institute Quartet, da Hampton Singers a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta ce suna amfani da salon" wanda "ya cika da dabarun mawaƙa" waɗanda ba su da gaskiya ga asalinsu a cikin asalin ruhaniya na Afirka ta Amirka. Ana iya samun ainihin ruhaniya ne kawai a cikin "cocin Negro mara kyau". === Fararen ruhaniya === In his 1938 book, ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands'', Vanderbilt University's George Pullen Jackson in Nashville drew attention to the existence of a white spiritual genre which differed in many aspects from African American spirituals.<ref name="LOC_AAS_2016">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=African American Spirituals |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> The core of Jackson's argument, however, supported by many musical examples, is that African-American spirituals draw heavily on textual and melodic elements found in white hymns and spiritual songs. Jackson extended the term "spirituals" to a wider range of folk hymnody but this does not appear to have been widespread usage previously. The term, however, has often been broadened to include subsequent arrangements into more standard European-American hymnodic styles, and to include post-emancipation songs with stylistic similarities to the original African American spirituals.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Masanin tarihi [[Sylviane Diouf]] da masanin ilimin kabilanci Gerhard Kubik sun gano kiɗan Islama a matsayin tasiri. Diouf ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin kiran Islama ga addu'a (wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal ibn Rabah]], sanannen [[Musulunci a Afrika|Musulmi na Afirka]] na Abyssinian a farkon karni na 7) da kuma kiɗa na filin na ƙarni na 19, yana lura cewa duka biyu suna da irin waɗannan kalmomin da ke yabon Allah, waƙoƙi, canje-canje na lura, "kalmomin da ke da alama suna girgiza" a cikin muryoyin murya, canje-canjen kiɗa, da sautin hanci. Ta danganta asalin kiɗa na filin ga bayi Musulmai na Afirka waɗanda suka kai kimanin kashi 30% na bayi na Afirka a Amurka. A cewar Kubik, "hanyar murya ta mawaƙa da yawa da ke amfani da melisma, wavy intonation, da sauransu al'adun wannan babban yankin na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] ne wanda ke hulɗa da duniyar Larabci-Islama ta Maghreb tun daga ƙarni na bakwai da na takwas. " <ref name="Curiel" /> Akwai musamman muhimmiyar giciye ta Sahara tsakanin al'adun kiɗa na Maghreb da [[Sahel]]. <ref name="Tottoli" /><ref name="Tottoli" /> Akwai bambanci a cikin kiɗa da yawancin bayi na [[Sahel|Sahelian]] Musulmai da kuma yawancin bayi wadanda ba Musulmai ba daga gabar tekun Yammacin Afirka da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Bayin Musulmi na Sahelian gabaɗaya sun fi son iska da kayan kirtani da kuma raira waƙa, yayin da bayin da ba Musulmai ba gabaɗaya suka fi son drum da waƙoƙin rukuni. Masu mallakar shuke-shuke waɗanda suka ji tsoron tawaye sun haramta karafa da waƙoƙin rukuni, amma sun ba da damar bayi na Sahelian su ci gaba da raira waƙa da kunna kayan iska da igiya, waɗanda masu mallakar shuka suka sami ƙarancin barazana. A cewar Curiel kayan kida na igiya waɗannan kayan kida na iya samun farkon banjo. Yayinda aka matsa wa mutane da yawa su tuba zuwa Kiristanci, an ba da izinin bayi na Sahelian su kula da al'adun kiɗa, suna daidaita ƙwarewarsu zuwa kayan kida kamar fiddle da [[Jita|guitar]]. An kuma ba wasu damar yin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu mallakar bayi, suna ba da izinin ƙaurawar kiɗan su a fadin Kudancin Kudancin.<ref name="Tottoli" /> == Dubi kuma ==   * Waƙoƙin Afirka da Amurka * Deep River Boys * Waƙoƙin Bishara * [[Bauta a Amurka|Tarihin bautar a Amurka]] * Dalibai na asali na Nashville * Waƙoƙin addini * [[Waƙoƙin yanci a Jirgin ƙasa|Waƙoƙin Jirgin ƙasa]] {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Bayani == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}  {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] egngu6ehpb6i3anob4yl7xm3sxmkjc8 Dam din Molteno 0 154464 846039 2026-06-03T13:39:48Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329004175|Molteno Dam]]" 846039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:CapeTown_Molteno_Dam_1881.jpg|thumb|Hoton Madatsar Ruwa ta Molteno jim kaɗan bayan an gina ta, tare da Lions Head a baya. Ginin farin da ke bayan madatsar ruwa shine Graaff Electric Lighting Works, wato tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a Cape Town.]] '''Madatsar ruwan Molteno''' ƙaramar madatsar ruwa ce mai tarihi, a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Table a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Har yanzu tana aiki, an kafa ta a shekarar 1877 kuma yanzu tana cikin yankin Oranjezicht, [[Cape Town]] . == Bayani da gini == [[Fayil:Construction_of_the_Molteno_Dam_-_Cape_Colony_1878.jpg|left|thumb|Zane-zanen ƙarni na 19 na ginin madatsar ruwa - babban ƙalubalen injiniya ga farkon Cape.]] A kwanakin baya, an samar wa mazaunan ƙananan yara na [[Cape Town]] ruwa daga Dutsen Table ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ko ''" grachts "'' (kamar Buitengracht, Kaizergracht da Heerengracht - yanzu manyan tituna). Lokacin da dole ne a rufe waɗannan magudanar ruwa saboda damuwar lafiyar jama'a, dattawan birnin sun amince da buƙatar gina madatsar ruwa a kan gangaren Dutsen Table da ke sama da birnin da ke girma, don adana ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwan dutse. Da ba haka ba, wannan ruwan zai kwarara kai tsaye cikin teku - sharar gida a idanun masu gudanar da birnin. A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, Cape Town ma tana fuskantar tsauraran takunkumin ruwa, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar yawan jama'arta. Gina madatsar ruwan a zahiri wani ɓangare ne na faɗaɗa manyan ababen more rayuwa da gwamnatin Firayim Minista na farko na ƙasar John Molteno (wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna), wanda ya naɗa Injiniyan ruwa na farko na Cape, Mr John Gamble, da kuma magajin garin David Graaff . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buɗe madatsar ruwan, an gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu, wato Graaff Electric Lighting Works (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Magajin Gari), kusa da madatsar ruwan. An yi niyyar madatsar ruwan ta ɗauki galan ruwa sama da 50,000,000, a cikin yumbu mai ramuka masu yashi wanda ya haifar da ƙalubalen injiniya tun daga farko. Maganin, wanda aka aiwatar bayan shekaru da yawa, ya ƙunshi haɗakar haƙa da ramuka masu goyon bayan gini. == Tarihi == Madatsar ruwan ta samar da isasshen wurin ajiya ga ƙaramin birnin tsawon shekaru da dama masu zuwa, har sai da babban ci gaban birane a ƙarni na 20 ya sa aka yi amfani da [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|tsarin samar da ruwa na Western Cape]] mafi girma. Abubuwa da dama da ba a saba gani ba sun mamaye tarihin madatsar ruwan. Da ƙirƙirar balan-balan mai zafi, shahararren mai wasan balan-balan Isidore Michaels ya hau kan dutse a Cape Town, daga lambunan jama'a da ke kusa, duk da iskar da ke kadawa. Abin da ya firgita masu kallo, balan-balan ɗinsa ya nufi dutsen ya faɗi a tsakiyar madatsar ruwan, ya nutsar da mai wasan balan-balan. Wani bala'i ya faru a shekarun 1880. Madatsar ruwan ta cika makil kuma ta fashe ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sa ruwa ya gangaro cikin birnin. Ambaliyar ta lalata gidaje, ta tumɓuke bishiyoyi ta kuma share kayayyaki. Duk da haka, bayan gyara ta, madatsar ruwan ta yi wa [[Cape Town]] hidima da aminci kuma har yanzu tana wadatar da tsakiyar birnin a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arama Motoru &#124; Haberler &#124; COM.com.tr |url=https://com.com.tr/ |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=com.com.tr}}</ref> == Amfani na zamani == Madatsar ruwa, da kuma Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Molteno da ke kusa (ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sama da 20 da ke cikin kwano na birnin Cape Town), suna cikin hanyar ruwan da aka fi sani da "Camissa" (ma'ana "Ruwan Zaki" a Khoi). Wannan ya zama wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta rafuka da ''rafuka'' waɗanda suka bazu a farkon Cape Town. Wani ɗan ƙasa da aka kunna, wanda ba shi da riba, a halin yanzu ana kan shirin al'umma don dawo da tsarin ruwan birnin na tarihi, wanda madatsar ruwa ta samar da ƙaramin ɓangare amma mai mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Organisation Page - Reclaim Camissa |url=http://www.reclaimcamissa.org/history-of-the-organisation.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125044426/http://www.reclaimcamissa.org/history-of-the-organisation.html |archive-date=2014-01-25 |access-date=2013-08-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town's Reclaim Camissa Project puts social media tools to good use &#124; Andrew BoraineAndrew Boraine |url=http://www.andrewboraine.com/2010/09/cape-towns-reclaim-camissa-project-puts-social-media-tools-to-good-use/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116122641/http://www.andrewboraine.com/2010/09/cape-towns-reclaim-camissa-project-puts-social-media-tools-to-good-use/ |archive-date=2012-01-16 |access-date=2013-08-22}}</ref> Duk da cewa babban birnin ya fi shi girma, har yanzu ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ruwa na zamani na birnin, wanda ke samar da Lambun Kamfanin da sauran yankuna. Tare da De Waal Park da ke kusa, wurin shakatawa a halin yanzu yanki ne na nishaɗi kyauta ga al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City's Green Heart Saves Water |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/CitysGreenHeartSavesWater.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205511/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/CitysGreenHeartSavesWater.aspx |archive-date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2012-09-27}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:City_bowl.jpg|alt=A view of the Cape Town city centre from Lions Head. Molteno Dam is visible in the centre right of the picture. Due to the city's expansion up the mountain slope, the dam is now completely surrounded by suburbs.| Hoton tsakiyar birnin Cape Town daga Lions Head . Ana iya ganin madatsar ruwan Molteno a tsakiyar dama na hoton. Saboda faɗaɗa birnin a kan gangaren tsaunuka, madatsar ruwan yanzu ta kewaye da unguwannin bayan gari. Fayil:Oranjezicht_From_the_summit_of_Table_Mountain.jpg|alt=Oranjezicht From the summit of Table Mountain, with Molteno Dam in the foreground| Oranjezicht Daga saman Dutsen Table, tare da Madatsar Ruwa ta Molteno a gaba Fayil:Molteno_Dam_from_Belvedere_Avenue.jpg|alt=The Molteno Dam from Belvedere Avenue, Oranjezicht| Dam Molteno daga Belvedere Avenue, Oranjezicht </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Oranjezicht * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == qq5drahr8nytcxp8pgomt8rav29e91t 846042 846039 2026-06-03T13:41:53Z Engineer014 44591 846042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:CapeTown_Molteno_Dam_1881.jpg|thumb|Hoton Madatsar Ruwa ta Molteno jim kaɗan bayan an gina ta, tare da Lions Head a baya. Ginin farin da ke bayan madatsar ruwa shine Graaff Electric Lighting Works, wato tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a Cape Town.]] '''Madatsar ruwan Molteno''' ƙaramar madatsar ruwa ce mai tarihi, a ƙasan gangaren Dutsen Table a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Har yanzu tana aiki, an kafa ta a shekarar 1877 kuma yanzu tana cikin yankin Oranjezicht, [[Cape Town]] . == Bayani da gini == [[Fayil:Construction_of_the_Molteno_Dam_-_Cape_Colony_1878.jpg|left|thumb|Zane-zanen ƙarni na 19 na ginin madatsar ruwa - babban ƙalubalen injiniya ga farkon Cape.]] A kwanakin baya, an samar wa mazaunan ƙananan yara na [[Cape Town]] ruwa daga Dutsen Table ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ko ''" grachts "'' (kamar Buitengracht, Kaizergracht da Heerengracht - yanzu manyan tituna). Lokacin da dole ne a rufe waɗannan magudanar ruwa saboda damuwar lafiyar jama'a, dattawan birnin sun amince da buƙatar gina madatsar ruwa a kan gangaren Dutsen Table da ke sama da birnin da ke girma, don adana ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwan dutse. Da ba haka ba, wannan ruwan zai kwarara kai tsaye cikin teku - sharar gida a idanun masu gudanar da birnin. A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, Cape Town ma tana fuskantar tsauraran takunkumin ruwa, wani ɓangare saboda ƙaruwar yawan jama'arta. Gina madatsar ruwan a zahiri wani ɓangare ne na faɗaɗa manyan ababen more rayuwa da gwamnatin Firayim Minista na farko na ƙasar John Molteno (wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna), wanda ya naɗa Injiniyan ruwa na farko na Cape, Mr John Gamble, da kuma magajin garin David Graaff . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buɗe madatsar ruwan, an gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu, wato Graaff Electric Lighting Works (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Magajin Gari), kusa da madatsar ruwan. An yi niyyar madatsar ruwan ta ɗauki galan ruwa sama da 50,000,000, a cikin yumbu mai ramuka masu yashi wanda ya haifar da ƙalubalen injiniya tun daga farko. Maganin, wanda aka aiwatar bayan shekaru da yawa, ya ƙunshi haɗakar haƙa da ramuka masu goyon bayan gini. == Tarihi == Madatsar ruwan ta samar da isasshen wurin ajiya ga ƙaramin birnin tsawon shekaru da dama masu zuwa, har sai da babban ci gaban birane a ƙarni na 20 ya sa aka yi amfani da [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|tsarin samar da ruwa na Western Cape]] mafi girma. Abubuwa da dama da ba a saba gani ba sun mamaye tarihin madatsar ruwan. Da ƙirƙirar balan-balan mai zafi, shahararren mai wasan balan-balan Isidore Michaels ya hau kan dutse a Cape Town, daga lambunan jama'a da ke kusa, duk da iskar da ke kadawa. Abin da ya firgita masu kallo, balan-balan ɗinsa ya nufi dutsen ya faɗi a tsakiyar madatsar ruwan, ya nutsar da mai wasan balan-balan. Wani bala'i ya faru a shekarun 1880. Madatsar ruwan ta cika makil kuma ta fashe ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sa ruwa ya gangaro cikin birnin. Ambaliyar ta lalata gidaje, ta tumɓuke bishiyoyi ta kuma share kayayyaki. Duk da haka, bayan gyara ta, madatsar ruwan ta yi wa [[Cape Town]] hidima da aminci kuma har yanzu tana wadatar da tsakiyar birnin a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arama Motoru &#124; Haberler &#124; COM.com.tr |url=https://com.com.tr/ |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=com.com.tr}}</ref> == Amfani na zamani == Madatsar ruwa, da kuma Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Molteno da ke kusa (ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sama da 20 da ke cikin kwano na birnin Cape Town), suna cikin hanyar ruwan da aka fi sani da "Camissa" (ma'ana "Ruwan Zaki" a Khoi). Wannan ya zama wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta rafuka da ''rafuka'' waɗanda suka bazu a farkon Cape Town. Wani ɗan ƙasa da aka kunna, wanda ba shi da riba, a halin yanzu ana kan shirin al'umma don dawo da tsarin ruwan birnin na tarihi, wanda madatsar ruwa ta samar da ƙaramin ɓangare amma mai mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Organisation Page - Reclaim Camissa |url=http://www.reclaimcamissa.org/history-of-the-organisation.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125044426/http://www.reclaimcamissa.org/history-of-the-organisation.html |archive-date=2014-01-25 |access-date=2013-08-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town's Reclaim Camissa Project puts social media tools to good use &#124; Andrew BoraineAndrew Boraine |url=http://www.andrewboraine.com/2010/09/cape-towns-reclaim-camissa-project-puts-social-media-tools-to-good-use/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116122641/http://www.andrewboraine.com/2010/09/cape-towns-reclaim-camissa-project-puts-social-media-tools-to-good-use/ |archive-date=2012-01-16 |access-date=2013-08-22}}</ref> Duk da cewa babban birnin ya fi shi girma, har yanzu ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ruwa na zamani na birnin, wanda ke samar da Lambun Kamfanin da sauran yankuna. Tare da De Waal Park da ke kusa, wurin shakatawa a halin yanzu yanki ne na nishaɗi kyauta ga al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City's Green Heart Saves Water |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/CitysGreenHeartSavesWater.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205511/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/CitysGreenHeartSavesWater.aspx |archive-date=2014-08-12 |access-date=2012-09-27}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:City_bowl.jpg|alt=A view of the Cape Town city centre from Lions Head. Molteno Dam is visible in the centre right of the picture. Due to the city's expansion up the mountain slope, the dam is now completely surrounded by suburbs.| Hoton tsakiyar birnin Cape Town daga Lions Head . Ana iya ganin madatsar ruwan Molteno a tsakiyar dama na hoton. Saboda faɗaɗa birnin a kan gangaren tsaunuka, madatsar ruwan yanzu ta kewaye da unguwannin bayan gari. Fayil:Oranjezicht_From_the_summit_of_Table_Mountain.jpg|alt=Oranjezicht From the summit of Table Mountain, with Molteno Dam in the foreground| Oranjezicht Daga saman Dutsen Table, tare da Madatsar Ruwa ta Molteno a gaba Fayil:Molteno_Dam_from_Belvedere_Avenue.jpg|alt=The Molteno Dam from Belvedere Avenue, Oranjezicht| Dam Molteno daga Belvedere Avenue, Oranjezicht </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Oranjezicht * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == l3ggjuhykvlk2lhoqf6pfh1dxtai2w9 Daniel Olukoya 0 154465 846040 2026-06-03T13:40:04Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Kolawole Olukoya | image = | caption = Daniel Olukoya | birth_place = Akure, Ondo State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, masanin kimiyyar halittu | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM) | spouse = Shade Olukoya | alma_mater = University of Lagos, University of Reading }} '''Daniel Kolawole Olukoya''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''D.K. Olukoya''') fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubu... 846040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Kolawole Olukoya | image = | caption = Daniel Olukoya | birth_place = Akure, Ondo State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, masanin kimiyyar halittu | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM) | spouse = Shade Olukoya | alma_mater = University of Lagos, University of Reading }} '''Daniel Kolawole Olukoya''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''D.K. Olukoya''') fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta (molecular geneticist). Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Mai Kulawa na cocin ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)'', ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Kiristocin Pentecostal a Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/about |title=History of MFM |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Daniel Olukoya a garin Akure, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Mahaifinsa jami'in 'yan sanda ne kuma fasto a cocin Christ Apostolic Church (CAC), yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasuwa ce. Ya yi makarantar firamare a St. John's CAC Primary School da kuma St. Jude's Primary School, Ebute Metta, Lagos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO |title=About Dr D.K. Olukoya |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya halarci Methodist Boys' High School da ke Lagos. A shekarar 1976 ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Lagos (University of Lagos), inda ya karanci ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta (Microbiology). Ya kammala karatunsa da digirin farko mai daraja ta farko (First Class Honours) a shekarar 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO |title=About Dr D.K. Olukoya |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Bayan haka ya samu tallafin karatu zuwa Jami'ar Reading da ke Birtaniya, inda ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Molecular Genetics. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya ya yi aiki a Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, inda ya gudanar da bincike tare da wallafa muƙalu da dama na kimiyya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO |title=About Dr D.K. Olukoya |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == A shekarar 1989, Olukoya ya fara taron addu'a a gidansa da ke Lagos. Taron ya bunƙasa zuwa abin da daga baya ya zama ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)''. Cocin ta gudanar da ibadarta ta farko a sabon hedikwatarta da ke Onike, Yaba, Lagos a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/about |title=History of MFM |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> MFM ta shahara wajen koyar da addu'o'in neman kubuta daga matsalolin ruhaniya (deliverance ministry) da kuma yaƙin ruhaniya (spiritual warfare). Daga baya cocin ta bazu zuwa jihohin Najeriya da ƙasashe da dama a Afrika, Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Asiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Fire_and_Miracles_Ministries |title=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |website=Wikipedia |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Daniel Olukoya ya rubuta littattafan Kirista masu yawa da suka fi mayar da hankali kan addu'a da rayuwar ruhaniya. Daga cikin sanannun littattafansa akwai: * ''Prayer Rain'' * ''Prayer Passport to Crush Oppression'' * ''Pray Your Way to Breakthroughs'' * ''The Battle Against the Spirit of Fear'' * ''Dealing with Local Satanic Technology'' <ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Fire_and_Miracles_Ministries |title=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |website=Wikipedia |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Baya ga aikin wa'azi, Olukoya ya kasance mai goyon bayan binciken kimiyya da ilimin fasahar kere-kere ta hanyar gidauniyar ''Daniel and Fola Biotechnology Foundation'', wadda ke koyar da dabarun zamani na ilimin kimiyyar halittu da fasahar kere-kere ga matasa da masu bincike a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO |title=About Dr D.K. Olukoya |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar aure == Daniel Olukoya ya auri Pastor Shade Olukoya, wadda take taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan MFM a matsayin shugabar shirye-shiryen mata da iyalai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO |title=About Dr D.K. Olukoya and Pastor Shade Olukoya |publisher=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Ondo State]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Lagos]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Reading]] [[Category:Living people]] 4xuvx44v0888cupspgcr2g15b3flvet Johnson Suleman 0 154466 846044 2026-06-03T13:42:43Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Johnson Suleman | image = | birth_name = Johnson Sule | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|3|24}} | birth_place = Benin City, Edo State, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azin talabijin | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Omega Fire Ministries International | spouse = Lizzy Suleman | children = 6 }} '''Johnson Suleman''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Maris 1971) fasto ne kuma mai wa'azin Kiristanci na talabijin daga Najeriya... 846044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Johnson Suleman | image = | birth_name = Johnson Sule | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|3|24}} | birth_place = Benin City, Edo State, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azin talabijin | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Omega Fire Ministries International | spouse = Lizzy Suleman | children = 6 }} '''Johnson Suleman''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Maris 1971) fasto ne kuma mai wa'azin Kiristanci na talabijin daga Najeriya. Shi ne babban mai kula da cocin '''Omega Fire Ministries International (OFM)''', wata ƙungiyar Kirista mai hedikwata a Auchi, Jihar Edo, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ofmfrance.fr/about-us/ |title=About Us – Omega Fire Ministries France |publisher=Omega Fire Ministries France |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ofmtn.org/about/ |title=Our Story |publisher=Omega Fire Ministries Tennessee |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Johnson Suleman a ranar 24 ga Maris 1971 a Benin City, Jihar Edo. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Auchi. A cewarsa, tun yana matashi yana da sha'awar harkokin addini kuma daga baya ya shiga aikin wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58307222 |title=Apostle Johnson Suleman biography: Nigerian televangelist Johnson Suleman life story |work=BBC News Pidgin |date=2021-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://abtc.ng/johnson-suleman-age-how-old-is-apostle-johnson-suleman/ |title=Johnson Suleman age: How old is Apostle Johnson Suleman? |publisher=ABTC |date=2023-06-24}}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == Suleman ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin fasto a Armor of God Church da ke Lagos daga shekarar 1998. A shekarar 2004 ya kafa '''Omega Fire Ministries International''', bayan ya bayyana cewa ya samu wahayi na musamman game da kafa ma'aikatar wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ofmliverpool.com/about-us/ |title=About Us - Omega Fire Ministries International |publisher=OFM Liverpool |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kingminds.net/omega-fire-ministries-history-origin-year-founded-founder-mission-vision-headquarters-branches-weekly-activities-celebration-tv-channel-social-media-platforms/ |title=Omega Fire Ministries History, Origin, Year Founded and Founder |publisher=KingMinds |date=2023-03-25}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Omega Fire Ministries ta bunƙasa zuwa ƙasashe da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Hedikwatar cocin tana Auchi, Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ofmliverpool.com/about-us/ |title=About Us - OFM Liverpool |publisher=OFM Liverpool |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref> == Iyali == Johnson Suleman ya auri '''Lizzy Suleman''', wadda ita ma mai wa'azi ce kuma shugabar cocin tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da yara shida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ofmliverpool.com/our-pastors/ |title=Our Pastors |publisher=OFM Liverpool |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == Suleman da ma'aikatarsa sun shiga ayyukan tallafawa marasa galihu, bayar da tallafin karatu, da kuma wasu shirye-shiryen jin ƙai a Najeriya da sauran wurare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thechurcharchive.org/churches/omega-fire-ministries-international-ofm/ |title=Omega Fire Ministries International (OFM) |publisher=The Church Archive |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ofmnewyork.org/about-restoration-apostle/ |title=About Apostle Johnson Suleman |publisher=Omega Fire Ministries New York |access-date=2026-06-03}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == Johnson Suleman ya kasance cikin fitattun malaman addini a Najeriya da suka fuskanci muhawara da suka danganci kalamansa kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa. BBC ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu wa'azin talabijin a Najeriya waɗanda ke yawan jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar maganganunsa da annabce-annabcen da yake yi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58307222 |title=Apostle Johnson Suleman biography: Nigerian televangelist Johnson Suleman life story |work=BBC News Pidgin |date=2021-08-23}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Pentecostalism a Najeriya]] * [[Kiristanci a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suleman, Johnson}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian Pentecostal pastors]] [[Category:Nigerian televangelists]] [[Category:People from Edo State]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] c05jzpvpc0yvkggbgxjlqa9df2k6jtc Paul Enenche 0 154467 846045 2026-06-03T13:45:09Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | suna = Paul Enenche | hoto = | taken_hoto = Paul Enenche a wani taron wa'azi | haihuwa = 4 Yuni 1968 | wurin_haihuwa = Orokam, Jihar Benue, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, marubuci, mawaƙin bishara, likita | sananne_don = Wanda ya kafa Dunamis International Gospel Centre | addini = Kiristanci | mazhaba = Pentecostal | mata = Becky Enenche | yara = 4 }} '''Paul Enenche''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga Yuni 1968) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, tsohon liki... 846045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | suna = Paul Enenche | hoto = | taken_hoto = Paul Enenche a wani taron wa'azi | haihuwa = 4 Yuni 1968 | wurin_haihuwa = Orokam, Jihar Benue, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, marubuci, mawaƙin bishara, likita | sananne_don = Wanda ya kafa Dunamis International Gospel Centre | addini = Kiristanci | mazhaba = Pentecostal | mata = Becky Enenche | yara = 4 }} '''Paul Enenche''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga Yuni 1968) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, tsohon likita kuma wanda ya kafa kuma yake jagorantar cocin '''Dunamis International Gospel Centre (DIGC)''' mai hedikwata a Abuja, Babban Birnin Tarayya na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Enenche: Government must take clue from church on development, resource management |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=13 Janairu 2019 |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/enenche-government-must-take-clue-from-church-on-development-resource-management/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche |website=Dunamis International Gospel Centre |url=https://dunamis.tv/dr-pastor-paul-enenche/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Paul Enenche a Orokam da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Ogbadibo a Jihar Benue, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Jos, inda ya samu horo a fannin Medicine da Surgery kafin ya shiga cikakken aikin wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche?: Biography of the Founder of Dunamis International Gospel Centre |work=NewsWireNGR |date=7 Oktoba 2025 |url=https://newswirengr.com/2025/10/07/who-is-dr-pastor-paul-enenche-biography-of-the-founder-of-dunamis-international-gospel-centre/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is The Founder Of The Dunamis Church Abuja? |website=Around Abuja |url=https://aroundabuja.com/founder-of-the-dunamis-church-abuja/}}</ref> == Aikin wa'azi == Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin likita na wani lokaci, Enenche ya ce ya samu kira zuwa cikakken hidimar addini. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1996, shi da matarsa Becky Enenche suka kafa '''Dunamis International Gospel Centre''' a Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Genesis |website=Dunamis International Gospel Centre |url=https://dunamis.tv/the-genesis/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dunamis International Gospel Centre marks 24th anniversary |work=Christianity Nigeria |date=12 Nuwamba 2020 |url=https://www.christianitynigeria.com/2020/11/dunamis-international-gospel-centre.html}}</ref> Cocin ta fara gudanar da ibada a Abuja Centre for Arts and Culture kafin daga baya ta koma Sheraton Hotel Abuja, sannan daga bisani ta samu wurinta na dindindin a Area 1, Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche?: Biography of the Founder of Dunamis International Gospel Centre |work=NewsWireNGR |date=7 Oktoba 2025 |url=https://newswirengr.com/2025/10/07/who-is-dr-pastor-paul-enenche-biography-of-the-founder-of-dunamis-international-gospel-centre/}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, cocin ta ƙaddamar da '''Glory Dome''', babban ɗakin ibada mai ɗaukar dubban masu ibada a kan titin Filin Jirgin Sama na Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news |title=INTERVIEW: How we built multi-billion naira 100,000 capacity Glory Dome in less than four years – Dr. Paul Enenche |work=Daily Post |date=24 Nuwamba 2018 |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/11/24/interview-built-multi-billion-naira-100000-capacity-glory-dome-less-four-years-dr-paul-enenche/}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == Enenche da cocinsa sun gudanar da ayyukan tallafa wa al'umma da suka haɗa da gina hanyoyi, bayar da tallafin karatu, samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse da kuma taimakon gaggawa ga waɗanda bala'o'i suka shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche |website=Dunamis International Gospel Centre |url=https://dunamis.tv/dr-pastor-paul-enenche/}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya jagoranci bayar da kayan aikin lafiya da kayan kariya daga annobar COVID-19 ga cibiyoyin lafiya a Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Coronavirus: Dunamis church donates medical equipment, others to Primary Health Care Centre, Abuja |work=Vanguard |date=26 Maris 2020 |url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/coronavirus-dunamis-church-donates-medical-equipment-others-to-primary-health-care-centre-abuja/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Paul Enenche ya auri Becky Inyangbe Enenche, wadda ita ma likita ce kuma mai wa'azi. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche |website=Dunamis International Gospel Centre |url=https://dunamis.tv/dr-pastor-paul-enenche/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is Dr. Pastor Paul Enenche?: Biography of the Founder of Dunamis International Gospel Centre |work=NewsWireNGR |date=7 Oktoba 2025 |url=https://newswirengr.com/2025/10/07/who-is-dr-pastor-paul-enenche-biography-of-the-founder-of-dunamis-international-gospel-centre/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Dunamis International Gospel Centre * Becky Enenche == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Enenche, Paul}} [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1968]] [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu wa'azin Kirista na Najeriya]] [[Category:Likitocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Benue]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dzy4lwxpy4akmfju2ycmfmmgopl5ovu Gidan Biito 0 154468 846047 2026-06-03T13:47:34Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299790332|Biito clan]]" 846047 wikitext text/x-wiki Kabilar '''Biito''' (pl. '''Babiito''' ) babbar kabila ce a [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka]] . Sun fito ne daga Luo, kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Bunyoro da Tooro a ƙarni na 16. Daular Biito ta maye gurbin daular Chwezi ta [[Daular Kitara|Kitara]], kuma ta kafa Bunyoro-Kitara, magajinta. == Asalin Ma'anar == Lokacin da mai duban Luo Nyakoka ya gudu daga Kitara ya koma arewacin Uganda, ya haɗu da ɗan Kyomya, Rukidi Mpuga, yana hutawa a ƙarƙashin bishiyar Bito, wanda shine inda dangin Bito suka samo sunanta (kodayake ba a san irin bishiyar bito ba). == Bayani == Ba kamar sauran kabilun Banyoro ba, dangin Biito shine kadai kabila a Bunyoro da ba ta yin Exogamy . == Asalin == A cewar tarihin baki na Banyoro, Yarima Isimbwa, ɗan sarkin Chwezi Izaza, yana jin daɗin farauta kuma yana ɗaukar ɗansa Kyomya tare da shi. Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta ketare Kogin Nilu zuwa yankin Madi da Luo (wani yanki da Nyoro ke kira "Bukidi"), ya bar Kyamya a baya yayin da ya koma kudu zuwa Kitara. Shekaru bayan haka, a Kitara, Bachwezi suna ganin munanan abubuwan ban mamaki a kusa da su. Shanu na Wamara sun samar da jini maimakon madara kuma saniyar Mugenyis da Bihogo ta mutu sakamakon lasar gishiri. Mugenyi ya yi alƙawarin kashe kansa idan saniyarsa mafi daraja ta mutu kuma kusan ta kashe kansa amma 'yan'uwansa suka hana shi. Tawaye a cikin Kitara da mamayewa daga masarautun ƙasashen waje suma suna faruwa a waɗannan lokutan. == Tasirin Luo == == Manazarta == 557e8ji5xtt62779nibxp7g5vbhn64x 846051 846047 2026-06-03T13:51:42Z Nnamadee 31123 846051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabilar '''Biito''' (pl. '''Babiito''') babbar kabila ce a [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka]] . Sun fito ne daga Luo, kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Bunyoro da Tooro a ƙarni na 16. Daular Biito ta maye gurbin daular Chwezi ta [[Daular Kitara|Kitara]], kuma ta kafa Bunyoro-Kitara, magajinta. == Asalin Ma'anar == Lokacin da mai duban Luo Nyakoka ya gudu daga Kitara ya koma arewacin Uganda, ya haɗu da ɗan Kyomya, Rukidi Mpuga, yana hutawa a ƙarƙashin bishiyar Bito, wanda shine inda dangin Bito suka samo sunanta (kodayake ba a san irin bishiyar bito ba). == Bayani == Ba kamar sauran kabilun Banyoro ba, dangin Biito shine kadai kabila a Bunyoro da ba ta yin Exogamy . == Asalin == A cewar tarihin baki na Banyoro, Yarima Isimbwa, ɗan sarkin Chwezi Izaza, yana jin daɗin farauta kuma yana ɗaukar ɗansa Kyomya tare da shi. Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta ketare Kogin Nilu zuwa yankin Madi da Luo (wani yanki da Nyoro ke kira "Bukidi"), ya bar Kyamya a baya yayin da ya koma kudu zuwa Kitara. Shekaru bayan haka, a Kitara, Bachwezi suna ganin munanan abubuwan ban mamaki a kusa da su. Shanu na Wamara sun samar da jini maimakon madara kuma saniyar Mugenyis da Bihogo ta mutu sakamakon lasar gishiri. Mugenyi ya yi alƙawarin kashe kansa idan saniyarsa mafi daraja ta mutu kuma kusan ta kashe kansa amma 'yan'uwansa suka hana shi. Tawaye a cikin Kitara da mamayewa daga masarautun ƙasashen waje suma suna faruwa a waɗannan lokutan. Sarki Wamara ya kira masu duban [[Haruspex]] ɗinsa waɗanda suka kawo ɗan maraƙi mai kitse. Wamara ya wanke bakinsa da madara ya zuba madarar a bakin maraƙin, sannan aka yanka ta. Bayan sun yanke jikin maraƙin (don duba cikinsa), ba su sami komai a jikinsa ba. Sun yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan sau da yawa, sakamakon ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wani mai duban Luo mai suna Nyakoka ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya warware matsalar kuma ya bayyana asirin. Nyakoka ya bugi kan maraƙin da ƙafafunsa, inda hanjin da suka ɓace suka faɗi, kuma baƙin ƙura daga wuta ta faɗo musu yayin da suke faɗuwa. Nyakoka ya yi iƙirarin cewa jikin maraƙin babu komai a cikinsa alama ce da ke nuna cewa mulkin daular Bachwezi ya ƙare, tare da barin Kitara ba tare da masu mulki ba. Samun ciki a cikin ƙafafunsa da kansa yana nufin cewa Bachwezi za a ci gaba da girmama shi a cikin ƙungiyar sihiri ta Mbandwa (wani nau'i na [[Veneration of the dead|girmama kakanninsa]] wanda ya haɗa da allolin jarumai da yawa na Bachwezi). Baƙin ƙura alama ce da ke nuna cewa baƙi masu launin fata baƙi daga wata ƙasa za su mamaye Kitara. Annabcin Nyakoka ya fusata Bachwezi, suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe shi, amma ya sami damar tserewa daga Kitara ya koma Bukidi a arewacin Kogin Nilu bayan Mugenyi ya yi masa gargaɗi. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Lokacin da Nyakoka ya koma arewacin Uganda, ya haɗu da Rukidi Mpuga, ɗan Chwezi Kyomya, kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ya tafi kudu ya karɓi Kitara, wanda ke raguwa a ƙarƙashin Daular Bachwezi. Lokacin da Babiito ya isa tsohon babban birnin Cwezi, mazauna sun yi kama da baƙon abu kuma marasa kunya ga mazauna. Rukidi ya girma a matsayin mafarauci don haka bai san komai game da ɗabi'un sarauta da diflomasiyya na siyasa ba, don haka dole ne a koya masa waɗannan al'amura. Babiito bai san komai game da shanu ba, kuma an ce Rukidi yana jin ƙyamar laka da shanun ke yi a cikin sansaninsa, kuma ya koyi shan madara ne kawai bayan an shawo kansa ya sha wasu ba tare da sani ba a matsayin magani. Amma a hankali ya ɗauki dabi'u da ɗabi'un da suka dace da sabon matsayinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, aka aika da manzo don ya tattara kayan sarauta da Bacwezi ya bari. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ganguna biyu, masu suna Nyalebe da Kajumba. Mai aiko da saƙon ya sami damar ɗaukar ganga ɗaya kawai, Nyalebe, amma lokacin da ya isa babban birnin, ya yi mamaki da ya ga cewa ɗayan ganga ɗin ya bi shi da kansa, yana birgima shi kaɗai. An ɗauke wannan a matsayin kyakkyawan alama ga sabon sarkin. A lokacin bikin naɗin Rukidi, ya bugi babban ganga Nyalebe kuma ya yi ƙara mai ƙarfi kuma bai rabu ko ya yi shiru ba. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Tasirin Luo == Sarki na farko na Bito Rukidi da 'yan'uwansa sun ɗauki [[totem]] (Muziro) na dangin mahaifiyarsu ta Luo, Nyatworo, wanda shine Bushbuck (Ngabi) saboda mahaifinsu Chwezi, Kyomya, ya yi watsi da su tun suna jarirai. A yau, zuriyar sarakuna na [[Acholi people|mutanen Acholi]] a arewa har yanzu suna da Bushbuck a matsayin totem ɗinsu, kamar dangin Babito na Bunyoro. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sarakunan Babito na farko sun tabbatar da cewa gadon sarauta ya takaita ga 'ya'yan da matansu Luo suka haifa musu. Wannan ya ba Paluo (masu magana da Luo a arewacin Bunyoro) babban tasiri a siyasance a Bunyoro-Kitara. Oyo Nyimba ce, ɗan Rukidi da Nyatworo na ƙabilar Luo na Kwonga ya haifa, wanda ya gaje shi. Nyimba, bi da bi, ta tabbatar da cewa Waswinyi ne, wanda wata mace Luo ta haifa, ta zama sarki bayansa. Al'adar takaita gadon sarauta ga 'ya'yan da mata Luo suka haifa ya ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba, don haka, dukkan sarakunan Bunyoro-Kitara mata [[Acholi people|Luo]] ne suka haifa har zuwa 1733. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adefuye |first=Ade |date=1975 |title=Kabalega and the Palwo: Conflict of Aspirations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971236 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=82 |jstor=41971236}}</ref> A cikin [[Acholi dialect|yaren Acholi]], ana amfani da kalmar "Bito" "gabaɗaya 'ya'yan zuri'ar masu kuɗi". [[Empaako]] sunaye da ake bai wa kowace Munyoro bayan haihuwa har yanzu ana samun su a Acholi, inda ake kiransu "Pak," ma'ana 'yabo.' Yawancin sunayen mpako suma asalin Luo ne. Duk da cewa yawancin sunayen Bito Luo ne, kalmomin siyasa na Bunyoro sun ƙunshi kalmomi biyu kacal na asalin Luo, "ekkali" ("farfadar sarauta" da ake samu a masarautar Ankole da Rwanda) da "dyangi". Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka ƙunshi kayan sarauta na sarakunan Nyoro za a iya gano su da kayan tarihi na asalin Nilotic. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kalmar [[Nyoro language|Nyoro]] "Mugole" (mata) kalma ce ta Nilotic da za a iya samu a cikin [[Acholi dialect|Acholi]] "Nya gol" (mata) kuma bayan haka zuwa kalmar [[Western Nilotic languages|Dinka-Nuer]] "Gol" (kabila, iyali). Ana iya samunsa har zuwa kudu kamar Rwanda, inda Mugole/Mugore kawai ke nufin "mace" a cikin [[Kinyarwanda]] . Kalmar Nyoro, "wakonga" (pangolin) tana da alaƙa da Acholi "Okong" da Dinka "Akuong". Nyoro "Mukago" ("'yan'uwantaka ta jini" - wanda aka fara ta hanyar yanke hannuwa) yana da alaƙa da [[Yaren Shilluk|Shilluk]] "Kago" da [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] "Kak" (wanda aka yanke a buɗe). <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6vhkh8tu76kx2jkp5v8az40qgkq5xih 846196 846051 2026-06-03T19:34:40Z Nnamadee 31123 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabilar '''Biito''' (pl. '''Babiito''') babbar kabila ce a [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka]] . Sun fito ne daga Luo, kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Bunyoro da Tooro a ƙarni na 16. Daular Biito ta maye gurbin daular Chwezi ta [[Daular Kitara|Kitara]], kuma ta kafa Bunyoro-Kitara, magajinta. == Asalin Ma'anar == Lokacin da mai duban Luo Nyakoka ya gudu daga Kitara ya koma arewacin Uganda, ya haɗu da ɗan Kyomya, Rukidi Mpuga, yana hutawa a ƙarƙashin bishiyar Bito, wanda shine inda dangin Bito suka samo sunanta (kodayake ba a san irin bishiyar bito ba). == Bayani == Ba kamar sauran kabilun Banyoro ba, dangin Biito shine kadai kabila a Bunyoro da ba ta yin Exogamy . == Asalin == A cewar tarihin baki na Banyoro, Yarima Isimbwa, ɗan sarkin Chwezi Izaza, yana jin daɗin farauta kuma yana ɗaukar ɗansa Kyomya tare da shi. Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta ketare Kogin Nilu zuwa yankin Madi da Luo (wani yanki da Nyoro ke kira "Bukidi"), ya bar Kyamya a baya yayin da ya koma kudu zuwa Kitara. Shekaru bayan haka, a Kitara, Bachwezi suna ganin munanan abubuwan ban mamaki a kusa da su. Shanu na Wamara sun samar da jini maimakon madara kuma saniyar Mugenyis da Bihogo ta mutu sakamakon lasar gishiri. Mugenyi ya yi alƙawarin kashe kansa idan saniyarsa mafi daraja ta mutu kuma kusan ta kashe kansa amma 'yan'uwansa suka hana shi. Tawaye a cikin Kitara da mamayewa daga masarautun ƙasashen waje suma suna faruwa a waɗannan lokutan. Sarki Wamara ya kira masu duban [[Haruspex]] ɗinsa waɗanda suka kawo ɗan maraƙi mai kitse. Wamara ya wanke bakinsa da madara ya zuba madarar a bakin maraƙin, sannan aka yanka ta. Bayan sun yanke jikin maraƙin (don duba cikinsa), ba su sami komai a jikinsa ba. Sun yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan sau da yawa, sakamakon ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wani mai duban Luo mai suna Nyakoka ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya warware matsalar kuma ya bayyana asirin. Nyakoka ya bugi kan maraƙin da ƙafafunsa, inda hanjin da suka ɓace suka faɗi, kuma baƙin ƙura daga wuta ta faɗo musu yayin da suke faɗuwa. Nyakoka ya yi iƙirarin cewa jikin maraƙin babu komai a cikinsa alama ce da ke nuna cewa mulkin daular Bachwezi ya ƙare, tare da barin Kitara ba tare da masu mulki ba. Samun ciki a cikin ƙafafunsa da kansa yana nufin cewa Bachwezi za a ci gaba da girmama shi a cikin ƙungiyar sihiri ta Mbandwa (wani nau'i na [[Veneration of the dead|girmama kakanninsa]] wanda ya haɗa da allolin jarumai da yawa na Bachwezi). Baƙin ƙura alama ce da ke nuna cewa baƙi masu launin fata baƙi daga wata ƙasa za su mamaye Kitara. Annabcin Nyakoka ya fusata Bachwezi, suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe shi, amma ya sami damar tserewa daga Kitara ya koma Bukidi a arewacin Kogin Nilu bayan Mugenyi ya yi masa gargaɗi. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Lokacin da Nyakoka ya koma arewacin Uganda, ya haɗu da Rukidi Mpuga, ɗan Chwezi Kyomya, kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ya tafi kudu ya karɓi Kitara, wanda ke raguwa a ƙarƙashin Daular Bachwezi. Lokacin da Babiito ya isa tsohon babban birnin Cwezi, mazauna sun yi kama da baƙon abu kuma marasa kunya ga mazauna. Rukidi ya girma a matsayin mafarauci don haka bai san komai game da ɗabi'un sarauta da diflomasiyya na siyasa ba, don haka dole ne a koya masa waɗannan al'amura. Babiito bai san komai game da shanu ba, kuma an ce Rukidi yana jin ƙyamar laka da shanun ke yi a cikin sansaninsa, kuma ya koyi shan madara ne kawai bayan an shawo kansa ya sha wasu ba tare da sani ba a matsayin magani. Amma a hankali ya ɗauki dabi'u da ɗabi'un da suka dace da sabon matsayinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa, aka aika da manzo don ya tattara kayan sarauta da Bacwezi ya bari. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ganguna biyu, masu suna Nyalebe da Kajumba. Mai aiko da saƙon ya sami damar ɗaukar ganga ɗaya kawai, Nyalebe, amma lokacin da ya isa babban birnin, ya yi mamaki da ya ga cewa ɗayan ganga ɗin ya bi shi da kansa, yana birgima shi kaɗai. An ɗauke wannan a matsayin kyakkyawan alama ga sabon sarkin. A lokacin bikin naɗin Rukidi, ya bugi babban ganga Nyalebe kuma ya yi ƙara mai ƙarfi kuma bai rabu ko ya yi shiru ba.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Tasirin Luo == Sarki na farko na Bito Rukidi da 'yan'uwansa sun ɗauki [[totem]] (Muziro) na dangin mahaifiyarsu ta Luo, Nyatworo, wanda shine Bushbuck (Ngabi) saboda mahaifinsu Chwezi, Kyomya, ya yi watsi da su tun suna jarirai. A yau, zuriyar sarakuna na [[Acholi people|mutanen Acholi]] a arewa har yanzu suna da Bushbuck a matsayin totem ɗinsu, kamar dangin Babito na Bunyoro. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Sarakunan Babito na farko sun tabbatar da cewa gadon sarauta ya takaita ga 'ya'yan da matansu Luo suka haifa musu. Wannan ya ba Paluo (masu magana da Luo a arewacin Bunyoro) babban tasiri a siyasance a Bunyoro-Kitara. Oyo Nyimba ce, ɗan Rukidi da Nyatworo na ƙabilar Luo na Kwonga ya haifa, wanda ya gaje shi. Nyimba, bi da bi, ta tabbatar da cewa Waswinyi ne, wanda wata mace Luo ta haifa, ta zama sarki bayansa. Al'adar takaita gadon sarauta ga 'ya'yan da mata Luo suka haifa ya ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba, don haka, dukkan sarakunan Bunyoro-Kitara mata [[Acholi people|Luo]] ne suka haifa har zuwa 1733. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adefuye |first=Ade |date=1975 |title=Kabalega and the Palwo: Conflict of Aspirations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971236 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=82 |jstor=41971236}}</ref> A cikin [[Acholi dialect|yaren Acholi]], ana amfani da kalmar "Bito" "gabaɗaya 'ya'yan zuri'ar masu kuɗi". [[Empaako]] sunaye da ake bai wa kowace Munyoro bayan haihuwa har yanzu ana samun su a Acholi, inda ake kiransu "Pak," ma'ana 'yabo.' Yawancin sunayen mpako suma asalin Luo ne. Duk da cewa yawancin sunayen Bito Luo ne, kalmomin siyasa na Bunyoro sun ƙunshi kalmomi biyu kacal na asalin Luo, "ekkali" ("farfadar sarauta" da ake samu a masarautar Ankole da Rwanda) da "dyangi". Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka ƙunshi kayan sarauta na sarakunan Nyoro za a iya gano su da kayan tarihi na asalin Nilotic. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kalmar [[Nyoro language|Nyoro]] "Mugole" (mata) kalma ce ta Nilotic da za a iya samu a cikin [[Acholi dialect|Acholi]] "Nya gol" (mata) kuma bayan haka zuwa kalmar [[Western Nilotic languages|Dinka-Nuer]] "Gol" (kabila, iyali). Ana iya samunsa har zuwa kudu kamar Rwanda, inda Mugole/Mugore kawai ke nufin "mace" a cikin [[Kinyarwanda]] . Kalmar Nyoro, "wakonga" (pangolin) tana da alaƙa da Acholi "Okong" da Dinka "Akuong". Nyoro "Mukago" ("'yan'uwantaka ta jini" - wanda aka fara ta hanyar yanke hannuwa) yana da alaƙa da [[Yaren Shilluk|Shilluk]] "Kago" da [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] "Kak" (wanda aka yanke a buɗe). <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Manazarta == l070c7a6gx5i2tp0r02p58d35wvklnq Mac-Mac Falls 0 154469 846048 2026-06-03T13:49:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326324081|Mac-Mac Falls]]" 846048 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:Highveld_Crag_Lizard_(Pseudocordylus_melanotus)_(31834893937).jpg|alt=Northern Crag Lizard| Lizard na Dutsen Arewa Fayil:Cape_Dwarf_Gecko_(Lygodactylus_capensis)_(31834733507).jpg|alt=Cape dwarf gecko| Gecko mai launin ruwan kasa na Cape Dwarf Fayil:MacMac_Pools.jpg|alt=Mac-Mac Pools| Wuraren Tafkuna na Mac-Mac Fayil:Mac_Mac_Falls_in_Mpumalanga.jpg| Mac Mac Falls </gallery>'''Ruwan Mac-Mac''' wani ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 65 a [[Mac-Mac River|kogin Mac-Mac]] a cikin [[Mac-Mac Forest Nature Reserve|Ma'ajiyar Daji ta Mac-Mac]], Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Tarihi == Da farko, ruwan yana da rafi ɗaya, amma masu hakar ma'adinai sun yi amfani da dynamite a kan ruwan da ke cike da zinare don fatan fallasa ruwan da ke da arzikin zinare, wanda yanzu ruwan ke faɗuwa a cikin rafuka biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Mac Falls: Sabie Gallery |url=https://www.sabie.co.za/gallery/mac-mac-falls.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.sabie.co.za}}</ref> An ayyana shi a matsayin Wurin Gado na Lardi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1983, tare da dajin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke cikin kwarin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan da ke malala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Mac Waterfalls, Geelhoutboom, Pilgrim's Rest District {{!}} SAHRA |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/node/33753 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=[[SAHRA]]}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == == Manazarta == q3sg603vskakqxomj6ajkbx7bftp2wc 846049 846048 2026-06-03T13:49:37Z Engineer014 44591 846049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery> Fayil:Highveld_Crag_Lizard_(Pseudocordylus_melanotus)_(31834893937).jpg|alt=Northern Crag Lizard| Lizard na Dutsen Arewa Fayil:Cape_Dwarf_Gecko_(Lygodactylus_capensis)_(31834733507).jpg|alt=Cape dwarf gecko| Gecko mai launin ruwan kasa na Cape Dwarf Fayil:MacMac_Pools.jpg|alt=Mac-Mac Pools| Wuraren Tafkuna na Mac-Mac Fayil:Mac_Mac_Falls_in_Mpumalanga.jpg| Mac Mac Falls </gallery>'''Ruwan Mac-Mac''' wani ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 65 a [[Mac-Mac River|kogin Mac-Mac]] a cikin [[Mac-Mac Forest Nature Reserve|Ma'ajiyar Daji ta Mac-Mac]], Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Tarihi == Da farko, ruwan yana da rafi ɗaya, amma masu hakar ma'adinai sun yi amfani da dynamite a kan ruwan da ke cike da zinare don fatan fallasa ruwan da ke da arzikin zinare, wanda yanzu ruwan ke faɗuwa a cikin rafuka biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Mac Falls: Sabie Gallery |url=https://www.sabie.co.za/gallery/mac-mac-falls.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.sabie.co.za}}</ref> An ayyana shi a matsayin Wurin Gado na Lardi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1983, tare da dajin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke cikin kwarin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan da ke malala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac Mac Waterfalls, Geelhoutboom, Pilgrim's Rest District {{!}} SAHRA |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/node/33753 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=[[SAHRA]]}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == == Manazarta == o96rf7s4iif3mvdnkgq85d1c8kmz2l5 Abel Damina 0 154470 846050 2026-06-03T13:50:32Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Abel Damina | image = | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai wa'azi, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin | known_for = Kafa Power City International da Abel Damina Ministries International | spouse = Rachel Damina | children = 3 }} '''Abel Damina''' fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, malamin addinin Kirista, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wa'azi a talabijin. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''Abel Damina M... 846050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abel Damina | image = | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai wa'azi, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin | known_for = Kafa Power City International da Abel Damina Ministries International | spouse = Rachel Damina | children = 3 }} '''Abel Damina''' fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, malamin addinin Kirista, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wa'azi a talabijin. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''Abel Damina Ministries International (ADMI)''' kuma babban faston '''Power City International''' mai hedikwata a Uyo, Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drabeldamina.org/about_us_2/ |title=About Us – Abel Damina Ministries International |publisher=Abel Damina Ministries International |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa '''Kingdom Life Network (KLN)''', tashar talabijin ta Kirista da ke yaɗa shirye-shiryen wa'azi da koyarwar addini ga masu kallo a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drabeldamina.org/about_us_2/ |title=About Us – Abel Damina Ministries International |publisher=Abel Damina Ministries International |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Abel Damina ya shahara a matsayin mai wa'azin Kirista wanda koyarwarsa ta fi mayar da hankali kan fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki, musamman batutuwan alheri (grace), ceto da kuma koyarwar Sabon Alkawari. Ya jagoranci Power City International daga Uyo tare da rassan coci a wurare daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drabeldamina.org/about_us_2/ |title=About Us – Abel Damina Ministries International |publisher=Abel Damina Ministries International |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau yana gabatar da shirye-shiryen wa'azi a talabijin da rediyo, ciki har da shirin ''Righteous Invasion of Truth (RIOT)'', wanda ake watsawa ta Kingdom Life Network da sauran kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drabeldamina.org/about_us_2/ |title=About Us – Abel Damina Ministries International |publisher=Abel Damina Ministries International |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == Abel Damina ya kasance cikin fitattun fastocin Najeriya da suka jawo muhawara saboda wasu daga cikin koyarwarsa da ra'ayoyinsa kan addini. A shekarar 2024, ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya bayyana cewa "Allah ba Kirista ba ne" yayin wani wa'azi, yana mai kalubalantar ra'ayin cewa Kiristanci kaɗai ne hanyar shiga Aljanna. Wannan furuci ya haifar da muhawara a kafafen sada zumunta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/metro/murmurs-as-popular-nigerian-pastor-says-god-isnt-a-christian-2024072707274604345 |title=Murmurs on social media as popular Nigerian pastor says 'God isn't a Christian' |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025 kuma, ya sake jan hankali bayan ya bayyana cewa sadaka da zakka da ake bayarwa a coci ba sa zuwa sama, yana cewa mutane ne ke amfani da kuɗaɗen. Maganganunsa sun haifar da martani daga mabiya addinai da malaman coci daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/offerings-are-spent-by-men-not-god-pastor-damina/ |title=Offerings are spent by men, not God – Pastor Damina |publisher=Punch Newspapers |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/no-offering-goes-to-heaven-pastor-damina-challenges-church-traditions-2025061013460068700 |title='No offering goes to heaven' – Pastor Damina challenges church traditions |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Wasu ƙungiyoyin addini sun soki koyarwarsa, suna zargin sa da yada koyarwar da suka kira ba ta dace da fahimtar Kiristanci ta gargajiya ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1622626-crossed-line-damina-accused-attracting-audience-content-creation/ |title=You Have Crossed the Line: Damina Accused of Attracting Audience Through Content Creation |publisher=Legit.ng |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Abel Damina ya auri Rachel Damina kuma suna da yara uku. Ya bayyana iyalinsa a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na hidimarsa da ayyukansa na addini.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drabeldamina.org/about_us_2/ |title=About Us – Abel Damina Ministries International |publisher=Abel Damina Ministries International |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kiristanci a Najeriya]] * [[Fastoci a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu wa'azi na Kirista]] [[Category:Mutanen Akwa Ibom]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] sxot68k84dn6dslfztuj4tjwb6lebjg Sam Oye 0 154471 846053 2026-06-03T13:53:08Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Sam Oye | birth_name = Samuel Oluwasegun Oye | birth_date = 13 Afrilu 1974 | birth_place = Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai horas da shugabanci | known_for = Wanda ya kafa The Transforming Church da Prophetic Prayer Hour | spouse = Mary Oye | children = 2 }} '''Sam Oye''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1974) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma mai horas da shugabanci. Shi ne wanda ya kafa... 846053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sam Oye | birth_name = Samuel Oluwasegun Oye | birth_date = 13 Afrilu 1974 | birth_place = Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, mai horas da shugabanci | known_for = Wanda ya kafa The Transforming Church da Prophetic Prayer Hour | spouse = Mary Oye | children = 2 }} '''Sam Oye''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1974) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma mai horas da shugabanci. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban faston '''The Transforming Church International (TTC)''', cocin da hedikwatarta ke Abuja, Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://thetransformingchurch.org/about-us/ |website=The Transforming Church |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mai gabatar da shirin addu'a na yanar gizo mai suna ''Prophetic Prayer Hour (PPH)'', wanda ke samun mahalarta daga ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{cite news |title=110 Countries Participate In Prophetic Prayer Hour Daily – Cleric |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=26 June 2023}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Sam Oye a Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, kuma asalinsa daga Abeokuta ne a Jihar Ogun. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Bauchi da Legas kafin ya sami digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa (Geology) daga Jami'ar Ibadan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Reverend Dr. Sam Oye |url=https://samoye.org/about |website=Sam Oye Global Digital Ministry |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da hidima == Tun yana matashi ya kasance cikin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin Kiristoci. A shekara ta 2000 ya fara wata hidima a Legas, sannan ya koma Abuja a shekarar 2002 inda ya kafa cocin da daga baya aka sani da ''The Transforming Church''.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://thetransformingchurch.org/about-us/ |website=The Transforming Church |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A cewar Oye, shawarar komawa Abuja domin kafa coci ta samo asali ne daga wani lokaci na azumi da addu'a da ya yi a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=How I Built a Global Church From One Classroom – Rev. Sam Oye |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/how-i-built-a-global-church-from-one-classroom-rev-sam-oye/ |work=Vanguard |date=13 July 2025}}</ref> Cocin ta bunƙasa zuwa cibiyoyi da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Haka kuma ya kafa shirin addu'ar yanar gizo mai suna ''Prophetic Prayer Hour'', wanda ya samu karɓuwa sosai musamman bayan annobar COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prophetic Prayer Hour, Solution To Nigeria's Challenges – Rev. Sam Oye |work=Independent Newspaper |date=24 June 2023}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Sam Oye ya wallafa littattafai da dama da suka haɗa da: * ''The Singles Checklist'' * ''The Emerging Leader'' * ''The Prayer Switch'' * ''The Limit Breaker'' * ''Crack It'' * ''The Outpouring'' * ''Becoming a High-Impact Leader'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Reverend Dr. Sam Oye |url=https://samoye.org/about |website=Sam Oye Global Digital Ministry |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sam Oye ya auri Mary Oye, kuma suna da ’ya’ya biyu. Ma’auratan suna aiki tare a cikin hidimar cocinsu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Reverend Dr. Sam Oye |url=https://samoye.org/about |website=Sam Oye Global Digital Ministry |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == An san Sam Oye a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma mai horas da shugabanci. Ya yi jawabai a tarurruka daban-daban na addini da shugabanci a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctrinal Distortions, Disunity Threatening Nigerian Church – Rev Oye |url=https://independent.ng/doctrinal-distortions-disunity-threatening-nigerian-church-rev-oye/ |work=Independent Newspaper |date=13 July 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1974]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qt5acs6y91tmiya8n1q7a1g2g8wmaee Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra 0 154472 846055 2026-06-03T13:55:08Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350631239|Alhambra Elementary School District]]" 846055 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist|2}}{{Glendale, Arizona}}'''Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra''' tana ba da ilimi ga ɗalibai sama da 14,000 a yankunan Phoenix da Glendale na Arizona. Alhambra tana da makarantu 15. Waɗannan makarantun suna koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Gundumar tana ciyar da Gundumar Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union.n . == Tarihi == An shirya Gundumar Makarantar Alhambra a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1888. Makarantar farko gini ne na tubali guda ɗaya a kan Shady Lane, wanda yanzu ake kira 33rd Avenue, tsakanin Grand Avenue da Indian School Road. A yau, Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra ba ƙaramar makaranta ce a gefen yammacin [[Phoenix]] ba. Yanzu suna hidimtawa sama da dalibai 14,000 a makarantar sakandare ta hanyar aji na takwas, kuma suna da makarantu 15. Yawancin gundumar suna da iyaka da 19th Avenue a gabas, 51st Avenue a yamma, Indian School Road a kudu da Bethany Home Road a arewa, tare da wasu sassan da ke wucewa kudu bayan Thomas Road, yamma zuwa 59th Avenue da arewa zuwa Glendale Avenue. == Makarantu == === Makarantar Alhambra === 33°29′17′′N 112°08′21′′W / 33.488059°N 112.139293°W / 33. 488059; -112.139903 Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na takwas. Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya babbar makaranta ce a [[Arizona]] . Alhambra Traditional an lakafta shi a matsayin makarantar da ta fi dacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> Babban malamin Alhambra Traditional shine Tracey Lopeman . An kafa shi ne a matsayin Makarantar gargajiya ta Westwood a 1983, an sake masa suna Makarantar gargajiya na Alhambra a 1986. Makarantar tana a 3736 West Osborn, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Andalucia da Makarantar Firamare ta James W. Rice === 33°30′11′′N 112°09′43′′W / 33.503001°N 112.161957°W / 33.303001; -112.1619 1957 Andalucia Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji [[Fourth grade|na huɗu]] zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Mista Raul Ruiz . Makarantar tana a 4730 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′10′′N 112°07′36′′W / 33.502857°N 112.126746°W / 33.302857; -112.12674 Granada Firamare School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Stacy O' Rourke. Makarantar tana a 3232 West Campbell, Phoenix Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona === 33°31′57′′N 112°09′15′′W / 33.532472°N 112.154145°W / 33. 532472; -112.154135 Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona ta fara ilmantar da ɗalibai a shekarar 1965. BES tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Shugabar makarantar ita ce Amy Bradshaw. Makarantar tana nan a 6530 North 44th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301. Wannan makarantar kuma gida ce ga shirin *G.A.T.E === Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck === 33°31′22′′N 112°09′54′′W / 33.52277°N 112.165018°W / 33.32277; -112.1650-18 Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Melinda Schlosser . Makarantar tana a 5810 North 49th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Catalina Ventura === 33°31′48′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.53005°N 112.142209°W / 33.33005; -112.14220.9 Catalina Ventura shine 2005 A+ Makarantar.<ref name="cat" /> Shugaba ita ce Melissa Gonzalez . Catalina Ventura tana a 6331 North 39th Ave a Phoenix, Arizona . <ref name="cat">{{Cite web |title=Catalina Ventura School - Index |url=http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054546/http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Catalina Ventura School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Cordova === 33°31′09′′N 112°08′02′′W / 33.51928°N 112.133819°W / 33.31928; -112.1338-19 Cordova Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Sharon Spearman . Makarantar tana a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′09′′N 112°07′30′′W / 33.50253°N 112.125035°W / 33.5503; -112.125045 Granada East School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Randy Martinez . Makarantar tana a 3022 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Gabashin Granada da Makarantar Firamare ta Granada === 33°31′18′′N 112°06′59′′W / 33.521757°N 112.116421°W / 33. 521757; -112.116421. Makarantar Montebello tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Nicole Durazo . Makarantar tana a 5725 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Montebello === <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|33.51928|-112.133819}} Makarantar Sakandare ta Cordova tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji huɗu zuwa takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dr. Sharon Spearman. Makarantar tana nan a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 === Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla da makarantar Sevilla West === 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′29′′W / 33.516123°N 112.1463°W / 33. 516123; -112.141463 Sevilla West School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki 5-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Ms. Jennifer Brunch . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2008.<ref name="sevw" /> An zabi Sevilla West mafi yawan lokuta ta gundumar don abubuwan da suka faru na musamman ga gundumar tunda Sevilla West tana da ɗaki mafi girma a cikin gundumar. Makarantar Sevilla West tana a 3851 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 .<ref name="sevw">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla West School - Index |url=http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417125018/http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla West School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar R. E. Simpson === Makarantar R. E.) Simpson tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji 4-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Alana Ragland. Shugaban makarantar Ragland shugaban makarantar RODEL ne kuma an san shi a matsayin shugaban daidaiton ilimi. Makarantar tana nan a 5330 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015. A lokacin da aka naɗa shugaban makarantar Ragland, Simpson ya fito daga matsayinsa na gazawa zuwa matakin C cikin shekaru uku. Simpson a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alana Ragland ya zama Makarantar Innovation ta Verizon a 2019. Simpson ya kasance jagora a STEAM tare da damammaki da yawa ga ɗalibai don shiga cikin ƙwarewar Kwaleji da Fasaha ta hanyar Paxton Patterson (<nowiki>https://www.paxtonpatterson.com/</nowiki>), AVID da VILS. === Makarantar Firamare ta Westwood === 33°30′24′′N 112°06′29′′W / 33.506577°N 112.10803°W / 33. 506577; -112.10802 Westwood Primary School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-3. Shugaba ita ce Mrs. Melissa McKinsey . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta shekara ta 2006.<ref name="wes" /> Wannan shi ne shafin da ya ba da izini na farko na gundumar zuwa makarantar asali a 1983, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa makarantar unguwa kuma makarantar gargajiya ta gundumar ta koma wurin Alhambra na yanzu. Makarantar tana a 4711 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015 . <ref name="wes">{{Cite web |title=Westwood Primary School - Index |url=http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417114726/http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Westwood Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} 3qfcenfqatzviaivr9lp131ll76nbf2 846058 846055 2026-06-03T13:55:44Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref></ref>  {{Reflist|2}}{{Glendale, Arizona}}'''Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra''' tana ba da ilimi ga ɗalibai sama da 14,000 a yankunan Phoenix da Glendale na Arizona. Alhambra tana da makarantu 15. Waɗannan makarantun suna koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Gundumar tana ciyar da Gundumar Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union.n . == Tarihi == An shirya Gundumar Makarantar Alhambra a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1888. Makarantar farko gini ne na tubali guda ɗaya a kan Shady Lane, wanda yanzu ake kira 33rd Avenue, tsakanin Grand Avenue da Indian School Road. A yau, Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra ba ƙaramar makaranta ce a gefen yammacin [[Phoenix]] ba. Yanzu suna hidimtawa sama da dalibai 14,000 a makarantar sakandare ta hanyar aji na takwas, kuma suna da makarantu 15. Yawancin gundumar suna da iyaka da 19th Avenue a gabas, 51st Avenue a yamma, Indian School Road a kudu da Bethany Home Road a arewa, tare da wasu sassan da ke wucewa kudu bayan Thomas Road, yamma zuwa 59th Avenue da arewa zuwa Glendale Avenue. == Makarantu == === Makarantar Alhambra === 33°29′17′′N 112°08′21′′W / 33.488059°N 112.139293°W / 33. 488059; -112.139903 Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na takwas. Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya babbar makaranta ce a [[Arizona]] . Alhambra Traditional an lakafta shi a matsayin makarantar da ta fi dacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> Babban malamin Alhambra Traditional shine Tracey Lopeman . An kafa shi ne a matsayin Makarantar gargajiya ta Westwood a 1983, an sake masa suna Makarantar gargajiya na Alhambra a 1986. Makarantar tana a 3736 West Osborn, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Andalucia da Makarantar Firamare ta James W. Rice === 33°30′11′′N 112°09′43′′W / 33.503001°N 112.161957°W / 33.303001; -112.1619 1957 Andalucia Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji [[Fourth grade|na huɗu]] zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Mista Raul Ruiz . Makarantar tana a 4730 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′10′′N 112°07′36′′W / 33.502857°N 112.126746°W / 33.302857; -112.12674 Granada Firamare School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Stacy O' Rourke. Makarantar tana a 3232 West Campbell, Phoenix Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona === 33°31′57′′N 112°09′15′′W / 33.532472°N 112.154145°W / 33. 532472; -112.154135 Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona ta fara ilmantar da ɗalibai a shekarar 1965. BES tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Shugabar makarantar ita ce Amy Bradshaw. Makarantar tana nan a 6530 North 44th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301. Wannan makarantar kuma gida ce ga shirin *G.A.T.E === Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck === 33°31′22′′N 112°09′54′′W / 33.52277°N 112.165018°W / 33.32277; -112.1650-18 Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Melinda Schlosser . Makarantar tana a 5810 North 49th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Catalina Ventura === 33°31′48′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.53005°N 112.142209°W / 33.33005; -112.14220.9 Catalina Ventura shine 2005 A+ Makarantar.<ref name="cat" /> Shugaba ita ce Melissa Gonzalez . Catalina Ventura tana a 6331 North 39th Ave a Phoenix, Arizona . <ref name="cat">{{Cite web |title=Catalina Ventura School - Index |url=http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054546/http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Catalina Ventura School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Cordova === 33°31′09′′N 112°08′02′′W / 33.51928°N 112.133819°W / 33.31928; -112.1338-19 Cordova Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Sharon Spearman . Makarantar tana a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′09′′N 112°07′30′′W / 33.50253°N 112.125035°W / 33.5503; -112.125045 Granada East School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Randy Martinez . Makarantar tana a 3022 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Gabashin Granada da Makarantar Firamare ta Granada === 33°31′18′′N 112°06′59′′W / 33.521757°N 112.116421°W / 33. 521757; -112.116421. Makarantar Montebello tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Nicole Durazo . Makarantar tana a 5725 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Montebello === <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|33.51928|-112.133819}} Makarantar Sakandare ta Cordova tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji huɗu zuwa takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dr. Sharon Spearman. Makarantar tana nan a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 === Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla da makarantar Sevilla West === 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′29′′W / 33.516123°N 112.1463°W / 33. 516123; -112.141463 Sevilla West School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki 5-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Ms. Jennifer Brunch . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2008.<ref name="sevw" /> An zabi Sevilla West mafi yawan lokuta ta gundumar don abubuwan da suka faru na musamman ga gundumar tunda Sevilla West tana da ɗaki mafi girma a cikin gundumar. Makarantar Sevilla West tana a 3851 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 .<ref name="sevw">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla West School - Index |url=http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417125018/http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla West School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar R. E. Simpson === Makarantar R. E.) Simpson tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji 4-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Alana Ragland. Shugaban makarantar Ragland shugaban makarantar RODEL ne kuma an san shi a matsayin shugaban daidaiton ilimi. Makarantar tana nan a 5330 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015. A lokacin da aka naɗa shugaban makarantar Ragland, Simpson ya fito daga matsayinsa na gazawa zuwa matakin C cikin shekaru uku. Simpson a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alana Ragland ya zama Makarantar Innovation ta Verizon a 2019. Simpson ya kasance jagora a STEAM tare da damammaki da yawa ga ɗalibai don shiga cikin ƙwarewar Kwaleji da Fasaha ta hanyar Paxton Patterson (<nowiki>https://www.paxtonpatterson.com/</nowiki>), AVID da VILS. === Makarantar Firamare ta Westwood === 33°30′24′′N 112°06′29′′W / 33.506577°N 112.10803°W / 33. 506577; -112.10802 Westwood Primary School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-3. Shugaba ita ce Mrs. Melissa McKinsey . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta shekara ta 2006.<ref name="wes" /> Wannan shi ne shafin da ya ba da izini na farko na gundumar zuwa makarantar asali a 1983, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa makarantar unguwa kuma makarantar gargajiya ta gundumar ta koma wurin Alhambra na yanzu. Makarantar tana a 4711 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015 . <ref name="wes">{{Cite web |title=Westwood Primary School - Index |url=http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417114726/http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Westwood Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} 341ycsvrecigerqkwcnegetlqpo1h9l 846060 846058 2026-06-03T13:56:33Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref></ref>  '''Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra''' tana ba da ilimi ga ɗalibai sama da 14,000 a yankunan Phoenix da Glendale na Arizona. Alhambra tana da makarantu 15. Waɗannan makarantun suna koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Gundumar tana ciyar da Gundumar Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union.n . == Tarihi == An shirya Gundumar Makarantar Alhambra a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1888. Makarantar farko gini ne na tubali guda ɗaya a kan Shady Lane, wanda yanzu ake kira 33rd Avenue, tsakanin Grand Avenue da Indian School Road. A yau, Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra ba ƙaramar makaranta ce a gefen yammacin [[Phoenix]] ba. Yanzu suna hidimtawa sama da dalibai 14,000 a makarantar sakandare ta hanyar aji na takwas, kuma suna da makarantu 15. Yawancin gundumar suna da iyaka da 19th Avenue a gabas, 51st Avenue a yamma, Indian School Road a kudu da Bethany Home Road a arewa, tare da wasu sassan da ke wucewa kudu bayan Thomas Road, yamma zuwa 59th Avenue da arewa zuwa Glendale Avenue. == Makarantu == === Makarantar Alhambra === 33°29′17′′N 112°08′21′′W / 33.488059°N 112.139293°W / 33. 488059; -112.139903 Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na takwas. Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya babbar makaranta ce a [[Arizona]] . Alhambra Traditional an lakafta shi a matsayin makarantar da ta fi dacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> Babban malamin Alhambra Traditional shine Tracey Lopeman . An kafa shi ne a matsayin Makarantar gargajiya ta Westwood a 1983, an sake masa suna Makarantar gargajiya na Alhambra a 1986. Makarantar tana a 3736 West Osborn, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Andalucia da Makarantar Firamare ta James W. Rice === 33°30′11′′N 112°09′43′′W / 33.503001°N 112.161957°W / 33.303001; -112.1619 1957 Andalucia Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji [[Fourth grade|na huɗu]] zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Mista Raul Ruiz . Makarantar tana a 4730 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′10′′N 112°07′36′′W / 33.502857°N 112.126746°W / 33.302857; -112.12674 Granada Firamare School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Stacy O' Rourke. Makarantar tana a 3232 West Campbell, Phoenix Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona === 33°31′57′′N 112°09′15′′W / 33.532472°N 112.154145°W / 33. 532472; -112.154135 Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona ta fara ilmantar da ɗalibai a shekarar 1965. BES tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Shugabar makarantar ita ce Amy Bradshaw. Makarantar tana nan a 6530 North 44th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301. Wannan makarantar kuma gida ce ga shirin *G.A.T.E === Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck === 33°31′22′′N 112°09′54′′W / 33.52277°N 112.165018°W / 33.32277; -112.1650-18 Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Melinda Schlosser . Makarantar tana a 5810 North 49th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Catalina Ventura === 33°31′48′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.53005°N 112.142209°W / 33.33005; -112.14220.9 Catalina Ventura shine 2005 A+ Makarantar.<ref name="cat" /> Shugaba ita ce Melissa Gonzalez . Catalina Ventura tana a 6331 North 39th Ave a Phoenix, Arizona . <ref name="cat">{{Cite web |title=Catalina Ventura School - Index |url=http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054546/http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Catalina Ventura School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Tsakiya ta Cordova === 33°31′09′′N 112°08′02′′W / 33.51928°N 112.133819°W / 33.31928; -112.1338-19 Cordova Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Sharon Spearman . Makarantar tana a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′09′′N 112°07′30′′W / 33.50253°N 112.125035°W / 33.5503; -112.125045 Granada East School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Randy Martinez . Makarantar tana a 3022 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> === Makarantar Gabashin Granada da Makarantar Firamare ta Granada === 33°31′18′′N 112°06′59′′W / 33.521757°N 112.116421°W / 33. 521757; -112.116421. Makarantar Montebello tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Nicole Durazo . Makarantar tana a 5725 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85017 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar Montebello === <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|33.51928|-112.133819}} Makarantar Sakandare ta Cordova tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji huɗu zuwa takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dr. Sharon Spearman. Makarantar tana nan a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 === Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla da makarantar Sevilla West === 33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.<ref name="sevp" /> Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . <ref name="sevp">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> 33°30′58′′N 112°08′29′′W / 33.516123°N 112.1463°W / 33. 516123; -112.141463 Sevilla West School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki 5-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Ms. Jennifer Brunch . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2008.<ref name="sevw" /> An zabi Sevilla West mafi yawan lokuta ta gundumar don abubuwan da suka faru na musamman ga gundumar tunda Sevilla West tana da ɗaki mafi girma a cikin gundumar. Makarantar Sevilla West tana a 3851 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 .<ref name="sevw">{{Cite web |title=Sevilla West School - Index |url=http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417125018/http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla West School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> === Makarantar R. E. Simpson === Makarantar R. E.) Simpson tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji 4-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Alana Ragland. Shugaban makarantar Ragland shugaban makarantar RODEL ne kuma an san shi a matsayin shugaban daidaiton ilimi. Makarantar tana nan a 5330 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015. A lokacin da aka naɗa shugaban makarantar Ragland, Simpson ya fito daga matsayinsa na gazawa zuwa matakin C cikin shekaru uku. Simpson a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alana Ragland ya zama Makarantar Innovation ta Verizon a 2019. Simpson ya kasance jagora a STEAM tare da damammaki da yawa ga ɗalibai don shiga cikin ƙwarewar Kwaleji da Fasaha ta hanyar Paxton Patterson (<nowiki>https://www.paxtonpatterson.com/</nowiki>), AVID da VILS. === Makarantar Firamare ta Westwood === 33°30′24′′N 112°06′29′′W / 33.506577°N 112.10803°W / 33. 506577; -112.10802 Westwood Primary School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-3. Shugaba ita ce Mrs. Melissa McKinsey . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta shekara ta 2006.<ref name="wes" /> Wannan shi ne shafin da ya ba da izini na farko na gundumar zuwa makarantar asali a 1983, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa makarantar unguwa kuma makarantar gargajiya ta gundumar ta koma wurin Alhambra na yanzu. Makarantar tana a 4711 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015 . <ref name="wes">{{Cite web |title=Westwood Primary School - Index |url=http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417114726/http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Westwood Primary School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}} or18lo9qkuxkvf5fjady2tnw00nixqd Aquarium na Tekun Biyu 0 154473 846056 2026-06-03T13:55:09Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312506013|Two Oceans Aquarium]]" 846056 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_-_shark_tunnel.jpg|alt=The tunnel of the I&J Ocean Exhibit| Ramin Nunin Tekun I&J Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium02.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_Turtle.jpg|alt=Bob, a green sea turtle at the aquarium| Bob, kunkuru mai launin kore a akwatin kifaye Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium03.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium05.jpg Fayil:Jelly_Fish_Exibits_in_Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3969.jpg Fayil:Jelly_Fish_Exibits_in_Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3965.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3948.jpg Fayil:Twooceansaquarium.jpg|alt=The main kelp forest tank in Two Oceans Aquarium| Babban tankin gandun daji na kelp a cikin Tekun Two Oceans Aquarium Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium01.jpg|alt=Anemonefish in Two Oceans Aquarium| Kifin Anemone a cikin Tekuna Biyu na Aquarium </gallery>'''Aquarium na Tekun Biyu''' wani akwatin kifaye ne da ke bakin tekun Victoria &amp;amp; Alfred a [[Cape Town]], Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An buɗe akwatin kifayen a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1995 kuma ya ƙunshi ɗakunan nunin kayan tarihi da yawa tare da manyan tagogi masu kallo: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibits at the Two Oceans Aquarium |url=http://www.aquarium.co.za/exhibits/default.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206125151/http://www.aquarium.co.za/exhibits/default.php |archive-date=2006-12-06 |access-date=2006-11-28}}</ref> An sanya wa akwatin kifayen suna ne saboda wurin da yake, inda Tekun Indiya da Tekun Atlantika suka haɗu. == Nunin == * Hotunan Bambance-bambance - Wannan hoton yana nuna rayuwar ruwa na tekuna biyu na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma manyan magudanar ruwa na Benguela da Agulhas waɗanda suka mamaye gabar tekunta. Shahararrun nau'ikan sun haɗa da dokin teku na Knysna, moray eels, anemonefish, cryptic klipfish, taurarin teku, jellyfish na kamfas, shysharks da kuma nunin halittu na wucin gadi na ƙasashen waje. * Cibiyar Wasan Yara ta I&J—Akwai ayyuka daban-daban don nishadantar da matasan baƙi, kamar nunin 'yar tsana da fasaha da sana'o'i. * Ajiye Mu Gidauniyar Teku Shark Nunin - Wannan nunin yana ɗauke da lita miliyan 2 na ruwan teku. Ana samun sharks masu haƙori masu ratsa jiki, da sauran kifaye daban-daban a cikin nunin. * Nunin Teku na I&J - Wannan nunin yana ɗauke da lita miliyan 1.6 na ruwan teku. Ana iya ganin kifaye daban-daban, haskoki, da kunkuru a cikin wannan nunin. * Nunin Dajin Kelp - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na akwatin kifaye, wannan dajin ƙarƙashin ruwa gida ne ga tarin kifayen bakin teku, kamar su fararen musselcrackers, steenbras da sharks masu launin ruwan kasa, da samfuran halittu masu rai na nau'in kelp na Afirka ta Kudu, bamboo na teku, kelp mai fan-fan da kelp na mafitsara. Penguin na arewacin rockhopper shi ma yana amfani da wannan nunin don motsa jikinsa. * Nunin Penguin - Penguins masu ƙafafu baƙi na Afirka, penguins na arewacin rockhopper, kwaɗin damisa na yamma da kwaɗin Afirka masu ƙusoshi . Akwai wani kwarin kogi da aka raba zuwa sassa uku (na sama, na tsakiya, da na ƙasa) tare da misalan kifayen ruwa na asali da na mamaye. == Hotunan Hotuna == == Nassoshi == ln7cg5uxdgdv7hidpg5tdbojm2695wr 846057 846056 2026-06-03T13:55:35Z Engineer014 44591 846057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery> Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_-_shark_tunnel.jpg|alt=The tunnel of the I&J Ocean Exhibit| Ramin Nunin Tekun I&J Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium02.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_Turtle.jpg|alt=Bob, a green sea turtle at the aquarium| Bob, kunkuru mai launin kore a akwatin kifaye Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium03.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium05.jpg Fayil:Jelly_Fish_Exibits_in_Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3969.jpg Fayil:Jelly_Fish_Exibits_in_Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3965.jpg Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium_DSC_3948.jpg Fayil:Twooceansaquarium.jpg|alt=The main kelp forest tank in Two Oceans Aquarium| Babban tankin gandun daji na kelp a cikin Tekun Two Oceans Aquarium Fayil:Two_Oceans_Aquarium01.jpg|alt=Anemonefish in Two Oceans Aquarium| Kifin Anemone a cikin Tekuna Biyu na Aquarium </gallery>'''Aquarium na Tekun Biyu''' wani akwatin kifaye ne da ke bakin tekun Victoria &amp;amp; Alfred a [[Cape Town]], Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An buɗe akwatin kifayen a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1995 kuma ya ƙunshi ɗakunan nunin kayan tarihi da yawa tare da manyan tagogi masu kallo: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibits at the Two Oceans Aquarium |url=http://www.aquarium.co.za/exhibits/default.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206125151/http://www.aquarium.co.za/exhibits/default.php |archive-date=2006-12-06 |access-date=2006-11-28}}</ref> An sanya wa akwatin kifayen suna ne saboda wurin da yake, inda Tekun Indiya da Tekun Atlantika suka haɗu. == Nunin == * Hotunan Bambance-bambance - Wannan hoton yana nuna rayuwar ruwa na tekuna biyu na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma manyan magudanar ruwa na Benguela da Agulhas waɗanda suka mamaye gabar tekunta. Shahararrun nau'ikan sun haɗa da dokin teku na Knysna, moray eels, anemonefish, cryptic klipfish, taurarin teku, jellyfish na kamfas, shysharks da kuma nunin halittu na wucin gadi na ƙasashen waje. * Cibiyar Wasan Yara ta I&J—Akwai ayyuka daban-daban don nishadantar da matasan baƙi, kamar nunin 'yar tsana da fasaha da sana'o'i. * Ajiye Mu Gidauniyar Teku Shark Nunin - Wannan nunin yana ɗauke da lita miliyan 2 na ruwan teku. Ana samun sharks masu haƙori masu ratsa jiki, da sauran kifaye daban-daban a cikin nunin. * Nunin Teku na I&J - Wannan nunin yana ɗauke da lita miliyan 1.6 na ruwan teku. Ana iya ganin kifaye daban-daban, haskoki, da kunkuru a cikin wannan nunin. * Nunin Dajin Kelp - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na akwatin kifaye, wannan dajin ƙarƙashin ruwa gida ne ga tarin kifayen bakin teku, kamar su fararen musselcrackers, steenbras da sharks masu launin ruwan kasa, da samfuran halittu masu rai na nau'in kelp na Afirka ta Kudu, bamboo na teku, kelp mai fan-fan da kelp na mafitsara. Penguin na arewacin rockhopper shi ma yana amfani da wannan nunin don motsa jikinsa. * Nunin Penguin - Penguins masu ƙafafu baƙi na Afirka, penguins na arewacin rockhopper, kwaɗin damisa na yamma da kwaɗin Afirka masu ƙusoshi . Akwai wani kwarin kogi da aka raba zuwa sassa uku (na sama, na tsakiya, da na ƙasa) tare da misalan kifayen ruwa na asali da na mamaye. == Hotunan Hotuna == == Nassoshi == tp3hh1ojwgcsyelfby3craormk6rfn9 Wole Oladiyun 0 154474 846061 2026-06-03T13:57:05Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | suna = Wole Oladiyun | hoto = | bayani = Fasto kuma wanda ya kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) | haihuwa = 2 Afrilu 1959 | wurin_haihuwa = Ile-Oluji, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, marubuci, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa | addini = Kiristanci | ma'aurata = Bukola Oladiyun | yara = 4 | makaranta = Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University) | sananne_da = Kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) }} '''Wole Ola... 846061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | suna = Wole Oladiyun | hoto = | bayani = Fasto kuma wanda ya kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) | haihuwa = 2 Afrilu 1959 | wurin_haihuwa = Ile-Oluji, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, marubuci, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa | addini = Kiristanci | ma'aurata = Bukola Oladiyun | yara = 4 | makaranta = Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University) | sananne_da = Kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) }} '''Wole Oladiyun''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1959) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma wanda ya kafa '''Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM)''', wata ma'aikatar Kirista da ke da hedikwata a Omole, Legas.<ref>{{cite news |title=CLAM Church Started With 6 Only Members |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/pastor-wole-oladiyun-clam-church-started-with-6-only-members-2024080112215512448 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=17 Nuwamba 2014}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Oladiyun a garin Ile-Oluji da ke Jihar Ondo. Ya taso ne a gidan Kirista inda mahaifinsa, Samuel Oladiyun, da mahaifiyarsa Dorcas Ejiola Oladiyun suka kasance masu hidima a cocin Christ Apostolic Church (CAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Gboluji Anglican Grammar School, Ile-Oluji, sannan ya samu digirinsa a fannin Civil Engineering daga Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University). Daga baya ya samu MBA daga wata makarantar kasuwanci a Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria’s Educational Curriculum In Dire Need Of Review – Oladiyun |url=https://independent.ng/nigerias-educational-curriculum-in-dire-need-of-review-oladiyun/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=14 Nuwamba 2021}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya shiga cikakken aikin wa'azi, Oladiyun ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma ya gudanar da wasu harkokin kasuwanci da suka haɗa da sayar da kayan gyaran motoci, sinadarai da katako.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pastor Wole Oladiyun: I Sold Spare Parts, Wood Before My Calling |work=THISDAY |date=5 Afrilu 2019}}</ref> == Aikin addini == Oladiyun ya yi hidima a ƙarƙashin marigayi Reverend D.K. Aboderin na Faith Family Bible Church na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ya kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=CLAM Church Started With 6 Only Members |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/pastor-wole-oladiyun-clam-church-started-with-6-only-members-2024080112215512448 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=17 Nuwamba 2014}}</ref> CLAM ta fara ne da mambobi shida kacal amma daga baya ta bunƙasa zuwa ma'aikatar da ke da rassan cikin Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news |title=It’s a Privilege to Work for God, Says Pastor Wole Oladiyun |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/its-a-privilege-to-work-for-god-says-pastor-wole-oladiyun/ |work=City People Magazine |date=6 Afrilu 2022}}</ref> An san shi da shirya tarukan addu'a da wa'azi, ciki har da shirin shekara-shekara mai suna ''Solution Nights''. Haka kuma ya kafa ''Ministers Apostolic Fire Convocation (MAFCO)'' domin haɗa limamai da masu wa'azi.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi kan ilimi == A shekarar 2021, Oladiyun ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta sake fasalin tsarin karatun manyan makarantu, yana mai cewa tsarin ilimin ƙasar ya tsufa kuma ba ya samar da ƙwararrun matasa da suka dace da buƙatun zamani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our Educational System Is Obsolete, We Need Hands-On Graduates, Says Cleric |url=https://guardian.ng/news/our-educational-system-is-obsolete-we-need-hands-on-graduates-says-cleric/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 Disamba 2021}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == A shekarar 2022, ya ƙaddamar da ''Back to School Intervention Fund'', wani shiri da aka tsara domin taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ilimi da suka taso sakamakon yajin aikin jami'o'i a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASUU Strike: Church Launches Educational Fund To Support FG |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/asuu-strike-church-sets-up-educational-fund-to-support-fg-2024072523322841817 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=8 Oktoba 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Oladiyun ya auri Bukola Oladiyun a shekarar 1990. Ma'auratan suna da yara huɗu.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Kiristocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Ondo]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1959]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 3icdd5mag8ocywq7d83re3ylnumvuzv Butter Honey Pig Bread 0 154475 846062 2026-06-03T13:58:06Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324705738|Butter Honey Pig Bread]]" 846062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Butter Honey Pig Bread''''' littafi ne na farko na Francesca Ekwuyasi, wanda aka buga a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2020 ta Arsenal Pulp Press . Littafin ya ba da labarin mata uku, Kambirinachi da 'ya'yanta mata tagwaye, Kehinde da Taiye, kuma ya gudana a nahiyoyi uku. Manyan jigoginsa sun haɗa da abinci, iyali, da gafara. == Bayani == A shekarar 2013, bayan kammala aikinta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|na hidimar ƙasa]] a Najeriya kuma tana jiran takardar izinin shiga Kanada, Ekwuyasi ta fara rubutu kuma ta shafe kwanakinta tana karanta littattafan Najeriya a wani ɗakin karatu na gida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> Wannan abin ya tsara rubutun ''Butter Honey Pig Bread.'' Daga baya, Ekwuyasi ta sami takardar izinin shiga Kanada ta ƙaura zuwa Halifax ta ci gaba da rubuta Butter Honey Pig Bread, duk da cewa ba ta yi niyyar buga shi ba. [1] Duk da haka, wata kawarta ta ƙarfafa ta ta aika da daftarin aiki zuwa Arsenal Pulp Press, kuma a kusa da lokacin da izinin aikinta na Kanada ya ƙare, an karɓi rubutun. [1] Bayan wani lokaci, aka buga littafin, kuma Ekwuyasi ya sami zama na dindindin a Kanada. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarter2020">Carter, Sue (September 14, 2020). [https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ "Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections"]. ''Quill and Quire''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ Archived] from the original on October 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Liyafar maraba == ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ya sami sharhi daga ''Booklist'' da ''Publishers Weekly ,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Fiction Book Review: Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi. Arsenal Pulp, $19.95 trade paper (320p) ISBN 978-1-55152-823-6 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018024044/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref> da kuma sharhi masu kyau da yawa. Laura Chanoux, wacce ke rubutu a ''Booklist'', ta yaba wa rubutun Ekwuyasi, tana cewa, "Bayanan da ke cikin littafin... suna gayyatar masu karatu su ji daɗin harshen Ekwuyasi sosai. Rubutunta a wasu lokutan yana da ban sha'awa... Haɗa zurfin motsin rai da abubuwan al'ajabi, wannan shine farkon farko mai kyau." Karin sharhi mai kyau ya fito ne daga ''jaridar The New Yorker ,'' ''The Puritan,'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=Whitney |date=Fall 2020 |title=Making Food, Making Fury: Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://puritan-magazine.com/butter-honey-pig-bread-review/ |journal=The Puritan |issue=51}}</ref> ''Hamilton Review of Books,'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Claire |date=November 16, 2020 |title=Claire Francis Reviews Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183422/http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |archive-date=2020-11-16 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Hamilton Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Suburban'', <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> ''This Black Girl Reads,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=My Canada Reads Pick for 2021 is 'Butter Honey Pig Bread' Here's Why… |url=https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183537/https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=This Black Girl Reads |language=en-CA}}</ref> ''Consumed by Ink,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi |url=https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172817/https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Consumed by Ink |language=en}}</ref> da kuma ''Foreword Reviews'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Eileen |date=November–December 2020 |title=Review of One Night Two Souls Went Walking |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111438/https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Foreword Reviews |language=en}}</ref> CBC ta sanya wa littafin ''Honey Butter Pig Bread'' suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan Kanada na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2021 |title=The best Canadian fiction of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204124316/https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> ''The Globe and Mail '' da ''Quill &amp;amp; Quire <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-16 |title=2020 Books of the Year: Editors' picks |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183737/https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref>'' sun haɗa shi cikin jerin littattafansu mafi kyau na shekara, ba tare da la'akari da nau'insu ba. ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' shine littafi na tara mafi sayarwa a Kanada a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=The top 10 bestselling Canadian books of 2021 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119181233/http://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ga ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ! Shekara ! Kyauta/Girmamawa ! Nau'i ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- ! rowspan="2" | 2020 | Kyautar Giller | —|{{Nom|Longlisted}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2020 |title=14 books make longlist for $100K Scotiabank Giller Prize |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908171543/https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Gwamna Janar | Almara a Turanci|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past GGBooks winners and finalists |url=https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409123738/https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Governor General's Literary Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" | 2021 | Kyautar Littafin Farko ta Amazon.ca | —|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Qiao |first=Vicky |date=May 28, 2021 |title=Five Little Indians by Michelle Good wins $60K Amazon First Novel Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528164706/https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |archive-date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Karatun CBC Kanada | —|{{Nom}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeredith2021">Meredith (March 8, 2021). [https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html "Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review"]. ''The Suburban Newspaper''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html Archived] from the original on March 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Roger Mooking thinks Canada Reads will be like 'Reading Rainbow Gladiator' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121170018/https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |archive-date=2021-01-21 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Adabi ta Lambda | Almarar 'Yan Madigo|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613042400/https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en}}</ref> |- | Kyautar ReLit | Labari|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=ReL 2021 Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106055840/https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2023}}</ref> |- ! 2022 | Kyautar Dayne Ogilvie | —|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == 0tpohfyztzjp0g6e6se2ogay7bpjqj3 846064 846062 2026-06-03T13:59:53Z Sardeeq 39275 846064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Butter Honey Pig Bread''''' littafi ne na farko na Francesca Ekwuyasi, wanda aka buga a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2020 ta Arsenal Pulp Press . Littafin ya ba da labarin mata uku, Kambirinachi da 'ya'yanta mata tagwaye, Kehinde da Taiye, kuma ya gudana a nahiyoyi uku. Manyan jigoginsa sun haɗa da abinci, iyali, da gafara. == Bayani == A shekarar 2013, bayan kammala aikinta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|na hidimar ƙasa]] a Najeriya kuma tana jiran takardar izinin shiga Kanada, Ekwuyasi ta fara rubutu kuma ta shafe kwanakinta tana karanta littattafan Najeriya a wani ɗakin karatu na gida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> Wannan abin ya tsara rubutun ''Butter Honey Pig Bread.'' Daga baya, Ekwuyasi ta sami takardar izinin shiga Kanada ta ƙaura zuwa Halifax ta ci gaba da rubuta Butter Honey Pig Bread, duk da cewa ba ta yi niyyar buga shi ba. [1] Duk da haka, wata kawarta ta ƙarfafa ta ta aika da daftarin aiki zuwa Arsenal Pulp Press, kuma a kusa da lokacin da izinin aikinta na Kanada ya ƙare, an karɓi rubutun. [1] Bayan wani lokaci, aka buga littafin, kuma Ekwuyasi ya sami zama na dindindin a Kanada. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarter2020">Carter, Sue (September 14, 2020). [https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ "Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections"]. ''Quill and Quire''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ Archived] from the original on October 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Liyafar maraba == ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ya sami sharhi daga ''Booklist'' da ''Publishers Weekly ,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Fiction Book Review: Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi. Arsenal Pulp, $19.95 trade paper (320p) ISBN 978-1-55152-823-6 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018024044/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref> da kuma sharhi masu kyau da yawa. Laura Chanoux, wacce ke rubutu a ''Booklist'', ta yaba wa rubutun Ekwuyasi, tana cewa, "Bayanan da ke cikin littafin... suna gayyatar masu karatu su ji daɗin harshen Ekwuyasi sosai. Rubutunta a wasu lokutan yana da ban sha'awa... Haɗa zurfin motsin rai da abubuwan al'ajabi, wannan shine farkon farko mai kyau." Karin sharhi mai kyau ya fito ne daga ''jaridar The New Yorker ,'' ''The Puritan,'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=Whitney |date=Fall 2020 |title=Making Food, Making Fury: Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://puritan-magazine.com/butter-honey-pig-bread-review/ |journal=The Puritan |issue=51}}</ref> ''Hamilton Review of Books,'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Claire |date=November 16, 2020 |title=Claire Francis Reviews Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183422/http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |archive-date=2020-11-16 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Hamilton Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Suburban'', <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> ''This Black Girl Reads,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=My Canada Reads Pick for 2021 is 'Butter Honey Pig Bread' Here's Why… |url=https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183537/https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=This Black Girl Reads |language=en-CA}}</ref> ''Consumed by Ink,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi |url=https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172817/https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Consumed by Ink |language=en}}</ref> da kuma ''Foreword Reviews'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Eileen |date=November–December 2020 |title=Review of One Night Two Souls Went Walking |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111438/https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Foreword Reviews |language=en}}</ref> CBC ta sanya wa littafin ''Honey Butter Pig Bread'' suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan Kanada na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2021 |title=The best Canadian fiction of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204124316/https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> ''The Globe and Mail '' da ''Quill &amp;amp; Quire <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-16 |title=2020 Books of the Year: Editors' picks |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183737/https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref>'' sun haɗa shi cikin jerin littattafansu mafi kyau na shekara, ba tare da la'akari da nau'insu ba. ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' shine littafi na tara mafi sayarwa a Kanada a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=The top 10 bestselling Canadian books of 2021 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119181233/http://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ga ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ! Shekara ! Kyauta/Girmamawa ! Nau'i ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- ! rowspan="2" | 2020 | Kyautar Giller | —|{{Nom|Longlisted}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2020 |title=14 books make longlist for $100K Scotiabank Giller Prize |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908171543/https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Gwamna Janar | Almara a Turanci|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past GGBooks winners and finalists |url=https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409123738/https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Governor General's Literary Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" | 2021 | Kyautar Littafin Farko ta Amazon.ca | —|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Qiao |first=Vicky |date=May 28, 2021 |title=Five Little Indians by Michelle Good wins $60K Amazon First Novel Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528164706/https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |archive-date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Karatun CBC Kanada | —|{{Nom}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeredith2021">Meredith (March 8, 2021). [https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html "Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review"]. ''The Suburban Newspaper''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html Archived] from the original on March 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Roger Mooking thinks Canada Reads will be like 'Reading Rainbow Gladiator' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121170018/https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |archive-date=2021-01-21 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Adabi ta Lambda | Almarar 'Yan Madigo|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613042400/https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en}}</ref> |- | Kyautar ReLit | Labari|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=ReL 2021 Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106055840/https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2023}}</ref> |- ! 2022 | Kyautar Dayne Ogilvie | —|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == c4xo5tx34lt09vht6ae8vjzk4tlo8l4 846065 846064 2026-06-03T14:00:25Z Sardeeq 39275 846065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Butter Honey Pig Bread''''' littafi ne na farko na Francesca Ekwuyasi, wanda aka buga a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2020 ta Arsenal Pulp Press . Littafin ya ba da labarin mata uku, Kambirinachi da 'ya'yanta mata tagwaye, Kehinde da Taiye, kuma ya gudana a nahiyoyi uku. Manyan jigoginsa sun haɗa da abinci, iyali, da gafara. == Bayani == A shekarar 2013, bayan kammala aikinta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|na hidimar ƙasa]] a [[Najeriya]] kuma tana jiran takardar izinin shiga Kanada, Ekwuyasi ta fara rubutu kuma ta shafe kwanakinta tana karanta littattafan Najeriya a wani ɗakin karatu na gida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref> Wannan abin ya tsara rubutun ''Butter Honey Pig Bread.'' Daga baya, Ekwuyasi ta sami takardar izinin shiga Kanada ta ƙaura zuwa Halifax ta ci gaba da rubuta Butter Honey Pig Bread, duk da cewa ba ta yi niyyar buga shi ba. [1] Duk da haka, wata kawarta ta ƙarfafa ta ta aika da daftarin aiki zuwa Arsenal Pulp Press, kuma a kusa da lokacin da izinin aikinta na Kanada ya ƙare, an karɓi rubutun. [1] Bayan wani lokaci, aka buga littafin, kuma Ekwuyasi ya sami zama na dindindin a Kanada. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sue |date=2020-09-14 |title=Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarter2020">Carter, Sue (September 14, 2020). [https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ "Francesca Ekwuyasi's sensual debut novel melds Nigerian folklore with a personal journey to make connections"]. ''Quill and Quire''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172055/https://quillandquire.com/authors/francesca-ekwuyasis-sensual-debut-novel-melds-nigerian-folklore-with-a-personal-journey-to-make-connections/ Archived] from the original on October 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Liyafar maraba == ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ya sami sharhi daga ''Booklist'' da ''Publishers Weekly ,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Fiction Book Review: Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi. Arsenal Pulp, $19.95 trade paper (320p) ISBN 978-1-55152-823-6 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018024044/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55152-823-6 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Publishers Weekly |language=en}}</ref> da kuma sharhi masu kyau da yawa. Laura Chanoux, wacce ke rubutu a ''Booklist'', ta yaba wa rubutun Ekwuyasi, tana cewa, "Bayanan da ke cikin littafin... suna gayyatar masu karatu su ji daɗin harshen Ekwuyasi sosai. Rubutunta a wasu lokutan yana da ban sha'awa... Haɗa zurfin motsin rai da abubuwan al'ajabi, wannan shine farkon farko mai kyau." Karin sharhi mai kyau ya fito ne daga ''jaridar The New Yorker ,'' ''The Puritan,'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=French |first=Whitney |date=Fall 2020 |title=Making Food, Making Fury: Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://puritan-magazine.com/butter-honey-pig-bread-review/ |journal=The Puritan |issue=51}}</ref> ''Hamilton Review of Books,'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Claire |date=November 16, 2020 |title=Claire Francis Reviews Francesca Ekwuyasi's Butter Honey Pig Bread |url=http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183422/http://hamiltonreviewofbooks.com/blog/2020/11/16/claire-francis-reviews-francesca-ekwuyasis-butter-honey-pig-bread |archive-date=2020-11-16 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Hamilton Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Suburban'', <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> ''This Black Girl Reads,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=My Canada Reads Pick for 2021 is 'Butter Honey Pig Bread' Here's Why… |url=https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183537/https://thisblackgirlreads.ca/my-canada-reads-pick-for-2021-is-butter-honey-pig-bread-heres-why/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=This Black Girl Reads |language=en-CA}}</ref> ''Consumed by Ink,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi |url=https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172817/https://consumedbyink.ca/2021/02/08/butter-honey-pig-bread-by-francesca-ekwuyasi/ |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Consumed by Ink |language=en}}</ref> da kuma ''Foreword Reviews'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Eileen |date=November–December 2020 |title=Review of One Night Two Souls Went Walking |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111438/https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/one-night-two-souls-went-walking/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Foreword Reviews |language=en}}</ref> CBC ta sanya wa littafin ''Honey Butter Pig Bread'' suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan Kanada na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2021 |title=The best Canadian fiction of 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204124316/https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-fiction-of-2020-1.5819722 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> ''The Globe and Mail '' da ''Quill &amp;amp; Quire <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-16 |title=2020 Books of the Year: Editors' picks |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183737/https://quillandquire.com/omni/books-of-the-year-2020-editors-picks/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Quill and Quire |language=en}}</ref>'' sun haɗa shi cikin jerin littattafansu mafi kyau na shekara, ba tare da la'akari da nau'insu ba. ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' shine littafi na tara mafi sayarwa a Kanada a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=The top 10 bestselling Canadian books of 2021 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119181233/http://www.cbc.ca/books/the-top-10-bestselling-canadian-books-of-2021-1.6295635 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ga ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' ! Shekara ! Kyauta/Girmamawa ! Nau'i ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- ! rowspan="2" | 2020 | Kyautar Giller | —|{{Nom|Longlisted}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2020 |title=14 books make longlist for $100K Scotiabank Giller Prize |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908171543/https://www.cbc.ca/books/14-books-make-longlist-for-100k-scotiabank-giller-prize-1.5710960 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Gwamna Janar | Almara a Turanci|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past GGBooks winners and finalists |url=https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409123738/https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Governor General's Literary Awards |language=en}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="4" | 2021 | Kyautar Littafin Farko ta Amazon.ca | —|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Qiao |first=Vicky |date=May 28, 2021 |title=Five Little Indians by Michelle Good wins $60K Amazon First Novel Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528164706/https://www.cbc.ca/books/five-little-indians-by-michelle-good-wins-60k-amazon-first-novel-award-1.6044056 |archive-date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Karatun CBC Kanada | —|{{Nom}} | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meredith |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review |url=https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Suburban Newspaper |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMeredith2021">Meredith (March 8, 2021). [https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html "Entertainment: Butter Honey Pig Bread review"]. ''The Suburban Newspaper''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210310070328/https://www.thesuburban.com/arts_and_entertainment/entertainment/entertainment-butter-honey-pig-bread-review/article_c21b8b84-8036-11eb-88b0-d3dacd4ec1b0.html Archived] from the original on March 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Roger Mooking thinks Canada Reads will be like 'Reading Rainbow Gladiator' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121170018/https://www.cbc.ca/books/canadareads/roger-mooking-thinks-canada-reads-will-be-like-reading-rainbow-gladiator-1.5877728 |archive-date=2021-01-21 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=CBC Books}}</ref> |- | Kyautar Adabi ta Lambda | Almarar 'Yan Madigo|{{Sho|Finalist}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Finalists |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613042400/https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/ |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en}}</ref> |- | Kyautar ReLit | Labari|{{Sho}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=ReL 2021 Award |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106055840/https://www.cbc.ca/books/susan-sanford-blades-kristyn-dunnion-simina-banu-win-2021-relit-awards-1.6003840 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2023}}</ref> |- ! 2022 | Kyautar Dayne Ogilvie | —|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == csigf8flgntke6f3cbl1ass13tejfwl Interlink Publishing 0 154476 846063 2026-06-03T13:58:40Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332411784|Interlink Publishing]]" 846063 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} '''Interlink Publishing''' wata cibiyar buga littattafai ce mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1987 kuma tana da hedikwata a Northampton, Massachusetts, Amurka. {{As of|2006}} , tana buga matsakaicin littattafai 90 a shekara kuma tana da taken littattafai 800 da aka buga. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kamfanin ya ƙware a cikin bugawa a cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Interlink Books |url=http://www.interlinkbooks.com/pages.php?page=about&osCsid=d54410ffe73d5e6980b5336de3d54bf6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128034434/http://www.interlinkbooks.com/pages.php?page=about&osCsid=c096b94c429604dfd6980f7d2efbf16a |archive-date=January 28, 2007 |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> * Tafiye-tafiye na duniya * Littattafan Duniya (Interlink World Fiction series) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interlink World Fiction |url=http://www.interlinkbooks.com/index.php?cPath=8_29 |access-date=December 2, 2014 |publisher=Interlink Books}}</ref> * Tarihin Duniya da Siyasa * Fasaha * Kiɗa da rawa na duniya * Abincin kasa da kasa (ciki har da kayan lambu) * Littattafan yara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin littattafansa sun shafi al'adun Celtic. Tana kuma buga jerin shirye-shirye masu taken On-the-Road Historys, International Folk Tales, Illustrated History, da Emerging Voices New International Fiction. <ref name="Alternative73" /> Kamfanin ya buga a ƙarƙashin alamomi biyar: * Littattafan Interlink * Jagoran Cadogan, Amurka * Olive Branch Press: "a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa ba fiction ba", tare da jaddada kayan da ba na Yamma ba * Littattafan Clockroot * Littattafan Crocodile, Amurka: littattafan da aka kwatanta daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yara masu shekaru 3-8 <ref name="Alternative73" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == ihc6bq5kfzye77uy876hfsmav4px86v Inshorar lafiya a kasar Sin 0 154477 846066 2026-06-03T14:00:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328939033|Health insurance in China]]" 846066 wikitext text/x-wiki Inshorar kiwon lafiya a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin galibi ana gudanar da ita ne ta kananan hukumomi. Kasar Sin tana da kusan inshorar lafiya ta duniya. Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta kasance ba ta ci gaba ba kuma biyan kuɗi daga aljihu wani muhimmin bangare ne na farashin kiwon lafiya. A baya ya rabu, inshorar kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara an haɗa su cikin tsarin guda (Insorantar Kiwon Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Karkara) tun daga 2016. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Inshorar kiwon lafiya a [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] galibi ana gudanar da ita ne ta kananan hukumomi. : 267 : 267  Ya zuwa 2022, inshorar kiwon lafiya ba ta da ƙaruwa sosai a kasar Sin. : Biyan kuɗi: 268  daga aljihu suna da muhimmiyar rabo na jimlar kuɗin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0222" /> : 268 : 268  Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an haɗa fa'idodin rashin lafiya da haihuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na inshorar likita ta asali. : 80 : 80  == Inshorar Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Karkara (2016-yanzu) == A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta haɗu da Inshorar Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Sabon Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara a cikin tsarin guda, Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Mazauna Urban da Karkara (HIURR). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Xiong-Fei |last2=Xu |first2=Jin |last3=Meng |first3=Qingyue |date=2016 |title=Integrating social health insurance systems in China |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10025 |pages=1274–1275 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30021-6 |pmid=27025430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :: 267  A karkashin wannan tsarin, gudummawar gudummawa, kudaden biyan kuɗi, da tallafin gwamnati iri ɗaya ne ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":0222" /> : 279 : 279  Ya zuwa akalla 2022, inshorar lafiya ta kasar Sin tana kusa da duniya. : 301 : 301  A cikin 2012, kasar Sin ta aiwatar da inshorar cututtukan bala'i ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara. :: 279  Wannan inshora ta rufe kudaden kiwon lafiya wanda ya wuce matsakaicin adadin biyan kuɗi in ba haka ba an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin HIURR.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 279  Mazauna ba sa ba da ƙarin kuɗi don inshorar cututtukan bala'i, wanda ake tallafawa ta hanyar kyaututtuka na HIURR.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 279  Masu inshora na kasuwanci suna gudanar da inshorar cututtukan bala'i kuma suna gasa da juna don a ba su damar yin hakan a wani yanki.<ref name=":0222" /> : 279–280 {{Rp|pages=279-280}} == Tarihin tsarin karkara == === Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara === Al'ummomin mutane sun maye gurbin gwamnatocin gari a shekara ta 1958. :: 269  Da farko, an kafa tashoshin kiwon lafiya a matsayin asibitoci masu biyan kuɗi don rufe manyan brigades na samarwa da yawa (an kira ƙananan ƙauyuka brigades na kerawa, kuma ƙananan brigades na aikin tare sun zama manyan brigades samarwa). <ref name=":0222" /> : 269–270 {{Rp|pages=269-270}} A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]] (1966-1976), [[Mao Zedong]] ya jaddada bukatar inganta kulawar kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. :: 270  Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara (RCMS) ya bunkasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. <ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  A cikin wannan tsarin, kowane babban brigade na samarwa ya kafa tashar hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiya tare da Likitoci marasa kafa.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Tashoshin hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiya sun ba da kulawa ta farko.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Don maganin manyan cututtuka, mutanen karkara sun yi tafiya zuwa asibitocin mallakar gwamnati.<ref name=":0222" /> : 270 : 270  === Sabon Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara (2002-2016) === Tsarin al'ummomin mutane ya ƙare a farkon shekarun 1980. : Manoma: 270  sun fara aiki da kansu a kan ƙasar da ƙauyukansu suka ba su kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka sun maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin samarwa.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka ba su da ikon kuɗi ko ikon tattara wasu albarkatun kamar yadda brigades na samarwa suke da su.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Daga cikin sakamakon wannan, RCMS ta rushe kuma an mallaki tashoshin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0222" /> : 270 : 270  Yayin da RCMS ta ƙare, mutane miliyan 900 na karkara sun zama marasa inshora. :: 270  An kafa Sabon Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Karkara (NRCMS) don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya, musamman an yi niyya don sanya shi mafi araha ga matalautan karkara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernardi |first=Andrea |last2=Greenwood |first2=Anna |date=2014-07-03 |title=Old and new Rural Co-operative Medical Scheme in China: the usefulness of a historical comparative perspective |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/581269/2/Bernardi%20Greenwood%202014%20APBR%20open%20source.pdf |journal=Asia Pacific Business Review |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=356–378 |doi=10.1080/13602381.2014.922820 |issn=1360-2381 |s2cid=153656512}}</ref> An fara bayyana NRCMS a cikin yanke shawara game da karfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya na karkara wanda Kwamitin Tsakiya na CCP ya bayar a shekara ta 2002, babban ikon yanke shawara a kasar Sin. Jiragen sama sun fara ne a shekara ta 2003, sannan suka biyo bayan fadadawa da sauri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=Qingyue |last2=Xu |first2=Ke |year=2014 |title=Progress and challenges of the rural cooperative medical scheme in China |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=447–451 |doi=10.2471/blt.13.131532 |pmc=4047801 |pmid=24940019}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, sama da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a sun shiga cikin NRCMS. NRCMS tsarin inshorar sa-kai ne wanda gwamnatin gida da ta tsakiya ke tallafawa. NRCMS ya bambanta da RCMS a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyi: An saita gudanarwa da haɗa haɗari a matakin gunduma, wanda ya fi matakin ƙauyen NRCMS girma. Gwamnatin gida da ta tsakiya (ga yankuna matalauta) suna ba da kuɗaɗen NRCMS tare, wanda ya bambanta da tsohuwar RCMS wacce gwamnatin China ta ba da kuɗaɗen ta kuma bazu ko'ina a duk faɗin China. NRCMS tana biyan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa a duk matakan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, kodayake farashin ya bambanta da yankuna da nau'in kayan aiki, yayin da RCMS ke ba da damar zuwa ga likitocin da ba sa takalma kawai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Wei |last2=Wu |first2=Xun |date=2017-03-01 |title=Providing Comprehensive Health Insurance Coverage in Rural China: a Critical Appraisal of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme and Ways Forward |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/providing-comprehensive-health-insurance-coverage-in-rural-china(f3d2eea5-3f19-4f12-8eea-01a7a06e006b).html |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=8 |pages=110–116 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12209 |issn=1758-5899 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta taƙaita nasarar NRCMS: NRCMS ta fadada cikin sauri, tare da karuwar sabis. Ya samar da mafi kyawun damar samun sabis mai inganci, da kuma wani ɓangare na kula da farashin kiwon lafiya. NRCMS ya dace kuma ya dace da yawan ma'aikatan ƙaura na kasar Sin waɗanda suka kasance suna da iyakantaccen damar samun kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=Qingyue |last2=Xu |first2=Ke |year=2014 |title=Progress and challenges of the rural cooperative medical scheme in China |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=447–451 |doi=10.2471/blt.13.131532 |pmc=4047801 |pmid=24940019}}</ref> A cikin 2015, NRCMS ta kashe CN¥ 293.34 biliyan (US $ 45 biliyan) a kan mahalarta miliyan 670 da lokuta biliyan 1.653 na sabis na kiwon lafiya, tare da matsakaicin CN¥ 437.8 (US $ 67.25) ga kowane mutum. Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli da ke rage tasirin shirin wajen rage kuɗaɗen magani da ake kashewa a aljihu. Da farko, fa'idodin NRCMS galibi suna iyakance ga kulawa mai tsanani da ta asibiti. Duk da cewa ana biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen, yawancin ziyarar marasa lafiya na asibiti suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi mai yawa ga mutum ɗaya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Abu na biyu, yawan biyan kuɗi ya bambanta a duk matakan wuraren kiwon lafiya, yana ƙara farashin ziyarar asibiti mai girma. Bayanan NRCMS sun nuna cewa marasa lafiya sun fi amfana daga NRCMS a matakin gida. Idan marasa lafiya sun tafi wani karamin asibiti ko asibiti a garinsu, shirin zai rufe daga 70-80% na lissafin su, amma idan sun tafi wani yanki, kashi na farashin da ake rufewa ya faɗi zuwa kusan 60%, kuma idan suna buƙatar taimakon ƙwararru a babban asibitin birni na zamani, dole ne su ɗauki mafi yawan kuɗin da kansu, saboda shirin zai rufe kusan 30% na lissafin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yuanli |last2=Hu |first2=Shanlian |last3=Fu |first3=Wei |last4=Hsiao |first4=William C. |date=December 1996 |title=Is community financing necessary and feasible for rural China? |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=155–171 |doi=10.1016/0168-8510(96)00856-1 |pmid=10162419}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tsarin biyan kuɗi a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya don ba da magani ko yin magani fiye da yadda ya kamata don kula da mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Xiaoyun |last2=Jackson |first2=Sukhan |last3=Carmichael |first3=Gordon A. |last4=Sleigh |first4=Adrian C. |date=2009 |title=Prescribing behaviour of village doctors under China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1775–1779 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.043 |pmid=19342138 |s2cid=2844047 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bogg |first=Lennart |last2=Huang |first2=Kun |last3=Long |first3=Qian |last4=Shen |first4=Yuan |last5=Hemminki |first5=Elina |date=2010 |title=Dramatic increase of Cesarean deliveries in the midst of health reforms in rural China |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1544–1549 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.026 |pmid=20219278}}</ref> Bugu da kari, NRCMS yana rage ainihin farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya, amma marasa lafiya sun fi son siyan ƙarin sabis na kiwo don mayar da martani ga rage farashin, rage fa'idodin NRCMS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Lingguo |date=2012 |title=NRCMS: Economic Effects or Health Effects? |journal=Economic Research Journal |volume=01 |pages=120–133 |via=CNKI}}</ref> Wadanda suke matalauta ko a yankuna mafi talauci ba su amfana da NRCMS ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Liming |date=2006 |title=Breaking Voluntary Puzzles: Incentives and sustainable development in NRCMS |url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2006&filename=ZNCG200604003&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjVzQlJhVUNpQjU3R1F6d05aQ3pTbG1aOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MjYzMDZZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTDJlWnVScEZ5N2tWN3pLUHlQSWFiRzRIdGZNcTQ5Rlo0UjhlWDFMdXg= |journal=China Rural Survey |volume=4 |pages=24–32+79 |via=CNKI}}</ref> == Tarihin tsarin birane == === ⁸Inshorar Lafiya ta Aiki da Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Gwamnati === A farkon shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta kafa Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (LHI) don rufe ma'aikatan kamfanoni na gwamnati da ma'aikatan wasu kamfanonin birane. :: 274  Ma'aikatun ma'aikata daban-daban da ke kula da LHI kuma kudaden ta sun fito ne daga kamfanoni.<ref name=":0222" /> : 274 : 274  A farkon shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta kafa Inshorar Lafiya ta Gwamnati (GHI) ga ma'aikatan hukumomin gwamnati (kamar hukumomin gwamnati) da ma'aikatan raka'a masu aiki (kamar makarantun gwamnati, jami'o'i, da asibitoci). :: 274  GHI an tallafawa ta hanyar haraji.<ref name=":0222" /> : 274 : 274  === Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta asali na Ma'aikacin Birni (1999-yanzu) === Bayan gyare-gyare da buɗewar tattalin arziki, farashin kula da lafiya a China ya ƙaru da sauri. Ma'aikatan birane da yawa sun rasa inshorar lafiyarsu saboda gyare-gyaren da aka yi a kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati. Sakamakon haka, yankunan birane sun ga ƙaruwar buƙatar samun kulawar lafiya mai araha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Da farko a 1995, gwamnati ta fara sake fasalin kiwon lafiya kuma ta karfafa gwaje-gwaje na cikin gida. :: 276  A cikin 1996, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa za ta kafa sabon tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda kowane birni zai samar da inshorar kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatan birane.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 276  A cikin 1997, kwamitin tsakiya na CCP da Majalisar Jiha ta China sun ba da jagororin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya na duniya, wani muhimmin bangare na shi ne kafa tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin birane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=China State Council |first=Ministry of Health |date=March 5, 1997 |title=Decision on Healthcare Reform and Development |url=http://www.moh.gov.cn/wsb/pM30115/200804/18540.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215215819/http://www.moh.gov.cn/wsb/pM30115/200804/18540.shtml |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> An kirkiro Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Urban da Inshorar Likita ta Urban don rufe kuɗin kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birane da marasa aiki bi da bi. A shekarar 1998, an gabatar da Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikatan Birane (UEBMI) don samar da damar kula da lafiya ga ma'aikatan birni da na ritaya a sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Ana gudanar da UEBMI a matakin birni, wanda ya fi NRCMS girma. Ana ba da kuɗin UEBMI ta hanyar cire kashi 8% daga albashin ma'aikata; wanda kashi 6% daga cikin ma'aikata ne ke biyan su da kuma kashi 2% daga ma'aikata, duk da haka waɗannan ƙimar na iya bambanta ta kowace ƙaramar hukuma. Ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan tsarin inshora domin UEBMI wajibi ne. A shekarar 2014, an yi rajistar kimanin miliyan 283, suna ba da gudummawar CN¥ biliyan 80.3, CN¥283.74 ga kowane mutum (jimillar dala biliyan 12.97 ga kowane mutum, dala biliyan 45.83 ga kowane mutum), tare da kashe kuɗi na CN¥ biliyan 66.9, CN¥236.4 ga kowane mutum (jimillar dala biliyan 10.8 ga kowane mutum, dala biliyan 38.19 ga kowane mutum).. === Mazauna Birane na Inshora na Kiwon Lafiya na asali (2007-2016) === A cikin shekara ta 2007, Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) ya fara samar da damar kiwon lafiya ga mazaunan birane waɗanda UEBMI ba ta rufe su ba: yara, ɗalibai a makarantu, kwalejoji da jami'o'i da sauran mazaunan birni marasa aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=State Council |first=China |date=2007 |title=Guidelines on Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Pilots |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2015-06/13/content_2878973.htm |website=gov.cn}}</ref> Ya zama na kasa a cikin shekara ta 2010. : 13 A cikin 2015, mazauna birane miliyan 376 (fiye da 95%) sun shiga cikin URBMI. URBMI gwamnati ce mai ba da tallafi, inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai ta gida, wacce ake gudanarwa a matakin birni. URBMI ana tallafawa galibi akan gudummawar mutum (CN¥245 ga manya; matukin jirgi na 2008), da kuma wani bangare na gudummawar gwamnati (akalla CN¥80 ga kowane mutum). Ana ba da ƙarin gudummawar gwamnati ga yankuna na tsakiya da na yamma da ba su ci gaba ba, da matalauta ko nakasassu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa URBMI ta taimaka wajen inganta amfani da kiwon lafiya da yanayin lafiyar mazauna, musamman ga mazauna da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Jie |date=2013 |title=Is Medical Insurance Improving Health? Empirical analysis based on URBMI |url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2015&filename=JJYJ201304013&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjVzQlJiU1lTMDRCekR4UTgzT3BrSTJKUT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MTYzMTFvRnluaFdyM0xMeWZTWkxHNEg5TE1xNDlFWjRSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMMmVadVI= |journal=Economic Research Journal |volume=4 |via=CNKI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Hong |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhong |year=2014 |title=Does health insurance matter? Evidence from China's urban resident basic medical insurance |journal=Journal of Comparative Economics |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=1007–1020 |doi=10.1016/j.jce.2014.02.003}}</ref> Nazarin ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa URBMI mataki ne zuwa tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Wanchuan |last2=Liu |first2=Gordon G. |last3=Chen |first3=Gang |date=2009-07-01 |title=The Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance: a landmark reform towards universal coverage in China |journal=Health Economics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=S2 |pages=S83–S96 |doi=10.1002/hec.1500 |issn=1099-1050 |pmid=19551750}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] flzrxosfws54ji7ptp5s74qimcg4et7 846067 846066 2026-06-03T14:01:01Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Inshorar kiwon lafiya a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin galibi ana gudanar da ita ne ta kananan hukumomi. Kasar Sin tana da kusan inshorar lafiya ta duniya. Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta kasance ba ta ci gaba ba kuma biyan kuɗi daga aljihu wani muhimmin bangare ne na farashin kiwon lafiya. A baya ya rabu, inshorar kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara an haɗa su cikin tsarin guda (Insorantar Kiwon Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Karkara) tun daga 2016. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Inshorar kiwon lafiya a [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] galibi ana gudanar da ita ne ta kananan hukumomi. : 267 : 267  Ya zuwa 2022, inshorar kiwon lafiya ba ta da ƙaruwa sosai a kasar Sin. : Biyan kuɗi: 268  daga aljihu suna da muhimmiyar rabo na jimlar kuɗin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0222" /> : 268 : 268  Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an haɗa fa'idodin rashin lafiya da haihuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na inshorar likita ta asali. : 80 : 80  == Inshorar Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Karkara (2016-yanzu) == A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta haɗu da Inshorar Lafiya ga Mazauna Birane da Sabon Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara a cikin tsarin guda, Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Mazauna Urban da Karkara (HIURR). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Xiong-Fei |last2=Xu |first2=Jin |last3=Meng |first3=Qingyue |date=2016 |title=Integrating social health insurance systems in China |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10025 |pages=1274–1275 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30021-6 |pmid=27025430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :: 267  A karkashin wannan tsarin, gudummawar gudummawa, kudaden biyan kuɗi, da tallafin gwamnati iri ɗaya ne ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":0222" /> : 279 : 279  Ya zuwa akalla 2022, inshorar lafiya ta kasar Sin tana kusa da duniya. : 301 : 301  A cikin 2012, kasar Sin ta aiwatar da inshorar cututtukan bala'i ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara. :: 279  Wannan inshora ta rufe kudaden kiwon lafiya wanda ya wuce matsakaicin adadin biyan kuɗi in ba haka ba an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin HIURR.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 279  Mazauna ba sa ba da ƙarin kuɗi don inshorar cututtukan bala'i, wanda ake tallafawa ta hanyar kyaututtuka na HIURR.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 279  Masu inshora na kasuwanci suna gudanar da inshorar cututtukan bala'i kuma suna gasa da juna don a ba su damar yin hakan a wani yanki.<ref name=":0222" /> : 279–280 {{Rp|pages=279-280}} == Tarihin tsarin karkara == === Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara === Al'ummomin mutane sun maye gurbin gwamnatocin gari a shekara ta 1958. :: 269  Da farko, an kafa tashoshin kiwon lafiya a matsayin asibitoci masu biyan kuɗi don rufe manyan brigades na samarwa da yawa (an kira ƙananan ƙauyuka brigades na kerawa, kuma ƙananan brigades na aikin tare sun zama manyan brigades samarwa). <ref name=":0222" /> : 269–270 {{Rp|pages=269-270}} A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]] (1966-1976), [[Mao Zedong]] ya jaddada bukatar inganta kulawar kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. :: 270  Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara (RCMS) ya bunkasa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. <ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  A cikin wannan tsarin, kowane babban brigade na samarwa ya kafa tashar hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiya tare da Likitoci marasa kafa.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Tashoshin hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiya sun ba da kulawa ta farko.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Don maganin manyan cututtuka, mutanen karkara sun yi tafiya zuwa asibitocin mallakar gwamnati.<ref name=":0222" /> : 270 : 270  === Sabon Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Karkara (2002-2016) === Tsarin al'ummomin mutane ya ƙare a farkon shekarun 1980. : Manoma: 270  sun fara aiki da kansu a kan ƙasar da ƙauyukansu suka ba su kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka sun maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin samarwa.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka ba su da ikon kuɗi ko ikon tattara wasu albarkatun kamar yadda brigades na samarwa suke da su.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 270  Daga cikin sakamakon wannan, RCMS ta rushe kuma an mallaki tashoshin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0222" /> : 270 : 270  Yayin da RCMS ta ƙare, mutane miliyan 900 na karkara sun zama marasa inshora. :: 270  An kafa Sabon Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Karkara (NRCMS) don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya, musamman an yi niyya don sanya shi mafi araha ga matalautan karkara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernardi |first=Andrea |last2=Greenwood |first2=Anna |date=2014-07-03 |title=Old and new Rural Co-operative Medical Scheme in China: the usefulness of a historical comparative perspective |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/581269/2/Bernardi%20Greenwood%202014%20APBR%20open%20source.pdf |journal=Asia Pacific Business Review |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=356–378 |doi=10.1080/13602381.2014.922820 |issn=1360-2381 |s2cid=153656512}}</ref> An fara bayyana NRCMS a cikin yanke shawara game da karfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya na karkara wanda Kwamitin Tsakiya na CCP ya bayar a shekara ta 2002, babban ikon yanke shawara a kasar Sin. Jiragen sama sun fara ne a shekara ta 2003, sannan suka biyo bayan fadadawa da sauri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=Qingyue |last2=Xu |first2=Ke |year=2014 |title=Progress and challenges of the rural cooperative medical scheme in China |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=447–451 |doi=10.2471/blt.13.131532 |pmc=4047801 |pmid=24940019}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, sama da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a sun shiga cikin NRCMS. NRCMS tsarin inshorar sa-kai ne wanda gwamnatin gida da ta tsakiya ke tallafawa. NRCMS ya bambanta da RCMS a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyi: An saita gudanarwa da haɗa haɗari a matakin gunduma, wanda ya fi matakin ƙauyen NRCMS girma. Gwamnatin gida da ta tsakiya (ga yankuna matalauta) suna ba da kuɗaɗen NRCMS tare, wanda ya bambanta da tsohuwar RCMS wacce gwamnatin China ta ba da kuɗaɗen ta kuma bazu ko'ina a duk faɗin China. NRCMS tana biyan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa a duk matakan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, kodayake farashin ya bambanta da yankuna da nau'in kayan aiki, yayin da RCMS ke ba da damar zuwa ga likitocin da ba sa takalma kawai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Wei |last2=Wu |first2=Xun |date=2017-03-01 |title=Providing Comprehensive Health Insurance Coverage in Rural China: a Critical Appraisal of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme and Ways Forward |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/providing-comprehensive-health-insurance-coverage-in-rural-china(f3d2eea5-3f19-4f12-8eea-01a7a06e006b).html |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=8 |pages=110–116 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12209 |issn=1758-5899 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta taƙaita nasarar NRCMS: NRCMS ta fadada cikin sauri, tare da karuwar sabis. Ya samar da mafi kyawun damar samun sabis mai inganci, da kuma wani ɓangare na kula da farashin kiwon lafiya. NRCMS ya dace kuma ya dace da yawan ma'aikatan ƙaura na kasar Sin waɗanda suka kasance suna da iyakantaccen damar samun kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=Qingyue |last2=Xu |first2=Ke |year=2014 |title=Progress and challenges of the rural cooperative medical scheme in China |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=447–451 |doi=10.2471/blt.13.131532 |pmc=4047801 |pmid=24940019}}</ref> A cikin 2015, NRCMS ta kashe CN¥ 293.34 biliyan (US $ 45 biliyan) a kan mahalarta miliyan 670 da lokuta biliyan 1.653 na sabis na kiwon lafiya, tare da matsakaicin CN¥ 437.8 (US $ 67.25) ga kowane mutum. Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli da ke rage tasirin shirin wajen rage kuɗaɗen magani da ake kashewa a aljihu. Da farko, fa'idodin NRCMS galibi suna iyakance ga kulawa mai tsanani da ta asibiti. Duk da cewa ana biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen, yawancin ziyarar marasa lafiya na asibiti suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi mai yawa ga mutum ɗaya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Abu na biyu, yawan biyan kuɗi ya bambanta a duk matakan wuraren kiwon lafiya, yana ƙara farashin ziyarar asibiti mai girma. Bayanan NRCMS sun nuna cewa marasa lafiya sun fi amfana daga NRCMS a matakin gida. Idan marasa lafiya sun tafi wani karamin asibiti ko asibiti a garinsu, shirin zai rufe daga 70-80% na lissafin su, amma idan sun tafi wani yanki, kashi na farashin da ake rufewa ya faɗi zuwa kusan 60%, kuma idan suna buƙatar taimakon ƙwararru a babban asibitin birni na zamani, dole ne su ɗauki mafi yawan kuɗin da kansu, saboda shirin zai rufe kusan 30% na lissafin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yuanli |last2=Hu |first2=Shanlian |last3=Fu |first3=Wei |last4=Hsiao |first4=William C. |date=December 1996 |title=Is community financing necessary and feasible for rural China? |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=155–171 |doi=10.1016/0168-8510(96)00856-1 |pmid=10162419}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tsarin biyan kuɗi a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya don ba da magani ko yin magani fiye da yadda ya kamata don kula da mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Xiaoyun |last2=Jackson |first2=Sukhan |last3=Carmichael |first3=Gordon A. |last4=Sleigh |first4=Adrian C. |date=2009 |title=Prescribing behaviour of village doctors under China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1775–1779 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.043 |pmid=19342138 |s2cid=2844047 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bogg |first=Lennart |last2=Huang |first2=Kun |last3=Long |first3=Qian |last4=Shen |first4=Yuan |last5=Hemminki |first5=Elina |date=2010 |title=Dramatic increase of Cesarean deliveries in the midst of health reforms in rural China |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1544–1549 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.026 |pmid=20219278}}</ref> Bugu da kari, NRCMS yana rage ainihin farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya, amma marasa lafiya sun fi son siyan ƙarin sabis na kiwo don mayar da martani ga rage farashin, rage fa'idodin NRCMS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Lingguo |date=2012 |title=NRCMS: Economic Effects or Health Effects? |journal=Economic Research Journal |volume=01 |pages=120–133 |via=CNKI}}</ref> Wadanda suke matalauta ko a yankuna mafi talauci ba su amfana da NRCMS ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Liming |date=2006 |title=Breaking Voluntary Puzzles: Incentives and sustainable development in NRCMS |url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2006&filename=ZNCG200604003&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjVzQlJhVUNpQjU3R1F6d05aQ3pTbG1aOD0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MjYzMDZZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTDJlWnVScEZ5N2tWN3pLUHlQSWFiRzRIdGZNcTQ5Rlo0UjhlWDFMdXg= |journal=China Rural Survey |volume=4 |pages=24–32+79 |via=CNKI}}</ref> == Tarihin tsarin birane == === ⁸Inshorar Lafiya ta Aiki da Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Gwamnati === A farkon shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta kafa Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (LHI) don rufe ma'aikatan kamfanoni na gwamnati da ma'aikatan wasu kamfanonin birane. :: 274  Ma'aikatun ma'aikata daban-daban da ke kula da LHI kuma kudaden ta sun fito ne daga kamfanoni.<ref name=":0222" /> : 274 : 274  A farkon shekarun 1950, kasar Sin ta kafa Inshorar Lafiya ta Gwamnati (GHI) ga ma'aikatan hukumomin gwamnati (kamar hukumomin gwamnati) da ma'aikatan raka'a masu aiki (kamar makarantun gwamnati, jami'o'i, da asibitoci). :: 274  GHI an tallafawa ta hanyar haraji.<ref name=":0222" /> : 274 : 274  === Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta asali na Ma'aikacin Birni (1999-yanzu) === Bayan gyare-gyare da buɗewar tattalin arziki, farashin kula da lafiya a China ya ƙaru da sauri. Ma'aikatan birane da yawa sun rasa inshorar lafiyarsu saboda gyare-gyaren da aka yi a kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati. Sakamakon haka, yankunan birane sun ga ƙaruwar buƙatar samun kulawar lafiya mai araha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Da farko a 1995, gwamnati ta fara sake fasalin kiwon lafiya kuma ta karfafa gwaje-gwaje na cikin gida. :: 276  A cikin 1996, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa za ta kafa sabon tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda kowane birni zai samar da inshorar kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatan birane.<ref name=":0222" /> :: 276  A cikin 1997, kwamitin tsakiya na CCP da Majalisar Jiha ta China sun ba da jagororin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya na duniya, wani muhimmin bangare na shi ne kafa tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin birane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=China State Council |first=Ministry of Health |date=March 5, 1997 |title=Decision on Healthcare Reform and Development |url=http://www.moh.gov.cn/wsb/pM30115/200804/18540.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215215819/http://www.moh.gov.cn/wsb/pM30115/200804/18540.shtml |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> An kirkiro Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Urban da Inshorar Likita ta Urban don rufe kuɗin kiwon lafiya ga mazauna birane da marasa aiki bi da bi. A shekarar 1998, an gabatar da Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikatan Birane (UEBMI) don samar da damar kula da lafiya ga ma'aikatan birni da na ritaya a sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Ana gudanar da UEBMI a matakin birni, wanda ya fi NRCMS girma. Ana ba da kuɗin UEBMI ta hanyar cire kashi 8% daga albashin ma'aikata; wanda kashi 6% daga cikin ma'aikata ne ke biyan su da kuma kashi 2% daga ma'aikata, duk da haka waɗannan ƙimar na iya bambanta ta kowace ƙaramar hukuma. Ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan tsarin inshora domin UEBMI wajibi ne. A shekarar 2014, an yi rajistar kimanin miliyan 283, suna ba da gudummawar CN¥ biliyan 80.3, CN¥283.74 ga kowane mutum (jimillar dala biliyan 12.97 ga kowane mutum, dala biliyan 45.83 ga kowane mutum), tare da kashe kuɗi na CN¥ biliyan 66.9, CN¥236.4 ga kowane mutum (jimillar dala biliyan 10.8 ga kowane mutum, dala biliyan 38.19 ga kowane mutum).. === Mazauna Birane na Inshora na Kiwon Lafiya na asali (2007-2016) === A cikin shekara ta 2007, Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) ya fara samar da damar kiwon lafiya ga mazaunan birane waɗanda UEBMI ba ta rufe su ba: yara, ɗalibai a makarantu, kwalejoji da jami'o'i da sauran mazaunan birni marasa aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=State Council |first=China |date=2007 |title=Guidelines on Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Pilots |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2015-06/13/content_2878973.htm |website=gov.cn}}</ref> Ya zama na kasa a cikin shekara ta 2010. : 13 A cikin 2015, mazauna birane miliyan 376 (fiye da 95%) sun shiga cikin URBMI. URBMI gwamnati ce mai ba da tallafi, inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai ta gida, wacce ake gudanarwa a matakin birni. URBMI ana tallafawa galibi akan gudummawar mutum (CN¥245 ga manya; matukin jirgi na 2008), da kuma wani bangare na gudummawar gwamnati (akalla CN¥80 ga kowane mutum). Ana ba da ƙarin gudummawar gwamnati ga yankuna na tsakiya da na yamma da ba su ci gaba ba, da matalauta ko nakasassu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barber |first=Sarah L. |last2=Yao |first2=Lan |date=2011-10-01 |title=Development and status of health insurance systems in China |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=339–356 |doi=10.1002/hpm.1109 |issn=1099-1751 |pmid=22095892}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa URBMI ta taimaka wajen inganta amfani da kiwon lafiya da yanayin lafiyar mazauna, musamman ga mazauna da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Jie |date=2013 |title=Is Medical Insurance Improving Health? Empirical analysis based on URBMI |url=http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2015&filename=JJYJ201304013&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjVzQlJiU1lTMDRCekR4UTgzT3BrSTJKUT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MTYzMTFvRnluaFdyM0xMeWZTWkxHNEg5TE1xNDlFWjRSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVJMMmVadVI= |journal=Economic Research Journal |volume=4 |via=CNKI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Hong |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhong |year=2014 |title=Does health insurance matter? Evidence from China's urban resident basic medical insurance |journal=Journal of Comparative Economics |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=1007–1020 |doi=10.1016/j.jce.2014.02.003}}</ref> Nazarin ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa URBMI mataki ne zuwa tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Wanchuan |last2=Liu |first2=Gordon G. |last3=Chen |first3=Gang |date=2009-07-01 |title=The Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance: a landmark reform towards universal coverage in China |journal=Health Economics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=S2 |pages=S83–S96 |doi=10.1002/hec.1500 |issn=1099-1050 |pmid=19551750}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qnhld938ftp95dd26teu2itaib6l00b Hutun jama'a a Kanada 0 154478 846069 2026-06-03T14:01:55Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303309607|Public holidays in Canada]]" 846069 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}}Bukukuwan jama'a a ko Hutu a Kanada (Faransa: Jours fériés au Kanada), waɗanda aka sani da biki na doka, hutun ƙididdiga, ko kawai ƙididdiga (Faransanci: jours fériés), sun ƙunshi bukukuwan al'adu, kishin ƙasa, da na addini iri-iri waɗanda aka doka a Kanada a matakin tarayya ko na larduna da yanki.  Yayin da yawancin waɗannan bukukuwan ana girmama su kuma ana amincewa da su a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokokin lardi da na yanki sun bambanta dangane da waɗanda aka amince da su a hukumance. Akwai bukukuwan doka guda biyar a duk fadin kasar <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/employment_standards/federal/holidays.shtml |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> da kuma karin bukukuwan shida ga ma'aikatan tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2016 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/remuneration-compensation/paye-centre-pay/feries-holidays-eng.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Kowace daga cikin larduna da yankuna 13 suna kiyaye bukukuwan hutu da yawa ban da kwanakin ƙasa, amma kowannensu ya bambanta dangane da abin da aka tsara a matsayin doka, zaɓi, ko a'a. Yawancin ma'aikata na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma tsarin makaranta, suna ba da ƙarin kwanaki a ƙarshen Disamba, sau da yawa sun haɗa da akalla cikakken ko rabin rana a ranar 24 ga Disamba (Kirsimeti Kirsimeti) ko Disamba 31 (Kirisimeti Kirsimati) ko a wasu lokuta, duk mako tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Year Calendar |url=http://www.tdsb.on.ca/aboutus/calendar.aspx |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Toronto District School Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Students & Schools {{!}} Vancouver School Board |url=https://www.vsb.bc.ca/events-page-view/students-%2526-schools/programs |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> Duk da yake ba a tsara shi a hukumance a kowane hali ba, sanannun bukukuwan al'adu na duniya kamar Ranar soyayya, Ranar Saint Patrick, Halloween, Ranar Uwa, da Ranar Uba ana kiyaye su ne a Al'adun Kanada a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Holidays |url=http://www.thecanadaguide.com/holidays |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=JJ's Complete Guide to Canada}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}} == Hutun da aka kafa == Hutu na doka (wanda kuma aka sani da "stats" ko "jama'a" ko "hutu" na jama'a) a Kanada ana yin doka ta hanyar gwamnatin tarayya ko lardin ko yanki.] Yawancin ma'aikata, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullum.  Duk da haka, wasu ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki a irin wannan hutu, amma ma'aikaci dole ne ko dai ya sami hutu a madadin hutu ko kuma dole ne a biya shi a farashi mai ƙima - yawanci  1+1⁄2 (wanda aka sani da "lokaci da rabi") ko sau biyu (wanda aka sani da "lokaci biyu") na yau da kullun na lokacin da suka yi aiki a wannan rana, ban da kuɗin hutu.[2]  A yawancin larduna, lokacin da hutun doka ya faɗo a ranar hutu na al'ada (gaba ɗaya ƙarshen mako), ana ɗaukar ranar aiki mai zuwa a matsayin hutun doka.  Kididdigar Kanada ta nuna matsakaita na hutun doka 11 da aka biya a kowace shekara dangane da duk kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke aiki a cikin lardin..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian statutory holiday rules |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/rules.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref>  === Hutun doka na kasa a Kanada === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal statutory holidays in Canada |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/national.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref> ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Janairu 1 |Ranar Sabuwar Shekara |{{Lang|fr|Jour de l'An}} |Yana bikin ranar farko ta kowace shekara a cikin Kalandar Gregorian |- valign="top" |Ranar canji tsakanin Maris 20 da Afrilu 23 |Jumma'a Mai Kyau |{{Lang|fr|Vendredi saint}} |Yana tunawa da gicciye Yesu, a ranar Jumma'a kafin Ista. A [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], masu daukar ma'aikata da ba a tsara su ba dole ne su ba da Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin Easter a matsayin hutu na doka, kodayake wasu suna ba da kwanakin biyu. |- valign="top" |Yuli 1 |Ranar Kanada |{{Lang|fr|Fête du Canada}} |Yana murna da Tarayyar Kanada ta 1867 da kuma kafa matsayin mulkin mallaka. A Newfoundland da Labrador, ana kiyaye su a lokaci guda tare da Ranar Tunawa. |- valign="top" |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba |Ranar Aiki |{{Lang|fr|Fête du travail}} |Yana murna da nasarorin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na ma'aikata |- valign="top" |Disamba 25 |[[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]] |{{Lang|fr|Noël}} |Yana bikin haihuwar Yesu |} === Ranar bukukuwan doka ta Tarayya, wanda aka kiyaye a wasu larduna === Baya ga bukukuwan da aka lissafa a sama, dokokin tarayya sun ba da izini ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara a tarayya. Dukkanin bankunan da ofisoshin gidan waya suna tunawa da waɗannan bukukuwan, kuma suna da doka a wasu larduna da yankuna. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Date ! style="width:15%;" |English name ! style="width:15%;" |French name !Remarks |- valign="top" |In lieu of Good Friday (Stat Holiday), Monday after Easter Day |Easter Monday |{{Lang|fr|Lundi de Pâques}} |Variable date between March 23 and April 26. Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. Not a statutory holiday in any province or territory; however, in Quebec employers must give either Good Friday or Easter Monday as a statutory holiday, though most give both days. Banks remain open (legally they cannot close for more than three consecutive days except in emergencies{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2013}}), but employees often receive a "floating" paid day off to be taken on or near the holiday. This is not one of the nine "General Holidays" as defined by the Canada Labour Code – Part III. As such, there is no legal requirement for private sector employers in federally regulated industries to provide Easter Monday as a paid holiday to employees. However, many federal government offices will be closed on this day. |- valign="top" |Monday preceding May 25 |Victoria Day |Officially {{Lang|fr|la Fête de Victoria}} (more commonly called {{Lang|fr|la Fête de la Reine}}) or {{Lang|fr|Journée nationale des Patriotes}} |Celebrates the birthday of the reigning Canadian monarch; however, the date does not change with the change of monarch, being instead fixed on the birthday of [[Sarauniya Victoria|Queen Victoria]], the sovereign at the time of Canadian Confederation and establishment of dominion status in 1867. Some French-Canadians celebrate instead Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, a French-Canadian hero from the New France times on this day; officially National Patriots' Day in Quebec. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec (coincides with National Patriots' Day), Saskatchewan, and Yukon. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Not a statutory holiday in the eastern provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, or Newfoundland and Labrador. |- valign="top" |First Monday in August |Civic Holiday |{{Lang|fr|Congé civique}} |Statutory holiday in British Columbia (British Columbia Day), New Brunswick (New Brunswick Day), Northwest Territories (Civic Holiday), Nunavut (Civic Holiday), and Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Day). Civic holiday (may be a paid vacation day depending on employer) in Alberta (Heritage Day), Manitoba (Terry Fox Day), Ontario (Colonel By Day, John Galt Day, Simcoe Day, and others), and Nova Scotia (Natal Day). Not an official statutory holiday in Ontario, but it is widely observed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Employment Standards Act, 2000 |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_00e41_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Ontario]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Retail Business Holidays Act |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90r30_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=Government of Ontario}}</ref> Not observed in Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, or Yukon. Not observed in Prince Edward Island, though many businesses instead observe a holiday for the Gold Cup Parade, held on the third Friday in August.<ref name="goldcup">{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- valign="top" |September 30 |National Day for Truth and Reconciliation |{{Lang|fr|Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation}} |Commemorates the victims of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Unofficial observance of this date began in 2013 as ''Orange Shirt Day'', a local educational event in Williams Lake, British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Orange Shirt Day? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidscbc2/the-feed/what-is-orange-shirt-day |access-date=June 4, 2021 |website=CBC Kids}}</ref> The day has been a holiday for employees of the federal government and federally-regulated industries since 2021. {{As of|2023}}, the day is observed as a statutory holiday for all workers in British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories,<ref name="TRCNT">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=National Day for Truth and Reconciliation declared statutory holiday in Northwest Territories |url=https://www.gov.nt.ca/en/newsroom/national-day-truth-and-reconciliation-declared-statutory-holiday-northwest-territories |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Government of Northwest Territories}}</ref> Nunavut,<ref name="TRCPE-NU" /> and Yukon. Schools and some public services close for the day in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="TRCBC" /> |- valign="top" |Second Monday in October |Thanksgiving Day |{{Lang|fr|Action de grâce}} |A day to give thanks for the things one has at the close of the harvest season. Statutory holiday in most jurisdictions of Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon.<ref name="StatHolidays" /> An optional holiday in the Atlantic provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.<ref name="StatHolidays">{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays in Canada |url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110358/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref> In New Brunswick, included under the Days of Rest Act. |- valign="top" |November 11 |Remembrance Day |{{Lang|fr|Jour du Souvenir}} |Commemorates Canada's war dead. Anniversary of the armistice ending [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] in 1918. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. In Manitoba, an "Official day of Observance", not a statutory holiday. In Nova Scotia, addressed in the ''Remembrance Day Act'', which prohibits employers from allowing employees to work and prohibits employees from working with exceptions for required services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Nslegislature.ca}}</ref> Employers have the option of giving Remembrance Day or an alternate day off. Not a statutory holiday in Quebec and Ontario. |- valign="top" |December 26 |Boxing Day |{{Lang|fr|Lendemain de Noël}} |A holiday with mixed and uncertain origins and definitions. Provincially, a statutory holiday in Ontario. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Many employers across the country observe Boxing Day as a paid day off. |} === Sauran bukukuwan da aka saba === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu |{{Plainlist|* [[Family Day (Canada)|Family Day]] * ''Louis Riel Day'' (Manitoba) * ''Islander Day'' (Prince Edward Island) * ''Heritage Day'' (Nova Scotia)}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Fête de la famille}} * {{lang|fr|Journée Louis Riel}} (MB) * {{lang|fr|Fête des Insulaires}} (PE) * {{lang|fr|Fête du Patrimoine}} (NS)}} |Hutun doka a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban a Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. British Columbia a baya ta yi bikin Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta biyu a watan Fabrairu tsakanin 2013 da 2018. Koyaya, British Columbia tana murna da Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu daga 2019 zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2018 |title=B.C. Family Day moving one week later starting in 2019 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-family-day-moving-one-week-later-starting-in-2019-1.4528735 |website=CBC News}}</ref> New Brunswick ta fara kiyaye Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2018 |title=New Brunswick's first Family Day |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/news/news_release.2018.01.0108.html |publisher=GNB.ca}}</ref> Ba a lura da shi a wani wuri ba. |- valign="top" |Cikakken mako guda a cikin watan Maris (lokaci ya bambanta) |{{Plainlist|* March break * [[Spring break]]}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Congé de mars}} * {{lang|fr|Congé du printemps}} * {{lang|fr|Semaine de relâche}}}} |Rufe makarantu na gwamnati na mako-mako a duk larduna da yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2017 |title=March Break is an annual holiday from school in Canada |url=http://gocanada.about.com/od/publicholidaysincanada/a/March_break_canada.htm |publisher=About.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman dama ga iyalai tare da yara a makaranta don zuwa hutu. Kodayake hutun Maris ba ya dace da karshen mako na Easter, a cikin 2018 makarantun Prince Edward Island sun yi la'akari da haɗuwa da shi tare da hutun Easter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2017 |title=P.E.I. school calendar change getting thumbs down from some parents |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-march-break-calendar-change-1.4050200 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |} === Ranar hutu guda ɗaya === Gwamnatoci a Kanada sun ayyana hutu guda ɗaya a wasu lokuta, kamar mutuwar masarautar Kanada. An ayyana hutu guda ɗaya bayan mutuwar George VI a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1952, kuma bayan mutuwar Elizabeth II a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=7 February 2023 |title=No holiday pay for workers on day of Queen Elizabeth II's funeral |url=https://www.hcamag.com/ca/specialization/employment-law/no-holiday-pay-for-workers-on-day-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-funeral/435478 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=www.hcamag.com |publisher=KM Business Information Canada}}</ref> An kira Satumba 19 a matsayin Ranar makoki ta kasa (Faransa: Jour de deuil national) don tunawa da Elizabeth II a matsayin shugaban kasar Kanada. Ranar hutu ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stober |first=Eric |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Canada announces a holiday to mark Queen Elizabeth's death |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9122726/canada-national-holiday-sept-19-queens-funeral/ |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=Global News}}</ref> Gundumomin British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da Labrador, Nova Scotia, da Prince Edward Island suma sun kafa kwatankwacin lardin don hutun tarayya. Lardin Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, da Quebec ba su kafa wani hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> == Hutun lardin da na yanki == Gundumomi da yankuna gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bukukuwan iri ɗaya kamar gwamnatin tarayya tare da wasu bambance-bambance. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! width="7.14%" |Ranar ! width="7.14%" |AB ! width="7.14%" |[[British Columbia|BC]] ! width="7.14%" |MB ! width="7.14%" |NB ! width="7.14%" |NL ! width="7.14%" |NT ! width="7.14%" |NS ! width="7.14%" |NU ! width="7.14%" |ON ! width="7.14%" |PE ! width="7.14%" |[[Kebek (lardi)|QC]] ! width="7.14%" |SK ! width="7.14%" |YT |- |Janairu 1|| colspan="13" {{Yes|New Year's Day}} |- |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Louis Riel Day}} || {{Yes|Family Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Heritage Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Islander Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} | |- |Jumma'a kafin Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 20 and April 23}}|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Good Friday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter|In Quebec, employers must choose between Good Friday and Easter Monday for their statutory holiday.}} |- |Litinin bayan Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 23 and April 26}} | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}} | colspan="4" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| {{Yes|National Patriots' Day}} || colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} |- |21 ga Yuni | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} | colspan="6" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} |- |Yuni 24 | colspan="10" ||| {{Yes|Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Yuli 1|| colspan="4" {{Yes|Canada Day}} || {{Yes|Memorial Day}} || colspan="8" {{Yes|Canada Day}} |- |Yuli 9 | colspan="7" ||| {{Yes|Nunavut Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin na farko a watan Agusta ||| {{Yes|British Columbia Day}} ||| {{Yes|New Brunswick Day}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} | colspan="3" ||| {{Yes|Saskatchewan Day}} | |- |Litinin na uku a watan Agusta | colspan="12" ||| {{Yes|Discovery Day}} |- |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Labour Day}} |- |Satumba 30 ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} || {{Yes|Orange Shirt Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} |- |Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} |- |Nuwamba 11|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="5" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} |- |Disamba 25|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Christmas Day}} |- |26 ga Disamba | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="4" | |- |Jimillar jama'a. hutun |9<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Employment standards – Alberta general holidays |url=https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-general-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref name="gov.bc">{{Cite web |title=Statutory holidays in British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards-advice/employment-standards/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the general holidays in Manitoba? |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,gen-holidays-after-april-30-07,factsheet.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the paid public holidays in New Brunswick? |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/FactSheets/PublicHolidaysVacation.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Public Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/files/Publications_Labour_Relations_At_Work_Updates_October-2022.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays Northwest Territories |url=https://my.hr.gov.nt.ca/employees/leave-time/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paid holidays in Nova Scotia |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/holidaychart.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia Remembrance Day Act |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/remembrance.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Labour Standards Act |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Public Service Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nu.ca/en/staff-resources/public-service-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Public holidays |url=https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0/public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Prince Edward Island Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/workforce-advanced-learning-and-population/paid-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quebec CNESST List of paid statutory holidays |url=https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/leave/statutory-holidays/list-paid-statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Saskatchewan Public Holidays |url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/employment-standards/public-statutory-holidays/list-of-saskatchewan-public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |} === Alberta === Kwanaki biyar na doka a duk faɗin ƙasar, bukukuwan lardin huɗu da kuma "bakwai na zaɓi" guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Holidays and General Holiday Pay in Alberta |url=http://work.alberta.ca/employment-standards/general-holidays.html |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Employment.alberta.ca}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali ta Alberta - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku, da kuma bukukuwan zaɓaɓɓu guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manitoba Retail Businesses Holiday Closing Act |url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/r120e.php |access-date=February 20, 2011 |website=Web2.gov.mb.ca}}</ref> Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne. * Easter Litinin - hutu na zaɓi, kwanan wata mai canzawa tsakanin Maris 23 da Afrilu 26 * Ranar Tarihi - hutu na zaɓi, Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - hutu na zaɓi, Satumba 30 * Ranar Boxing - hutu na zaɓi, Disamba 26 === British Columbia === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da shida na lardin.<ref name="gov.bc">{{Cite web |title=Statutory holidays in British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards-advice/employment-standards/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2011 |title=Prescribed Days of Rest in New Brunswick 2011–2014 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/local_government/content/governance/content/days_of_rest_act.html |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> Kodayake an tsara su a matsayin bukukuwan jama'a, Ranar Victoria, godiya, da Ranar Boxing ba a biya su bukukuwan gwamnati ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-Secondary Education, Training, and Labour: Paid Public Holidays and Vacation/ Vacation Pay |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302150359/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku na Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar British Columbia - Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Manitoba === '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Louis Riel - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Terry Fox (Ranar hutu ta Jama'a) - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Tunawa - "ranar hukuma ce ta kiyayewa", ba hutu ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2010 |title=Paid Statutory Holidays in Employment Standards Legislation |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013124205/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2008 |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Hrsdc.gc.ca}}</ref> === New Brunswick === '''Dokar lardin''' Biyar a duk fadin kasar da kuma hutun doka guda daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shops' Closing Regulations, C.N.L.R. 1115/96 |url=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/regulations/rc961115.htm |website=Assembly.nl.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Holidays for 2013 &#124; Human Resource Secretariat |url=http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/hrs/working_with_us/holidays2014.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Exec.gov.nl.ca}}</ref> Godiya ba hutu ne na doka ba. Ranar Kanada ba hutu ba ne na doka kamar yadda 1 ga Yuli shine Ranar Tunawa. * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (tun 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Brunswick announces new stat holiday: Family Day coming next February |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/premier-holiday-new-brunswick-1.4086141 |access-date=April 26, 2017 |website=CBC News}}</ref> * Ranar New Brunswick - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Victoria * Godiya gaisuwa * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Newfoundland da Labrador === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na lardin. An amince da Ranar Martin Luther King Jr. a hukumance a [[Toronto]] a cikin 2018 kuma ta kasance a [[Ottawa]], kodayake ba a matsayin hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King Jr. Day In Toronto |url=https://www.chfi.com/2018/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-day-toronto/ |access-date=January 15, 2022 |website=Chfi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King, Jr Day: A day "on", not a day "off"! |url=http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114171716/http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2020 |website=Black History Ottawa}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa (Yuli 1) * Ranar Armistice (Ranar Tunawa) (Nuwamba 11) '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Wadannan sune jerin bukukuwan da aka tsara don ma'aikatan gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised Statutes of Newfoundland 1990 |url=https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/RSN1990/S15.c90.htm}}</ref> * Ranar Saint Patrick (17 ga Maris) * Ranar Saint George (23 ga Afrilu) * Ranar Victoria (Litinin da ta gabata ga Mayu 25) * Yuni Holiday (sunan wucin gadi - wanda aka fi sani da Discovery Day har zuwa 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier Ball Announces Changes Related to 'Discovery Day' Holiday |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2020/exec/0618n08/ |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref>) (Litinin da ya fi kusa da Yuni 24) * Ranar Orangemen (Litinin da ya fi kusa da 12 ga Yuli) * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa (Satumba 30) * Godiya (Minin na biyu a watan Oktoba) * Ranar Boxing (26 ga Disamba) * Ɗaya (1) ƙarin rana a kowace shekara wanda, a ra'ayin Shugaban Dindindin, an san shi da hutu na jama'a a yankin da ma'aikacin ke aiki. Idan ba a ba da hutu na jama'a ba, za a ba ma'aikaci ƙarin rana a lokacin da Shugaban Dindindin zai ƙayyade. Wadannan ba a kiyaye su a matsayin bukukuwan doka ba tun 1992. Duk da haka, gwamnatin lardin tana kiyaye su. Ba kamar sauran larduna ba, babu hutu a lardin a ranar Litinin ta farko a watan Agusta. Ana iya ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani saboda Royal St. John's Regatta, wanda ake kiyaye shi a matsayin hutu na jama'a a St. John a ranar Laraba ta farko a watan Agusta (ko, idan yanayin yanayi bai yi kyau ba, rana mai zuwa da ta dace bayan haka). Harbour Grace da Labrador City suna da irin wannan hutu don regatta a ƙarshen Yuli. Duk sauran kananan hukumomi suna da damar sanya rana ɗaya a shekara a matsayin hutun jama'a; duk da haka, da yawa ba sa amfani da wannan. === Yankin Arewa maso Yamma === Kwanaki biyar na kasa da kuma hutun doka guda biyar. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba === Nova Scotia === Hutu biyar na kasa baki daya da hutun lardi biyu.  Ranar Victoria, Thanksgiving, da Ranar Dambe ba bukukuwan doka bane amma yawancin kasuwanci da dillalai suna rufe Ranar Dambe.  Yawancin hutu na doka za a iya musanya su zuwa wata ranar hutu mai jituwa tare da juna a madadin ko kuma masu daukar ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki akan ƙimar kuɗi mai ƙima.  Nau'o'in ayyuka da yawa, gami da wuraren aiki da yarjejeniyar gamayya ta ƙunshi, ba a keɓance su daga dokokin lardi da ke gudanar da bukukuwan doka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Standards Code |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/labour%20standards%20code.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act to Establish a Holiday in February |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc//PDFs/annual%20statutes/2013%20Fall/c035.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Labour Standards Code Regulations |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/JUST/REGULATIONS/regs/lscgenls.htm |access-date=April 6, 2009 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Tarihi - Ana gudanar da wannan hutu a ranar Litinin ta uku ta Fabrairu tun 2015, kuma tana murna da sanannun mutane, abubuwan da suka faru da wuraren daga tarihin lardin. A cikin 2015, Ranar Tarihi ta yi bikin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ta [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]] da kuma 'yar kasuwa Viola Desmond . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Pat |date=December 5, 2013 |title=New bill would create N.S. February holiday starting in 2015 |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1012251/new-bill-would-create-n-s-february-holiday-starting-in-2015/ |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=The Canadian Press/AP}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; an gudanar da wannan hutu daban daga duk sauran bukukuwan jama'a a Nova Scotia tun 1981: ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane mutum ya ba da kowane kaya ko dukiya don siyarwa a wannan ranar, ko karɓar ko bayar da aiki don musayar riba ko lada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1981 |title=Statutes of Nova Scotia Passed in the Thirtieth Year of the Reign of Her Majesty QUEEN ELIZABETH II Being the Third Session of the Fifty-Second General Assembly |url=http://0-nsleg-edeposit.gov.ns.ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/Statutes/1981.pdf |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Queen's Printer, Nova Scotia |page=51}}</ref> Akwai keɓancewa na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a wasu nau'o'i amma dole ne a ba da madadin rana tare da albashi a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act (As currently revised) |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Natal - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne amma rana ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Gundumar Yankin Halifax. === Nunavut === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Gaskiya da Sulhu - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Nunavut - 9 ga Yuli, ta samo asali ne a matsayin hutun da aka biya ga ƙungiyoyin Inuit na Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated da na yanki. Ya zama hutun rabin rana ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a 1999 da kuma cikakken rana a 2001. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba da rana tare da sanannun ban da gwamnatin tarayya da Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma. Ba hutu ba ne na doka. === Ontario === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/economic-growth-tourism-and-culture/paid-holidays |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=Economic Growth, Tourism and Culture Prince Edward Island |publisher=Government of Prince Edward Island}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Boxing - 26 ga Disamba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Hutun Civic - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu na doka ba.<ref name="OntarioHolidays">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Public Holidays |url=http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/es/pubs/guide/publicholidays.php |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Labour}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; ba hutu ba ne.<ref name="OntarioHolidays" /> === Tsibirin Prince Edward === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2014 |title=Labour: Paid Holidays |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/labour/index.php3?number=1022265&lang=E |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Gov.pe.ca}}</ref> * Ranar Islander - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (asalin na biyu) * Gaskiya da Ranar sulhu - Satumba 30 * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Gasar Cin Kofin Zinariya - Jumma'a ta Uku a watan Agusta. An yi bikin ne a babban birnin Charlottetown wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Nunin Lardin da Gold Cup da tseren Saucer a filin motsa jiki na Charlottetown . Ana kiyaye ranar a matsayin hutu ta wasu kamfanoni a yankunan tsakiya da gabashin lardin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> A Quebec, akwai bukukuwan bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku. Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne, kuma babu hutun jama'a a watan Agusta. Bayani da yawa na dokar aiki sun bambanta a Quebec. Kwanakin bukukuwan hukuma sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays |url=https://www.educaloi.qc.ca/en/capsules/public-holidays |website=Educaloi.qc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays – CNESST |url=https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604033843/https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=January 7, 2020 |publisher=CNESST}}</ref> * Janairu 1 (Ranar Sabuwar Shekara) * Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin na Easter a zaɓin ma'aikaci * Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25 (Ranar Patriots ta Kasa) * Yuni 24 (Ranar Saint-Jean-Baptiste) * Yuli 1. Idan wannan kwanan wata ya fadi a ranar Lahadi: Yuli 2 (Ranar Kanada) * Litinin na farko a watan Satumba (Ranar Ma'aikata) * Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba (Ranar godiya) * Disamba 25 (Ranar Kirsimeti). '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Sanya Sakin layi Bikin Gina (Faransa: Vacances de la Construction) yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Yuli da kuma makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Disamba don bukukuwan Kirsimeti.  Yayin da ya shafi masana'antar gine-gine kawai a hukumance, yawancin mutanen Quebec sun shirya yin hutu a cikin waɗannan makonni biyu. === Saskatchewan === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Saskatchewan - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta. Bikin tarihin Saskatchewan da al'adu kamar Ranar Kanada. * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Yukon === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Bincike - Litinin na uku a watan Agusta * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni tun 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Find employee information for statutory holidays |url=https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/employer-responsibilities/find-employee-information-statutory-holidays |website=yukon.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=News |url=https://yukon.ca/news |website=yukon.ca}}</ref> Kwanaki masu zuwa ba bukukuwan doka na Yukon ba ne: <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday}}</ref> * Ranar Tarihi - Jumma'a kafin Lahadi ta ƙarshe a watan Fabrairu <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Heritage Day |url=https://www.heritageyukon.ca/programs/heritage-day/}}</ref> - zaɓi ga ma'aikatan da ba na jama'a ba * Litinin na Easter * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Hutun hutu na gari === Wasu kananan hukumomi kuma suna da bukukuwan bukukuwan doka na gida. Misali, ana ba da safiya na Stampede Parade a matsayin hutun rabin rana a birnin [[Calgary]]. A Ontario, ba a bayyana hutun jama'a na watan Agusta a matsayin lardin ba, amma ta kowace karamar hukuma. == Hutun jama'a == == Ranar hutun da aka tsara == Wani babban dan takara don sabon biki shine karshen mako a watan Fabrairu don bikin ranar tunawa da tutar Kanada, ko kuma mafi kusantar "Ranar Heritage".  An riga an ayyana ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a matsayin ranar tuta, amma wannan rana ce kawai ta tunawa, ba ranar hutu ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don yin Ranar Tunawa hutu ne na doka kuma ya ba ta matsayi iri ɗaya da Ranar Kanada ga House of Commons. Bill C-597 ya wuce karatu na biyu a cikin House of Commons da gefen 258 zuwa 2; duk da haka, bai zama doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEGISinfo - Private Member's Bill C-597 (41-2) |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=6396144 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=Parl.ca}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ta 14 ta Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zartar da ''Dokar Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa'', wanda ya sa ta zama iko na farko a Kanada don amincewa da wannan rana a matsayin hutu na doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Aboriginal Day |url=http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623071755/http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories}}</ref> == Hutun da ke faruwa a ranakun da ba na aiki ba == Ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara ta tarayya, idan hutu ya faru a ranar da ba a yi aiki ba, to "za a ba da wata rana tare da albashi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2011 |title=General Overview – Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/overviews/employment_standards/holidays.shtml |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Human Resources and Social Development Canada}}</ref> Lokacin Sabuwar Shekara, Ranar Kanada, Ranar Tunawa, Ranar Kirsimeti ko Ranar Dambe ta faɗo a ranar Asabar ko Lahadi wanda ma'aikacin gwamnatin tarayya ba zai yi aiki ba, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biya a ranar aiki nan da nan kafin ko bayan hutun.  Idan ɗaya daga cikin sauran bukukuwan ya faɗi a ƙarshen mako, to dole ne ma'aikaci ya ƙara hutu tare da biyan kuɗi zuwa hutun shekara-shekara na ma'aikatansu ko kuma ba su ranar hutu a wani lokacin da ya dace da juna. == Sauran bukukuwan == * Ranar Raoul Wallenberg, Janairu 17 * Ranar Groundhog, Fabrairu 2 * Ranar soyayya, Fabrairu 14 * Ranar tutar kasa ta Kanada, Fabrairu 15 * [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]], Maris 8 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day in Canada – Women's Day Celebration in Canada |url=https://www.womensdaycelebration.com/womens-day-in-canada.html#:~:text=It%20got%20its%20name%20as%20International%20women%E2%80%99s%20day,up%20with%20so%20much%20success%20in%20various%20fields. |access-date=September 13, 2020 |website=Womensdaycelebration.com}}</ref> * Ranar Commonwealth, Litinin na biyu a watan Maris. An kiyaye wannan a matsayin hutu a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth. * Ranar Saint Patrick, Maris 17 * Ranar Wawaye ta Afrilu, Afrilu 1 * Ranar Tartan, Afrilu 6 * Ranar Duniya, Afrilu 22 * Nasara a Turai Ranar, Mayu 8 * Ranar Uwa, Lahadi na biyu na Mayu * Ranar Uba, Lahadi na uku na Yuni * Ranar Loyalist, Yuni 19, bikin al'adun Loyalist na Kanada, musamman a Ontario da New Brunswick (kuma ranar da aka kirkiro Upper Canada, yanzu Ontario) * Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar, 21 ga Yuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Al'adu da yawa ta Kanada, Yuni 27 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Masu Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa, 9 ga Agusta da aka kiyaye a ranar Lahadi mafi kusa * Ranar Kakannin Kasa, Lahadi ta biyu a watan Satumba * Makon Iyali na Kasa, mako kafin godiya * Halloween, Oktoba 31 * Ranar Tunawa da Aiki na Kasa kan Cin zarafin Mata, 6 ga Disamba 3zsvyx6d9dfzxhj27n8v7neg8hrxo1u 846070 846069 2026-06-03T14:02:18Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}}Bukukuwan jama'a a ko Hutu a Kanada (Faransa: Jours fériés au Kanada), waɗanda aka sani da biki na doka, hutun ƙididdiga, ko kawai ƙididdiga (Faransanci: jours fériés), sun ƙunshi bukukuwan al'adu, kishin ƙasa, da na addini iri-iri waɗanda aka doka a Kanada a matakin tarayya ko na larduna da yanki.  Yayin da yawancin waɗannan bukukuwan ana girmama su kuma ana amincewa da su a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokokin lardi da na yanki sun bambanta dangane da waɗanda aka amince da su a hukumance. Akwai bukukuwan doka guda biyar a duk fadin kasar <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/employment_standards/federal/holidays.shtml |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> da kuma karin bukukuwan shida ga ma'aikatan tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2016 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/remuneration-compensation/paye-centre-pay/feries-holidays-eng.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Kowace daga cikin larduna da yankuna 13 suna kiyaye bukukuwan hutu da yawa ban da kwanakin ƙasa, amma kowannensu ya bambanta dangane da abin da aka tsara a matsayin doka, zaɓi, ko a'a. Yawancin ma'aikata na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma tsarin makaranta, suna ba da ƙarin kwanaki a ƙarshen Disamba, sau da yawa sun haɗa da akalla cikakken ko rabin rana a ranar 24 ga Disamba (Kirsimeti Kirsimeti) ko Disamba 31 (Kirisimeti Kirsimati) ko a wasu lokuta, duk mako tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Year Calendar |url=http://www.tdsb.on.ca/aboutus/calendar.aspx |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Toronto District School Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Students & Schools {{!}} Vancouver School Board |url=https://www.vsb.bc.ca/events-page-view/students-%2526-schools/programs |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> Duk da yake ba a tsara shi a hukumance a kowane hali ba, sanannun bukukuwan al'adu na duniya kamar Ranar soyayya, Ranar Saint Patrick, Halloween, Ranar Uwa, da Ranar Uba ana kiyaye su ne a Al'adun Kanada a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Holidays |url=http://www.thecanadaguide.com/holidays |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=JJ's Complete Guide to Canada}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}} == Hutun da aka kafa == Hutu na doka (wanda kuma aka sani da "stats" ko "jama'a" ko "hutu" na jama'a) a Kanada ana yin doka ta hanyar gwamnatin tarayya ko lardin ko yanki.] Yawancin ma'aikata, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullum.  Duk da haka, wasu ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki a irin wannan hutu, amma ma'aikaci dole ne ko dai ya sami hutu a madadin hutu ko kuma dole ne a biya shi a farashi mai ƙima - yawanci  1+1⁄2 (wanda aka sani da "lokaci da rabi") ko sau biyu (wanda aka sani da "lokaci biyu") na yau da kullun na lokacin da suka yi aiki a wannan rana, ban da kuɗin hutu.[2]  A yawancin larduna, lokacin da hutun doka ya faɗo a ranar hutu na al'ada (gaba ɗaya ƙarshen mako), ana ɗaukar ranar aiki mai zuwa a matsayin hutun doka.  Kididdigar Kanada ta nuna matsakaita na hutun doka 11 da aka biya a kowace shekara dangane da duk kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke aiki a cikin lardin..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian statutory holiday rules |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/rules.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref>  === Hutun doka na kasa a Kanada === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal statutory holidays in Canada |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/national.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref> ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Janairu 1 |Ranar Sabuwar Shekara |{{Lang|fr|Jour de l'An}} |Yana bikin ranar farko ta kowace shekara a cikin Kalandar Gregorian |- valign="top" |Ranar canji tsakanin Maris 20 da Afrilu 23 |Jumma'a Mai Kyau |{{Lang|fr|Vendredi saint}} |Yana tunawa da gicciye Yesu, a ranar Jumma'a kafin Ista. A [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], masu daukar ma'aikata da ba a tsara su ba dole ne su ba da Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin Easter a matsayin hutu na doka, kodayake wasu suna ba da kwanakin biyu. |- valign="top" |Yuli 1 |Ranar Kanada |{{Lang|fr|Fête du Canada}} |Yana murna da Tarayyar Kanada ta 1867 da kuma kafa matsayin mulkin mallaka. A Newfoundland da Labrador, ana kiyaye su a lokaci guda tare da Ranar Tunawa. |- valign="top" |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba |Ranar Aiki |{{Lang|fr|Fête du travail}} |Yana murna da nasarorin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na ma'aikata |- valign="top" |Disamba 25 |[[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]] |{{Lang|fr|Noël}} |Yana bikin haihuwar Yesu |} === Ranar bukukuwan doka ta Tarayya, wanda aka kiyaye a wasu larduna === Baya ga bukukuwan da aka lissafa a sama, dokokin tarayya sun ba da izini ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara a tarayya. Dukkanin bankunan da ofisoshin gidan waya suna tunawa da waɗannan bukukuwan, kuma suna da doka a wasu larduna da yankuna. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Date ! style="width:15%;" |English name ! style="width:15%;" |French name !Remarks |- valign="top" |In lieu of Good Friday (Stat Holiday), Monday after Easter Day |Easter Monday |{{Lang|fr|Lundi de Pâques}} |Variable date between March 23 and April 26. Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. Not a statutory holiday in any province or territory; however, in Quebec employers must give either Good Friday or Easter Monday as a statutory holiday, though most give both days. Banks remain open (legally they cannot close for more than three consecutive days except in emergencies{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2013}}), but employees often receive a "floating" paid day off to be taken on or near the holiday. This is not one of the nine "General Holidays" as defined by the Canada Labour Code – Part III. As such, there is no legal requirement for private sector employers in federally regulated industries to provide Easter Monday as a paid holiday to employees. However, many federal government offices will be closed on this day. |- valign="top" |Monday preceding May 25 |Victoria Day |Officially {{Lang|fr|la Fête de Victoria}} (more commonly called {{Lang|fr|la Fête de la Reine}}) or {{Lang|fr|Journée nationale des Patriotes}} |Celebrates the birthday of the reigning Canadian monarch; however, the date does not change with the change of monarch, being instead fixed on the birthday of [[Sarauniya Victoria|Queen Victoria]], the sovereign at the time of Canadian Confederation and establishment of dominion status in 1867. Some French-Canadians celebrate instead Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, a French-Canadian hero from the New France times on this day; officially National Patriots' Day in Quebec. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec (coincides with National Patriots' Day), Saskatchewan, and Yukon. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Not a statutory holiday in the eastern provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, or Newfoundland and Labrador. |- valign="top" |First Monday in August |Civic Holiday |{{Lang|fr|Congé civique}} |Statutory holiday in British Columbia (British Columbia Day), New Brunswick (New Brunswick Day), Northwest Territories (Civic Holiday), Nunavut (Civic Holiday), and Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Day). Civic holiday (may be a paid vacation day depending on employer) in Alberta (Heritage Day), Manitoba (Terry Fox Day), Ontario (Colonel By Day, John Galt Day, Simcoe Day, and others), and Nova Scotia (Natal Day). Not an official statutory holiday in Ontario, but it is widely observed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Employment Standards Act, 2000 |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_00e41_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Ontario]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Retail Business Holidays Act |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90r30_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=Government of Ontario}}</ref> Not observed in Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, or Yukon. Not observed in Prince Edward Island, though many businesses instead observe a holiday for the Gold Cup Parade, held on the third Friday in August.<ref name="goldcup">{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- valign="top" |September 30 |National Day for Truth and Reconciliation |{{Lang|fr|Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation}} |Commemorates the victims of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Unofficial observance of this date began in 2013 as ''Orange Shirt Day'', a local educational event in Williams Lake, British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Orange Shirt Day? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidscbc2/the-feed/what-is-orange-shirt-day |access-date=June 4, 2021 |website=CBC Kids}}</ref> The day has been a holiday for employees of the federal government and federally-regulated industries since 2021. {{As of|2023}}, the day is observed as a statutory holiday for all workers in British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories,<ref name="TRCNT">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=National Day for Truth and Reconciliation declared statutory holiday in Northwest Territories |url=https://www.gov.nt.ca/en/newsroom/national-day-truth-and-reconciliation-declared-statutory-holiday-northwest-territories |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Government of Northwest Territories}}</ref> Nunavut,<ref name="TRCPE-NU" /> and Yukon. Schools and some public services close for the day in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="TRCBC" /> |- valign="top" |Second Monday in October |Thanksgiving Day |{{Lang|fr|Action de grâce}} |A day to give thanks for the things one has at the close of the harvest season. Statutory holiday in most jurisdictions of Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon.<ref name="StatHolidays" /> An optional holiday in the Atlantic provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.<ref name="StatHolidays">{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays in Canada |url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110358/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref> In New Brunswick, included under the Days of Rest Act. |- valign="top" |November 11 |Remembrance Day |{{Lang|fr|Jour du Souvenir}} |Commemorates Canada's war dead. Anniversary of the armistice ending [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] in 1918. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. In Manitoba, an "Official day of Observance", not a statutory holiday. In Nova Scotia, addressed in the ''Remembrance Day Act'', which prohibits employers from allowing employees to work and prohibits employees from working with exceptions for required services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Nslegislature.ca}}</ref> Employers have the option of giving Remembrance Day or an alternate day off. Not a statutory holiday in Quebec and Ontario. |- valign="top" |December 26 |Boxing Day |{{Lang|fr|Lendemain de Noël}} |A holiday with mixed and uncertain origins and definitions. Provincially, a statutory holiday in Ontario. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Many employers across the country observe Boxing Day as a paid day off. |} === Sauran bukukuwan da aka saba === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu |{{Plainlist|* [[Family Day (Canada)|Family Day]] * ''Louis Riel Day'' (Manitoba) * ''Islander Day'' (Prince Edward Island) * ''Heritage Day'' (Nova Scotia)}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Fête de la famille}} * {{lang|fr|Journée Louis Riel}} (MB) * {{lang|fr|Fête des Insulaires}} (PE) * {{lang|fr|Fête du Patrimoine}} (NS)}} |Hutun doka a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban a Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. British Columbia a baya ta yi bikin Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta biyu a watan Fabrairu tsakanin 2013 da 2018. Koyaya, British Columbia tana murna da Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu daga 2019 zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2018 |title=B.C. Family Day moving one week later starting in 2019 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-family-day-moving-one-week-later-starting-in-2019-1.4528735 |website=CBC News}}</ref> New Brunswick ta fara kiyaye Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2018 |title=New Brunswick's first Family Day |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/news/news_release.2018.01.0108.html |publisher=GNB.ca}}</ref> Ba a lura da shi a wani wuri ba. |- valign="top" |Cikakken mako guda a cikin watan Maris (lokaci ya bambanta) |{{Plainlist|* March break * [[Spring break]]}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Congé de mars}} * {{lang|fr|Congé du printemps}} * {{lang|fr|Semaine de relâche}}}} |Rufe makarantu na gwamnati na mako-mako a duk larduna da yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2017 |title=March Break is an annual holiday from school in Canada |url=http://gocanada.about.com/od/publicholidaysincanada/a/March_break_canada.htm |publisher=About.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman dama ga iyalai tare da yara a makaranta don zuwa hutu. Kodayake hutun Maris ba ya dace da karshen mako na Easter, a cikin 2018 makarantun Prince Edward Island sun yi la'akari da haɗuwa da shi tare da hutun Easter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2017 |title=P.E.I. school calendar change getting thumbs down from some parents |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-march-break-calendar-change-1.4050200 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |} === Ranar hutu guda ɗaya === Gwamnatoci a Kanada sun ayyana hutu guda ɗaya a wasu lokuta, kamar mutuwar masarautar Kanada. An ayyana hutu guda ɗaya bayan mutuwar George VI a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1952, kuma bayan mutuwar Elizabeth II a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=7 February 2023 |title=No holiday pay for workers on day of Queen Elizabeth II's funeral |url=https://www.hcamag.com/ca/specialization/employment-law/no-holiday-pay-for-workers-on-day-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-funeral/435478 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=www.hcamag.com |publisher=KM Business Information Canada}}</ref> An kira Satumba 19 a matsayin Ranar makoki ta kasa (Faransa: Jour de deuil national) don tunawa da Elizabeth II a matsayin shugaban kasar Kanada. Ranar hutu ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stober |first=Eric |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Canada announces a holiday to mark Queen Elizabeth's death |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9122726/canada-national-holiday-sept-19-queens-funeral/ |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=Global News}}</ref> Gundumomin British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da Labrador, Nova Scotia, da Prince Edward Island suma sun kafa kwatankwacin lardin don hutun tarayya. Lardin Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, da Quebec ba su kafa wani hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> == Hutun lardin da na yanki == Gundumomi da yankuna gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bukukuwan iri ɗaya kamar gwamnatin tarayya tare da wasu bambance-bambance. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! width="7.14%" |Ranar ! width="7.14%" |AB ! width="7.14%" |[[British Columbia|BC]] ! width="7.14%" |MB ! width="7.14%" |NB ! width="7.14%" |NL ! width="7.14%" |NT ! width="7.14%" |NS ! width="7.14%" |NU ! width="7.14%" |ON ! width="7.14%" |PE ! width="7.14%" |[[Kebek (lardi)|QC]] ! width="7.14%" |SK ! width="7.14%" |YT |- |Janairu 1|| colspan="13" {{Yes|New Year's Day}} |- |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Louis Riel Day}} || {{Yes|Family Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Heritage Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Islander Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} | |- |Jumma'a kafin Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 20 and April 23}}|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Good Friday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter|In Quebec, employers must choose between Good Friday and Easter Monday for their statutory holiday.}} |- |Litinin bayan Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 23 and April 26}} | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}} | colspan="4" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| {{Yes|National Patriots' Day}} || colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} |- |21 ga Yuni | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} | colspan="6" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} |- |Yuni 24 | colspan="10" ||| {{Yes|Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Yuli 1|| colspan="4" {{Yes|Canada Day}} || {{Yes|Memorial Day}} || colspan="8" {{Yes|Canada Day}} |- |Yuli 9 | colspan="7" ||| {{Yes|Nunavut Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin na farko a watan Agusta ||| {{Yes|British Columbia Day}} ||| {{Yes|New Brunswick Day}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} | colspan="3" ||| {{Yes|Saskatchewan Day}} | |- |Litinin na uku a watan Agusta | colspan="12" ||| {{Yes|Discovery Day}} |- |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Labour Day}} |- |Satumba 30 ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} || {{Yes|Orange Shirt Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} |- |Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} |- |Nuwamba 11|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="5" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} |- |Disamba 25|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Christmas Day}} |- |26 ga Disamba | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="4" | |- |Jimillar jama'a. hutun |9<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Employment standards – Alberta general holidays |url=https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-general-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref name="gov.bc">{{Cite web |title=Statutory holidays in British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards-advice/employment-standards/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the general holidays in Manitoba? |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,gen-holidays-after-april-30-07,factsheet.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the paid public holidays in New Brunswick? |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/FactSheets/PublicHolidaysVacation.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Public Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/files/Publications_Labour_Relations_At_Work_Updates_October-2022.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays Northwest Territories |url=https://my.hr.gov.nt.ca/employees/leave-time/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paid holidays in Nova Scotia |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/holidaychart.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia Remembrance Day Act |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/remembrance.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Labour Standards Act |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Public Service Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nu.ca/en/staff-resources/public-service-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Public holidays |url=https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0/public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Prince Edward Island Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/workforce-advanced-learning-and-population/paid-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quebec CNESST List of paid statutory holidays |url=https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/leave/statutory-holidays/list-paid-statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Saskatchewan Public Holidays |url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/employment-standards/public-statutory-holidays/list-of-saskatchewan-public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |} === Alberta === Kwanaki biyar na doka a duk faɗin ƙasar, bukukuwan lardin huɗu da kuma "bakwai na zaɓi" guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Holidays and General Holiday Pay in Alberta |url=http://work.alberta.ca/employment-standards/general-holidays.html |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Employment.alberta.ca}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali ta Alberta - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku, da kuma bukukuwan zaɓaɓɓu guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manitoba Retail Businesses Holiday Closing Act |url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/r120e.php |access-date=February 20, 2011 |website=Web2.gov.mb.ca}}</ref> Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne. * Easter Litinin - hutu na zaɓi, kwanan wata mai canzawa tsakanin Maris 23 da Afrilu 26 * Ranar Tarihi - hutu na zaɓi, Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - hutu na zaɓi, Satumba 30 * Ranar Boxing - hutu na zaɓi, Disamba 26 === British Columbia === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da shida na lardin.<ref name="gov.bc">{{Cite web |title=Statutory holidays in British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards-advice/employment-standards/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2011 |title=Prescribed Days of Rest in New Brunswick 2011–2014 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/local_government/content/governance/content/days_of_rest_act.html |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> Kodayake an tsara su a matsayin bukukuwan jama'a, Ranar Victoria, godiya, da Ranar Boxing ba a biya su bukukuwan gwamnati ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-Secondary Education, Training, and Labour: Paid Public Holidays and Vacation/ Vacation Pay |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302150359/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku na Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar British Columbia - Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Manitoba === '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Louis Riel - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Terry Fox (Ranar hutu ta Jama'a) - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Tunawa - "ranar hukuma ce ta kiyayewa", ba hutu ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2010 |title=Paid Statutory Holidays in Employment Standards Legislation |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013124205/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2008 |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Hrsdc.gc.ca}}</ref> === New Brunswick === '''Dokar lardin''' Biyar a duk fadin kasar da kuma hutun doka guda daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shops' Closing Regulations, C.N.L.R. 1115/96 |url=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/regulations/rc961115.htm |website=Assembly.nl.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Holidays for 2013 &#124; Human Resource Secretariat |url=http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/hrs/working_with_us/holidays2014.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Exec.gov.nl.ca}}</ref> Godiya ba hutu ne na doka ba. Ranar Kanada ba hutu ba ne na doka kamar yadda 1 ga Yuli shine Ranar Tunawa. * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (tun 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Brunswick announces new stat holiday: Family Day coming next February |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/premier-holiday-new-brunswick-1.4086141 |access-date=April 26, 2017 |website=CBC News}}</ref> * Ranar New Brunswick - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Victoria * Godiya gaisuwa * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Newfoundland da Labrador === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na lardin. An amince da Ranar Martin Luther King Jr. a hukumance a [[Toronto]] a cikin 2018 kuma ta kasance a [[Ottawa]], kodayake ba a matsayin hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King Jr. Day In Toronto |url=https://www.chfi.com/2018/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-day-toronto/ |access-date=January 15, 2022 |website=Chfi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King, Jr Day: A day "on", not a day "off"! |url=http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114171716/http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2020 |website=Black History Ottawa}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa (Yuli 1) * Ranar Armistice (Ranar Tunawa) (Nuwamba 11) '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Wadannan sune jerin bukukuwan da aka tsara don ma'aikatan gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised Statutes of Newfoundland 1990 |url=https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/RSN1990/S15.c90.htm}}</ref> * Ranar Saint Patrick (17 ga Maris) * Ranar Saint George (23 ga Afrilu) * Ranar Victoria (Litinin da ta gabata ga Mayu 25) * Yuni Holiday (sunan wucin gadi - wanda aka fi sani da Discovery Day har zuwa 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier Ball Announces Changes Related to 'Discovery Day' Holiday |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2020/exec/0618n08/ |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref>) (Litinin da ya fi kusa da Yuni 24) * Ranar Orangemen (Litinin da ya fi kusa da 12 ga Yuli) * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa (Satumba 30) * Godiya (Minin na biyu a watan Oktoba) * Ranar Boxing (26 ga Disamba) * Ɗaya (1) ƙarin rana a kowace shekara wanda, a ra'ayin Shugaban Dindindin, an san shi da hutu na jama'a a yankin da ma'aikacin ke aiki. Idan ba a ba da hutu na jama'a ba, za a ba ma'aikaci ƙarin rana a lokacin da Shugaban Dindindin zai ƙayyade. Wadannan ba a kiyaye su a matsayin bukukuwan doka ba tun 1992. Duk da haka, gwamnatin lardin tana kiyaye su. Ba kamar sauran larduna ba, babu hutu a lardin a ranar Litinin ta farko a watan Agusta. Ana iya ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani saboda Royal St. John's Regatta, wanda ake kiyaye shi a matsayin hutu na jama'a a St. John a ranar Laraba ta farko a watan Agusta (ko, idan yanayin yanayi bai yi kyau ba, rana mai zuwa da ta dace bayan haka). Harbour Grace da Labrador City suna da irin wannan hutu don regatta a ƙarshen Yuli. Duk sauran kananan hukumomi suna da damar sanya rana ɗaya a shekara a matsayin hutun jama'a; duk da haka, da yawa ba sa amfani da wannan. === Yankin Arewa maso Yamma === Kwanaki biyar na kasa da kuma hutun doka guda biyar. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba === Nova Scotia === Hutu biyar na kasa baki daya da hutun lardi biyu.  Ranar Victoria, Thanksgiving, da Ranar Dambe ba bukukuwan doka bane amma yawancin kasuwanci da dillalai suna rufe Ranar Dambe.  Yawancin hutu na doka za a iya musanya su zuwa wata ranar hutu mai jituwa tare da juna a madadin ko kuma masu daukar ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki akan ƙimar kuɗi mai ƙima.  Nau'o'in ayyuka da yawa, gami da wuraren aiki da yarjejeniyar gamayya ta ƙunshi, ba a keɓance su daga dokokin lardi da ke gudanar da bukukuwan doka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Standards Code |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/labour%20standards%20code.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act to Establish a Holiday in February |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc//PDFs/annual%20statutes/2013%20Fall/c035.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Labour Standards Code Regulations |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/JUST/REGULATIONS/regs/lscgenls.htm |access-date=April 6, 2009 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Tarihi - Ana gudanar da wannan hutu a ranar Litinin ta uku ta Fabrairu tun 2015, kuma tana murna da sanannun mutane, abubuwan da suka faru da wuraren daga tarihin lardin. A cikin 2015, Ranar Tarihi ta yi bikin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ta [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]] da kuma 'yar kasuwa Viola Desmond . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Pat |date=December 5, 2013 |title=New bill would create N.S. February holiday starting in 2015 |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1012251/new-bill-would-create-n-s-february-holiday-starting-in-2015/ |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=The Canadian Press/AP}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; an gudanar da wannan hutu daban daga duk sauran bukukuwan jama'a a Nova Scotia tun 1981: ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane mutum ya ba da kowane kaya ko dukiya don siyarwa a wannan ranar, ko karɓar ko bayar da aiki don musayar riba ko lada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1981 |title=Statutes of Nova Scotia Passed in the Thirtieth Year of the Reign of Her Majesty QUEEN ELIZABETH II Being the Third Session of the Fifty-Second General Assembly |url=http://0-nsleg-edeposit.gov.ns.ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/Statutes/1981.pdf |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Queen's Printer, Nova Scotia |page=51}}</ref> Akwai keɓancewa na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a wasu nau'o'i amma dole ne a ba da madadin rana tare da albashi a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act (As currently revised) |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Natal - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne amma rana ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Gundumar Yankin Halifax. === Nunavut === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Gaskiya da Sulhu - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Nunavut - 9 ga Yuli, ta samo asali ne a matsayin hutun da aka biya ga ƙungiyoyin Inuit na Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated da na yanki. Ya zama hutun rabin rana ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a 1999 da kuma cikakken rana a 2001. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba da rana tare da sanannun ban da gwamnatin tarayya da Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma. Ba hutu ba ne na doka. === Ontario === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/economic-growth-tourism-and-culture/paid-holidays |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=Economic Growth, Tourism and Culture Prince Edward Island |publisher=Government of Prince Edward Island}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Boxing - 26 ga Disamba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Hutun Civic - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu na doka ba.<ref name="OntarioHolidays">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Public Holidays |url=http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/es/pubs/guide/publicholidays.php |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Labour}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; ba hutu ba ne.<ref name="OntarioHolidays" /> === Tsibirin Prince Edward === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2014 |title=Labour: Paid Holidays |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/labour/index.php3?number=1022265&lang=E |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Gov.pe.ca}}</ref> * Ranar Islander - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (asalin na biyu) * Gaskiya da Ranar sulhu - Satumba 30 * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Gasar Cin Kofin Zinariya - Jumma'a ta Uku a watan Agusta. An yi bikin ne a babban birnin Charlottetown wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Nunin Lardin da Gold Cup da tseren Saucer a filin motsa jiki na Charlottetown . Ana kiyaye ranar a matsayin hutu ta wasu kamfanoni a yankunan tsakiya da gabashin lardin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> A Quebec, akwai bukukuwan bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku. Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne, kuma babu hutun jama'a a watan Agusta. Bayani da yawa na dokar aiki sun bambanta a Quebec. Kwanakin bukukuwan hukuma sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays |url=https://www.educaloi.qc.ca/en/capsules/public-holidays |website=Educaloi.qc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays – CNESST |url=https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604033843/https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=January 7, 2020 |publisher=CNESST}}</ref> * Janairu 1 (Ranar Sabuwar Shekara) * Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin na Easter a zaɓin ma'aikaci * Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25 (Ranar Patriots ta Kasa) * Yuni 24 (Ranar Saint-Jean-Baptiste) * Yuli 1. Idan wannan kwanan wata ya fadi a ranar Lahadi: Yuli 2 (Ranar Kanada) * Litinin na farko a watan Satumba (Ranar Ma'aikata) * Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba (Ranar godiya) * Disamba 25 (Ranar Kirsimeti). '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Sanya Sakin layi Bikin Gina (Faransa: Vacances de la Construction) yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Yuli da kuma makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Disamba don bukukuwan Kirsimeti.  Yayin da ya shafi masana'antar gine-gine kawai a hukumance, yawancin mutanen Quebec sun shirya yin hutu a cikin waɗannan makonni biyu. === Saskatchewan === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Saskatchewan - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta. Bikin tarihin Saskatchewan da al'adu kamar Ranar Kanada. * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Yukon === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Bincike - Litinin na uku a watan Agusta * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni tun 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Find employee information for statutory holidays |url=https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/employer-responsibilities/find-employee-information-statutory-holidays |website=yukon.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=News |url=https://yukon.ca/news |website=yukon.ca}}</ref> Kwanaki masu zuwa ba bukukuwan doka na Yukon ba ne: <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday}}</ref> * Ranar Tarihi - Jumma'a kafin Lahadi ta ƙarshe a watan Fabrairu <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Heritage Day |url=https://www.heritageyukon.ca/programs/heritage-day/}}</ref> - zaɓi ga ma'aikatan da ba na jama'a ba * Litinin na Easter * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Hutun hutu na gari === Wasu kananan hukumomi kuma suna da bukukuwan bukukuwan doka na gida. Misali, ana ba da safiya na Stampede Parade a matsayin hutun rabin rana a birnin [[Calgary]]. A Ontario, ba a bayyana hutun jama'a na watan Agusta a matsayin lardin ba, amma ta kowace karamar hukuma. == Hutun jama'a == == Ranar hutun da aka tsara == Wani babban dan takara don sabon biki shine karshen mako a watan Fabrairu don bikin ranar tunawa da tutar Kanada, ko kuma mafi kusantar "Ranar Heritage".  An riga an ayyana ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a matsayin ranar tuta, amma wannan rana ce kawai ta tunawa, ba ranar hutu ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don yin Ranar Tunawa hutu ne na doka kuma ya ba ta matsayi iri ɗaya da Ranar Kanada ga House of Commons. Bill C-597 ya wuce karatu na biyu a cikin House of Commons da gefen 258 zuwa 2; duk da haka, bai zama doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEGISinfo - Private Member's Bill C-597 (41-2) |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=6396144 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=Parl.ca}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ta 14 ta Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zartar da ''Dokar Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa'', wanda ya sa ta zama iko na farko a Kanada don amincewa da wannan rana a matsayin hutu na doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Aboriginal Day |url=http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623071755/http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories}}</ref> == Hutun da ke faruwa a ranakun da ba na aiki ba == Ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara ta tarayya, idan hutu ya faru a ranar da ba a yi aiki ba, to "za a ba da wata rana tare da albashi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2011 |title=General Overview – Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/overviews/employment_standards/holidays.shtml |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Human Resources and Social Development Canada}}</ref> Lokacin Sabuwar Shekara, Ranar Kanada, Ranar Tunawa, Ranar Kirsimeti ko Ranar Dambe ta faɗo a ranar Asabar ko Lahadi wanda ma'aikacin gwamnatin tarayya ba zai yi aiki ba, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biya a ranar aiki nan da nan kafin ko bayan hutun.  Idan ɗaya daga cikin sauran bukukuwan ya faɗi a ƙarshen mako, to dole ne ma'aikaci ya ƙara hutu tare da biyan kuɗi zuwa hutun shekara-shekara na ma'aikatansu ko kuma ba su ranar hutu a wani lokacin da ya dace da juna. == Sauran bukukuwan == * Ranar Raoul Wallenberg, Janairu 17 * Ranar Groundhog, Fabrairu 2 * Ranar soyayya, Fabrairu 14 * Ranar tutar kasa ta Kanada, Fabrairu 15 * [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]], Maris 8 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day in Canada – Women's Day Celebration in Canada |url=https://www.womensdaycelebration.com/womens-day-in-canada.html#:~:text=It%20got%20its%20name%20as%20International%20women%E2%80%99s%20day,up%20with%20so%20much%20success%20in%20various%20fields. |access-date=September 13, 2020 |website=Womensdaycelebration.com}}</ref> * Ranar Commonwealth, Litinin na biyu a watan Maris. An kiyaye wannan a matsayin hutu a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth. * Ranar Saint Patrick, Maris 17 * Ranar Wawaye ta Afrilu, Afrilu 1 * Ranar Tartan, Afrilu 6 * Ranar Duniya, Afrilu 22 * Nasara a Turai Ranar, Mayu 8 * Ranar Uwa, Lahadi na biyu na Mayu * Ranar Uba, Lahadi na uku na Yuni * Ranar Loyalist, Yuni 19, bikin al'adun Loyalist na Kanada, musamman a Ontario da New Brunswick (kuma ranar da aka kirkiro Upper Canada, yanzu Ontario) * Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar, 21 ga Yuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Al'adu da yawa ta Kanada, Yuni 27 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Masu Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa, 9 ga Agusta da aka kiyaye a ranar Lahadi mafi kusa * Ranar Kakannin Kasa, Lahadi ta biyu a watan Satumba * Makon Iyali na Kasa, mako kafin godiya * Halloween, Oktoba 31 * Ranar Tunawa da Aiki na Kasa kan Cin zarafin Mata, 6 ga Disamba rupxlcy9w1zycagfb5ueuabnlwfbna9 Blessings (littafi) 0 154479 846071 2026-06-03T14:02:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308645710|Blessings (novel)]]" 846071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Blessings''''' littafi ne na 2024 wanda marubucin Najeriya [[Chukwuebuka Ibeh]] ya wallafa. An buga shi ta hanyar bugun littafin Viking Books na Penguin Random House a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh {{!}} Blessings |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/454618/blessings-by-ibeh-chukwuebuka/9780241618257 |website=Penguin Books Ltd}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=1 November 2022 |title=22-Year-Old Chukwuebuka Ibeh’s Debut Novel Blessings Will Be Published By Viking in 2024 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/11/22-year-old-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-blessings-will-be-published-by-viking-in-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani game da labarin == Obiefuna shine ɗan fari ga iyayensa. Mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi a matsayin albarka ga iyalinsa, rayuwarsa tana canzawa sosai lokacin da wani ɗalibi na mahaifinsa ya zo ya zauna tare da su. Aboy ya shigo gidan ya farka a Obiefuna, yana jin kamar bai taɓa sanin yana da shi ba. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gano su a cikin wani yanayi na kusanci, sai ya tura Obiefuna zuwa makarantar kwana ya kuma kori Aboy daga gidan. Ta hanyar guguwa da gwaji, Obiefuna ya gano kansa a cikin wannan labari mai ban mamaki na fahimtar kansa. == Marubuci == An haifi Chukwuebuka Ibeh a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000. A halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na MFA a Jami'ar Washington da ke [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ta bayyana a matsayin "mai lura sosai... tare da tunawa da abubuwan da suka gabata", <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Purple Hibiscus Literary Evening Event with Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc9ujmTiSG8&t=1319s |access-date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Brittle Paper |language=English |via=YouTube}}</ref> ya bayyana a cikin ''McSweeney's Quarterly Review'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://store.mcsweeneys.net/products/mcsweeney-s-issue-56 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=McSweeney's |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The New England Review of Books'', ''Dappled Things'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://www.dappledthings.org/store/p/mary-queen-of-angels |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Dappled Things |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Lolwe'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lolwe |last2=Troy |date=2020-05-18 |title=The Ache of Longing - Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://lolwe.org/the-ache-of-longing/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Lolwe |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ''Electric Literature'' ta nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Sabbin Muryoyin Fina-finan Najeriya Masu Alkawari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Jess |date=2019-07-11 |title=Meet the Most Promising New Voices of Nigerian Fiction |url=https://electricliterature.com/meet-the-most-promising-new-voices-of-nigerian-fiction/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaba da bugawa == Kamfanin Viking Books ya sanar da sayen littafin Ibeh na farko mai suna "mu'ujiza" a watan Oktoba na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=31 October 2022 |title=Viking scoops 'miraculous' début by Ibeh in exclusive submission |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/viking-scoops-miraculous-debut-by-ibeh-in-exclusive-submission |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2023, shekara guda kafin fitar da littafin, an sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ga The Artists Partnership, wata hukumar hazaka da ke Landan. <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhosh2023">Ghosh, Kuhelika (18 May 2023). [https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ "Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals"]. ''brittlepaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A wannan watan, Ibeh ya yi wani jawabi mai taken "Menene Dabi'un Afirka?" wanda aka gabatar a TEDxWUSTL da ke St Louis, Missouri. == Liyafar maraba == An sami ''yabo'' mai kyau daga Allah, gami da shawarwarin jama'a daga Zadie Smith . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=25 September 2023 |title=The Debut Novel Zadie Smith Wants Everyone to Read: Blessings by Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/09/the-debut-novel-zadie-smith-wants-everyone-to-read-blessing-by-chukwuebuka-ibeh/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> A cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', Joshua Barone ya yaba da rubutun littafin, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abin bayyanawa amma ba a warware shi ba, mai sauƙi amma mai yawan sauti, mai bege amma cike da baƙin ciki." Wani sharhi mai tauraro biyar a cikin ''Jaridar The Telegraph'' ya kira shi "wani hari na adabi mai wayo akan dokokin yaƙi da luwaɗi na Najeriya." Jaridar ''The Observer'' ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "labarin wani yaro ɗan Najeriya mai hazaka kuma mai tausayi, Obiefuna, wanda mahaifinsa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kama shi a cikin wani asibiti tare da wani saurayi", a ƙarshe ya ɗauke shi "wani abin tausayi, mai tasiri ga farkonsa". ''Mujallar Buzz'' ta kira shi "bincike mai zurfi game da asali da karɓuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-14 |title=BLESSINGS: a profound exploration of identity and acceptance |url=https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Buzz Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Jaridar Sunday Times'' ta kira shi "wani abin da ya faru game da soyayya da kaɗaici." A wani sharhi da ba shi da wani tasiri sosai, ''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta yaba da "wuraren da aka yi aiki da su sosai", yayin da take cewa tana tsammanin "za a nuna birnin da mutanen Port Harcourt da kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirbon |first=Estelle |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Magic and terror – Same-sex love in a hostile Nigeria |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review-estelle-shirbon/ |website=TLS}}</ref> An daɗe ana lissafa Blessings don kyautar Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Prize ta 2024. [1] Littafin ya shiga cikin jerin littattafan da Esquire ' ba da shawarar a shekarar 2024. [2] USA Today ta sanya shi a cikin "mafi kyawun littattafai na marubutan baƙar fata" na shekarar. [3] == Manazarta == g2oit66xflh1qi3aip5oq2v0z0ss5m2 846072 846071 2026-06-03T14:02:40Z Sardeeq 39275 846072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Blessings''''' littafi ne na 2024 wanda marubucin Najeriya [[Chukwuebuka Ibeh]] ya wallafa. An buga shi ta hanyar bugun littafin Viking Books na Penguin Random House a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh {{!}} Blessings |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/454618/blessings-by-ibeh-chukwuebuka/9780241618257 |website=Penguin Books Ltd}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=1 November 2022 |title=22-Year-Old Chukwuebuka Ibeh’s Debut Novel Blessings Will Be Published By Viking in 2024 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/11/22-year-old-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-blessings-will-be-published-by-viking-in-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani game da labarin == Obiefuna shine ɗan fari ga iyayensa. Mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi a matsayin albarka ga iyalinsa, rayuwarsa tana canzawa sosai lokacin da wani ɗalibi na mahaifinsa ya zo ya zauna tare da su. Aboy ya shigo gidan ya farka a Obiefuna, yana jin kamar bai taɓa sanin yana da shi ba. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gano su a cikin wani yanayi na kusanci, sai ya tura Obiefuna zuwa makarantar kwana ya kuma kori Aboy daga gidan. Ta hanyar guguwa da gwaji, Obiefuna ya gano kansa a cikin wannan labari mai ban mamaki na fahimtar kansa. == Marubuci == An haifi Chukwuebuka Ibeh a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000. A halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na MFA a Jami'ar Washington da ke [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ta bayyana a matsayin "mai lura sosai... tare da tunawa da abubuwan da suka gabata", <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Purple Hibiscus Literary Evening Event with Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc9ujmTiSG8&t=1319s |access-date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Brittle Paper |language=English |via=YouTube}}</ref> ya bayyana a cikin ''McSweeney's Quarterly Review'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://store.mcsweeneys.net/products/mcsweeney-s-issue-56 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=McSweeney's |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The New England Review of Books'', ''Dappled Things'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://www.dappledthings.org/store/p/mary-queen-of-angels |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Dappled Things |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Lolwe'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lolwe |last2=Troy |date=2020-05-18 |title=The Ache of Longing - Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://lolwe.org/the-ache-of-longing/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Lolwe |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ''Electric Literature'' ta nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Sabbin Muryoyin Fina-finan Najeriya Masu Alkawari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Jess |date=2019-07-11 |title=Meet the Most Promising New Voices of Nigerian Fiction |url=https://electricliterature.com/meet-the-most-promising-new-voices-of-nigerian-fiction/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaba da bugawa == Kamfanin Viking Books ya sanar da sayen littafin Ibeh na farko mai suna "mu'ujiza" a watan Oktoba na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=31 October 2022 |title=Viking scoops 'miraculous' début by Ibeh in exclusive submission |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/viking-scoops-miraculous-debut-by-ibeh-in-exclusive-submission |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2023, shekara guda kafin fitar da littafin, an sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ga The Artists Partnership, wata hukumar hazaka da ke Landan. <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhosh2023">Ghosh, Kuhelika (18 May 2023). [https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ "Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals"]. ''brittlepaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A wannan watan, Ibeh ya yi wani jawabi mai taken "Menene Dabi'un Afirka?" wanda aka gabatar a TEDxWUSTL da ke St Louis, Missouri. == Liyafar maraba == An sami ''yabo'' mai kyau daga Allah, gami da shawarwarin jama'a daga Zadie Smith . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=25 September 2023 |title=The Debut Novel Zadie Smith Wants Everyone to Read: Blessings by Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/09/the-debut-novel-zadie-smith-wants-everyone-to-read-blessing-by-chukwuebuka-ibeh/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> A cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', Joshua Barone ya yaba da rubutun littafin, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abin bayyanawa amma ba a warware shi ba, mai sauƙi amma mai yawan sauti, mai bege amma cike da baƙin ciki." Wani sharhi mai tauraro biyar a cikin ''Jaridar The Telegraph'' ya kira shi "wani hari na adabi mai wayo akan dokokin yaƙi da luwaɗi na Najeriya." Jaridar ''The Observer'' ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "labarin wani yaro ɗan Najeriya mai hazaka kuma mai tausayi, Obiefuna, wanda mahaifinsa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kama shi a cikin wani asibiti tare da wani saurayi", a ƙarshe ya ɗauke shi "wani abin tausayi, mai tasiri ga farkonsa". ''Mujallar Buzz'' ta kira shi "bincike mai zurfi game da asali da karɓuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-14 |title=BLESSINGS: a profound exploration of identity and acceptance |url=https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Buzz Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Jaridar Sunday Times'' ta kira shi "wani abin da ya faru game da soyayya da kaɗaici." A wani sharhi da ba shi da wani tasiri sosai, ''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta yaba da "wuraren da aka yi aiki da su sosai", yayin da take cewa tana tsammanin "za a nuna birnin da mutanen Port Harcourt da kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirbon |first=Estelle |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Magic and terror – Same-sex love in a hostile Nigeria |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review-estelle-shirbon/ |website=TLS}}</ref> An daɗe ana lissafa Blessings don kyautar Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Prize ta 2024. [1] Littafin ya shiga cikin jerin littattafan da Esquire ' ba da shawarar a shekarar 2024. [2] USA Today ta sanya shi a cikin "mafi kyawun littattafai na marubutan baƙar fata" na shekarar. [3] == Manazarta == g5pkj8ay3xssy9pjlrvrzub5lddcxhb 846073 846072 2026-06-03T14:03:03Z Sardeeq 39275 846073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Blessings''''' littafi ne na 2024 wanda marubucin [[Najeriya]] [[Chukwuebuka Ibeh]] ya wallafa. An buga shi ta hanyar bugun littafin Viking Books na Penguin Random House a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh {{!}} Blessings |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/454618/blessings-by-ibeh-chukwuebuka/9780241618257 |website=Penguin Books Ltd}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=1 November 2022 |title=22-Year-Old Chukwuebuka Ibeh’s Debut Novel Blessings Will Be Published By Viking in 2024 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/11/22-year-old-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-blessings-will-be-published-by-viking-in-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani game da labarin == Obiefuna shine ɗan fari ga iyayensa. Mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi a matsayin albarka ga iyalinsa, rayuwarsa tana canzawa sosai lokacin da wani ɗalibi na mahaifinsa ya zo ya zauna tare da su. Aboy ya shigo gidan ya farka a Obiefuna, yana jin kamar bai taɓa sanin yana da shi ba. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gano su a cikin wani yanayi na kusanci, sai ya tura Obiefuna zuwa makarantar kwana ya kuma kori Aboy daga gidan. Ta hanyar guguwa da gwaji, Obiefuna ya gano kansa a cikin wannan labari mai ban mamaki na fahimtar kansa. == Marubuci == An haifi Chukwuebuka Ibeh a [[Port Harcourt]], Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000. A halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na MFA a Jami'ar Washington da ke [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ta bayyana a matsayin "mai lura sosai... tare da tunawa da abubuwan da suka gabata", <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Purple Hibiscus Literary Evening Event with Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc9ujmTiSG8&t=1319s |access-date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Brittle Paper |language=English |via=YouTube}}</ref> ya bayyana a cikin ''McSweeney's Quarterly Review'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://store.mcsweeneys.net/products/mcsweeney-s-issue-56 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=McSweeney's |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The New England Review of Books'', ''Dappled Things'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://www.dappledthings.org/store/p/mary-queen-of-angels |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Dappled Things |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Lolwe'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lolwe |last2=Troy |date=2020-05-18 |title=The Ache of Longing - Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://lolwe.org/the-ache-of-longing/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Lolwe |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ''Electric Literature'' ta nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Sabbin Muryoyin Fina-finan Najeriya Masu Alkawari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Jess |date=2019-07-11 |title=Meet the Most Promising New Voices of Nigerian Fiction |url=https://electricliterature.com/meet-the-most-promising-new-voices-of-nigerian-fiction/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaba da bugawa == Kamfanin Viking Books ya sanar da sayen littafin Ibeh na farko mai suna "mu'ujiza" a watan Oktoba na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=31 October 2022 |title=Viking scoops 'miraculous' début by Ibeh in exclusive submission |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/viking-scoops-miraculous-debut-by-ibeh-in-exclusive-submission |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2023, shekara guda kafin fitar da littafin, an sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ga The Artists Partnership, wata hukumar hazaka da ke Landan. <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhosh2023">Ghosh, Kuhelika (18 May 2023). [https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ "Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals"]. ''brittlepaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A wannan watan, Ibeh ya yi wani jawabi mai taken "Menene Dabi'un Afirka?" wanda aka gabatar a TEDxWUSTL da ke St Louis, Missouri. == Liyafar maraba == An sami ''yabo'' mai kyau daga Allah, gami da shawarwarin jama'a daga Zadie Smith . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=25 September 2023 |title=The Debut Novel Zadie Smith Wants Everyone to Read: Blessings by Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/09/the-debut-novel-zadie-smith-wants-everyone-to-read-blessing-by-chukwuebuka-ibeh/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> A cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', Joshua Barone ya yaba da rubutun littafin, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abin bayyanawa amma ba a warware shi ba, mai sauƙi amma mai yawan sauti, mai bege amma cike da baƙin ciki." Wani sharhi mai tauraro biyar a cikin ''Jaridar The Telegraph'' ya kira shi "wani hari na adabi mai wayo akan dokokin yaƙi da luwaɗi na Najeriya." Jaridar ''The Observer'' ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "labarin wani yaro ɗan Najeriya mai hazaka kuma mai tausayi, Obiefuna, wanda mahaifinsa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kama shi a cikin wani asibiti tare da wani saurayi", a ƙarshe ya ɗauke shi "wani abin tausayi, mai tasiri ga farkonsa". ''Mujallar Buzz'' ta kira shi "bincike mai zurfi game da asali da karɓuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-14 |title=BLESSINGS: a profound exploration of identity and acceptance |url=https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Buzz Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Jaridar Sunday Times'' ta kira shi "wani abin da ya faru game da soyayya da kaɗaici." A wani sharhi da ba shi da wani tasiri sosai, ''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta yaba da "wuraren da aka yi aiki da su sosai", yayin da take cewa tana tsammanin "za a nuna birnin da mutanen Port Harcourt da kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirbon |first=Estelle |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Magic and terror – Same-sex love in a hostile Nigeria |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review-estelle-shirbon/ |website=TLS}}</ref> An daɗe ana lissafa Blessings don kyautar Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Prize ta 2024. [1] Littafin ya shiga cikin jerin littattafan da Esquire ' ba da shawarar a shekarar 2024. [2] USA Today ta sanya shi a cikin "mafi kyawun littattafai na marubutan baƙar fata" na shekarar. [3] == Manazarta == 7n6ohm5i8s6fbdxwghjw1sqj99emtqj 846074 846073 2026-06-03T14:03:37Z Sardeeq 39275 846074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Blessings''''' littafi ne na 2024 wanda marubucin [[Najeriya]] [[Chukwuebuka Ibeh]] ya wallafa. An buga shi ta hanyar bugun littafin Viking Books na Penguin Random House a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh {{!}} Blessings |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/454618/blessings-by-ibeh-chukwuebuka/9780241618257 |website=Penguin Books Ltd}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=1 November 2022 |title=22-Year-Old Chukwuebuka Ibeh’s Debut Novel Blessings Will Be Published By Viking in 2024 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/11/22-year-old-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-blessings-will-be-published-by-viking-in-2024/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani game da labarin == Obiefuna shine ɗan fari ga iyayensa. Mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi a matsayin albarka ga iyalinsa, rayuwarsa tana canzawa sosai lokacin da wani ɗalibi na mahaifinsa ya zo ya zauna tare da su. Aboy ya shigo gidan ya farka a Obiefuna, yana jin kamar bai taɓa sanin yana da shi ba. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gano su a cikin wani yanayi na kusanci, sai ya tura Obiefuna zuwa makarantar kwana ya kuma kori Aboy daga gidan. Ta hanyar guguwa da gwaji, Obiefuna ya gano kansa a cikin wannan labari mai ban mamaki na fahimtar kansa. == Marubuci == An haifi Chukwuebuka Ibeh a [[Port Harcourt]], [[Najeriya]], a shekara ta 2000. A halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na MFA a Jami'ar Washington da ke [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ta bayyana a matsayin "mai lura sosai... tare da tunawa da abubuwan da suka gabata", <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Purple Hibiscus Literary Evening Event with Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc9ujmTiSG8&t=1319s |access-date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Brittle Paper |language=English |via=YouTube}}</ref> ya bayyana a cikin ''McSweeney's Quarterly Review'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://store.mcsweeneys.net/products/mcsweeney-s-issue-56 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=McSweeney's |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The New England Review of Books'', ''Dappled Things'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, Queen of Angels 2021 |url=https://www.dappledthings.org/store/p/mary-queen-of-angels |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Dappled Things |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Lolwe'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lolwe |last2=Troy |date=2020-05-18 |title=The Ache of Longing - Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://lolwe.org/the-ache-of-longing/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Lolwe |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ''Electric Literature'' ta nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Sabbin Muryoyin Fina-finan Najeriya Masu Alkawari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmerman |first=Jess |date=2019-07-11 |title=Meet the Most Promising New Voices of Nigerian Fiction |url=https://electricliterature.com/meet-the-most-promising-new-voices-of-nigerian-fiction/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaba da bugawa == Kamfanin Viking Books ya sanar da sayen littafin Ibeh na farko mai suna "mu'ujiza" a watan Oktoba na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=31 October 2022 |title=Viking scoops 'miraculous' début by Ibeh in exclusive submission |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/viking-scoops-miraculous-debut-by-ibeh-in-exclusive-submission |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2023, shekara guda kafin fitar da littafin, an sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ga The Artists Partnership, wata hukumar hazaka da ke Landan. <ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=18 May 2023 |title=Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhosh2023">Ghosh, Kuhelika (18 May 2023). [https://brittlepaper.com/2023/05/brittle-paper-alumnus-chukwuebuka-ibehs-debut-novel-secures-film-agent-and-u-s-canada-german-and-spanish-book-deals/ "Chukwuebuka Ibeh's Forthcoming Novel Secures Film Agent and 4 International Book Deals"]. ''brittlepaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A wannan watan, Ibeh ya yi wani jawabi mai taken "Menene Dabi'un Afirka?" wanda aka gabatar a TEDxWUSTL da ke St Louis, Missouri. == Liyafar maraba == An sami ''yabo'' mai kyau daga Allah, gami da shawarwarin jama'a daga Zadie Smith . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=25 September 2023 |title=The Debut Novel Zadie Smith Wants Everyone to Read: Blessings by Chukwuebuka Ibeh |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/09/the-debut-novel-zadie-smith-wants-everyone-to-read-blessing-by-chukwuebuka-ibeh/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> A cikin ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'', Joshua Barone ya yaba da rubutun littafin, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abin bayyanawa amma ba a warware shi ba, mai sauƙi amma mai yawan sauti, mai bege amma cike da baƙin ciki." Wani sharhi mai tauraro biyar a cikin ''Jaridar The Telegraph'' ya kira shi "wani hari na adabi mai wayo akan dokokin yaƙi da luwaɗi na Najeriya." Jaridar ''The Observer'' ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "labarin wani yaro ɗan Najeriya mai hazaka kuma mai tausayi, Obiefuna, wanda mahaifinsa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kama shi a cikin wani asibiti tare da wani saurayi", a ƙarshe ya ɗauke shi "wani abin tausayi, mai tasiri ga farkonsa". ''Mujallar Buzz'' ta kira shi "bincike mai zurfi game da asali da karɓuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-14 |title=BLESSINGS: a profound exploration of identity and acceptance |url=https://www.buzzmag.co.uk/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Buzz Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Jaridar Sunday Times'' ta kira shi "wani abin da ya faru game da soyayya da kaɗaici." A wani sharhi da ba shi da wani tasiri sosai, ''Jaridar Times Literary Supplement'' ta yaba da "wuraren da aka yi aiki da su sosai", yayin da take cewa tana tsammanin "za a nuna birnin da mutanen Port Harcourt da kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirbon |first=Estelle |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Magic and terror – Same-sex love in a hostile Nigeria |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/blessings-chukwuebuka-ibeh-book-review-estelle-shirbon/ |website=TLS}}</ref> An daɗe ana lissafa Blessings don kyautar Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Prize ta 2024. [1] Littafin ya shiga cikin jerin littattafan da Esquire ' ba da shawarar a shekarar 2024. [2] USA Today ta sanya shi a cikin "mafi kyawun littattafai na marubutan baƙar fata" na shekarar. [3] == Manazarta == p56x5upf56g3ba1u5pxhkgza1utyfyk Sharifi 0 154480 846075 2026-06-03T14:04:35Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256629643|Sharifi]]" 846075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharifi''' (Persian) sunan mahaifi ne da aka fi sani da Musulmai a tsakanin Iraniyawa da [[Afghanistan]]. A tsakanin Larabawa, sunan yana ɗauke da sigar al-Sharifi (Larabci: الشریفی), wanda sunan mahaifi ne da aka fi sani da shi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]]. Al-Sharifi sanannen suna ne a cikin birni mai tsarki na [[Najaf]] . Yawancin lokaci yana nufin "masu daraja". Idan aka fassara shi ba tare da izini ba, yana nufin "na matsayi mai girma" ko "mai arziki". A cikin garin Hamadan a Iran, Sharifi tsoho ne kuma babban iyali tare da ƙananan iyalai kamar Sharifi-Amina, Sharifi-Minoo, Sharifi'Gharib, Sharifi/Syed, Sharifi'-Shah, Sharifi -Javidi, da Sharifi-monzavi. Akwai wasu manyan iyalai a cikin wannan birni kamar Mansour da Izadi. [[Mahmoud Sharifi Amina]] mawaki ne wanda gudummawarsa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Hamedan sananne ne. A cikin almara, shine sunan manyan haruffa Jennifer Sharifi da Miranda Sharifi a cikin jerin Nancy Kress's Sleepless (Beggars a Spain, Beggars da Choosers, da Beggars Ride). * Amredin Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afghanistan * Habib Sharifi (an haife shi a shekarun 1950), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran * Jamshied Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi na Amurka * Mehdi Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran * Mohammad Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Saudi Arabia * [[Mohammad Sharifi (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Mohammad Sharifi (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran)]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan ƙwallaye na Iran * Naim Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Rasha na asalin Tajik * Nasser Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1921), tsohon dan wasan Iran * Rashid Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), mai ɗaukar nauyi na Iran * Sohaila Sharifi, ɗan siyasan Afghanistan * Suleiman Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Tajikistan cig2ribuwj0ctqffy0xvg0n5y17gx10 846077 846075 2026-06-03T14:04:56Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sharifi''' (Persian) sunan mahaifi ne da aka fi sani da Musulmai a tsakanin Iraniyawa da [[Afghanistan]]. A tsakanin Larabawa, sunan yana ɗauke da sigar al-Sharifi (Larabci: الشریفی), wanda sunan mahaifi ne da aka fi sani da shi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]]. Al-Sharifi sanannen suna ne a cikin birni mai tsarki na [[Najaf]] . Yawancin lokaci yana nufin "masu daraja". Idan aka fassara shi ba tare da izini ba, yana nufin "na matsayi mai girma" ko "mai arziki". A cikin garin Hamadan a Iran, Sharifi tsoho ne kuma babban iyali tare da ƙananan iyalai kamar Sharifi-Amina, Sharifi-Minoo, Sharifi'Gharib, Sharifi/Syed, Sharifi'-Shah, Sharifi -Javidi, da Sharifi-monzavi. Akwai wasu manyan iyalai a cikin wannan birni kamar Mansour da Izadi. [[Mahmoud Sharifi Amina]] mawaki ne wanda gudummawarsa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Hamedan sananne ne. A cikin almara, shine sunan manyan haruffa Jennifer Sharifi da Miranda Sharifi a cikin jerin Nancy Kress's Sleepless (Beggars a Spain, Beggars da Choosers, da Beggars Ride). * Amredin Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afghanistan * Habib Sharifi (an haife shi a shekarun 1950), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran * Jamshied Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi na Amurka * Mehdi Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran * Mohammad Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Saudi Arabia * [[Mohammad Sharifi (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Mohammad Sharifi (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Iran)]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan ƙwallaye na Iran * Naim Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Rasha na asalin Tajik * Nasser Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1921), tsohon dan wasan Iran * Rashid Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), mai ɗaukar nauyi na Iran * Sohaila Sharifi, ɗan siyasan Afghanistan * Suleiman Sharifi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Tajikistan b3phlakflrplzn0pecni8ifryz507pg Mazabar Tyüi 0 154481 846078 2026-06-03T14:05:56Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354862973|Tyüi Assembly constituency]]" 846078 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box margin of victory}} {{Election box turnout}} {{Election box registered electors}} {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Naga People's Front|swing=-1.58}} {{End}}'''Tyüi''' na ɗaya daga cikin mazabu 60 na [[Nagaland]]_Legislative_Assembly" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Majalisar dokoki na jihar Nagaland a [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref> Yana daga cikin Gundumar Wokha kuma an tanada shi ga 'yan takara na Ƙabilun da aka tsara. == Mambobin Majalisar Dokoki == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !memba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |1964 |[[T. A. Ngullie]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}} |- |1969 | rowspan="3" |T. A. Ngullie|| {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}} |- |1974 |- |1977|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |1982 |T. A. Noullio |- |1987 |N. L. Odyuo|| {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}} |- |1989 |T. A. Nguillie|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |1993 |T. A. Ngullie|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}} |- |1998 |T.C.K. Lotha|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |2003 |Yankithung Yanthan |- |2008 | rowspan="4" |Yanthungo Patton|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |- |2013|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}} |- |2018|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |- |2023 |} == Sakamakon zaben == === Zaben Majalisar 2018 === {{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box margin of victory}} {{Election box turnout}} {{Election box registered electors}} {{Election box hold with party link}} {{End}} === Zaben Majalisar 2013 === === Zaben Majalisar 2023 === == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mazabu na Majalisar Dokokin Nagaland * Gundumar Wokha == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} rbot019mlt7qvt6e8754qq5aqcnu7gi 846079 846078 2026-06-03T14:06:24Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box margin of victory}} {{Election box turnout}} {{Election box registered electors}} {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Naga People's Front|swing=-1.58}} {{End}}'''Tyüi''' na ɗaya daga cikin mazabu 60 na [[Nagaland]]_Legislative_Assembly" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Majalisar dokoki na jihar Nagaland a [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref> Yana daga cikin Gundumar Wokha kuma an tanada shi ga 'yan takara na Ƙabilun da aka tsara. == Mambobin Majalisar Dokoki == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !memba ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar |- |1964 |[[T. A. Ngullie]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}} |- |1969 | rowspan="3" |T. A. Ngullie|| {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}} |- |1974 |- |1977|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |1982 |T. A. Noullio |- |1987 |N. L. Odyuo|| {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}} |- |1989 |T. A. Nguillie|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |1993 |T. A. Ngullie|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}} |- |1998 |T.C.K. Lotha|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} |- |2003 |Yankithung Yanthan |- |2008 | rowspan="4" |Yanthungo Patton|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |- |2013|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}} |- |2018|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |- |2023 |} == Sakamakon zaben == === Zaben Majalisar 2018 === {{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box margin of victory}} {{Election box turnout}} {{Election box registered electors}} {{Election box hold with party link}} {{End}} === Zaben Majalisar 2013 === === Zaben Majalisar 2023 === == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mazabu na Majalisar Dokokin Nagaland * Gundumar Wokha == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} iff59ih74kbpzo4f5u2w61qkjegurx4 Yankin Satsuma 0 154482 846080 2026-06-03T14:08:01Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332048245|Satsuma Domain]]" 846080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Daikokoya_Kodayu_-_Landkarte_von_Japan.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar [[Japan]], 1789 - Tsarin Han ya shafi zane-zane]] [[Fayil:Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg|thumb|Wani bindigar Satsuma mai nauyin kilo 150, wanda aka jefa a cikin 1849. An ɗora shi a kan Fort Tenpozan a Kagoshima . Caliber: 290 mm, tsawon: 4220 mm]] [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= han_system" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Han system">yankin] Satsuma , wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Kagoshima , yanki ne (han) na Tokugawa shogunate na [[Japan]] a Lokacin Edo daga 1600 zuwa 1871. Domain Satsuma ya kasance a Kagoshima Castle a lardin Satsuma, tsakiyar birnin Kagoshima na zamani, wanda ke kudancin tsibirin Kyushu. Tozama daimō na dangin Shimazu ne ya mallaki yankin Satsuma don wanzuwar sa, wanda ya mallaki yankin Kagoshima tun a shekarun 1200, kuma ya rufe yanki a lardunan Satsuma, Ọsumi da Hyūga. An tantance yankin Satsuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Kokudaka kuma darajarsa ta kai koku 770,000, yanki na biyu mafi girma a Japan bayan Kaga Domain.. Yankin Satsuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi karfi da shaharar yankunan kasar Japan a lokacin Edo, inda ya ci Masarautar Ryukyu a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta bayan mamayewar Ryukyu a shekara ta 1609, ya kuma yi karo da turawan Ingila a lokacin harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863 bayan aukuwar Namamugi. Yankin Satsuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Satchō tare da abokin hamayyar Choshū Domain a lokacin Maido da Meiji kuma ya zama kayan aiki wajen kafa Daular Japan. An narkar da Kagoshima-han a cikin kawar da han da kafa ken a cikin 1871 ta gwamnatin Meiji lokacin da Kagoshima-han ya zama Kagoshima-ken, tare da wasu sassan yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Miyakonojō Prefecture (Miyakonojō-ken). Gwamnan na farko na Kagoshima shi ne Ōyama Tsunayoshi har zuwa 1877 lokacin da aka kashe shi a cikin Tawayen Satsuma. Tun daga shekarun 1880, tsohon yankin Kagoshima Domain yanzu ya zama yanki na Kagoshima da Miyazaki Prefecture wanda a ƙarshe ya rabu daga Kagoshima a cikin 1883. == Tarihi == Iyalin Shimazu sun mallaki lardin Satsuma kusan ƙarni huɗu kafin farkon zamanin Edo. Duk da cewa Toyotomi Hideyoshi ya yi musu horo a Yakin Kyūshū na 1587, kuma ya tilasta musu komawa Satsuma, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin da suka fi karfi a cikin tsibirin. A lokacin yaƙin Sekigahara a cikin 1600, Shimazu ya yi yaƙi a gefen da ya rasa. Satsuma na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu iko a Tokugawa [[Japan]]. ''tozama daimyō'' na dangin Shimazu ne ke sarrafa shi a duk lokacin Edo. === Ryukyu === [[Fayil:1781_Japanese_Temmei_1_Manuscript_Map_of_Taiwan_and_the_Ryukyu_Dominion_-_Geographicus_-_TaiwanRyukyu-unknown-1781.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna kudancin Kyushu da Tsibirin Ryukyu, 1781]] Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 15, Satsuma ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Ryukyu don sarrafa tsibiran Ryukyu na Arewa, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Japan. A cikin 1609, Shimazu Iehisa ya nemi izini daga 'yan bindigar don mamaye Ryukyu. Bayan yakin watanni uku wanda ya gamu da tsayin daka, Satsuma ya kama babban birnin Ryukyuan na Shuri da Sarki Shō Nei. A cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya, Satsuma ya hade tsibirin Amami da Tokara, ya bukaci haraji, kuma ya tilasta wa Sarki da zuriyarsa yin alkawarin biyayya ga daimyō na Satsuma. A cikin sauran lokacin Edo, Satsuma ya rinjayi siyasarsu kuma ya mamaye manufofin kasuwancin su don cin gajiyar matsayin Ryukyu tare da kasar Sin. Kamar yadda aka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri kan ruwa a yawancin kasar Japan tun daga farkon shekarun 1630, ikon Satsuma na jin dadin cinikin kayayyakin Sinawa, da bayanai, ta hanyar Ryukyu, ya ba da muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa na jihar Tokugawa. Matsayin fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin da Satsuma ke morewa, da kuma tasirin tasirin su a cikin Ryukyu, batutuwa ne da masana suka yi muhawara, amma martabar siyasa da tasirin da aka samu ta wannan alaƙa ba a yi tambaya ba. Shimazu ya ci gaba da kokarin jaddada matsayinsu na musamman a matsayin yanki daya tilo da ke da'awar daular kasashen waje a matsayin hamshakinta, sannan kuma suka yi ta yin gyare-gyare zuwa ga nasu mukamin kotun, da sunan ci gaba da rike madafun iko da kima a idon Ryukyu. A shekara ta 1871, duk da haka, Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ya soke tsarin <nowiki><i id="mwfA">han</i></nowiki>, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sanar da Sarki Shō Tai cewa an sanya shi "Domain Head of Ryukyu Domain", yana canja ikon Satsuma a kan ƙasar zuwa Tokyo. === Lokacin Edo === Kodayake ba ''han'' mafi arziki ba dangane da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]koku''" id="mwgw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kokudaka">kokudaka (ma'auni na hukuma na dukiya sabili da haka ikon ''han'', wanda aka auna a koku), Satsuma ya kasance daga cikin yankuna masu arziki da iko a duk lokacin Edo. Wannan ya samo asali ne ba kawai daga alaƙarsu da Ryukyu ba, har ma daga girman da wadatar lardin Satsuma kanta, da kuma nesa da Edo, don haka daga sojojin ''shōgun''. Shimazu sun yi amfani da tasirin su don yin takamammen daga harbin wasu keɓantacce na musamman. An ba Satsuma keɓanta ga iyakar shogunate guda ɗaya a kowane yanki, manufar da ke nufin taƙasa ƙarfin soja na yankuna; Shimazu daga nan ne suka kafa ƴan ƙasa-da-ƙasa a cikin yankin nasu, kuma suka yi wa ’yan barandansu katanga, suna gudanar da yankin ta hanyar da ba ta bambanta da ƙarami ba. Sun kuma sami keɓance na musamman daga shogunate dangane da manufar sankin-kōtai, wata manufar taƙawa dukiya da ikon daimyo. A karkashin wannan tsarin, an wajabta wa kowane mai fada a ji ya je Edo akalla sau daya a shekara, kuma ya yi wani kaso na shekara a can, nesa da yankinsa da karfin ikonsa. An ba Shimazu izinin yin wannan tafiya sau ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara biyu. Waɗannan keɓantawa don haka sun ba wa Satsuma damar samun ƙarin iko da wadata dangane da yawancin sauran yankuna. Kodayake ana iya jayayya da shi ga shogunate, Satsuma watakila yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri wajen aiwatar da wasu manufofi. An ga masu wa'azi na Kirista a matsayin babbar barazana ga ikon ''daimyō'', da zaman lafiya da tsari na yankin; an tilasta haramcin shogunal akan Kiristanci da tsauri da zalunci a Satsuma, watakila, fiye da ko'ina a cikin tsibirin. Harkokin haramtacciyar fataucin, watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne, ba a tilasta shi sosai ba, saboda yankin ya sami nasara sosai daga cinikin da aka yi a bakin tekun, wasu hanyoyi daga Nagasaki, inda shogunate ya mallaki kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1830, Satsuma ta yi amfani da kasuwancin Okinawa ba bisa ka'ida ba don sake gina kudinta a ƙarƙashin Zusho Hirosato . === Bakumatsu === [[Fayil:Shiro_Ichiki,_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu,_1857.jpg|thumb|Wani nau'in daguerreotype na Shimazu Nariakira]] Satsuma daimyō na shekarun 1850, Shimazu Nariakira, yana da sha'awar tunani da fasaha na Yamma, kuma ya nemi buɗe ƙasar. A lokacin, tuntuɓar mutanen yammacin Turai sun ƙaru sosai, musamman ga Satsuma, yayin da jiragen ruwa na yammacin Turai sukan sauko a cikin Ryukyus kuma suna neman ba kawai kasuwanci ba, amma dangantakar diplomasiyya ta yau da kullum. Don ƙara tasirinsa a cikin shogunate, Nariakira ya ƙirƙira aure tsakanin Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada da 'yarsa da aka ɗauka, Atsu-hime (daga baya Tenshō-in). A cikin 1854, shekarar farko ta sarautar Iesada, Commodore Perry ya sauka a Japan kuma ya tilasta kawo ƙarshen manufar keɓancewa na shogunate. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyoyin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin Japan da kasashen yamma, musamman yarjejeniyar Harris ta 1858, sun sanya Japan cikin mummunan rauni. A wannan shekarar, duka Iesada da Nariakira sun mutu. Nariakira ya nada dan uwansa, Shimazu Tadayoshi, a matsayin magajinsa. Yayin da Tadayoshi yana yaro, mahaifinsa, Shimazu Hisamitsu, ya rike iko sosai a Satsuma. Hisamitsu ya bi manufofin ''Kōbu gattai'', ko "haɗin kai tsakanin shogunate da kotun sarki". Aure tsakanin Tokugawa Iemochi, ''shōgun'' na gaba, da yarima mai mulkin mallaka Kazunomiya babbar nasara ce ga wannan ƙungiya. Koyaya, wannan ya sanya Satsuma a cikin rashin jituwa da mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi ''Sonnō jōi'', ko kuma "yi girmama Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya kori ƙungiyar barbarians", tare da Chōshū a matsayin babban mai goyon baya. [[Fayil:Saigo_Takamori.jpg|thumb|Saigō Takamori, babban jarumi na karshe na Satsuma, yana daya daga cikin magoya bayan Maido da mulkin mallaka, amma ya ƙare ya jagoranci tawaye a kan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a 1877 wanda ya ƙare tare da halakar dangin Satsuma da ƙarshen ragowar Daimyos na Japan.]] A cikin 1862, a cikin Namamugi Incident an kashe wani ɗan Ingila daga hannun Satsuma, wanda ya haifar da bombardment na Kagoshima da Royal Navy a shekara mai zuwa. Kodayake Satsuma ya iya tsayayya da harin, wannan taron ya nuna yadda ya zama dole ga Japan ta shigo da fasahar yamma da sake fasalin sojojinta. A halin yanzu, hankalin siyasar Japan ya koma Kyoto, inda manyan gwagwarmayar lokacin suka faru. Shogunate ya ba wa Satsuma da Aizu da kariya daga kotun Imperial, a kan ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar Sonnō jōi don ɗaukar nauyin, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin Kinmon na 1864. Shogunate ya yanke shawarar hukunta Chōshū don wannan taron tare da balaguron farko na Chōshū, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai riƙe da Satsuma, Saigō Takamori. Saigo, duk da haka, ya guje wa rikicin soji kuma ya bar Choshū ya warware matsalar tare da Seppuku na masu aikata laifuka uku da suka kai harin a fadar Imperial. [[Fayil:Japanese_Satsuma_pavillion_at_the_French_expo_1867.jpg|thumb|Gidan "Gwamnatin Satsuma" a baje kolin duniya a 1867 a Paris]] Lokacin da shogunate ya yanke shawarar kayar da Chōshū a karo na biyu na Chōshō a shekara mai zuwa, Satsuma, a karkashin jagorancin Saigo Takamori da Ōkubo Toshimichi, ya yanke shawarar canza bangarori. Satchō Alliance tsakanin Satsuma da Chōshū Sakamoto Ryōma ne ya yi sulhu daga Tosa. Wannan balaguron na biyu ya ƙare a cikin bala'i ga shogunate. An kayar da shi a fagen yaƙi, kuma ''shōgun'' Iemochi ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a Osaka Castle . Shōgun na gaba, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi sulhu da tsagaita wuta. Duk da yunkurin da sabon shogun ya yi na sake fasalin gwamnati, ya kasa shawo kan yunkurin da ake yi na kifar da gwamnatin Satsuma da Choshū. Ko da ya sauka a matsayin shogun kuma ya amince ya mayar da mulki ga kotun daular, a karshe bangarorin biyu sun yi karo da juna a yakin Toba-Fushimi 1868. Shogun, ya ci nasara, ya tsere zuwa Edo. Saigo Takamori sai ya jagoranci dakarunsa zuwa Edo, inda Tensho-in ya taka rawar gani wajen mika wuya ga fadar Edo ba tare da jini ba. Yakin Boshin ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka ci nasara a kan mayakan na karshe a cikin 1869. === Lokacin Meiji === Gwamnatin Meiji, wadda aka kafa bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, 'yan siyasa daga Satsuma da Choshū ne suka mamaye su. Kodayake ajin samurai, tsarin yanki, da yawancin tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar da ke kewaye da waɗannan an soke su jim kaɗan bayan haka. Satsuma ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin daular a 1877 yayin da ikonsu ya bushe, wanda ya kai ga lalata mulkin gado a Japan. Alkaluma daga wadannan yankuna biyu sun mamaye gwamnatin Japan kusan har zuwa yakin duniya na daya.[[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Koyaya, farkon lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta karuwar rashin jin daɗi na tsohon ajin samurai, wanda ya ɓarke a cikin Satsuma Rebellion a ƙarƙashin Saigo Takamori a cikin 1877. == Jerin ''daimyōs'' == ''daimyōs'' na gado sune shugaban dangin da shugaban yankin. '''Gidan Shimazu''' 1602-1871 (''Tozama''; 770,000 ''koku'') [[Fayil:Maru_juji.svg|30x30px]] {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Matsayi |- |1 |Shimazu Iehisa (島津家久) |1602–1638 |- |2 |Shimazu Mitsuhisa (島津光久) |1638–1687 |- |3 |Shimazu Tsunataka (島津綱貴) |1687–1704 |- |4 |Shimazu Yoshitaka (島津吉贵) |1704–1721 |- |5 |Shimazu Tsugutoyo (島津継豊) |1721–1746 |- |6 |Shimazu Munenobu (島津宗信) |1746–1749 |- |7 |Shimazu Shigetoshi (島津重年) |1749–1755 |- |8 |Shimazu Shigehide (島津重豪) |1755–1787 |- |9 |Shimazu Narinobu (島津 sa宣) |1787–1809 |- |10 |Shimazu Narioki (島津 sa興) |1809–1851 |- |11 |Shimazu Nariakira (Suna) |1851–1858 |- |12 |Shimazu Tadayoshi (島津 mai aminci) |1858–1871 |} == Sauran manyan mutane daga Satsuma == '''Lokacin Sengoku''' * Shimazu Yoshihiro * Niiro Tadamoto * Saigō Takamori * Ōkubo Toshimichi * Komatsu Tatewaki * Tenshōin, matar hukuma ta ''shogun'' Tokugawa Iesada fh0nlkmsy1p0wiil9ncrk1t4nlpnyui 846081 846080 2026-06-03T14:08:19Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Daikokoya_Kodayu_-_Landkarte_von_Japan.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar [[Japan]], 1789 - Tsarin Han ya shafi zane-zane]] [[Fayil:Satsuma_150_pound_cannon_1849.jpg|thumb|Wani bindigar Satsuma mai nauyin kilo 150, wanda aka jefa a cikin 1849. An ɗora shi a kan Fort Tenpozan a Kagoshima . Caliber: 290 mm, tsawon: 4220 mm]] [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= han_system" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Han system">yankin] Satsuma , wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Kagoshima , yanki ne (han) na Tokugawa shogunate na [[Japan]] a Lokacin Edo daga 1600 zuwa 1871. Domain Satsuma ya kasance a Kagoshima Castle a lardin Satsuma, tsakiyar birnin Kagoshima na zamani, wanda ke kudancin tsibirin Kyushu. Tozama daimō na dangin Shimazu ne ya mallaki yankin Satsuma don wanzuwar sa, wanda ya mallaki yankin Kagoshima tun a shekarun 1200, kuma ya rufe yanki a lardunan Satsuma, Ọsumi da Hyūga. An tantance yankin Satsuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Kokudaka kuma darajarsa ta kai koku 770,000, yanki na biyu mafi girma a Japan bayan Kaga Domain.. Yankin Satsuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi karfi da shaharar yankunan kasar Japan a lokacin Edo, inda ya ci Masarautar Ryukyu a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta bayan mamayewar Ryukyu a shekara ta 1609, ya kuma yi karo da turawan Ingila a lokacin harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863 bayan aukuwar Namamugi. Yankin Satsuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Satchō tare da abokin hamayyar Choshū Domain a lokacin Maido da Meiji kuma ya zama kayan aiki wajen kafa Daular Japan. An narkar da Kagoshima-han a cikin kawar da han da kafa ken a cikin 1871 ta gwamnatin Meiji lokacin da Kagoshima-han ya zama Kagoshima-ken, tare da wasu sassan yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Miyakonojō Prefecture (Miyakonojō-ken). Gwamnan na farko na Kagoshima shi ne Ōyama Tsunayoshi har zuwa 1877 lokacin da aka kashe shi a cikin Tawayen Satsuma. Tun daga shekarun 1880, tsohon yankin Kagoshima Domain yanzu ya zama yanki na Kagoshima da Miyazaki Prefecture wanda a ƙarshe ya rabu daga Kagoshima a cikin 1883. == Tarihi == Iyalin Shimazu sun mallaki lardin Satsuma kusan ƙarni huɗu kafin farkon zamanin Edo. Duk da cewa Toyotomi Hideyoshi ya yi musu horo a Yakin Kyūshū na 1587, kuma ya tilasta musu komawa Satsuma, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin da suka fi karfi a cikin tsibirin. A lokacin yaƙin Sekigahara a cikin 1600, Shimazu ya yi yaƙi a gefen da ya rasa. Satsuma na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu iko a Tokugawa [[Japan]]. ''tozama daimyō'' na dangin Shimazu ne ke sarrafa shi a duk lokacin Edo. === Ryukyu === [[Fayil:1781_Japanese_Temmei_1_Manuscript_Map_of_Taiwan_and_the_Ryukyu_Dominion_-_Geographicus_-_TaiwanRyukyu-unknown-1781.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna kudancin Kyushu da Tsibirin Ryukyu, 1781]] Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 15, Satsuma ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Ryukyu don sarrafa tsibiran Ryukyu na Arewa, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Japan. A cikin 1609, Shimazu Iehisa ya nemi izini daga 'yan bindigar don mamaye Ryukyu. Bayan yakin watanni uku wanda ya gamu da tsayin daka, Satsuma ya kama babban birnin Ryukyuan na Shuri da Sarki Shō Nei. A cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya, Satsuma ya hade tsibirin Amami da Tokara, ya bukaci haraji, kuma ya tilasta wa Sarki da zuriyarsa yin alkawarin biyayya ga daimyō na Satsuma. A cikin sauran lokacin Edo, Satsuma ya rinjayi siyasarsu kuma ya mamaye manufofin kasuwancin su don cin gajiyar matsayin Ryukyu tare da kasar Sin. Kamar yadda aka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri kan ruwa a yawancin kasar Japan tun daga farkon shekarun 1630, ikon Satsuma na jin dadin cinikin kayayyakin Sinawa, da bayanai, ta hanyar Ryukyu, ya ba da muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa na jihar Tokugawa. Matsayin fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin da Satsuma ke morewa, da kuma tasirin tasirin su a cikin Ryukyu, batutuwa ne da masana suka yi muhawara, amma martabar siyasa da tasirin da aka samu ta wannan alaƙa ba a yi tambaya ba. Shimazu ya ci gaba da kokarin jaddada matsayinsu na musamman a matsayin yanki daya tilo da ke da'awar daular kasashen waje a matsayin hamshakinta, sannan kuma suka yi ta yin gyare-gyare zuwa ga nasu mukamin kotun, da sunan ci gaba da rike madafun iko da kima a idon Ryukyu. A shekara ta 1871, duk da haka, Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ya soke tsarin <nowiki><i id="mwfA">han</i></nowiki>, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sanar da Sarki Shō Tai cewa an sanya shi "Domain Head of Ryukyu Domain", yana canja ikon Satsuma a kan ƙasar zuwa Tokyo. === Lokacin Edo === Kodayake ba ''han'' mafi arziki ba dangane da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]koku''" id="mwgw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kokudaka">kokudaka (ma'auni na hukuma na dukiya sabili da haka ikon ''han'', wanda aka auna a koku), Satsuma ya kasance daga cikin yankuna masu arziki da iko a duk lokacin Edo. Wannan ya samo asali ne ba kawai daga alaƙarsu da Ryukyu ba, har ma daga girman da wadatar lardin Satsuma kanta, da kuma nesa da Edo, don haka daga sojojin ''shōgun''. Shimazu sun yi amfani da tasirin su don yin takamammen daga harbin wasu keɓantacce na musamman. An ba Satsuma keɓanta ga iyakar shogunate guda ɗaya a kowane yanki, manufar da ke nufin taƙasa ƙarfin soja na yankuna; Shimazu daga nan ne suka kafa ƴan ƙasa-da-ƙasa a cikin yankin nasu, kuma suka yi wa ’yan barandansu katanga, suna gudanar da yankin ta hanyar da ba ta bambanta da ƙarami ba. Sun kuma sami keɓance na musamman daga shogunate dangane da manufar sankin-kōtai, wata manufar taƙawa dukiya da ikon daimyo. A karkashin wannan tsarin, an wajabta wa kowane mai fada a ji ya je Edo akalla sau daya a shekara, kuma ya yi wani kaso na shekara a can, nesa da yankinsa da karfin ikonsa. An ba Shimazu izinin yin wannan tafiya sau ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara biyu. Waɗannan keɓantawa don haka sun ba wa Satsuma damar samun ƙarin iko da wadata dangane da yawancin sauran yankuna. Kodayake ana iya jayayya da shi ga shogunate, Satsuma watakila yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri wajen aiwatar da wasu manufofi. An ga masu wa'azi na Kirista a matsayin babbar barazana ga ikon ''daimyō'', da zaman lafiya da tsari na yankin; an tilasta haramcin shogunal akan Kiristanci da tsauri da zalunci a Satsuma, watakila, fiye da ko'ina a cikin tsibirin. Harkokin haramtacciyar fataucin, watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne, ba a tilasta shi sosai ba, saboda yankin ya sami nasara sosai daga cinikin da aka yi a bakin tekun, wasu hanyoyi daga Nagasaki, inda shogunate ya mallaki kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1830, Satsuma ta yi amfani da kasuwancin Okinawa ba bisa ka'ida ba don sake gina kudinta a ƙarƙashin Zusho Hirosato . === Bakumatsu === [[Fayil:Shiro_Ichiki,_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu,_1857.jpg|thumb|Wani nau'in daguerreotype na Shimazu Nariakira]] Satsuma daimyō na shekarun 1850, Shimazu Nariakira, yana da sha'awar tunani da fasaha na Yamma, kuma ya nemi buɗe ƙasar. A lokacin, tuntuɓar mutanen yammacin Turai sun ƙaru sosai, musamman ga Satsuma, yayin da jiragen ruwa na yammacin Turai sukan sauko a cikin Ryukyus kuma suna neman ba kawai kasuwanci ba, amma dangantakar diplomasiyya ta yau da kullum. Don ƙara tasirinsa a cikin shogunate, Nariakira ya ƙirƙira aure tsakanin Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada da 'yarsa da aka ɗauka, Atsu-hime (daga baya Tenshō-in). A cikin 1854, shekarar farko ta sarautar Iesada, Commodore Perry ya sauka a Japan kuma ya tilasta kawo ƙarshen manufar keɓancewa na shogunate. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyoyin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin Japan da kasashen yamma, musamman yarjejeniyar Harris ta 1858, sun sanya Japan cikin mummunan rauni. A wannan shekarar, duka Iesada da Nariakira sun mutu. Nariakira ya nada dan uwansa, Shimazu Tadayoshi, a matsayin magajinsa. Yayin da Tadayoshi yana yaro, mahaifinsa, Shimazu Hisamitsu, ya rike iko sosai a Satsuma. Hisamitsu ya bi manufofin ''Kōbu gattai'', ko "haɗin kai tsakanin shogunate da kotun sarki". Aure tsakanin Tokugawa Iemochi, ''shōgun'' na gaba, da yarima mai mulkin mallaka Kazunomiya babbar nasara ce ga wannan ƙungiya. Koyaya, wannan ya sanya Satsuma a cikin rashin jituwa da mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi ''Sonnō jōi'', ko kuma "yi girmama Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya kori ƙungiyar barbarians", tare da Chōshū a matsayin babban mai goyon baya. [[Fayil:Saigo_Takamori.jpg|thumb|Saigō Takamori, babban jarumi na karshe na Satsuma, yana daya daga cikin magoya bayan Maido da mulkin mallaka, amma ya ƙare ya jagoranci tawaye a kan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a 1877 wanda ya ƙare tare da halakar dangin Satsuma da ƙarshen ragowar Daimyos na Japan.]] A cikin 1862, a cikin Namamugi Incident an kashe wani ɗan Ingila daga hannun Satsuma, wanda ya haifar da bombardment na Kagoshima da Royal Navy a shekara mai zuwa. Kodayake Satsuma ya iya tsayayya da harin, wannan taron ya nuna yadda ya zama dole ga Japan ta shigo da fasahar yamma da sake fasalin sojojinta. A halin yanzu, hankalin siyasar Japan ya koma Kyoto, inda manyan gwagwarmayar lokacin suka faru. Shogunate ya ba wa Satsuma da Aizu da kariya daga kotun Imperial, a kan ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar Sonnō jōi don ɗaukar nauyin, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin Kinmon na 1864. Shogunate ya yanke shawarar hukunta Chōshū don wannan taron tare da balaguron farko na Chōshū, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai riƙe da Satsuma, Saigō Takamori. Saigo, duk da haka, ya guje wa rikicin soji kuma ya bar Choshū ya warware matsalar tare da Seppuku na masu aikata laifuka uku da suka kai harin a fadar Imperial. [[Fayil:Japanese_Satsuma_pavillion_at_the_French_expo_1867.jpg|thumb|Gidan "Gwamnatin Satsuma" a baje kolin duniya a 1867 a Paris]] Lokacin da shogunate ya yanke shawarar kayar da Chōshū a karo na biyu na Chōshō a shekara mai zuwa, Satsuma, a karkashin jagorancin Saigo Takamori da Ōkubo Toshimichi, ya yanke shawarar canza bangarori. Satchō Alliance tsakanin Satsuma da Chōshū Sakamoto Ryōma ne ya yi sulhu daga Tosa. Wannan balaguron na biyu ya ƙare a cikin bala'i ga shogunate. An kayar da shi a fagen yaƙi, kuma ''shōgun'' Iemochi ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a Osaka Castle . Shōgun na gaba, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi sulhu da tsagaita wuta. Duk da yunkurin da sabon shogun ya yi na sake fasalin gwamnati, ya kasa shawo kan yunkurin da ake yi na kifar da gwamnatin Satsuma da Choshū. Ko da ya sauka a matsayin shogun kuma ya amince ya mayar da mulki ga kotun daular, a karshe bangarorin biyu sun yi karo da juna a yakin Toba-Fushimi 1868. Shogun, ya ci nasara, ya tsere zuwa Edo. Saigo Takamori sai ya jagoranci dakarunsa zuwa Edo, inda Tensho-in ya taka rawar gani wajen mika wuya ga fadar Edo ba tare da jini ba. Yakin Boshin ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka ci nasara a kan mayakan na karshe a cikin 1869. === Lokacin Meiji === Gwamnatin Meiji, wadda aka kafa bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, 'yan siyasa daga Satsuma da Choshū ne suka mamaye su. Kodayake ajin samurai, tsarin yanki, da yawancin tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar da ke kewaye da waɗannan an soke su jim kaɗan bayan haka. Satsuma ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin daular a 1877 yayin da ikonsu ya bushe, wanda ya kai ga lalata mulkin gado a Japan. Alkaluma daga wadannan yankuna biyu sun mamaye gwamnatin Japan kusan har zuwa yakin duniya na daya.[[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Koyaya, farkon lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta karuwar rashin jin daɗi na tsohon ajin samurai, wanda ya ɓarke a cikin Satsuma Rebellion a ƙarƙashin Saigo Takamori a cikin 1877. == Jerin ''daimyōs'' == ''daimyōs'' na gado sune shugaban dangin da shugaban yankin. '''Gidan Shimazu''' 1602-1871 (''Tozama''; 770,000 ''koku'') [[Fayil:Maru_juji.svg|30x30px]] {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Matsayi |- |1 |Shimazu Iehisa (島津家久) |1602–1638 |- |2 |Shimazu Mitsuhisa (島津光久) |1638–1687 |- |3 |Shimazu Tsunataka (島津綱貴) |1687–1704 |- |4 |Shimazu Yoshitaka (島津吉贵) |1704–1721 |- |5 |Shimazu Tsugutoyo (島津継豊) |1721–1746 |- |6 |Shimazu Munenobu (島津宗信) |1746–1749 |- |7 |Shimazu Shigetoshi (島津重年) |1749–1755 |- |8 |Shimazu Shigehide (島津重豪) |1755–1787 |- |9 |Shimazu Narinobu (島津 sa宣) |1787–1809 |- |10 |Shimazu Narioki (島津 sa興) |1809–1851 |- |11 |Shimazu Nariakira (Suna) |1851–1858 |- |12 |Shimazu Tadayoshi (島津 mai aminci) |1858–1871 |} == Sauran manyan mutane daga Satsuma == '''Lokacin Sengoku''' * Shimazu Yoshihiro * Niiro Tadamoto * Saigō Takamori * Ōkubo Toshimichi * Komatsu Tatewaki * Tenshōin, matar hukuma ta ''shogun'' Tokugawa Iesada ftzw7n4wlk27xe1uipa1tkgtowo3b43 846082 846081 2026-06-03T14:09:21Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Daikokoya_Kodayu_-_Landkarte_von_Japan.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar [[Japan]], 1789 - Tsarin Han ya shafi zane-zane]] Satsuma , wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Kagoshima , yanki ne (han) na Tokugawa shogunate na [[Japan]] a Lokacin Edo daga 1600 zuwa 1871. Domain Satsuma ya kasance a Kagoshima Castle a lardin Satsuma, tsakiyar birnin Kagoshima na zamani, wanda ke kudancin tsibirin Kyushu. Tozama daimō na dangin Shimazu ne ya mallaki yankin Satsuma don wanzuwar sa, wanda ya mallaki yankin Kagoshima tun a shekarun 1200, kuma ya rufe yanki a lardunan Satsuma, Ọsumi da Hyūga. An tantance yankin Satsuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Kokudaka kuma darajarsa ta kai koku 770,000, yanki na biyu mafi girma a Japan bayan Kaga Domain.. Yankin Satsuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi karfi da shaharar yankunan kasar Japan a lokacin Edo, inda ya ci Masarautar Ryukyu a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta bayan mamayewar Ryukyu a shekara ta 1609, ya kuma yi karo da turawan Ingila a lokacin harin bam na Kagoshima a 1863 bayan aukuwar Namamugi. Yankin Satsuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Satchō tare da abokin hamayyar Choshū Domain a lokacin Maido da Meiji kuma ya zama kayan aiki wajen kafa Daular Japan. An narkar da Kagoshima-han a cikin kawar da han da kafa ken a cikin 1871 ta gwamnatin Meiji lokacin da Kagoshima-han ya zama Kagoshima-ken, tare da wasu sassan yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Miyakonojō Prefecture (Miyakonojō-ken). Gwamnan na farko na Kagoshima shi ne Ōyama Tsunayoshi har zuwa 1877 lokacin da aka kashe shi a cikin Tawayen Satsuma. Tun daga shekarun 1880, tsohon yankin Kagoshima Domain yanzu ya zama yanki na Kagoshima da Miyazaki Prefecture wanda a ƙarshe ya rabu daga Kagoshima a cikin 1883. == Tarihi == Iyalin Shimazu sun mallaki lardin Satsuma kusan ƙarni huɗu kafin farkon zamanin Edo. Duk da cewa Toyotomi Hideyoshi ya yi musu horo a Yakin Kyūshū na 1587, kuma ya tilasta musu komawa Satsuma, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin da suka fi karfi a cikin tsibirin. A lokacin yaƙin Sekigahara a cikin 1600, Shimazu ya yi yaƙi a gefen da ya rasa. Satsuma na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu iko a Tokugawa [[Japan]]. ''tozama daimyō'' na dangin Shimazu ne ke sarrafa shi a duk lokacin Edo. === Ryukyu === [[Fayil:1781_Japanese_Temmei_1_Manuscript_Map_of_Taiwan_and_the_Ryukyu_Dominion_-_Geographicus_-_TaiwanRyukyu-unknown-1781.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna kudancin Kyushu da Tsibirin Ryukyu, 1781]] Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 15, Satsuma ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Ryukyu don sarrafa tsibiran Ryukyu na Arewa, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Japan. A cikin 1609, Shimazu Iehisa ya nemi izini daga 'yan bindigar don mamaye Ryukyu. Bayan yakin watanni uku wanda ya gamu da tsayin daka, Satsuma ya kama babban birnin Ryukyuan na Shuri da Sarki Shō Nei. A cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya, Satsuma ya hade tsibirin Amami da Tokara, ya bukaci haraji, kuma ya tilasta wa Sarki da zuriyarsa yin alkawarin biyayya ga daimyō na Satsuma. A cikin sauran lokacin Edo, Satsuma ya rinjayi siyasarsu kuma ya mamaye manufofin kasuwancin su don cin gajiyar matsayin Ryukyu tare da kasar Sin. Kamar yadda aka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri kan ruwa a yawancin kasar Japan tun daga farkon shekarun 1630, ikon Satsuma na jin dadin cinikin kayayyakin Sinawa, da bayanai, ta hanyar Ryukyu, ya ba da muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa na jihar Tokugawa. Matsayin fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin da Satsuma ke morewa, da kuma tasirin tasirin su a cikin Ryukyu, batutuwa ne da masana suka yi muhawara, amma martabar siyasa da tasirin da aka samu ta wannan alaƙa ba a yi tambaya ba. Shimazu ya ci gaba da kokarin jaddada matsayinsu na musamman a matsayin yanki daya tilo da ke da'awar daular kasashen waje a matsayin hamshakinta, sannan kuma suka yi ta yin gyare-gyare zuwa ga nasu mukamin kotun, da sunan ci gaba da rike madafun iko da kima a idon Ryukyu. A shekara ta 1871, duk da haka, Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ya soke tsarin <nowiki><i id="mwfA">han</i></nowiki>, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sanar da Sarki Shō Tai cewa an sanya shi "Domain Head of Ryukyu Domain", yana canja ikon Satsuma a kan ƙasar zuwa Tokyo. === Lokacin Edo === Kodayake ba ''han'' mafi arziki ba dangane da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]koku''" id="mwgw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kokudaka">kokudaka (ma'auni na hukuma na dukiya sabili da haka ikon ''han'', wanda aka auna a koku), Satsuma ya kasance daga cikin yankuna masu arziki da iko a duk lokacin Edo. Wannan ya samo asali ne ba kawai daga alaƙarsu da Ryukyu ba, har ma daga girman da wadatar lardin Satsuma kanta, da kuma nesa da Edo, don haka daga sojojin ''shōgun''. Shimazu sun yi amfani da tasirin su don yin takamammen daga harbin wasu keɓantacce na musamman. An ba Satsuma keɓanta ga iyakar shogunate guda ɗaya a kowane yanki, manufar da ke nufin taƙasa ƙarfin soja na yankuna; Shimazu daga nan ne suka kafa ƴan ƙasa-da-ƙasa a cikin yankin nasu, kuma suka yi wa ’yan barandansu katanga, suna gudanar da yankin ta hanyar da ba ta bambanta da ƙarami ba. Sun kuma sami keɓance na musamman daga shogunate dangane da manufar sankin-kōtai, wata manufar taƙawa dukiya da ikon daimyo. A karkashin wannan tsarin, an wajabta wa kowane mai fada a ji ya je Edo akalla sau daya a shekara, kuma ya yi wani kaso na shekara a can, nesa da yankinsa da karfin ikonsa. An ba Shimazu izinin yin wannan tafiya sau ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara biyu. Waɗannan keɓantawa don haka sun ba wa Satsuma damar samun ƙarin iko da wadata dangane da yawancin sauran yankuna. Kodayake ana iya jayayya da shi ga shogunate, Satsuma watakila yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri wajen aiwatar da wasu manufofi. An ga masu wa'azi na Kirista a matsayin babbar barazana ga ikon ''daimyō'', da zaman lafiya da tsari na yankin; an tilasta haramcin shogunal akan Kiristanci da tsauri da zalunci a Satsuma, watakila, fiye da ko'ina a cikin tsibirin. Harkokin haramtacciyar fataucin, watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne, ba a tilasta shi sosai ba, saboda yankin ya sami nasara sosai daga cinikin da aka yi a bakin tekun, wasu hanyoyi daga Nagasaki, inda shogunate ya mallaki kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1830, Satsuma ta yi amfani da kasuwancin Okinawa ba bisa ka'ida ba don sake gina kudinta a ƙarƙashin Zusho Hirosato . === Bakumatsu === [[Fayil:Shiro_Ichiki,_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu,_1857.jpg|thumb|Wani nau'in daguerreotype na Shimazu Nariakira]] Satsuma daimyō na shekarun 1850, Shimazu Nariakira, yana da sha'awar tunani da fasaha na Yamma, kuma ya nemi buɗe ƙasar. A lokacin, tuntuɓar mutanen yammacin Turai sun ƙaru sosai, musamman ga Satsuma, yayin da jiragen ruwa na yammacin Turai sukan sauko a cikin Ryukyus kuma suna neman ba kawai kasuwanci ba, amma dangantakar diplomasiyya ta yau da kullum. Don ƙara tasirinsa a cikin shogunate, Nariakira ya ƙirƙira aure tsakanin Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada da 'yarsa da aka ɗauka, Atsu-hime (daga baya Tenshō-in). A cikin 1854, shekarar farko ta sarautar Iesada, Commodore Perry ya sauka a Japan kuma ya tilasta kawo ƙarshen manufar keɓancewa na shogunate. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyoyin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin Japan da kasashen yamma, musamman yarjejeniyar Harris ta 1858, sun sanya Japan cikin mummunan rauni. A wannan shekarar, duka Iesada da Nariakira sun mutu. Nariakira ya nada dan uwansa, Shimazu Tadayoshi, a matsayin magajinsa. Yayin da Tadayoshi yana yaro, mahaifinsa, Shimazu Hisamitsu, ya rike iko sosai a Satsuma. Hisamitsu ya bi manufofin ''Kōbu gattai'', ko "haɗin kai tsakanin shogunate da kotun sarki". Aure tsakanin Tokugawa Iemochi, ''shōgun'' na gaba, da yarima mai mulkin mallaka Kazunomiya babbar nasara ce ga wannan ƙungiya. Koyaya, wannan ya sanya Satsuma a cikin rashin jituwa da mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi ''Sonnō jōi'', ko kuma "yi girmama Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya kori ƙungiyar barbarians", tare da Chōshū a matsayin babban mai goyon baya. [[Fayil:Saigo_Takamori.jpg|thumb|Saigō Takamori, babban jarumi na karshe na Satsuma, yana daya daga cikin magoya bayan Maido da mulkin mallaka, amma ya ƙare ya jagoranci tawaye a kan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a 1877 wanda ya ƙare tare da halakar dangin Satsuma da ƙarshen ragowar Daimyos na Japan.]] A cikin 1862, a cikin Namamugi Incident an kashe wani ɗan Ingila daga hannun Satsuma, wanda ya haifar da bombardment na Kagoshima da Royal Navy a shekara mai zuwa. Kodayake Satsuma ya iya tsayayya da harin, wannan taron ya nuna yadda ya zama dole ga Japan ta shigo da fasahar yamma da sake fasalin sojojinta. A halin yanzu, hankalin siyasar Japan ya koma Kyoto, inda manyan gwagwarmayar lokacin suka faru. Shogunate ya ba wa Satsuma da Aizu da kariya daga kotun Imperial, a kan ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar Sonnō jōi don ɗaukar nauyin, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin Kinmon na 1864. Shogunate ya yanke shawarar hukunta Chōshū don wannan taron tare da balaguron farko na Chōshū, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai riƙe da Satsuma, Saigō Takamori. Saigo, duk da haka, ya guje wa rikicin soji kuma ya bar Choshū ya warware matsalar tare da Seppuku na masu aikata laifuka uku da suka kai harin a fadar Imperial. [[Fayil:Japanese_Satsuma_pavillion_at_the_French_expo_1867.jpg|thumb|Gidan "Gwamnatin Satsuma" a baje kolin duniya a 1867 a Paris]] Lokacin da shogunate ya yanke shawarar kayar da Chōshū a karo na biyu na Chōshō a shekara mai zuwa, Satsuma, a karkashin jagorancin Saigo Takamori da Ōkubo Toshimichi, ya yanke shawarar canza bangarori. Satchō Alliance tsakanin Satsuma da Chōshū Sakamoto Ryōma ne ya yi sulhu daga Tosa. Wannan balaguron na biyu ya ƙare a cikin bala'i ga shogunate. An kayar da shi a fagen yaƙi, kuma ''shōgun'' Iemochi ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a Osaka Castle . Shōgun na gaba, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi sulhu da tsagaita wuta. Duk da yunkurin da sabon shogun ya yi na sake fasalin gwamnati, ya kasa shawo kan yunkurin da ake yi na kifar da gwamnatin Satsuma da Choshū. Ko da ya sauka a matsayin shogun kuma ya amince ya mayar da mulki ga kotun daular, a karshe bangarorin biyu sun yi karo da juna a yakin Toba-Fushimi 1868. Shogun, ya ci nasara, ya tsere zuwa Edo. Saigo Takamori sai ya jagoranci dakarunsa zuwa Edo, inda Tensho-in ya taka rawar gani wajen mika wuya ga fadar Edo ba tare da jini ba. Yakin Boshin ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka ci nasara a kan mayakan na karshe a cikin 1869. === Lokacin Meiji === Gwamnatin Meiji, wadda aka kafa bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, 'yan siyasa daga Satsuma da Choshū ne suka mamaye su. Kodayake ajin samurai, tsarin yanki, da yawancin tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar da ke kewaye da waɗannan an soke su jim kaɗan bayan haka. Satsuma ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin daular a 1877 yayin da ikonsu ya bushe, wanda ya kai ga lalata mulkin gado a Japan. Alkaluma daga wadannan yankuna biyu sun mamaye gwamnatin Japan kusan har zuwa yakin duniya na daya.[[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Koyaya, farkon lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta karuwar rashin jin daɗi na tsohon ajin samurai, wanda ya ɓarke a cikin Satsuma Rebellion a ƙarƙashin Saigo Takamori a cikin 1877. == Jerin ''daimyōs'' == ''daimyōs'' na gado sune shugaban dangin da shugaban yankin. '''Gidan Shimazu''' 1602-1871 (''Tozama''; 770,000 ''koku'') [[Fayil:Maru_juji.svg|30x30px]] {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Matsayi |- |1 |Shimazu Iehisa (島津家久) |1602–1638 |- |2 |Shimazu Mitsuhisa (島津光久) |1638–1687 |- |3 |Shimazu Tsunataka (島津綱貴) |1687–1704 |- |4 |Shimazu Yoshitaka (島津吉贵) |1704–1721 |- |5 |Shimazu Tsugutoyo (島津継豊) |1721–1746 |- |6 |Shimazu Munenobu (島津宗信) |1746–1749 |- |7 |Shimazu Shigetoshi (島津重年) |1749–1755 |- |8 |Shimazu Shigehide (島津重豪) |1755–1787 |- |9 |Shimazu Narinobu (島津 sa宣) |1787–1809 |- |10 |Shimazu Narioki (島津 sa興) |1809–1851 |- |11 |Shimazu Nariakira (Suna) |1851–1858 |- |12 |Shimazu Tadayoshi (島津 mai aminci) |1858–1871 |} == Sauran manyan mutane daga Satsuma == '''Lokacin Sengoku''' * Shimazu Yoshihiro * Niiro Tadamoto * Saigō Takamori * Ōkubo Toshimichi * Komatsu Tatewaki * Tenshōin, matar hukuma ta ''shogun'' Tokugawa Iesada cksdecj7cdt7cxblnuqjqtx2rcifw8h Chibuzor Gift Chinyere 0 154483 846083 2026-06-03T14:09:42Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | suna = Chibuzor Gift Chinyere | hoto = | taken_hoto = Chibuzor Gift Chinyere | haihuwa = 22 Oktoba 1973 | wurin_haihuwa = Jihar Abia, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, mai wa'azi, mai ayyukan jin ƙai | sananne_don = Kafa Omega Power Ministries (OPM) | addini = Kiristanci }} '''Chibuzor Gift Chinyere''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1973) fasto ne kuma mai wa'azin Kirista daga Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jagoran cocin '''Om... 846083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | suna = Chibuzor Gift Chinyere | hoto = | taken_hoto = Chibuzor Gift Chinyere | haihuwa = 22 Oktoba 1973 | wurin_haihuwa = Jihar Abia, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, mai wa'azi, mai ayyukan jin ƙai | sananne_don = Kafa Omega Power Ministries (OPM) | addini = Kiristanci }} '''Chibuzor Gift Chinyere''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1973) fasto ne kuma mai wa'azin Kirista daga Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jagoran cocin '''Omega Power Ministries (OPM)'''. Ya yi suna ne saboda ayyukan jin ƙai da suka haɗa da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai, makarantu kyauta, asibitoci kyauta da shirye-shiryen gyaran rayuwar matasa da tsofaffin masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM pastor details free rehabilitation for repentant kidnappers, cultists |work=Punch Newspapers |date=15 Afrilu 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/opm-pastor-details-free-rehabilitation-for-repentant-kidnappers-cultists/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chibuzor Gift Chinyere a Jihar Abia da ke Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Seabed Nursery Army Children School sannan ya halarci Government Technical College kafin ya fara harkokin addini da wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chibuzor Gift Chinyere |website=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Gift_Chinyere}}</ref> == Aikin addini == Chinyere ya kafa cocin '''Omega Power Ministries (OPM)''', wacce ke da hedikwata a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers. A matsayinsa na shugaban cocin, ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen taimakon jama'a da dama, ciki har da makarantu kyauta, cibiyoyin koyon sana'o'i da asibitoci kyauta ga marasa galihu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM Founder Purchases Building Used by Redeemed Church Branch, Plans to Turn it to Free School |work=Legit.ng |date=17 Mayu 2025 |url=https://www.legit.ng/people/1655434-opm-founder-purchases-building-by-redeemed-church-branch-plans-turn-free-school/}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == Chinyere ya shahara saboda ayyukan tallafi ga marasa galihu. Ya dauki nauyin karatun dubban ɗalibai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Haka kuma ya kafa makarantu marasa kuɗin makaranta domin yara daga iyalai marasa ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM Founder, HRM King Apostle Chibuzor Converts Church Building Into Free School For Less Privileged |work=Nigeria Newspoint |date=19 Mayu 2025 |url=https://www.nigerianewspoint.org/2025/05/19/opm-founder-hrm-king-apostle-chibuzor-converts-church-building-into-free-school-for-less-privileged/}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ya kafa cibiyoyin gyaran hali da koyar da sana'o'i ga mutanen da suka daina shiga ayyukan laifi kamar garkuwa da mutane da fashi da makami, domin mayar da su cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM pastor details free rehabilitation for repentant kidnappers, cultists |work=Punch Newspapers |date=15 Afrilu 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/opm-pastor-details-free-rehabilitation-for-repentant-kidnappers-cultists/}}</ref> == Sarauta == A shekarar 2024, an naɗa Chibuzor Gift Chinyere a matsayin sarkin gargajiya na yankin Ikwu Orie Ohanku Ndoki Autonomous Community da ke ƙaramar hukumar Ukwa East a Jihar Abia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chibuzor Gift Chinyere |website=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Gift_Chinyere}}</ref> == Muhimman abubuwan da suka ja hankali == A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Chinyere ya kasance cikin labarai saboda shirye-shiryensa na tallafawa mutanen da ke da larurar autism. A shekarar 2026 ya taimaka wajen shirya auren wani ɗansa da ya ɗauka mai autism tare da bayar da tallafin kuɗi da muhalli ga ma'auratan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM pastor celebrates marriage of adopted autistic son with N10 million gift |work=Western Post |date=30 Maris 2026 |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/opm-pastor-celebrates-marriage-of-adopted-autistic-son-with-n10-million-gift/}}</ref> Haka kuma ya jawo hankalin jama'a lokacin da ya sanar da dakatar da neman miji ga 'yarsa da ya ɗauka mai autism bayan samun sama da masu neman aure 1,000.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OPM pastor suspends marriage plans for autistic daughter after 1,000 suitors apply |work=Punch Newspapers |date=16 Afrilu 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/opm-pastor-suspends-marriage-plans-for-autistic-daughter-after-1000-suitors-apply/}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu wa'azin Kirista]] [[Category:An haife su a 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] mjyyav9564ji2w4dmzdjq2nc7rer0yz Lisbon Falls (ruwa) 0 154484 846084 2026-06-03T14:10:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317237593|Lisbon Falls (waterfall)]]" 846084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lisbon_Falls_in_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|[https://malcolmtravels.com/get-to-kruger-national-park/ Ruwan Lisbon a Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu]]] '''Ruwan Lisbon''' yana cikin kogin Lisbon, wani yanki na bakin teku na Kogin Blyde . Suna da ɗan nisa kaɗan a arewacin Graskop kusa da hanyar R532, kuma su ne mafi girman ruwan da ke Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 April 2012 |title=Panorama Route Waterfalls, Sabie & Graskop |url=http://showme.co.za/tourism/panorama-route-waterfalls-sabie-graskop |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=ShowMe South Africa}}</ref> Ruwan ruwan yana da {{Convert|94|m|ft|}} mai tsayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Lisbon Falls |url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Lisbon-Falls-590/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=World Waterfall Database}}</ref> kuma an sanya musu suna saboda Lisbon Creek da Farm Lisbon, inda magudanar ruwa take. Suna kusa da Tagar Allah, duk da haka suna wajen Wurin Ajiye Dabbobi na Kogin Blyde, kamar wasu da dama kamar Berlin Falls, Lone Creek da [[Mac-Mac Falls]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kan hanyar Panorama . == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == nqjptn7vgw6qvxv8brzupvobfgv3m16 846085 846084 2026-06-03T14:10:48Z Engineer014 44591 846085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lisbon_Falls_in_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|[https://malcolmtravels.com/get-to-kruger-national-park/ Ruwan Lisbon a Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu]]] '''Ruwan Lisbon''' yana cikin kogin Lisbon, wani yanki na bakin teku na Kogin Blyde . Suna da ɗan nisa kaɗan a arewacin Graskop kusa da hanyar R532, kuma su ne mafi girman ruwan da ke Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 April 2012 |title=Panorama Route Waterfalls, Sabie & Graskop |url=http://showme.co.za/tourism/panorama-route-waterfalls-sabie-graskop |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=ShowMe South Africa}}</ref> Ruwan ruwan yana da {{Convert|94|m|ft|}} mai tsayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Lisbon Falls |url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Lisbon-Falls-590/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=World Waterfall Database}}</ref> kuma an sanya musu suna saboda Lisbon Creek da Farm Lisbon, inda magudanar ruwa take. Suna kusa da Tagar Allah, duk da haka suna wajen Wurin Ajiye Dabbobi na Kogin Blyde, kamar wasu da dama kamar Berlin Falls, Lone Creek da [[Mac-Mac Falls]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kan hanyar Panorama . == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == 9moi7r4eaebigvhtm86won58gzbd2w6 846089 846085 2026-06-03T14:13:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317237593|Lisbon Falls (waterfall)]]" 846089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Lisbon''' yana cikin kogin Lisbon, wani yanki na bakin teku na Kogin Blyde . Suna da ɗan nisa kaɗan a arewacin Graskop kusa da hanyar R532, kuma su ne mafi girman ruwan da ke Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 April 2012 |title=Panorama Route Waterfalls, Sabie & Graskop |url=http://showme.co.za/tourism/panorama-route-waterfalls-sabie-graskop |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=ShowMe South Africa}}</ref> Ruwan ruwan yana da {{Convert|94|m|ft|}} mai tsayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Lisbon Falls |url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Lisbon-Falls-590/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=World Waterfall Database}}</ref> kuma an sanya musu suna saboda Lisbon Creek da Farm Lisbon, inda magudanar ruwa take. Suna kusa da Tagar Allah, duk da haka suna wajen Wurin Ajiye Dabbobi na Kogin Blyde, kamar yadda wasu da dama suka yi kama da Berlin Falls, Lone Creek da [[Mac-Mac Falls]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kan hanyar Panorama . == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == c1r7c577yl5k2c7vbk3xa6hq1yqgf0u 846090 846089 2026-06-03T14:14:04Z Engineer014 44591 846090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Lisbon''' yana cikin kogin Lisbon, wani yanki na bakin teku na Kogin Blyde . Suna da ɗan nisa kaɗan a arewacin Graskop kusa da hanyar R532, kuma su ne mafi girman ruwan da ke Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=24 April 2012 |title=Panorama Route Waterfalls, Sabie & Graskop |url=http://showme.co.za/tourism/panorama-route-waterfalls-sabie-graskop |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=ShowMe South Africa}}</ref> Ruwan ruwan yana da {{Convert|94|m|ft|}} mai tsayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2011 |title=Lisbon Falls |url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Lisbon-Falls-590/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=World Waterfall Database}}</ref> kuma an sanya musu suna saboda Lisbon Creek da Farm Lisbon, inda magudanar ruwa take. Suna kusa da Tagar Allah, duk da haka suna wajen Wurin Ajiye Dabbobi na Kogin Blyde, kamar yadda wasu da dama suka yi kama da Berlin Falls, Lone Creek da [[Mac-Mac Falls]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kan hanyar Panorama . == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == jdw0feuulb1nuo03e9xo0qad5s37zm3 Howick Falls 0 154485 846086 2026-06-03T14:11:52Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290859534|Howick Falls]]" 846086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Howick''' wani ruwa ne mai kama da ruwan sama a Howick, lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tsawon ruwan yana da kimanin mita 95 (310)&nbsp;ƙafa) kuma yana kan [[Kogin Umgeni]] . Mutanen Zulu suna kiran magudanar ruwa ''KwaNogqaza'', wanda ke nufin "Wurin Mai Tsawon". == Siffar ƙasa da aka gano == Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya san daular mutane sama da shekaru 30,000, kuma KwaNogqaza sanannen wuri ne kafin wani tasirin yammaci, idan aka yi la'akari da tatsuniyar da ta kewaye yankin. == Hulɗar ɗan adam == Mutane da yawa sun yi ta kwarara a kan magudanar ruwa, musamman a zamanin da lardin ya fara, domin wasu mazauna yankin sun yi tunanin cewa wuri mafi sauƙi don ketare kogin shine a saman magudanar ruwa. An sami mutuwar mutane 40 a kusa da Howick Falls, inda mutuwar farko da aka rubuta ta faru a shekarar 1851. Yawancin waɗannan an rubuta su ne a matsayin kashe kai amma an san cewa haɗurra da kisan kai sun faru, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen, idan ba a manta ba, matsayin ruwan da ke cikin yankin. A shekarar 1999, Jeb Corliss ya yi tsalle a cikin magudanar ruwa mai kusan mutuwa inda buɗewar magudanar ruwansa ta yi rashin daidaituwa kuma bai iya guje wa tashi cikin ruwan da ke zubar da ruwa ba. == Tatsuniya da almara == A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, tafkin da ke ƙasan magudanar ruwa shine wurin zama na Inkanyamba, wani babban halitta mai kama da maciji. A cewar labarin, Sangomas ne kawai za su iya kusantar magudanar ruwa lafiya sannan su yi addu'o'i da sauran ayyukan ibada ga inkanyamba, ruhohin kakanni da kuma "Babban Allah". == Yawon Bude Ido == Duk da, ko wataƙila saboda tarihinta mai cike da tarihi, kwaNogqaza ta zama babban wurin shakatawa na masu yawon buɗe ido a yankin tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mgeni]] * Howick, KwaZulu-Natal == Manazarta == hodtsrc98d26bygfjqtjyffykcd8vig 846088 846086 2026-06-03T14:12:36Z Engineer014 44591 846088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Howick''' wani ruwa ne mai kama da ruwan sama a Howick, lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tsawon ruwan yana da kimanin mita 95 (310)&nbsp;ƙafa) kuma yana kan [[Kogin Umgeni]] . Mutanen Zulu suna kiran magudanar ruwa ''KwaNogqaza'', wanda ke nufin "Wurin Mai Tsawon". == Siffar ƙasa da aka gano == Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya san daular mutane sama da shekaru 30,000, kuma KwaNogqaza sanannen wuri ne kafin wani tasirin yammaci, idan aka yi la'akari da tatsuniyar da ta kewaye yankin. == Hulɗar ɗan adam == Mutane da yawa sun yi ta kwarara a kan magudanar ruwa, musamman a zamanin da lardin ya fara, domin wasu mazauna yankin sun yi tunanin cewa wuri mafi sauƙi don ketare kogin shine a saman magudanar ruwa. An sami mutuwar mutane 40 a kusa da Howick Falls, inda mutuwar farko da aka rubuta ta faru a shekarar 1851. Yawancin waɗannan an rubuta su ne a matsayin kashe kai amma an san cewa haɗurra da kisan kai sun faru, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen, idan ba a manta ba, matsayin ruwan da ke cikin yankin. A shekarar 1999, Jeb Corliss ya yi tsalle a cikin magudanar ruwa mai kusan mutuwa inda buɗewar magudanar ruwansa ta yi rashin daidaituwa kuma bai iya guje wa tashi cikin ruwan da ke zubar da ruwa ba. == Tatsuniya da almara == A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, tafkin da ke ƙasan magudanar ruwa shine wurin zama na Inkanyamba, wani babban halitta mai kama da maciji. A cewar labarin, Sangomas ne kawai za su iya kusantar magudanar ruwa lafiya sannan su yi addu'o'i da sauran ayyukan ibada ga inkanyamba, ruhohin kakanni da kuma "Babban Allah". == Yawon Bude Ido == Duk da, ko wataƙila saboda tarihinta mai cike da tarihi, kwaNogqaza ta zama babban wurin shakatawa na masu yawon buɗe ido a yankin tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mgeni]] * Howick, KwaZulu-Natal == Manazarta == covhb34lkxpzptz7pfflnqpdx1ugcpk 846096 846088 2026-06-03T14:20:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290859534|Howick Falls]]" 846096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Howick''' wani ruwa ne mai kama da ruwan sama a Howick, lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tsawon ruwan yana da kimanin mita 95 (310)&nbsp;ƙafa) kuma yana kan [[Kogin Umgeni]] . Mutanen Zulu suna kiran magudanar ruwa ''KwaNogqaza'', wanda ke nufin "Wurin Mai Tsawon". == Siffar ƙasa da aka gano == Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya san daular mutane sama da shekaru 30,000, kuma KwaNogqaza sanannen wuri ne kafin wani tasirin yammaci, idan aka yi la'akari da tatsuniyar da ta kewaye yankin. == Hulɗar ɗan adam == Mutane da yawa sun yi ta kwarara a kan magudanar ruwa, musamman a zamanin da lardin ya fara, domin wasu mazauna yankin sun yi tunanin cewa wuri mafi sauƙi don ketare kogin shine a saman magudanar ruwa. An sami mutuwar mutane 40 a kusa da Howick Falls, inda mutuwar farko da aka rubuta ta faru a shekarar 1851. Yawancin waɗannan an rubuta su ne a matsayin kashe kai amma an san cewa haɗurra da kisan kai sun faru, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen, idan ba a manta ba, matsayin ruwan da ke cikin yankin. A shekarar 1999, Jeb Corliss ya yi tsalle a cikin magudanar ruwa mai kusan mutuwa inda buɗewar magudanar ruwansa ta yi rashin daidaituwa kuma bai iya guje wa tashi cikin ruwan da ke zubar da ruwa ba. == Tatsuniya da almara == A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, tafkin da ke ƙasan magudanar ruwa shine wurin zama na Inkanyamba, wani babban halitta mai kama da maciji. A cewar labarin, Sangomas ne kawai za su iya kusantar magudanar ruwa lafiya sannan su yi addu'o'i da sauran ayyukan ibada ga inkanyamba, ruhohin kakanni da kuma "Babban Allah". == Yawon Bude Ido == Duk da, ko wataƙila saboda tarihinta mai cike da tarihi, kwaNogqaza ta zama babban wurin shakatawa na masu yawon buɗe ido a yankin tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mgeni]] * Howick, KwaZulu-Natal == Manazarta == hodtsrc98d26bygfjqtjyffykcd8vig 846097 846096 2026-06-03T14:20:46Z Engineer014 44591 846097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Howick''' wani ruwa ne mai kama da ruwan sama a Howick, lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tsawon ruwan yana da kimanin mita 95 (310)&nbsp;ƙafa) kuma yana kan [[Kogin Umgeni]] . Mutanen Zulu suna kiran magudanar ruwa ''KwaNogqaza'', wanda ke nufin "Wurin Mai Tsawon". == Siffar ƙasa da aka gano == Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya san daular mutane sama da shekaru 30,000, kuma KwaNogqaza sanannen wuri ne kafin wani tasirin yammaci, idan aka yi la'akari da tatsuniyar da ta kewaye yankin. == Hulɗar ɗan adam == Mutane da yawa sun yi ta kwarara a kan magudanar ruwa, musamman a zamanin da lardin ya fara, domin wasu mazauna yankin sun yi tunanin cewa wuri mafi sauƙi don ketare kogin shine a saman magudanar ruwa. An sami mutuwar mutane 40 a kusa da Howick Falls, inda mutuwar farko da aka rubuta ta faru a shekarar 1851. Yawancin waɗannan an rubuta su ne a matsayin kashe kai amma an san cewa haɗurra da kisan kai sun faru, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen, idan ba a manta ba, matsayin ruwan da ke cikin yankin. A shekarar 1999, Jeb Corliss ya yi tsalle a cikin magudanar ruwa mai kusan mutuwa inda buɗewar magudanar ruwansa ta yi rashin daidaituwa kuma bai iya guje wa tashi cikin ruwan da ke zubar da ruwa ba. == Tatsuniya da almara == A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, tafkin da ke ƙasan magudanar ruwa shine wurin zama na Inkanyamba, wani babban halitta mai kama da maciji. A cewar labarin, Sangomas ne kawai za su iya kusantar magudanar ruwa lafiya sannan su yi addu'o'i da sauran ayyukan ibada ga inkanyamba, ruhohin kakanni da kuma "Babban Allah". == Yawon Bude Ido == Duk da, ko wataƙila saboda tarihinta mai cike da tarihi, kwaNogqaza ta zama babban wurin shakatawa na masu yawon buɗe ido a yankin tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mgeni]] * Howick, KwaZulu-Natal == Manazarta == covhb34lkxpzptz7pfflnqpdx1ugcpk Bill Winston 0 154486 846087 2026-06-03T14:11:59Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bill Winston | image = | birth_name = William Samuel Winston | birth_date = 6 ga Mayu, 1943 | birth_place = Tuskegee, Alabama, Amurka | nationality = Ba'amurke | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, mai wa'azin talabijin | spouse = Veronica Winston | children = 3 }} '''Bill Winston''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1943) fasto ne Ba'amurke, marubuci, mai wa'azin talabijin da kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban faston cocin '''Li... 846087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bill Winston | image = | birth_name = William Samuel Winston | birth_date = 6 ga Mayu, 1943 | birth_place = Tuskegee, Alabama, Amurka | nationality = Ba'amurke | occupation = Fasto, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, mai wa'azin talabijin | spouse = Veronica Winston | children = 3 }} '''Bill Winston''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1943) fasto ne Ba'amurke, marubuci, mai wa'azin talabijin da kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban faston cocin '''Living Word Christian Center''' da ke Forest Park, Illinois, a ƙasar Amurka. Cocin ya girma daga ƙaramin taro zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'un da ba su ƙarƙashin wata ƙungiyar ɗarika ta musamman a yankin Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian oil multi-billionaire speaks in Forest Park |url=https://www.forestparkreview.com/2014/03/26/nigerian-oil-multi-billionaire-speaks-in-forest-park/ |website=Forest Park Review |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Winston a birnin Tuskegee na jihar Alabama, Amurka. Ya yi aiki a kamfanin IBM kafin ya shiga cikakken aikin bishara. Daga baya ya fara hidimar addini tare da matarsa Veronica Winston.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastor Bill Winston : Biography and Everything You Need To know About Bill Winston |url=https://www.allpastors.com/pastor-bill-winston-biography-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-bill-winston/ |website=All Pastors |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Hidimar addini == A shekarar 1988, Winston da matarsa sun fara ƙaramin taron ibada wanda daga baya ya zama '''Living Word Christian Center'''. Cocin ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, inda ta samu dubban mambobi da cibiyoyi daban-daban na koyarwa da kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian oil multi-billionaire speaks in Forest Park |url=https://www.forestparkreview.com/2014/03/26/nigerian-oil-multi-billionaire-speaks-in-forest-park/ |website=Forest Park Review |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Winston ya shahara wajen koyar da batutuwan bangaskiya, shugabanci, kasuwanci da ci gaban tattalin arziki bisa koyarwar Kiristanci. Haka kuma ya kafa '''Joseph Business School''', makarantar da ke koyar da dabarun kasuwanci da shugabanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastor Bill Winston : Biography and Everything You Need To know About Bill Winston |url=https://www.allpastors.com/pastor-bill-winston-biography-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-bill-winston/ |website=All Pastors |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka a Najeriya == Bill Winston ya ziyarci Najeriya sau da dama domin halartar manyan tarukan Kiristoci. Ya kasance cikin manyan masu wa'azi a taron '''West Africa Faith Believers Convention (WAFBEC)''' a Lagos tare da wasu fitattun limaman coci na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Winston, David Oyedepo, Tunde Joda and other great ministers grace the WAFBEC 2014 |url=https://www.christianitynigeria.com/2014/01/bill-winston-david-oyedepo-tunde-joda.html |website=Christianity Nigeria |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma ya halarci taron '''WAFBEC 2015''' tare da sauran mashahuran masu wa'azi daga Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Matthew Ashimolowo, Bill Winston, George Adegboye, Others to Speak at WAFBEC 2015 |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/38668/ |website=Connect Nigeria |date=24 January 2015 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Winston ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan baƙi a '''International Ministers Flaming Fire Conference''' na cocin Dunamis International Gospel Centre da ke Abuja, wanda ya samu mahalarta daga ƙasashe sama da 70.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Winston, Dag Heward-Mills, 71 nations attend Dunamis 2025 Int’l flaming fire conference |url=https://thesun.ng/bill-winston-dag-heward-mills-71-nations-attend-dunamis-2025-intl-flaming-fire-conference/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Bill Winston ya wallafa littattafai da dama kan bangaskiya, tunani mai kyau, kasuwanci da shugabanci. Wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa sun haɗa da: * ''Transform Your Thinking, Transform Your Life'' * ''Law of Confession'' * ''Power of the Tongue'' * ''Divine Favor'' == Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo == Winston ya samu lambobin yabo daban-daban a rayuwarsa, ciki har da wasu karramawa daga rundunar sojin saman Amurka da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Winston |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Winston |website=Wikipedia |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastoci na Amurka]] [[Category:Masu wa'azin Kiristanci]] [[Category:Marubutan Amurka]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1943]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nnlbt55059gi6rzwok5dclt1l3kt3mu Rick Warren 0 154487 846091 2026-06-03T14:15:16Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = William Kumuyi | image = | caption = William Kumuyi a wani taron wa'azi | birth_date = 6 Yuni 1941 | birth_place = Orunwa, Ogun State, Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azi, marubuci | known_for = Kafa Deeper Christian Life Ministry | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya }} '''William Folorunso Kumuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1941) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, mai wa'azi, kuma wanda ya kafa '''Deeper Christian Life Ministry''', ɗaya daga cikin many... 846091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = William Kumuyi | image = | caption = William Kumuyi a wani taron wa'azi | birth_date = 6 Yuni 1941 | birth_place = Orunwa, Ogun State, Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, mai wa'azi, marubuci | known_for = Kafa Deeper Christian Life Ministry | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya }} '''William Folorunso Kumuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1941) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, mai wa'azi, kuma wanda ya kafa '''Deeper Christian Life Ministry''', ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci a Afirka. Saboda tasirinsa a koyarwar Littafi Mai Tsarki, aikin bishara na duniya, da kuma gina babbar cibiyar ibada a Najeriya, wasu masu sharhi sun kwatanta shi da fitaccen faston Amurka Rick Warren. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Kumuyi a garin Orunwa da ke Jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa a fannin lissafi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami kafin ya tsunduma gaba ɗaya cikin aikin wa'azi da koyarwar Kiristanci. == Hidima == A shekarar 1973 ya fara wani ƙaramin taron nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki a Jami'ar Lagos. Wannan taro daga baya ya bunƙasa ya zama '''Deeper Christian Life Ministry''', wacce ta bazu zuwa ƙasashe sama da 100. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, cocin ta gina manyan cibiyoyin taro kuma ta gudanar da manyan gangamin wa'azi a sassa daban-daban na duniya. A cewar mujallar ''Outreach Magazine'', hidimar ta kai dubban majami'u a duniya kuma tana gudanar da manyan tarukan bishara da ke jan hankalin miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Church Promotes a Deeper Christian Life |url=https://outreachmagazine.com/features/85013-a-deeper-christian-life.html |work=Outreach Magazine |date=23 Disamba 2025 |access-date=3 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == Kumuyi ya shahara wajen koyar da tsarkake rayuwa, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, da kuma wa'azin bishara. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama kuma ya yi tasiri ga fastoci da masu wa'azi a Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe. Wasu masu lura da harkokin addini sun kwatanta tasirinsa da na Rick Warren saboda girman cibiyarsa, yawan mabiyansa, da kuma tasirinsa a duniya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Church Promotes a Deeper Christian Life |url=https://outreachmagazine.com/features/85013-a-deeper-christian-life.html |work=Outreach Magazine |date=23 Disamba 2025 |access-date=3 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Rick Warren * Deeper Christian Life Ministry * Kiristanci a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qfhnwnbfd9oq7fbbm9ffsuhkc0lz0dc Mutanen Assam 0 154488 846092 2026-06-03T14:15:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327273925|People of Assam]]" 846092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="7" |Mutanen Assam | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Assam_Assimilation.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mutanen da ke zaune a Assam</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |31,169,272 (2011)<ref name="AsCensus"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam_Census_2011"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="497">Government of Assam Census 2011. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="498">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120621011519/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census "onlineassam"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="499">Archived from [http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census/ the original] on 21 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="500"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span></ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[India|Indiya]] | class="infobox-data" |31,169,272<ref name="AsCensus" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Dubi [[Assam#Languages|Harsunan Assam]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |• Mafi yawan Hindu • Ƙananan sun haɗa da [[Assamese Brahmins|Al'ada]], [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma|Panentheistic]] • [[Islam|Musulunci]] • [[Christianity|Kiristanci]][[File:Om.svg|16x16px]][[File:Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_(1924-1939).svg|15x15px]][[File:Allah-green.svg|19x19px]] |} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Mutanen [[Assam]]''' suna zaune a cikin [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]] da yawa, harsuna da yawa da kuma addinai da yawa. Suna magana da harsuna da ke cikin manyan kungiyoyi hudu: Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan, Tai-Kadai, da Austroasiatic. Yawan kabilanci da kungiyoyin harsuna, yawan jama'a, da kuma tsarin peopling a cikin jihar ya haifar da cewa ana kiranta "India a cikin karami". An fahimci yawan mutanen Assam dangane da nau'ikan launin fata bisa ga siffofin jiki, nau'ikan da mai mulkin mallaka Risley ya zana. Wadannan rarrabuwa yanzu ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin inganci, kuma suna ba da sakamako mara daidaituwa; fahimtar yanzu ta dogara ne akan ƙungiyoyin harshe kuma daidai da nazarin kwayar halitta. == Jama'ar Assam == 7A fannin ƙasa Assam, a tsakiyar Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, ya ƙunshi kwarin kogi masu kyau da ke kewaye da duwatsu da tuddai suka mamaye. Ana iya isa daga Tibet a arewa (ta hanyar Bum La, Se La, Tunga), a fadin Patkai a kudu maso gabas (ta hanyar Diphu, Kumjawng, Hpungan, Chaukam, Pangsau, More-Tamu) da kuma daga [[Myanmar|Burma]] a fadin Arakan Yoma (ta hanyar An, Taungup). Wadannan hanyoyin sun kasance ƙofofi don hanyoyin ƙaura daga Tibet, kudu maso gabashin China da Myanmar. A yamma duka kwarin Brahmaputra da kwarin Barak suna buɗewa sosai zuwa filayen Gangetic. An cika Assam ta hanyar duk waɗannan wuraren da za a iya samu a baya. An kiyasta cewa akwai manyan raƙuman ruwa goma sha ɗaya da koguna na ƙaurawar harshe a fadin waɗannan maki a tsawon lokaci. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da tsarin da ya shafi fannoni da yawa ta amfani da bayanan archaeological, tarihi na harshe da kwayar halitta don sake gina tarihin yawan jama'a. Babu wata shaida a Assam da Arewa maso gabashin Indiya game da yaduwar hominid na farko. Ana kalubalantar kasancewar al'adun Paleolithic.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="228" href="./Neolithic" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Neolithic">Neolithic origin and pottery.\" <nowiki><span about=\"#mwt38\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;harvcol&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Harvcol&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Hazarika&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2017&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;75&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwAws\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">(</span></nowiki><nowiki><a about=\"#mwt38\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment cx-link\" data-linkid=\"513\" href=\"./People_of_Assam#CITEREFHazarika2017\" id=\"mwAww\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Hazarika 2017</a></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt38\" id=\"mwAw0\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">:75)</span></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./People_of_Assam#cite_note-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Wani rahoto na farko game da kasancewar Dravidian kuma ba a tallafawa ba. Al'adun farko a Assam shine Neolithic; babu wata shaida game da al'adun Chalcolithic ko dai a cikin kwarin Brahmaputra ko a cikin tsaunuka da ke kewaye; kuma kafa jihar ta fara ne kawai daga tsakiyar karni na 1 AZ. === Kafin Tarihi === [[Fayil:Timeline_of_Peopling_of_Assam.png|thumb|444x444px|Taher (1993) ya gano raƙuman ruwa goma sha ɗaya da koguna na shige da fice. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano ƙarin shige da fice na wasu kungiyoyin Indiya a lokacin Independence tare da tasirin yawan jama'a, siyasa da zamantakewa. Raƙuman ruwa / raƙuman ruwa guda uku sun yi ƙaura a lokutan prehistoric kuma ƙididdiga ne: ƙididdigar Austroasiatic ita ce lokacin da ake tsammani daga nazarin kwayar halitta; Tibeto-Burman ita ce ƙaramin iyaka daga ƙididdigatattun harshe da sauran ƙididdiga; kuma Indo-Aryan ita ce mafi girman iyaka daga kimantawar paleographic. Sauran shige da fice sun faru ne a zamanin da, da kuma mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka a Assam.]] Shafukan archaeological na Sarutaru a Kamrup da Daojali Hading a Gundumar Dima Hasao suna nuna al'adun Neolithic. Wasu wasu shafukan Neolithic a Arewa maso gabas sun hada da wadanda ke Arunachal Pradesh, Sadiya, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, Naga Hills, Karbi Anglong, Kamrup, Garo da Khasi tuddai na Meghalaya, da dai sauransu. Al'adun Neolithic da aka gano a Assam suna da alaƙa da Gabas da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na al'adar Hoabinhian. Masana ilimin harshe da ilimin kabilanci sun ba da shawarar fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka gabata cewa masu magana da Austroasiatic sun riga sun riga sun wuce masu magana da Tibeto-Burman - kuma sabbin abubuwan da aka gano daga nazarin kwayoyin halitta da harshe sun goyi bayan da'awar farko kuma sun ba da shawara kan hanyoyin yadda wani ɓangare na masu magana da austroasiatic suka sauya zuwa Tibeto-Birman. ==== Austroasiatic ==== An kiyasta mazaunan farko na Assam su ne mutanen Austroasiatic na Neolithic waɗanda suka zo daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta a kan O2a1‐M95 Y-chromosomal haplogroup, wanda aka haɗa shi da masu magana da Austroasiatic a Indiya, ya nuna cewa fadada wannan haplogroup a arewa maso gabashin Indiya ya faru fiye da shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata. Wasu samfuran harshe sun nuna cewa mutanen Austroasiatic sun isa yankin tare da kawo al'adun ruwa. Masana tarihi ma sun lura cewa shinkafa mai bushe ta kai Assam daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Kodayake wasu marubuta sun ba da shawarar cewa kwarin Brahmaputra na iya zama cibiyar warwatsewar harsunan Austroasiatic, wasu sun karyata wannan. Ana sa ran za su zauna a cikin tuddai da ke kan iyaka da Kwarin Brahmaputra, don ko dai baƙi na gaba su shawo kansu ko kuma su tura su zuwa tuddai. Ragowar Austroasiatic a yau suna wakiltar mutanen Khasi da Pnar a makwabta Meghalaya; kuma waɗanda suke cikin gundumomin Karbi Anglong da Dima Hasao na Assam da ke kusa da Meghalaya, kuma waɗanda ke da al'adun da ke sanya su a kwarin Brahmaputra. Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin mahallin raguwa a cikin mtDNA a kudancin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya mutanen Khasi suna da daidaitattun cakuda (40% S Asian da 39% SE Asian) na kudu / gabashin Asiya mtDNA kamar yadda ya saba da Mutanen Munda (masu magana da Austroasiatic a gabashin Indiya) waɗanda ke da mafi yawan kudancin Asiya mtDNA (75% S Asian da SE Asian 0%). Jaquesson (2017) ya nuna cewa [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], da wasu mutanen [[Koch people|Koch]] suna ɗauke da alamun harshe da zamantakewa na mutanen Austroasiatic da suka gabata. Rukunin mutane na biyu da suka isa Assam ana daukar su masu magana da Harsunan Tibeto-Burman. Masu magana da Tibeto-Burman na farko sun fara zuwa Assam wani lokaci kafin shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata daga arewa da gabas. Kuma sun ci gaba da zuwa Assam har zuwa yanzu.<ref name="taher-tb" /> An nuna cewa wannan yawan za a iya danganta shi da O-M134 y-chromosome haplogroup. Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin masu ilimin harshe da masu ilimin lissafi cewa Tibeto-Burmans sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin da aka riga aka zauna, <ref name="pnb2nd" /> wanda ya dace da nazarin kwayoyin halitta. A yau suna wakiltar su da Bodo-Kacharis, Karbi da Mising; Monpas da Sherdukpens; da Mutanen Naga. A tsawon lokaci, yankuna biyu na harsunan Tibeto-Burman sun fito a arewa maso gabashin Indiya - (1) ''tsaunuka'' da ke kewaye da kwarin Brahmaputra wanda yafi yawa Tibeto-Burman tare da bambancin da yawa, da kuma (2) ''filayen'' inda akwai ƙananan harsunan Tibet-Burman da suka bazu a cikin yanki mafi girma kuma suna hulɗa da Indo-Aryan da sauran iyalai. DeLancey (2012) ya nuna cewa [[Harsunan Boro-Garo]], mafi yawan rukunin Harsunan Tibeto-Burman a cikin ''filayen'', suna da ƙamus mai bayyane da kuma sabon yanayin wanda ke nuna cewa ''proto-Boro-Garo'' dole ne ya fito ne daga harshen creolised wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin Nagamese, a lokacin da masu magana da ba na asali ke amfani da shi. Wani bangare na waɗannan masu magana da Tibeto-Burman na iya zama masu magana da Austroasiatic, kamar yadda wasu binciken kwayoyin halitta suka ba da shawarar kan mutanen Tibeto-Birman na yanzu na arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Ana sa ran cewa mutanen Tibeto-Burman ba su da yawa kamar yadda 'yan asalin Austroasiatic, kuma maye gurbin ya kasance na harsuna ba mutane ba. Zuwan Indo-Aryans da fadada masarautar Kamarupa a duk kwarin Brahmaputra sun haifar da yanayi don creolisation da ci gaban proto-Boro-Garo lingua franca. Tushen tarihi na zamani ya nuna cewa Bodo-Kacharis sun kasance masu ƙwarewa wajen ban ruwa, kuma kodayake an nutsar da su cikin al'adun shinkafa na ''ahu'' wasu daga cikinsu sun shuka shinkafa mai laushi da ake kira ''Kharma ahu'' wanda aka ban ruwa amma ba lallai ''Ka ce-'' a dasa shi. Wadannan tsarin ban ruwa sun ci gaba da amfani da kungiyoyin Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman a zamanin yau. A cikin wannan mahallin, yana da mahimmanci cewa yawancin sunayen koguna a Assam kamar ''Dibang'', ''Dihang'', ''Doyang'', suna farawa da Di-, (ruwa a Tibeto-Burman) kuma suna ƙare da ''-ong'' (ruwa cikin yarukan Austric). Bayanan shaidu na Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman sun fito ne daga ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'' (karni na 1 AZ) da Geography na Ptolemy (karni ya 2 AZ) wanda ke kiran ƙasar ''Kirrhadia'' bayan sunan Indo-Aryan ga mutanen da ba Indo-Arya Kirata ba waɗanda suka kasance tushen Malabathrum, don haka farashi a duniyar gargajiya. ==== Indo-Aryan ==== Shige da fice na Indo-Aryan zuwa Assam wanda ya fara a cikin karni na farko KZ shine rafi na uku. Bisa ga shaidar paleographic Indo-Aryans sun bazu zuwa Assam da wuri amma ba za a iya tura shi ba bayan karni na 5 KZ. Indo-Aryans na farko sun kasance manoma waɗanda suka kawo tare da su fasahar shinkafa mai laushi (''sali''), noma, da shanu. Shaidar farko ta kai tsaye ta Indo-Aryans a Assam ta fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen dutse na Nagajari-Khanikargaon na ƙarni na 5 da kuma rubutun dutse na Indo-Aryan. Lokacin da masu magana da Indo-Aryan suka shiga kwarin Brahmaputra, harsunan Austroasiatic ba a maye gurbin su gaba ɗaya da harsunan Tibeto-Burman ba, tunda wani substratum na Austroasiatique a cikin [[Assamese|Harshen Assamese]] na baya-bayan nan wanda ya fito daga harshen Indo-Arya na baya ya nuna cewa harsunan austroasiatic sun kasance aƙalla har zuwa ƙarni na 4 da 5 AZ. Kasancewar Indo-Aryans a kwarin Brahmaputra ya haifar da tarihinsa tare da kafa mulkin Kamarupa. Sarakunan wannan masarautar sun kasance wadanda ba Indo-Aryan ba wadanda aka Sanskritised, kuma wadanda suka karfafa shige da fice da kuma zama na Indo-Aryans a matsayin masu mallakar manoma da suka riga sun zauna. An rubuta tallafi ƙasa a cikin Sanskrit, amma kasancewar Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman da kalmomin Indo-Aryan na gargajiya da tsari a cikin waɗannan tallafin sun nuna kasancewar waɗannan harsuna. A lokacin da ake kirkirar ƙauyukan Indo-Aryan, Kamarupa mai yiwuwa ya kafa cibiyoyin birane a gefen kogin Brahmaputra inda aka yi magana da harshen Assamese tare da al'ummomin Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman a ko'ina. Wasu daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin sun kasance a yankunan Goalpara, Guwahati, Tezpur, Nagaon da Doyang-Dhansiri, inda sanskritisation na al'ummomin da ba Indo-Aryan ba ya faru. Sanskritisation wani tsari ne wanda ya faru a lokaci guda tare da "deshification" (ko wuri) na al'ummomin Indo-Aryan a Assam . === Zamanin Tsakiya === ==== Sojojin Musulmi masu sana'a ==== Ruwa na huɗu na sababbin masu zuwa sun kasance ma'aikatan musulmi na sojojin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji da suka bar baya bayan bala'in tafiyarsa na Tibet. Daga baya ake kira ''Goria'' (daga Gaur), sun auri mata na yankin, sun karɓi al'adun yankin, amma sun ci gaba da addininsu. Wannan rundunar ta sami damar juyar da wani shugaban Mech, wanda ake kira Ali Mech, wannan shine farkon iyakantaccen adadin mutanen yankin da suka tuba zuwa addinin Islama - daga baya masu tuba daga Koch, Mech da sauran kabilun sun zama ana kiransu ''Desi''. A cikin karni na 16 wani sojoji daga Bengal ya bar sojojin su - su ma sun auri mata na yankin kuma an kira su ''Moria''. Wadannan al'ummomin sun haɗu da masu koyar da addini, wanda ya fi shahara da Azan Faqir, mai tsarki na sufi. An san zuriyar Azan Faqir da Sayed a Assam. ==== Sojojin manoma na Tai ==== Ruwa na biyar na ''sali'' sune Tai Shan People, waɗanda suka shiga Assam a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sukaphaa daga Hukawng Valley a [[Myanmar]] ta Hanyar Pangsau Pass a cikin 1228 kuma suka zauna tsakanin kogin Buridihing da Dikhou. Ahoms, kamar yadda aka kira su, sune ke da alhakin daidaita farfajiyar filayen gabashin Assam, fadada tushen ɗan adam na al'adun shinkafa mai laushi ga mutanen da suka haɗu da su a yankin, da kuma kafa mulkin Ahom. Sun daidaita wasu daga cikin mutanen Naga, Moran, Borahi, Chutiya da Dimasa a cikin tsari na ''Ahomisation'' har sai da kansu suka fara zama Hindu daga tsakiyar karni na 16 zuwa gaba. ==== Buddha da Sikhs na Tai ==== Ruwa na shida na mutane tsakanin ƙarni na 17 da 19, sune Tai; amma ba kamar Ahoms waɗanda suka kasance masu ilimin rai ba lokacin da suka isa, Tais na baya-bayan nan [[Buddha]] ne. Ana kiransu Khamti, Khamyang, Aiton, Tai Phake da Turung, sun fito ne daga Upper Burma a lokuta daban-daban, kuma sun zauna kananan kungiyoyi a Upper Assam. Wannan ya ci gaba sosai a zamanin mulkin mallaka. A ƙarshen zamanin Medieval, ƙaramin rundunar sojojin Sikhs da Ranjit Singh ya aiko sun isa Assam don shiga cikin Yakin Hadirachokey - waɗanda suka tsira sun zauna a wasu ƙauyuka a gundumar Nagaon, sun yi aure a cikin al'ummomin yankin kuma sun kafa wata al'umma ta Assamese-Sikh. === Mulkin mallaka === Ruwa na bakwai na mutane zuwa Assam ya faru ba da daɗewa ba bayan farkon Lokacin mulkin mallaka a Assam bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Burmese na farko da Yarjejeniyar Yandaboo a cikin 1826 - rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya haifar da ƙaura na Kachin da Kuki daga Upper Burma zuwa Assam a fadin Patkai da Arakan Yoma. Sun kafa Singphos a Upper Assam, da kabilun Kuki-Chin a Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao da Barak Valley. ==== Ma'aikatan Gidan shayi ==== Bayan kafa Masana'antar shayi a Assam, kuma bayan kamfanonin sun kasa amfani da aikin Kachari na gida, an dauki mutane daga yankin [[Ho people|Ho]]_Nagpur_States" id="mwAgk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chota Nagpur States">Chotanagpur na Bihar, arewa da yammacin Orissa, gabashin Madhya Pradesh, da arewacin Andhra Pradesh na Munda, Ho, Santal, Savara, Oraon, Gond da sauran kabilun don aiki a cikin sabbin wuraren shayi. Kowane mutum mai shuka shayi ya fara kawo ma'aikata tun daga 1841, kuma gaba ɗaya bayan 1859 da yawa daga cikinsu tilasta, a cikin yanayin rashin mutunci, don aiki a matsayin ma'aikata. Ko da bayan da aka dakatar da aikin daukar ma'aikata daga waje a 1926 daukar ma'aikatan ya ci gaba har zuwa 1960 lokacin da ma'aikatan da ke cikin wuraren shayi suka zama raguwa. Wannan rukuni na baƙi da farko suna magana da harsuna da yawa na Dravidian, Indo-Aryan da Austroasiatic kuma da yawa sun karɓi harshen [[Assamese]] da hanyoyi. ==== Mulkin mallaka na Indo-Aryan ==== Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya buɗe iyakokin Assam, wanda har yanzu masarautun Ahom da Dimasa ke sarrafawa sosai, kuma ya kafa sabon tsari wanda ya haifar da gagarumin shigowa daga Bengal, [[Rajasthan]], Arewacin Indiya da [[Nepal]]. 'Yan Hindu na Bengali sun cika mafi yawan mukaman mulkin mallaka a bude ga "' yan asalin"; kuma sun mallaki mukamai da mulkin mallaka ya buɗe kamar mukaman kwararru na zamani a fannonin kiwon lafiya, shari'a, da koyarwa da kuma mukaman matsakaicin matsayi a cikin layin dogo da ofishin gidan waya. Hindu Bengali ya zama abin koyi na canjin zamantakewa a cikin karni na 19 - yammaci da kuma sanskritisation sun zama masu ƙarfi tare da tasirin tufafi, yin gashi, halaye, zane-zane, da sauran nau'ikan al'adu; tsarin kabilanci, wanda ba shi da tsayi sosai a baya, ya zama mafi tsayi; al'adun sashi da Brahmins ke jagoranta sun zama gama gari; da sauransu. Har ila yau, mulkin mallaka ya haifar da masana'antu daban-daban kuma ya kafa tattalin arzikin kasuwa a maimakon tattalin arzikin da ba na kudi ba na masarautun da ya maye gurbin. Hanyoyin ga 'yan kasuwa sun cika mafi yawa daga' yan kasuwa na Marwari (wanda ake kira k''Aya'') daga Rajasthan, kodayake akwai Sindhis, Punjabi Sikhs da sauransu a cikin ƙananan lambobi ba tare da gasa daga yawan mutanen yankin ba. A cikin karni na 19 tattalin arzikin manoma ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin su kuma 'yan kasuwa na Marwari sun shiga a matsayin bankunan da wakilan kasuwanci na masana'antar shayi ta Assam. Kodayake a cikin lambobi sun kasance ƙaramin rukuni duk kasuwancin kwarin Assam Tea 1906 shine ikon mallakar wannan yawan jama'a. Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya ya fara daukar sojoji na Gorkha bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Nepalese (1814-1816); sulhu da masu ritaya na Gorkhaa da iyalansu a yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a (bayan tawaye na Moamoria da mamayar Burma) ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1830 - kuma daga 'yan dubbai a 1879 yawan su ya karu zuwa sama da dubu ashirin da daya a cikin 1901 a kwarin Brahmaputra. A cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta karfafa Newar da sauran kabilun da ba na Bahun Nepali ba su zauna a yankunan da aka ware na Assam galibi a matsayin masu kiwon shanu "masu sana'a" don fadada kudaden shiga, suna ciyarwa cikin kasuwancin samar da madara a cikin kasuwannin birane masu tasowa. Wannan yawan mutanen Assam sun haɗu da ma'aikatan tsaro na Gorkha daga dakarun kamar Assam Rifles waɗanda suka kasance a baya bayan sun yi ritaya. Wannan yawan jama'a ya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙananan tuddai. ==== Masu noma Musulmai ==== Musulmai manoma marasa filaye daga Mymensingh a cikin [[Bangladesh]] Da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga masu gidaje na Goalpara da gwamnatin Birtaniya, sai suka fara zuwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 suna neman filaye. Rashin farko ya nuna karuwa mai ban mamaki a kowane shekaru goma da suka biyo baya bayan 1901 - a shekara ta 1911, masu noma na Mymensingh sun haɗu da ƙananan lambobi daga Pabna, Bogra da Rangpur waɗanda suka zauna a cikin ƙasashen Char na Goalpara da wasu bayan haka; a shekara ta 1921 an kafa baƙi har zuwa gundumomin tsakiya na Assam, galibi tare da Brahmaputra duk da haka sun yi ƙoƙari suyi nesa, tare da wasu kusa da iyakar Bhutan; kuma a shekara ta 1931 karuwar ta kasance da cewa har ma jami'an Burtaniya sun fara magana game da sauye-sauyen jama'a Wannan rukuni ya zama ana kiransa Miya kuma babban ɓangaren su sun yarda da harshen Assamese a matsayin yarensu. === Bayan mulkin mallaka === ==== Hindu daga Gabashin Pakistan ==== Rarraba Indiya ya haifar da ficewar mutanen Hindu na Bengali galibi daga Sylhet Division a Gabashin Pakistan zuwa Assam, wanda ya kai tsakanin dubban 700 da 800. Wannan guguwar ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1970 sannan ta ragu. Ba kamar manomi musulmi wanda ya zo daga Mymensingh da yamma neman ƙasa ba, wannan rukuni ya zo daga kudu kuma ya zauna mafi yawa a kusa da garuruwa, cibiyoyin sabis da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa. ==== Sauran kungiyoyin Indiya ==== Shige da fice na kungiyoyin Arewacin Indiya, musamman daga gabashin [./Uttar_Pra&#x3C;i&#x20;id= desh" id="mwApI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh] da [[Bihar]], a lokacin bayan Independence ya kasance mai karfi sosai. Gabaɗaya ana kiransu desuwali (cin hanci da rashawa na ''deshwali'' da ke nufin ƙasarsu ko desh), sun fito ne daga asalin zamantakewar al'umma kuma sun zo ne a matsayin ma'aikatan gine-gine, masu jan motoci, masu jan rickshaw, masu takalma, masu aski kuma a ƙarshe sun zauna a Assam, yawanci a cikin ƙasashe masu lalacewa - kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami nasarori masu dacewa a kasuwanci da kasuwanci kuma sun zama masu tsayin dindindin a siyasa. Sauran ƙananan kungiyoyi sun haɗa da baƙi daga Punjab waɗanda suka shiga kasuwanci da kasuwanci; da kuma mutanen da suka shiga ilimi, da kuma ayyukan likita (kamar jinya). == Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci == An san Assam a matsayin ƙasar da al'adu daban-daban suka zauna. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Assam daga wurare daban-daban, domin yankin yana da alaƙa da jihohi da ƙasashe daban-daban a tsawon tarihi. Austro-Asiatics, Tibeto-Burmans, da Indo-Aryans a tarihi su ne ƙungiyoyi mafi mahimmanci da tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin gargajiya da suka isa Assam, kuma har zuwa yau, suna ci gaba da kasancewa muhimman abubuwa na "Ƙasashen Asiya na Baƙi". Babban ƙungiyar Bodo-Kachari ta ƙunshi babban ɓangare na Assam, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan kabilu 19 na filayen da tuddai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin karni na 13 AZ, [[Mutanen Tai]] sun isa Kwarin Brahmaputra na Assam. Zuriyarsu sun zama Tai Ahoms, waɗanda suka tashi a matsayin babban rukuni a yankin tare da mulkin Ahom ({{Circa}} ƙarni na 13 zuwa 19 AZ). Su ne kabilanci wanda ke da alaƙa da Upper Assam Bodo-Kachari kungiyoyi kamar Chuchias, Morans da Borahis. Tare da Tai Ahoms, wasu fitattun kungiyoyi sun mallaki sassan Kwarin Assam a lokacin zamani, musamman Chutias, Kochs, da Dimasas. Masarautar Chutia ta mallaki gabashin Assam daga 1187 zuwa 1523, Masarautar Koch ta mallaki Lower Assam daga 1515 zuwa 1949, kuma Masarautar Dimasa ta mallaki kudancin Assam daga karni na 13 zuwa 1854. Ƙabilar Bodo, wanda aka fi sani da Boro, sune mafi girman ƙungiyar harshe ta zamani a jihar Assam. Sun fi mayar da hankali a arewacin Assam, a Bodoland. Suna magana da yaren Bodo, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 22 na tsarin mulki na Indiya. Assam koyaushe ta kasance ƙasa ce ta [[Ƙabila|ƙabilar]] tarihi, kuma yawancin al'ummomin Assamese a yau suna riƙe da tsarin kabilanci. Sauran mutane da yawa, yanzu ana ɗaukar su mutanen da ba na kabilanci ba ne na Assam, an sannu a hankali suka tuba daga kabilanci zuwa tsarin kabilanci ta hanyar Sanskritisation. Yawancin kabilun 'yan asalin kamar Moran, Chutia, Motok, Tai Ahoms da Koch, da kuma kungiyoyin da ba' yan asalin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=N. |date=February 2016 |title=Tea Tribes of Assam: Colonial Exploitation and Assertion of Adivasi Rights K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/25822076 |journal=Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |issn=2394-5524}}</ref> kamar kabilun shayi sun nemi matsayin Scheduled Tribe (ST), wani nau'i na tabbatar da aiki da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya don kabilun da ba su da tattalin arziki. Idan an yarda da shi, wannan na iya sanya Assam babbar jiha ta kabilanci, tana da manyan tasirin siyasa. == Dubi kuma == * Mutanen Assam * Mutanen Meitei a Assam == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5nc2ewkoq4snwetqmdafk6y7dcx8o30 846093 846092 2026-06-03T14:16:20Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="7" |Mutanen Assam | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Assam_Assimilation.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mutanen da ke zaune a Assam</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yawan jama'a |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |31,169,272 (2011)<ref name="AsCensus"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam_Census_2011"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="497">Government of Assam Census 2011. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="498">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120621011519/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census "onlineassam"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="499">Archived from [http://online.assam.gov.in/web/population-census/ the original] on 21 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="500"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span></ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[India|Indiya]] | class="infobox-data" |31,169,272<ref name="AsCensus" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Harsuna |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Dubi [[Assam#Languages|Harsunan Assam]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;" |Addini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |• Mafi yawan Hindu • Ƙananan sun haɗa da [[Assamese Brahmins|Al'ada]], [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma|Panentheistic]] • [[Islam|Musulunci]] • [[Christianity|Kiristanci]][[File:Om.svg|16x16px]][[File:Patch_of_the_45th_Infantry_Division_(1924-1939).svg|15x15px]][[File:Allah-green.svg|19x19px]] |} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Mutanen [[Assam]]''' suna zaune a cikin [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]] da yawa, harsuna da yawa da kuma addinai da yawa. Suna magana da harsuna da ke cikin manyan kungiyoyi hudu: Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan, Tai-Kadai, da Austroasiatic. Yawan kabilanci da kungiyoyin harsuna, yawan jama'a, da kuma tsarin peopling a cikin jihar ya haifar da cewa ana kiranta "India a cikin karami". An fahimci yawan mutanen Assam dangane da nau'ikan launin fata bisa ga siffofin jiki, nau'ikan da mai mulkin mallaka Risley ya zana. Wadannan rarrabuwa yanzu ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin inganci, kuma suna ba da sakamako mara daidaituwa; fahimtar yanzu ta dogara ne akan ƙungiyoyin harshe kuma daidai da nazarin kwayar halitta. == Jama'ar Assam == 7A fannin ƙasa Assam, a tsakiyar Arewa maso gabashin Indiya, ya ƙunshi kwarin kogi masu kyau da ke kewaye da duwatsu da tuddai suka mamaye. Ana iya isa daga Tibet a arewa (ta hanyar Bum La, Se La, Tunga), a fadin Patkai a kudu maso gabas (ta hanyar Diphu, Kumjawng, Hpungan, Chaukam, Pangsau, More-Tamu) da kuma daga [[Myanmar|Burma]] a fadin Arakan Yoma (ta hanyar An, Taungup). Wadannan hanyoyin sun kasance ƙofofi don hanyoyin ƙaura daga Tibet, kudu maso gabashin China da Myanmar. A yamma duka kwarin Brahmaputra da kwarin Barak suna buɗewa sosai zuwa filayen Gangetic. An cika Assam ta hanyar duk waɗannan wuraren da za a iya samu a baya. An kiyasta cewa akwai manyan raƙuman ruwa goma sha ɗaya da koguna na ƙaurawar harshe a fadin waɗannan maki a tsawon lokaci. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da tsarin da ya shafi fannoni da yawa ta amfani da bayanan archaeological, tarihi na harshe da kwayar halitta don sake gina tarihin yawan jama'a. Babu wata shaida a Assam da Arewa maso gabashin Indiya game da yaduwar hominid na farko. Ana kalubalantar kasancewar al'adun Paleolithic.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="228" href="./Neolithic" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Neolithic">Neolithic origin and pottery.\" <nowiki><span about=\"#mwt38\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;harvcol&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Harvcol&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Hazarika&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2017&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;75&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwAws\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">(</span></nowiki><nowiki><a about=\"#mwt38\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment cx-link\" data-linkid=\"513\" href=\"./People_of_Assam#CITEREFHazarika2017\" id=\"mwAww\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Hazarika 2017</a></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt38\" id=\"mwAw0\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">:75)</span></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./People_of_Assam#cite_note-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Wani rahoto na farko game da kasancewar Dravidian kuma ba a tallafawa ba. Al'adun farko a Assam shine Neolithic; babu wata shaida game da al'adun Chalcolithic ko dai a cikin kwarin Brahmaputra ko a cikin tsaunuka da ke kewaye; kuma kafa jihar ta fara ne kawai daga tsakiyar karni na 1 AZ. === Kafin Tarihi === [[Fayil:Timeline_of_Peopling_of_Assam.png|thumb|444x444px|Taher (1993) ya gano raƙuman ruwa goma sha ɗaya da koguna na shige da fice. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano ƙarin shige da fice na wasu kungiyoyin Indiya a lokacin Independence tare da tasirin yawan jama'a, siyasa da zamantakewa. Raƙuman ruwa / raƙuman ruwa guda uku sun yi ƙaura a lokutan prehistoric kuma ƙididdiga ne: ƙididdigar Austroasiatic ita ce lokacin da ake tsammani daga nazarin kwayar halitta; Tibeto-Burman ita ce ƙaramin iyaka daga ƙididdigatattun harshe da sauran ƙididdiga; kuma Indo-Aryan ita ce mafi girman iyaka daga kimantawar paleographic. Sauran shige da fice sun faru ne a zamanin da, da kuma mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka a Assam.]] Shafukan archaeological na Sarutaru a Kamrup da Daojali Hading a Gundumar Dima Hasao suna nuna al'adun Neolithic. Wasu wasu shafukan Neolithic a Arewa maso gabas sun hada da wadanda ke Arunachal Pradesh, Sadiya, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, Naga Hills, Karbi Anglong, Kamrup, Garo da Khasi tuddai na Meghalaya, da dai sauransu. Al'adun Neolithic da aka gano a Assam suna da alaƙa da Gabas da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na al'adar Hoabinhian. Masana ilimin harshe da ilimin kabilanci sun ba da shawarar fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka gabata cewa masu magana da Austroasiatic sun riga sun riga sun wuce masu magana da Tibeto-Burman - kuma sabbin abubuwan da aka gano daga nazarin kwayoyin halitta da harshe sun goyi bayan da'awar farko kuma sun ba da shawara kan hanyoyin yadda wani ɓangare na masu magana da austroasiatic suka sauya zuwa Tibeto-Birman. ==== Austroasiatic ==== An kiyasta mazaunan farko na Assam su ne mutanen Austroasiatic na Neolithic waɗanda suka zo daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta a kan O2a1‐M95 Y-chromosomal haplogroup, wanda aka haɗa shi da masu magana da Austroasiatic a Indiya, ya nuna cewa fadada wannan haplogroup a arewa maso gabashin Indiya ya faru fiye da shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata. Wasu samfuran harshe sun nuna cewa mutanen Austroasiatic sun isa yankin tare da kawo al'adun ruwa. Masana tarihi ma sun lura cewa shinkafa mai bushe ta kai Assam daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Kodayake wasu marubuta sun ba da shawarar cewa kwarin Brahmaputra na iya zama cibiyar warwatsewar harsunan Austroasiatic, wasu sun karyata wannan. Ana sa ran za su zauna a cikin tuddai da ke kan iyaka da Kwarin Brahmaputra, don ko dai baƙi na gaba su shawo kansu ko kuma su tura su zuwa tuddai. Ragowar Austroasiatic a yau suna wakiltar mutanen Khasi da Pnar a makwabta Meghalaya; kuma waɗanda suke cikin gundumomin Karbi Anglong da Dima Hasao na Assam da ke kusa da Meghalaya, kuma waɗanda ke da al'adun da ke sanya su a kwarin Brahmaputra. Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin mahallin raguwa a cikin mtDNA a kudancin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya mutanen Khasi suna da daidaitattun cakuda (40% S Asian da 39% SE Asian) na kudu / gabashin Asiya mtDNA kamar yadda ya saba da Mutanen Munda (masu magana da Austroasiatic a gabashin Indiya) waɗanda ke da mafi yawan kudancin Asiya mtDNA (75% S Asian da SE Asian 0%). Jaquesson (2017) ya nuna cewa [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], da wasu mutanen [[Koch people|Koch]] suna ɗauke da alamun harshe da zamantakewa na mutanen Austroasiatic da suka gabata. Rukunin mutane na biyu da suka isa Assam ana daukar su masu magana da Harsunan Tibeto-Burman. Masu magana da Tibeto-Burman na farko sun fara zuwa Assam wani lokaci kafin shekaru dubu uku da suka gabata daga arewa da gabas. Kuma sun ci gaba da zuwa Assam har zuwa yanzu.<ref name="taher-tb" /> An nuna cewa wannan yawan za a iya danganta shi da O-M134 y-chromosome haplogroup. Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin masu ilimin harshe da masu ilimin lissafi cewa Tibeto-Burmans sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin da aka riga aka zauna, <ref name="pnb2nd" /> wanda ya dace da nazarin kwayoyin halitta. A yau suna wakiltar su da Bodo-Kacharis, Karbi da Mising; Monpas da Sherdukpens; da Mutanen Naga. A tsawon lokaci, yankuna biyu na harsunan Tibeto-Burman sun fito a arewa maso gabashin Indiya - (1) ''tsaunuka'' da ke kewaye da kwarin Brahmaputra wanda yafi yawa Tibeto-Burman tare da bambancin da yawa, da kuma (2) ''filayen'' inda akwai ƙananan harsunan Tibet-Burman da suka bazu a cikin yanki mafi girma kuma suna hulɗa da Indo-Aryan da sauran iyalai. DeLancey (2012) ya nuna cewa [[Harsunan Boro-Garo]], mafi yawan rukunin Harsunan Tibeto-Burman a cikin ''filayen'', suna da ƙamus mai bayyane da kuma sabon yanayin wanda ke nuna cewa ''proto-Boro-Garo'' dole ne ya fito ne daga harshen creolised wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin Nagamese, a lokacin da masu magana da ba na asali ke amfani da shi. Wani bangare na waɗannan masu magana da Tibeto-Burman na iya zama masu magana da Austroasiatic, kamar yadda wasu binciken kwayoyin halitta suka ba da shawarar kan mutanen Tibeto-Birman na yanzu na arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Ana sa ran cewa mutanen Tibeto-Burman ba su da yawa kamar yadda 'yan asalin Austroasiatic, kuma maye gurbin ya kasance na harsuna ba mutane ba. Zuwan Indo-Aryans da fadada masarautar Kamarupa a duk kwarin Brahmaputra sun haifar da yanayi don creolisation da ci gaban proto-Boro-Garo lingua franca. Tushen tarihi na zamani ya nuna cewa Bodo-Kacharis sun kasance masu ƙwarewa wajen ban ruwa, kuma kodayake an nutsar da su cikin al'adun shinkafa na ''ahu'' wasu daga cikinsu sun shuka shinkafa mai laushi da ake kira ''Kharma ahu'' wanda aka ban ruwa amma ba lallai ''Ka ce-'' a dasa shi. Wadannan tsarin ban ruwa sun ci gaba da amfani da kungiyoyin Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman a zamanin yau. A cikin wannan mahallin, yana da mahimmanci cewa yawancin sunayen koguna a Assam kamar ''Dibang'', ''Dihang'', ''Doyang'', suna farawa da Di-, (ruwa a Tibeto-Burman) kuma suna ƙare da ''-ong'' (ruwa cikin yarukan Austric). Bayanan shaidu na Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman sun fito ne daga ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'' (karni na 1 AZ) da Geography na Ptolemy (karni ya 2 AZ) wanda ke kiran ƙasar ''Kirrhadia'' bayan sunan Indo-Aryan ga mutanen da ba Indo-Arya Kirata ba waɗanda suka kasance tushen Malabathrum, don haka farashi a duniyar gargajiya. ==== Indo-Aryan ==== Shige da fice na Indo-Aryan zuwa Assam wanda ya fara a cikin karni na farko KZ shine rafi na uku. Bisa ga shaidar paleographic Indo-Aryans sun bazu zuwa Assam da wuri amma ba za a iya tura shi ba bayan karni na 5 KZ. Indo-Aryans na farko sun kasance manoma waɗanda suka kawo tare da su fasahar shinkafa mai laushi (''sali''), noma, da shanu. Shaidar farko ta kai tsaye ta Indo-Aryans a Assam ta fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen dutse na Nagajari-Khanikargaon na ƙarni na 5 da kuma rubutun dutse na Indo-Aryan. Lokacin da masu magana da Indo-Aryan suka shiga kwarin Brahmaputra, harsunan Austroasiatic ba a maye gurbin su gaba ɗaya da harsunan Tibeto-Burman ba, tunda wani substratum na Austroasiatique a cikin [[Assamese|Harshen Assamese]] na baya-bayan nan wanda ya fito daga harshen Indo-Arya na baya ya nuna cewa harsunan austroasiatic sun kasance aƙalla har zuwa ƙarni na 4 da 5 AZ. Kasancewar Indo-Aryans a kwarin Brahmaputra ya haifar da tarihinsa tare da kafa mulkin Kamarupa. Sarakunan wannan masarautar sun kasance wadanda ba Indo-Aryan ba wadanda aka Sanskritised, kuma wadanda suka karfafa shige da fice da kuma zama na Indo-Aryans a matsayin masu mallakar manoma da suka riga sun zauna. An rubuta tallafi ƙasa a cikin Sanskrit, amma kasancewar Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman da kalmomin Indo-Aryan na gargajiya da tsari a cikin waɗannan tallafin sun nuna kasancewar waɗannan harsuna. A lokacin da ake kirkirar ƙauyukan Indo-Aryan, Kamarupa mai yiwuwa ya kafa cibiyoyin birane a gefen kogin Brahmaputra inda aka yi magana da harshen Assamese tare da al'ummomin Austroasiatic da Tibeto-Burman a ko'ina. Wasu daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin sun kasance a yankunan Goalpara, Guwahati, Tezpur, Nagaon da Doyang-Dhansiri, inda sanskritisation na al'ummomin da ba Indo-Aryan ba ya faru. Sanskritisation wani tsari ne wanda ya faru a lokaci guda tare da "deshification" (ko wuri) na al'ummomin Indo-Aryan a Assam . === Zamanin Tsakiya === ==== Sojojin Musulmi masu sana'a ==== Ruwa na huɗu na sababbin masu zuwa sun kasance ma'aikatan musulmi na sojojin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji da suka bar baya bayan bala'in tafiyarsa na Tibet. Daga baya ake kira ''Goria'' (daga Gaur), sun auri mata na yankin, sun karɓi al'adun yankin, amma sun ci gaba da addininsu. Wannan rundunar ta sami damar juyar da wani shugaban Mech, wanda ake kira Ali Mech, wannan shine farkon iyakantaccen adadin mutanen yankin da suka tuba zuwa addinin Islama - daga baya masu tuba daga Koch, Mech da sauran kabilun sun zama ana kiransu ''Desi''. A cikin karni na 16 wani sojoji daga Bengal ya bar sojojin su - su ma sun auri mata na yankin kuma an kira su ''Moria''. Wadannan al'ummomin sun haɗu da masu koyar da addini, wanda ya fi shahara da Azan Faqir, mai tsarki na sufi. An san zuriyar Azan Faqir da Sayed a Assam. ==== Sojojin manoma na Tai ==== Ruwa na biyar na ''sali'' sune Tai Shan People, waɗanda suka shiga Assam a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sukaphaa daga Hukawng Valley a [[Myanmar]] ta Hanyar Pangsau Pass a cikin 1228 kuma suka zauna tsakanin kogin Buridihing da Dikhou. Ahoms, kamar yadda aka kira su, sune ke da alhakin daidaita farfajiyar filayen gabashin Assam, fadada tushen ɗan adam na al'adun shinkafa mai laushi ga mutanen da suka haɗu da su a yankin, da kuma kafa mulkin Ahom. Sun daidaita wasu daga cikin mutanen Naga, Moran, Borahi, Chutiya da Dimasa a cikin tsari na ''Ahomisation'' har sai da kansu suka fara zama Hindu daga tsakiyar karni na 16 zuwa gaba. ==== Buddha da Sikhs na Tai ==== Ruwa na shida na mutane tsakanin ƙarni na 17 da 19, sune Tai; amma ba kamar Ahoms waɗanda suka kasance masu ilimin rai ba lokacin da suka isa, Tais na baya-bayan nan [[Buddha]] ne. Ana kiransu Khamti, Khamyang, Aiton, Tai Phake da Turung, sun fito ne daga Upper Burma a lokuta daban-daban, kuma sun zauna kananan kungiyoyi a Upper Assam. Wannan ya ci gaba sosai a zamanin mulkin mallaka. A ƙarshen zamanin Medieval, ƙaramin rundunar sojojin Sikhs da Ranjit Singh ya aiko sun isa Assam don shiga cikin Yakin Hadirachokey - waɗanda suka tsira sun zauna a wasu ƙauyuka a gundumar Nagaon, sun yi aure a cikin al'ummomin yankin kuma sun kafa wata al'umma ta Assamese-Sikh. === Mulkin mallaka === Ruwa na bakwai na mutane zuwa Assam ya faru ba da daɗewa ba bayan farkon Lokacin mulkin mallaka a Assam bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Burmese na farko da Yarjejeniyar Yandaboo a cikin 1826 - rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya haifar da ƙaura na Kachin da Kuki daga Upper Burma zuwa Assam a fadin Patkai da Arakan Yoma. Sun kafa Singphos a Upper Assam, da kabilun Kuki-Chin a Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao da Barak Valley. ==== Ma'aikatan Gidan shayi ==== Bayan kafa Masana'antar shayi a Assam, kuma bayan kamfanonin sun kasa amfani da aikin Kachari na gida, an dauki mutane daga yankin [[Ho people|Ho]]_Nagpur_States" id="mwAgk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chota Nagpur States">Chotanagpur na Bihar, arewa da yammacin Orissa, gabashin Madhya Pradesh, da arewacin Andhra Pradesh na Munda, Ho, Santal, Savara, Oraon, Gond da sauran kabilun don aiki a cikin sabbin wuraren shayi. Kowane mutum mai shuka shayi ya fara kawo ma'aikata tun daga 1841, kuma gaba ɗaya bayan 1859 da yawa daga cikinsu tilasta, a cikin yanayin rashin mutunci, don aiki a matsayin ma'aikata. Ko da bayan da aka dakatar da aikin daukar ma'aikata daga waje a 1926 daukar ma'aikatan ya ci gaba har zuwa 1960 lokacin da ma'aikatan da ke cikin wuraren shayi suka zama raguwa. Wannan rukuni na baƙi da farko suna magana da harsuna da yawa na Dravidian, Indo-Aryan da Austroasiatic kuma da yawa sun karɓi harshen [[Assamese]] da hanyoyi. ==== Mulkin mallaka na Indo-Aryan ==== Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya buɗe iyakokin Assam, wanda har yanzu masarautun Ahom da Dimasa ke sarrafawa sosai, kuma ya kafa sabon tsari wanda ya haifar da gagarumin shigowa daga Bengal, [[Rajasthan]], Arewacin Indiya da [[Nepal]]. 'Yan Hindu na Bengali sun cika mafi yawan mukaman mulkin mallaka a bude ga "' yan asalin"; kuma sun mallaki mukamai da mulkin mallaka ya buɗe kamar mukaman kwararru na zamani a fannonin kiwon lafiya, shari'a, da koyarwa da kuma mukaman matsakaicin matsayi a cikin layin dogo da ofishin gidan waya. Hindu Bengali ya zama abin koyi na canjin zamantakewa a cikin karni na 19 - yammaci da kuma sanskritisation sun zama masu ƙarfi tare da tasirin tufafi, yin gashi, halaye, zane-zane, da sauran nau'ikan al'adu; tsarin kabilanci, wanda ba shi da tsayi sosai a baya, ya zama mafi tsayi; al'adun sashi da Brahmins ke jagoranta sun zama gama gari; da sauransu. Har ila yau, mulkin mallaka ya haifar da masana'antu daban-daban kuma ya kafa tattalin arzikin kasuwa a maimakon tattalin arzikin da ba na kudi ba na masarautun da ya maye gurbin. Hanyoyin ga 'yan kasuwa sun cika mafi yawa daga' yan kasuwa na Marwari (wanda ake kira k''Aya'') daga Rajasthan, kodayake akwai Sindhis, Punjabi Sikhs da sauransu a cikin ƙananan lambobi ba tare da gasa daga yawan mutanen yankin ba. A cikin karni na 19 tattalin arzikin manoma ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin su kuma 'yan kasuwa na Marwari sun shiga a matsayin bankunan da wakilan kasuwanci na masana'antar shayi ta Assam. Kodayake a cikin lambobi sun kasance ƙaramin rukuni duk kasuwancin kwarin Assam Tea 1906 shine ikon mallakar wannan yawan jama'a. Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya ya fara daukar sojoji na Gorkha bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Nepalese (1814-1816); sulhu da masu ritaya na Gorkhaa da iyalansu a yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a (bayan tawaye na Moamoria da mamayar Burma) ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1830 - kuma daga 'yan dubbai a 1879 yawan su ya karu zuwa sama da dubu ashirin da daya a cikin 1901 a kwarin Brahmaputra. A cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta karfafa Newar da sauran kabilun da ba na Bahun Nepali ba su zauna a yankunan da aka ware na Assam galibi a matsayin masu kiwon shanu "masu sana'a" don fadada kudaden shiga, suna ciyarwa cikin kasuwancin samar da madara a cikin kasuwannin birane masu tasowa. Wannan yawan mutanen Assam sun haɗu da ma'aikatan tsaro na Gorkha daga dakarun kamar Assam Rifles waɗanda suka kasance a baya bayan sun yi ritaya. Wannan yawan jama'a ya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙananan tuddai. ==== Masu noma Musulmai ==== Musulmai manoma marasa filaye daga Mymensingh a cikin [[Bangladesh]] Da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga masu gidaje na Goalpara da gwamnatin Birtaniya, sai suka fara zuwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 suna neman filaye. Rashin farko ya nuna karuwa mai ban mamaki a kowane shekaru goma da suka biyo baya bayan 1901 - a shekara ta 1911, masu noma na Mymensingh sun haɗu da ƙananan lambobi daga Pabna, Bogra da Rangpur waɗanda suka zauna a cikin ƙasashen Char na Goalpara da wasu bayan haka; a shekara ta 1921 an kafa baƙi har zuwa gundumomin tsakiya na Assam, galibi tare da Brahmaputra duk da haka sun yi ƙoƙari suyi nesa, tare da wasu kusa da iyakar Bhutan; kuma a shekara ta 1931 karuwar ta kasance da cewa har ma jami'an Burtaniya sun fara magana game da sauye-sauyen jama'a Wannan rukuni ya zama ana kiransa Miya kuma babban ɓangaren su sun yarda da harshen Assamese a matsayin yarensu. === Bayan mulkin mallaka === ==== Hindu daga Gabashin Pakistan ==== Rarraba Indiya ya haifar da ficewar mutanen Hindu na Bengali galibi daga Sylhet Division a Gabashin Pakistan zuwa Assam, wanda ya kai tsakanin dubban 700 da 800. Wannan guguwar ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1970 sannan ta ragu. Ba kamar manomi musulmi wanda ya zo daga Mymensingh da yamma neman ƙasa ba, wannan rukuni ya zo daga kudu kuma ya zauna mafi yawa a kusa da garuruwa, cibiyoyin sabis da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa. ==== Sauran kungiyoyin Indiya ==== Shige da fice na kungiyoyin Arewacin Indiya, musamman daga gabashin [./Uttar_Pra&#x3C;i&#x20;id= desh" id="mwApI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh] da [[Bihar]], a lokacin bayan Independence ya kasance mai karfi sosai. Gabaɗaya ana kiransu desuwali (cin hanci da rashawa na ''deshwali'' da ke nufin ƙasarsu ko desh), sun fito ne daga asalin zamantakewar al'umma kuma sun zo ne a matsayin ma'aikatan gine-gine, masu jan motoci, masu jan rickshaw, masu takalma, masu aski kuma a ƙarshe sun zauna a Assam, yawanci a cikin ƙasashe masu lalacewa - kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami nasarori masu dacewa a kasuwanci da kasuwanci kuma sun zama masu tsayin dindindin a siyasa. Sauran ƙananan kungiyoyi sun haɗa da baƙi daga Punjab waɗanda suka shiga kasuwanci da kasuwanci; da kuma mutanen da suka shiga ilimi, da kuma ayyukan likita (kamar jinya). == Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci == An san Assam a matsayin ƙasar da al'adu daban-daban suka zauna. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Assam daga wurare daban-daban, domin yankin yana da alaƙa da jihohi da ƙasashe daban-daban a tsawon tarihi. Austro-Asiatics, Tibeto-Burmans, da Indo-Aryans a tarihi su ne ƙungiyoyi mafi mahimmanci da tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin gargajiya da suka isa Assam, kuma har zuwa yau, suna ci gaba da kasancewa muhimman abubuwa na "Ƙasashen Asiya na Baƙi". Babban ƙungiyar Bodo-Kachari ta ƙunshi babban ɓangare na Assam, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan kabilu 19 na filayen da tuddai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin karni na 13 AZ, [[Mutanen Tai]] sun isa Kwarin Brahmaputra na Assam. Zuriyarsu sun zama Tai Ahoms, waɗanda suka tashi a matsayin babban rukuni a yankin tare da mulkin Ahom ({{Circa}} ƙarni na 13 zuwa 19 AZ). Su ne kabilanci wanda ke da alaƙa da Upper Assam Bodo-Kachari kungiyoyi kamar Chuchias, Morans da Borahis. Tare da Tai Ahoms, wasu fitattun kungiyoyi sun mallaki sassan Kwarin Assam a lokacin zamani, musamman Chutias, Kochs, da Dimasas. Masarautar Chutia ta mallaki gabashin Assam daga 1187 zuwa 1523, Masarautar Koch ta mallaki Lower Assam daga 1515 zuwa 1949, kuma Masarautar Dimasa ta mallaki kudancin Assam daga karni na 13 zuwa 1854. Ƙabilar Bodo, wanda aka fi sani da Boro, sune mafi girman ƙungiyar harshe ta zamani a jihar Assam. Sun fi mayar da hankali a arewacin Assam, a Bodoland. Suna magana da yaren Bodo, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 22 na tsarin mulki na Indiya. Assam koyaushe ta kasance ƙasa ce ta [[Ƙabila|ƙabilar]] tarihi, kuma yawancin al'ummomin Assamese a yau suna riƙe da tsarin kabilanci. Sauran mutane da yawa, yanzu ana ɗaukar su mutanen da ba na kabilanci ba ne na Assam, an sannu a hankali suka tuba daga kabilanci zuwa tsarin kabilanci ta hanyar Sanskritisation. Yawancin kabilun 'yan asalin kamar Moran, Chutia, Motok, Tai Ahoms da Koch, da kuma kungiyoyin da ba' yan asalin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=N. |date=February 2016 |title=Tea Tribes of Assam: Colonial Exploitation and Assertion of Adivasi Rights K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/25822076 |journal=Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |issn=2394-5524}}</ref> kamar kabilun shayi sun nemi matsayin Scheduled Tribe (ST), wani nau'i na tabbatar da aiki da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya don kabilun da ba su da tattalin arziki. Idan an yarda da shi, wannan na iya sanya Assam babbar jiha ta kabilanci, tana da manyan tasirin siyasa. == Dubi kuma == * Mutanen Assam * Mutanen Meitei a Assam == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai ==   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] blwcnczwgoi2gvfgfvkitanojytm9yq Kogin Tsiribihina 0 154489 846094 2026-06-03T14:18:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327042516|Tsiribihina River]]" 846094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsiribihina''' kogin yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ne. Manyan kogunan [[Kogin Mahajilo|Mahajilo]], [[Manandaza River|Manandaza]], [[Kogin Mania|Mania]], da [[Kogin Sakeny|Sakeny]] . Kogin nasa yana da fadin kilomita 49,800 <sup>.</sup> 7,025 <sup>km2</sup> yana cikin kwarin Kogin Sakeny, kilomita 14,500 <sup>km2</sup> a cikin kogin Mahajilo, da kuma kilomita 18,565 <sup>km2</sup> a cikin kogin Mania. Mafarin ruwan yana kan tsaunukan Tsakiyar Madagascar. Madatsun ruwa galibi suna kwarara zuwa yamma banda Sakeny, wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa. Yayin da suke barin tsaunukan kuma suka shiga yankin Betsiriry Plain, kogunan ruwa suna haɗuwa don samar da Tsiribihina - Mahajilo da Manandaza daga arewa, da kuma Mania da Sakeny daga kudu. Akwai wurare masu yawa na dausayi na yanayi da tafkuna marasa zurfi inda koguna ke taruwa a kan fili. Ƙasa mai wadata ta Betsiriry Plain ta sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi dacewa don noma a yammacin Madgagascar. Madatsun ruwa da tafkuna na fili suna da mahimmanci wurin zama ga tsuntsayen ruwa. Daga nan Tsiribihina ya ratsa yamma, yana yanke wani kwarin dutse mai tsayi da lanƙwasa ta cikin Filayen Bemaraha, wani dutse mai duwatsu da ke fitowa daga arewa da kudu tare da gefen yamma na Filayen Betsiriry. Yayin da kogin ke fitowa daga Filayen Bemaraha, yana faɗaɗawa da juyawa. <ref name="Aldegheri" /> Akwai tafkuna masu zurfi da yawa a gefen ƙasan, ciki har da Tafkin Kimanomby kusa da Ambohibary da Tafkin Masoarivo kusa da Masoarivo. Kogin delta yana da girma, yana da nisan kilomita 35 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Ya haɗa da rairayin bakin teku da tuddai, laka, filayen gishiri, mangroves, da dausayin ruwa mai tsafta. Mangroves gabaɗaya suna da tsayin mita 2-4, kuma bishiyoyin da suka fi yawa nau'ikan ''Avicennia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera'', da ''Sonneratia'' ne. Manyan wuraren gishiri galibi suna ambaliya a lokacin damina. Fadadden ruwa da tafkunan ƙasan Tsiribihina suna mamaye da sedges ''Cyperus'' spp, reed ''Phragmites'', da kuma hyacinth ''Eichhornia'' da ba na asali ba. Bakin kogin yana kusa da Belon'i Tsiribihina, inda yake kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tashar Mozambique]] . An tattara nau'ikan tsuntsaye 82 daga Kogin Tsiribihina da yankin delta, 22 daga cikinsu suna da yawa a Madagascar. Bernier's teal ( ''Anas bernieri'' ) suna kiwo a cikin mangroves. Madagascar pratincole ( ''Glareola ocularis'' ) suna taruwa da yawa a gefen kogin, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Madagascar na nau'ikan agwagwa masu farin baya na Madagascar ( ''Thalassornis leuconotus insularis'' ) suna faruwa a Tafkin Masoarivo. Wasu nau'ikan gaggafa na kifi na Madagascar ( ''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' ) suna zaune a gefen kogin. Yankin da ke da kariya daga Menabe Antimena ya mamaye gabar kudu ta ƙananan Tsiribihina tare da delta da mangroves. An sanya yankin Tsiribihina Delta a matsayin ƙasa mai dausayi mai mahimmanci a duniya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, kuma an sanya Kogin Tsiribihina da delta ɗinsa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye ta Birdlife International . == Manazarta == ibe6304qn4yqcxflhnkn9878c64jbnj 846095 846094 2026-06-03T14:18:38Z Engineer014 44591 846095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsiribihina''' kogin yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ne. Manyan kogunan [[Kogin Mahajilo|Mahajilo]], [[Manandaza River|Manandaza]], [[Kogin Mania|Mania]], da [[Kogin Sakeny|Sakeny]] . Kogin nasa yana da fadin kilomita 49,800 <sup>.</sup> 7,025 <sup>km2</sup> yana cikin kwarin Kogin Sakeny, kilomita 14,500 <sup>km2</sup> a cikin kogin Mahajilo, da kuma kilomita 18,565 <sup>km2</sup> a cikin kogin Mania. Mafarin ruwan yana kan tsaunukan Tsakiyar Madagascar. Madatsun ruwa galibi suna kwarara zuwa yamma banda Sakeny, wanda ke kwarara zuwa arewa. Yayin da suke barin tsaunukan kuma suka shiga yankin Betsiriry Plain, kogunan ruwa suna haɗuwa don samar da Tsiribihina - Mahajilo da Manandaza daga arewa, da kuma Mania da Sakeny daga kudu. Akwai wurare masu yawa na dausayi na yanayi da tafkuna marasa zurfi inda koguna ke taruwa a kan fili. Ƙasa mai wadata ta Betsiriry Plain ta sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi dacewa don noma a yammacin Madgagascar. Madatsun ruwa da tafkuna na fili suna da mahimmanci wurin zama ga tsuntsayen ruwa. Daga nan Tsiribihina ya ratsa yamma, yana yanke wani kwarin dutse mai tsayi da lanƙwasa ta cikin Filayen Bemaraha, wani dutse mai duwatsu da ke fitowa daga arewa da kudu tare da gefen yamma na Filayen Betsiriry. Yayin da kogin ke fitowa daga Filayen Bemaraha, yana faɗaɗawa da juyawa. <ref name="Aldegheri" /> Akwai tafkuna masu zurfi da yawa a gefen ƙasan, ciki har da Tafkin Kimanomby kusa da Ambohibary da Tafkin Masoarivo kusa da Masoarivo. Kogin delta yana da girma, yana da nisan kilomita 35 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Ya haɗa da rairayin bakin teku da tuddai, laka, filayen gishiri, mangroves, da dausayin ruwa mai tsafta. Mangroves gabaɗaya suna da tsayin mita 2-4, kuma bishiyoyin da suka fi yawa nau'ikan ''Avicennia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera'', da ''Sonneratia'' ne. Manyan wuraren gishiri galibi suna ambaliya a lokacin damina. Fadadden ruwa da tafkunan ƙasan Tsiribihina suna mamaye da sedges ''Cyperus'' spp, reed ''Phragmites'', da kuma hyacinth ''Eichhornia'' da ba na asali ba. Bakin kogin yana kusa da Belon'i Tsiribihina, inda yake kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tashar Mozambique]] . An tattara nau'ikan tsuntsaye 82 daga Kogin Tsiribihina da yankin delta, 22 daga cikinsu suna da yawa a Madagascar. Bernier's teal ( ''Anas bernieri'' ) suna kiwo a cikin mangroves. Madagascar pratincole ( ''Glareola ocularis'' ) suna taruwa da yawa a gefen kogin, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Madagascar na nau'ikan agwagwa masu farin baya na Madagascar ( ''Thalassornis leuconotus insularis'' ) suna faruwa a Tafkin Masoarivo. Wasu nau'ikan gaggafa na kifi na Madagascar ( ''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' ) suna zaune a gefen kogin. Yankin da ke da kariya daga Menabe Antimena ya mamaye gabar kudu ta ƙananan Tsiribihina tare da delta da mangroves. An sanya yankin Tsiribihina Delta a matsayin ƙasa mai dausayi mai mahimmanci a duniya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, kuma an sanya Kogin Tsiribihina da delta ɗinsa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye ta Birdlife International . == Manazarta == djm2pp47e5natuojqdh4qgm5dszr0r5 Kogin Mutshindudi 0 154490 846098 2026-06-03T14:22:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976253|Mutshindudi River]]" 846098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mutshindudi''' [[kogi]] ne a lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Soutpansberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soutpansberg – Limpopo Tourism |url=https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/,%20https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kogin Levuvhu ne mai hannun dama. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 534 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutshindudi River (Mutshindudiriver) Map, Weather and Photos - South Africa: stream - Lat:-22.8667 and Long:30.7167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/south_africa/limpopo/_mutshindudiriver/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> sama da matakin teku. Yana da kimanin mita 50.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita kuma yana faɗuwa daga yankin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a tsawon mita 1200 zuwa wani kwarin ƙasa mai tsayin mita 450 inda ya haɗu da kogin Luvuvhu, ƙaramin kogi ne amma mai ɗorewa, wanda ke samar da buƙatun cikin gida na yankin gundumar Thohoyandou. Akwai manyan ramuka da raƙuman ruwa masu faɗi mita 20 da tsayi mita 80 a nan == Dams == === Dam na Vondo === An gina Vondo Dam a cikin 1982 akan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Thohoyandou da Sibasa. An gina shi don samar da ruwa ga Tate - Vondo Tea Estate. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 1bz2x33d74c97h4kxpxpxg263uhdkl5 846100 846098 2026-06-03T14:27:55Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976253|Mutshindudi River]]" 846100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mutshindudi''' [[kogi]] ne a lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Soutpansberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soutpansberg – Limpopo Tourism |url=https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/,%20https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kogin Levuvhu ne mai hannun dama. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 534 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutshindudi River (Mutshindudiriver) Map, Weather and Photos - South Africa: stream - Lat:-22.8667 and Long:30.7167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/south_africa/limpopo/_mutshindudiriver/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> sama da matakin teku. Yana da kimanin mita 50.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita kuma yana faɗuwa daga yankin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a tsawon mita 1200 zuwa wani kwarin ƙasa mai tsayin mita 450 inda ya haɗu da kogin Luvuvhu, ƙaramin kogi ne amma mai ɗorewa, wanda ke samar da buƙatun cikin gida na yankin gundumar Thohoyandou. Akwai manyan ramuka da raƙuman ruwa masu faɗi mita 20 da tsayi mita 80 a nan. == Dams == === Dam na Vondo === An gina Vondo Dam a cikin 1982 akan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Thohoyandou da Sibasa. An gina shi don samar da ruwa ga Tate - Vondo Tea Estate. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == bwtf6k6t8werv46t2md6y5kubkifwyq 846101 846100 2026-06-03T14:28:23Z Engineer014 44591 846101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mutshindudi''' [[kogi]] ne a lardin Limpopo na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Soutpansberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soutpansberg – Limpopo Tourism |url=https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/,%20https://golimpopo.com/tour-item/soutpansberg/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kogin Levuvhu ne mai hannun dama. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 534 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutshindudi River (Mutshindudiriver) Map, Weather and Photos - South Africa: stream - Lat:-22.8667 and Long:30.7167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/south_africa/limpopo/_mutshindudiriver/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> sama da matakin teku. Yana da kimanin mita 50.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita kuma yana faɗuwa daga yankin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a tsawon mita 1200 zuwa wani kwarin ƙasa mai tsayin mita 450 inda ya haɗu da kogin Luvuvhu, ƙaramin kogi ne amma mai ɗorewa, wanda ke samar da buƙatun cikin gida na yankin gundumar Thohoyandou. Akwai manyan ramuka da raƙuman ruwa masu faɗi mita 20 da tsayi mita 80 a nan. == Dams == === Dam na Vondo === An gina Vondo Dam a cikin 1982 akan kogin Mutshindudi kusa da Thohoyandou da Sibasa. An gina shi don samar da ruwa ga Tate - Vondo Tea Estate. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 5ze1sanfsdxzz2sxbz7raojfdv124pd Samun sa 0 154491 846099 2026-06-03T14:26:59Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303680427|Availability]]" 846099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}A cikin aikin injiniya mai aminci, kalmar nan '''samuwa''' tana da ma'anoni masu zuwa:samuwa * Matsayin da tsarin, tsarin ko kayan aiki ke cikin takamaiman yanayin aiki da alhakin aiki a farkon manufa, lokacin da aka kira manufa a wani ba a sani ba, ''watau'' bazuwar, lokaci. * Halin yiwuwar wani abu zai yi aiki da gamsarwa a wani lokaci lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a karkashin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin tallafi. Yawancin tsarin samuwa na yau da kullun ana iya ƙayyade su a matsayin 99.98%, 99.999% ko 99.9996%. Sabanin, '''rashin samuwa''', shine 1 minus samuwa. == Wakilin == M''A'' sauki wakil''C'' na '''samuwa''' (A) shine rabo na sa ran darajar uptime na tsarin zuwa jimlar da ake tsammani dabi'un sama da sauka lokaci (wanda ke haifar da "cikakken lokaci" C na lura taga) : <math>A = \frac{E[\mathrm{uptime}]}{E[\mathrm{uptime}]+E[\mathrm{downtime}]} = \frac{E[\mathrm{uptime}]}{C}</math> W''A'' daidaitattun don '''samuwa''' (A) shine rabo na Matsakaicin Lokaci don Rashin Nasara (MTTF) da Matsakaicin Lokacin Tsakanin Rashin Nasarawa (MTBF), ko : <math>A = \frac{MTTF}{MTTF + MTTR} = \frac{MTTF}{MTBF}</math> Idan muka ayyana aikin matsayi X (t) {\displaystyle X (t) } kamar yadda : <math>X(t)= \begin{cases} 1, & \text{sys functions at time } t\\ 0, & \text{maintenance} \end{cases} </math> s''A'' da haka, kasancewar A (''t'') a lokacin ''t'' > 0 ana wakilta ta : <math> A(t)=\Pr[X(t)=1]=E[X(t)]. \, </math> Dole ne a bayyana matsakaicin samuwa a kan wani lokaci na ainihin layin. Idan muka yi la'akari da wani abu mai mahimmanci c > 0 {\displaystyle c>0} , sa'an nan matsakaicin samuwa ana wakilta shi kamar yadda : <math> A_c = \frac{1}{c} \int_0^c A(t)\,dt. </math> Yankewa (ko daidaitaccen yanayin) ana wakilta shi da : <math> A = \lim_{c \rightarrow \infty} A_c. </math> An kuma bayyana iyakance matsakaicin samuwa a kan wani lokaci [ 0 , c ] {\displaystyle [0,c]} kamar yadda, : <math> A_\infty =\lim_{c \rightarrow \infty} A_c = \lim_{c \rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{c} \int_0^c A(t)\,dt,\quad c > 0. </math> Samun shine yiwuwar cewa wani abu zai kasance a cikin yanayin aiki da alhakin aiki a farkon manufa lokacin da aka kira manufa a lokaci mara kyau, kuma an bayyana shi gabaɗaya a matsayin lokacin aiki da aka raba ta jimlar lokacin (lokacin aiki tare da lokacin aiki). === Jerin vs Abubuwan da ke cikin layi daya === [[Fayil:Series_vs_parallel_components.png|alt=series vs parallel components|thumb|397x397px|jerin vs sassan layi daya]] Bari mu ce wani bangare na jerin ya kunshi bangarorin A, B da C. Sa'an nan kuma wannan tsari ya shafi: Samun sashi na jerin = (samun sashi A) x (samun bangare B) x (kasancewar bangare C) Sabili da haka, haɗakar wadatar abubuwa da yawa a cikin jerin koyaushe ƙasa da wadatar abubuwan da ke cikin mutum. A gefe guda, wannan tsari ya shafi sassan layi daya: Samun sassan layi daya = 1 - (1 - kasancewar sashi A) X (1 - kasancewarsa na sashi B) X (1: kasancewar sashe C) [[Fayil:System_availability_chart.png|alt=10 hosts, each having 50% availability. But if they are used in parallel and fail independently, they can provide high availability.|thumb|10 runduna, kowannensu yana da kashi 50% na samuwa. Amma idan an yi amfani da su a layi daya kuma sun kasa da kansu, za su iya samar da wadata mai yawa.]] A cikin ma'ana, idan kuna da N sassan layi daya kowannensu yana da X, to: Samun sassan layi daya = 1 - (1 - X) ^ N Yin amfani da sassan layi daya na iya kara yawan wadatar tsarin gaba ɗaya. Misali idan kowane daga cikin rundunoninku yana da kashi 50% kawai, ta hanyar amfani da rundunonin 10 a layi daya, zaku iya samun 99.9023% samuwa. Lura Lura cewa Redundancy ba koyaushe ke haifar da mafi girma samarwa ba. A zahiri, sake fasalin yana ƙaruwa rikice-rikice wanda ya rage kasancewa. A cewar Marc BroOKER, don amfani da Redundancy, tabbatar da cewa redundancy ba koyaushe yana haifar da wadata mafi girma ba. A zahiri, redundancy yana ƙara rikitarwa wanda hakan ke rage wadata. A cewar Marc Brooker, don amfani da redundancy, tabbatar da cewa: # Kuna samun ci gaba mai kyau a cikin cikakkiyar tsarin ku # Abubuwan da ke cikinka sun kasa da kansu # Tsarinku na iya gano abubuwan da suka dace masu lafiya # Tsarinku na iya daidaitawa da kuma daidaitawa da abubuwan da ba su da amfani. === Hanyoyi da dabaru don samar da samfurin === Ana haɓaka Diagrams na Amincewa ko Nazarin Itace don lissafin kasancewar tsarin ko yanayin gazawar aiki a cikin tsarin ciki har da dalilai da yawa kamar: * Misalai na amintacce * Misalai masu kiyayewa * Ka'idojin kiyayewa * Rashin amfani * Rashin nasarar da aka saba da shi * Binciken ganewar asali * Matsayin gyare-gyare * Yanayin gyare-gyare * Rashin cin nasara * Gudanar da gwajin * Lokaci na aiki / manufofi / jihohin tsarin * Abubuwan da suka dace kamar; matakan ajiya a wurare daban-daban, lokutan sufuri, lokutan gyare-gyare a layin gyare-gine daban-daban. * Rashin tabbas a cikin sigogi Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan hanyoyin suna iya gano abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yanayin gazawar ko abubuwan da suka shafi kasancewar. === Ma'anar a cikin tsarin injiniya === '''Samun, asal<sub>i</sub> (Ai) ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inherent Availability (AI) |url=https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/2045.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413164657/https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/2045.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |website=Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Da yiwuwar cewa wani abu zai yi aiki da gamsarwa a wani lokaci lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin tallafi. Ya cire lokacin dabaru, jira ko lokacin gudanarwa, da kuma lokacin kiyayewa. Ya haɗa da lokacin gyarawa. Ana samun wadatar asali ne daga nazarin ƙirar injiniya: # Tasirin wani abu mai gyarawa (refurbishing / remanufacture ba gyara ba ne, amma maimakon maye gurbin) akan kasancewar tsarin, wanda yake aiki, daidai yake da lokaci tsakanin gazawar MTBF / (MTBF + yana nufin lokaci don gyara MTTR). # Tasirin wani abu daya / wanda ba za a iya gyarawa ba (za a iya gyara / sake yin shi) akan wadatar tsarin, wanda yake aiki, daidai yake da matsakaicin lokacin gazawar (MTTF) / (MTT F + matsakaicin lokaci don gyara MTTR). Ya dogara ne akan adadi a ƙarƙashin ikon mai zanen. '''Samun, wanda aka samu (Aa) ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Achieved Availability (AI) |url=https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/1380.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413164705/https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/1380.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |website=Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Da yiwuwar cewa wani abu zai yi aiki da gamsarwa a wani lokaci lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin tallafi (watau, cewa ma'aikata, kayan aiki, adadi, da dai sauransu suna nan take). Ya cire lokacin dabaru da jira ko lokacin gudanarwa. Ya haɗa da rigakafi mai aiki da gyaran gyare-gyare. '''Kasancewa, mai aiki (Ao)''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Operational Availability (AI) |url=https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/Archived/1476.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312154509/https://dap.dau.mil/glossary/Pages/Archived/1476.aspx |archive-date=12 March 2013 |access-date=10 April 2014 |website=Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms |publisher=Department of Defense}}</ref> Yiwuwar abu zai yi aiki mai gamsarwa a wani lokaci da aka ba da lokacin amfani da shi a cikin yanayin aiki na gaske ko na gaske. Ya haɗa da lokacin kayan aiki, lokacin shirye-shiryen, da jira ko lokacin gudanarwa, da duka na rigakafi da gyaran gyare-gyare. Wannan ƙimar tana daidai da ma'anar lokacin tsakanin gazawa ( MTBF ) an raba ta lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin gazawar da ma'anar raguwa (MDT). Wannan ma'auni yana ƙaddamar da ma'anar samuwa ga abubuwan da masana dabaru da masu tsara manufa ke sarrafawa kamar yawa da kusancin kayan aiki, kayan aiki da ma'aikata zuwa kayan masarufi. Dubi tsarin injiniya don ƙarin bayani === Misali na asali === Idan muna amfani da kayan aiki wanda ke da matsakaicin lokacin gazawar (MTTF) na shekaru 81.5 kuma matsakaicin lokaci don gyara (MTTR) na awa 1: : MTTF a cikin sa'o'i = 81.5 × 365 × 24 = 713940 (Wannan amintaccen ma'auni ne kuma sau da yawa yana da babban matakin rashin tabbas!) : Samun asali (Ai) = 713940 / (713940+1) = 713740 / 713941 = 99.999860%= 713940 / (713940+1) = 713940 / 713941 = 99.999860% : Rashin samuwa = 1 / 713940 = 0.000140% Cutar saboda kayan aiki a cikin sa'o'i a kowace shekara = 1/rate = 1/MTTF = 0.01235 hours a kowace shekara. == Littattafai == An kafa samuwa sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen samfurin stochastic da kuma ingantaccen kulawa. Barlow da Proschan [1975] sun bayyana kasancewar tsarin gyare-gyare a matsayin "mai yiwuwa tsarin yana aiki a wani lokaci da aka ƙayyade t. " Blanchard [1998] ya ba da ma'anar inganci na samuwa a matsayin "ma'auni na matakin tsarin da ke cikin yanayin aiki da kuma alhakin a farkon aikin lokacin da aka kira aikin a wani lokaci mara kyau". Wannan ma'anar ta fito ne daga MIL-STD-721. Lie, Hwang, da Tillman [1977] sun samar da cikakken bincike tare da rarraba tsarin samuwa. Ana rarraba matakan samuwa ta hanyar ko dai lokacin sha'awa ko hanyoyin tsarin lokacin aiki. Idan lokacin sha'awa shine babban damuwa, muna la'akari da nan take, iyakancewa, matsakaici, da iyakance matsakaicin samuwa. An haɓaka ma'anar da aka ambata a sama a cikin Barlow da Proschan [1975], Lie, Hwang, da Tillman [1977], da Nachlas [1998]. Rarrabawar farko ta biyu don samuwa ya dogara da hanyoyin daban-daban don lokacin aiki kamar wadatar asali, samun wadata, da wadatar aiki. (Blanchard [1998], Lie, Hwang, da Tillman [1977]). Mi [1998] yana ba da wasu sakamakon kwatankwacin samuwa la'akari da wadatar asali. Ana iya samun samuwa da aka yi la'akari da ƙirar ƙira a cikin Barlow da Proschan [1975] don samfuran maye gurbin, Fawzi da Hawkes [1991] don tsarin R-out-of-N tare da spares da gyare-gyare, Fawzi da Hawkes [1990] don jerin tsarin tare da maye gurbin da gyarawa, Iyer [1992] don gyaran gyaran gyare-gyaren da ba daidai ba [1992] Nau'in gyare-gyare na zamani, Murdoch 5. [1998, 1989] don samfuran kulawa na rigakafi, da Wang and Pham [1996] don ƙirar kulawa mara kyau. Wani cikakken littafin kwanan nan na Trivedi da Bobbio [2017]. == Aikace-aikacen == Ana amfani da fa'idar samuwa sosai a aikin injiniyan wutar lantarki . Misali, Kamfanin Amintaccen Lantarki na Arewacin Amurka ya aiwatar da Tsarin Samar da Samun Samar da Bayanai a cikin 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2011 |title=Mandatory Reporting of Conventional Generation Performance Data |url=http://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/gads/Publications/GADS---Mandatory%20Reporting%20of%20Conventional%20Generation%20Performance%20Data%20Final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/gads/Publications/GADS---Mandatory%20Reporting%20of%20Conventional%20Generation%20Performance%20Data%20Final.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=13 March 2014 |website=Generating Availability Data System |publisher=North American Electric Reliability Corporation |pages=7, 17}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dogaro da shi * Injiniyanci mai aminci * Injiniyanci na tsaro * Jerin halayen ingancin tsarin * Matsayin tafiye-tafiye na ƙarya * Kulawa ta hanyar yanayi * Rahoton kuskure * Samun yawa * RAMS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} == Tushen == *   * K. Trivedi da A. Bobbio, ''Amincewa da Samun Injiniya: Misali, Bincike da Aikace-aikace'', Cambridge University Press, 2017. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/FaultHandling/reliability_availability_basics.htm Amincewa da Abubuwan Gaskiya] * [http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/FaultHandling/system_reliability_availability.htm Amincewa da Tsarin] * [http://www.weibull.com/hotwire/issue79/relbasics79.htm Samun da Hanyoyi daban-daban don Ƙididdige shi] * [https://evocon.com/kb/how-to-track-technical-availability/ Ta yaya za a bi da kuma inganta wadatar Fasaha?] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cuad4xbvm5dt2l7jvxiwlwr9cphrphy Tape 0 154492 846102 2026-06-03T14:28:46Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349101373|Tape]]" 846102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disambig|surname}}'''Tape''' ko Tapes na iya nufin:kaset == Abubuwan da ake amfani da su == Tape yana da tsawo, kunkuntar, mai laushi na kayan da ake amfani da su don manne abubuwa tare. (duba kuma Ribbon (disambiguation) : === Katunan mannewa === * Rubutun mannewa, kowane nau'in kayan tallafi da aka rufe da mannewa * Rubutun motsa jiki, Rubutun da ke riƙe da tsokoki ko ƙasusuwa a wasu matsayi * Rubutun rufe akwatin, tef mai saurin matsin lamba wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rufewa ko rufe akwatunan fiberboard * Rubutun jan ƙarfe (ko rubber), Rubutun jan karfe mai mannewa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kiyaye slugs da kwari daga wasu yankuna * Rubutun bangarori biyu, duk wani tef mai saurin matsin lamba wanda aka rufe shi da manne a bangarorin biyu * Rubutun bututu, zane-zane ko scrim-da-tushen matsin lamba-tushenta sau da yawa an rufe shi da polyethylene * Rubutun warkewa mai laushi * Rubutun lantarki, wani nau'in tef mai saurin matsin lamba wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rufe wayoyin lantarki da sauran kayan da ke gudanar da wutar lantarki * Filament tape, wani matsin lamba tape amfani da shi don da dama kunshe ayyuka * Gaffer tape, mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi. Tape mai saurin matsin lamba tare da kayan mannewa masu ƙarfi * Rubutun zafi, tsarin da ake amfani da shi don kiyayewa ko haɓaka zafin jiki na bututu da tasoshin don kare bututu daga daskarewa ko kiyaye zafin jiki mai gudana * Tape na Hockey, Tape na manne da kansa wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar hockey na kankara, hockey, da 'yan wasan lacrosse * Masking tape, wanda aka fi sani da mai zane ko mai mannewa, wani nau'in tef mai saurin matsin lamba wanda aka yi da takarda mai laushi da sauƙin tsagewa, da kuma mai saurin saurin matsi * Rubutun mai saurin matsa lamba, tef mai mannewa wanda zai tsaya tare da matsin aikace-aikace, ba tare da buƙatar mai narkewa ba, zafi, ko ruwa * Scotch Tape, sunan alama da aka yi amfani da shi don wasu kaset masu saurin matsin lamba waɗanda 3M ta ƙera * Rubutun da ke haɗuwa da kansa, tef ɗin silicone-rubber wanda ba shi da taƙawa wanda idan aka shimfiɗa shi kuma an lulluɓe shi a ** lamba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a magani da taimakon farko a matsayin bandeji don riƙe sutura a kan rauni ** [[Twill tape|Tushen Twill]], layin da aka yi da shi na auduga, lilin, polyester, ko ulu da aka yi amfani da shi wajen abubuwa ya haɗu da kansa cikin wani nau'i mai ƙarfi. * Rubutun sutura === Alamomi ko alamomi === * Rubutun barricade, wanda aka fi sani da tef na taka tsantsan ko tef na 'yan sanda, tef na filastik mai ƙarfi na launi na sigina don kama hankalin mai wucewa * Rubutun da za'a iya ganowa, tef ɗin da aka binne kusa da gine-ginen karkashin kasa don sa su bayyane ga na'urorin da ke da amfani * Flagging (tape), tef mai launi wanda ba mai mannewa ba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin alamun abubuwa === Kafofin watsa labarai na rikodin === * Audiotape, rikodin sauti a kan tef na magnetic * Compact Cassette ko cassette tape, tsarin rikodin magnetic tape don rikodin sauti da sake kunnawa * Digital Audio Tape (DAT), rikodin sigina da matsakaicin sake kunnawa wanda Sony ta haɓaka kuma ta gabatar a cikin 1987 * Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), tsarin rikodin sauti na magnetic da Philips da Matsushita suka gabatar a ƙarshen 1992 kuma aka tallata shi a matsayin magajin misali na analog Compact cassette * Digital Tape Format, tsarin adana bayanai na magnetic tape wanda Sony ta kirkira * Magnetic tape, matsakaici don rikodin magnetic, wanda aka yi da wani nau'i mai laushi mai laushi a kan dogon fim din filastik Magnetic tef data storage, yana amfani da rikodin dijital akan magnetic tape don adana bayanan dijital ** Magnetic tape data ajiya, yana amfani da rikodin dijital akan magnetic tape don adana bayanan dijital * Rubutun takarda ko takarda, dogon takarda wanda aka buga ramuka don adana bayanai * Rubuce-rubucen faifan sauti na Reel-to-reel, rikodin faifan magnetic wanda aka gudanar da matsakaicin rikodin a kan reel, maimakon a ƙunshe shi a cikin cassette * Tape drive, na'urar adana bayanai wacce ke karantawa da rubuta bayanai a kan tef na magnetic * Mai rikodin tef, na'urar ajiyar sauti wanda ke yin rikodin kuma yana kunna sauti ta amfani da tef ɗin magnetic ** Tape head, wani nau'in transducer da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin masu rikodin tef don canza siginar lantarki zuwa sauye-sauyen magnetic da kuma akasin haka * Tape na Ticker, farkon matsakaicin sadarwa na lantarki, watsa bayanan farashin hannun jari akan layin telegraph * Videotape, rikodin hotuna da sauti a kan tef na magnetic kamar yadda ya saba da kayan fim da aka yi amfani da su a yin fim ko samun dama ga kafofin watsa labarai na dijital === Sauran ayyuka === * Rubutun barbed ko waya na razor, ma'auni na sassan ƙarfe tare da gefuna masu kaifi wanda manufarsa ita ce hana wucewa ta mutane * Bubble Tape, wani nau'in kumfa da Wm ta samar. Kamfanin Wrigley Jr. * Tape (bincike) , wanda aka yi amfani da shi a binciken don auna nisan kwance, tsaye, ko gangara * Ma'auni na tebur, ko ma'auni, wani nau'i mai sauƙi na mai mulki * Tape na sutura, wanda aka fi sani da tef na mai famfo ko "Teflon tape", fim don amfani a cikin bututun bututu == Yanayin ƙasa == * Burma, kogin kogin a cikin Gidajen Homo Kaset, Rio Grande do Sul, wata hukuma a Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, == Mutane == * Seb Tape (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya == Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == === Fim din === * <nowiki><i id="mweA">Tape</i></nowiki> (fim na 2001) , fim din 2001 wanda Richard Linklater ya jagoranta * <nowiki><i id="mwew">Tape</i></nowiki> (fim na 2020) , fim din 2020 wanda Deborah Kampmeier ta jagoranta * Tape (wasan), wasan kwaikwayo na 1999 na Stephen Belber === Waƙoƙi === * "Tape", waƙar 2018 ta Brockhampton daga Iridescence''Rashin ƙarfi'' * The Tape (album) , Kid Capri album * <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">Tape</i></nowiki> (album) , Patty Griffin album === Talabijin === * TAPE Inc., kamfanin samar da talabijin a Philippines * "The Tape", wani labari na ''Seinfeld'' == Sauran amfani == * Red tape, wani colloquialism don nauyi ko rashin so tsarin mulki * ''Tapai'' (kuma tapay ko tef), abinci ne na gargajiya da aka samu a yawancin kudu maso gabashin Asiya da sassa na Gabashin Asiya == Dubi kuma == * Ribbon mcz0p3hj4tj4z3k3jb4eglu55vyqo6r Horseshoe Falls (Afirka ta Kudu) 0 154493 846103 2026-06-03T14:29:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1235011644|Horseshoe Falls (South Africa)]]" 846103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Horseshoe''' na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] suna cikin wurare 4&nbsp;kilomita daga Tsohon Titin Lydenburg tare da [[Kogin Sabie]] a Mpumalanga . Waɗannan magudanar ruwa masu ban mamaki, kodayake ba su da tsayi sosai, suna da siffar takalmin dawaki kuma an ayyana su a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. Tafiya ta ɗan gajeren lokaci ta cikin kyakkyawan yanayi yana kai baƙo zuwa ga magudanar ruwa mai kama da cascade. A nan mutum yana da damar ganin wasu tsuntsayen gida ko wasu namun daji. Kodayake yana da sauƙin shiga, ana cajin ƙaramin kuɗi don shiga wurin shakatawa inda za a iya jin daɗin wannan kyakkyawan jan hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horse Shoe Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga |url=http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.htm}}</ref> Magudanar Ruwa ta Horseshoe kuma wuri ne mai shahara don kamun kifi na kifi. == Sauran abubuwan jan hankali == Filin wasan kwaikwayo da ke filin shakatawa na Khahlamba Drakensberg na Burtaniya, wanda kuma yake a Afirka ta Kudu, yana da manyan duwatsu masu siffar takalmin doki wanda za a iya rikitar da shi yayin da faɗuwar takalmin doki ke faruwa. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.htm Ruwan Horseshoe Falls] a SA Wurare * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308151231/http://sa.travel-directory.co/21/places/mpumalanga/sabie/attractions/horseshoe-falls Tafiyar Doki] ta Dawaki a SA == Manazarta == aiokseeykvf12bjxz1co837eryi2pjm 846104 846103 2026-06-03T14:30:24Z Engineer014 44591 846104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Horseshoe''' na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] suna cikin wurare 4&nbsp;kilomita daga Tsohon Titin Lydenburg tare da [[Kogin Sabie]] a Mpumalanga . Waɗannan magudanar ruwa masu ban mamaki, kodayake ba su da tsayi sosai, suna da siffar takalmin dawaki kuma an ayyana su a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. Tafiya ta ɗan gajeren lokaci ta cikin kyakkyawan yanayi yana kai baƙo zuwa ga magudanar ruwa mai kama da cascade. A nan mutum yana da damar ganin wasu tsuntsayen gida ko wasu namun daji. Kodayake yana da sauƙin shiga, ana cajin ƙaramin kuɗi don shiga wurin shakatawa inda za a iya jin daɗin wannan kyakkyawan jan hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horse Shoe Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga |url=http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.htm}}</ref> Magudanar Ruwa ta Horseshoe kuma wuri ne mai shahara don kamun kifi na kifi. == Sauran abubuwan jan hankali == Filin wasan kwaikwayo da ke filin shakatawa na Khahlamba Drakensberg na Burtaniya, wanda kuma yake a Afirka ta Kudu, yana da manyan duwatsu masu siffar takalmin doki wanda za a iya rikitar da shi yayin da faɗuwar takalmin doki ke faruwa. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.htm Ruwan Horseshoe Falls] a SA Wurare * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308151231/http://sa.travel-directory.co/21/places/mpumalanga/sabie/attractions/horseshoe-falls Tafiyar Doki] ta Dawaki a SA == Manazarta == noezgc1b4nw5ktjn2igvazk6flpytr0 Gidaje a Azerbaijan 0 154494 846105 2026-06-03T14:31:02Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1141248283|Housing in Azerbaijan]]" 846105 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidaje a [[Azerbaijan]] suna da alaƙa da yawan mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu.[ Gine-gine a masana'antar gidaje sun fara inganta a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, sakamakon dokar shugaban ƙasa (1997), wadda ta kawar da ikon mallakar ɓangaren gine-gine na gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikinti kompleksinin inhisarsızlaşdırılması və özəlləşdirilməsi tədbirləri haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/4086 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan 2016 {{!}} CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE {{!}} REVIEW: CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/azerbaijan-2016/moving-on-up/review |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=The Business Year}}</ref> == Nau'ikan gidaje == Two types of residence are predominant in [[Azerbaijan]]: the single-family detached home and multi-family residential. Additional kinds of housing include dormitories, communal apartments, and summerhouses.<ref name="Nikki Kazimova 2011" /> Housing stock of [[Azerbaijan]] is divided into 2 groups as existing and recently built. Existing houses are also classified by the period of their construction:<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> * Gidajen da aka gina kafin shekarun 1920 - galibi suna cikin sassan tarihi na birane. Irin wannan dukiya tana buƙatar sake ginawa da gyare-gyare don saduwa da ka'idodin gidaje na yau da kullun. * ''Gidajen da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na 2'' - a cikin 1920-1940 - galibi suna cikin yankunan karkara. Ana raba kicin da dakunan wanka na irin waɗannan gidajen da aka gina a cikin birane. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2 -'' a cikin shekarun 1960 gina gidaje da aka riga aka gina sun karu kuma an shirya sabbin gundumomi da za a cika su da irin waɗannan gidaje. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan samun 'yancin kai''. Saboda yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yanayin siyasa na kasar, gina gidaje ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1990. A wannan lokacin, an gina gidaje masu zaman kansu mafi yawa. Gine-gine masu yawa a cikin manyan biranen sun zama masu yawa bayan shekara ta 2000.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> == Ginin gidaje == [[Fayil:Yeni_Binalar-_Bakixanov_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Gidajen iyali da yawa a Baku]] Bangaren gine-gine na ƙasar ya inganta sosai yayin da tattalin arzikin ƙasar ke bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 2000. Da farko, tsarin gini yana gudana cikin sauri a cibiyoyin birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido a faɗin ƙasar. Bangaren gidaje ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Azerbaijan. Bukatar sabbin gidaje na zamani da ake buƙata ta bunƙasa ya buƙaci haɓaka gine-ginen gidaje masu hawa da yawa. Sakamakon haka, an kafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda ke gina gine-ginen gidaje kuma suka zama babban mai samar da gine-ginen kasuwanci. Sabbin ayyuka na gine-ginen gidaje da na gidaje suna ƙaruwa. A shekara ta 2003, ginin gidaje ya sami ci gaba daga murabba'in mita 803,000 a 2002 zuwa murabba'in mita miliyan 1339 a sabbin gine-ginen gidaje. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> == Hukumomin gwamnati == Dokoki da ka'idoji game da gine-gine da ake buƙata don a canza su bayan [[Azerbaijan]] ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, kamar yadda a baya aka yi amfani da su a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] ba tare da an tsara su da kyau ga yanayin gida ba. Saboda haka, an dauki matakai da yawa don magance wannan batun. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta gudanar da batutuwan gidaje kafin 1993. Daga nan, an canza ma'aikatar zuwa Kwamitin Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a a karkashin Ma'aikatun Ministocin Azerbaijan a watan Mayu 1993. An kawar da kwamitin kuma an canja ayyukansa zuwa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> An soke shi a shekara ta 2006 kuma an kafa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine da Gine-gine maimakon hukumar da ta gabata a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Şəhərsalma və Arxitektura Komitəsi |url=http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.arxkom.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jiha a Gine-gine da Ma'aikatar Yanayi na Gaggawa a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2006. An kafa [[Azerbaijan]])" id="mwXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="State Property Issues Committee (Azerbaijan)">Kwamitin Jiha kan Batutuwan Dukiya na Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2009. Kwamitin shine babban bangare na zartarwa wanda ke aiwatar da manufofin jihar da ka'idoji kan gudanar da dukiya da kuma mallakar ta, kuma yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, sarrafa amfani da kariya ga ƙasashe, da gudanar da rajistar jihar da kuma kaddamar da dukiya a Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the State Committee on Property Issues of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102004/http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.stateproperty.gov.az |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Fayil:Housing_fund_in_Azerbaijan.png|left|thumb|405x405px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Bayanan Asusun Gidaje da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Privatization_of_housing_fund_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|394x394px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, keɓance asusun gidaje An cire [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] Don inganta mallakar masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin [[Azerbaijan]] ta karɓi Dokar kan Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci a cikin 1993, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında mənzil fondunun özəlləşdirilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/8124 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Shirin Kasuwanci ya Jiha a Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan na 1995-1998, da Shirin Kashi na Biyu kan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Jamhuriwar Azerbaijan a cikin 2000. Adadin masu zaman kansu ya karu zuwa kashi 85% na dukkan gidaje har zuwa 2010. Idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin mallakar yana da daidaituwa yanzu. Wannan dokar ta sauƙaƙa tsarin mallakar gidaje kuma ta soke abin da ake buƙata na biyan darajar gidan don mallakar.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe2010">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2010). [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf "Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UNECE.org''. Switzerland: United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Gidajen jama'a == Manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnati sun fi mayar da hankali kan matsalolin gidaje na wasu ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, kamar 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijira, nakasassu ko waɗanda suka ji rauni a yaƙi. Akwai hukumomin gwamnati da dama da ke magance wannan batu, kamar Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Ma'aikatar Kare Jama'a, Asusun Ba da Lamuni.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ''Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da IDP'' suna kula da batutuwan gidaje na takamaiman kungiyoyi masu saukin kamuwa, musamman IDPs, wanda yawan su ya kasance 603251 (iyalai 120650) a cikin 2009. Yawancin IDPs suna zaune a kusan cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa 360 na [[Baku]] da Sumgayit. Wadannan cibiyoyin jama'a galibi suna cike da mutane kuma ba sa biyan bukatun mutanen da ke zaune a can, saboda akwai matsaloli tare da kicin, ɗakunan wanka na mutum. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa; Gwamnati ta fara kafa sabbin ƙauyuka ga masu shigo da kaya tun daga shekara ta 2000. Fiye da iyalai 17000 IDP an samar da gidaje a cikin sababbin ƙauyuka 61 da aka gina tsakanin 2004 da 2008. Mutanen da suka ji rauni a lokacin rikici da Armenia, waɗanda gwamnati ta goyi bayan an kuma ba su ko dai gidaje a cikin gine-ginen zama na iyalai da yawa ko kuma gidaje daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnati tana inganta koyarwa a yankunan karkara don cika gibin malamai a waɗancan yankuna. Ana gina ƙananan gidaje a matsayin wani ɓangare na takamaiman shirye-shirye ga malamai. Har ila yau, akwai ci gaba da tsari don tallafawa iyalai matasa waɗanda ke buƙatar yanayin rayuwa mafi kyau. Don rufe wannan fitowar, an kirkiro wani takamaiman sashi mai taken "Inganta yanayin rayuwa ga iyalai matasa" a cikin Shirin Jiha a Sashin Demography da Ci gaban Jama'a da Shugaban Azerbaijan ya amince a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında demoqrafiya və əhali sakinliyinin inkişafı sahəsində Dövlət Proqramının təsdiq edilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/5685 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Dangane da wannan shirin, an bayyana cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin don ƙirƙirar tsarin rance mai ragi don inganta yanayin rayuwa na iyalai matasa da ke cikin bukata. Asusun jinginar gida a karkashin Bankin Kasa na Azerbaijan wanda aka kafa ta hanyar umarnin Shugaban kasa, don bunkasa yanayin rayuwa na yawan jama'a, ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsarin kudi na gidaje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About AMF |url=http://www.amf.az/?/en/menu/76/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.amf.az/?%2Fen%2Fmenu%2F76%2F |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=amf.az}}</ref> ya fara kula da tsarin rarraba rance tun 2005. Asusun yana ba da jinginar gida kamar kashi 4% ga takamaiman kungiyoyi. === Gidajen kamfanoni === Wasu kamfanonin Azerbaijan suna kula da ginin gidaje na kansu ga ma'aikatan da ke cikin bukata. Misali, SOCAR ta kafa "Neftchi" Housing Construction Cooperative a shekarar 2010 domin inganta yanayin gidaje na ma'aikatanta. Ana gudanar da zama memba a wannan hadin gwiwa bisa ga aikace-aikacen ma'aikatan da suka yi rijista a tsarin gidaje na SOCAR. SOCAR tana biyan wani ɓangare na kuɗin gidan, sauran kuma ma'aikacin ne ke biyansa ga hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career-SOCAR |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/careers/career-at-socar/working-at-socar |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, hadin gwiwar "Neftchi" tana gina sabbin gine-ginen zama, yayin da aka sanya ɗayan gine-giginen aiki a cikin 2016 a gundumar Khatai ta [[Baku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Archive-SOCAR President has presented the new apartments to the oilmen |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/news-and-media/news-archives/news-archives/id/10117 |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=az}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai, da Azerbaijan Railways CJSC suma sun ba ma'aikatansu gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sariyeva |first=Irada |date=2013-12-10 |title=State programs and public interests in the sphere of housing maintenance of budget workers |url=http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/baki_xeber/2013/dekabr/340738.htm |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.anl.az}}</ref> == Gidaje masu araha == An kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha a karkashin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar No. 858 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016 tare da manufar biyan bukatun 'yan ƙasa a cikin gidaje, inganta yanayin rayuwarsu, da kuma gina gidaje masu yawa. Bayan haka, an kafa "MIDA" LLC a karkashin Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Jiha don inganta gina gine-ginen zama masu hawa da yawa a cikin ƙasar da kuma tabbatar da cewa 'yan ƙasa suna jin daɗin tallace-tallace na gidaje, da kuma amfani da kudaden da aka ware don gina gine-gine masu hawa da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti yanında Mənzil İnşaatı Dövlət Agentliyi |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/about/history/ |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Yasamal Residential Complex - aikin farko na Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha an shirya don gina gidaje masu yawa 29 tare da gidaje 1843 a yankin 11.6 ha a gundumar Yasamal ta [[Baku]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> An fara aikin gini na farko a cikin hadaddun a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 kuma an shirya za a ba da izini a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasamal RC - Homepage |url=http://yasamal.mida.az/about |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=yasamal.mida.az |language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the State Agency for Housing Construction for the first half of 2017 |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/108/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> * Hovsan Residential Complex - a watan Fabrairun 2017, an ware wani yanki na hekta 20 a yankin Surakhani na [[Baku]] don gina gidaje masu yawa bisa ga dokar majalisar ministoci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects - Hovsan - Progress |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> tsarin gini na gidan farko na wannan hadaddun ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundbreaking ceremony of the first building in Hovsan Residential Complex |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/157/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Gidan zama mai gidaje 2962 an kaddamar da shi a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2020, ta hanyar Shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Azerbaijan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilham Aliyev attended opening of Hovsan residential complex |url=https://en.president.az/articles/36241 |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=Official website of President of Azerbaijan |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ratio_of_state,_public_and_housing_cooperatives_and_dwelling_stocks_in_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|442x442px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Inganta asusun gidaje Bayanan da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Ayyuka == Karamar hukuma suna da alhakin samar da kayan aiki a cikin gine-gine. Masu samar da wutar lantarki, iskar gas da tsabtace muhalli kamfanoni ne na jihar, yayin da kamfanoni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ke ba da kula da sharar gida. Don inganta ingancin kayan aiki, [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya]], da Bankin Duniya sun shiga cikin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli. == Dubi kuma == Kwamitin Batutuwan Kasuwanci na Jiha (Azerbaijan) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgaa8d98t3x5sj5no6tf5bpiez4prcp 846106 846105 2026-06-03T14:31:22Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Gidaje a [[Azerbaijan]] suna da alaƙa da yawan mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu.[ Gine-gine a masana'antar gidaje sun fara inganta a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, sakamakon dokar shugaban ƙasa (1997), wadda ta kawar da ikon mallakar ɓangaren gine-gine na gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikinti kompleksinin inhisarsızlaşdırılması və özəlləşdirilməsi tədbirləri haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/4086 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan 2016 {{!}} CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE {{!}} REVIEW: CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/azerbaijan-2016/moving-on-up/review |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=The Business Year}}</ref> == Nau'ikan gidaje == Two types of residence are predominant in [[Azerbaijan]]: the single-family detached home and multi-family residential. Additional kinds of housing include dormitories, communal apartments, and summerhouses.<ref name="Nikki Kazimova 2011" /> Housing stock of [[Azerbaijan]] is divided into 2 groups as existing and recently built. Existing houses are also classified by the period of their construction:<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> * Gidajen da aka gina kafin shekarun 1920 - galibi suna cikin sassan tarihi na birane. Irin wannan dukiya tana buƙatar sake ginawa da gyare-gyare don saduwa da ka'idodin gidaje na yau da kullun. * ''Gidajen da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na 2'' - a cikin 1920-1940 - galibi suna cikin yankunan karkara. Ana raba kicin da dakunan wanka na irin waɗannan gidajen da aka gina a cikin birane. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2 -'' a cikin shekarun 1960 gina gidaje da aka riga aka gina sun karu kuma an shirya sabbin gundumomi da za a cika su da irin waɗannan gidaje. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan samun 'yancin kai''. Saboda yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yanayin siyasa na kasar, gina gidaje ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1990. A wannan lokacin, an gina gidaje masu zaman kansu mafi yawa. Gine-gine masu yawa a cikin manyan biranen sun zama masu yawa bayan shekara ta 2000.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> == Ginin gidaje == [[Fayil:Yeni_Binalar-_Bakixanov_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Gidajen iyali da yawa a Baku]] Bangaren gine-gine na ƙasar ya inganta sosai yayin da tattalin arzikin ƙasar ke bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 2000. Da farko, tsarin gini yana gudana cikin sauri a cibiyoyin birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido a faɗin ƙasar. Bangaren gidaje ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Azerbaijan. Bukatar sabbin gidaje na zamani da ake buƙata ta bunƙasa ya buƙaci haɓaka gine-ginen gidaje masu hawa da yawa. Sakamakon haka, an kafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda ke gina gine-ginen gidaje kuma suka zama babban mai samar da gine-ginen kasuwanci. Sabbin ayyuka na gine-ginen gidaje da na gidaje suna ƙaruwa. A shekara ta 2003, ginin gidaje ya sami ci gaba daga murabba'in mita 803,000 a 2002 zuwa murabba'in mita miliyan 1339 a sabbin gine-ginen gidaje. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> == Hukumomin gwamnati == Dokoki da ka'idoji game da gine-gine da ake buƙata don a canza su bayan [[Azerbaijan]] ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, kamar yadda a baya aka yi amfani da su a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] ba tare da an tsara su da kyau ga yanayin gida ba. Saboda haka, an dauki matakai da yawa don magance wannan batun. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta gudanar da batutuwan gidaje kafin 1993. Daga nan, an canza ma'aikatar zuwa Kwamitin Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a a karkashin Ma'aikatun Ministocin Azerbaijan a watan Mayu 1993. An kawar da kwamitin kuma an canja ayyukansa zuwa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> An soke shi a shekara ta 2006 kuma an kafa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine da Gine-gine maimakon hukumar da ta gabata a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Şəhərsalma və Arxitektura Komitəsi |url=http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.arxkom.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jiha a Gine-gine da Ma'aikatar Yanayi na Gaggawa a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2006. An kafa [[Azerbaijan]])" id="mwXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="State Property Issues Committee (Azerbaijan)">Kwamitin Jiha kan Batutuwan Dukiya na Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2009. Kwamitin shine babban bangare na zartarwa wanda ke aiwatar da manufofin jihar da ka'idoji kan gudanar da dukiya da kuma mallakar ta, kuma yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, sarrafa amfani da kariya ga ƙasashe, da gudanar da rajistar jihar da kuma kaddamar da dukiya a Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the State Committee on Property Issues of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102004/http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.stateproperty.gov.az |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Fayil:Housing_fund_in_Azerbaijan.png|left|thumb|405x405px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Bayanan Asusun Gidaje da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Privatization_of_housing_fund_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|394x394px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, keɓance asusun gidaje An cire [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] Don inganta mallakar masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin [[Azerbaijan]] ta karɓi Dokar kan Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci a cikin 1993, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında mənzil fondunun özəlləşdirilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/8124 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Shirin Kasuwanci ya Jiha a Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan na 1995-1998, da Shirin Kashi na Biyu kan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Jamhuriwar Azerbaijan a cikin 2000. Adadin masu zaman kansu ya karu zuwa kashi 85% na dukkan gidaje har zuwa 2010. Idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin mallakar yana da daidaituwa yanzu. Wannan dokar ta sauƙaƙa tsarin mallakar gidaje kuma ta soke abin da ake buƙata na biyan darajar gidan don mallakar.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe2010">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2010). [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf "Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''UNECE.org''. Switzerland: United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Gidajen jama'a == Manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnati sun fi mayar da hankali kan matsalolin gidaje na wasu ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, kamar 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijira, nakasassu ko waɗanda suka ji rauni a yaƙi. Akwai hukumomin gwamnati da dama da ke magance wannan batu, kamar Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Ma'aikatar Kare Jama'a, Asusun Ba da Lamuni.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ''Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da IDP'' suna kula da batutuwan gidaje na takamaiman kungiyoyi masu saukin kamuwa, musamman IDPs, wanda yawan su ya kasance 603251 (iyalai 120650) a cikin 2009. Yawancin IDPs suna zaune a kusan cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa 360 na [[Baku]] da Sumgayit. Wadannan cibiyoyin jama'a galibi suna cike da mutane kuma ba sa biyan bukatun mutanen da ke zaune a can, saboda akwai matsaloli tare da kicin, ɗakunan wanka na mutum. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa; Gwamnati ta fara kafa sabbin ƙauyuka ga masu shigo da kaya tun daga shekara ta 2000. Fiye da iyalai 17000 IDP an samar da gidaje a cikin sababbin ƙauyuka 61 da aka gina tsakanin 2004 da 2008. Mutanen da suka ji rauni a lokacin rikici da Armenia, waɗanda gwamnati ta goyi bayan an kuma ba su ko dai gidaje a cikin gine-ginen zama na iyalai da yawa ko kuma gidaje daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnati tana inganta koyarwa a yankunan karkara don cika gibin malamai a waɗancan yankuna. Ana gina ƙananan gidaje a matsayin wani ɓangare na takamaiman shirye-shirye ga malamai. Har ila yau, akwai ci gaba da tsari don tallafawa iyalai matasa waɗanda ke buƙatar yanayin rayuwa mafi kyau. Don rufe wannan fitowar, an kirkiro wani takamaiman sashi mai taken "Inganta yanayin rayuwa ga iyalai matasa" a cikin Shirin Jiha a Sashin Demography da Ci gaban Jama'a da Shugaban Azerbaijan ya amince a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında demoqrafiya və əhali sakinliyinin inkişafı sahəsində Dövlət Proqramının təsdiq edilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/5685 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Dangane da wannan shirin, an bayyana cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin don ƙirƙirar tsarin rance mai ragi don inganta yanayin rayuwa na iyalai matasa da ke cikin bukata. Asusun jinginar gida a karkashin Bankin Kasa na Azerbaijan wanda aka kafa ta hanyar umarnin Shugaban kasa, don bunkasa yanayin rayuwa na yawan jama'a, ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsarin kudi na gidaje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About AMF |url=http://www.amf.az/?/en/menu/76/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.amf.az/?%2Fen%2Fmenu%2F76%2F |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=amf.az}}</ref> ya fara kula da tsarin rarraba rance tun 2005. Asusun yana ba da jinginar gida kamar kashi 4% ga takamaiman kungiyoyi. === Gidajen kamfanoni === Wasu kamfanonin Azerbaijan suna kula da ginin gidaje na kansu ga ma'aikatan da ke cikin bukata. Misali, SOCAR ta kafa "Neftchi" Housing Construction Cooperative a shekarar 2010 domin inganta yanayin gidaje na ma'aikatanta. Ana gudanar da zama memba a wannan hadin gwiwa bisa ga aikace-aikacen ma'aikatan da suka yi rijista a tsarin gidaje na SOCAR. SOCAR tana biyan wani ɓangare na kuɗin gidan, sauran kuma ma'aikacin ne ke biyansa ga hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career-SOCAR |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/careers/career-at-socar/working-at-socar |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, hadin gwiwar "Neftchi" tana gina sabbin gine-ginen zama, yayin da aka sanya ɗayan gine-giginen aiki a cikin 2016 a gundumar Khatai ta [[Baku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Archive-SOCAR President has presented the new apartments to the oilmen |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/news-and-media/news-archives/news-archives/id/10117 |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=az}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai, da Azerbaijan Railways CJSC suma sun ba ma'aikatansu gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sariyeva |first=Irada |date=2013-12-10 |title=State programs and public interests in the sphere of housing maintenance of budget workers |url=http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/baki_xeber/2013/dekabr/340738.htm |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.anl.az}}</ref> == Gidaje masu araha == An kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha a karkashin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar No. 858 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016 tare da manufar biyan bukatun 'yan ƙasa a cikin gidaje, inganta yanayin rayuwarsu, da kuma gina gidaje masu yawa. Bayan haka, an kafa "MIDA" LLC a karkashin Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Jiha don inganta gina gine-ginen zama masu hawa da yawa a cikin ƙasar da kuma tabbatar da cewa 'yan ƙasa suna jin daɗin tallace-tallace na gidaje, da kuma amfani da kudaden da aka ware don gina gine-gine masu hawa da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti yanında Mənzil İnşaatı Dövlət Agentliyi |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/about/history/ |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Yasamal Residential Complex - aikin farko na Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha an shirya don gina gidaje masu yawa 29 tare da gidaje 1843 a yankin 11.6 ha a gundumar Yasamal ta [[Baku]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> An fara aikin gini na farko a cikin hadaddun a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 kuma an shirya za a ba da izini a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasamal RC - Homepage |url=http://yasamal.mida.az/about |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=yasamal.mida.az |language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the State Agency for Housing Construction for the first half of 2017 |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/108/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> * Hovsan Residential Complex - a watan Fabrairun 2017, an ware wani yanki na hekta 20 a yankin Surakhani na [[Baku]] don gina gidaje masu yawa bisa ga dokar majalisar ministoci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects - Hovsan - Progress |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> tsarin gini na gidan farko na wannan hadaddun ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundbreaking ceremony of the first building in Hovsan Residential Complex |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/157/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Gidan zama mai gidaje 2962 an kaddamar da shi a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2020, ta hanyar Shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Azerbaijan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilham Aliyev attended opening of Hovsan residential complex |url=https://en.president.az/articles/36241 |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=Official website of President of Azerbaijan |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ratio_of_state,_public_and_housing_cooperatives_and_dwelling_stocks_in_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|442x442px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Inganta asusun gidaje Bayanan da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Ayyuka == Karamar hukuma suna da alhakin samar da kayan aiki a cikin gine-gine. Masu samar da wutar lantarki, iskar gas da tsabtace muhalli kamfanoni ne na jihar, yayin da kamfanoni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ke ba da kula da sharar gida. Don inganta ingancin kayan aiki, [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya]], da Bankin Duniya sun shiga cikin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli. == Dubi kuma == Kwamitin Batutuwan Kasuwanci na Jiha (Azerbaijan) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 86cxte74zqcv94efwuuu8aqk22hafrp Wancan 0 154495 846110 2026-06-03T14:36:46Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297091698|That]]" 846110 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Notelist}}{{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bovilsky |first=Lara |date=2011 |title=''Early modern ecostudies: From the Florentine Codex to Shakespeare'' (review) |journal=Shakespeare Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=292–295 |doi=10.1353/shq.2011.0017 |s2cid=191566397}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |date=March 1995 |title=That jacksprat: An interactional perspective on English ''that'' |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=369–393 |doi=10.1016/0378-2166(95)00032-1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |last2=Adger |first2=David |last3=Fox |first3=Sue |date=March 2013 |title=Relative ''who'' and the actuation problem |journal=Lingua |volume=126 |pages=51–77 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2012.11.014}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cornish |first=Francis |date=November 2018 |title=Revisiting the system of English relative clauses: Structure, semantics, discourse functionality |url=https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01923355/file/Final%20corrected%20vsn%20of%20English%20Relatives.pdf |journal=English Language and Linguistics |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=431–456 |doi=10.1017/S136067431700003X |s2cid=125481529}} * {{Cite book|edition=Martti|url-access=Traxel}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mańczak |first=Witold |date=1973 |title=The use and omission of the conjunction ''that'' |journal=Linguistics |volume=11 |issue=95 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1515/ling.1973.11.95.51 |s2cid=144204069}} * {{Cite book}} * {{Cite journal |last=Naya |first=Belén Méndez |date=1995 |title='Hit' AND 'ðæt' anticipating subject clauses in OE: True syntactic equivalents? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43346052 |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=23–37 |issn=0028-3754 |jstor=43346052}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ngefac |first=Aloysius |date=2005 |title=Homophones and heterophones in Cameroon English |journal=Alizés: Revue angliciste de la Réunion |pages=39–53}} * {{Cite journal |last=Nykiel |first=Jerzy |date=November 2018 |title=''Onmang Þaet'' – Incipient grammaticalisation in Old and Middle English |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=574–593 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12140 |s2cid=149971418}} * {{Cite journal |last=Pavesi |first=Maria |date=2013 |title=''This'' and ''that'' in the language of film dubbing: A corpus-based analysis |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=103–133 |doi=10.7202/1023812ar |doi-access=}} * {{Cite journal |last=Reimer |first=Marga |date=1991 |title=Demonstratives, demonstrations, and demonstrata |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4320229 |journal=Philosophical Studies |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=187–202 |doi=10.1007/BF00381687 |issn=0031-8116 |jstor=4320229 |s2cid=170148319 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rissanen |first=Matti |date=1967 |title=Old English ''þæt an'' 'only' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43342366 |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=409–428 |issn=0028-3754 |jstor=43342366}} * {{Cite journal |last=Seppänen |first=Aimo |date=May 2004 |title=The Old English relative ''þe'' |journal=English Language and Linguistics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=71–102 |doi=10.1017/S136067430400125X |s2cid=122524683}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sonoda |first=Kenji |date=2004 |title=The restrictive relative pronouns ''that'' and ''which'' in BrE |journal=Bulletin of the School of Allied Medical Sciences Nagasaki University |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=1–4}} * {{Cite journal |last=Suárez |first=Cristina |date=1 January 2012 |title=The consolidation of ''þat'' as an invariable relativizer in the history of English |journal=Nordic Journal of English Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=79–107 |doi=10.35360/njes.256 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite thesis}} * {{Cite book|edition=Junsaku}} * {{Cite journal |last=Otsu |first=Norihiko |date=November 2002b |title=On the presence or absence of the conjunction þæt in Old English, with special reference to dependent sentences containing a ''gif''-clause |journal=English Language and Linguistics |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=225–238 |doi=10.1017/S1360674302000217 |s2cid=120420972}} * {{Cite book|edition=Stanislav}} * {{Cite book|edition=Betty}} * {{Cite journal |last=Weinstein |first=Scott |date=1974 |title=Truth and demonstratives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2214785 |journal=Noûs |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=179–184 |doi=10.2307/2214785 |issn=0029-4624 |jstor=2214785 |url-access=subscription}} {{Refend}}  '''''Wannan''''' kalma ce ta [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] da aka yi amfani da ita don dalilai da yawa na [[Nahawu|ilimin lissafi]]. Wadannan sun hada da amfani a matsayin adjective, conjunction, wakilci, [[Bayanau|Adverb]] da intensifier; yana da nisa daga mai magana, sabanin kalmomi kamar ''wannan''. Kalmar ba ta wanzu da farko a Tsohon Turanci ba, kuma ra'ayinta an wakilta shi da {{Lang|ang|þe}}. Da zarar ya kasance, an rubuta shi a matsayin {{Lang|ang|þæt}} (cikin wasu, kamar {{Lang|ang|þet}}), yana ɗaukar matsayin zamani. Har ila yau, ya ɗauki rawar kalmar zamani abin da, kodayake wannan ya canza tun daga lokacin, kuma kwanan nan ya maye gurbin wasu amfani da zamani ''wanda''. Maganar kalmar ta bambanta bisa ga rawar da take takawa a cikin jumla, tare da tsari mai ƙarfi, /ðæt/ i da kuma nau'i mai rauni, /ðət/ i. == Amfani na zamani == Kalmar da ke aiki da dalilai da yawa na ilimin lissafi. Saboda yawan amfani da shi, marubucin Joseph Addison ya kira shi "''Wannan'' jacksprat" a cikin 1771, kuma ya ba da wannan misali na jumla mai kyau: "Abin da na ce shi ne wannan: ''cewa'' wannan mutumin ya ci gaba, ba haka ba ne, cewa ya kamata ya tabbatar. " {{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} Ana iya amfani dashi azaman wakilin nunawa, adjective mai nunawa, Haɗin kai, kalma mai dangi, da mai ƙarfafawa.{{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} * ''''wannan'''' a matsayin wakilin nunawa yana nufin wani takamaiman abu da ake tattauna, kamar a cikin "wannan cat ne"; kalmar wakilin nuna nesa ce, sabanin kusa, saboda akwai nisa tsakanin mai magana da abin da ake tattauna (kamar yadda ya saba da kalmomi kamar wannan, inda akwai ma'anar kusanci). {{Sfn|Weinstein|1974}}{{Sfn|Pavesi|2013}} * Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman adjective na nunawa, wanda ke bayyana wane takamaiman abu ake tattauna; alal misali, a cikin jumlar "wannan kare ne Fido", wanda ke ƙayyade wane kare ne Fito tsakanin dukkan karnuka.{{Sfn|Reimer|1991}} * A cikin amfani da shi azaman haɗin kai, yana haɗa sassan tare, kamar a cikin "Na san ''cewa'' Bitrus yana da gaskiya".{{Sfn|Mańczak|1973}} A cikin jumla tare da sashe da yawa, ana amfani da shi azaman mai nuna bambanci don rarrabe tsakanin batutuwa na sashe.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002b}} * A matsayin wakilin dangi, ''wanda'' ke gabatar da sassan ƙuntatawa, kamar a cikin "abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke da mahimmanci kuma takamaiman fasalulluka"; a cikin binciken mujallu na kimiyyar kiwon lafiya a Burtaniya wanda ya kai ga 2004, an gano ''''''cewa'''''' an maye gurbinsa da kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan mahallin, yayin da yake rubuta abin da ke ƙaruwa - daga aya zuwa fiction - ya sami cewa amfani yana raguwa a matsayin kalmomin ''WH-'' (Tambayoyi) yana ƙaruwa sosai.{{Sfn|Sonoda|2004}}{{Sfn|Van den Eynden Morpeth|1999}} * Ana amfani da ''Wannan'' azaman adverb na dangi, kamar a cikin "ba ya tsada sosai". {{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar, wannan yana buƙatar mai sauraro ya zana ra'ayi don ƙayyade ma'anar mai magana.{{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} * Kalmar kuma tana ƙarfafa abubuwa na jumla, mai kama da aiki da kalmar ''don haka'', kamar lokacin da mutum ya ce "Na kasance da rashin lafiya ... Ba zan iya tsayawa ba. " Amma kamar yadda yake amfani da shi azaman adverb na dangi, ''cewa'' a matsayin mai karfafawa an fi fahimta lokacin da mai aikawa ya ƙaddara ma'ana daga amfani da shi. {{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} A cikin misalin da aka bayar, wannan yana ƙarfafawa kuma yana nufin yiwuwar ra'ayi wanda mai karɓa ya riga ya riƙe (ko mai magana ba shi da rashin lafiya sosai), duk da ''cewa'' mai magana bai tabbatar ko karfafa wannan imani da aka yi a baya ba.{{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}}{{Sfn|Cheshire|1995}} == Amfani da tarihi == [[Fayil:The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe,_Chapter_18_(clip).png|thumb|"... ta hanyar alherin da allah ya sanya ..." (An cire daga ''Littafin Margery Kempe'']] [[Fayil:Shakespeare-Tomb-Stratford.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Shakespeare]] A Tsohon Turanci, wannan bai wanzu ba, kuma an wakilta shi ne kawai ta hanyar ''{{Lang|ang|þe}}'' (the).{{Sfn|Suárez|2012}}{{Efn|The [[Th (digraph) |digraph {{angbr|th}}]] was written using the letter [[Thorn (letter)|thorn]], {{angbr|þ}}.}} Ya samo asali ne a arewacin Ingila wani lokaci kafin 1200s kuma ya bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar a ƙarni na goma sha uku; sa'an nan da nan ya zama sanannen mai nunawa.{{Sfn|Cheshire|Adger|Fox|2013}} Kafin rubuce-rubucen Ælfric na Eynsham, ana tsara ''{{Lang|ang|þæt}}'' a matsayin ''{{Lang|ang|þe}}'' a rubuce, amma a lokacin da Ælfic ya rayu, ''{{Lang|ang|þæt}}'' ya zama ruwan dare.{{Sfn|Morris|1868}} A matsayin wakilin, an yi amfani da {{Lang|ang|þæt}} sosai a Tsohon Turanci, kodayake daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da kalmomin wh.{{Sfn|Suárez|2012}} Inda ''{{Lang|ang|þe}}'' kawai ya tsaya a cikin batutuwa na sashi, {{Lang|ang|þæt}} a maimakon haka ya ɗauki matsayin batun da abu, kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da ''{{Lang|ang|þe}}'' da {{Lang|ang|þæt}}, {{Lang|ang|þæt}} koyaushe yana da dangi a cikin daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Suárez|2012}}{{Sfn|Seppänen|2004}} An yi amfani da alamar Ƙaya tare da bugun jini ko 'ƙaya mai hanawa') a matsayin taƙaice, kafin Romantic ya cire shi.{{Sfn|Honkapohja|2019}}[[Fayil:OE_thaet.png|OE thaet.png]][[Fayil:Middle_English_that.svg|alt=thorn with superscript t|class=skin-invert-image]]{{Efn|A letter thorn 'crowned' with a letter t, {{unichar|00FE}} + {{unichar|036D|cwith=◌}}}} A lokacin ƙarshen Turanci na Tsakiya da farkon zamani na Turanci, ƙaya, a cikin rubutun da aka saba da shi ko cursive, ya zama kamar siffar y. Tare da isowar buga takardu mai motsi, maye gurbin Ssanya ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya haifar da ye na yau da kullun, kamar yadda yake a cikin 'Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'.{{Efn|One major reason for this was that {{angbr|y}} existed in the printer's [[Movable type|types]] that [[William Caxton]] and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while {{angbr|Þ}} did not.<ref name=Hill>{{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169) |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Ta haka ne ya maye gurbin wannan kamar yadda aka ɗaure shi don wakiltar hakan, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin kabarin [[William Shakespeare]]: "Bleste be y yão escares tes stones".{{Sfn|Sutherland|2020}}{{Sfn|Bovilsky|2011}} A cikin Turanci na Tsakiya, an maye gurbin ''{{Lang|ang|þe}}'' gaba ɗaya da {{Lang|enm|þat}} (a tsakanin sauran wakilci), kafin a sake maye gurbinsa da zamani.{{Sfn|Suárez|2012}} Daga cikin dukkan alamun dangi a cikin harshen Ingilishi, gami da ''wanda'', ''wanda'', da abin da, wannan - ta hanyar tsohuwar hanyar ''{{Lang|ang|þæt}}'' - ya zama mafi tsufa.{{Sfn|Cheshire|Adger|Fox|2013}}A cikin fassarorin Tsohon Turanci na [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] (amma kawai a cikin matani na Tsohon Turanci), ana amfani da kalmar ''{{Lang|ang|þæt an}}'' akai-akai - yawanci ma'anar "kawai" - amma asalinsa da halaye ba a fahimta sosai ba.{{Sfn|Rissanen|1967}} Sau da yawa, gina ''{{Lang|ang|þæt an}}'' ya kasance a cikin asalin Latin, wanda ke nufin sashi mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Rissanen|1967}} Amfani da ''{{Lang|ang|þæt an}}'' ya kasance ne don lokuta inda akwai keɓancewa (don rarrabe tsakanin abubuwa na gaba ɗaya da takamaiman), amma masu fassara suma sun yi amfani da shi a yanayin da aka riga an ba da keɓancewa ta hanyar wasu abubuwa na jumla.{{Sfn|Rissanen|1967}} A cikin waɗannan matani, ana amfani da {{Lang|ang|þæt}} a matsayin pleonastically (yawanci), kuma an fara amfani da shi azaman adverb mai zaman kansa.{{Sfn|Rissanen|1967}} A cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, ba a taɓa amfani da {{Lang|ang|þæt}} ba, kamar a cikin misalin jumla ''{{Lang|ang|þæt rigneð}}'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "wannan ruwan sama").{{Sfn|Naya|1995}} {{Sfn|Nykiel|2018}} Bayan [[aikatau]] kamar yadda aka fada, kuma gabaɗaya a gabatar da sashi mai dogaro, ƙamus na Turanci na zamani yana ''cewa'' mai magana damar ko dai ya haɗa wannan ko ya bar shi.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002a}} Wannan gini - kamar yadda yake a cikin "Ina tsammanin (''cewa'') yana da gaskiya" - ana kiransa sifili lokacin da ba a yi amfani da hakan ba.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002a}} Duk da yake akwai wasu bincike game da yawan dangi na Tsohon da Tsakiyar Turanci na amfani da nau'in sifili, waɗannan karatun suna da ƙarancin ƙima, tunda sun dogara da rubutun rubutu na musamman, sun kasa ba da ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da amfani da shi.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002a}} A ƙarshen lokacin Turanci na Tsakiya, masanin harshe Norihiko Otsu ya ƙaddara, nau'in sifili ya shahara kamar nau'in da aka haɗa shi.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002a}} Siffar sifili ta zama ruwan dare a cikin takardun da suka danganci magana, kamar laccoci, suna ba da shawarar Turanci da ake magana sau da ''cewa'' ya watsar da hakan a cikin waɗannan mahallin.{{Sfn|Otsu|2002a}} == Yadda ake furta shi == ''Wannan'' ana furta shi ko dai a matsayin /ðæt/ i (nau'i mai ƙarfi) ko /ðət/ i (mai rauni) bisa ga rawar da yake takawa, tare da ɗaya a matsayin mai nunawa ɗayan kuma a matsayin Anaphoric (mai ambaton adverb).{{Sfn|Poussa|1997}} Ta wannan hanyar, nau'i mai ƙarfi yana wakiltar wakilin ƙayyadewa (kamar a cikin "mece wannan?"), yayin da nau'i mara ƙarfi kalma ce mai ƙasƙanci (kamar yadda a cikin "Ina tsammanin kuskure ne").{{Sfn|Cornish|2018}} Maganar furcin {{IPA|/ð/}} na iya bambanta, kamar dakatar da shi a cikin [[Turancin kamaru|Turanci na Kamaru]], wanda ke haifar da furcin {{IPA|[dat]}}.{{Sfn|Ngefac|2005}} == Dubi kuma == * Bayani mai dogaro * Barin == Manazarta == == Bayani == {{Notelist}} === Bayani === === Ayyukan da aka ambata ===   2iug25sy6bhae3232gom81su74z0o4d Clarissa (fim na 2026) 0 154496 846111 2026-06-03T14:37:43Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357228680|Clarissa (2026 film)]]" 846111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Clarissa''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2026 wanda Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri suka shirya kuma suka shirya. Fim ɗin wani sabon salo ne na zamani na littafin ''Misis Dalloway'' na 1925 na [[Virginia Woolf]], wanda aka saita a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas na zamani, Najeriya]] . Tauraruwarsa [[Sophie Okonedo]], India Amarteifio, Ayo Edebiri, Toheeb Jimoh, [[Nikki Amuka-Bird]], da [[David Oyelowo]] . An fara nuna fim ɗin a duniya a ɓangaren Daraktocin Fortnight na bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2026 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, inda aka zaɓe shi don shiga gasar Queer Palm . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarissa |url=https://www.quinzaine-cineastes.fr/en/film/clarissa |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Quinzaine des cinéastes |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Palm - Festival de Cannes |url=https://queerpalm.org/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=queerpalm.org}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Sophie Okonedo]] a matsayin Clarissa ** Indiya Amarteifio a lokacin da yake ƙarami Clarissa * [[Nikki Amuka-Bird]] a matsayin Sally, ƙawar Clarissa da ta rabu ** Ayo Edebiri a lokacin da yake ƙarami a Sally * [[David Oyelowo]] a matsayin Peter, tsohon masoyin Clarissa ** Toheeb Jimoh a lokacin da yake ƙarami Peter * Fortune Nwafor a matsayin Septimus, wani jami'in soja da ya ji rauni a cikin rauni * [[Modesinuola Ogundiwin]] a matsayin Aisha, matar Septimus * [[Jude Akuwudike]] a matsayin Richard, mijin Clarissa ** Ogranya a lokacin da yake ƙarami Richard * Danny Sapani a matsayin Ugo, abokin Clarissa ** Kehinde Cardoso a matsayin matashin Ugo * Jin Daɗin Lahadi a matsayin Jin Daɗi * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Lady Maryam, shugabar Ugo == Samarwa == A watan Agusta na 2021, tagwayen masu shirya fina-finai Arie da Chuko Esiri sun bayyana cewa suna haɓaka wani sabon salon zamani na littafin ''Mrs Dalloway'' na 1925 wanda [[Virginia Woolf]] ta rubuta, wanda aka shirya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Wanjiru |first=Ellen |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Co-directors Arie & Chuko Esiri Talk Feature Film 'Eyimofe (This Is My Desire)' |url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/co-directors-arie-chuko-esiri-talk-feature-film-eyimofe-this-is-my-desire/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=Black Film}}</ref> Chuko ne ya rubuta rubutun tare da 'yan'uwan biyu da ke aiki a matsayin furodusoshi da daraktoci. Theresa Park ta Per Capita Productions da Nicholas Weinstock na Invention Studios sun kammala aikin. An yi wa [[Sophie Okonedo]] a matsayin Clarissa kafin ma a rubuta rubutun; a cewar 'yan'uwan, Okonedo ne kawai mutumin da suka yi hasashen zai shiga cikin wannan rawar. Daga baya Ayo Edebiri ya shiga aikin tun yana ƙarama Sally; tare da Adeberi da Okonedo duka a haɗe, masu shirya fina-finai sun sami damar samun sha'awar daraktan shirya fina-finai Nina Gold, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen share fagen sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo su haɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Georgiades |first=Luke |date=2026-05-21 |title=Chuko and Arie Esiri on Clarissa, their Nigerian adaptation of Mrs. Dalloway |url=https://a-rabbitsfoot.com/editorial/film/cannes-2026/chuko-and-arie-esiri-on-clarissa-their-nigerian-adaptation-of-mrs-dalloway/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=A Rabbit's Foot |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blyth |first=Antonia |date=2026-05-19 |title='Clarissa's Sophie Okonedo And Cast Cannes interview |url=https://deadline.com/video/clarissa-sophie-okonedo-david-oyelowo-cannes-interview/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> An gudanar da babban ɗaukar hoto a Legas da [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a cikin watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2025, inda Jonathan Bloom ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto mai girman 35mm . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2025 |title=Scores and the City: SOUNDS OF 16 with CHUKO ESIRI |url=https://www.16by16.co/blog/scores-and-the-city-sounds-of-16-with-chuko-esiri |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=16 By 16}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa an yi fim ɗin ne da ƙasa da dala miliyan 5, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |title=Directors’ Fortnight’s ‘Clarissa’ filmmakers on their next feature and the future of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/directors-fortnights-clarissa-filmmakers-on-their-next-feature-and-the-future-of-nigerian-cinema/5216812.article |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> rabin kuɗin ya fito ne daga CANEX Creations, wani reshe mallakar Asusun Ci Gaban Fitar da Kaya a Afirka (FEDA), sashin saka hannun jari na [[Bankin shigowa da fitar da kaya na Afrika|Afreximbank]] . da MBO Capital, wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayeni |first=Ibukunoluwa |date=2026-02-09 |title="Clarissa" Nigerian Cast Revealed: Modesinuola Ogundinwin, Joke Silva, Chigul, Chuks Joseph, Attached In Esiri Brothers’ Sophomore Feature |url=https://shockng.com/nigerian-cast-of-clarissa-movie-2026/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |date=2026-05-15 |title=Canex Creations Boss Talks Global Ambitions for African Film as Neon Drops First Look for Buzzy Cannes Premiere ‘Clarissa’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/global/canex-creations-african-film-neon-first-look-cannes-clarissa-1236749482/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=CANEX Invests in Nigerian Feature ‘Clarissa’ as NEON Secures Global Rights |url=https://thehighstreetjournal.com/canex-invests-in-nigerianfeature-clarissa/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Neon ya sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=February 6, 2026 |title=Neon Acquires 'Mrs. Dalloway' Reimagining 'Clarissa' Starring Sophie Okonedo, David Oyelowo, India Amarteifio, Ayo Edebiri & Toheeb Jimoh |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/clarissa-movie-acquired-neon-sophie-okonedo-david-oyelowo-1236711206/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CLARISSA; Motion picture |url=https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/detailed-record/rmm_voyager_V01504014100000 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[U.S. Copyright Office]]}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Bayan fara fitowa a Cannes, fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga manyan kantuna waɗanda suka haɗa da The Guardian , T the Hollywood Reporter, T he Wrap , da Screen Daily . [1] [2] [3] [4] A shafin yanar gizo na Rotten Tomatoes, fim ɗin yana da maki 100% tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 8.2/10, bisa ga bita 12. [5] A kan Metacritic, fim ɗin yana da matsakaicin maki 86/100 bisa ga masu suka goma, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". [6] == Manazarta == 9n9ez5hgot9jtn82crzusdowh0n671p 846112 846111 2026-06-03T14:38:05Z Sardeeq 39275 846112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Clarissa''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2026 wanda Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri suka shirya kuma suka shirya. Fim ɗin wani sabon salo ne na zamani na littafin ''Misis Dalloway'' na 1925 na [[Virginia Woolf]], wanda aka saita a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas na zamani, Najeriya]] . Tauraruwarsa [[Sophie Okonedo]], India Amarteifio, Ayo Edebiri, Toheeb Jimoh, [[Nikki Amuka-Bird]], da [[David Oyelowo]] . An fara nuna fim ɗin a duniya a ɓangaren Daraktocin Fortnight na bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2026 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, inda aka zaɓe shi don shiga gasar Queer Palm . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarissa |url=https://www.quinzaine-cineastes.fr/en/film/clarissa |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Quinzaine des cinéastes |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Palm - Festival de Cannes |url=https://queerpalm.org/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=queerpalm.org}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Sophie Okonedo]] a matsayin Clarissa ** Indiya Amarteifio a lokacin da yake ƙarami Clarissa * [[Nikki Amuka-Bird]] a matsayin Sally, ƙawar Clarissa da ta rabu ** Ayo Edebiri a lokacin da yake ƙarami a Sally * [[David Oyelowo]] a matsayin Peter, tsohon masoyin Clarissa ** Toheeb Jimoh a lokacin da yake ƙarami Peter * Fortune Nwafor a matsayin Septimus, wani jami'in soja da ya ji rauni a cikin rauni * [[Modesinuola Ogundiwin]] a matsayin Aisha, matar Septimus * [[Jude Akuwudike]] a matsayin Richard, mijin Clarissa ** Ogranya a lokacin da yake ƙarami Richard * Danny Sapani a matsayin Ugo, abokin Clarissa ** Kehinde Cardoso a matsayin matashin Ugo * Jin Daɗin Lahadi a matsayin Jin Daɗi * [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Lady Maryam, shugabar Ugo == Samarwa == A watan Agusta na 2021, tagwayen masu shirya fina-finai Arie da Chuko Esiri sun bayyana cewa suna haɓaka wani sabon salon zamani na littafin ''Mrs Dalloway'' na 1925 wanda [[Virginia Woolf]] ta rubuta, wanda aka shirya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Wanjiru |first=Ellen |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Co-directors Arie & Chuko Esiri Talk Feature Film 'Eyimofe (This Is My Desire)' |url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/co-directors-arie-chuko-esiri-talk-feature-film-eyimofe-this-is-my-desire/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=Black Film}}</ref> Chuko ne ya rubuta rubutun tare da 'yan'uwan biyu da ke aiki a matsayin furodusoshi da daraktoci. Theresa Park ta Per Capita Productions da Nicholas Weinstock na Invention Studios sun kammala aikin. An yi wa [[Sophie Okonedo]] a matsayin Clarissa kafin ma a rubuta rubutun; a cewar 'yan'uwan, Okonedo ne kawai mutumin da suka yi hasashen zai shiga cikin wannan rawar. Daga baya Ayo Edebiri ya shiga aikin tun yana ƙarama Sally; tare da Adeberi da Okonedo duka a haɗe, masu shirya fina-finai sun sami damar samun sha'awar daraktan shirya fina-finai Nina Gold, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen share fagen sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo su haɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Georgiades |first=Luke |date=2026-05-21 |title=Chuko and Arie Esiri on Clarissa, their Nigerian adaptation of Mrs. Dalloway |url=https://a-rabbitsfoot.com/editorial/film/cannes-2026/chuko-and-arie-esiri-on-clarissa-their-nigerian-adaptation-of-mrs-dalloway/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=A Rabbit's Foot |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blyth |first=Antonia |date=2026-05-19 |title='Clarissa's Sophie Okonedo And Cast Cannes interview |url=https://deadline.com/video/clarissa-sophie-okonedo-david-oyelowo-cannes-interview/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> An gudanar da babban ɗaukar hoto a Legas da [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a cikin watan Nuwamba da Disamba na 2025, inda Jonathan Bloom ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan daukar hoto mai girman 35mm . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2025 |title=Scores and the City: SOUNDS OF 16 with CHUKO ESIRI |url=https://www.16by16.co/blog/scores-and-the-city-sounds-of-16-with-chuko-esiri |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=16 By 16}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa an yi fim ɗin ne da ƙasa da dala miliyan 5, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabbara |first=Mona |title=Directors’ Fortnight’s ‘Clarissa’ filmmakers on their next feature and the future of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/directors-fortnights-clarissa-filmmakers-on-their-next-feature-and-the-future-of-nigerian-cinema/5216812.article |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> rabin kuɗin ya fito ne daga CANEX Creations, wani reshe mallakar Asusun Ci Gaban Fitar da Kaya a Afirka (FEDA), sashin saka hannun jari na [[Bankin shigowa da fitar da kaya na Afrika|Afreximbank]] . da MBO Capital, wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayeni |first=Ibukunoluwa |date=2026-02-09 |title="Clarissa" Nigerian Cast Revealed: Modesinuola Ogundinwin, Joke Silva, Chigul, Chuks Joseph, Attached In Esiri Brothers’ Sophomore Feature |url=https://shockng.com/nigerian-cast-of-clarissa-movie-2026/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |date=2026-05-15 |title=Canex Creations Boss Talks Global Ambitions for African Film as Neon Drops First Look for Buzzy Cannes Premiere ‘Clarissa’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/global/canex-creations-african-film-neon-first-look-cannes-clarissa-1236749482/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=CANEX Invests in Nigerian Feature ‘Clarissa’ as NEON Secures Global Rights |url=https://thehighstreetjournal.com/canex-invests-in-nigerianfeature-clarissa/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Neon ya sami haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=February 6, 2026 |title=Neon Acquires 'Mrs. Dalloway' Reimagining 'Clarissa' Starring Sophie Okonedo, David Oyelowo, India Amarteifio, Ayo Edebiri & Toheeb Jimoh |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/clarissa-movie-acquired-neon-sophie-okonedo-david-oyelowo-1236711206/ |access-date=February 6, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CLARISSA; Motion picture |url=https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/detailed-record/rmm_voyager_V01504014100000 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[U.S. Copyright Office]]}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Bayan fara fitowa a Cannes, fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga manyan kantuna waɗanda suka haɗa da The Guardian , T the Hollywood Reporter, T he Wrap , da Screen Daily . [1] [2] [3] [4] A shafin yanar gizo na Rotten Tomatoes, fim ɗin yana da maki 100% tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 8.2/10, bisa ga bita 12. [5] A kan Metacritic, fim ɗin yana da matsakaicin maki 86/100 bisa ga masu suka goma, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". [6] == Manazarta == lpdkgo65450eysl5rbdt0eo5qdqvxhl Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini 0 154497 846113 2026-06-03T14:39:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331707817|Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini]]" 846113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan, <ref name="lmu">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}</ref> da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. == Rubutu == Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi". <ref name="bpa-muscovado">{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. <ref name="fagon2015">{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}</ref> An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan Najeriya, ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi "wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja". BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. <ref name="bbc-unexpected">{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, "Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.", kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. <ref name="brit2020">{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, <ref name="ramachandran">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don "Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate". <ref name="olivier-nom">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: "Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa." [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ktb9gc9etn999d8r3aivhlynwyx8s7k 846114 846113 2026-06-03T14:39:38Z Sardeeq 39275 846114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Najeriya da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan, <ref name="lmu">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}</ref> da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. == Rubutu == Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi". <ref name="bpa-muscovado">{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. <ref name="fagon2015">{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}</ref> An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan Najeriya, ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi "wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja". BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. <ref name="bbc-unexpected">{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, "Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.", kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. <ref name="brit2020">{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, <ref name="ramachandran">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don "Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate". <ref name="olivier-nom">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: "Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa." [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] apr6k0yg7ozsf1cis38a8dirx7pcoj1 846115 846114 2026-06-03T14:40:05Z Sardeeq 39275 846115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan, <ref name="lmu">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}</ref> da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. == Rubutu == Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi". <ref name="bpa-muscovado">{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. <ref name="fagon2015">{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}</ref> An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan Najeriya, ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi "wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja". BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. <ref name="bbc-unexpected">{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, "Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.", kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. <ref name="brit2020">{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, <ref name="ramachandran">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don "Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate". <ref name="olivier-nom">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: "Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa." [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] en84cbr0vfk1ywgds659k2b66vfd2td 846117 846115 2026-06-03T14:40:32Z Sardeeq 39275 846117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan, <ref name="lmu">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}</ref> da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. == Rubutu == Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi". <ref name="bpa-muscovado">{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}</ref> Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. <ref name="fagon2015">{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}</ref> An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi "wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja". BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. <ref name="bbc-unexpected">{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, "Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.", kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. <ref name="brit2020">{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, <ref name="ramachandran">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don "Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate". <ref name="olivier-nom">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: "Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa." [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fn1op6ozgxmsfqrv1jos97v37ghypk9 Sabuntawa na Kogin 0 154498 846119 2026-06-03T14:43:08Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345169492|River rejuvenation]]" 846119 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Goosenecks_State_Park_-_panoramio_(2).jpg|thumb|Yankin da aka shimfiɗa, Goosenecks State Park, yana nuna faduwar matakin kogi a tsawon lokaci]] A cikin [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] an ce kogi yana sake farfadowa lokacin da yake lalata wuri mai faɗi don mayar da martani ga saukar da [[Matsayi na asali|matakin tushe]]. Sabuntawar kogi yana nufin sabunta aikin rushewa na kogi kuma yana iya ƙaruwa yayin da koguna ke ƙaruwa. Wannan tsari sau da yawa sakamakon faduwar kwatsam ne a matakin teku ko hauhawar ƙasa. Wannan rikici yana ba da damar hauhawar canjin makamashi na [[kogin]] a kowane nesa, yana ƙara yawan lalacewar kogin. Rushewar ta faru ne sakamakon yadda kogin ke daidaitawa zuwa sabon matakin tushe.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> == Alamomi == Sabuntawar kogin na iya haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin wuri mai faɗi. Wadannan sun hada da samar da magudanan ruwa da rapids, maki, kogin kogi da incised meanders.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> Yankunan da aka sabunta yawanci suna da shimfidar wurare masu rikitarwa saboda an adana ragowar tsofaffin shimfidar wuri a cikin gida. Za'a iya adana wasu sassan ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wuraren da ke kusa da tashoshin rafi masu saukowa. Koguna masu juyawa suna juyawa a cikin koguna kuma suna iya zama masu ƙarfi, don haka ana samun samfurin tsofaffin tsarin kogi tare da kwari masu tsayi, masu kama da V - sau da yawa ana ganin su tare da ƙananan tsarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Irfan |date=December 2024 |title=Morphological characteristics and controlling factors of the piedmont fan systems in the Zanskar region, Northwest Himalaya, India |journal=Quaternary Science Advances |volume=16 |bibcode=2024QSAdv..1600240I |doi=10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da sake farfadowa ya faru a kan meanders rushewar tsaye ya fara mamaye rushewar gefe wanda zai faru. == Misali == Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalai na sake farfadowa shine [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda aka sake farfada lokacin da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ya bushe a ƙarshen Miocene. Kogin Nilu yana ɓoye babban kogi wanda ya taɓa girman Grand Canyon a Arizona. Masana ilimin ƙasa suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaitawar canyon ga bushewar Tekun Bahar Rum, wannan taron an kira shi Messinian Salinity Crises . Matsayinta na asali ya sauka daga matakin teku zuwa sama da mil biyu a ƙasa da matakin teku. Ya yanke gadonsa zuwa ƙafa ɗari da yawa a ƙarƙashin matakin teku a [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] da ƙafa 8000 a ƙarƙashin matakin lewatle a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Bayan da Bahar Rum ta sake ambaliya, waɗannan gorges a hankali sun cika da laka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Squeezing the Lost Grand Canyon of Egypt into the Young Earth Paradigm |url=https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2019/06/04/squeezing-the-lost-grand-canyon-of-egypt-into-the-young-earth-paradigm-an-impossible-task/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=naturalis historia}}</ref> == Dalilan sake farfadowa == Sabuntawa na iya haifar da abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi, [[Sea level|eustatic]] ko isostatic a yanayi. Duk waɗannan suna sa kogin ya rushe gadonsa a tsaye (ƙetare) da sauri yayin da yake samun ƙarfin ƙarfin maganaɗiso. Wannan yana haifar da sakamako kamar [[Menander|incised meanders]], matakai inda kogi ba zato ba tsammani ya fara gudana da sauri, da kuma wuraren kogi da aka samo daga tsoffin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Systems and Fluvial Landforms |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/fluvial-landforms.htm |access-date=April 6, 2025 |website=National Park Service |publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai ƙarfi === Za'a iya ɗaga yanki a kowane mataki. Wannan yana rage matakin tushe kuma koguna suna fara aiki a ƙasa. Za'a iya haifar da sake farfadowa ta hanyar hauhawar ƙasa. Warping ko lalacewar kwandon ruwa zai kara karfin rafin da ya biyo bayan raguwa. Za'a iya jin tasirin karkatawa zuwa teku nan da nan kawai lokacin da jagorancin wannan rafi ya yi daidai da jagorancin karkatawa. === Sabuntawa na Eustatic === Eustatic rejuvenation ya haifar da raguwar duniya a matakin teku, kuma an gane nau'ikan irin wannan rejuvening guda biyu. Diastrophic eustasy shine canji a matakin teku saboda bambancin iyawar tafkin teku, yayin da glacio-eustasy shine canje-canje a matakin teku sakamakon janyewa ko dawowar ruwa cikin teku, saboda tarawa ko narkewar kankara. Sabuntawa ta Eustatic ta sake mayar da bakin rafin. Canjin rafi zuwa sabon matakin tushe zai ci gaba da hawa kwarin. Sakamakon na iya zama bayanin martaba tare da ma'anar tsinkaye na tsoffin da sabbin matakan tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pirazzoli |first=Paolo Antonio |date=1 October 2005 |title=A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in eight late-Holocene relative sea-level histories from the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379105001307 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=1989–2001 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1989P |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.026 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai tsauri === Canje-canje guda uku na iya kawo sabuntawa, ga rafin. # raguwar kaya # karuwa a cikin runoff saboda karuwar ruwan sama # karuwa a cikin rafi ta hanyar samun sabbin masu ba da gudummawa Sabuntawa saboda raguwar kaya ya faru ne a lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da kwari da yawa waɗanda a baya suka sami adadi mai yawa na yaduwar yaduwar kankara. Tare da canji zuwa yanayin ƙanƙara, nauyin rafi ya ragu kuma zurfin kwarin ya biyo baya. Sabuntawa na iya haifar da "maɓallin wuka", kamar yadda ya bayyana a kan bayanin kogi, wanda sau da yawa yakan bayyana a matsayin rapids ko ruwa. Misali shine Seljalandsfoss a kudancin [[Ayislan|Iceland]], inda isostatic (dynamic) uplift ya faru sakamakon duka gine-gine da deglaciation. Har ila yau, sake farfadowa na iya faruwa, a lokuta masu ban sha'awa, lokacin da wani knickpoint na ƙasa ya lalata hanyarsa zuwa tafkin wanda ya kafa matakin tushe ga masu goyon bayansa. Lokacin da knickpoint ya kai tafkin, tafkin ya narke, kuma matakin tushe na ruwan sama yana raguwa da sauri daga na (yanzu tsohon ko raguwa) tafkin zuwa na kogi a cikin kogin da ke ƙasa da knickPoint. A wani lokaci a nan gaba, misali mai ban mamaki zai bayyana lokacin da [[Niagara Falls]] ya yanke hanyar komawa Lake Erie. == Canyons da gorges == Canyons da gorges suna cikin farkon matakin ci gaban kwarin kuma ana ɗaukar su wasu daga cikin siffofin kwarin da suka fi ban sha'awa. Wadannan siffofi sun samo asali ne daga hanzarin karfafawa wanda ya haifar da aikin tectonic na baya-bayan nan kamar su musamman tsawo a tsaye. Hawan yana haifar da tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma a sakamakon haka, yana ci gaba da ikon rushewa na koguna da ke akwai. == Knickpoint da kogin kogin == Knickpoint shine batu a kan hanyar kogin inda aka sami canji a cikin gradient na bayanin kogin.  Misali na knickpoint da ake iya gani zai zama magudanar ruwa.  Koyaya, ana iya ɓoye wasu ƙwanƙwasa a cikin shimfidar wuri.  Yana da mahimmanci cewa yayin da akwai wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga irin waɗannan siffofi a cikin shimfidar wuri, sabuntawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasirin.  Kamar yadda aka ambata, lokacin da kogin ya sake farfadowa, yana samun ƙarin kuzari kuma yana raguwa a tsaye don saduwa da sabon matakin tushe. Yankin kogi shine ragowar tsohuwar ambaliyar ruwa a mafi girman tsawo fiye da na yanzu. Yawanci yakan haifar da sake farfadowa na kogi tare da ci gaba da farfadowar da ke iya samar da sabbin wurare, wanda ke haifar da mataki kamar bayanin martaba a kusa da kogi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} qbv5sueid1sedavp0pwfd2d20p3hztt 846122 846119 2026-06-03T14:45:12Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Goosenecks_State_Park_-_panoramio_(2).jpg|thumb|Yankin da aka shimfiɗa, Goosenecks State Park, yana nuna faduwar matakin kogi a tsawon lokaci]] A cikin [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] an ce kogi yana sake farfadowa lokacin da yake lalata wuri mai faɗi don mayar da martani ga saukar da [[Matsayi na asali|matakin tushe]]. Sabuntawar kogi yana nufin sabunta aikin rushewa na kogi kuma yana iya ƙaruwa yayin da koguna ke ƙaruwa. Wannan tsari sau da yawa sakamakon faduwar kwatsam ne a matakin teku ko hauhawar ƙasa. Wannan rikici yana ba da damar hauhawar canjin makamashi na [[kogin]] a kowane nesa, yana ƙara yawan lalacewar kogin. Rushewar ta faru ne sakamakon yadda kogin ke daidaitawa zuwa sabon matakin tushe.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> == Alamomi == Sabuntawar kogin na iya haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin wuri mai faɗi. Wadannan sun hada da samar da magudanan ruwa da rapids, maki, kogin kogi da incised meanders.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> Yankunan da aka sabunta yawanci suna da shimfidar wurare masu rikitarwa saboda an adana ragowar tsofaffin shimfidar wuri a cikin gida. Za'a iya adana wasu sassan ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wuraren da ke kusa da tashoshin rafi masu saukowa. Koguna masu juyawa suna juyawa a cikin koguna kuma suna iya zama masu ƙarfi, don haka ana samun samfurin tsofaffin tsarin kogi tare da kwari masu tsayi, masu kama da V - sau da yawa ana ganin su tare da ƙananan tsarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Irfan |date=December 2024 |title=Morphological characteristics and controlling factors of the piedmont fan systems in the Zanskar region, Northwest Himalaya, India |journal=Quaternary Science Advances |volume=16 |bibcode=2024QSAdv..1600240I |doi=10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da sake farfadowa ya faru a kan meanders rushewar tsaye ya fara mamaye rushewar gefe wanda zai faru. == Misali == Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalai na sake farfadowa shine [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda aka sake farfada lokacin da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ya bushe a ƙarshen Miocene. Kogin Nilu yana ɓoye babban kogi wanda ya taɓa girman Grand Canyon a Arizona. Masana ilimin ƙasa suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaitawar canyon ga bushewar Tekun Bahar Rum, wannan taron an kira shi Messinian Salinity Crises . Matsayinta na asali ya sauka daga matakin teku zuwa sama da mil biyu a ƙasa da matakin teku. Ya yanke gadonsa zuwa ƙafa ɗari da yawa a ƙarƙashin matakin teku a [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] da ƙafa 8000 a ƙarƙashin matakin lewatle a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Bayan da Bahar Rum ta sake ambaliya, waɗannan gorges a hankali sun cika da laka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Squeezing the Lost Grand Canyon of Egypt into the Young Earth Paradigm |url=https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2019/06/04/squeezing-the-lost-grand-canyon-of-egypt-into-the-young-earth-paradigm-an-impossible-task/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=naturalis historia}}</ref> == Dalilan sake farfadowa == Sabuntawa na iya haifar da abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi, [[Sea level|eustatic]] ko isostatic a yanayi. Duk waɗannan suna sa kogin ya rushe gadonsa a tsaye (ƙetare) da sauri yayin da yake samun ƙarfin ƙarfin maganaɗiso. Wannan yana haifar da sakamako kamar [[Menander|incised meanders]], matakai inda kogi ba zato ba tsammani ya fara gudana da sauri, da kuma wuraren kogi da aka samo daga tsoffin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Systems and Fluvial Landforms |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/fluvial-landforms.htm |access-date=April 6, 2025 |website=National Park Service |publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai ƙarfi === Za'a iya ɗaga yanki a kowane mataki. Wannan yana rage matakin tushe kuma koguna suna fara aiki a ƙasa. Za'a iya haifar da sake farfadowa ta hanyar hauhawar ƙasa. Warping ko lalacewar kwandon ruwa zai kara karfin rafin da ya biyo bayan raguwa. Za'a iya jin tasirin karkatawa zuwa teku nan da nan kawai lokacin da jagorancin wannan rafi ya yi daidai da jagorancin karkatawa. === Sabuntawa na Eustatic === Eustatic rejuvenation ya haifar da raguwar duniya a matakin teku, kuma an gane nau'ikan irin wannan rejuvening guda biyu. Diastrophic eustasy shine canji a matakin teku saboda bambancin iyawar tafkin teku, yayin da glacio-eustasy shine canje-canje a matakin teku sakamakon janyewa ko dawowar ruwa cikin teku, saboda tarawa ko narkewar kankara. Sabuntawa ta Eustatic ta sake mayar da bakin rafin. Canjin rafi zuwa sabon matakin tushe zai ci gaba da hawa kwarin. Sakamakon na iya zama bayanin martaba tare da ma'anar tsinkaye na tsoffin da sabbin matakan tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pirazzoli |first=Paolo Antonio |date=1 October 2005 |title=A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in eight late-Holocene relative sea-level histories from the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379105001307 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=1989–2001 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1989P |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.026 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai tsauri === Canje-canje guda uku na iya kawo sabuntawa, ga rafin. # raguwar kaya # karuwa a cikin runoff saboda karuwar ruwan sama # karuwa a cikin rafi ta hanyar samun sabbin masu ba da gudummawa Sabuntawa saboda raguwar kaya ya faru ne a lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da kwari da yawa waɗanda a baya suka sami adadi mai yawa na yaduwar yaduwar kankara. Tare da canji zuwa yanayin ƙanƙara, nauyin rafi ya ragu kuma zurfin kwarin ya biyo baya. Sabuntawa na iya haifar da "maɓallin wuka", kamar yadda ya bayyana a kan bayanin kogi, wanda sau da yawa yakan bayyana a matsayin rapids ko ruwa. Misali shine Seljalandsfoss a kudancin [[Ayislan|Iceland]], inda isostatic (dynamic) uplift ya faru sakamakon duka gine-gine da deglaciation. Har ila yau, sake farfadowa na iya faruwa, a lokuta masu ban sha'awa, lokacin da wani knickpoint na ƙasa ya lalata hanyarsa zuwa tafkin wanda ya kafa matakin tushe ga masu goyon bayansa. Lokacin da knickpoint ya kai tafkin, tafkin ya narke, kuma matakin tushe na ruwan sama yana raguwa da sauri daga na (yanzu tsohon ko raguwa) tafkin zuwa na kogi a cikin kogin da ke ƙasa da knickPoint. A wani lokaci a nan gaba, misali mai ban mamaki zai bayyana lokacin da [[Niagara Falls]] ya yanke hanyar komawa Lake Erie. == Canyons da gorges == Canyons da gorges suna cikin farkon matakin ci gaban kwarin kuma ana ɗaukar su wasu daga cikin siffofin kwarin da suka fi ban sha'awa. Wadannan siffofi sun samo asali ne daga hanzarin karfafawa wanda ya haifar da aikin tectonic na baya-bayan nan kamar su musamman tsawo a tsaye. Hawan yana haifar da tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma a sakamakon haka, yana ci gaba da ikon rushewa na koguna da ke akwai. == Knickpoint da kogin kogin == Knickpoint shine batu a kan hanyar kogin inda aka sami canji a cikin gradient na bayanin kogin.  Misali na knickpoint da ake iya gani zai zama magudanar ruwa.  Koyaya, ana iya ɓoye wasu ƙwanƙwasa a cikin shimfidar wuri.  Yana da mahimmanci cewa yayin da akwai wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga irin waɗannan siffofi a cikin shimfidar wuri, sabuntawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasirin.  Kamar yadda aka ambata, lokacin da kogin ya sake farfadowa, yana samun ƙarin kuzari kuma yana raguwa a tsaye don saduwa da sabon matakin tushe. Yankin kogi shine ragowar tsohuwar ambaliyar ruwa a mafi girman tsawo fiye da na yanzu. Yawanci yakan haifar da sake farfadowa na kogi tare da ci gaba da farfadowar da ke iya samar da sabbin wurare, wanda ke haifar da mataki kamar bayanin martaba a kusa da kogi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} j4u3eepmvw3y1ikb6h9ened6rs3jth8 846124 846122 2026-06-03T14:46:46Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Goosenecks_State_Park_-_panoramio_(2).jpg|thumb|Yankin da aka shimfiɗa, Goosenecks State Park, yana nuna faduwar matakin kogi a tsawon lokaci]] A cikin [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] kogi yana sake farfadowa bayan lokacin da yake lalace a wuri mai faɗi don mayar da martani ga saukar da [[Matsayi na asali|matakin tushe]]. Sabuntawar kogi yana nufin sabunta aikin rushewa na kogi kuma yana iya ƙaruwa yayin da koguna ke ƙaruwa. Wannan tsari sau da yawa sakamakon faduwar kwatsam ne a matakin teku ko hauhawar ƙasa. Wannan rikici yana ba da damar hauhawar canjin makamashi na [[kogin]] a kowane nesa, yana ƙara yawan lalacewar kogin. Rushewar ta faru ne sakamakon yadda kogin ke daidaitawa zuwa sabon matakin tushe.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> == Alamomi == Sabuntawar kogin na iya haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin wuri mai faɗi. Wadannan sun hada da samar da magudanan ruwa da rapids, maki, kogin kogi da incised meanders.<ref name="Ace">{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenation |url=http://www.acegeography.com/rejuvenation.html |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ace Geography}}</ref> Yankunan da aka sabunta yawanci suna da shimfidar wurare masu rikitarwa saboda an adana ragowar tsofaffin shimfidar wuri a cikin gida. Za'a iya adana wasu sassan ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wuraren da ke kusa da tashoshin rafi masu saukowa. Koguna masu juyawa suna juyawa a cikin koguna kuma suna iya zama masu ƙarfi, don haka ana samun samfurin tsofaffin tsarin kogi tare da kwari masu tsayi, masu kama da V - sau da yawa ana ganin su tare da ƙananan tsarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Irfan |date=December 2024 |title=Morphological characteristics and controlling factors of the piedmont fan systems in the Zanskar region, Northwest Himalaya, India |journal=Quaternary Science Advances |volume=16 |bibcode=2024QSAdv..1600240I |doi=10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da sake farfadowa ya faru a kan meanders rushewar tsaye ya fara mamaye rushewar gefe wanda zai faru. == Misali == Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalai na sake farfadowa shine [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda aka sake farfada lokacin da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ya bushe a ƙarshen Miocene. Kogin Nilu yana ɓoye babban kogi wanda ya taɓa girman Grand Canyon a Arizona. Masana ilimin ƙasa suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaitawar canyon ga bushewar Tekun Bahar Rum, wannan taron an kira shi Messinian Salinity Crises . Matsayinta na asali ya sauka daga matakin teku zuwa sama da mil biyu a ƙasa da matakin teku. Ya yanke gadonsa zuwa ƙafa ɗari da yawa a ƙarƙashin matakin teku a [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] da ƙafa 8000 a ƙarƙashin matakin lewatle a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Bayan da Bahar Rum ta sake ambaliya, waɗannan gorges a hankali sun cika da laka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Squeezing the Lost Grand Canyon of Egypt into the Young Earth Paradigm |url=https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2019/06/04/squeezing-the-lost-grand-canyon-of-egypt-into-the-young-earth-paradigm-an-impossible-task/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=naturalis historia}}</ref> == Dalilan sake farfadowa == Sabuntawa na iya haifar da abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi, [[Sea level|eustatic]] ko isostatic a yanayi. Duk waɗannan suna sa kogin ya rushe gadonsa a tsaye (ƙetare) da sauri yayin da yake samun ƙarfin ƙarfin maganaɗiso. Wannan yana haifar da sakamako kamar [[Menander|incised meanders]], matakai inda kogi ba zato ba tsammani ya fara gudana da sauri, da kuma wuraren kogi da aka samo daga tsoffin ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Systems and Fluvial Landforms |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/fluvial-landforms.htm |access-date=April 6, 2025 |website=National Park Service |publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai ƙarfi === Za'a iya ɗaga yanki a kowane mataki. Wannan yana rage matakin tushe kuma koguna suna fara aiki a ƙasa. Za'a iya haifar da sake farfadowa ta hanyar hauhawar ƙasa. Warping ko lalacewar kwandon ruwa zai kara karfin rafin da ya biyo bayan raguwa. Za'a iya jin tasirin karkatawa zuwa teku nan da nan kawai lokacin da jagorancin wannan rafi ya yi daidai da jagorancin karkatawa. === Sabuntawa na Eustatic === Eustatic rejuvenation ya haifar da raguwar duniya a matakin teku, kuma an gane nau'ikan irin wannan rejuvening guda biyu. Diastrophic eustasy shine canji a matakin teku saboda bambancin iyawar tafkin teku, yayin da glacio-eustasy shine canje-canje a matakin teku sakamakon janyewa ko dawowar ruwa cikin teku, saboda tarawa ko narkewar kankara. Sabuntawa ta Eustatic ta sake mayar da bakin rafin. Canjin rafi zuwa sabon matakin tushe zai ci gaba da hawa kwarin. Sakamakon na iya zama bayanin martaba tare da ma'anar tsinkaye na tsoffin da sabbin matakan tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pirazzoli |first=Paolo Antonio |date=1 October 2005 |title=A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in eight late-Holocene relative sea-level histories from the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379105001307 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=1989–2001 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1989P |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.026 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> === Sabuntawa mai tsauri === Canje-canje guda uku na iya kawo sabuntawa, ga rafin. # raguwar kaya # karuwa a cikin runoff saboda karuwar ruwan sama # karuwa a cikin rafi ta hanyar samun sabbin masu ba da gudummawa Sabuntawa saboda raguwar kaya ya faru ne a lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da kwari da yawa waɗanda a baya suka sami adadi mai yawa na yaduwar yaduwar kankara. Tare da canji zuwa yanayin ƙanƙara, nauyin rafi ya ragu kuma zurfin kwarin ya biyo baya. Sabuntawa na iya haifar da "maɓallin wuka", kamar yadda ya bayyana a kan bayanin kogi, wanda sau da yawa yakan bayyana a matsayin rapids ko ruwa. Misali shine Seljalandsfoss a kudancin [[Ayislan|Iceland]], inda isostatic (dynamic) uplift ya faru sakamakon duka gine-gine da deglaciation. Har ila yau, sake farfadowa na iya faruwa, a lokuta masu ban sha'awa, lokacin da wani knickpoint na ƙasa ya lalata hanyarsa zuwa tafkin wanda ya kafa matakin tushe ga masu goyon bayansa. Lokacin da knickpoint ya kai tafkin, tafkin ya narke, kuma matakin tushe na ruwan sama yana raguwa da sauri daga na (yanzu tsohon ko raguwa) tafkin zuwa na kogi a cikin kogin da ke ƙasa da knickPoint. A wani lokaci a nan gaba, misali mai ban mamaki zai bayyana lokacin da [[Niagara Falls]] ya yanke hanyar komawa Lake Erie. == Canyons da gorges == Canyons da gorges suna cikin farkon matakin ci gaban kwarin kuma ana ɗaukar su wasu daga cikin siffofin kwarin da suka fi ban sha'awa. Wadannan siffofi sun samo asali ne daga hanzarin karfafawa wanda ya haifar da aikin tectonic na baya-bayan nan kamar su musamman tsawo a tsaye. Hawan yana haifar da tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma a sakamakon haka, yana ci gaba da ikon rushewa na koguna da ke akwai. == Knickpoint da kogin kogin == Knickpoint shine batu a kan hanyar kogin inda aka sami canji a cikin gradient na bayanin kogin.  Misali na knickpoint da ake iya gani zai zama magudanar ruwa.  Koyaya, ana iya ɓoye wasu ƙwanƙwasa a cikin shimfidar wuri.  Yana da mahimmanci cewa yayin da akwai wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga irin waɗannan siffofi a cikin shimfidar wuri, sabuntawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasirin.  Kamar yadda aka ambata, lokacin da kogin ya sake farfadowa, yana samun ƙarin kuzari kuma yana raguwa a tsaye don saduwa da sabon matakin tushe. Yankin kogi shine ragowar tsohuwar ambaliyar ruwa a mafi girman tsawo fiye da na yanzu. Yawanci yakan haifar da sake farfadowa na kogi tare da ci gaba da farfadowar da ke iya samar da sabbin wurare, wanda ke haifar da mataki kamar bayanin martaba a kusa da kogi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 1dr9wos5v1x107lbk4r39zllfkomunm David Uzochukwu 0 154499 846120 2026-06-03T14:44:26Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342154142|David Uzochukwu]]" 846120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Ejikeme Uzochukwu''' wani mai ɗaukar hoto ne ɗan ƙasar Austria da Najeriya, wanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin ɗaukar hoto, wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a Brussels da Berlin. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi David Ejikeme Uzochukwu a Innsbruck, Austria, ga mahaifiyarsa 'yar Austria kuma uba 'yar Najeriya. An rene shi a Innsbruck, kafin ya koma Luxembourg da Brussels. Tun daga lokacin ya zauna a Vienna da Berlin inda ya yi karatun [[Bachelor na Fine Arts|digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha]] a fannin Falsafa a Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin . == Sana'a == Uzochukwu ya fara ɗaukar hotuna tun yana ƙarami. Ya riga ya ƙware wajen amfani da kyamarar mahaifiyarsa mai nuna hoto tun yana ɗan shekara 10, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Jenny |date=22 September 2014 |title=15-Year-Old Photographer's Surreal Portraits Express Powerful Emotions |url=https://mymodernmet.com/david-uzochukwu-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930051543/https://mymodernmet.com/david-uzochukwu-photos/ |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=My Modern Met}}</ref> ya fara raba hotunansa sosai yana ɗan shekara 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=Iconoclast and Monom Present: An Immersive Soundscape Experience With David Uzochukwu |url=https://www.monomsound.com/events/daviduzochukwu |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Monom Sound}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 16, Uzochukwu ya zama ƙwararre kuma ya sanya hannu da Iconoclast Image da Gallery 8. A lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 17, FKA Twigs ta zaɓi Uzochukwu don ɗaukar wani gagarumin kamfen ga Nike a Mexico. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Vivian |title=Meet David Uzochukwu, the photographer behind FKA twigs' Dream Warrior issue |url=https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/meet-david-uzochukwu-photographer-behind-fka-twigs-dream-warrior-issue/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Crack Magazine}}</ref> Uzochukwu ya ƙirƙiri kamfen ga abokan ciniki kamar Adobe Photoshop, The Paris Opera (Opéra National de Paris), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |date=26 February 2016 |title=Meet David Uzochukwu, The Austro-Nigerian Photographer Who Is Doing Great Things! |url=https://www.zikoko.com/life/gist/david-uzochukwu-the-16-year-old/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Zikoko}}</ref> Dior, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Colomer |first=Arnau Valls |date=2018 |title=Dior 'Collection' Dir David Uzochukwu Prod Iconoclast |url=https://vimeo.com/239918740 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> Nike, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pritchard |first=Owen |date=11 January 2017 |title=FKA twigs teams up with 17 year old photographer David Uzochukwu for new Nike campaign |url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/fka-twigs-nike-david-uzochukwu-campaign-110117 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=It's Nice That}}</ref> Iris van Herpen, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=News {{!}} 'Sensory Seas' Intimately Lensed by the Magnificent David Uzochukwu |url=https://www.irisvanherpen.com/news/-29 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Iris van Herpen}}</ref> da World Wildlife Fund, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Eva-Maria |date=11 September 2017 |title=Ohne Mutter Natur gibt es keine Zukunft für Menschenkinder |url=https://www.horizont.net/schweiz/nachrichten/Wirz-fuer-WWF-Ohne-Mutter-Natur-gibt-es-keine-Zukunft-fuer-Menschenkinder-160997 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Horizont}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha kamar FKA Twigs, [[Ibeyi]], Benjamin Clementine, Labrinth, Little Dragon, da Pharrell Williams . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Vivian |title=Meet David Uzochukwu, the photographer behind FKA twigs' Dream Warrior issue |url=https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/meet-david-uzochukwu-photographer-behind-fka-twigs-dream-warrior-issue/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Crack Magazine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYeung">Yeung, Vivian. [https://crackmagazine.net/article/long-reads/meet-david-uzochukwu-photographer-behind-fka-twigs-dream-warrior-issue/ "Meet David Uzochukwu, the photographer behind FKA twigs' Dream Warrior issue"]. ''Crack Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Lancker |first=Eline |date=14 November 2019 |title=Werken voor Wes Anderson en Pharrell Williams doe je zo |url=https://www.demorgen.be/tv-cultuur/werken-voor-wes-anderson-en-pharrell-williams-doe-je-zo~bf3dd7e7/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=De Morgen |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=De Vriendt |first=Mien |date=2 September 2017 |title=David Uzochukwu: De rijzende ster aan het fotografiefirnament. De Brusselse tiener bij wie sterren in de rij staan |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20170901_03048818?articlehash=2325C38C8582B0F5026B55A940597070C32F2E376B387E63BF0061611C022822321B28EF820701CD518BE8043E5B76E8585861383035F76D55D8B392C64EB2A5 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=De Standaard}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an nuna shirinsa mai suna ''A Familiar Ruin'' a Cibiyar Fasaha ta BOZAR a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin ƙungiyar ''Dey Your Lane!,'' ''wanda'' Azu Nwagbogu na Najeriya ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=Meet the Artists, Dey Your Lane!, Lagos Variations |url=https://www.bozar.be/nl/activities/114513-meet-the-artists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704135131/http://www.bozar.be/nl/activities/114513-meet-the-artists |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=Bozar}}</ref> Uzochukwu ya fara da hoton kansa kuma ya samo asali zuwa ɗaukar [[Hoto (Portrait)|hotunan hotuna]] a yanayi. Ɗaukar hotunansa ya haɗa da hotunan bayan samarwa da kuma hotunan sirri, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Indi |date=16 August 2018 |title=First Hand — From signing with an agent at 16, to shooting for Nike at 17: What David Uzochukwu has learned so far |url=https://lectureinprogress.com/journal/david-uzochukwu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809170036/https://lectureinprogress.com/journal/david-uzochukwu |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=Lecture in Progress}}</ref> sau da yawa yana ba da hotuna tare da yanayin kaɗaici da ke rataye a jikinsa a cikin bayyanar hayaki, gajimare, ruwa, da wuta. Hotunansa na ban mamaki suna nuna, misali, sararin sama mai shuɗi wanda ya zama bango, lu'ulu'u masu iyo a cikin iska, yashi mai aman wuta wanda ya zama abin rufe fuska, ko jini wanda ya zama abin rufe fuska. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Immi |date=2018 |title=Knotorys Talks to David Uzochukwu |url=https://www.knotoryus.com/articles/2017/11/30/knotoryus-talks-to-david-uzochukwu |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Knotoryus}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun fi bayyana abubuwan da ya lura da su game da launin fata da kuma rashin kunya . Misali, a ''Unseen Amsterdam'', ya fara gabatar da jerin hotuna waɗanda suka yi amfani da hoton halittun ruwa masu kama da ɗan adam, waɗanda aka sanye da fikafikai, wutsiya, ko haƙora masu kaifi. A shekarar 2019, an ambato Uzochukwu yana cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna bayyana 'abin da ake nufi da a kira shi 'baƙi', a sami ra'ayi mai tsauri game da launin fata, kuma a ci gaba duk da haka.' <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2019 |title=Across The Globe: Artist Spotlight #, Unseen Amsterdam |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/unseen-amsterdam-globe-artist-spotlight-10 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maridelis-Morales |first=Rosado |date=25 June 2019 |title=35 Queer Photographers Illustrate What "Pride" Really Means |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/queer-photographers-pride/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Wmagazine}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga masu zane-zane kamar mai ɗaukar hoto na Amurka Gregory Crewdson da mai zane-zane na Kenya-Amurka Wangechi Mutu, waɗanda ayyukansu suka gina sararin samaniya na mutum ɗaya wanda ya haɗa jinsi, launin fata, tarihin fasaha, da asalin mutum ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wangechi Mutu (Kenyan, born 1972) |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/wangechi-mutu/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Artnet}}</ref> == Ganewa == A shekarar 2014, an ba shi suna EyeEm Photographer of the Year, [1] [2] da kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda Flickr ta zaɓa a matsayin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar 20under20. [3] A shekarar 2015, yana cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka zaɓa don Adobe Photoshop 's 25 Under 25 [4] kuma ya sami kyautar Canon x Exhibitor Student Photography Award. [5] A shekarar 2019, an zaɓe shi don CPH:LAB 2019/2020, shirin haɓaka baiwa na CPH:DOX Copenhagen International Documentary Festival. [6] A shekarar 2021, an zabi Uzochukwu a matsayin wanda zai yi takarar Prix Pictet, kuma ya nuna aikinsa a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cumming |date=9 January 2022 |title=Prix Pictet 2021: Fire review – a world going up in flames |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jan/09/prix-pictet-2021-fire-review-a-world-going-up-in-flames-sally-mann-virtual-tour |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an saka shi a cikin jerin Forbes ''"30 Under 30 Europe: Art & Culture 2025"'' saboda sabbin dabarunsa na bayar da labarai da kuma haɗin gwiwar manyan masu fasaha da kamfanoni kamar FKA twigs, Nike, da Iris van Herpen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Melvin |first=Simone |title=30 Under 30 Europe Art & Culture 2025: Meet The Artists, Designers And Entrepreneurs Shaping Style And Taste |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonemelvin/2025/04/15/30-under-30-europe-art--culture-2025-meet-the-artists-designers-and-entrepreneurs-shaping-style-and-taste/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin Nunin == * ''FOM Foto Maastricht'', 6211-kunskwartier, Maastricht, August 2014{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * ''Flickr Friday: A Living Room'', iGNANT, Berlin, January 2014; co-organised with Fantastic Frank<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurze |first=Caroline |date=2014 |title=A Living Room by iGNANT, x Fantastic Frank |url=https://www.ignant.com/2014/12/16/a-living-room-by-ignant-x-fantastic-frank/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Ignant.com}}</ref> * ''Flickr, 20 Under 20'', curated by Vogue photo director Ivan Shaw, Milk Studios, New York, NY, October 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Angela |date=16 September 2014 |title=These 20 Teenagers Are The Future Of Photography |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2014/09/74568/flickr-young-photographers |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Refinery29.com}}</ref> * ''The EyeEm World Tour 2015'', traveled to Alte Teppichfabrik, September 2014; NUMA, Paris, November 2014; EyeEm Studio San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 14 November 2014; Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, November 2014; Art basel miami, The Lab Miami, Miami, FL, December 2014; Tokyo Institute of Photography, Tokyo, December 2014; Haus der Universität, Düsseldorf, 30 January 2015, as part of Düsseldorf Photo Weekend; Soho House Toronto, Toronto, 25 February 2015; Openhouse Gallery, New York, NY, 26 March 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=The EyeEm World Tour |url=http://worldtour.eyeem.com/ |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> * ''Unlocked'', curated by Vassilis Zidianakis, ATOPOS Contemporary Visual Culture, Athens, February–April 2016 * ''Africa Salon – mo(ve)ments: African Digital Subjectivities'', Yale School of Art, New Haven, CT, March 2016 * ''Whispering Stills'', Never Apart, Montréal, April–July 2016{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * ''Dey Your Lane !'', curated by Azu Nwagbogu, BOZAR Center for Contemporary Art, Brussels, June–September 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=17 juni '16 — 04 september '16, Dey Your Lane!, Lagos Variations |url=https://www.bozar.be/nl/activities/105763-dey-your-lane |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127081924/https://www.bozar.be/nl/activities/105763-dey-your-lane |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Bozar.be}}</ref> * ''[[Bikin Hoton Legas|Lagos Photo]] Festival,'' ''Inherent Risk; Rituals and Performance'', curated by Azu Nwagbogu, Eko Hotel & Suites, Victoria Island, Lagos, October–November 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 |url=http://www.lagosphotofestival.com/archive/2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523180816/http://www.lagosphotofestival.com/archive/2016 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Lagos Photo Festival}}</ref> * ''27th Festival of African, Asian and Latin American Film Cinema'', ''Where Future Beats'', curated by Azu Nwagbogu and Maria Pia Bernardoni, Casello Ovest di Porta Venezia, Milano, March 2017; co-organised by Lagos Photo Festival, Lagos<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardoni |first=Maria Pia |date=2017 |title=Photo exhibition "Where Future Beats" |url=https://www.festivalcinemaafricano.org/en/mostra-fotografica-where-future-beats/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Festival Cinema Africano}}</ref> * ''Portraits'', Photo Brussels Festival 02, Hangar, Photo Art Center, Brussels, November 2017 – January 2018 * ''Songe du Présent'', MuPHo Musée de la photographie de Saint Louis, St Louis, Sénégal, May 2018; organised on the occasion of Dak'art Biennale 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercier |first=Jeanne |date=24 January 2018 |title=Ouverture du MuPho à Saint Louis, premier musée dédié à la photographie au Sénégal |url=https://www.9lives-magazine.com/32130/2018/01/24/ouverture-mupho-a-saint-louis-premier-musee-dedie-a-photographie-senegal/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=9 Lives Magazine |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2018 |title=Le musée de la photo de St Louis |url=https://senegalblackrainbow.org/2018/05/16/le-musee-de-la-photo-de-st-louis/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929043708/https://www.senegalblackrainbow.org/2018/05/16/le-musee-de-la-photo-de-st-louis/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Senegal Black Rainbow |language=fr}}</ref> * ''Innate: Future Blooms (Djeneba Aduayom)'', La Villa Rouge, Dakar, May 2018; as part of the exhibition ''Bridge'' curated by MuPHo Musée de La Photographie de St Louis, on the occasion of [[Dakar Biennale|Dak'art Biennale]] 2018{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * ''Transparent'', Kalonoma Festival, Munich, 5 May 2018{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * ''When Ethics meets Aesthetics'', Vogue Italia initiative, Leica Gallery Milano, Milan, June 2018{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * ''Liquid Thunder, An Immersive Soundscape Experience With David Uzochukwu'', MONOM, Berlin, 13 October 2019; (solo exhibition with sound installation by William Russell){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * PhotoVogue Festival 2018, ''Embracing Diversity'', curated by Alessia Glaviano and Francesca Marani, BASE Milano, November 2019<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Photo Vogue Festival: Milan, Italy 15–18 November 2018 |url=https://shutterhub.org.uk/photo-vogue-festival-milan-italy-15-18-november-2018/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810154723/https://shutterhub.org.uk/photo-vogue-festival-milan-italy-15-18-november-2018/ |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Shutterhub}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Photovogue – David Uzochukwu |url=https://www.vogue.it/en/photovogue/portfolio/?id=34915&refresh_ce= |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Vogue}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pelloso |first=Giovanni |title=Photo Vogue Festival 2019 |url=https://vivimilano.corriere.it/mostre/photo-vogue-festival-2019/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Vivi Milano Corriere}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Marani |first=Francesca |date=22 May 2018 |title=When Ethics meets Aesthetics • The exhibition. The opening at Leica Galerie in Milan |url=https://www.vogue.it/en/photography/news/2018/05/22/when-ethics-meets-aesthetics-exhibition-photovogue-2018-leica-store-milano/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Vogue}}</ref> * ''Unseen Amsterdam'', September 2019; represented by Gallery Number 8, Brussels{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}} * PhotoVogue Festival 2019, ''A Glitch in the System'', curated by Alessia Glaviano and Francesca Marani, BASE Milano, November 2018<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57hc40i8i3q2w42k6yb58bodyw3rd3i Yanayi da Al'adu 0 154500 846126 2026-06-03T14:48:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1169053831|Nature and Culture]]" 846126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal|title=Nature and Culture|cover=Jnl cover naturec.jpg|abbreviation=Nat. Cult.|editor=Sing C. Chew, Matthias Gross|discipline=[[Environmental sociology]], [[environmental studies]], [[cultural studies]], [[Science, technology, and society]]|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|history=2005-present|impact=1.931|impact-year=2015|frequency=Triannually|website=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/nature-and-culture/nature-and-culture-overview.xml|ISSN=1558-6073}}{{Columns-list|* Abstracts in Anthropology * [[Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature]] * Anthropological Index * [[British Humanities Index]] * [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] * [[International Bibliography of Periodical Literature]] * [[Sociological Abstracts]] * [[Scopus]] * [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] * [[Current Contents]]/Social and Behavioral Sciences * [[TOC Premier]]|colwidth=30em}} Halitta da Al'adu wata mujallar ilimi ce da Aka sake bugawa da Berghahn Books ta buga wacce ke rufe dangantakar tarihi da ta zamani da al'ummomi ke da ita da yanayi. Babban editoci sune Sing C. Chew da Matthias Gross . Jigogi na wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da halayen al'adu da ra'ayoyin yanayi, Maido da muhalli, lokacin muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature+ Culture Publication Themes |url=http://journals.berghahnbooks.com/_uploads/nc/NC_Themes.pdf |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=Journals.berghahnbooks.com}}</ref> Wasu sabbin hanyoyin mujallar sun hada da [[Fasahar muhalli]] da al'adun makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nature and Culture: ingentaconnect Table Of Contents |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/berghahn/natcult/2014/00000009/00000002 |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=Ingentaconnect.com}}</ref> == Lissafi da cirewa == ''Yanayi da Al'adu'' an jera su kuma an cire su a cikin:{{Columns-list|* Abstracts in Anthropology * [[Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature]] * Anthropological Index * [[British Humanities Index]] * [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] * [[International Bibliography of Periodical Literature]] * [[Sociological Abstracts]] * [[Scopus]] * [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] * [[Current Contents]]/Social and Behavioral Sciences * [[TOC Premier]]|colwidth=30em}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} * {{Official website|https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/nature-and-culture/nature-and-culture-overview.xml}} 36ecdnj2f1sqcr7sdzib7g1xb6c3lko 846127 846126 2026-06-03T14:48:56Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox journal|title=Nature and Culture|cover=Jnl cover naturec.jpg|abbreviation=Nat. Cult.|editor=Sing C. Chew, Matthias Gross|discipline=[[Environmental sociology]], [[environmental studies]], [[cultural studies]], [[Science, technology, and society]]|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|history=2005-present|impact=1.931|impact-year=2015|frequency=Triannually|website=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/nature-and-culture/nature-and-culture-overview.xml|ISSN=1558-6073}}{{Columns-list|* Abstracts in Anthropology * [[Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature]] * Anthropological Index * [[British Humanities Index]] * [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] * [[International Bibliography of Periodical Literature]] * [[Sociological Abstracts]] * [[Scopus]] * [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] * [[Current Contents]]/Social and Behavioral Sciences * [[TOC Premier]]|colwidth=30em}} Halitta da Al'adu wata mujallar ilimi ce da Aka sake bugawa da Berghahn Books ta buga wacce ke rufe dangantakar tarihi da ta zamani da al'ummomi ke da ita da yanayi. Babban editoci sune Sing C. Chew da Matthias Gross . Jigogi na wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da halayen al'adu da ra'ayoyin yanayi, Maido da muhalli, lokacin muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature+ Culture Publication Themes |url=http://journals.berghahnbooks.com/_uploads/nc/NC_Themes.pdf |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=Journals.berghahnbooks.com}}</ref> Wasu sabbin hanyoyin mujallar sun hada da [[Fasahar muhalli]] da al'adun makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nature and Culture: ingentaconnect Table Of Contents |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/berghahn/natcult/2014/00000009/00000002 |access-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=Ingentaconnect.com}}</ref> == Lissafi da cirewa == ''Yanayi da Al'adu'' an jera su kuma an cire su a cikin:{{Columns-list|* Abstracts in Anthropology * [[Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature]] * Anthropological Index * [[British Humanities Index]] * [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] * [[International Bibliography of Periodical Literature]] * [[Sociological Abstracts]] * [[Scopus]] * [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] * [[Current Contents]]/Social and Behavioral Sciences * [[TOC Premier]]|colwidth=30em}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} * {{Official website|https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/nature-and-culture/nature-and-culture-overview.xml}} fazr6or4spixn4zs4mx3r8ylzq1f13f Al'ummar karkara a kasar Sin 0 154501 846128 2026-06-03T14:49:34Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292204881|Rural society in China]]" 846128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:DanshanSichuanMarketSept05.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Manomi na kifi a kasuwar manoma a Danshan, Sichuan a watan Satumbar 2005]]     '''Al'ummar karkara a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin''' ta ƙunshi kasa da rabin al'ummar Sinawa (kimanin kashi 45 cikin ɗari) kuma suna da nau'ikan salon rayuwa da salon rayuwa daban-daban.  Rayuwa a karkarar kasar Sin ta sha bamban da ta biranen kasar Sin.  A kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yankunan karkara na samun bunkasuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta, tattalin arzikin birane yana fuskantar kididdigar.  A yankunan arewa maso yamma da yamma, ana ganin al'ummar karkara a matsayin kaskantacce kuma na da.  Abubuwan buƙatu na yau da kullun kamar ruwan famfo da sufuri na yau da kullun suna da matsala a waɗannan yankuna. == Tarihi == === Jamhuriyar Sin === A lokacin jamhuriyar Sin, gwamnatin Beiyang ko ta Nanjing ta baya-bayan nan ba ta sami nasarar tabbatar da mulkin kasar Sin a yankunan karkara ba.[1]: 71  Shugabannin kauyukan gargajiya sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar tattalin arziki, da huldar jama'a, da albarkatu na alama kamar zuriya.<ref name=":Laikwan">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 71 : 71  === Kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a === Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a lokacin da ta yi fice tsakanin shekarar 1921 zuwa 1949, ita ce kyautata zaman rayuwar talakawan kasar Sin, wadanda mafi yawansu mazauna karkara ne.  A lokacin kafin 1936, CCP ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar karkara a yankunan da ta yi tasiri ko sarrafawa.  Babban yanki shi ne sake fasalin kasa, inda aka karbe iko daga hannun masu mallakar filaye na gargajiya da kuma masu hannu da shuni, kuma aka ba da shi ga jiha, wato, tarawa.  Kasar Sin a farkon shekarar 1949 ta samu karuwar injiniyoyin aikin gona, da yaduwar wutar lantarki, da ruwan sha, da fasahar zamani zuwa yankunan karkara.  Koyaya, a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, abubuwa da yawa sun rage a yi. Mao ya lura cewa mafi yawan fa'idodi ba ga yankunan karkara ba, inda yawancin Sinawa ke zaune, kuma wadanda suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga juyin juya halin, amma ga cibiyoyin birane. Tsarin katin shaidar ya ba da digiri na albarkatu, gami da rabon abinci, ga mazauna birane da mazaunan karkara. === Babban Tsalle zuwa Gaba === A lokacin yakin neman zabe na Great Leap Forward na 1958 zuwa 1961, shugabannin kasar Sin sun yi ƙoƙari su hanzarta hadin kai da haɓaka saurin samar da masana'antu a duk faɗin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan karkara. Wannan yafi yawanci ya shafi samar da ƙananan abubuwa, kamar narkar da karfe na "backyard". An yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar hadin kai da aiki mai yawa, samar da ƙarfe na kasar Sin zai wuce na Burtaniya a cikin shekaru 15 kawai daga farkon "tsalle". An kafa wata hanyar gwaji a Henan a farkon 1958, kuma nan da nan an bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar.  An tattara dubun-dubatar don samar da kayayyaki guda ɗaya wanda ke wakiltar masana'antu: ƙarfe.  An kafa kusan kwamitoci 25,000, kowanne yana da gidaje kusan 5,000.  Fatan shine bunkasa masana'antu ta hanyar yin amfani da ɗimbin wadatar arha da kuma gujewa shigo da manyan injuna.  An gina ƙananan tanderun ƙarfe na bayan gida a kowace gari inda manoma ke samar da ƙananan ɗigon ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe da aka yi da ƙura.  A lokaci guda, an tattara al'ummomin manoma. Babban Leap Forward yanzu ana ganinsa ko'ina, a ciki da waje da China, a matsayin babban bala'in tattalin arziki. Manoma galibi suna barin noma don samar da ƙarfe ko aiki a wasu masana'antu. Shekaru uku tsakanin 1959 da 1962 an san su da "Shekaru Uku masu Bitter," Shekaru Uku na Bala'o'i na Halitta (ko da yake wannan sunan yanzu ba a amfani dashi sosai a China), da Babban Yunwa, yayin da mutanen China suka sha wahala daga matsanancin karancin abinci. Lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin rayuwar karkara a kasar Sin. === Lokacin bayan Mao Zedong === A karkashin Deng Xiaoping, yawan birane a kasar Sin ya habaka cikin sauri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan da aka ayyana "sake yin kwaskwarima da bude kofa ga kasashen waje"[1]. Sabbin tsare-tsare a tattalin arzikin kasar Sin sun canja tsarin daga noma na gama-gari zuwa kason samar da amfanin gida na gida, ta hanyoyi da dama, sun maido da kokarin tattara kayan aikin shekaru da dama. A yankuna da dama na kasar Sin, musamman kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yanayin rayuwa ya samu ci gaba sosai bayan gyare-gyaren da Deng ya yi. Kamfanonin Birni da Kauye sun kawo samar da masana'antu zuwa yankunan karkara - galibi a kan gabar tekun kudanci, suna taimakawa bude wadannan al'ummomin karkara zuwa habakar tattalin arziki. (An yi kokarin ra'ayin samar da masana'antu a yankunan karkara a karkashin Mao amma tare da samun iyakataccen nasara; alal misali, masana'antun masana'antu a yankuna masu nisa sun gamu da cikas a kokarin da suke yi na samar da kayayyaki). Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa, sarƙaƙƙiya da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan yanayin. Misali, nisa ya fi girma, kuma labarin kasa sau da yawa ya fi ƙalubale a yankunan yamma da ciki. Yawan jama'a ya fi bazuwa; Tsarin zamantakewa ma na iya taka rawa, ta yadda yawan al'umma da tsarin zamantakewar wadannan yankuna sau da yawa ya sha banban sosai da na kasar Sin dake gabar teku. Sauye-sauyen Deng Xiaoping sun haɗa da gabatar da tsarin shiryawa, gudanarwa ta tsakiya na tattalin arziki ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gwamnati, barin salon kamfen ɗin Mao na gine-ginen tattalin arziki. Deng ya ci gaba da gadon Mao har ya jaddada mahimmancin aikin gona kuma ya karfafa rarraba yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin karkara da gidajen manoma. A matakin gida, za a yi amfani da kayan aiki, maimakon roƙon siyasa, don motsa ma'aikata, gami da ba da damar manoma su sami ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar sayar da kayan da suka samu a kasuwa kyauta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kasuwannin karkara da ke sayar da kayayyakin gida na manoma da kuma kayayyakin da suka rage na yankuna an farfado da su a karkashin tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwa na Deng. Ba wai kawai kasuwannin karkara sun kara yawan kayan aikin gona ba, sun kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antu. Tare da manoma da ke iya sayar da amfanin gona a kasuwa, amfani da gida ya haifar da masana'antu kuma ya haifar da goyon bayan siyasa don sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki masu wahala. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da yankuna masu wadata sosai da ke da nisa fiye da yankuna marasa talauci inda iyaye ke da matukar wahala wajen samun isasshen kudin shiga don tabbatar da cewa ana iya tura yaransu zuwa makaranta, duk da kudaden ilimi da suka riga sun ragu. Lalle ne, rashin daidaituwa na ilimi da zamantakewa wani muhimmin fasalin wannan ci gaban da ba daidai ba ne. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A A tsakiyar 1980s, ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa birane ya zama wani al'amari na ƙasa: 161  Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tasowa tun aƙalla shekarun 1990 shine "yawan jama'a" ko "baƙar fata (misali kasuwar baƙar fata)", 'yan gudun hijirar yankunan karkara (民工 min gong) na shiga cikin birane.  Har zuwa abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, mazauna karkara ba su da izinin doka don sake zama a cikin birane ba tare da izini ba, duk da haka tsakanin dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan miliyan sun sake tsugunar da su don neman ayyukan yi.  Mutane da yawa sun sami aiki, ta hanyar gine-gine da sauran sassan da ke da ƙarancin albashi da fa'idodi, da kuma haɗarin wuraren aiki.  Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da dama sun taso a sakamakon haka, wato nuna wariya ga mazauna karkara a cikin birane, kebewar bakin haure a hankali, wanda wasu ke haifar da aikata laifuka.  Ta haka ne rayuwar karkara ta “shiga” garuruwa.  [abubuwan da ake bukata]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Rashin damar yin aiki ya kara sanya rayuwa a yankunan karkara da yawa da wahala, saboda haka bayyanar jan hankali don sake zama a cikin birane. Tabbas, ayyukan suna da iyaka, don haka mutane da yawa suna ƙaura a cikin birane kawai don samun damar da ta fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa yawancin mazauna yankunan karkara ba su da aikin yi ko kuma ba su da aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman ya kuma haifar da ci gaban karkara a wasu sassan kasar Sin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wani muhimmin takardar manufofi na zamanin [[Xi Jinping]], 2013's Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, ya bayyana rarrabuwar birane da karkara a matsayin babban cikas ga ci gaba da sabunta kasar Sin kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ci gaba da haɗa ci gaba. : 32 Jerin ayyukan da aka tsara don rage rarrabuwar birane da ƙauyuka sun biyo baya.<ref name=":1" /> : 32 : 32  A cikin 2013, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar sabon shiri don rage talauci da haɓaka yankunan karkara masu talauci ta hanyar haɓaka haɓaka kuɗin shiga na manoma na karkara da rage cikas a ci gaban noma. Shirin ya haɗa da inganta sabbin nau'ikan kasuwancin noma, kamar gonakin iyali da ƙungiyoyin hadin gwiwa, da ƙarfafa masana'antu da kamfanonin kasuwanci su saka hannun jari a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China eyes more rural development in 2013 - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194409/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da matsayi na aji == Babban aikin farko na sauya al'ummar ƙauye shi ne sake fasalin ƙasa a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950, inda jam'iyyar ta tura ƙungiyoyin aiki zuwa kowane ƙauye don aiwatar da manufofinta na sake fasalin ƙasa.  Wannan shi kansa wani nuni ne da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na ikon gudanarwa da na siyasa.  Gyaran ƙasa yana da maƙasudai da yawa masu alaƙa.  Ƙungiyoyin aikin sun kasance su sake rarraba wasu (ko da yake ba duka ba) filaye daga iyalai masu arziki ko amintattun masu mallakar filaye zuwa ga mafi ƙasƙanci na jama'a don haka don samar da ingantaccen rarraba hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki;  a hambarar da jiga-jigan kauye, wadanda za a yi tsammanin za su yi adawa da jam’iyyar da shirye-shiryenta;  a dauki sabbin shugabannin kauyuka daga cikin wadanda suka nuna kwazo wajen tabbatar da manufofin jam’iyyar;  da kuma koya wa kowa tunani a matsayin aji maimakon ƙungiyar dangi ko abokan hulɗar abokin ciniki. Domin cimma buri na ƙarshe, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan jam'iyyar sun gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa, kuma sun rarraba dukkan iyalan ƙauyen ko dai a matsayin masu gidaje, masu arziki, manoma na tsakiya, ko matalauta.  Waɗannan alamomin, dangane da mallakar ƙasa na iyali da matsayin tattalin arziƙin gabaɗaya tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1950, sun zama dindindin kuma na gado na asalin kowane iyali kuma, a ƙarshen 1980, har yanzu abin ya shafa, alal misali, abubuwa kamar damar shigar da sojoji, kwalejoji, jami'o'i, da mukaman gudanarwa na gida har ma da yiwuwar aure. An kammala tattara aikin noma da gaske tare da kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a 1958. Ƙungiyoyin sun kasance manya, sun ƙunshi ƙauyuka da yawa.  An yi nufin su zama ƙungiyoyi masu ma'ana da yawa, waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan gudanarwa na tattalin arziki da na gida.  A karkashin tsarin gamayya, gidan ya kasance tushen tushen amfani, kuma wasu bambance-bambancen yanayin rayuwa sun kasance, kodayake ba a yi musu alama ba kamar yadda aka yi kafin sake fasalin ƙasa.  A ƙarƙashin irin wannan tsarin, duk da haka, motsi zuwa sama yana buƙatar zama ƙungiya ko jami'in sadarwa ko samun ƙarancin matsayi na fasaha kamar kasancewar direban babbar mota. == Rashin kula da jama'a == Tattaunawa da sauran tsare-tsare na siyasa sun haifar da yaɗuwar yunwa da mutuwar dubban miliyoyin mutane.  A ƙarshen 1970s, masu gudanarwa a cikin sassan matakin lardi tare da yankuna masu faɗin ƙarancin amfanin gona da ƙarancin ma'auni na rayuwa sun fara gwaji tare da sabbin nau'ikan aiki da samarwa.  A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan sun kasance kamar karya ƙungiyar samar da kayan aikin gama kai, yin kwangila tare da gidaje ɗaya don yin aikin da aka ba su na filayen gama gari, da faɗaɗa nau'ikan amfanin gona ko dabbobin da za a iya noma.  Gwaje-gwajen an yi la'akari da nasara kuma sun shahara, kuma nan da nan suka bazu zuwa dukkan gundumomi.  A lokacin hunturu na 1982-1983, an soke ƙungiyoyin jama'a;  an maye gurbinsu da ƙauyuka na gudanarwa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman ko kasuwanci waɗanda galibi suna hayar irin waɗannan kadarorin gama gari kamar tarakta kuma suna ba da sabis na kuɗi. Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa na sabbin shirye-shiryen samarwa da kwangila.  Ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye na tsarin gudanarwa da na kwangila sun kasance da yawa na asali ka'idoji da halaye.  Da farko, ƙasa, ainihin hanyoyin samarwa, ta kasance dukiya ta gama gari.  An yi hayar, ko aka ba shi, ko kuma an ba shi kwangila ga gidaje ɗaya, amma gidajen ba su mallaki fili ba kuma ba za su iya miƙa shi ga wasu gidaje ba.  Gidan ya zama, a mafi yawan lokuta, rukunin tattalin arziki na asali kuma yana da alhakin samarwa da asarar kansa.  Yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki an tsara su ta hanyar kwangiloli, waɗanda galibi suna tabbatar da alkawurran samar da wani takamaiman adadin kayayyaki ko adadin kuɗi ga gwamnatin birni don amfani da filaye, ko bita, ko tarakta.. Manufar tsarin kwangila ita ce kara inganci a cikin amfani da albarkatu da kuma yin amfani da manoma. An maye gurbin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun cewa duk ƙauyuka suna samar da hatsi ta hanyar fahimtar fa'idodin ƙwarewa da musayar, da kuma rawar da ta fi girma ga kasuwanni. Wasu "gidaje na musamman" sun ba da kansu gaba ɗaya ga samar da amfanin gona ko samar da ayyuka kuma sun sami lada mai yawa. Hoton gabaɗaya yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewa, bambanci, da musayar a cikin Tattalin arzikin karkara da kuma cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. Kudin da ake samu a yankunan karkara ya karu da sauri, a wani bangare saboda jihar ta kara farashin da ta biya don amfanin gona kuma a wani bangere saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da fadada kasuwanni da sake gano fa'idar kwatankwacin. == Matsayin iyali == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙara zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su ga gidaje ɗaya kuma ya sa shugabannin gida su ƙara ɗaukar alhakin nasarar tattalin arzikin gidajensu.  A shekara ta 1987, alal misali, bisa doka ta yiwu a bar ƙauyen mu ƙaura zuwa wani gari da ke kusa don yin aiki a ƙaramin masana'anta, buɗe ma'auni, ko kafa sana'ar gyaran injina.  Manoma, duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya ƙaura zuwa matsakaita ko manyan birane bisa doka.  Kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin sun ba da rahoton karin yabo a yankunan karkara don neman ilimi, da karuwar sha'awar jaridu da mujallu masu ra'ayin noma, da kuma rubutattun litattafai a fili kan irin wadannan sana'o'i masu fa'ida kamar kiwon zomo da kiwon zuma.  Yayin da ƙwarewa da rarrabuwar kawuna suka karu, tare da bambance-bambancen da ake iya gani na samun kudin shiga da yanayin rayuwa, ya zama da wahala a keɓance yawancin mazauna karkara a cikin ƴan manyan sassa.  A farkon shekarun 1980, saurin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin ya yi sauri, kuma mutanen da suka shiga cikin wannan sauyin sun sha wahala wajen fahimtar tsarin. == Sakamakon sake fasalin karkara == Jiha ta riƙe ikonta da rawar da take takawa a cikin tattalin arzikin karkara a cikin shekarun 1980. Decollectivization, kamar collectivization na shekarun 1950, an ba da umarni daga saman zuwa ƙasa. Wani lokaci, a bayyane yake, an ɗora shi a kan al'ummomin da suka gamsu da hanyoyin su na hadin gwiwa. Amma a cikin ba da izini ga gidaje da al'ummomi mafi girma don yanke shawarar abin da za su samar da kuma ba da izinin ci gaban kasuwannin karkara da ƙananan masana'antu, jihar ta koma baya daga kulawa ta kusa da ƙididdigar tilas na shekarun 1960 da 1970. Ƙaddamarwa ya kawar da ayyukan kulawa na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ayyuka waɗanda ba su buƙatar kula da aiki a kan filayen gama gari.  Wasu jami'an tsaro sun zama masu gudanar da cikakken lokaci a ofisoshin gari, wasu kuma sun yi amfani da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kafa gidaje na musamman ko kuma ta hanyar ba da hayar kadarorin gama gari a farashi mai kyau.  Tsofaffin jami'an tsaro, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwarsu da sanin hanyoyin gudanarwa, sun kasance cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da manoma na yau da kullun don cin gajiyar damar da haɓaka kasuwanni da ayyukan kasuwanci ke bayarwa.  Hatta ’yan bangar da ba su himmatu wajen kara kudin shiga na iyalansu ba, sun gano cewa don yi wa ’yan uwansu hidima kamar yadda ake tsammani ya zama dole su zama ‘yan kasuwa.  Ɗaliban matakin ƙauye a tsakiyar 1980s ba su yi ƙasa da aiki a matsayin masu kulawa ba kuma fiye da matsayin wakilai na faɗaɗawa da masu ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1987 al'ummar karkara sun fi budewa da bambanci fiye da shekarun 1960 da 1970, kuma ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na wannan lokacin, wanda ya nuna damuwa mai yawa na jihar game da tsaro, an maye gurbinsu da cibiyoyin sadarwa da tarin ƙananan raka'a. Sabon, tsarin da ya fi sauƙi ya nuna fifiko da aka sanya akan inganci da Ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tsaro na asali, a cikin ma'anar isasshen abinci da tabbacin tallafi ga nakasassu, marayu, ko tsofaffi, an dauke su ba tare da la'akari ba. Kasa da rabin yawan jama'ar kasar Sin sun tuna da rashin tsaro da haɗarin al'umma kafin 1950, amma farashin da rashin inganci na tsarin hadin gwiwa sun kasance sabo a cikin tunaninsu. Ƙarin ƙwarewa da rarraba aiki sun kasance yanayin da ba za a iya juyawa ba. A cikin yankunan karkara muhimmancin sashin aiki ya bayyana ya ragu, kodayake mutane har yanzu suna zaune a ƙauyuka, kuma ayyukan ƙananan ma'aikatan gudanarwa har yanzu suna shafar talakawa manoma ko ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a hanyoyi. Jiha da jami'anta har yanzu suna mamaye tattalin arziki, suna sarrafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, suna biyan haraji da kuma tsara kasuwanni da kasuwanni, da kuma ba da kwangila. Tsarin rarrabawar zamanin Maoist ya dogara ne akan matsayi na ma'aikatan da ba su da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke jagorantar ayyukan ma'aikata masu yawa. An maye gurbinsa a cikin shekarun 1980 da sabon ƙwararren iyalai da 'yan kasuwa masu ƙwarewa na tattalin arziki waɗanda suka sami nasarar cimma yarjejeniya da ma'aikatan gudanarwa waɗanda ke sarrafa damar samun dama ga yawancin albarkatun da ake buƙata don nasarar tattalin arziki. Ma'aikatan yankin har yanzu suna da ikon sanya kudade, haraji, da kowane irin cin zarafi. Ka'idodin sabon tsarin ba su da tabbas, kuma tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya ci gaba da canzawa don mayar da martani ga saurin ci gaban kasuwancin karkara da masana'antu da manufofin tattalin arziki na kasa da sake fasalin. == Dokoki da ni'ima == Haɓaka ayyukan kasuwanci ya haifar da rashin fahimta, musamman a yankuna kamar tsakiyar lardin Guangdong da Jiangsu, inda bunƙasar tattalin arzikin karkara ya fi sauri.  Ba a fayyace irin rawar da ta dace na jami’an yankin ko hakki da wajibcin sabbin ‘yan kasuwa ko ‘yan kasuwa ba.  Layin da ke tsakanin yin amfani da abokan hulɗa na yau da kullun da karimci da nuna son kai da cin hanci da rashawa na da ban sha'awa.  Akwai alamun bunƙasa tsarin dangantakar abokantaka da abokan ciniki, inda masu aikin gudanarwa ke ba da tagomashi ga manoma na yau da kullun don neman tallafi, girma, da kuma kyauta lokaci-lokaci.  Yawan karuwar laifukan cin hanci da rashawa da aka ruwaito a cikin jaridun kasar Sin da kuma hasashen da aka yi na cewa, fasa kwabri da gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki na yankunan karkara sun haifar da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa mai yiwuwa ya nuna karin damammaki na kulla yarjejeniya da tagomashi iri-iri, da kuma yanayin rashin tabbas na yawancin mu'amaloli da dangantaka.  Kiraye-kirayen da jam’iyyar ta yi na ci gaba da inganta “wayewar ruhi ta gurguzu” da kuma kokarin da hukumomin tsakiya ke yi na samar da tsarin dokar farar hula da kuma girmama shi ana iya fassara shi a matsayin martani ga matsalar.  A matakin cikin gida, inda ’yan kasuwa da ’yan kasuwa ke yin shawarwari akai-akai kan dokokin wasansu, ana kyautata zaton an magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta dace. == Iyali da iyali == A cikin al'ummar kasar Sin da suka gabata, iyali sun ba wa kowane mutum goyon baya, rayuwa, da tsaro na dogon lokaci.  A yau jihar ta ba da tabbacin irin wannan tsaro ga waɗanda ba su da iyalai da za su ba su, kuma iyalai da sassan aiki suna da alhakin dogon lokaci na mutum.  Matsayin iyalai ya canza, amma suna da mahimmanci, musamman a karkara.  An daure ’yan uwa, a doka da al’ada, don tallafa wa tsofaffi ko nakasassu.  Jiha, tana aiki ta hanyar sassan aiki, tana ba da tallafi da fa'idodi kawai lokacin da iyalai ba za su iya ba.  Iyalai suna tara kudaden shiga akai-akai, kuma yanayin rayuwar kowane mutum ya dogara da adadin masu samun albashin gida da adadin masu dogaro.  A cikin birane da ƙauyuka, mafi yawan kuɗin shiga yawanci ana samun su ne ta gidaje masu yawan albashi, kamar ƴaƴan maza da mata da ba su yi aure ba. A ƙarshen al'ummar gargajiya, girman iyali da rikitarwa na tsari sun bambanta kai tsaye tare da aji. Masu mallakar yankunan karkara da jami'an gwamnati suna da iyalai mafi girma, talakawa manoma mafi ƙanƙanta. Mafi talauci na yawan jama'a, ma'aikata marasa ƙasa, ba za su iya yin aure da fara iyalai ba. Bukatar samar da tsufa da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin yawan 'ya'yan da suka tsira zuwa balaga da nasarar iyali na dogon lokaci ya motsa mutane su kirkiro nau'ikan iyali daban-daban. Ma'aurata da ba su haifi 'ya'ya maza ba, ko kuma ba su haifu ba, sun karɓi ko sayi jarirai kai tsaye. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu' ya'ya maza da ke son auren' ya'yansu mata kuma su koma cikin iyalansu, suna watsar da iyalansu na asali kuma wani lokacin ma sunaye na asali. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu dukiya don jawo hankalin surukin wani lokaci ana tilasta su sayar da' ya'yansu mata a matsayin Ƙwaraƙwarai ko [[karuwanci]]. Bambancin girman iyali da rikitarwa shine sakamakon bambancin matsayi na aji da kuma rawar da gida ke takawa a matsayin iyali da kuma tattalin arziki. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba, kasar Sin ta nemi bin daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar hada mata a cikin ma'aikata. :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A cikin birane, wannan tsari ya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ci gaban cibiyar sadarwar yara ta jama'a, cibiyoyin kula da yara, da makarantun yara.<ref name=":532" /> :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A yankunan karkara, uwaye masu aiki sun sami tallafi daga surukai da sauran dangin da aka faɗaɗa, yawanci a gefen uba.<ref name=":532" /> : 132-133 A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, dangin da ke gefen mahaifin shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar tsaro don kula da yara a yankunan karkara.<ref name=":532" /> : 133 Aikin kula da yara an danganta shi da mata, musamman surukai waɗanda ke da iko mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":532" /> : 133  A cikin al'umma ta zamani, iyalai na karkara ba su da ƙasa ko kuma su ba da ita ga ƙarni na gaba. Duk da haka, suna iya mallaka da kuma watsa gidaje. Iyalan karkara suna biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya da kuɗin makaranta ga yaransu. A karkashin tsarin jama'a da ke aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1982, kudin shiga na dangin manoma ya dogara kai tsaye da yawan ma'aikatan da ya ba da gudummawa ga filayen jama'a. Wannan, haɗe da damuwa game da matakin tallafi ga tsofaffi ko nakasassu da ƙungiyar ta bayar, ya ƙarfafa manoma su sami 'ya'ya maza da yawa. A karkashin sauye-sauyen aikin gona da suka fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, gidaje sun ɗauki karuwar rawar tattalin arziki. Ayyukan 'yan uwa har yanzu shine babban abin da ke haifar da samun kudin shiga. Amma ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara da Kasuwanci sun kara ba da lada ga ƙwarewar gudanarwa da fasaha kuma sun sa aikin gona mara ƙwarewa ya zama abin sha'awa. Muddin wannan yanayin tattalin arziki ya ci gaba a cikin ƙauyuka a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, iyalai manoma na iya zaɓar yara ƙarancin amma mafi ilimi. Sakamakon sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin da kuma rarraba iyalai da kamfanonin tattalin arziki sun kasance mafi girman daidaitawa na siffofin iyali tun 1950. A cikin 1987 yawancin iyalai sun yi kusa da manomi na t[[Saki]] (manomi wanda ke da wasu filaye) na baya. Irin wannan iyali ya kunshi mutane biyar ko shida kuma ya dogara ne akan aure tsakanin ɗa da ya girma da mace mai girma wanda ya koma cikin iyalin mijinta. Bambancin siffofin iyali - ko dai babba da rikitarwa ko waɗanda [[Baligi|tsufa]] dogara da ƙananan, siffofin aure marasa daidaituwa - ba su da yawa. Jiha ta haramta yin ƙwaraƙwalwa, riƙoƙi na yara, da sayar da [[Jariri|jarirai]] ko mata, dukansu an yi su ne a baya, kodayake ba a saba da su ba. Ƙarin tsammanin rayuwa yana nufin cewa yawancin jarirai sun tsira har zuwa balaga kuma yawancin manya sun rayu cikin shekaru sittin ko saba'in. Ƙarin iyalai na ƙauyuka sun sami damar cimma burin gargajiya na iyali na ƙarni uku a cikin shekarun 1980. Akwai marayu da matasa ko gwauraye masu matsakaicin shekaru ko gwaurayen. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa su riƙe matsayin rayuwa ɗaya. Saki, ko da yake yana yiwuwa, yana da wuya, kuma iyalai sun kasance masu ɗorewa, ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba. A baya, an faɗaɗa ka'idodin dangi fiye da ƙungiyar cikin gida kuma an yi amfani da su don samar da manyan ƙungiyoyi, kamar su zuriya. Halin ya bambanta da iyalai; sun kasance ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kamfanoni. Sun mallaki ƙasa kuma, a wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, sun mamaye dukan ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka kuma suna da ikon mallakar mafi yawan gonaki. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin gargajiya na baya-bayan nan, zuriya sun mamaye masu arziki da ilimi. Ma'aikata na yau da kullun sun biya yawancin amfanin gonarsu ga danginsu kamar Addu'a za su iya samu ga mai gida. Kwaminisanci sun yi tir da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a matsayin tsarin feudal ta hanyar da [[Maigida|masu mallakar gidaje]] suka yi amfani da wasu. An dakatar da zuriyar a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma an kwace ƙasarsu kuma an sake rarraba su a cikin sake fasalin ƙasa. Bautar jama'a na kakannin dangi masu nisa sun rasa yawancin hujjojin su tare da rushewar dukiyar dangi kuma an sauƙaƙe su cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Bautar kakanni ta gida, inda membobin iyali guda ɗaya suka bauta kuma suka tuna da kakanninsu na kusa, sun ci gaba aƙalla har zuwa 1966 da 1967, a farkon matakan [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], lokacin da Red Guards suka lalata bagadan da allunan kakanninsu. A shekara ta 1987 jam'iyyar har yanzu tana Allah wadai da bautar kakanni a matsayin camfi amma ba ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don kawo karshen hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China - Family and Household |url=http://countrystudies.us/china/51.htm |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> == Aure == Dokar Aure ta 1950 ta tabbatar da kowa da kowa 'yancin zabar abokin aurensu. Duk da haka, musamman a cikin ƙauyuka, akwai 'yan damar saduwa da abokan tarayya. Karkara na kasar Sin ba da ɗan sirri don soyayya, kuma a ƙauyuka akwai ɗan haƙuri na jama'a don yin kwarkwasa ko ma tattaunawa mai tsawo tsakanin maza da mata marasa aure. Gabatarwa da tafiye-tafiye sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirya aure. A mafi yawan lokuta kowannensu daga cikin matasa, da iyayensu, suna da tasiri a kan duk wani wasan da aka tsara. A baya, ana ganin aure a matsayin damuwa ga iyalai da kuma bangarorin biyu na wasan. Ana sa ran iyalai da aka haɗa ta hanyar aure su kasance daidai da matsayi, ko kuma dangin [[Angon|ango]] su kasance da matsayi mafi girma. Wannan bangare na tsarin aure ya ci gaba yayin da ma'anar matsayi ta canza. Saboda an kawar da dukiyar da aka gada a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci, an canza kimantawa zuwa kimantawa na samun iko da wadata ta gaba. Maza da aka fi so sun kasance ma'aikatan gudanarwa, membobin jam'iyya, da ma'aikatan manyan kamfanonin gwamnati. Sabanin haka, maza daga ƙauyuka matalauta sun sami wahalar samun mata. Daga farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da alamun aji na gado suka kasance masu mahimmanci, duk wanda ke da asalin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", wato, duk wanda aka gano shi a baya tare da mai gida ko ma dan kasuwa mai arziki, mummunan fata ne ga aure. Irin waɗannan masu ra'ayi galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su auri 'ya'yan wasu iyalai masu "mummunan" aji. A wani ƙarshen sikelin zamantakewa, ya bayyana cewa akwai babban matakin aure tsakanin 'ya'yan manyan ma'aikata. == Tsarin al'umma == Yawancin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin sun zauna a daya daga cikin kauyuka 900,000, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin yawan jama'a daga 1,000 zuwa 2,000. Ƙauyuka ba su taɓa samun kansu ba, ƙungiyoyi masu wadatar kansu, kuma duniyar zamantakewar manoma na kasar Sin ta wuce ƙauyukansu. Kusan dukkan sabbin mata sun zo cikin ƙauye daga wasu ƙauyuka, kuma 'ya'ya mata sun yi aure. Dukkanin mazauna ƙauyen suna da alaƙa ta kusa da iyalai a wasu ƙauyuka, kuma auren ya tashi daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye. Kafin 1950 tarin ƙauyuka sun kasance a kan ƙananan garuruwan kasuwa waɗanda suka haɗa su da tattalin arziki da al'umma. Yawancin manoma sun kasance kawai 'yan sa'o'i na tafiya ko ƙasa da haka daga Garin kasuwa, wanda ya ba da damar sayarwa da siyarwa ba kawai har ma da damar nishaɗi, bayani, rayuwar zamantakewa, da kuma yawancin ayyuka na musamman. Ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da kasuwa sun kafa ƙungiyar zamantakewa wanda, kodayake ba a iya gani nan da nan fiye da ƙauyuka, yana da mahimmanci. Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na manufofin tattalin arziki da siyasa na shekarun 1950 da 1960 shine kara rufewa, ingancin kamfanoni na ƙauyukan kasar Sin da kuma taƙaita yanayin zamantakewar mazauna ƙauyuka. Gyaran ƙasa da sake tsara ƙauyuka a matsayin ƙananan yankuna na ƙauyuka na mutane yana nufin cewa ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin mallakar ƙasa kuma suna da iyakoki tsakanin ƙasashensu da na ƙauyukan da ke kusa. Babban jagorancin ma'aikata a kan filayen jama'a ya sa tsoffin ayyukan musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ƙauyuka ba zai yiwu ba. Rubuce-rubucen gida da tsarin rarraba abinci sun tsare mazauna ƙauyuka zuwa gidajensu kuma sun sa ba su yiwu su nemi dukiyarsu a wasu wurare ba. Haɗin kai tare da 'yan ƙauyen da kyakkyawar dangantaka da shugabannin ƙauyen sun zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda suka kasance a baya. Kaddamar da kasuwannin karkara, wanda ya kasance tare da fitar da wadatar kai a cikin samar da hatsi da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki, yana da mummunan tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma ba su da dalili ko dama don tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun zuwa gari, kuma damar da suke da ita don musayar da hadin kai tare da mazaunan wasu ƙauyuka sun ragu. Ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin aiki, tare da duk abin da ke nunawa. Decollectivization a farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da farfado da tallan karkara, da kuma iyakantaccen shakatawa na sarrafawa a kan ƙaura ya buɗe ƙauyuka kuma ya rage iyakokin zamantakewa da ke kewaye da su. Duniyar zamantakewar manoma ta fadada, kuma babbar al'ummar tallace-tallace ta zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da aka rage na ƙauyen. Kasancewar membobin ƙauyen, sau ɗaya mafi mahimmancin abin da ke cikin yanayin mutum, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haɗa da sana'a, haɗin kai, da ƙwarewar gudanarwa. == Kula da lafiya == [[Fayil:Chinese_barefoot_doctor_performing_acupuncture.jpg|thumb|Likitan kasar Sin da ba su da kafa ta amfani da acupuncture don kula da ma'aikacin brigade na samarwa]] Bayan 1949, tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] na kasar Sin, a yankunan karkara matakin farko ya kunshi "makaranta marasa kafa" da ke aiki daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a ƙauyen. Sun ba da sabis na rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, tare da matsakaicin likitoci biyu ga kowane mutum 1,000. Likitocin da ba su da kafafu sun fito ne a shekarar 1968 lokacin da kasar Sin ba ta da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara kuma a shekarar 1985, kasar Sin ta daina amfani da kalmar likitan da ba su san kafafu ba. Yawancin su an tura su ga likitocin ƙauyen a matsayin masu zaman kansu, suna rayuwa daga sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga kuɗin mai amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xiaoyun |last2=Zhao |first2=Shichao |last3=Zhang |first3=Minmin |last4=Hu |first4=Dan |last5=Meng |first5=Qingyue |date=16 February 2015 |title=The development of rural primary health care in China's health system reform |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2015.1008195 |s2cid=153321167}}</ref> A matakin na gaba akwai cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gari, wanda ke aiki da farko a matsayin asibitocin marasa lafiya na kimanin mutane 10,000 zuwa 30,000 kowannensu. Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da kusan gadaje goma zuwa talatin kowannensu, kuma mafi cancanta daga cikin ma'aikatan sun kasance mataimakan likitoci. Matsayi biyu na ƙasa sun zama "tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka" wanda ya ba da mafi yawan kulawar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasar. Sai kawai marasa lafiya masu tsanani suka kai ga matsayi na uku kuma na ƙarshe, asibitocin gundumar, waɗanda suka yi wa mutane 200,000 zuwa 600,000 hidima kowannensu kuma manyan likitoci ne suka yi aiki da su waɗanda ke da digiri daga makarantun likitanci na shekaru 5. A ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, wadata da ingancin kiwon lafiya sun bambanta sosai daga birni zuwa ƙauye. Dangane da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na 1982, a yankunan karkara yawan mutuwar ya kasance 1.6 a kowace 1,000 fiye da birane, kuma tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance kusan shekaru 4 ƙasa. Adadin manyan likitoci ga kowane mutum 1,000 ya ninka sau 10 a cikin birane fiye da yankunan karkara; Kudin jihar akan kula da kiwon lafiya ya fi -Y26 ga kowane mutum a cikin birni kuma ƙasa da -Y3 ga kowane mutum na yankunan karamar hukuma. Har ila yau, akwai kusan sau biyu da yawa a asibitoci a cikin birane kamar yadda yake a yankunan karkara. Wadannan adadi ne, duk da haka, kuma wasu yankunan karkara suna da kulawa mafi kyau da matakan abinci mai gina jiki fiye da wasu. == Rayuwar ƙauye da al'adun nunawa == Rayuwar ƙauyen gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta mayar da hankali kan aikin gona, al'ada, da ayyukan bikin da suka danganci yanayi da bukatun muhalli. Nazarin Yammacin farko na rayuwar ƙauyen Sinanci ya shafi ƙauyuka a Hong Kong ko Taiwan kamar yadda ƙasar Sinanci ba ta da damar ga malaman Yamma a wannan lokacin. Don tarin karatu mai amfani a kan Sabbin Yankin Hong Kong duba James L. Watson da Rubie S. Watson (2004), wanda ya ƙunshi karatu bisa ga aikin gona da aka gudanar daga 1969 zuwa 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Life in Hong Kong |url=https://cup.cuhk.edu.hk/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=155 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |language=en}}</ref> Don nazarin rayuwar ƙauye a Taiwan duba Seaman (1978), da Ahern da Gates (1981). A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya zama mai yiwuwa a gudanar da aikin gona a kasar Sin. Masana ilimin ɗan adam da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar sun lura da farfadowar ayyukan addini da bukukuwa kafin 1949 a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a zamanin Mao. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, bambancin ayyukan addini a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin ya karu, gami da majami'u, masallatai, haikalin Buddha, da ayyukan addini na gargajiya. :: 269  Thomas David DuBois ya bincika rayuwar ƙauye a Cang County, Hebei, daga 1997 zuwa 2002. A cewar DuBois: "Abin da ya kasance daidai shi ne cewa addini yana ci gaba da shiga dukkan fannoni na rayuwa a yankunan karkara na Arewacin China, " (DuBois 2005, shafi na 2). &nbsp; An sake gina dubban temples a ƙauye da kuma gundumar a zamanin sake fasalin (bayan 1978). Haikali suna ba da nishaɗi da lokutan biki da kuma ayyukan addini. A cewar Adam Yuet Chau, wanda ya yi nazarin Haikali na Dragon King a yankunan karkara na Shaanbei a arewacin China, haikalin ya kasance mai da hankali ga nishaɗi kamar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin rawa, masu ba da labari, da mawaƙa (Chao, 2006, shafi na 242). Ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa "Ƙungiyoyin Haikali ... sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada sararin al'adun gargajiya da kuma yankin jama'a a kasar Sin ta zamani" (Chau, 2006, 242) Ayyukan Haikali suna inganta kyakkyawar alakar al'umma kuma suna ba da tabbacin taimakon juna a lokacin bukata (Chau), Amsa Mai Mu'ujiza, 144). Don nazarin rawar da temples ke takawa a farfado da hadayu na Taoist a Fujian duba Dean (1993). Ya lura da muhimmancin haikalin a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da rayuwar zamantakewa ta ƙauyen (Dean,1993, 17). David Johnson ya yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na haikalin ƙauye da yankunan da aka sani da shā (Johnson 2009). Ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'adun al'umma na ƙauyen sun kasance "mafi girman bayyanar dabi'u da imani na talakawa" (Johnson 2009, 10).&nbsp; A zamanin yau (bayan 1978), masu kula da ƙauyuka, gami da jami'an jam'iyyar kwaminisanci, na iya shiga cikin gudanar da ayyukan haikalin ƙauyen (Tsai 2007, 140). Koyaya, wasu fannoni na al'adun ƙauye, kamar wasan kwaikwayon mawaƙa masu tafiya, suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa (Jones 2009, xxi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritual and Music of North China: Volume 2: Shaanbei |url=https://www.routledge.com/Ritual-and-Music-of-North-China-Volume-2-Shaanbei/Jones/p/book/9781138056787 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> Masu kiɗa na gargajiya suna yin rawar al'ada da kuma samar da nishaɗi. Jones ya bambanta tsakanin rawar "ma'aikata" na masallacin Buddha da Daoist da kuma ayyukan da suka fi "rarraba" na masu yin al'adun Buddha da Daoists, da yawa daga cikinsu "ma'aikatan gona ne na yau da kullun da ke yin don rayuwar rayuwa da bukukuwan kalandar" (Jones, 2009, xxi). Masu raira waƙa masu basira a yankunan karkara na iya daidaita abubuwan da suka faru don jawo hankalin masu sauraro da masu sauraro (Gibbs 2018). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Song King: Connecting People, Places, and Past in Contemporary China |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/song-king-connecting-people-places-and-past-in-contemporary-china/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=UH Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A yankunan kan iyaka, al'adun waƙoƙi na al'ada da kuma sau da yawa ɓoyayyun suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa asalin kabilanci. Don nazarin farfado da waƙoƙin da al'adun labarun mutanen Tai Lüe na Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, duba Davis (2005). Fitowar shahararrun ayyuka da imani bayan 1980 ya kasance saboda rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a lokacin babban kwaminisanci. Kamar yadda Stephen Jones ya nuna, "A Shaanbei, kamar yadda a wasu wurare a kasar Sin, mutum na iya danganta wani bangare da ci gaba da tsarin imani na kwaminisanci (kamar bautar alloli da ayyukan bikin) a duk waɗannan lokutan zuwa rashin iyawar gwamnatocin zamani don canza muhalli. Al'ummar noma ta kasance matalauta kuma ta dogara da albarkar allahntaka, har ma tun daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da wasu sassan yankin suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. " (Jones, 2009, xix-xx). === Fim din === A lokacin da aka kafa PRC a 1949, akwai kasa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 600 a kasar. :: 102  Masu nunawa sun yi tafiya a cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin suna nuna fina-finai, wani tsari da aka tsara akan amfani da Tarayyar Soviet na ƙungiyoyin fina-fakka na hannu don yada al'adun juyin juya hali. : 45 Ƙungiyoyin masu nuna tafi-da-gidanka na ƙauyuka da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na birane galibi ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tsarin al'adu na PRC.<ref name=":3" /> : 47 Har zuwa shekarun 1990s, yawancin mutane a kasar Sin sun zauna a yankunan karkara, sabili da haka ba su haɗu da fim ba har sai masu nuna wayar hannu sun kawo su a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960.<ref name=":3" /> : 148 : 148  == Sadarwa da intanet == A shekara ta 2004, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai ta fara aikin Haɗi Kowane Ƙauye don inganta damar sadarwa da sabis na intanet a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. : 24-25 MIIT ta buƙaci kamfanoni shida na gwamnati, gami da manyan masu samar da sadarwa da intanet China Mobile, China Unicom, da China Telecom, su gina kayan aikin sadarwa kuma su taimaka wajen tallafawa aikin.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 A shekara ta 2010, kusan kowane ƙauyen gudanarwa an haɗa shi da tsarin waya. :: 128  Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, gidaje miliyan 135 na karkara sun yi amfani da intanet mai zurfi.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 Shirin ya sami nasarar fadada kayan aikin intanet a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin kuma ya inganta ci gaban intanet.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 : 25  A cikin 2014, gwamnatin kasar Sin da Alibaba sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar shirin fadada kasuwancin e-commerce na karkara Rural Taobao, wanda ke da niyyar samar da gidajen karkara tare da matakin samun dama ga kayan masarufi da mazaunan birane ke da shi da kuma sauƙaƙe sayar da kayan aikin gona ta hanyar kasuwancin e-kasuwanci. :{{Rp|page=129}} Ya zuwa 2017, shirin ya rufe ƙauyuka 16,500.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 130 {{Rp|page=130}} A cikin 2015, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta ware RMB biliyan 2 don kafa cibiyoyin e-commerce a wasu yankunan da ba su da ci gaba a kasar Sin. :: 128  Wannan tsarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga irin wannan dabarun a Misira, Indiya, da Vietnam.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 128 : 128  == Dubi kuma == * Hukou - tsarin rajistar gida da aka yi amfani da shi a kasar Sin * Gidan taurari goma * Al'ummar birane a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Kula da lafiyar mata a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Wokai - Kungiyar da ke haɗa masu ba da gudummawa a duk duniya tare da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin don taimaka musu fara ƙananan kasuwanci li8wbg7twjegtg4su9g8vj44zch6w4v 846130 846128 2026-06-03T14:50:17Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:DanshanSic{{Databox}}huanMarketSept05.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Manomi na kifi a kasuwar manoma a Danshan, Sichuan a watan Satumbar 2005]]     '''Al'ummar karkara a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin''' ta ƙunshi kasa da rabin al'ummar Sinawa (kimanin kashi 45 cikin ɗari) kuma suna da nau'ikan salon rayuwa da salon rayuwa daban-daban.  Rayuwa a karkarar kasar Sin ta sha bamban da ta biranen kasar Sin.  A kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yankunan karkara na samun bunkasuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta, tattalin arzikin birane yana fuskantar kididdigar.  A yankunan arewa maso yamma da yamma, ana ganin al'ummar karkara a matsayin kaskantacce kuma na da.  Abubuwan buƙatu na yau da kullun kamar ruwan famfo da sufuri na yau da kullun suna da matsala a waɗannan yankuna. == Tarihi == === Jamhuriyar Sin === A lokacin jamhuriyar Sin, gwamnatin Beiyang ko ta Nanjing ta baya-bayan nan ba ta sami nasarar tabbatar da mulkin kasar Sin a yankunan karkara ba.[1]: 71  Shugabannin kauyukan gargajiya sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar tattalin arziki, da huldar jama'a, da albarkatu na alama kamar zuriya.<ref name=":Laikwan">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 71 : 71  === Kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a === Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a lokacin da ta yi fice tsakanin shekarar 1921 zuwa 1949, ita ce kyautata zaman rayuwar talakawan kasar Sin, wadanda mafi yawansu mazauna karkara ne.  A lokacin kafin 1936, CCP ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar karkara a yankunan da ta yi tasiri ko sarrafawa.  Babban yanki shi ne sake fasalin kasa, inda aka karbe iko daga hannun masu mallakar filaye na gargajiya da kuma masu hannu da shuni, kuma aka ba da shi ga jiha, wato, tarawa.  Kasar Sin a farkon shekarar 1949 ta samu karuwar injiniyoyin aikin gona, da yaduwar wutar lantarki, da ruwan sha, da fasahar zamani zuwa yankunan karkara.  Koyaya, a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, abubuwa da yawa sun rage a yi. Mao ya lura cewa mafi yawan fa'idodi ba ga yankunan karkara ba, inda yawancin Sinawa ke zaune, kuma wadanda suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga juyin juya halin, amma ga cibiyoyin birane. Tsarin katin shaidar ya ba da digiri na albarkatu, gami da rabon abinci, ga mazauna birane da mazaunan karkara. === Babban Tsalle zuwa Gaba === A lokacin yakin neman zabe na Great Leap Forward na 1958 zuwa 1961, shugabannin kasar Sin sun yi ƙoƙari su hanzarta hadin kai da haɓaka saurin samar da masana'antu a duk faɗin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan karkara. Wannan yafi yawanci ya shafi samar da ƙananan abubuwa, kamar narkar da karfe na "backyard". An yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar hadin kai da aiki mai yawa, samar da ƙarfe na kasar Sin zai wuce na Burtaniya a cikin shekaru 15 kawai daga farkon "tsalle". An kafa wata hanyar gwaji a Henan a farkon 1958, kuma nan da nan an bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar.  An tattara dubun-dubatar don samar da kayayyaki guda ɗaya wanda ke wakiltar masana'antu: ƙarfe.  An kafa kusan kwamitoci 25,000, kowanne yana da gidaje kusan 5,000.  Fatan shine bunkasa masana'antu ta hanyar yin amfani da ɗimbin wadatar arha da kuma gujewa shigo da manyan injuna.  An gina ƙananan tanderun ƙarfe na bayan gida a kowace gari inda manoma ke samar da ƙananan ɗigon ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe da aka yi da ƙura.  A lokaci guda, an tattara al'ummomin manoma. Babban Leap Forward yanzu ana ganinsa ko'ina, a ciki da waje da China, a matsayin babban bala'in tattalin arziki. Manoma galibi suna barin noma don samar da ƙarfe ko aiki a wasu masana'antu. Shekaru uku tsakanin 1959 da 1962 an san su da "Shekaru Uku masu Bitter," Shekaru Uku na Bala'o'i na Halitta (ko da yake wannan sunan yanzu ba a amfani dashi sosai a China), da Babban Yunwa, yayin da mutanen China suka sha wahala daga matsanancin karancin abinci. Lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin rayuwar karkara a kasar Sin. === Lokacin bayan Mao Zedong === A karkashin Deng Xiaoping, yawan birane a kasar Sin ya habaka cikin sauri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan da aka ayyana "sake yin kwaskwarima da bude kofa ga kasashen waje"[1]. Sabbin tsare-tsare a tattalin arzikin kasar Sin sun canja tsarin daga noma na gama-gari zuwa kason samar da amfanin gida na gida, ta hanyoyi da dama, sun maido da kokarin tattara kayan aikin shekaru da dama. A yankuna da dama na kasar Sin, musamman kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yanayin rayuwa ya samu ci gaba sosai bayan gyare-gyaren da Deng ya yi. Kamfanonin Birni da Kauye sun kawo samar da masana'antu zuwa yankunan karkara - galibi a kan gabar tekun kudanci, suna taimakawa bude wadannan al'ummomin karkara zuwa habakar tattalin arziki. (An yi kokarin ra'ayin samar da masana'antu a yankunan karkara a karkashin Mao amma tare da samun iyakataccen nasara; alal misali, masana'antun masana'antu a yankuna masu nisa sun gamu da cikas a kokarin da suke yi na samar da kayayyaki). Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa, sarƙaƙƙiya da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan yanayin. Misali, nisa ya fi girma, kuma labarin kasa sau da yawa ya fi ƙalubale a yankunan yamma da ciki. Yawan jama'a ya fi bazuwa; Tsarin zamantakewa ma na iya taka rawa, ta yadda yawan al'umma da tsarin zamantakewar wadannan yankuna sau da yawa ya sha banban sosai da na kasar Sin dake gabar teku. Sauye-sauyen Deng Xiaoping sun haɗa da gabatar da tsarin shiryawa, gudanarwa ta tsakiya na tattalin arziki ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gwamnati, barin salon kamfen ɗin Mao na gine-ginen tattalin arziki. Deng ya ci gaba da gadon Mao har ya jaddada mahimmancin aikin gona kuma ya karfafa rarraba yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin karkara da gidajen manoma. A matakin gida, za a yi amfani da kayan aiki, maimakon roƙon siyasa, don motsa ma'aikata, gami da ba da damar manoma su sami ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar sayar da kayan da suka samu a kasuwa kyauta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kasuwannin karkara da ke sayar da kayayyakin gida na manoma da kuma kayayyakin da suka rage na yankuna an farfado da su a karkashin tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwa na Deng. Ba wai kawai kasuwannin karkara sun kara yawan kayan aikin gona ba, sun kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antu. Tare da manoma da ke iya sayar da amfanin gona a kasuwa, amfani da gida ya haifar da masana'antu kuma ya haifar da goyon bayan siyasa don sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki masu wahala. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da yankuna masu wadata sosai da ke da nisa fiye da yankuna marasa talauci inda iyaye ke da matukar wahala wajen samun isasshen kudin shiga don tabbatar da cewa ana iya tura yaransu zuwa makaranta, duk da kudaden ilimi da suka riga sun ragu. Lalle ne, rashin daidaituwa na ilimi da zamantakewa wani muhimmin fasalin wannan ci gaban da ba daidai ba ne. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A A tsakiyar 1980s, ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa birane ya zama wani al'amari na ƙasa: 161  Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tasowa tun aƙalla shekarun 1990 shine "yawan jama'a" ko "baƙar fata (misali kasuwar baƙar fata)", 'yan gudun hijirar yankunan karkara (民工 min gong) na shiga cikin birane.  Har zuwa abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, mazauna karkara ba su da izinin doka don sake zama a cikin birane ba tare da izini ba, duk da haka tsakanin dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan miliyan sun sake tsugunar da su don neman ayyukan yi.  Mutane da yawa sun sami aiki, ta hanyar gine-gine da sauran sassan da ke da ƙarancin albashi da fa'idodi, da kuma haɗarin wuraren aiki.  Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da dama sun taso a sakamakon haka, wato nuna wariya ga mazauna karkara a cikin birane, kebewar bakin haure a hankali, wanda wasu ke haifar da aikata laifuka.  Ta haka ne rayuwar karkara ta “shiga” garuruwa.  [abubuwan da ake bukata]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Rashin damar yin aiki ya kara sanya rayuwa a yankunan karkara da yawa da wahala, saboda haka bayyanar jan hankali don sake zama a cikin birane. Tabbas, ayyukan suna da iyaka, don haka mutane da yawa suna ƙaura a cikin birane kawai don samun damar da ta fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa yawancin mazauna yankunan karkara ba su da aikin yi ko kuma ba su da aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman ya kuma haifar da ci gaban karkara a wasu sassan kasar Sin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wani muhimmin takardar manufofi na zamanin [[Xi Jinping]], 2013's Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, ya bayyana rarrabuwar birane da karkara a matsayin babban cikas ga ci gaba da sabunta kasar Sin kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ci gaba da haɗa ci gaba. : 32 Jerin ayyukan da aka tsara don rage rarrabuwar birane da ƙauyuka sun biyo baya.<ref name=":1" /> : 32 : 32  A cikin 2013, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar sabon shiri don rage talauci da haɓaka yankunan karkara masu talauci ta hanyar haɓaka haɓaka kuɗin shiga na manoma na karkara da rage cikas a ci gaban noma. Shirin ya haɗa da inganta sabbin nau'ikan kasuwancin noma, kamar gonakin iyali da ƙungiyoyin hadin gwiwa, da ƙarfafa masana'antu da kamfanonin kasuwanci su saka hannun jari a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China eyes more rural development in 2013 - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194409/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da matsayi na aji == Babban aikin farko na sauya al'ummar ƙauye shi ne sake fasalin ƙasa a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950, inda jam'iyyar ta tura ƙungiyoyin aiki zuwa kowane ƙauye don aiwatar da manufofinta na sake fasalin ƙasa.  Wannan shi kansa wani nuni ne da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na ikon gudanarwa da na siyasa.  Gyaran ƙasa yana da maƙasudai da yawa masu alaƙa.  Ƙungiyoyin aikin sun kasance su sake rarraba wasu (ko da yake ba duka ba) filaye daga iyalai masu arziki ko amintattun masu mallakar filaye zuwa ga mafi ƙasƙanci na jama'a don haka don samar da ingantaccen rarraba hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki;  a hambarar da jiga-jigan kauye, wadanda za a yi tsammanin za su yi adawa da jam’iyyar da shirye-shiryenta;  a dauki sabbin shugabannin kauyuka daga cikin wadanda suka nuna kwazo wajen tabbatar da manufofin jam’iyyar;  da kuma koya wa kowa tunani a matsayin aji maimakon ƙungiyar dangi ko abokan hulɗar abokin ciniki. Domin cimma buri na ƙarshe, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan jam'iyyar sun gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa, kuma sun rarraba dukkan iyalan ƙauyen ko dai a matsayin masu gidaje, masu arziki, manoma na tsakiya, ko matalauta.  Waɗannan alamomin, dangane da mallakar ƙasa na iyali da matsayin tattalin arziƙin gabaɗaya tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1950, sun zama dindindin kuma na gado na asalin kowane iyali kuma, a ƙarshen 1980, har yanzu abin ya shafa, alal misali, abubuwa kamar damar shigar da sojoji, kwalejoji, jami'o'i, da mukaman gudanarwa na gida har ma da yiwuwar aure. An kammala tattara aikin noma da gaske tare da kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a 1958. Ƙungiyoyin sun kasance manya, sun ƙunshi ƙauyuka da yawa.  An yi nufin su zama ƙungiyoyi masu ma'ana da yawa, waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan gudanarwa na tattalin arziki da na gida.  A karkashin tsarin gamayya, gidan ya kasance tushen tushen amfani, kuma wasu bambance-bambancen yanayin rayuwa sun kasance, kodayake ba a yi musu alama ba kamar yadda aka yi kafin sake fasalin ƙasa.  A ƙarƙashin irin wannan tsarin, duk da haka, motsi zuwa sama yana buƙatar zama ƙungiya ko jami'in sadarwa ko samun ƙarancin matsayi na fasaha kamar kasancewar direban babbar mota. == Rashin kula da jama'a == Tattaunawa da sauran tsare-tsare na siyasa sun haifar da yaɗuwar yunwa da mutuwar dubban miliyoyin mutane.  A ƙarshen 1970s, masu gudanarwa a cikin sassan matakin lardi tare da yankuna masu faɗin ƙarancin amfanin gona da ƙarancin ma'auni na rayuwa sun fara gwaji tare da sabbin nau'ikan aiki da samarwa.  A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan sun kasance kamar karya ƙungiyar samar da kayan aikin gama kai, yin kwangila tare da gidaje ɗaya don yin aikin da aka ba su na filayen gama gari, da faɗaɗa nau'ikan amfanin gona ko dabbobin da za a iya noma.  Gwaje-gwajen an yi la'akari da nasara kuma sun shahara, kuma nan da nan suka bazu zuwa dukkan gundumomi.  A lokacin hunturu na 1982-1983, an soke ƙungiyoyin jama'a;  an maye gurbinsu da ƙauyuka na gudanarwa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman ko kasuwanci waɗanda galibi suna hayar irin waɗannan kadarorin gama gari kamar tarakta kuma suna ba da sabis na kuɗi. Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa na sabbin shirye-shiryen samarwa da kwangila.  Ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye na tsarin gudanarwa da na kwangila sun kasance da yawa na asali ka'idoji da halaye.  Da farko, ƙasa, ainihin hanyoyin samarwa, ta kasance dukiya ta gama gari.  An yi hayar, ko aka ba shi, ko kuma an ba shi kwangila ga gidaje ɗaya, amma gidajen ba su mallaki fili ba kuma ba za su iya miƙa shi ga wasu gidaje ba.  Gidan ya zama, a mafi yawan lokuta, rukunin tattalin arziki na asali kuma yana da alhakin samarwa da asarar kansa.  Yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki an tsara su ta hanyar kwangiloli, waɗanda galibi suna tabbatar da alkawurran samar da wani takamaiman adadin kayayyaki ko adadin kuɗi ga gwamnatin birni don amfani da filaye, ko bita, ko tarakta.. Manufar tsarin kwangila ita ce kara inganci a cikin amfani da albarkatu da kuma yin amfani da manoma. An maye gurbin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun cewa duk ƙauyuka suna samar da hatsi ta hanyar fahimtar fa'idodin ƙwarewa da musayar, da kuma rawar da ta fi girma ga kasuwanni. Wasu "gidaje na musamman" sun ba da kansu gaba ɗaya ga samar da amfanin gona ko samar da ayyuka kuma sun sami lada mai yawa. Hoton gabaɗaya yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewa, bambanci, da musayar a cikin Tattalin arzikin karkara da kuma cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. Kudin da ake samu a yankunan karkara ya karu da sauri, a wani bangare saboda jihar ta kara farashin da ta biya don amfanin gona kuma a wani bangere saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da fadada kasuwanni da sake gano fa'idar kwatankwacin. == Matsayin iyali == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙara zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su ga gidaje ɗaya kuma ya sa shugabannin gida su ƙara ɗaukar alhakin nasarar tattalin arzikin gidajensu.  A shekara ta 1987, alal misali, bisa doka ta yiwu a bar ƙauyen mu ƙaura zuwa wani gari da ke kusa don yin aiki a ƙaramin masana'anta, buɗe ma'auni, ko kafa sana'ar gyaran injina.  Manoma, duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya ƙaura zuwa matsakaita ko manyan birane bisa doka.  Kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin sun ba da rahoton karin yabo a yankunan karkara don neman ilimi, da karuwar sha'awar jaridu da mujallu masu ra'ayin noma, da kuma rubutattun litattafai a fili kan irin wadannan sana'o'i masu fa'ida kamar kiwon zomo da kiwon zuma.  Yayin da ƙwarewa da rarrabuwar kawuna suka karu, tare da bambance-bambancen da ake iya gani na samun kudin shiga da yanayin rayuwa, ya zama da wahala a keɓance yawancin mazauna karkara a cikin ƴan manyan sassa.  A farkon shekarun 1980, saurin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin ya yi sauri, kuma mutanen da suka shiga cikin wannan sauyin sun sha wahala wajen fahimtar tsarin. == Sakamakon sake fasalin karkara == Jiha ta riƙe ikonta da rawar da take takawa a cikin tattalin arzikin karkara a cikin shekarun 1980. Decollectivization, kamar collectivization na shekarun 1950, an ba da umarni daga saman zuwa ƙasa. Wani lokaci, a bayyane yake, an ɗora shi a kan al'ummomin da suka gamsu da hanyoyin su na hadin gwiwa. Amma a cikin ba da izini ga gidaje da al'ummomi mafi girma don yanke shawarar abin da za su samar da kuma ba da izinin ci gaban kasuwannin karkara da ƙananan masana'antu, jihar ta koma baya daga kulawa ta kusa da ƙididdigar tilas na shekarun 1960 da 1970. Ƙaddamarwa ya kawar da ayyukan kulawa na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ayyuka waɗanda ba su buƙatar kula da aiki a kan filayen gama gari.  Wasu jami'an tsaro sun zama masu gudanar da cikakken lokaci a ofisoshin gari, wasu kuma sun yi amfani da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kafa gidaje na musamman ko kuma ta hanyar ba da hayar kadarorin gama gari a farashi mai kyau.  Tsofaffin jami'an tsaro, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwarsu da sanin hanyoyin gudanarwa, sun kasance cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da manoma na yau da kullun don cin gajiyar damar da haɓaka kasuwanni da ayyukan kasuwanci ke bayarwa.  Hatta ’yan bangar da ba su himmatu wajen kara kudin shiga na iyalansu ba, sun gano cewa don yi wa ’yan uwansu hidima kamar yadda ake tsammani ya zama dole su zama ‘yan kasuwa.  Ɗaliban matakin ƙauye a tsakiyar 1980s ba su yi ƙasa da aiki a matsayin masu kulawa ba kuma fiye da matsayin wakilai na faɗaɗawa da masu ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1987 al'ummar karkara sun fi budewa da bambanci fiye da shekarun 1960 da 1970, kuma ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na wannan lokacin, wanda ya nuna damuwa mai yawa na jihar game da tsaro, an maye gurbinsu da cibiyoyin sadarwa da tarin ƙananan raka'a. Sabon, tsarin da ya fi sauƙi ya nuna fifiko da aka sanya akan inganci da Ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tsaro na asali, a cikin ma'anar isasshen abinci da tabbacin tallafi ga nakasassu, marayu, ko tsofaffi, an dauke su ba tare da la'akari ba. Kasa da rabin yawan jama'ar kasar Sin sun tuna da rashin tsaro da haɗarin al'umma kafin 1950, amma farashin da rashin inganci na tsarin hadin gwiwa sun kasance sabo a cikin tunaninsu. Ƙarin ƙwarewa da rarraba aiki sun kasance yanayin da ba za a iya juyawa ba. A cikin yankunan karkara muhimmancin sashin aiki ya bayyana ya ragu, kodayake mutane har yanzu suna zaune a ƙauyuka, kuma ayyukan ƙananan ma'aikatan gudanarwa har yanzu suna shafar talakawa manoma ko ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a hanyoyi. Jiha da jami'anta har yanzu suna mamaye tattalin arziki, suna sarrafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, suna biyan haraji da kuma tsara kasuwanni da kasuwanni, da kuma ba da kwangila. Tsarin rarrabawar zamanin Maoist ya dogara ne akan matsayi na ma'aikatan da ba su da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke jagorantar ayyukan ma'aikata masu yawa. An maye gurbinsa a cikin shekarun 1980 da sabon ƙwararren iyalai da 'yan kasuwa masu ƙwarewa na tattalin arziki waɗanda suka sami nasarar cimma yarjejeniya da ma'aikatan gudanarwa waɗanda ke sarrafa damar samun dama ga yawancin albarkatun da ake buƙata don nasarar tattalin arziki. Ma'aikatan yankin har yanzu suna da ikon sanya kudade, haraji, da kowane irin cin zarafi. Ka'idodin sabon tsarin ba su da tabbas, kuma tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya ci gaba da canzawa don mayar da martani ga saurin ci gaban kasuwancin karkara da masana'antu da manufofin tattalin arziki na kasa da sake fasalin. == Dokoki da ni'ima == Haɓaka ayyukan kasuwanci ya haifar da rashin fahimta, musamman a yankuna kamar tsakiyar lardin Guangdong da Jiangsu, inda bunƙasar tattalin arzikin karkara ya fi sauri.  Ba a fayyace irin rawar da ta dace na jami’an yankin ko hakki da wajibcin sabbin ‘yan kasuwa ko ‘yan kasuwa ba.  Layin da ke tsakanin yin amfani da abokan hulɗa na yau da kullun da karimci da nuna son kai da cin hanci da rashawa na da ban sha'awa.  Akwai alamun bunƙasa tsarin dangantakar abokantaka da abokan ciniki, inda masu aikin gudanarwa ke ba da tagomashi ga manoma na yau da kullun don neman tallafi, girma, da kuma kyauta lokaci-lokaci.  Yawan karuwar laifukan cin hanci da rashawa da aka ruwaito a cikin jaridun kasar Sin da kuma hasashen da aka yi na cewa, fasa kwabri da gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki na yankunan karkara sun haifar da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa mai yiwuwa ya nuna karin damammaki na kulla yarjejeniya da tagomashi iri-iri, da kuma yanayin rashin tabbas na yawancin mu'amaloli da dangantaka.  Kiraye-kirayen da jam’iyyar ta yi na ci gaba da inganta “wayewar ruhi ta gurguzu” da kuma kokarin da hukumomin tsakiya ke yi na samar da tsarin dokar farar hula da kuma girmama shi ana iya fassara shi a matsayin martani ga matsalar.  A matakin cikin gida, inda ’yan kasuwa da ’yan kasuwa ke yin shawarwari akai-akai kan dokokin wasansu, ana kyautata zaton an magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta dace. == Iyali da iyali == A cikin al'ummar kasar Sin da suka gabata, iyali sun ba wa kowane mutum goyon baya, rayuwa, da tsaro na dogon lokaci.  A yau jihar ta ba da tabbacin irin wannan tsaro ga waɗanda ba su da iyalai da za su ba su, kuma iyalai da sassan aiki suna da alhakin dogon lokaci na mutum.  Matsayin iyalai ya canza, amma suna da mahimmanci, musamman a karkara.  An daure ’yan uwa, a doka da al’ada, don tallafa wa tsofaffi ko nakasassu.  Jiha, tana aiki ta hanyar sassan aiki, tana ba da tallafi da fa'idodi kawai lokacin da iyalai ba za su iya ba.  Iyalai suna tara kudaden shiga akai-akai, kuma yanayin rayuwar kowane mutum ya dogara da adadin masu samun albashin gida da adadin masu dogaro.  A cikin birane da ƙauyuka, mafi yawan kuɗin shiga yawanci ana samun su ne ta gidaje masu yawan albashi, kamar ƴaƴan maza da mata da ba su yi aure ba. A ƙarshen al'ummar gargajiya, girman iyali da rikitarwa na tsari sun bambanta kai tsaye tare da aji. Masu mallakar yankunan karkara da jami'an gwamnati suna da iyalai mafi girma, talakawa manoma mafi ƙanƙanta. Mafi talauci na yawan jama'a, ma'aikata marasa ƙasa, ba za su iya yin aure da fara iyalai ba. Bukatar samar da tsufa da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin yawan 'ya'yan da suka tsira zuwa balaga da nasarar iyali na dogon lokaci ya motsa mutane su kirkiro nau'ikan iyali daban-daban. Ma'aurata da ba su haifi 'ya'ya maza ba, ko kuma ba su haifu ba, sun karɓi ko sayi jarirai kai tsaye. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu' ya'ya maza da ke son auren' ya'yansu mata kuma su koma cikin iyalansu, suna watsar da iyalansu na asali kuma wani lokacin ma sunaye na asali. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu dukiya don jawo hankalin surukin wani lokaci ana tilasta su sayar da' ya'yansu mata a matsayin Ƙwaraƙwarai ko [[karuwanci]]. Bambancin girman iyali da rikitarwa shine sakamakon bambancin matsayi na aji da kuma rawar da gida ke takawa a matsayin iyali da kuma tattalin arziki. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba, kasar Sin ta nemi bin daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar hada mata a cikin ma'aikata. :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A cikin birane, wannan tsari ya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ci gaban cibiyar sadarwar yara ta jama'a, cibiyoyin kula da yara, da makarantun yara.<ref name=":532" /> :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A yankunan karkara, uwaye masu aiki sun sami tallafi daga surukai da sauran dangin da aka faɗaɗa, yawanci a gefen uba.<ref name=":532" /> : 132-133 A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, dangin da ke gefen mahaifin shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar tsaro don kula da yara a yankunan karkara.<ref name=":532" /> : 133 Aikin kula da yara an danganta shi da mata, musamman surukai waɗanda ke da iko mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":532" /> : 133  A cikin al'umma ta zamani, iyalai na karkara ba su da ƙasa ko kuma su ba da ita ga ƙarni na gaba. Duk da haka, suna iya mallaka da kuma watsa gidaje. Iyalan karkara suna biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya da kuɗin makaranta ga yaransu. A karkashin tsarin jama'a da ke aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1982, kudin shiga na dangin manoma ya dogara kai tsaye da yawan ma'aikatan da ya ba da gudummawa ga filayen jama'a. Wannan, haɗe da damuwa game da matakin tallafi ga tsofaffi ko nakasassu da ƙungiyar ta bayar, ya ƙarfafa manoma su sami 'ya'ya maza da yawa. A karkashin sauye-sauyen aikin gona da suka fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, gidaje sun ɗauki karuwar rawar tattalin arziki. Ayyukan 'yan uwa har yanzu shine babban abin da ke haifar da samun kudin shiga. Amma ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara da Kasuwanci sun kara ba da lada ga ƙwarewar gudanarwa da fasaha kuma sun sa aikin gona mara ƙwarewa ya zama abin sha'awa. Muddin wannan yanayin tattalin arziki ya ci gaba a cikin ƙauyuka a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, iyalai manoma na iya zaɓar yara ƙarancin amma mafi ilimi. Sakamakon sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin da kuma rarraba iyalai da kamfanonin tattalin arziki sun kasance mafi girman daidaitawa na siffofin iyali tun 1950. A cikin 1987 yawancin iyalai sun yi kusa da manomi na t[[Saki]] (manomi wanda ke da wasu filaye) na baya. Irin wannan iyali ya kunshi mutane biyar ko shida kuma ya dogara ne akan aure tsakanin ɗa da ya girma da mace mai girma wanda ya koma cikin iyalin mijinta. Bambancin siffofin iyali - ko dai babba da rikitarwa ko waɗanda [[Baligi|tsufa]] dogara da ƙananan, siffofin aure marasa daidaituwa - ba su da yawa. Jiha ta haramta yin ƙwaraƙwalwa, riƙoƙi na yara, da sayar da [[Jariri|jarirai]] ko mata, dukansu an yi su ne a baya, kodayake ba a saba da su ba. Ƙarin tsammanin rayuwa yana nufin cewa yawancin jarirai sun tsira har zuwa balaga kuma yawancin manya sun rayu cikin shekaru sittin ko saba'in. Ƙarin iyalai na ƙauyuka sun sami damar cimma burin gargajiya na iyali na ƙarni uku a cikin shekarun 1980. Akwai marayu da matasa ko gwauraye masu matsakaicin shekaru ko gwaurayen. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa su riƙe matsayin rayuwa ɗaya. Saki, ko da yake yana yiwuwa, yana da wuya, kuma iyalai sun kasance masu ɗorewa, ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba. A baya, an faɗaɗa ka'idodin dangi fiye da ƙungiyar cikin gida kuma an yi amfani da su don samar da manyan ƙungiyoyi, kamar su zuriya. Halin ya bambanta da iyalai; sun kasance ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kamfanoni. Sun mallaki ƙasa kuma, a wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, sun mamaye dukan ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka kuma suna da ikon mallakar mafi yawan gonaki. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin gargajiya na baya-bayan nan, zuriya sun mamaye masu arziki da ilimi. Ma'aikata na yau da kullun sun biya yawancin amfanin gonarsu ga danginsu kamar Addu'a za su iya samu ga mai gida. Kwaminisanci sun yi tir da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a matsayin tsarin feudal ta hanyar da [[Maigida|masu mallakar gidaje]] suka yi amfani da wasu. An dakatar da zuriyar a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma an kwace ƙasarsu kuma an sake rarraba su a cikin sake fasalin ƙasa. Bautar jama'a na kakannin dangi masu nisa sun rasa yawancin hujjojin su tare da rushewar dukiyar dangi kuma an sauƙaƙe su cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Bautar kakanni ta gida, inda membobin iyali guda ɗaya suka bauta kuma suka tuna da kakanninsu na kusa, sun ci gaba aƙalla har zuwa 1966 da 1967, a farkon matakan [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], lokacin da Red Guards suka lalata bagadan da allunan kakanninsu. A shekara ta 1987 jam'iyyar har yanzu tana Allah wadai da bautar kakanni a matsayin camfi amma ba ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don kawo karshen hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China - Family and Household |url=http://countrystudies.us/china/51.htm |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> == Aure == Dokar Aure ta 1950 ta tabbatar da kowa da kowa 'yancin zabar abokin aurensu. Duk da haka, musamman a cikin ƙauyuka, akwai 'yan damar saduwa da abokan tarayya. Karkara na kasar Sin ba da ɗan sirri don soyayya, kuma a ƙauyuka akwai ɗan haƙuri na jama'a don yin kwarkwasa ko ma tattaunawa mai tsawo tsakanin maza da mata marasa aure. Gabatarwa da tafiye-tafiye sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirya aure. A mafi yawan lokuta kowannensu daga cikin matasa, da iyayensu, suna da tasiri a kan duk wani wasan da aka tsara. A baya, ana ganin aure a matsayin damuwa ga iyalai da kuma bangarorin biyu na wasan. Ana sa ran iyalai da aka haɗa ta hanyar aure su kasance daidai da matsayi, ko kuma dangin [[Angon|ango]] su kasance da matsayi mafi girma. Wannan bangare na tsarin aure ya ci gaba yayin da ma'anar matsayi ta canza. Saboda an kawar da dukiyar da aka gada a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci, an canza kimantawa zuwa kimantawa na samun iko da wadata ta gaba. Maza da aka fi so sun kasance ma'aikatan gudanarwa, membobin jam'iyya, da ma'aikatan manyan kamfanonin gwamnati. Sabanin haka, maza daga ƙauyuka matalauta sun sami wahalar samun mata. Daga farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da alamun aji na gado suka kasance masu mahimmanci, duk wanda ke da asalin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", wato, duk wanda aka gano shi a baya tare da mai gida ko ma dan kasuwa mai arziki, mummunan fata ne ga aure. Irin waɗannan masu ra'ayi galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su auri 'ya'yan wasu iyalai masu "mummunan" aji. A wani ƙarshen sikelin zamantakewa, ya bayyana cewa akwai babban matakin aure tsakanin 'ya'yan manyan ma'aikata. == Tsarin al'umma == Yawancin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin sun zauna a daya daga cikin kauyuka 900,000, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin yawan jama'a daga 1,000 zuwa 2,000. Ƙauyuka ba su taɓa samun kansu ba, ƙungiyoyi masu wadatar kansu, kuma duniyar zamantakewar manoma na kasar Sin ta wuce ƙauyukansu. Kusan dukkan sabbin mata sun zo cikin ƙauye daga wasu ƙauyuka, kuma 'ya'ya mata sun yi aure. Dukkanin mazauna ƙauyen suna da alaƙa ta kusa da iyalai a wasu ƙauyuka, kuma auren ya tashi daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye. Kafin 1950 tarin ƙauyuka sun kasance a kan ƙananan garuruwan kasuwa waɗanda suka haɗa su da tattalin arziki da al'umma. Yawancin manoma sun kasance kawai 'yan sa'o'i na tafiya ko ƙasa da haka daga Garin kasuwa, wanda ya ba da damar sayarwa da siyarwa ba kawai har ma da damar nishaɗi, bayani, rayuwar zamantakewa, da kuma yawancin ayyuka na musamman. Ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da kasuwa sun kafa ƙungiyar zamantakewa wanda, kodayake ba a iya gani nan da nan fiye da ƙauyuka, yana da mahimmanci. Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na manufofin tattalin arziki da siyasa na shekarun 1950 da 1960 shine kara rufewa, ingancin kamfanoni na ƙauyukan kasar Sin da kuma taƙaita yanayin zamantakewar mazauna ƙauyuka. Gyaran ƙasa da sake tsara ƙauyuka a matsayin ƙananan yankuna na ƙauyuka na mutane yana nufin cewa ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin mallakar ƙasa kuma suna da iyakoki tsakanin ƙasashensu da na ƙauyukan da ke kusa. Babban jagorancin ma'aikata a kan filayen jama'a ya sa tsoffin ayyukan musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ƙauyuka ba zai yiwu ba. Rubuce-rubucen gida da tsarin rarraba abinci sun tsare mazauna ƙauyuka zuwa gidajensu kuma sun sa ba su yiwu su nemi dukiyarsu a wasu wurare ba. Haɗin kai tare da 'yan ƙauyen da kyakkyawar dangantaka da shugabannin ƙauyen sun zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda suka kasance a baya. Kaddamar da kasuwannin karkara, wanda ya kasance tare da fitar da wadatar kai a cikin samar da hatsi da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki, yana da mummunan tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma ba su da dalili ko dama don tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun zuwa gari, kuma damar da suke da ita don musayar da hadin kai tare da mazaunan wasu ƙauyuka sun ragu. Ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin aiki, tare da duk abin da ke nunawa. Decollectivization a farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da farfado da tallan karkara, da kuma iyakantaccen shakatawa na sarrafawa a kan ƙaura ya buɗe ƙauyuka kuma ya rage iyakokin zamantakewa da ke kewaye da su. Duniyar zamantakewar manoma ta fadada, kuma babbar al'ummar tallace-tallace ta zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da aka rage na ƙauyen. Kasancewar membobin ƙauyen, sau ɗaya mafi mahimmancin abin da ke cikin yanayin mutum, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haɗa da sana'a, haɗin kai, da ƙwarewar gudanarwa. == Kula da lafiya == [[Fayil:Chinese_barefoot_doctor_performing_acupuncture.jpg|thumb|Likitan kasar Sin da ba su da kafa ta amfani da acupuncture don kula da ma'aikacin brigade na samarwa]] Bayan 1949, tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] na kasar Sin, a yankunan karkara matakin farko ya kunshi "makaranta marasa kafa" da ke aiki daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a ƙauyen. Sun ba da sabis na rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, tare da matsakaicin likitoci biyu ga kowane mutum 1,000. Likitocin da ba su da kafafu sun fito ne a shekarar 1968 lokacin da kasar Sin ba ta da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara kuma a shekarar 1985, kasar Sin ta daina amfani da kalmar likitan da ba su san kafafu ba. Yawancin su an tura su ga likitocin ƙauyen a matsayin masu zaman kansu, suna rayuwa daga sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga kuɗin mai amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xiaoyun |last2=Zhao |first2=Shichao |last3=Zhang |first3=Minmin |last4=Hu |first4=Dan |last5=Meng |first5=Qingyue |date=16 February 2015 |title=The development of rural primary health care in China's health system reform |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2015.1008195 |s2cid=153321167}}</ref> A matakin na gaba akwai cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gari, wanda ke aiki da farko a matsayin asibitocin marasa lafiya na kimanin mutane 10,000 zuwa 30,000 kowannensu. Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da kusan gadaje goma zuwa talatin kowannensu, kuma mafi cancanta daga cikin ma'aikatan sun kasance mataimakan likitoci. Matsayi biyu na ƙasa sun zama "tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka" wanda ya ba da mafi yawan kulawar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasar. Sai kawai marasa lafiya masu tsanani suka kai ga matsayi na uku kuma na ƙarshe, asibitocin gundumar, waɗanda suka yi wa mutane 200,000 zuwa 600,000 hidima kowannensu kuma manyan likitoci ne suka yi aiki da su waɗanda ke da digiri daga makarantun likitanci na shekaru 5. A ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, wadata da ingancin kiwon lafiya sun bambanta sosai daga birni zuwa ƙauye. Dangane da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na 1982, a yankunan karkara yawan mutuwar ya kasance 1.6 a kowace 1,000 fiye da birane, kuma tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance kusan shekaru 4 ƙasa. Adadin manyan likitoci ga kowane mutum 1,000 ya ninka sau 10 a cikin birane fiye da yankunan karkara; Kudin jihar akan kula da kiwon lafiya ya fi -Y26 ga kowane mutum a cikin birni kuma ƙasa da -Y3 ga kowane mutum na yankunan karamar hukuma. Har ila yau, akwai kusan sau biyu da yawa a asibitoci a cikin birane kamar yadda yake a yankunan karkara. Wadannan adadi ne, duk da haka, kuma wasu yankunan karkara suna da kulawa mafi kyau da matakan abinci mai gina jiki fiye da wasu. == Rayuwar ƙauye da al'adun nunawa == Rayuwar ƙauyen gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta mayar da hankali kan aikin gona, al'ada, da ayyukan bikin da suka danganci yanayi da bukatun muhalli. Nazarin Yammacin farko na rayuwar ƙauyen Sinanci ya shafi ƙauyuka a Hong Kong ko Taiwan kamar yadda ƙasar Sinanci ba ta da damar ga malaman Yamma a wannan lokacin. Don tarin karatu mai amfani a kan Sabbin Yankin Hong Kong duba James L. Watson da Rubie S. Watson (2004), wanda ya ƙunshi karatu bisa ga aikin gona da aka gudanar daga 1969 zuwa 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Life in Hong Kong |url=https://cup.cuhk.edu.hk/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=155 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |language=en}}</ref> Don nazarin rayuwar ƙauye a Taiwan duba Seaman (1978), da Ahern da Gates (1981). A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya zama mai yiwuwa a gudanar da aikin gona a kasar Sin. Masana ilimin ɗan adam da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar sun lura da farfadowar ayyukan addini da bukukuwa kafin 1949 a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a zamanin Mao. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, bambancin ayyukan addini a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin ya karu, gami da majami'u, masallatai, haikalin Buddha, da ayyukan addini na gargajiya. :: 269  Thomas David DuBois ya bincika rayuwar ƙauye a Cang County, Hebei, daga 1997 zuwa 2002. A cewar DuBois: "Abin da ya kasance daidai shi ne cewa addini yana ci gaba da shiga dukkan fannoni na rayuwa a yankunan karkara na Arewacin China, " (DuBois 2005, shafi na 2). &nbsp; An sake gina dubban temples a ƙauye da kuma gundumar a zamanin sake fasalin (bayan 1978). Haikali suna ba da nishaɗi da lokutan biki da kuma ayyukan addini. A cewar Adam Yuet Chau, wanda ya yi nazarin Haikali na Dragon King a yankunan karkara na Shaanbei a arewacin China, haikalin ya kasance mai da hankali ga nishaɗi kamar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin rawa, masu ba da labari, da mawaƙa (Chao, 2006, shafi na 242). Ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa "Ƙungiyoyin Haikali ... sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada sararin al'adun gargajiya da kuma yankin jama'a a kasar Sin ta zamani" (Chau, 2006, 242) Ayyukan Haikali suna inganta kyakkyawar alakar al'umma kuma suna ba da tabbacin taimakon juna a lokacin bukata (Chau), Amsa Mai Mu'ujiza, 144). Don nazarin rawar da temples ke takawa a farfado da hadayu na Taoist a Fujian duba Dean (1993). Ya lura da muhimmancin haikalin a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da rayuwar zamantakewa ta ƙauyen (Dean,1993, 17). David Johnson ya yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na haikalin ƙauye da yankunan da aka sani da shā (Johnson 2009). Ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'adun al'umma na ƙauyen sun kasance "mafi girman bayyanar dabi'u da imani na talakawa" (Johnson 2009, 10).&nbsp; A zamanin yau (bayan 1978), masu kula da ƙauyuka, gami da jami'an jam'iyyar kwaminisanci, na iya shiga cikin gudanar da ayyukan haikalin ƙauyen (Tsai 2007, 140). Koyaya, wasu fannoni na al'adun ƙauye, kamar wasan kwaikwayon mawaƙa masu tafiya, suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa (Jones 2009, xxi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritual and Music of North China: Volume 2: Shaanbei |url=https://www.routledge.com/Ritual-and-Music-of-North-China-Volume-2-Shaanbei/Jones/p/book/9781138056787 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> Masu kiɗa na gargajiya suna yin rawar al'ada da kuma samar da nishaɗi. Jones ya bambanta tsakanin rawar "ma'aikata" na masallacin Buddha da Daoist da kuma ayyukan da suka fi "rarraba" na masu yin al'adun Buddha da Daoists, da yawa daga cikinsu "ma'aikatan gona ne na yau da kullun da ke yin don rayuwar rayuwa da bukukuwan kalandar" (Jones, 2009, xxi). Masu raira waƙa masu basira a yankunan karkara na iya daidaita abubuwan da suka faru don jawo hankalin masu sauraro da masu sauraro (Gibbs 2018). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Song King: Connecting People, Places, and Past in Contemporary China |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/song-king-connecting-people-places-and-past-in-contemporary-china/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=UH Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A yankunan kan iyaka, al'adun waƙoƙi na al'ada da kuma sau da yawa ɓoyayyun suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa asalin kabilanci. Don nazarin farfado da waƙoƙin da al'adun labarun mutanen Tai Lüe na Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, duba Davis (2005). Fitowar shahararrun ayyuka da imani bayan 1980 ya kasance saboda rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a lokacin babban kwaminisanci. Kamar yadda Stephen Jones ya nuna, "A Shaanbei, kamar yadda a wasu wurare a kasar Sin, mutum na iya danganta wani bangare da ci gaba da tsarin imani na kwaminisanci (kamar bautar alloli da ayyukan bikin) a duk waɗannan lokutan zuwa rashin iyawar gwamnatocin zamani don canza muhalli. Al'ummar noma ta kasance matalauta kuma ta dogara da albarkar allahntaka, har ma tun daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da wasu sassan yankin suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. " (Jones, 2009, xix-xx). === Fim din === A lokacin da aka kafa PRC a 1949, akwai kasa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 600 a kasar. :: 102  Masu nunawa sun yi tafiya a cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin suna nuna fina-finai, wani tsari da aka tsara akan amfani da Tarayyar Soviet na ƙungiyoyin fina-fakka na hannu don yada al'adun juyin juya hali. : 45 Ƙungiyoyin masu nuna tafi-da-gidanka na ƙauyuka da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na birane galibi ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tsarin al'adu na PRC.<ref name=":3" /> : 47 Har zuwa shekarun 1990s, yawancin mutane a kasar Sin sun zauna a yankunan karkara, sabili da haka ba su haɗu da fim ba har sai masu nuna wayar hannu sun kawo su a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960.<ref name=":3" /> : 148 : 148  == Sadarwa da intanet == A shekara ta 2004, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai ta fara aikin Haɗi Kowane Ƙauye don inganta damar sadarwa da sabis na intanet a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. : 24-25 MIIT ta buƙaci kamfanoni shida na gwamnati, gami da manyan masu samar da sadarwa da intanet China Mobile, China Unicom, da China Telecom, su gina kayan aikin sadarwa kuma su taimaka wajen tallafawa aikin.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 A shekara ta 2010, kusan kowane ƙauyen gudanarwa an haɗa shi da tsarin waya. :: 128  Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, gidaje miliyan 135 na karkara sun yi amfani da intanet mai zurfi.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 Shirin ya sami nasarar fadada kayan aikin intanet a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin kuma ya inganta ci gaban intanet.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 : 25  A cikin 2014, gwamnatin kasar Sin da Alibaba sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar shirin fadada kasuwancin e-commerce na karkara Rural Taobao, wanda ke da niyyar samar da gidajen karkara tare da matakin samun dama ga kayan masarufi da mazaunan birane ke da shi da kuma sauƙaƙe sayar da kayan aikin gona ta hanyar kasuwancin e-kasuwanci. :{{Rp|page=129}} Ya zuwa 2017, shirin ya rufe ƙauyuka 16,500.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 130 {{Rp|page=130}} A cikin 2015, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta ware RMB biliyan 2 don kafa cibiyoyin e-commerce a wasu yankunan da ba su da ci gaba a kasar Sin. :: 128  Wannan tsarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga irin wannan dabarun a Misira, Indiya, da Vietnam.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 128 : 128  == Dubi kuma == * Hukou - tsarin rajistar gida da aka yi amfani da shi a kasar Sin * Gidan taurari goma * Al'ummar birane a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Kula da lafiyar mata a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Wokai - Kungiyar da ke haɗa masu ba da gudummawa a duk duniya tare da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin don taimaka musu fara ƙananan kasuwanci k076r4dowb6bq9aaubnvbjhr6mn0w69 846132 846130 2026-06-03T14:50:58Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:DanshanSichuanMarketSept05.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Manomi na kifi a kasuwar manoma a Danshan, Sichuan a watan Satumbar 2005]]     '''Al'ummar karkara a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin''' ta ƙunshi kasa da rabin al'ummar Sinawa (kimanin kashi 45 cikin ɗari) kuma suna da nau'ikan salon rayuwa da salon rayuwa daban-daban.  Rayuwa a karkarar kasar Sin ta sha bamban da ta biranen kasar Sin.  A kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yankunan karkara na samun bunkasuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta, tattalin arzikin birane yana fuskantar kididdigar.  A yankunan arewa maso yamma da yamma, ana ganin al'ummar karkara a matsayin kaskantacce kuma na da.  Abubuwan buƙatu na yau da kullun kamar ruwan famfo da sufuri na yau da kullun suna da matsala a waɗannan yankuna. == Tarihi == === Jamhuriyar Sin === A lokacin jamhuriyar Sin, gwamnatin Beiyang ko ta Nanjing ta baya-bayan nan ba ta sami nasarar tabbatar da mulkin kasar Sin a yankunan karkara ba.[1]: 71  Shugabannin kauyukan gargajiya sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar tattalin arziki, da huldar jama'a, da albarkatu na alama kamar zuriya.<ref name=":Laikwan">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 71 : 71  === Kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a === Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a lokacin da ta yi fice tsakanin shekarar 1921 zuwa 1949, ita ce kyautata zaman rayuwar talakawan kasar Sin, wadanda mafi yawansu mazauna karkara ne.  A lokacin kafin 1936, CCP ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar karkara a yankunan da ta yi tasiri ko sarrafawa.  Babban yanki shi ne sake fasalin kasa, inda aka karbe iko daga hannun masu mallakar filaye na gargajiya da kuma masu hannu da shuni, kuma aka ba da shi ga jiha, wato, tarawa.  Kasar Sin a farkon shekarar 1949 ta samu karuwar injiniyoyin aikin gona, da yaduwar wutar lantarki, da ruwan sha, da fasahar zamani zuwa yankunan karkara.  Koyaya, a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, abubuwa da yawa sun rage a yi. Mao ya lura cewa mafi yawan fa'idodi ba ga yankunan karkara ba, inda yawancin Sinawa ke zaune, kuma wadanda suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga juyin juya halin, amma ga cibiyoyin birane. Tsarin katin shaidar ya ba da digiri na albarkatu, gami da rabon abinci, ga mazauna birane da mazaunan karkara. === Babban Tsalle zuwa Gaba === A lokacin yakin neman zabe na Great Leap Forward na 1958 zuwa 1961, shugabannin kasar Sin sun yi ƙoƙari su hanzarta hadin kai da haɓaka saurin samar da masana'antu a duk faɗin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan karkara. Wannan yafi yawanci ya shafi samar da ƙananan abubuwa, kamar narkar da karfe na "backyard". An yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar hadin kai da aiki mai yawa, samar da ƙarfe na kasar Sin zai wuce na Burtaniya a cikin shekaru 15 kawai daga farkon "tsalle". An kafa wata hanyar gwaji a Henan a farkon 1958, kuma nan da nan an bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar.  An tattara dubun-dubatar don samar da kayayyaki guda ɗaya wanda ke wakiltar masana'antu: ƙarfe.  An kafa kusan kwamitoci 25,000, kowanne yana da gidaje kusan 5,000.  Fatan shine bunkasa masana'antu ta hanyar yin amfani da ɗimbin wadatar arha da kuma gujewa shigo da manyan injuna.  An gina ƙananan tanderun ƙarfe na bayan gida a kowace gari inda manoma ke samar da ƙananan ɗigon ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe da aka yi da ƙura.  A lokaci guda, an tattara al'ummomin manoma. Babban Leap Forward yanzu ana ganinsa ko'ina, a ciki da waje da China, a matsayin babban bala'in tattalin arziki. Manoma galibi suna barin noma don samar da ƙarfe ko aiki a wasu masana'antu. Shekaru uku tsakanin 1959 da 1962 an san su da "Shekaru Uku masu Bitter," Shekaru Uku na Bala'o'i na Halitta (ko da yake wannan sunan yanzu ba a amfani dashi sosai a China), da Babban Yunwa, yayin da mutanen China suka sha wahala daga matsanancin karancin abinci. Lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin rayuwar karkara a kasar Sin. === Lokacin bayan Mao Zedong === A karkashin Deng Xiaoping, yawan birane a kasar Sin ya habaka cikin sauri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan da aka ayyana "sake yin kwaskwarima da bude kofa ga kasashen waje"[1]. Sabbin tsare-tsare a tattalin arzikin kasar Sin sun canja tsarin daga noma na gama-gari zuwa kason samar da amfanin gida na gida, ta hanyoyi da dama, sun maido da kokarin tattara kayan aikin shekaru da dama. A yankuna da dama na kasar Sin, musamman kudanci da gabar tekun kasar Sin, yanayin rayuwa ya samu ci gaba sosai bayan gyare-gyaren da Deng ya yi. Kamfanonin Birni da Kauye sun kawo samar da masana'antu zuwa yankunan karkara - galibi a kan gabar tekun kudanci, suna taimakawa bude wadannan al'ummomin karkara zuwa habakar tattalin arziki. (An yi kokarin ra'ayin samar da masana'antu a yankunan karkara a karkashin Mao amma tare da samun iyakataccen nasara; alal misali, masana'antun masana'antu a yankuna masu nisa sun gamu da cikas a kokarin da suke yi na samar da kayayyaki). Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa, sarƙaƙƙiya da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan yanayin. Misali, nisa ya fi girma, kuma labarin kasa sau da yawa ya fi ƙalubale a yankunan yamma da ciki. Yawan jama'a ya fi bazuwa; Tsarin zamantakewa ma na iya taka rawa, ta yadda yawan al'umma da tsarin zamantakewar wadannan yankuna sau da yawa ya sha banban sosai da na kasar Sin dake gabar teku. Sauye-sauyen Deng Xiaoping sun haɗa da gabatar da tsarin shiryawa, gudanarwa ta tsakiya na tattalin arziki ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gwamnati, barin salon kamfen ɗin Mao na gine-ginen tattalin arziki. Deng ya ci gaba da gadon Mao har ya jaddada mahimmancin aikin gona kuma ya karfafa rarraba yanke shawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin karkara da gidajen manoma. A matakin gida, za a yi amfani da kayan aiki, maimakon roƙon siyasa, don motsa ma'aikata, gami da ba da damar manoma su sami ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar sayar da kayan da suka samu a kasuwa kyauta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kasuwannin karkara da ke sayar da kayayyakin gida na manoma da kuma kayayyakin da suka rage na yankuna an farfado da su a karkashin tsarin tattalin arzikin kasuwa na Deng. Ba wai kawai kasuwannin karkara sun kara yawan kayan aikin gona ba, sun kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antu. Tare da manoma da ke iya sayar da amfanin gona a kasuwa, amfani da gida ya haifar da masana'antu kuma ya haifar da goyon bayan siyasa don sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki masu wahala. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da yankuna masu wadata sosai da ke da nisa fiye da yankuna marasa talauci inda iyaye ke da matukar wahala wajen samun isasshen kudin shiga don tabbatar da cewa ana iya tura yaransu zuwa makaranta, duk da kudaden ilimi da suka riga sun ragu. Lalle ne, rashin daidaituwa na ilimi da zamantakewa wani muhimmin fasalin wannan ci gaban da ba daidai ba ne. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A A tsakiyar 1980s, ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa birane ya zama wani al'amari na ƙasa: 161  Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tasowa tun aƙalla shekarun 1990 shine "yawan jama'a" ko "baƙar fata (misali kasuwar baƙar fata)", 'yan gudun hijirar yankunan karkara (民工 min gong) na shiga cikin birane.  Har zuwa abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan, mazauna karkara ba su da izinin doka don sake zama a cikin birane ba tare da izini ba, duk da haka tsakanin dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan miliyan sun sake tsugunar da su don neman ayyukan yi.  Mutane da yawa sun sami aiki, ta hanyar gine-gine da sauran sassan da ke da ƙarancin albashi da fa'idodi, da kuma haɗarin wuraren aiki.  Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da dama sun taso a sakamakon haka, wato nuna wariya ga mazauna karkara a cikin birane, kebewar bakin haure a hankali, wanda wasu ke haifar da aikata laifuka.  Ta haka ne rayuwar karkara ta “shiga” garuruwa.  [abubuwan da ake bukata]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Rashin damar yin aiki ya kara sanya rayuwa a yankunan karkara da yawa da wahala, saboda haka bayyanar jan hankali don sake zama a cikin birane. Tabbas, ayyukan suna da iyaka, don haka mutane da yawa suna ƙaura a cikin birane kawai don samun damar da ta fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa yawancin mazauna yankunan karkara ba su da aikin yi ko kuma ba su da aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ci gaban Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman ya kuma haifar da ci gaban karkara a wasu sassan kasar Sin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wani muhimmin takardar manufofi na zamanin [[Xi Jinping]], 2013's Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, ya bayyana rarrabuwar birane da karkara a matsayin babban cikas ga ci gaba da sabunta kasar Sin kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don ci gaba da haɗa ci gaba. : 32 Jerin ayyukan da aka tsara don rage rarrabuwar birane da ƙauyuka sun biyo baya.<ref name=":1" /> : 32 : 32  A cikin 2013, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar sabon shiri don rage talauci da haɓaka yankunan karkara masu talauci ta hanyar haɓaka haɓaka kuɗin shiga na manoma na karkara da rage cikas a ci gaban noma. Shirin ya haɗa da inganta sabbin nau'ikan kasuwancin noma, kamar gonakin iyali da ƙungiyoyin hadin gwiwa, da ƙarfafa masana'antu da kamfanonin kasuwanci su saka hannun jari a aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China eyes more rural development in 2013 - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194409/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-12/22/c_132057739.htm |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da matsayi na aji == Babban aikin farko na sauya al'ummar ƙauye shi ne sake fasalin ƙasa a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950, inda jam'iyyar ta tura ƙungiyoyin aiki zuwa kowane ƙauye don aiwatar da manufofinta na sake fasalin ƙasa.  Wannan shi kansa wani nuni ne da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na ikon gudanarwa da na siyasa.  Gyaran ƙasa yana da maƙasudai da yawa masu alaƙa.  Ƙungiyoyin aikin sun kasance su sake rarraba wasu (ko da yake ba duka ba) filaye daga iyalai masu arziki ko amintattun masu mallakar filaye zuwa ga mafi ƙasƙanci na jama'a don haka don samar da ingantaccen rarraba hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki;  a hambarar da jiga-jigan kauye, wadanda za a yi tsammanin za su yi adawa da jam’iyyar da shirye-shiryenta;  a dauki sabbin shugabannin kauyuka daga cikin wadanda suka nuna kwazo wajen tabbatar da manufofin jam’iyyar;  da kuma koya wa kowa tunani a matsayin aji maimakon ƙungiyar dangi ko abokan hulɗar abokin ciniki. Domin cimma buri na ƙarshe, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan jam'iyyar sun gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa, kuma sun rarraba dukkan iyalan ƙauyen ko dai a matsayin masu gidaje, masu arziki, manoma na tsakiya, ko matalauta.  Waɗannan alamomin, dangane da mallakar ƙasa na iyali da matsayin tattalin arziƙin gabaɗaya tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1950, sun zama dindindin kuma na gado na asalin kowane iyali kuma, a ƙarshen 1980, har yanzu abin ya shafa, alal misali, abubuwa kamar damar shigar da sojoji, kwalejoji, jami'o'i, da mukaman gudanarwa na gida har ma da yiwuwar aure. An kammala tattara aikin noma da gaske tare da kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a 1958. Ƙungiyoyin sun kasance manya, sun ƙunshi ƙauyuka da yawa.  An yi nufin su zama ƙungiyoyi masu ma'ana da yawa, waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan gudanarwa na tattalin arziki da na gida.  A karkashin tsarin gamayya, gidan ya kasance tushen tushen amfani, kuma wasu bambance-bambancen yanayin rayuwa sun kasance, kodayake ba a yi musu alama ba kamar yadda aka yi kafin sake fasalin ƙasa.  A ƙarƙashin irin wannan tsarin, duk da haka, motsi zuwa sama yana buƙatar zama ƙungiya ko jami'in sadarwa ko samun ƙarancin matsayi na fasaha kamar kasancewar direban babbar mota. == Rashin kula da jama'a == Tattaunawa da sauran tsare-tsare na siyasa sun haifar da yaɗuwar yunwa da mutuwar dubban miliyoyin mutane.  A ƙarshen 1970s, masu gudanarwa a cikin sassan matakin lardi tare da yankuna masu faɗin ƙarancin amfanin gona da ƙarancin ma'auni na rayuwa sun fara gwaji tare da sabbin nau'ikan aiki da samarwa.  A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan sun kasance kamar karya ƙungiyar samar da kayan aikin gama kai, yin kwangila tare da gidaje ɗaya don yin aikin da aka ba su na filayen gama gari, da faɗaɗa nau'ikan amfanin gona ko dabbobin da za a iya noma.  Gwaje-gwajen an yi la'akari da nasara kuma sun shahara, kuma nan da nan suka bazu zuwa dukkan gundumomi.  A lokacin hunturu na 1982-1983, an soke ƙungiyoyin jama'a;  an maye gurbinsu da ƙauyuka na gudanarwa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman ko kasuwanci waɗanda galibi suna hayar irin waɗannan kadarorin gama gari kamar tarakta kuma suna ba da sabis na kuɗi. Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa na sabbin shirye-shiryen samarwa da kwangila.  Ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye na tsarin gudanarwa da na kwangila sun kasance da yawa na asali ka'idoji da halaye.  Da farko, ƙasa, ainihin hanyoyin samarwa, ta kasance dukiya ta gama gari.  An yi hayar, ko aka ba shi, ko kuma an ba shi kwangila ga gidaje ɗaya, amma gidajen ba su mallaki fili ba kuma ba za su iya miƙa shi ga wasu gidaje ba.  Gidan ya zama, a mafi yawan lokuta, rukunin tattalin arziki na asali kuma yana da alhakin samarwa da asarar kansa.  Yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki an tsara su ta hanyar kwangiloli, waɗanda galibi suna tabbatar da alkawurran samar da wani takamaiman adadin kayayyaki ko adadin kuɗi ga gwamnatin birni don amfani da filaye, ko bita, ko tarakta.. Manufar tsarin kwangila ita ce kara inganci a cikin amfani da albarkatu da kuma yin amfani da manoma. An maye gurbin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun cewa duk ƙauyuka suna samar da hatsi ta hanyar fahimtar fa'idodin ƙwarewa da musayar, da kuma rawar da ta fi girma ga kasuwanni. Wasu "gidaje na musamman" sun ba da kansu gaba ɗaya ga samar da amfanin gona ko samar da ayyuka kuma sun sami lada mai yawa. Hoton gabaɗaya yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewa, bambanci, da musayar a cikin Tattalin arzikin karkara da kuma cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. Kudin da ake samu a yankunan karkara ya karu da sauri, a wani bangare saboda jihar ta kara farashin da ta biya don amfanin gona kuma a wani bangere saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da fadada kasuwanni da sake gano fa'idar kwatankwacin. == Matsayin iyali == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙara zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su ga gidaje ɗaya kuma ya sa shugabannin gida su ƙara ɗaukar alhakin nasarar tattalin arzikin gidajensu.  A shekara ta 1987, alal misali, bisa doka ta yiwu a bar ƙauyen mu ƙaura zuwa wani gari da ke kusa don yin aiki a ƙaramin masana'anta, buɗe ma'auni, ko kafa sana'ar gyaran injina.  Manoma, duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya ƙaura zuwa matsakaita ko manyan birane bisa doka.  Kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin sun ba da rahoton karin yabo a yankunan karkara don neman ilimi, da karuwar sha'awar jaridu da mujallu masu ra'ayin noma, da kuma rubutattun litattafai a fili kan irin wadannan sana'o'i masu fa'ida kamar kiwon zomo da kiwon zuma.  Yayin da ƙwarewa da rarrabuwar kawuna suka karu, tare da bambance-bambancen da ake iya gani na samun kudin shiga da yanayin rayuwa, ya zama da wahala a keɓance yawancin mazauna karkara a cikin ƴan manyan sassa.  A farkon shekarun 1980, saurin sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin ya yi sauri, kuma mutanen da suka shiga cikin wannan sauyin sun sha wahala wajen fahimtar tsarin. == Sakamakon sake fasalin karkara == Jiha ta riƙe ikonta da rawar da take takawa a cikin tattalin arzikin karkara a cikin shekarun 1980. Decollectivization, kamar collectivization na shekarun 1950, an ba da umarni daga saman zuwa ƙasa. Wani lokaci, a bayyane yake, an ɗora shi a kan al'ummomin da suka gamsu da hanyoyin su na hadin gwiwa. Amma a cikin ba da izini ga gidaje da al'ummomi mafi girma don yanke shawarar abin da za su samar da kuma ba da izinin ci gaban kasuwannin karkara da ƙananan masana'antu, jihar ta koma baya daga kulawa ta kusa da ƙididdigar tilas na shekarun 1960 da 1970. Ƙaddamarwa ya kawar da ayyukan kulawa na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ayyuka waɗanda ba su buƙatar kula da aiki a kan filayen gama gari.  Wasu jami'an tsaro sun zama masu gudanar da cikakken lokaci a ofisoshin gari, wasu kuma sun yi amfani da gyare-gyare ta hanyar kafa gidaje na musamman ko kuma ta hanyar ba da hayar kadarorin gama gari a farashi mai kyau.  Tsofaffin jami'an tsaro, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwarsu da sanin hanyoyin gudanarwa, sun kasance cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da manoma na yau da kullun don cin gajiyar damar da haɓaka kasuwanni da ayyukan kasuwanci ke bayarwa.  Hatta ’yan bangar da ba su himmatu wajen kara kudin shiga na iyalansu ba, sun gano cewa don yi wa ’yan uwansu hidima kamar yadda ake tsammani ya zama dole su zama ‘yan kasuwa.  Ɗaliban matakin ƙauye a tsakiyar 1980s ba su yi ƙasa da aiki a matsayin masu kulawa ba kuma fiye da matsayin wakilai na faɗaɗawa da masu ba da shawara kan tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1987 al'ummar karkara sun fi budewa da bambanci fiye da shekarun 1960 da 1970, kuma ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na wannan lokacin, wanda ya nuna damuwa mai yawa na jihar game da tsaro, an maye gurbinsu da cibiyoyin sadarwa da tarin ƙananan raka'a. Sabon, tsarin da ya fi sauƙi ya nuna fifiko da aka sanya akan inganci da Ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tsaro na asali, a cikin ma'anar isasshen abinci da tabbacin tallafi ga nakasassu, marayu, ko tsofaffi, an dauke su ba tare da la'akari ba. Kasa da rabin yawan jama'ar kasar Sin sun tuna da rashin tsaro da haɗarin al'umma kafin 1950, amma farashin da rashin inganci na tsarin hadin gwiwa sun kasance sabo a cikin tunaninsu. Ƙarin ƙwarewa da rarraba aiki sun kasance yanayin da ba za a iya juyawa ba. A cikin yankunan karkara muhimmancin sashin aiki ya bayyana ya ragu, kodayake mutane har yanzu suna zaune a ƙauyuka, kuma ayyukan ƙananan ma'aikatan gudanarwa har yanzu suna shafar talakawa manoma ko ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a hanyoyi. Jiha da jami'anta har yanzu suna mamaye tattalin arziki, suna sarrafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, suna biyan haraji da kuma tsara kasuwanni da kasuwanni, da kuma ba da kwangila. Tsarin rarrabawar zamanin Maoist ya dogara ne akan matsayi na ma'aikatan da ba su da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke jagorantar ayyukan ma'aikata masu yawa. An maye gurbinsa a cikin shekarun 1980 da sabon ƙwararren iyalai da 'yan kasuwa masu ƙwarewa na tattalin arziki waɗanda suka sami nasarar cimma yarjejeniya da ma'aikatan gudanarwa waɗanda ke sarrafa damar samun dama ga yawancin albarkatun da ake buƙata don nasarar tattalin arziki. Ma'aikatan yankin har yanzu suna da ikon sanya kudade, haraji, da kowane irin cin zarafi. Ka'idodin sabon tsarin ba su da tabbas, kuma tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya ci gaba da canzawa don mayar da martani ga saurin ci gaban kasuwancin karkara da masana'antu da manufofin tattalin arziki na kasa da sake fasalin. == Dokoki da ni'ima == Haɓaka ayyukan kasuwanci ya haifar da rashin fahimta, musamman a yankuna kamar tsakiyar lardin Guangdong da Jiangsu, inda bunƙasar tattalin arzikin karkara ya fi sauri.  Ba a fayyace irin rawar da ta dace na jami’an yankin ko hakki da wajibcin sabbin ‘yan kasuwa ko ‘yan kasuwa ba.  Layin da ke tsakanin yin amfani da abokan hulɗa na yau da kullun da karimci da nuna son kai da cin hanci da rashawa na da ban sha'awa.  Akwai alamun bunƙasa tsarin dangantakar abokantaka da abokan ciniki, inda masu aikin gudanarwa ke ba da tagomashi ga manoma na yau da kullun don neman tallafi, girma, da kuma kyauta lokaci-lokaci.  Yawan karuwar laifukan cin hanci da rashawa da aka ruwaito a cikin jaridun kasar Sin da kuma hasashen da aka yi na cewa, fasa kwabri da gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki na yankunan karkara sun haifar da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa mai yiwuwa ya nuna karin damammaki na kulla yarjejeniya da tagomashi iri-iri, da kuma yanayin rashin tabbas na yawancin mu'amaloli da dangantaka.  Kiraye-kirayen da jam’iyyar ta yi na ci gaba da inganta “wayewar ruhi ta gurguzu” da kuma kokarin da hukumomin tsakiya ke yi na samar da tsarin dokar farar hula da kuma girmama shi ana iya fassara shi a matsayin martani ga matsalar.  A matakin cikin gida, inda ’yan kasuwa da ’yan kasuwa ke yin shawarwari akai-akai kan dokokin wasansu, ana kyautata zaton an magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta dace. == Iyali da iyali == A cikin al'ummar kasar Sin da suka gabata, iyali sun ba wa kowane mutum goyon baya, rayuwa, da tsaro na dogon lokaci.  A yau jihar ta ba da tabbacin irin wannan tsaro ga waɗanda ba su da iyalai da za su ba su, kuma iyalai da sassan aiki suna da alhakin dogon lokaci na mutum.  Matsayin iyalai ya canza, amma suna da mahimmanci, musamman a karkara.  An daure ’yan uwa, a doka da al’ada, don tallafa wa tsofaffi ko nakasassu.  Jiha, tana aiki ta hanyar sassan aiki, tana ba da tallafi da fa'idodi kawai lokacin da iyalai ba za su iya ba.  Iyalai suna tara kudaden shiga akai-akai, kuma yanayin rayuwar kowane mutum ya dogara da adadin masu samun albashin gida da adadin masu dogaro.  A cikin birane da ƙauyuka, mafi yawan kuɗin shiga yawanci ana samun su ne ta gidaje masu yawan albashi, kamar ƴaƴan maza da mata da ba su yi aure ba. A ƙarshen al'ummar gargajiya, girman iyali da rikitarwa na tsari sun bambanta kai tsaye tare da aji. Masu mallakar yankunan karkara da jami'an gwamnati suna da iyalai mafi girma, talakawa manoma mafi ƙanƙanta. Mafi talauci na yawan jama'a, ma'aikata marasa ƙasa, ba za su iya yin aure da fara iyalai ba. Bukatar samar da tsufa da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin yawan 'ya'yan da suka tsira zuwa balaga da nasarar iyali na dogon lokaci ya motsa mutane su kirkiro nau'ikan iyali daban-daban. Ma'aurata da ba su haifi 'ya'ya maza ba, ko kuma ba su haifu ba, sun karɓi ko sayi jarirai kai tsaye. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu' ya'ya maza da ke son auren' ya'yansu mata kuma su koma cikin iyalansu, suna watsar da iyalansu na asali kuma wani lokacin ma sunaye na asali. Iyalai da ke da 'ya'ya mata amma babu dukiya don jawo hankalin surukin wani lokaci ana tilasta su sayar da' ya'yansu mata a matsayin Ƙwaraƙwarai ko [[karuwanci]]. Bambancin girman iyali da rikitarwa shine sakamakon bambancin matsayi na aji da kuma rawar da gida ke takawa a matsayin iyali da kuma tattalin arziki. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba, kasar Sin ta nemi bin daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar hada mata a cikin ma'aikata. :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A cikin birane, wannan tsari ya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ci gaban cibiyar sadarwar yara ta jama'a, cibiyoyin kula da yara, da makarantun yara.<ref name=":532" /> :: 133 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;132&#x200A; A yankunan karkara, uwaye masu aiki sun sami tallafi daga surukai da sauran dangin da aka faɗaɗa, yawanci a gefen uba.<ref name=":532" /> : 132-133 A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, dangin da ke gefen mahaifin shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar tsaro don kula da yara a yankunan karkara.<ref name=":532" /> : 133 Aikin kula da yara an danganta shi da mata, musamman surukai waɗanda ke da iko mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":532" /> : 133  A cikin al'umma ta zamani, iyalai na karkara ba su da ƙasa ko kuma su ba da ita ga ƙarni na gaba. Duk da haka, suna iya mallaka da kuma watsa gidaje. Iyalan karkara suna biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya da kuɗin makaranta ga yaransu. A karkashin tsarin jama'a da ke aiki daga 1958 zuwa 1982, kudin shiga na dangin manoma ya dogara kai tsaye da yawan ma'aikatan da ya ba da gudummawa ga filayen jama'a. Wannan, haɗe da damuwa game da matakin tallafi ga tsofaffi ko nakasassu da ƙungiyar ta bayar, ya ƙarfafa manoma su sami 'ya'ya maza da yawa. A karkashin sauye-sauyen aikin gona da suka fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, gidaje sun ɗauki karuwar rawar tattalin arziki. Ayyukan 'yan uwa har yanzu shine babban abin da ke haifar da samun kudin shiga. Amma ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara da Kasuwanci sun kara ba da lada ga ƙwarewar gudanarwa da fasaha kuma sun sa aikin gona mara ƙwarewa ya zama abin sha'awa. Muddin wannan yanayin tattalin arziki ya ci gaba a cikin ƙauyuka a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, iyalai manoma na iya zaɓar yara ƙarancin amma mafi ilimi. Sakamakon sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin da kuma rarraba iyalai da kamfanonin tattalin arziki sun kasance mafi girman daidaitawa na siffofin iyali tun 1950. A cikin 1987 yawancin iyalai sun yi kusa da manomi na t[[Saki]] (manomi wanda ke da wasu filaye) na baya. Irin wannan iyali ya kunshi mutane biyar ko shida kuma ya dogara ne akan aure tsakanin ɗa da ya girma da mace mai girma wanda ya koma cikin iyalin mijinta. Bambancin siffofin iyali - ko dai babba da rikitarwa ko waɗanda [[Baligi|tsufa]] dogara da ƙananan, siffofin aure marasa daidaituwa - ba su da yawa. Jiha ta haramta yin ƙwaraƙwalwa, riƙoƙi na yara, da sayar da [[Jariri|jarirai]] ko mata, dukansu an yi su ne a baya, kodayake ba a saba da su ba. Ƙarin tsammanin rayuwa yana nufin cewa yawancin jarirai sun tsira har zuwa balaga kuma yawancin manya sun rayu cikin shekaru sittin ko saba'in. Ƙarin iyalai na ƙauyuka sun sami damar cimma burin gargajiya na iyali na ƙarni uku a cikin shekarun 1980. Akwai marayu da matasa ko gwauraye masu matsakaicin shekaru ko gwaurayen. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa su riƙe matsayin rayuwa ɗaya. Saki, ko da yake yana yiwuwa, yana da wuya, kuma iyalai sun kasance masu ɗorewa, ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba. A baya, an faɗaɗa ka'idodin dangi fiye da ƙungiyar cikin gida kuma an yi amfani da su don samar da manyan ƙungiyoyi, kamar su zuriya. Halin ya bambanta da iyalai; sun kasance ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kamfanoni. Sun mallaki ƙasa kuma, a wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, sun mamaye dukan ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka kuma suna da ikon mallakar mafi yawan gonaki. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin gargajiya na baya-bayan nan, zuriya sun mamaye masu arziki da ilimi. Ma'aikata na yau da kullun sun biya yawancin amfanin gonarsu ga danginsu kamar Addu'a za su iya samu ga mai gida. Kwaminisanci sun yi tir da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a matsayin tsarin feudal ta hanyar da [[Maigida|masu mallakar gidaje]] suka yi amfani da wasu. An dakatar da zuriyar a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma an kwace ƙasarsu kuma an sake rarraba su a cikin sake fasalin ƙasa. Bautar jama'a na kakannin dangi masu nisa sun rasa yawancin hujjojin su tare da rushewar dukiyar dangi kuma an sauƙaƙe su cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Bautar kakanni ta gida, inda membobin iyali guda ɗaya suka bauta kuma suka tuna da kakanninsu na kusa, sun ci gaba aƙalla har zuwa 1966 da 1967, a farkon matakan [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], lokacin da Red Guards suka lalata bagadan da allunan kakanninsu. A shekara ta 1987 jam'iyyar har yanzu tana Allah wadai da bautar kakanni a matsayin camfi amma ba ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don kawo karshen hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China - Family and Household |url=http://countrystudies.us/china/51.htm |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> == Aure == Dokar Aure ta 1950 ta tabbatar da kowa da kowa 'yancin zabar abokin aurensu. Duk da haka, musamman a cikin ƙauyuka, akwai 'yan damar saduwa da abokan tarayya. Karkara na kasar Sin ba da ɗan sirri don soyayya, kuma a ƙauyuka akwai ɗan haƙuri na jama'a don yin kwarkwasa ko ma tattaunawa mai tsawo tsakanin maza da mata marasa aure. Gabatarwa da tafiye-tafiye sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirya aure. A mafi yawan lokuta kowannensu daga cikin matasa, da iyayensu, suna da tasiri a kan duk wani wasan da aka tsara. A baya, ana ganin aure a matsayin damuwa ga iyalai da kuma bangarorin biyu na wasan. Ana sa ran iyalai da aka haɗa ta hanyar aure su kasance daidai da matsayi, ko kuma dangin [[Angon|ango]] su kasance da matsayi mafi girma. Wannan bangare na tsarin aure ya ci gaba yayin da ma'anar matsayi ta canza. Saboda an kawar da dukiyar da aka gada a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci, an canza kimantawa zuwa kimantawa na samun iko da wadata ta gaba. Maza da aka fi so sun kasance ma'aikatan gudanarwa, membobin jam'iyya, da ma'aikatan manyan kamfanonin gwamnati. Sabanin haka, maza daga ƙauyuka matalauta sun sami wahalar samun mata. Daga farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da alamun aji na gado suka kasance masu mahimmanci, duk wanda ke da asalin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", wato, duk wanda aka gano shi a baya tare da mai gida ko ma dan kasuwa mai arziki, mummunan fata ne ga aure. Irin waɗannan masu ra'ayi galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su auri 'ya'yan wasu iyalai masu "mummunan" aji. A wani ƙarshen sikelin zamantakewa, ya bayyana cewa akwai babban matakin aure tsakanin 'ya'yan manyan ma'aikata. == Tsarin al'umma == Yawancin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin sun zauna a daya daga cikin kauyuka 900,000, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin yawan jama'a daga 1,000 zuwa 2,000. Ƙauyuka ba su taɓa samun kansu ba, ƙungiyoyi masu wadatar kansu, kuma duniyar zamantakewar manoma na kasar Sin ta wuce ƙauyukansu. Kusan dukkan sabbin mata sun zo cikin ƙauye daga wasu ƙauyuka, kuma 'ya'ya mata sun yi aure. Dukkanin mazauna ƙauyen suna da alaƙa ta kusa da iyalai a wasu ƙauyuka, kuma auren ya tashi daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye. Kafin 1950 tarin ƙauyuka sun kasance a kan ƙananan garuruwan kasuwa waɗanda suka haɗa su da tattalin arziki da al'umma. Yawancin manoma sun kasance kawai 'yan sa'o'i na tafiya ko ƙasa da haka daga Garin kasuwa, wanda ya ba da damar sayarwa da siyarwa ba kawai har ma da damar nishaɗi, bayani, rayuwar zamantakewa, da kuma yawancin ayyuka na musamman. Ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da kasuwa sun kafa ƙungiyar zamantakewa wanda, kodayake ba a iya gani nan da nan fiye da ƙauyuka, yana da mahimmanci. Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na manufofin tattalin arziki da siyasa na shekarun 1950 da 1960 shine kara rufewa, ingancin kamfanoni na ƙauyukan kasar Sin da kuma taƙaita yanayin zamantakewar mazauna ƙauyuka. Gyaran ƙasa da sake tsara ƙauyuka a matsayin ƙananan yankuna na ƙauyuka na mutane yana nufin cewa ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin mallakar ƙasa kuma suna da iyakoki tsakanin ƙasashensu da na ƙauyukan da ke kusa. Babban jagorancin ma'aikata a kan filayen jama'a ya sa tsoffin ayyukan musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ƙauyuka ba zai yiwu ba. Rubuce-rubucen gida da tsarin rarraba abinci sun tsare mazauna ƙauyuka zuwa gidajensu kuma sun sa ba su yiwu su nemi dukiyarsu a wasu wurare ba. Haɗin kai tare da 'yan ƙauyen da kyakkyawar dangantaka da shugabannin ƙauyen sun zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda suka kasance a baya. Kaddamar da kasuwannin karkara, wanda ya kasance tare da fitar da wadatar kai a cikin samar da hatsi da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki, yana da mummunan tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma ba su da dalili ko dama don tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun zuwa gari, kuma damar da suke da ita don musayar da hadin kai tare da mazaunan wasu ƙauyuka sun ragu. Ƙauyuka sun zama rukunin aiki, tare da duk abin da ke nunawa. Decollectivization a farkon shekarun 1980 ya haifar da farfado da tallan karkara, da kuma iyakantaccen shakatawa na sarrafawa a kan ƙaura ya buɗe ƙauyuka kuma ya rage iyakokin zamantakewa da ke kewaye da su. Duniyar zamantakewar manoma ta fadada, kuma babbar al'ummar tallace-tallace ta zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da aka rage na ƙauyen. Kasancewar membobin ƙauyen, sau ɗaya mafi mahimmancin abin da ke cikin yanayin mutum, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haɗa da sana'a, haɗin kai, da ƙwarewar gudanarwa. == Kula da lafiya == [[Fayil:Chinese_barefoot_doctor_performing_acupuncture.jpg|thumb|Likitan kasar Sin da ba su da kafa ta amfani da acupuncture don kula da ma'aikacin brigade na samarwa]] Bayan 1949, tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] na kasar Sin, a yankunan karkara matakin farko ya kunshi "makaranta marasa kafa" da ke aiki daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a ƙauyen. Sun ba da sabis na rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, tare da matsakaicin likitoci biyu ga kowane mutum 1,000. Likitocin da ba su da kafafu sun fito ne a shekarar 1968 lokacin da kasar Sin ba ta da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara kuma a shekarar 1985, kasar Sin ta daina amfani da kalmar likitan da ba su san kafafu ba. Yawancin su an tura su ga likitocin ƙauyen a matsayin masu zaman kansu, suna rayuwa daga sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga kuɗin mai amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xiaoyun |last2=Zhao |first2=Shichao |last3=Zhang |first3=Minmin |last4=Hu |first4=Dan |last5=Meng |first5=Qingyue |date=16 February 2015 |title=The development of rural primary health care in China's health system reform |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2015.1008195 |s2cid=153321167}}</ref> A matakin na gaba akwai cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gari, wanda ke aiki da farko a matsayin asibitocin marasa lafiya na kimanin mutane 10,000 zuwa 30,000 kowannensu. Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da kusan gadaje goma zuwa talatin kowannensu, kuma mafi cancanta daga cikin ma'aikatan sun kasance mataimakan likitoci. Matsayi biyu na ƙasa sun zama "tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka" wanda ya ba da mafi yawan kulawar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasar. Sai kawai marasa lafiya masu tsanani suka kai ga matsayi na uku kuma na ƙarshe, asibitocin gundumar, waɗanda suka yi wa mutane 200,000 zuwa 600,000 hidima kowannensu kuma manyan likitoci ne suka yi aiki da su waɗanda ke da digiri daga makarantun likitanci na shekaru 5. A ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, wadata da ingancin kiwon lafiya sun bambanta sosai daga birni zuwa ƙauye. Dangane da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na 1982, a yankunan karkara yawan mutuwar ya kasance 1.6 a kowace 1,000 fiye da birane, kuma tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance kusan shekaru 4 ƙasa. Adadin manyan likitoci ga kowane mutum 1,000 ya ninka sau 10 a cikin birane fiye da yankunan karkara; Kudin jihar akan kula da kiwon lafiya ya fi -Y26 ga kowane mutum a cikin birni kuma ƙasa da -Y3 ga kowane mutum na yankunan karamar hukuma. Har ila yau, akwai kusan sau biyu da yawa a asibitoci a cikin birane kamar yadda yake a yankunan karkara. Wadannan adadi ne, duk da haka, kuma wasu yankunan karkara suna da kulawa mafi kyau da matakan abinci mai gina jiki fiye da wasu. == Rayuwar ƙauye da al'adun nunawa == Rayuwar ƙauyen gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta mayar da hankali kan aikin gona, al'ada, da ayyukan bikin da suka danganci yanayi da bukatun muhalli. Nazarin Yammacin farko na rayuwar ƙauyen Sinanci ya shafi ƙauyuka a Hong Kong ko Taiwan kamar yadda ƙasar Sinanci ba ta da damar ga malaman Yamma a wannan lokacin. Don tarin karatu mai amfani a kan Sabbin Yankin Hong Kong duba James L. Watson da Rubie S. Watson (2004), wanda ya ƙunshi karatu bisa ga aikin gona da aka gudanar daga 1969 zuwa 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Life in Hong Kong |url=https://cup.cuhk.edu.hk/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=155 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press |language=en}}</ref> Don nazarin rayuwar ƙauye a Taiwan duba Seaman (1978), da Ahern da Gates (1981). A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya zama mai yiwuwa a gudanar da aikin gona a kasar Sin. Masana ilimin ɗan adam da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar sun lura da farfadowar ayyukan addini da bukukuwa kafin 1949 a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a zamanin Mao. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, bambancin ayyukan addini a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin ya karu, gami da majami'u, masallatai, haikalin Buddha, da ayyukan addini na gargajiya. :: 269  Thomas David DuBois ya bincika rayuwar ƙauye a Cang County, Hebei, daga 1997 zuwa 2002. A cewar DuBois: "Abin da ya kasance daidai shi ne cewa addini yana ci gaba da shiga dukkan fannoni na rayuwa a yankunan karkara na Arewacin China, " (DuBois 2005, shafi na 2). &nbsp; An sake gina dubban temples a ƙauye da kuma gundumar a zamanin sake fasalin (bayan 1978). Haikali suna ba da nishaɗi da lokutan biki da kuma ayyukan addini. A cewar Adam Yuet Chau, wanda ya yi nazarin Haikali na Dragon King a yankunan karkara na Shaanbei a arewacin China, haikalin ya kasance mai da hankali ga nishaɗi kamar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin rawa, masu ba da labari, da mawaƙa (Chao, 2006, shafi na 242). Ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa "Ƙungiyoyin Haikali ... sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada sararin al'adun gargajiya da kuma yankin jama'a a kasar Sin ta zamani" (Chau, 2006, 242) Ayyukan Haikali suna inganta kyakkyawar alakar al'umma kuma suna ba da tabbacin taimakon juna a lokacin bukata (Chau), Amsa Mai Mu'ujiza, 144). Don nazarin rawar da temples ke takawa a farfado da hadayu na Taoist a Fujian duba Dean (1993). Ya lura da muhimmancin haikalin a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da rayuwar zamantakewa ta ƙauyen (Dean,1993, 17). David Johnson ya yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na haikalin ƙauye da yankunan da aka sani da shā (Johnson 2009). Ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'adun al'umma na ƙauyen sun kasance "mafi girman bayyanar dabi'u da imani na talakawa" (Johnson 2009, 10).&nbsp; A zamanin yau (bayan 1978), masu kula da ƙauyuka, gami da jami'an jam'iyyar kwaminisanci, na iya shiga cikin gudanar da ayyukan haikalin ƙauyen (Tsai 2007, 140). Koyaya, wasu fannoni na al'adun ƙauye, kamar wasan kwaikwayon mawaƙa masu tafiya, suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa (Jones 2009, xxi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritual and Music of North China: Volume 2: Shaanbei |url=https://www.routledge.com/Ritual-and-Music-of-North-China-Volume-2-Shaanbei/Jones/p/book/9781138056787 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> Masu kiɗa na gargajiya suna yin rawar al'ada da kuma samar da nishaɗi. Jones ya bambanta tsakanin rawar "ma'aikata" na masallacin Buddha da Daoist da kuma ayyukan da suka fi "rarraba" na masu yin al'adun Buddha da Daoists, da yawa daga cikinsu "ma'aikatan gona ne na yau da kullun da ke yin don rayuwar rayuwa da bukukuwan kalandar" (Jones, 2009, xxi). Masu raira waƙa masu basira a yankunan karkara na iya daidaita abubuwan da suka faru don jawo hankalin masu sauraro da masu sauraro (Gibbs 2018). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Song King: Connecting People, Places, and Past in Contemporary China |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/song-king-connecting-people-places-and-past-in-contemporary-china/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=UH Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A yankunan kan iyaka, al'adun waƙoƙi na al'ada da kuma sau da yawa ɓoyayyun suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa asalin kabilanci. Don nazarin farfado da waƙoƙin da al'adun labarun mutanen Tai Lüe na Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, duba Davis (2005). Fitowar shahararrun ayyuka da imani bayan 1980 ya kasance saboda rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na kasar Sin a lokacin babban kwaminisanci. Kamar yadda Stephen Jones ya nuna, "A Shaanbei, kamar yadda a wasu wurare a kasar Sin, mutum na iya danganta wani bangare da ci gaba da tsarin imani na kwaminisanci (kamar bautar alloli da ayyukan bikin) a duk waɗannan lokutan zuwa rashin iyawar gwamnatocin zamani don canza muhalli. Al'ummar noma ta kasance matalauta kuma ta dogara da albarkar allahntaka, har ma tun daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da wasu sassan yankin suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. " (Jones, 2009, xix-xx). === Fim din === A lokacin da aka kafa PRC a 1949, akwai kasa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 600 a kasar. :: 102  Masu nunawa sun yi tafiya a cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Sin suna nuna fina-finai, wani tsari da aka tsara akan amfani da Tarayyar Soviet na ƙungiyoyin fina-fakka na hannu don yada al'adun juyin juya hali. : 45 Ƙungiyoyin masu nuna tafi-da-gidanka na ƙauyuka da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na birane galibi ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tsarin al'adu na PRC.<ref name=":3" /> : 47 Har zuwa shekarun 1990s, yawancin mutane a kasar Sin sun zauna a yankunan karkara, sabili da haka ba su haɗu da fim ba har sai masu nuna wayar hannu sun kawo su a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960.<ref name=":3" /> : 148 : 148  == Sadarwa da intanet == A shekara ta 2004, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai ta fara aikin Haɗi Kowane Ƙauye don inganta damar sadarwa da sabis na intanet a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin. : 24-25 MIIT ta buƙaci kamfanoni shida na gwamnati, gami da manyan masu samar da sadarwa da intanet China Mobile, China Unicom, da China Telecom, su gina kayan aikin sadarwa kuma su taimaka wajen tallafawa aikin.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 A shekara ta 2010, kusan kowane ƙauyen gudanarwa an haɗa shi da tsarin waya. :: 128  Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, gidaje miliyan 135 na karkara sun yi amfani da intanet mai zurfi.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 Shirin ya sami nasarar fadada kayan aikin intanet a duk yankunan karkara na kasar Sin kuma ya inganta ci gaban intanet.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 : 25  A cikin 2014, gwamnatin kasar Sin da Alibaba sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar shirin fadada kasuwancin e-commerce na karkara Rural Taobao, wanda ke da niyyar samar da gidajen karkara tare da matakin samun dama ga kayan masarufi da mazaunan birane ke da shi da kuma sauƙaƙe sayar da kayan aikin gona ta hanyar kasuwancin e-kasuwanci. :{{Rp|page=129}} Ya zuwa 2017, shirin ya rufe ƙauyuka 16,500.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 130 {{Rp|page=130}} A cikin 2015, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta ware RMB biliyan 2 don kafa cibiyoyin e-commerce a wasu yankunan da ba su da ci gaba a kasar Sin. :: 128  Wannan tsarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga irin wannan dabarun a Misira, Indiya, da Vietnam.<ref name=":Liu" /> : 128 : 128  == Dubi kuma == * Hukou - tsarin rajistar gida da aka yi amfani da shi a kasar Sin * Gidan taurari goma * Al'ummar birane a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Kula da lafiyar mata a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin * Wokai - Kungiyar da ke haɗa masu ba da gudummawa a duk duniya tare da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin don taimaka musu fara ƙananan kasuwanci 5on9vlkacj9sih7an73np1vx15fl2dk Shuka itace 0 154502 846133 2026-06-03T14:59:21Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231638523|Tree planting]]" 846133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Treeplanter.jpg|right|thumb|Mai shuka itace a arewacin Ontario]] [[Fayil:Tree_planting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_389349.jpg|thumb|Shuka bishiyoyi wani bangare ne na kiyaye mazaunin. A cikin kowane bututun filastik, an dasa itace mai katako.]] [[Fayil:Tree_planting_Ghana_2.jpg|thumb|Shuka itace a [[Ghana]]]] Shuka bishiyoyi shine tsari na dasa shuke-shuke na bishiyoyi, gabaɗaya don [[Forestry|gandun daji]], farfado da ƙasa, ko dalilai na shimfidar wuri. Ya bambanta da dasa manyan bishiyoyi a cikin arboriculture da kuma ƙananan farashi amma a hankali kuma ba abin dogaro ba ne na rarraba tsaba bishiyoyi. Bishiyoyi suna ba da gudummawa ga mahallinsu na dogon lokaci ta hanyar samar da iskar oxygen, inganta ingancin iska, inganta yanayi, kiyaye ruwa, adana ƙasa, da tallafawa namun daji. A lokacin aiwatar da photosynthesis, bishiyoyi suna ɗaukar [[carbon dioxide]] kuma suna samar da iskar oxygen da muke numfashi. A cikin silviculture, an san aikin da "reforestation", ko "forestation," dangane da ko yankin da ake dasa ya kasance gandun daji ne kwanan nan ko a'a. Ya haɗa da dasa shuke-shuke a kan wani yanki na ƙasa inda aka girbi [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] ko ya lalace ta hanyar Cutar, cuta, ko aikin ɗan adam.Ana shuka bishiyoyi a sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma dabarun na iya bambanta sosai a fadin kasashe da yankuna da kuma tsakanin kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi. An dasa itace a cikin [[Forestry|kimiyyar gandun daji]] kuma, idan aka yi shi yadda ya kamata, zai iya haifar da nasarar sake farfado da yankin da aka sare. Reforestation shine amsar masana'antar katako ta kasuwanci ga mummunar lalacewar Tsoffin gandun daji, amma gandun daji da aka dasa ba ya kwaikwayon bambancin halittu da rikitarwa na gandun daji na halitta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Saboda itatuwa suna cire carbon dioxide daga iska yayin da suke girma, ana iya amfani da dasa bishiyoyi don taimakawa wajen [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]]. Ayyukan Shuke-shuke na hamada suna motsawa ta hanyar inganta bambancin halittu da sake farfado da tsarin ruwa na halitta, da kuma inganta tattalin arziki da jin dadin jama'a saboda karuwar yawan ayyukan yi a aikin gona da gandun daji. == Nau'ikan bishiyoyi da aka dasa == [[Fayil:Eucalyptus_plantation_in_final_stages.JPG|thumb|Shuka na eucalyptus a matakai na ƙarshe a Arimalam.]] Irin itacen da aka dasa na iya samun babban tasiri a kan sakamakon muhalli. Sau da yawa yana da fa'ida sosai ga abubuwan da ke waje don shuka nau'ikan da ke girma da sauri, kamar su eucalyptus, casuarina ko Pine (misali, ''Pinus radiata'' ko ''Pinus caribaea''), kodayake fa'idodin muhalli da bambancin halittu na irin waɗannan shuke-shuke ba su da alaƙa da gandun daji na asali, kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan da aka rage su sau da yawa abubuwa ne na rikici. Don inganta ci gaban yanayin halittu na asali, masu kula da muhalli da yawa suna ba da shawarar a dasa bishiyoyi na asali kawai. Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ita ce dasa nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, masu saurin girma waɗanda suka fara sake gina ƙasar. Shuka bishiyoyi marasa mamayewa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen dawowar halitta na jinsunan asali ana kiransu "taimako na sake farfadowa na halitta. " Akwai nau'o'in da yawa da za a iya dasa su, daga cikinsu kimanin 12 suna amfani da su sosai a Amurka, kamar <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Leucaena leucocephala</i></nowiki> . A madadin haka, sabuntawa na halitta mai kula da manoma (FMNR), ya haɗa da manoma da ke adana bishiyoyi (ba sake dasa su ba), kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin hanyar da ta fi tsada fiye da dasa bishiyoyi na yau da kullun. == Lokacin shuka == [[Fayil:Several_people_planting_trees.jpg|thumb|Shuka bishiyoyi a Amurka]] === Kasuwancin Bareroot === Littattafan silvicultural na gargajiya suna ba da shawarar bazara a matsayin lokacin da za a shuka kayan bareroot, tare da ɗagawa da fitarwa yayin da bishiyoyi ke faruwa a bayyane.<ref name="Sutton 1984">Sutton, R.F. 1984. Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: glyphosate, hexazinone, and manual weed control. For. Chron. 60:282–287.</ref> Wannan ra'ayi, wanda shukawar bazara ke bayyane, Toumey da Korstian (1942) sun bayyana shi: "Kusan ba tare da banbanci ba lokacin da ya fi dacewa ga ... shuka shine makonni 2 ko fiye kafin buds [na shuka] fara girma".<ref name="toum">Toumey, J. W. and Korstian, C.F. 1942. Seeding and planting in the forestry practice. Ed. 3. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.</ref> Yanayin danshi na ƙasa gabaɗaya yana da kyau a lokacin da lokacin girma ke gab da farawa, yayin da kayan da ba su da kyau suna ƙarƙashin rauni na inji da damuwa na jiki.<ref name="Stiell 1976">Stiell, W.M. 1976. White spruce: artificial regeneration in Canada. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa ON, Inf. Rep. FMR-X-85. 275 p.</ref> Idan girman shirin shuka ya ba da izini, babu wata shakka cewa irin wannan jadawalin zai zama mai fa'ida saboda ya gamsar da ɗaya, kuma yawanci 2, daga cikin abubuwan da ke da muhimmanci don samun nasara: (1) amfani da kayan shuka wanda ke da ikon amsawa ga yanayin girma a shuka, da kuma (2) shuka lokacin da abubuwan da ke cikin shafin ke son rayuwa da girma. Dalili na uku aiki ne mai kyau na shuka, kuma kodayake yana da kyau a duk shuke-shuke, mai yiwuwa ba shi da mahimmanci a shuke-huke na al'ada fiye da wasu lokuta. Idan, duk da haka, ba za a iya kammala shirin shuka ta wannan hanyar ba, akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka: shuka shuka na al'ada tare da kayan da aka ɗaga; shuka shuke-shuke na rani tare da kayan aikin da aka ɗora ko kayan da aka ɗaukaka.<ref name="Sutton 1984">Sutton, R.F. 1984. Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: glyphosate, hexazinone, and manual weed control. For. Chron. 60:282–287.</ref> === Shuka shuke-shuke na al'ada tare da sabbin kayan da aka ɗaga === A cikin mahallin sake farfadowa silviculture, "spring", "summer", da dai sauransu ba su da silviculture, "spring", "summer", da dai sauransu ba su da ma'ana. Yawanci, lokacin shuka na bazara yana farawa da zaran ɗagawa ya yiwu a cikin jariri, kuma ya ƙare tare da kammala shirin. A wannan lokacin, kayan shuka suna da alaƙa da lokacin girma mai zuwa, kuma shuka yana da duk wannan lokacin da za a kafa tsarin tushen sa kafin a kalubalanci shi ta hanyar kowane sanyi. A aikace, ba a samun manufofi da yawa. Wannan kayan yana yawan [[barci]] lokacin da aka dasa shi yana da kuskuren da ya zama gama gari. Girman aiki yana bayyane a lokacin shuka, amma a kowane hali aikin metabolism yana ƙaruwa a cikin kayan shuka kafin saman ya ba da bayyane ga wannan. Matsalar samun, a cikin yawa, kayan da aka ɗaga a cikin yanayin barci yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar yanayin yanayi. A wurare da yawa, lokacin bazara ba abin dogaro ba ne kuma sau da yawa gajere. Hakanan, fa'idar danshi na ƙasa da aka yi iƙirarin don shuka bazara ma ba ta da tabbas. Ƙasa da ke da yashi ko dutse, da ƙasa mai zurfi na kowane nau'i sun dogara sosai da yanayin yanzu saboda iyakancewar ƙarfin ruwa. Har ila yau, wadataccen danshi na ƙasa ba zai amfana da tsire-tsire wanda tushen sa ya rufe da ƙasa mai sanyi, kuma mutuwar bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi fiye da kusan 6 ° C na iya zama mai yawa.<ref name="Sutton 19682">Sutton, R.F. 1968. Ecology of young white spruce (''Picea glauca'' [Moench] Voss). Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, 68–11645. 500 p.</ref><ref name="Sutton 19692">Sutton, R.F. 1969. Form and development of conifer root systems. Commonw. For. Bureau, Oxford, U.K., Tech. Communication No. 7. 131 p.</ref> &nbsp;Fuskar yana ƙara haɗarin kayan shuka ga duka damuwa na jiki (saboda karuwar buƙatun ruwa da rage ƙarfin haɓaka tushen) da lalacewar inji, wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mafi girman da aka saba da shi na farkon bazara akan ƙarshen shuka na bazara. Yawanci, lokacin shuka na bazara yana farawa da zaran ɗagawa ya yiwu a cikin jariri, kuma ya ƙare tare da kammala shirin. A wannan lokacin, kayan shuka suna da alaƙa da lokacin girma mai zuwa, kuma shuka yana da duk wannan lokacin da za a kafa tsarin tushen sa kafin a kalubalanci shi ta hanyar kowane sanyi. A aikace, ba a samun manufofi da yawa. Wannan kayan yana yawan barci lokacin da aka dasa shi yana da kuskuren da ya zama gama gari. Girman aiki yana bayyane a lokacin shuka, amma a kowane hali aikin metabolism yana ƙaruwa a cikin kayan shuka kafin saman ya ba da bayyane ga wannan. Matsalar samun, a cikin yawa, kayan da aka ɗaga a cikin yanayin barci yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar yanayin yanayi. A wurare da yawa, lokacin bazara ba abin dogaro ba ne kuma sau da yawa gajere. Hakanan, fa'idar danshi na ƙasa da aka yi iƙirarin don shuka bazara ma ba ta da tabbas. Ƙasa da ke da yashi ko dutse, da ƙasa mai zurfi na kowane nau'i sun dogara sosai da yanayin yanzu saboda iyakancewar ƙarfin ruwa. Har ila yau, wadataccen danshi na ƙasa ba zai amfana da tsire-tsire wanda tushen sa ya rufe da ƙasa mai sanyi, kuma mutuwar bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi fiye da kusan 6 ° C na iya zama mai yawa.<ref name="Sutton 1968">Sutton, R.F. 1968. Ecology of young white spruce (''Picea glauca'' [Moench] Voss). Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, 68–11645. 500 p.</ref><ref name="Sutton 1969">Sutton, R.F. 1969. Form and development of conifer root systems. Commonw. For. Bureau, Oxford, U.K., Tech. Communication No. 7. 131 p.</ref> &nbsp;Fuskar yana ƙara haɗarin kayan shuka ga duka damuwa na jiki (saboda karuwar buƙatun ruwa da rage ƙarfin haɓaka tushen) da lalacewar inji, wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mafi girman da aka saba da shi na farkon bazara akan ƙarshen shuka na bazara. Ana iya dasa bishiyoyi ba kawai a duk lokacin shuka na bazara ba idan aka guje wa lokacin da aka fi yin amfani da shi, amma kusan a duk lokacin girma, tare da asarar aiki ba tare da raguwa ba. Nazarin Mullin (1971) <ref name="mull3">Mullin, R.E. 1971. "Some effects of root dipping, root exposure and extended planting dates with white spruce." For. Chron. 47(2):90–93.</ref> a Midhurst a kudancin Ontario ya nuna nasarar da za a iya dasa fararen spruce a duk lokacin da ake tambaya da kuma buƙatar rage damuwa a kan kayan shuka. Mullin ya yi amfani da 3 + 0 stock daga gadaje na jigilar kaya na yau da kullun a cikin jerin shuke-shuke 6 na mako-mako wanda ya fara da bishiyoyi masu barci a ranar 3 ga Mayu kuma ya ƙare a ranar 7 ga Yuni, lokacin da sabbin manyan shuke-huke sun kasance da yawa. An ɗaga itatuwa tare da kuma ba tare da nutsewar tushen ba, an dasa su a ranar ɗagawa bayan an fallasa tsarin tushen su na awanni 0, 1, 2, ko 3. Ganin cewa rayuwa ta shekara ta 2 a cikin iko (haskakawa ta tushen = 0) yanayin ya bambanta kadan tsakanin shuke-shuke 6, tare da matsakaicin 83.5% + / - 4.7% don bishiyoyi masu nutsewa da 77.2 + / - 7.0% don wadanda ba a nutsewa ba, yawan mace-mace tsakanin kayan da aka nuna tushen sun fi canzawa. Misali, rayuwa ta shekara ta 2 tsakanin bishiyoyi masu tsiro waɗanda aka fallasa tsarin tushen su na awa 1 ya bambanta daga 17% zuwa 84%. === Shuka shuka na al'ada tare da kayan da aka ɗaga === Lokacin shuka fall yawanci ana ɗaukarsa farawa ne lokacin da kayan kiwo suka yi tauri kuma an sake cika tanadin danshi na ƙasa ta ruwan sama na kaka. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba har sai an kammala shirin shuka ko kuma an dakatar da shi ta hanyar daskarewa ko dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi. Fa'idodin shuka faduwa an taɓa la'akari da su "Don auna nauyin waɗanda ke cikin bazara tabbas" cewa a cikin dazuzzuka na Ƙasar Lake States kusan duk an shuka a cikin faduwa, amma duk da wasu nasarori, shuke-shuke na faduwa a Arewacin Amurka sun kasance marasa nasara fiye da shuke-huke na bazara.<ref name="Kittredge">{{Cite journal |last=Kittredge |first=J |date=1929 |title=Forest planting in the Lake States |journal=U.S.D.A., for. Serv., Washington DC, Agric. Bull. |issue=1497 |pages=87 p}}</ref><ref name="leb">LeBarron, R.K.; Fox, G.; Blythe, R.H. 1938. The effect of season of planting and other factors on early survival of forest plantations. J. For. 36:1211–1215.</ref> A wasu shafuka, babban rashin amfani na shuka faduwa shine cewa tsarin tushen shuke-shuke ba su da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don zama da ƙarfi kafin a sanya su cikin sanyi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da rauni ga "tsire-tsalle na hunturu", wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin fall ba da daɗewa ba bayan shuka, musamman tsakanin hannun jari da ke da tsayi mai yawa.<ref name="rud">Rudolf, P.O. 1950. Cold soaking – a short-cut substitute for stratification? J. For. 48(1):31–32.</ref> Dangantaka tsakanin ci gaban barci da yanayin ilimin lissafi, gami da ƙarfin tsiro, ba su da kyau a cikin bishiyoyi fiye da bishiyoyi, amma tabbas akwai kyakkyawar shaida <ref name="Baldwin 1938">Baldwin, H.I. 1938. Planting experiments in the northeast. J. For. 36:758–760.</ref> cewa, ba tare da sanyi ba, shuka bishiyoyi na iya samun nasara a cikin fall kamar a cikin bazara.<ref name="mull">Mullin, R.E. 1968. Comparisons between seedlings and transplants in fall and spring plantings. Ont. Dep. Lands For., Res. Div., Toronto ON, Res. Rep. 85. 40 p.</ref><ref name="sin">Sinclair, C.; Boyd, R.J. 1973. Survival comparisons of three fall and spring plantings of four coniferous species in northern Idaho. USDA, For. Serv., Intermount. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ogden UT, Res. Pap. INT-139. 20 p.</ref><ref name="McClain 1975">McClain, K.M. 1975. Continuous planting of seedling black spruce. p. 177–194 ''in'' Black Spruce Symp. Proc., Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Symp. Proc. O-P-4.</ref><ref name="McClain 1979">McClain, K.M. 1979. A review on the possibility of extending the planting season. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Northern For. Res. Unit, Thunder Bay ON. 44 p.</ref> === Shuka shuka a lokacin rani tare da kayan da aka ɗaga === Ta hanyar tunani da dabaru, hanya mafi sauƙi ta tsawaita lokacin dasa shuki na al'ada shine a tsawaita ɗagawa da dasa kayan sabo a lokacin rani har sai an gasa shirin shuka. Akwai shaidar cewa za a iya dasa spruces cikin nasara a duk lokacin rani. Dasa shuki <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">kuma</span></nowiki>''</sup> ya sami nasara a yawancin binciken bincike tare da farin spruce, misali, Crossley 1956; Ackerman da Johnson 1962; Decie 1962 wanda Revel and Coates 1976 ya ambata; Burgar da Lyon 1968; Mullin 1971, 1974; Revel and Coates 1976. <ref name="rev" /> Nasarar ya dogara ne akan rage damuwa don shuka haja a kowane mataki daga ɗagawa ta hanyar dasawa da kuma dasa shuki lokacin da yanayin wurin ya dace don rayuwa da girma. === Shuka na bazara da lokacin rani tare da kayan da aka adana === An haɓaka ajiyar sanyaya na kayan shuka da yawa tare da manufar shawo kan matsalolin da aka samu ta amfani da kayan shuka. Adanawa yana ba da hanyar riƙe kayan aiki don amfani lokacin da sabbin kayan ba su samuwa ba ko kuma a matakin ci gaba wanda ya sa bai dace da shuka ba. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar sarrafa yanayin jiki na hannun jari. Koyaya, akwai matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ajiya, misali, ƙura, raunin sanyi, bushewa, da ƙarancin ajiyar abinci. Yawan lalacewa ya dogara sosai da yanayin ilimin lissafi na kayan shuka a lokacin ɗagawa, da kuma yanayin ajiya da tsawon ajiya. A cikin ƙoƙari na tsara jadawalin aminci don ɗaga kayan aiki don ajiyar daskarewa, Mullin (1978) <ref name="mull5">Mullin, R.E. 1978. "Tests of frozen spring storage for white spruce and red pine planting stock." USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 29(4):26–29.</ref> ya yi amfani da tushe na 0 ° C kuma ya tara matsakaicin yanayin ƙasa na yau da kullun a zurfin 15 cm don lissafin kwanakin digiri (DD). Ya fassara shaidar yana nufin cewa fararen spruce da aka ƙaddara don ajiyar daskarewa ya kamata ya tara fiye da 50 DD kafin a ɗaga shi. Game da ajiyar sanyi, kayan da aka ɗaga, manyan sinadaran don samun nasara suna ɗagawa kafin a fara bushewa, rigakafin bushewa, kula da zafin jiki na yau da kullun a cikin digiri 1 ko 2 na daskarewa, rage ƙirar ta hanyar kula da zazzabin jiki da tsabta, kauce wa murkushewa da sauran lalacewar inji, da kauce wa tsawon lokacin ajiya. Mullin da Forcier (1976) <ref name="mull6">Mullin, R.E.; Forcier, L. 1976. Effect of lifting and planting dates on survival and growth of spring stored nursery stock. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., For. Res. Branch, Toronto ON, For. Res. Notes 3. 4 p.</ref> da Mullin da Reffle (1980) <ref name="mull8">Mullin, R.E.; Reffle, R.J. 1980. Effects of dates of lifting and planting on success of frozen spring storage at Swastika Nursery. Ont. Min, Nat. Resour., Toronto ON, Nursery Notes 66. 5 p.</ref> sun bincika tasirin ranar ɗagawa da kwanan shuka a kan nau'o'i da yawa, gami da 3 + 0 fari spruce bayan ajiyar daskarewa, tare da sabbin sarrafawa da aka shuka a kowane ranar shuka don kwatanta. A cikin dukkan shuke-shuke, ɗagawa na farko (2 ga Mayu) ya ba da matsakaicin matsakaicin rayuwa na shekara ta biyu a cikin dukkan nau'o'in. A cikin wani binciken, Mullin (1978) <ref name="mull5">Mullin, R.E. 1978. "Tests of frozen spring storage for white spruce and red pine planting stock." USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 29(4):26–29.</ref> ya gano cewa tsire-tsire na 3 + 0 fari mai daskarewa sun ci gaba da samun nasara har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli kawai tare da farkon da aka ɗaga (25 Afrilu). Sutton (1982) kuma ya yi amfani da 3 + 0 fari spruce a cikin fitarwa kowane makonni 2 daga ƙarshen Yuni ta hanyar lokacin girma a cikin shekaru 3 masu zuwa a shafuka daban-daban a arewacin Ontario.<ref name="Sutton 1982">Sutton, R.F. 1982. "Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: planting [[season extension]]." Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Inf. Rep. O-X-344. 129 p.</ref> Duk da bambancin kayan shuka, yanayin ajiya mara kyau da mummunan yanayi, sakamakon shekara ta 4 ya nuna daidaitattun tsari na rayuwa mai ma'ana da ƙimar girma tsakanin bishiyoyi da aka dasa har zuwa Yuli, tare da saurin raguwa a cikin aikin bishiyoyi da suka dasa daga baya. An kuma yi amfani da ajiyar kayan da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin sanyi. Yana da fa'idar ɗaga kaya a ƙarshen lokacin girma lokacin da matakai na jiki ke kiran barci na halitta. Mullin da Parker (1976) sun binciki lokacin da aka ɗaga faduwa tare da zafin ajiyar hunturu don tantance tasirin su akan aikin da aka dasa 3 + 0 fari.<ref name="mull7">Mullin, R.E.; Parker, J.D. 1976. "Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock." For. Chron. 52(1):22–25.</ref> Akwai ɗagawa 5, kowane mako daga 19 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, bayan haka ƙasa mai daskarewa ta dakatar da ɗagawa. An yi amfani da yanayin ajiya guda biyu, -18 °C da -4 °C. Kusan dukkan bishiyoyin da aka adana a -18 °C sun mutu. Sauran kayan an dasa su a cikin ƙananan ramuka a cikin ƙananan yashi mai laushi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 17 ga Mayu, da 14 ga Yuni tare da kayan da aka ɗaga a kowane kwanan wata. Sabon kuma an adana fararen spruce ya ba da sakamako iri ɗaya a cikin shuke-shuke da aka faɗaɗa zuwa tsakiyar Yuni a yankin Midhurst na Ontario. An yi amfani da ajiyar firiji na halitta a cikin ɗakunan tushe da wuraren ɓoye dusar ƙanƙara. Yin amfani da sanyaya na halitta a cikin ajiyar tushen, Jorgensen da Stanek (1962) <ref name="jorg">Jorgensen, E.; Stanek, W.K.L. 1962. "Overwinter storage of coniferous seedlings as a means of preventing late frost damage." For. Chron. 38(2):192–202.</ref> sun ajiye 3 + 0 da 2 + 2 farin spruce a cikin yanayin barci na watanni 6 ba tare da lalacewa ga aikin ba bayan an shuka shi. Bugu da ƙari, kayan sun kasance masu tsayayya sosai ga lalacewar sanyi. Mullin ya yi amfani da ajiyar sanyi na halitta don overwintering 3+0 da 2+2 fari spruce (1966). <ref name="mull1">Mullin, R.E. 1966. "Overwinter storage of baled nursery stock in northern Ontario." Commonw. For. Rev. 45(3):224–230.</ref> Ba kamar Jorgensen da Stanek's (1962) <ref name="jorg" /> stock ba, wanda aka ɗaga 550 km zuwa kudu inda aka dasa shi, an ɗaga stock na Mullin a cikin wani nursery a kusan latitude iri ɗaya da wurin shuka; stock ɗin ya sami yanayin zafi na ciki har zuwa -15 ° C a tsakiyar hunturu, amma har yanzu ya nuna farkon- da na biyu-shekara yawan rayuwa na 85.9% da 65.9%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da 91.4% da 76.2%, bi da haka, don sabon-da bi da bi da bi.Koyaya, kayan da aka adana na Mullin sun fi lalacewa ta hanyar sanyi fiye da kayan da aka ɗaga kuma "ya nuna raguwar ƙarfi kamar yadda aka auna dangane da rayuwa, saukin lalacewa da girma". == Matsayi a cikin sauyin yanayi == {{excerpt|Carbon sequestration#Forestry}} == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === Ostiraliya === An shafar gandun daji na Australiya sosai tun lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai, kuma an yi wasu ƙoƙari don dawo da wuraren zama na asali, ta gwamnati da mutane. Greening Australia wata kungiya ce ta kasa da ba ta da riba da aka kafa don gudanar da "National Tree Program" wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta fara a shekarar 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greening Australia - History |url=http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220082057/http://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/about-us/history |archive-date=2011-02-20 |access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> Greening Australia ta kammala burin itace biliyan 1 kuma ta ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin shuka bishiyoyi a kasar. Akwai karfi mai karfi na masu sa kai don kiyayewa a Ostiraliya ta hanyar Landcare da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ranar Itace ta Kasa ana shirya ta kowace shekara ta Planet Ark a cikin makon da ya gabata a watan Yuli, yana ƙarfafa jama'a su dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Girma bishiyoyi don masana'antun katako aiki ne na dogon lokaci. Zai iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don itace ya girma zuwa shekaru da girman da ya dace da katako don masana'antu su yi amfani da shi. Wasu bishiyoyi suna da shekaru ɗaruruwan da yawa. Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa suna gudanar da nasu shirye-shiryen "Million Tree" a kowace shekara don ƙarfafa shiga cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Million Trees Victoria |url=http://www.2milliontrees.com.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061108/http://2milliontrees.com.au/ |archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Growing A Great Future |url=http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924184135/http://www.milliontrees.com.au/ |archive-date=September 24, 2014 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=SA Urban Forests Million Trees Program |publisher=Government of South Australia}}</ref> Trees for Life (Brooklyn Park) misali ne mai kyau na ƙungiyar al'umma da ke da tasiri mai ɗorewa. === Bangladesh === Za a dasa bishiyoyi 45,000 a kan hanyoyin karkara a Bangladesh. Yarjejeniyar shari'a za ta tabbatar da cewa kashi 60% na dukiyar itace da aka kirkira za ta kasance ga iyalai mafi talauci (45 km × 15 = iyalai 675). &nbsp;Karamar hukuma da PEP kowannensu yana karɓar 20% na dukiyar itace. Mata mata matalauta 45 na karkara da ma'aikatan zamantakewa 3 za a yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 3 don kula da matasa, suna karɓar albashi na kowane wata. Tare da kashi 8% kawai na ƙasa da ake so a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, aikin zai inganta muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-11 |title=Poverty Eradication Program PAP- Innovative reforestation project |url=https://www.pep-bd.org/reforestation/ |access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref> === Kanada === Yawancin dasa bishiyoyi a [[Kanada]] ana gudanar da su ne ta kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kamfanonin sake dasa bishiyoyi suna gasa da juna don kwangila waɗanda kamfanonin katako ke bayarwa. [[Annual allowable cut|Yankewa na shekara-shekara]] na shekara mai zuwa ya dogara ne akan yawan [[Kuɗi|kudi]] da kamfanin katako ke saka hannun jari a cikin sake dasa bishiyoyi da sauran ayyukan silvicultural. Ana yin shuka bisa ga ƙayyadaddun abokin ciniki, kuma ana sa ran masu shuka su koyi ƙa'idodin inganci ga kowane kwangila da suke aiki a kai. Ana bincika tubalan da aka shuka akai-akai. Kodayake damuwa game da inganci ya bambanta a cikin kwangila, masu binciken wuri yawanci suna neman irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar: zaɓin wurin da ya dace da nau'in, nau'in da ya dace, yadda tsire-tsire suke a ƙasa, yadda tsiro suke daidai, da kuma ko tsiro sun lalace ko a'a. Wadannan damuwa sun bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, kuma daga kwangila zuwa kwangila. Shuka itace yawanci aiki ne kuma farashin itace na iya bambanta sosai dangane da wahalar filin da kuma farashin kwangilar da ta ci nasara. A sakamakon haka, akwai faɗar tsakanin masu shuka: "Babu mummunan ƙasa, kawai mummunan kwangila. " Watanni 4 na aiki tuƙuru na iya samar da isasshen rayuwa har tsawon shekara, amma yanayin yana da tsanani. Ma'aikatan shuka bishiyoyi galibi ba sa zama har abada a wuraren da suke aiki, don haka yawancin shuka ya dogara ne daga Motels ko sansanonin daji. gidaje sansanin Bush yawanci sun kunshi alfarwa, shagon dafa abinci, alfarwar kayan bushe, alfarwa ta farko, sababbin gidaje, da alfarwa ko tirela. Masu shuka suna da alhakin kawo ko dai alfarwa ko mota don yin barci. Har ila yau, sansanin yana dauke da masu dafa abinci da ma'aikatan tallafi. Matsakaicin mai shuka na British Columbian yana shuka bishiyoyi 1,600 a kowace rana, <ref name="BC">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Preventing Tree Planting Injuries |url=http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227072039/http://worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=Work Safe BC |publisher=Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia}}</ref> amma ba sabon abu ba ne ga masu shuka masu ƙwarewa su shuka har zuwa bishiyoyi 4,000 a kowace rana yayin aiki a ciki. Wadannan lambobi sun fi girma a tsakiya da gabashin Kanada, inda filin ya fi sauri, duk da haka farashin kowace itace ya ɗan ragu a sakamakon haka. Matsakaicin jimlar yau da kullun na 2,500 sun zama ruwan dare, tare da masu shuka masu gogewa da ke dasa sama da itatuwa 5,000 a rana. An yi rikodin lambobi har zuwa 7,500 a rana.<ref name="AlterNet" /> Masu shuka yawanci suna aiki 8-11 hours a kowace rana tare da ƙarin 1 zuwa 2 hours na (yawanci) lokacin tafiye-tafiye da ba a biya ba. Makonni na aiki a kan kwangilar shuka na British Columbian yawanci kwanaki 3-4 ne, tare da rana 1 hutu. A Ontario, makonni na aiki yawanci kwanaki 5-6 ne, tare da rana 1 hutu. Sau da yawa, masu kwangila na dasa bishiyoyi za su cire wasu daga cikin farashin da ke tattare da aikin kwangilar kai tsaye daga albashin da mai shuka bishiyoyi ke samu na yau da kullun. Wadannan kudaden da aka ɗora yawanci sun bambanta daga $ 10 zuwa $ 30 a kowace rana, kuma ana kiransu "farashin sansanin". Da zarar an haɗa hauhawar farashi, ainihin kuɗin da ake samu na shuka itace ya ragu shekaru da yawa a Kanada. Wannan ya shafi ikon bangaren na jan hankalin ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Betts |first=John |date=2007-07-30 |title=2007 Planting Season: More Planters—Less Experience |url=http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&Key=667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523233145/http://www.wsca.ca/index.php?Page=225.0&Key=667 |archive-date=2011-05-23 |access-date=2010-11-12 |website=Current Affairs |publisher=Western Silvicultural Contractors' Association}}</ref> Albashi mafi girma da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a wasu masana'antu da yawa, daga gini, zuwa mai da iskar gas, har ma da fasahar bayanai, ya haifar da ƙananan matasa na Kanada da ke son dasa bishiyoyi. Dangane da kididdigar British Columbia, matsakaicin mai shuka itace: yana ɗaga nauyin nauyin kilo 1,000 (2,200 , yana karkatar da fiye da sau 200 a kowace awa, yana fitar da cokali zuwa ƙasa fiye da sau 200, a kowace awa kuma yana tafiya sama da {{Convert|16|km|mi}} tare da nauyi mai nauyi, kowace rana na dukan kakar. Masana'antar sake dasa bishiyoyi tana da matsakaicin raunin shekara-shekara na kusan 22 da'awar ga ma'aikata 100, a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana da wahala kuma wani lokacin yana da haɗari.<ref name="BC">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Preventing Tree Planting Injuries |url=http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227072039/http://worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/treeplanting.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=Work Safe BC |publisher=Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia}}</ref> [[Fayil:Traditional_tree_protectors_in_the_Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|[[Gidan bishiya|masu kare bishiyoyi]] na gargajiya a cikin Black Forest, Jamus]] === Jamus === Ana shuka bishiyoyi a ko'ina a Jamus. [[Fayil:Plastic_tree_protectors_in_the_Schwarzwald.jpg|thumb|[[Gidan bishiya|masu kare bishiyoyi]] filastik a cikin Black Forest, Jamus]] === Biritaniya === Shuka a Burtaniya ana kiranta da ''sakewa'', lokacin da yake faruwa a ƙasar da aka girbi kwanan nan. Lokacin da yake faruwa a ƙasar da ba a taɓa yin daji ba an san shi da ''sabon shuka''.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Forestry Statistics 2005 |url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004141440/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/index.html |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |website=Forestry Commission: Economics and Statistics |publisher=Forestry Commission}}</ref> A karkashin tsarin Burtaniya, don samun izinin da ake buƙata don sharewa, mai mallakar ƙasa dole ne ya amince da shirin gudanarwa tare da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka (kungiyar da ke kula da duk abubuwan gandun daji) wanda dole ne ya haɗa da shawarwari don sake kafa murfin bishiyoyi a ƙasar. Masu kwangila na shuka za su shiga kamfanin mai mallakar ƙasa / gudanarwa, kwangila da aka tsara kuma aiki zai faru ne daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu lokacin da yawancin shuka ke barci. shuka wani bangare ne na yanayin juyawa na yawancin gandun daji na Burtaniya. Ana dasa amfanin gona mai amfani sannan daga baya a sare shi. Wasu nau'ikan noma na ƙasa na iya faruwa sannan a sake cika ƙasa. Inda samar da katako shine fifiko na gudanarwa, dole ne a cimma matsaya ga yawan kayan aiki. Ga nau'ikan coniferous wannan zai zama mafi ƙarancin 2500 a kowace hekta a shekara ta 5 (daga shuka). An nuna shuka a wannan yawa don tallafawa ci gaban katako marasa ma'auni. Ana biyan masu shuka a ƙarƙashin sharuddan aiki kuma ƙwararren ma'aikaci zai dasa kusan itatuwa 1600 a rana a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan yanayi. === Indiya === [[Fayil:Tree_Plantation_Drive.jpg|thumb|Shuka shuka itace ta Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation, Mumbai, Indiya]]  {{Reflist|30em}} Shuka bishiyoyi yana haifar da yaki da batutuwan muhalli da yawa kamar sare daji, rushewar ƙasa, hamada a yankunan da ba su da ruwa, dumamar duniya kuma saboda haka inganta kyakkyawa da ma'auni na muhalli. Bishiyoyi suna shan iskar gas mai cutarwa kuma suna fitar da iskar oxygen wanda ke haifar da karuwar iskar oxygen. A matsakaici, itace guda ɗaya yana fitar da fam 260 na iskar oxygen a kowace shekara. Hakazalika, itace da ya girma sosai ya isa ga mutane 18 a cikin acre ɗaya na ƙasa a cikin shekara guda yana jaddada muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi ga bil'adama. Cibiyar Gudanar da Bala'i ta Aniruddha a [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Indiya]] tana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa don dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikelin. Gidauniyar tana horar da masu sa kai a kan wannan batun a Govidyapeetham (Cibiyar Kula da Karjat) a garin Karjat a Maharashtra, Indiya. Masu sa kai da aka horar sannan su dasa shuke-shuke, bishiyoyi a cikin rukuni a ƙasar da ke akwai. Hukumomin karamar hukuma suna ba da filayen da ba su da komai, ƙasa a gefen manyan hanyoyi da kan tuddai don dasa bishiyoyi. Ek Kadam Sansthan <ref>[http://www.ekkadam.org Ek Kadam Sansthan]</ref> na [[Jaipur|Jaipur, Indiya]] yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan shuka da yawa ciki har da itace daya aikina na shuka bishiyoyi a duniya. Ek Kadam suna shuka bishiyoyi kuma suna ba da su ga mutum a ƙauyen, wanda ya cika ka'idojin masu cin gajiyar kamar suna da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ƙalubalen jiki da dai sauransu. Bayan sun ba da tsari Sansthan yana biyan su INR 100 a kowace itace don ban ruwa da aminci daga kiwo. Saboda haka ta hanyar wannan tsari Ek Kadam sansthan yana so ya tabbatar da 100% rayuwa na bishiyoyi da aka dasa. An kara masu sa kai da yawa a wannan kamfen ɗin. Masu sa kai da aka horar suna taimakawa Ek Kadam Sansthan don dasa shuke-shuke, da kuma sarrafa dukkan matakai. Ek Kadam Sansthan ba ta karɓi wani tallafi daga hukumomin gwamnati ba. Kwamitin gudanarwa yana daidaitawa kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar ma'aikatan gwamnati da suka yi ritaya don tabbatar da nuna gaskiya a cikin kudade da matakan aiki. Kamfen din Ek Kadam Sansthan One Tree My Duty yana aiki tare da aikin shuka bishiyoyi mai amfani da fasaha. === Isra'ila === : ''Dubi: Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa #Afforestation; Jerin gandun daji a Isra'ila.'' Shuka itace tsohuwar al'adar [[Yahudawa]] ce. Rabi na Talmudic Yohanan ben Zakai ya saba cewa idan mutumin da ke dasa itace ya ji cewa Almasihu ya zo, ya kamata ya gama dasa shi kafin ya je ya gaishe shi. Saboda kokarin gandun daji, wannan gaskiyar ta sake maimaitawa a cikin kamfen daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Forestry & Ecology |url=http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064210/http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/ |archive-date=7 February 2009 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trees from Israel |url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117182000/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/green-trees.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2006 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=standwithus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Widely-Read Bloggers Tour Israel and Plant Trees |url=http://www.standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102231610/http://standwithus.com/app/iNews/view_n.asp?ID=2045 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=standwithus.com}}</ref> Gidajen Isra'ila sune samfurin babban kamfen na gandun daji da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF) ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=JNF Tree Planting Center |url=http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025065017/http://www.jnf.org/support/tree-planting-center/ |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=Jewish National Fund, East 69th Street, NY 10021, USA}}</ref> Babban gandun daji da aka dasa a Isra'ila shine Yatir Forest, wanda ke kan gangaren kudancin Dutsen Hebron, a gefen hamadar Negev. Ya mamaye yanki na dunams 30,000 (kilomita 30). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=Planting of Yatir Forest |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115142404/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1258489197018&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=2011-01-15 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Fr.jpost.com}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan tsohuwar birnin Levite a cikin yankinsa, Yatir, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Attaura: "Kuma ga 'ya'yan Haruna firist sun ba Hebron da kewayenta, birnin mafaka ga mai kisan kai, da Libnah da kewayen ta, da Jattir da kewayonta, da Eshtemoa da kewayanta" (Littafin Joshua 21:13-14). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=JPost &#124; French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1176152801104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708153954/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1176152801104 |archive-date=2012-07-08 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Fr.jpost.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, JNF ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 49 tare da Jihar Isra'ila wanda ke ba ta iko kan hekta 30,000 na ƙasar Negev don ci gaban gandun daji. Ana gudanar da bincike kan [[Canjin yanayi]] a cikin Yatir Forest . <ref name="SahneyBentonFalconLang 2010RainforestCollapse">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sahney S, Benton MJ, Falcon-Lang HJ |year=2010 |title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica |journal=Geology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1079–1082 |bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S |doi=10.1130/G31182.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bachelet |first=D. |author-link=Dominique Bachelet |last2=Neilson |first2=R. |last3=Lenihan |first3=J. M. |last4=Drapek |first4=R. J. |year=2001 |title=Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United States |url=http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Ecosystems]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=164–185 |doi=10.1007/s10021-001-0002-7 |s2cid=15526358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620031759/http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/forests/Ecosystems2%20Bachelet.pdf |archive-date=2003-06-20 |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref> Nazarin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Binciken Desert a Sde Boker, sun nuna cewa bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman tarko ga carbon a cikin iska.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cite web |last=Issar |first=Arie |date=2009-11-30 |title=Benefits of planting trees in the desert |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315054505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1131595.html |archive-date=2010-03-15 |access-date=2013-12-21 |website=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KKL-JNF cooperating on afforestation at Yatir forest |url=http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906132345/http://www.kkl.org.il/eng/forestry-and-ecology/afforestation-in-israel/turning-the-desert-green/ |archive-date=2015-09-06 |access-date=2015-09-22}}</ref> Inuwa da bishiyoyi da aka dasa a cikin hamada suka bayar tana rage kumburi na ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="haaretz.com" /> Yatir Forest wani bangare ne na aikin NASA FluxNet, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta shafukan hasumiyar micrometeorological da aka yi amfani da ita don auna musayar [[carbon dioxide]], [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]], da makamashi tsakanin yanayi duniya da yanayi. Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Arava tana gudanar da bincike wanda ke mai da hankali kan amfanin gona kamar kwanakin da inabi da aka shuka a kusa da gandun daji na Yatir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2000 year old seed grows in the arava |url=http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220010831/http://www.watsonblogs.org/meef/subjects/plants/ |archive-date=2012-02-20 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Watsonblogs.org}}</ref> Binciken wani bangare ne na aikin da aka yi niyyar gabatar da sabbin amfanin gona a cikin yankuna masu bushewa da saline. An soki JNF saboda dasa bishiyoyin pine wadanda ba na asali ba wadanda ba su dace da yanayi ba, maimakon nau'ikan gida kamar itatuwan zaitun.<ref>Rabbi David Seidenberg."The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"; Neohasid, 2006</ref> Sauran sun ce JNF ya cancanci yabo ga wannan shawarar, kuma gandun daji ba za su tsira ba.   [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] A cewar kididdigar JNF, shida daga cikin 10 da aka dasa a shafin JNF a Urushalima ba su tsira ba, kodayake yawan rayuwa don dasa wuraren da ke waje da Urushalima ya fi girma - kusa da kashi 95 cikin dari. === New Zealand === [[Fayil:Tree_planting_in_India.jpg|thumb|Wani yaro ya dasa itace a Indiya]] Dajin Kaingaroa a [[New Zealand]] shine gandun daji na biyu mafi girma a kudancin kudancin bayan yankin Sabie / Graskop a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daya daga cikin gandun daji da yawa da aka dasa tun lokacin da Turawa suka zauna. Ana amfani da Monterey Pine (''Pinus radiata'') don shuke-shuke tun lokacin da aka haɓaka shuka mai saurin girma wanda ya dace da yanayi daban-daban. Hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin muhalli da masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da dasa bishiyoyi don kiyayewa da [[Rage canjin yanayi]]. Duk da yake wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, akwai kuma kwanakin shuka da aka shirya don masu sa kai. Landcare Research amfani da gandun daji da aka shuka don tsarin su na EBEX21 don rage fitar da iskar gas. === Afirka ta Kudu === dazuzzukan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] sun lalace sosai saboda aikin gona, noma na gargajiya da birane a yankunan bakin teku. Kungiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki don kara yawan gandun daji a wasu sassan kasar. A halin yanzu akwai kasa da 0.5% gandun daji a Afirka ta Kudu. Wildlands Conservation Trust da Food & Trees for Africa (FTFA) wasu daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don dasa bishiyoyi a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu - dukansu an kafa su a farkon shekarun 1990. Greenpop kamfani ne na zamantakewa na kasa wanda aka kafa a cikin 2010 wanda ke mai da hankali kan dasa bishiyoyi a cikin kayan lambu na birane da kuma sabunta gandun daji a Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai karfi mai karfi na masu sa kai don kiyayewa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana shirya Ranar Itace ta Kasa ko Ranar Arbor a kowace shekara a watan Satumba, kuma ta ci gaba da zama Watan Arbor na kasa. Babban gandun daji da aka dasa a Kudancin Hemisphere yana cikin yankin Sabie / Graskop a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana rufe kusan 6,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forestry - Sabie |url=http://www.sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109073510/http://sabie.co.za/about/forestry/index.html |archive-date=2018-11-09 |access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref>&nbsp; === Amurka === Shuka hannu shine hanyar shuka da aka fi amfani da ita a Amurka. Ana iya dasa hannu a mafi yawan ƙasa, a mafi yawan yanayin ƙasa, da kuma kewaye da cikas. Kayan aiki don dasa hannu ba su da tsada, amma dasa hannu yana da ma'aikata masu yawa wanda ke haifar da farashin da ke da 20% zuwa 50% mafi girma fiye da na dasa na'ura.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lowman |first=Ben |date=1999 |title=Tree Planting Equipment |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=74}}</ref> Shuka hannu zaɓi ne mai kyau ga masu mallakar ƙasa da kungiyoyin kiyayewa da ke shuka ƙananan filaye; musamman idan akwai aikin sa kai. Yawan rayuwa na shuka zai bambanta bisa ga matakan kwarewar masu shuka. A cikin Amurka, kayan aikin shuka na hannu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da dibbles, mattocks, augers, da hoedads waɗanda aka haɗa su tare da jaka na shuka ko kafada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Landowners Guide to Tree Planting Success |url=https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212220159/https://extension.psu.edu/forest-landowners-guide-to-tree-planting-success |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=PennState Extension}}</ref> Shuka na'ura wata hanya ce ta shuka a Amurka. Kayan aiki da farashin sufuri sune cewa ana amfani da shuka na'ura don manyan filayen inda ake son rage farashin ma'aikata da yawan amfanin shuka. An ƙuntata shuka na'ura zuwa ƙasa mai kyau tare da ƙasa mai kyau da iyakantaccen cikas. Duk da yake shuka na inji galibi ana danganta shi da shuka shuka a kudu maso gabas da Upper Midwest, an yi amfani da shi a cikin Maido da muhalli. An yi amfani da shuka na inji don maido da gandun daji a yankin Kenai na Alaska biyo bayan babban fashewar Spruce Bark Beetle a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Al |last2=Charton |first2=Jason |date=1999 |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Planting in South-Central Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=68}}</ref> Injin shuka bishiyoyi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da C&G Tree Planter, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturer Site |url=http://www.treeplanters.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215010250/http://www.treeplanters.org/ |archive-date=2021-02-15 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Tree Planting from C&G}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1983 |title=Tree in a Row |url=https://academic.oup.com/jof/article-abstract/81/2/114/4646597?redirectedFrom=PDF |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Forestry |volume=81 |issue=2 |page=114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317221921/https://academic.oup.com/jof/article-abstract/81/2/114/4646597?redirectedFrom=PDF |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2021-02-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy Duty Seedling Planter |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4344374A/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317221911/https://patents.google.com/patent/US4344374A/en |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=Google Patents}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of ACTGA |url=http://www.arktreegrowers.com/whoweare.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516060705/http://www.arktreegrowers.com/whoweare.htm |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=Arkansas Christmas Tree Growers Association}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Al |last2=Charton |first2=Jason |date=December 1999 |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Planting in South-Central Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |issue=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=68}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Jim |date=1984 |title=Trees Are My Life |journal=Progressive Farmer |issue=March |page=62}}</ref> Hoedag Tree Planter,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=65}}</ref> Taylor Tree Planter"", Reynolds Tree Planter، da Whitfield Tree Planter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc Publication 99-8 |page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Converse |first=Chad |date=1999 |title=Mechanical Site Preparation and Tree Planting Equipment for Alaska |journal=Stocking Standards and Reforestation Methods for Alaska Proceedings of the Alaska Reforestation Council April 29, 1999 Workshop |volume=Misc. Publication 99-8 |page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipment Gallery |url=https://www.whitfieldforestry.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128060834/https://www.whitfieldforestry.com/about |archive-date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=R.A. Whitfield Manufacturing |language=en}}</ref> Bishiyoyi don Gaba da Tsirrai Tare da Manufa ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka waɗanda ke dasa bishiyoyi a ƙasashe masu tasowa don haɓaka sarrafa ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trees for the Future |url=http://www.plant-trees.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051700/http://www.plant-trees.org/resources/data.htm |archive-date=2010-07-07 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Plant-trees.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant With Purpose |url=http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122125948/http://www.plantwithpurpose.org/ |archive-date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Plant With Purpose}}</ref> Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke dasa bishiyoyi a Amurka sun haɗa da: * Dajin Amurka * Shuka Shade Student yana gudanar da ba riba ba wanda ke zaune a Virginia Beach. Yana ba wa 'yan ƙasa albarkatun da za su dasa bishiyoyi a bayan gida da sauran wuraren zama. * Gidauniyar Ranar Arbor * Kula da Yanayi * Shuka-it 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant-it 2020 |url=http://www.plantit2020.org/index.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609055655/http://plantit2020.org/index.html |archive-date=2012-06-09 |access-date=2012-07-07}}</ref> * Shirin USDA Forest Service "Plant-A-Tree" wanda mutum zai iya ba da gudummawa don dasa bishiyoyi a cikin dazuzzuka na kasa. * Garinmu na Birninmu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our City Forest |url=http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204113550/http://www.ourcityforest.org/ |archive-date=2013-12-04 |access-date=2013-12-12}}</ref> * TreeFolks ya ba da ikon tsakiyar Texans don gina al'ummomi masu ƙarfi ta hanyar dasa da kula da bishiyoyi. Tun daga shekara ta 1989, TreeFolks ya dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 1.5 a wuraren shakatawa, unguwa, da wuraren halitta a duk tsakiyar Texas. == Tarihi == Mutane sun dasa bishiyoyi a dubban shekaru a duniya don samar da abinci, mafaka, katako, da sauran kayan itace da kuma kayan ado da kuma bukukuwan. Nau'in katako na farko da aka dasa tabbas ita ce zaitun a kudu maso gabashin Turai a cikin 4000BC. Har ila yau, akwai nassoshi da yawa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da dasa bishiyoyi, kamar a cikin [[Tsohon Alkawari]] na [[Ibrahim]] dasa tamarisk don tunawa da yarjejeniyar Beersheba (Farawa 21:33). <ref name="Evans">Evans J. 2009. "The history of tree planting and planted forests." ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]</ref> Manufar dasa bishiyoyi da yawa tare a kan babban sikelin don sake samar da kayan aiki da farko a Turai a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma a hankali ya haifar da shuke-shuke na gandun daji.<ref name="Evans">Evans J. 2009. "The history of tree planting and planted forests." ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]</ref> Rubutun farko na shuke-shuke na conifer sun fito ne daga [[Nuremberg]] a cikin 1368, kodayake shuka bishiyoyi a kan babban sikelin na iya faruwa tun farkon karni na 13 a wannan yankin don sake gina wuraren da aka yi amfani da su. <ref>Rubner K. 1925. ''Die pflanzengeographischen Grundlagen des Waldbaus''. J. Neumann.</ref><ref>Ortloff W. 1999. "Sustainability issues in Switzerland’s forests." ''New Forests'' 18: 59–73.</ref> Kamar yadda mutane na Neolithic suka ɗauki hanyar rayuwa mai zaman kanta, kuma tare da ci gaban fasaha na noma da ci gaban wayewa, za a buƙaci sare wasu bishiyoyi kuma a tattara su a matsayin tushen katako da sauran kayan gandun daji da kuma samar da hanyar noma amfanin gona. Idan aka ba da ƙarancin kayan itace ba tare da isasshen sake dasa su ba, an fahimci cewa dole ne a sarrafa gandun daji da gandun daji, kuma dole ne a gudanar da gandun dajin kuma kiyaye su don albarkatun halitta da suka bayar yayin da buƙata ta girma. A Ingila misali, wannan ya bayyana daga dokokin farko da aka zartar a 1457 don ƙarfafa dasa bishiyoyi. Koyaya, duk da waɗannan dokoki, ci gaba da lalacewar gandun daji tun lokacin Anglo-Saxon ya kai ga ƙarni na goma sha bakwai ya haifar da abin da ake kira " yunwa ta katako".<ref>Hoskins WG. 1967. ''The Making of the English Landscape''. Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.</ref> Saboda wannan karancin, katako yana da tsada sosai kuma saboda haka ya zama mai tsada sosai, wanda ya kasance matsala musamman ga gine-ginen jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen ruwa. Bayan da Hukumar Sojan Ruwa ta yi kira ga Royal Society don mafita, wani memba na Society, John Evelyn, ya rubuta kuma ya buga aikinsa na 1664 Sylva, ko A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber .<ref>Albion RG. 1926. ''Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652–1862'' (Vol. 29). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> Wannan ya kawo roƙo mai nasara don sake farfado da gandun daji ta hanyar shawo kan masu mallakar ƙasa su dasa miliyoyin bishiyoyi a kan kadarorinsu masu zaman kansu don yin amfani da matsanancin karancin katako da kuma gyara "ganuwar katako" na Ingila. A cikin wurare masu zafi, akwai dogon tarihi na dasa teak don katako, wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na 15 a [[Java]]. Bukatar teak mai ɗorewa don gine-gine da gine-ginen jirgin ruwa sun kara tsanantawa tare da isowar Portuguese a karni na 15 da Dutch a karni na 17. Masana'antar teak daga baya ta zama mai sarrafawa da mallakar Kamfanin Dutch East India Company.<ref name="Evans">Evans J. 2009. "The history of tree planting and planted forests." ''Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts and Sustainability''. Published jointly by FAO and CAB International, pp. 5–22. [9781845935641.pdf (slu.se)]</ref> A Arewacin Amurka, shuka bishiyoyi a yammacin filayen ne da baƙi daga gabas suka yi a cikin karni na 19. Wannan ya kasance don gamsar da bukatar itace da sauran kayan itace da kuma kafa belin mafaka don noma, tunda bishiyoyi masu girma na halitta suna da ƙarancin gaske a kan Great Plains.<ref>Droze WH. 1977. ''Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States'' (Vol. 10). Texas Woman's University.</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Forestry}}{{Reflist|30em}}{{Commonscat|Tree planting}} == MANAZARTA == {{Forestry}}{{Forestry tools}} == Haɗin waje == {{Authority control}}Nursery ya shiga https://nursery.id [[Rukuni:Bishiya]] [[Rukuni:Shukeshuken bishiya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n7v69a7mb84d1hzvr21b28ezrbht3c1 Freedom.gov 0 154503 846134 2026-06-03T15:01:55Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356464074|Freedom.gov]]" 846134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Freedom.gov''' wani hanyar yanar gizo ce da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tsara. An yi rijistar adireshin gidan yanar gizon a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2026, da nufin samar wa masu amfani da intanet a Turai, China da sauran ƙasashe da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba damar samun damar VPN ga abubuwan da ke ciki, waɗanda gwamnatocin ƙasarsu za su iya tantancewa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ke gudanarwa da ake kira 'Yancin Intanet, wanda ke tallafawa kungiyoyin da Zuwa gina fasahar don kauce wa ƙuntatawa na Intanet a ƙasashe kamar PRC, Iran da Venezuela, an yanke kudadensa a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen DOGE a cikin Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa JD Vance ya soki Turai saboda tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai da daidaitaccen abun ciki. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ke ci gaba da tashar, tare da karbar bakuncin sabobin Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Cyber (CISA). Manufarta da aka bayyana ita ce ta ba mutane daga Turai da sauran wurare, damar VPN ga abubuwan da gwamnatocinsu suka toshe, gami da abubuwan da aka rarraba a matsayin maganganun ƙiyayya da [[ta'addanci]]. Tushen da ba a san su ba sun ba da rahoton cewa tashar za ta sami VPN da aka gina wanda zai ba masu amfani damar ɓoye zirga-zirgar su kamar yadda suke fitowa daga Amurka. Sauran kafofin sun ba da rahoton cewa ba za a bi diddigin ayyukan masu amfani da tashar ba kuma an yi shi ne don "tsayayya da tantancewa".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Masu amfani, bayan sun ziyarci shafin, za su ga wata ma'anar: "Bayani iko ne. Maido da haƙƙin ɗan adam don 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ku shirya". Har ila yau, shafin yanar gizon yana da alamar da ke nuna doki mai fatalwa yana tsere sama da [[Duniya]]. Ya kamata a sanar da kirkirar tashar a Taron Tsaro na Munich a watan Fabrairun 2026 amma an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Ci gaban shafin yanar gizon yana karkashin kulawar Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na diflomasiyyar Jama'a Sarah B. Rogers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Gavin |date=February 20, 2026 |title=Freedom.gov is America's latest insult to Europe |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/freedom-gov-is-americas-latest-insult-to-europe/ |access-date= |website=[[UnHerd]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2026, [[The Guardian]] ta ruwaito cewa Madhu Gottumukkala, mukaddashin darektan CISA ya ce: "Kwamitin Tsaro da Infrastructure (CISA) yana kula da mai rajista na .gov don tabbatar da cewa kawai kungiyoyin Gwamnatin Amurka da aka tabbatar sun karɓi waɗannan yankuna masu aminci". Kwamitin Gudanar da Bayani, Babban Darakta (wanda ya yi murabus bayan makonni 3) Nina Jankowicz ya kira shafin yanar gizon "kayan aiki na farfaganda", yana sukar alakarsa da CISA, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Docal |first=Óscar |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US launches "Freedom.gov" to help Europeans access restricted online content |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/us-launches-freedomgov-to-help-europeans-access-restricted-online-content-1678403/ |access-date= |website=[[Gamereactor UK]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya ce zai taimaka wa Turawa su sami damar yin magana ta ƙiyayya, batsa, da kayan cin zarafin yara. Aisha Down ta jaridar The Guardian ta ce takunkumin da gidan yanar gizon ya yi ikirarin ya yi kakkausar suka ga takunkumi ne kan kalaman ƙiyayya, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ayyukan Dijital ta Tarayyar Turai da Dokar Tsaron Intanet ta Burtaniya, sabanin takunkumin intanet na "ainihin" kamar a Iran da China. Wasu masana sun ce ƙaddamar da tashar nan gaba na iya kara tashin hankali tsakanin Amurka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Rora |date=February 19, 2026 |title=U.S. Launches 'Freedom.gov' to Bypass European Censorship |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/industry-en/2026/02/19/XDJJKGQNUZHDLANWYABL3NRNIE/ |access-date= |website=[[The Chosun Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> Wasu suna ganin wannan matakin ne a matsayin martani da farko ga tantancewar intanet a China da Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US to unveil platform aiming to bypass internet censorship in China, Iran and beyond |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-unveil-platform-aiming-bypass-internet-censorship-china-iran-beyond |access-date=February 22, 2026 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ckl1w8ljrqvcl8f0a9cui8t7dsfuifh 846135 846134 2026-06-03T15:02:39Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356464074|Freedom.gov]]" 846135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Freedom.gov''' wata hanyar yanar gizo ce da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tsara. An yi rijistar adireshin gidan yanar gizon a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2026, da nufin samar wa masu amfani da intanet a Turai, China da sauran ƙasashe da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba damar samun damar VPN ga abubuwan da ke ciki, waɗanda gwamnatocin ƙasarsu za su iya tantancewa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ke gudanarwa da ake kira 'Yancin Intanet, wanda ke tallafawa kungiyoyin da Zuwa gina fasahar don kauce wa ƙuntatawa na Intanet a ƙasashe kamar PRC, Iran da Venezuela, an yanke kudadensa a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen DOGE a cikin Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa JD Vance ya soki Turai saboda tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai da daidaitaccen abun ciki. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ke ci gaba da tashar, tare da karbar bakuncin sabobin Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Cyber (CISA). Manufarta da aka bayyana ita ce ta ba mutane daga Turai da sauran wurare, damar VPN ga abubuwan da gwamnatocinsu suka toshe, gami da abubuwan da aka rarraba a matsayin maganganun ƙiyayya da [[ta'addanci]]. Tushen da ba a san su ba sun ba da rahoton cewa tashar za ta sami VPN da aka gina wanda zai ba masu amfani damar ɓoye zirga-zirgar su kamar yadda suke fitowa daga Amurka. Sauran kafofin sun ba da rahoton cewa ba za a bi diddigin ayyukan masu amfani da tashar ba kuma an yi shi ne don "tsayayya da tantancewa".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Masu amfani, bayan sun ziyarci shafin, za su ga wata ma'anar: "Bayani iko ne. Maido da haƙƙin ɗan adam don 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ku shirya". Har ila yau, shafin yanar gizon yana da alamar da ke nuna doki mai fatalwa yana tsere sama da [[Duniya]]. Ya kamata a sanar da kirkirar tashar a Taron Tsaro na Munich a watan Fabrairun 2026 amma an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Ci gaban shafin yanar gizon yana karkashin kulawar Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na diflomasiyyar Jama'a Sarah B. Rogers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Gavin |date=February 20, 2026 |title=Freedom.gov is America's latest insult to Europe |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/freedom-gov-is-americas-latest-insult-to-europe/ |access-date= |website=[[UnHerd]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2026, [[The Guardian]] ta ruwaito cewa Madhu Gottumukkala, mukaddashin darektan CISA ya ce: "Kwamitin Tsaro da Infrastructure (CISA) yana kula da mai rajista na .gov don tabbatar da cewa kawai kungiyoyin Gwamnatin Amurka da aka tabbatar sun karɓi waɗannan yankuna masu aminci". Kwamitin Gudanar da Bayani, Babban Darakta (wanda ya yi murabus bayan makonni 3) Nina Jankowicz ya kira shafin yanar gizon "kayan aiki na farfaganda", yana sukar alakarsa da CISA, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Docal |first=Óscar |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US launches "Freedom.gov" to help Europeans access restricted online content |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/us-launches-freedomgov-to-help-europeans-access-restricted-online-content-1678403/ |access-date= |website=[[Gamereactor UK]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya ce zai taimaka wa Turawa su sami damar yin magana ta ƙiyayya, batsa, da kayan cin zarafin yara. Aisha Down ta jaridar The Guardian ta ce takunkumin da gidan yanar gizon ya yi ikirarin ya yi kakkausar suka ga takunkumi ne kan kalaman ƙiyayya, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ayyukan Dijital ta Tarayyar Turai da Dokar Tsaron Intanet ta Burtaniya, sabanin takunkumin intanet na "ainihin" kamar a Iran da China. Wasu masana sun ce ƙaddamar da tashar nan gaba na iya kara tashin hankali tsakanin Amurka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Rora |date=February 19, 2026 |title=U.S. Launches 'Freedom.gov' to Bypass European Censorship |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/industry-en/2026/02/19/XDJJKGQNUZHDLANWYABL3NRNIE/ |access-date= |website=[[The Chosun Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> Wasu suna ganin wannan matakin ne a matsayin martani da farko ga tantancewar intanet a China da Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US to unveil platform aiming to bypass internet censorship in China, Iran and beyond |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-unveil-platform-aiming-bypass-internet-censorship-china-iran-beyond |access-date=February 22, 2026 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 1nvlpgp60iicw3qs9ta5zs792enkc5o 846136 846135 2026-06-03T15:03:06Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Freedom.gov''' wata hanyar yanar gizo ce da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tsara. An yi rijistar adireshin gidan yanar gizon a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2026, da nufin samar wa masu amfani da intanet a Turai, China da sauran ƙasashe da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba damar samun damar VPN ga abubuwan da ke ciki, waɗanda gwamnatocin ƙasarsu za su iya tantancewa..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ke gudanarwa da ake kira 'Yancin Intanet, wanda ke tallafawa kungiyoyin da Zuwa gina fasahar don kauce wa ƙuntatawa na Intanet a ƙasashe kamar PRC, Iran da Venezuela, an yanke kudadensa a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen DOGE a cikin Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa JD Vance ya soki Turai saboda tantancewar kafofin watsa labarai da daidaitaccen abun ciki. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ke ci gaba da tashar, tare da karbar bakuncin sabobin Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Cyber (CISA). Manufarta da aka bayyana ita ce ta ba mutane daga Turai da sauran wurare, damar VPN ga abubuwan da gwamnatocinsu suka toshe, gami da abubuwan da aka rarraba a matsayin maganganun ƙiyayya da [[ta'addanci]]. Tushen da ba a san su ba sun ba da rahoton cewa tashar za ta sami VPN da aka gina wanda zai ba masu amfani damar ɓoye zirga-zirgar su kamar yadda suke fitowa daga Amurka. Sauran kafofin sun ba da rahoton cewa ba za a bi diddigin ayyukan masu amfani da tashar ba kuma an yi shi ne don "tsayayya da tantancewa".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Masu amfani, bayan sun ziyarci shafin, za su ga wata ma'anar: "Bayani iko ne. Maido da haƙƙin ɗan adam don 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Ku shirya". Har ila yau, shafin yanar gizon yana da alamar da ke nuna doki mai fatalwa yana tsere sama da [[Duniya]]. Ya kamata a sanar da kirkirar tashar a Taron Tsaro na Munich a watan Fabrairun 2026 amma an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Simon |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Slattery |first3=Gram |date=February 18, 2026 |title=Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewisPamukSlattery2026">Lewis, Simon; Pamuk, Humeyra; Slattery, Gram (February 18, 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us-plans-online-portal-bypass-content-bans-europe-elsewhere-2026-02-18/ "Exclusive: US plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere"]. ''[[Reuters]]''.</cite></ref> Ci gaban shafin yanar gizon yana karkashin kulawar Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na diflomasiyyar Jama'a Sarah B. Rogers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Gavin |date=February 20, 2026 |title=Freedom.gov is America's latest insult to Europe |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/freedom-gov-is-americas-latest-insult-to-europe/ |access-date= |website=[[UnHerd]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2026, [[The Guardian]] ta ruwaito cewa Madhu Gottumukkala, mukaddashin darektan CISA ya ce: "Kwamitin Tsaro da Infrastructure (CISA) yana kula da mai rajista na .gov don tabbatar da cewa kawai kungiyoyin Gwamnatin Amurka da aka tabbatar sun karɓi waɗannan yankuna masu aminci". Kwamitin Gudanar da Bayani, Babban Darakta (wanda ya yi murabus bayan makonni 3) Nina Jankowicz ya kira shafin yanar gizon "kayan aiki na farfaganda", yana sukar alakarsa da CISA, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Docal |first=Óscar |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US launches "Freedom.gov" to help Europeans access restricted online content |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/us-launches-freedomgov-to-help-europeans-access-restricted-online-content-1678403/ |access-date= |website=[[Gamereactor UK]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya ce zai taimaka wa Turawa su sami damar yin magana ta ƙiyayya, batsa, da kayan cin zarafin yara. Aisha Down ta jaridar The Guardian ta ce takunkumin da gidan yanar gizon ya yi ikirarin ya yi kakkausar suka ga takunkumi ne kan kalaman ƙiyayya, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ayyukan Dijital ta Tarayyar Turai da Dokar Tsaron Intanet ta Burtaniya, sabanin takunkumin intanet na "ainihin" kamar a Iran da China. Wasu masana sun ce ƙaddamar da tashar nan gaba na iya kara tashin hankali tsakanin Amurka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Rora |date=February 19, 2026 |title=U.S. Launches 'Freedom.gov' to Bypass European Censorship |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/industry-en/2026/02/19/XDJJKGQNUZHDLANWYABL3NRNIE/ |access-date= |website=[[The Chosun Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> Wasu suna ganin wannan matakin ne a matsayin martani da farko ga tantancewar intanet a China da Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=February 20, 2026 |title=US to unveil platform aiming to bypass internet censorship in China, Iran and beyond |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-unveil-platform-aiming-bypass-internet-censorship-china-iran-beyond |access-date=February 22, 2026 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} jk4v7nr9cz8dbmlzzop850zmpo2ce3z Itanda Falls 0 154504 846137 2026-06-03T15:03:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329731008|Itanda Falls]]" 846137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Itanda''' ruwa ne mai zurfi a kogin [[White Nile]] da ke [[Uganda]] . Kalubale ne ga masu shaƙatawa a cikin jirgin ruwa, ana sanya su a matsayi mafi girma na wahala. == Yanayin Ƙasa da Wuri == Ruwan Itanda yana cikin Gundumar Mayuge ta Gabashin Uganda, musamman kusa da ƙauyen Itanda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ofamba |first=Wilson |date=2025-05-19 |title=EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE VISITING ITANDA FALLS |url=https://ugandaafricasafari.com/everything-you-need-to-know-before-visiting-itanda-falls/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Uganda Africa Safari |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan sun samo asali ne yayin da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fitowa daga Tafkin Victoria, ke tafiya a wani yanki mai tsauri na hanyarsa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar saurin ruwa da kuma samuwar raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi da yawa, raƙuman ruwa, da kuma manyan injinan ruwa masu ƙarfi. Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa "faɗuwa," Itanda a zahiri jerin manyan raƙuman ruwa ne masu ƙarfi maimakon faɗuwa mai sauƙi. Ana iya isa wurin ta hanyar mota daga Jinja, kodayake kilomita kaɗan na ƙarshe sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba. Wurin da yake da nisa yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin daji da rashin ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan Kogin Nilu da ke kusa da Jinja. == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwan Fari == Kogin Nilu da ke Itanda kogi ne mai yawan gaske, kuma ana rarraba raƙuman ruwa a matsayin aji na IV da na V, wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin sassan koguna mafi ƙalubale a Afirka. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin raƙuman ruwa sun haɗa da: * Babban Sauƙi: Wannan sau da yawa shine wurin shiga ga masu rafta da masu kayak, yana ba da damar yin ɗumi kafin sassan da suka fi tsanani * Gidan Hulɗa: Jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi da rikitarwa tare da manyan injinan hydraulic. * Busawar Ƙarshe ta Kev: An sanya wa wannan gudun suna ne saboda jagorar jirgin ruwa, kuma an san shi da manyan raƙuman ruwa da kuma raƙuman ruwa marasa tabbas. * Mummunan Wuri: An yi la'akari da shi ɗaya daga cikin sassan da suka fi ƙalubale, waɗanda ke da manyan ramuka da kuma masu toshewa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen kewayawa. * Nzizi: Jerin raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi da faɗuwa. Girman da ƙarfin ruwan zai iya bambanta dangane da matakin ruwan, wanda ruwan sama a yankin tafkin Victoria da kuma aikin madatsun ruwa na Nalubaale da Kiira ke yi a sama ke shafar su. == Yawon Bude Ido da Nishaɗi == Ruwan Itanda ya zama sanannen wurin da ake zuwa don yin rafting a cikin ruwa mai launin fari, kayak, da kuma wasanni masu tsauri. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama da ke Jinja suna ba da tafiye-tafiyen rafting na tsawon yini da kwanaki da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yin tafiya a kan raƙuman Itanda. Ƙarfin da girman raƙuman ruwa yana jawo hankalin ƙwararrun masu fale-falen ruwa da masu neman abubuwan sha'awa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. == Damuwar Kare Muhalli == Makomar Madatsar Ruwa ta Itanda ta kasance batun tattaunawa saboda shirye-shiryen ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki a Kogin Nilu. Gina sabbin madatsun ruwa a ƙasa ko sama na iya canza kwarara da halayen ruwan, wanda zai shafi yanayin muhalli da masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta farin ruwa wadda ta dogara da yanayin kogin. Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa yana fafutukar samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa wanda ke la'akari da ƙimar muhalli da tattalin arziki na Madatsar Ruwa ta Itanda a matsayin wurin tarihi na halitta. == Duba kuma == * [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] * Jinja, Uganda * Rafting a cikin ruwa mai fari == Manazarta == ab70br4sqxr4852m32m8y0huomv6fkw 846138 846137 2026-06-03T15:04:41Z Engineer014 44591 846138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Itanda''' ruwa ne mai zurfi a kogin [[White Nile]] da ke [[Uganda]] . Kalubale ne ga masu shaƙatawa a cikin jirgin ruwa, ana sanya su a matsayi mafi girma na wahala. == Yanayin Ƙasa da Wuri == Ruwan Itanda yana cikin Gundumar Mayuge ta Gabashin Uganda, musamman kusa da ƙauyen Itanda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ofamba |first=Wilson |date=2025-05-19 |title=EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE VISITING ITANDA FALLS |url=https://ugandaafricasafari.com/everything-you-need-to-know-before-visiting-itanda-falls/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Uganda Africa Safari |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan sun samo asali ne yayin da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fitowa daga Tafkin Victoria, ke tafiya a wani yanki mai tsauri na hanyarsa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar saurin ruwa da kuma samuwar raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi da yawa, raƙuman ruwa, da kuma manyan injinan ruwa masu ƙarfi. Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa "faɗuwa," Itanda a zahiri jerin manyan raƙuman ruwa ne masu ƙarfi maimakon faɗuwa mai sauƙi. Ana iya isa wurin ta hanyar mota daga Jinja, kodayake kilomita kaɗan na ƙarshe sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba. Wurin da yake da nisa yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin daji da rashin ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan Kogin Nilu da ke kusa da Jinja. == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwan Fari == Kogin Nilu da ke Itanda kogi ne mai yawan gaske, kuma ana rarraba raƙuman ruwa a matsayin aji na IV da na V, wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin sassan koguna mafi ƙalubale a Afirka. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin raƙuman ruwa sun haɗa da: * Babban Sauƙi: Wannan sau da yawa shine wurin shiga ga masu rafta da masu kayak, yana ba da damar yin ɗumi kafin sassan da suka fi tsanani * Gidan Hulɗa: Jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi da rikitarwa tare da manyan injinan hydraulic. * Busawar Ƙarshe ta Kev: An sanya wa wannan gudun suna ne saboda jagorar jirgin ruwa, kuma an san shi da manyan raƙuman ruwa da kuma raƙuman ruwa marasa tabbas. * Mummunan Wuri: An yi la'akari da shi ɗaya daga cikin sassan da suka fi ƙalubale, waɗanda ke da manyan ramuka da kuma masu toshewa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen kewayawa. * Nzizi: Jerin raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi da faɗuwa. Girman da ƙarfin ruwan zai iya bambanta dangane da matakin ruwan, wanda ruwan sama a yankin tafkin Victoria da kuma aikin madatsun ruwa na Nalubaale da Kiira ke yi a sama ke shafar su. == Yawon Bude Ido da Nishaɗi == Ruwan Itanda ya zama sanannen wurin da ake zuwa don yin rafting a cikin ruwa mai launin fari, kayak, da kuma wasanni masu tsauri. Masu gudanar da yawon bude ido da dama da ke Jinja suna ba da tafiye-tafiyen rafting na tsawon yini da kwanaki da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yin tafiya a kan raƙuman Itanda. Ƙarfin da girman raƙuman ruwa yana jawo hankalin ƙwararrun masu fale-falen ruwa da masu neman abubuwan sha'awa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. == Damuwar Kare Muhalli == Makomar Madatsar Ruwa ta Itanda ta kasance batun tattaunawa saboda shirye-shiryen ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki a Kogin Nilu. Gina sabbin madatsun ruwa a ƙasa ko sama na iya canza kwarara da halayen ruwan, wanda zai shafi yanayin muhalli da masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta farin ruwa wadda ta dogara da yanayin kogin. Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa yana fafutukar samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa wanda ke la'akari da ƙimar muhalli da tattalin arziki na Madatsar Ruwa ta Itanda a matsayin wurin tarihi na halitta. == Duba kuma == * [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] * Jinja, Uganda * Rafting a cikin ruwa mai fari == Manazarta == bg0h9p59i87dstopgszeluel2nilw49 Tafkin Selingue 0 154505 846139 2026-06-03T15:05:43Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271442450|Lake Sélingué]]" 846139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Sélingué''' yana da lamba 409&nbsp;[[Tafki|Tafkin wucin gadi mai]] tsawon kilomita <sup>2</sup> a Yankin Sikasso na [[Mali]], wanda [[Dam din Selingue|madatsar ruwa ta Sélingué Hydroelectric]] ta samar a Kogin Sankarani . Yankin kudu maso yammacinta yana cikin kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]] . Tafkin Sélingué, wanda ke tashi da faɗuwa a lokutan damina da bushewa, yana ba da damar [[noma]] a yankunan da ake ban ruwa, wanda Ofishin Ci gaban Karkara na Sélingué ke kula da shi, da kuma kamun kifi. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, al'ummomi da yawa sun girma a gefen tafkin, manyan biyun sune garuruwan [[La Carrière]] da Faraba . Kamun kifi tafkin yana ba da aikin yi ga mutane sama da 8,000 a cikin al'ummomin kamun kifi daban-daban, tare da kama kusan tan 4,000 a shekara. Yawancin kifayen da ake samu a [[Bamako]] sun fito ne daga Tafkin Sélingué. [[Fayil:Lake-Selingue-NASA-Worldwind.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|An hango Tafkin Sélingué daga sararin samaniya.]] Sélingué ita ce tafki na biyu mafi girma a Mali ( tafkin wucin gadi ) bayan [[Tafkin Manantali]], wanda aka gina [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|madatsar ruwan Manantali]] a shekarar 1988. == Manazarta == gvppt07ft7taztgl2fmoqsw67z58buq 846140 846139 2026-06-03T15:08:21Z Engineer014 44591 846140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Sélingué''' yana da lamba 409&nbsp;[[Tafki|Tafkin wucin gadi mai]] tsawon kilomita <sup>2</sup> a Yankin Sikasso na [[Mali]], wanda [[Dam din Selingue|madatsar ruwa ta Sélingué Hydroelectric]] ta samar a Kogin Sankarani . Yankin kudu maso yammacinta yana cikin kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]] . Tafkin Sélingué, wanda ke tashi da faɗuwa a lokutan damina da bushewa, yana ba da damar [[noma]] a yankunan da ake ban ruwa, wanda Ofishin Ci gaban Karkara na Sélingué ke kula da shi, da kuma kamun kifi. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, al'ummomi da yawa sun girma a gefen tafkin, manyan biyun sune garuruwan [[La Carrière]] da Faraba . Kamun kifi tafkin yana ba da aikin yi ga mutane sama da 8,000 a cikin al'ummomin kamun kifi daban-daban, tare da kama kusan tan 4,000 a shekara. Yawancin kifayen da ake samu a [[Bamako]] sun fito ne daga Tafkin Sélingué. [[Fayil:Lake-Selingue-NASA-Worldwind.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|An hango Tafkin Sélingué daga sararin samaniya.]] Sélingué ita ce tafki na biyu mafi girma a Mali ( tafkin wucin gadi ) bayan [[Tafkin Manantali]], wanda aka gina [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|madatsar ruwan Manantali]] a shekarar 1988. == Manazarta == 2wlosprir9yerl0mwdxyt9ggsjg6l9w Gouina Falls 0 154506 846141 2026-06-03T15:09:16Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290858008|Gouina Falls]]" 846141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Gouina''' ko ''Chutes de Gouina'' suna kan [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal]] a [[Mali]] tsakanin garuruwan Bafoulabé (sama) da Diamou (ƙasa) a Yankin Kayes, inda kogin ke gudana arewa daga [[Talari Gorge|kwarurukan Talari]] . Ana kiransu da "faɗuwar Niagara na Mali". Kogin yana da kimanin fadin 500&nbsp;faɗin m a wannan lokacin, kuma ya faɗi 16&nbsp;m a kan magudanar ruwa. Yawan ruwan shine 12-13&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> a kowace daƙiƙa a lokacin rani, kuma har zuwa 2430&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> a kowace daƙiƙa a lokacin damina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chutes du Gouina - Fleuve Sénégal, récit de voyage au Mali |url=http://www.bourlingueurs.com/mali/page_09.htm |access-date=2009-03-14 |publisher=Bourlingueurs.com}}</ref> Gwamnatin Mali da Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal sun binciki yiwuwar haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Kogin Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Electrical Power - Overview |url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ml/p0005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108183025/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ml/p0005.htm |archive-date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2009-03-14 |publisher=MBendi}}</ref> An kammala sabuwar [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta]] Félou a shekarar 2014. A Gouina Falls, an fara gina [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gouina mai karfin]] MW 140 a watan Disamba na 2013. Firayim Ministan Mali [[Abdoulaye Maiga (officer)|Abdoulaye Maiga]] ne ya buɗe shi a watan Disamba na 2022, kan jimillar kuɗin FCFA biliyan 283, (Yuro miliyan 424). <gallery> Fayil:Chutes_Gouina2.jpg| Chutes de Gouina Fayil:Chutes_Gouina1.jpg| Chutes de Gouina Fayil:Chutes_Gouina4.jpg| Chutes de Gouina </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Ruwan Takalmin Doki == Manazarta == lbb8676mr7joeypsf43g3nelfg7conb 846142 846141 2026-06-03T15:10:13Z Engineer014 44591 846142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Gouina''' ko ''Chutes de Gouina'' suna kan [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal]] a [[Mali]] tsakanin garuruwan Bafoulabé (sama) da Diamou (ƙasa) a Yankin Kayes, inda kogin ke gudana arewa daga [[Talari Gorge|kwarurukan Talari]] . Ana kiransu da "faɗuwar Niagara na Mali". Kogin yana da kimanin fadin 500&nbsp;faɗin m a wannan lokacin, kuma ya faɗi 16&nbsp;m a kan magudanar ruwa. Yawan ruwan shine 12-13&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> a kowace daƙiƙa a lokacin rani, kuma har zuwa 2430&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> a kowace daƙiƙa a lokacin damina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chutes du Gouina - Fleuve Sénégal, récit de voyage au Mali |url=http://www.bourlingueurs.com/mali/page_09.htm |access-date=2009-03-14 |publisher=Bourlingueurs.com}}</ref> Gwamnatin Mali da Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal sun binciki yiwuwar haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Kogin Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Electrical Power - Overview |url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ml/p0005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108183025/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ml/p0005.htm |archive-date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2009-03-14 |publisher=MBendi}}</ref> An kammala sabuwar [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta]] Félou a shekarar 2014. A Gouina Falls, an fara gina [[Ginin wutar lantarki na Gouina|masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gouina mai karfin]] MW 140 a watan Disamba na 2013. Firayim Ministan Mali [[Abdoulaye Maiga (officer)|Abdoulaye Maiga]] ne ya buɗe shi a watan Disamba na 2022, kan jimillar kuɗin FCFA biliyan 283, (Yuro miliyan 424). <gallery> Fayil:Chutes_Gouina2.jpg| Chutes de Gouina Fayil:Chutes_Gouina1.jpg| Chutes de Gouina Fayil:Chutes_Gouina4.jpg| Chutes de Gouina </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa * Ruwan Takalmin Doki == Manazarta == cwqvxdjah69vnxeo0aayrwdflvha6gl Ouzoud Falls 0 154507 846143 2026-06-03T15:11:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261958789|Ouzoud Falls]]" 846143 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Falls''' [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]] French ''ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ'' ) sunan gama gari ne na magudanar ruwa da dama a lardin Azilal da ke [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kwarara zuwa kwarin [[kogin El-Abid]] (Larabci don "Kogin Bayi"). Shahararren wurin yawon bude ido ne, suna da nisan {{Convert|36|km}} daga garin Azilal da {{Convert|150|km}} daga [[Marrakesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frix |first=Said |date=2023-08-29 |title=Les cascades d’Ouzoud, une contrée paradisiaque au milieu d’une flore luxuriante |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/les-cascades-douzoud-une-contree-paradisiaque-au-milieu-dune-flore-luxuriante |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> 'Ouzoud' yana nufin "aikin niƙa hatsi" a [[Abzinanci|Berber]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == mgamk7vvan0bx0d9yz4bpmrtdj4r5tj 846144 846143 2026-06-03T15:12:03Z Engineer014 44591 846144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Falls''' [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]] French ''ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ'' ) sunan gama gari ne na magudanar ruwa da dama a lardin Azilal da ke [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kwarara zuwa kwarin [[kogin El-Abid]] (Larabci don "Kogin Bayi"). Shahararren wurin yawon bude ido ne, suna da nisan {{Convert|36|km}} daga garin Azilal da {{Convert|150|km}} daga [[Marrakesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frix |first=Said |date=2023-08-29 |title=Les cascades d’Ouzoud, une contrée paradisiaque au milieu d’une flore luxuriante |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/les-cascades-douzoud-une-contree-paradisiaque-au-milieu-dune-flore-luxuriante |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> 'Ouzoud' yana nufin "aikin niƙa hatsi" a [[Abzinanci|Berber]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == mj2b9q6py8bs1jjkoe6hf7muv03ty8h 846149 846144 2026-06-03T15:26:29Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ouzoud Falls''' [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]] French ''ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ'' ) sunan gama gari ne na magudanar ruwa da dama a lardin Azilal da ke [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kwarara zuwa kwarin [[kogin El-Abid]] (Larabci don "Kogin Bayi"). Shahararren wurin yawon bude ido ne, suna da nisan {{Convert|36|km}} daga garin Azilal da {{Convert|150|km}} daga [[Marrakesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frix |first=Said |date=2023-08-29 |title=Les cascades d’Ouzoud, une contrée paradisiaque au milieu d’une flore luxuriante |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/les-cascades-douzoud-une-contree-paradisiaque-au-milieu-dune-flore-luxuriante |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> 'Ouzoud' yana nufin "aikin niƙa hatsi" a [[Abzinanci|Berber]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == s2drc8ujaqkrhmbwb513pkh4pn20h0g 846150 846149 2026-06-03T15:27:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ouzoud Falls''' [[Abzinanci|Amazigh]] French ''ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ'' ) sunan gama gari ne na magudanar ruwa da dama a lardin Azilal da ke [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Ruwan ruwan yana kwarara zuwa kwarin [[kogin El-Abid]] (Larabci don "Kogin Bayi"). Shahararren wurin yawon bude ido ne, suna da nisan {{Convert|36|km}} daga garin Azilal da {{Convert|150|km}} daga [[Marrakesh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frix |first=Said |date=2023-08-29 |title=Les cascades d’Ouzoud, une contrée paradisiaque au milieu d’une flore luxuriante |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/les-cascades-douzoud-une-contree-paradisiaque-au-milieu-dune-flore-luxuriante |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> 'Ouzoud' yana nufin "aikin niƙa hatsi" a [[Abzinanci|Berber]]. == Manazarta == hjqmv2t3flz18ofrt9wyhri1qlxzzyz Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda 0 154508 846145 2026-06-03T15:13:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345470077|Port of Luanda]]" 846145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda''' (Portuguese: Porto do Luanda) tashar jiragen ruwa ce [[Angola|ta Angola]] da ke birnin [[Luanda]], babban birnin ƙasar, a lardin Luanda . Tana da alaƙa da tsakiyar birnin Luanda da gundumar Ingombota . A gefen Tekun Luanda, wanda [[Ilha de Luanda|tsibirin Luanda]] ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ports.com |title=Port of Luanda |url=http://ports.com/angola/port-of-luanda/ |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta gwamnatin Angola ce, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ita ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Porto de Luanda EP An kafa wannan kamfanin ne don gudanar da lasisin tashoshin lodi da sauke kaya, ban da tashar fasinjoji. <ref name="PLEP">{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Sobre o porto |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/sobreoporto.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). Tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Lobito ( Benguela ), [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe|Moçamedes]] ( Namibe ), Soyo ( Zaire ) da Cabinda ( Cabinda ), ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar, baya ga kasancewarta babbar tashar shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya ga masu jigilar kaya a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Movimentos |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/movimentos.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Kamar sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa a faɗin Afirka, Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda tana buƙatar takardar shaidar jigilar kaya kafin jigilar kaya ko kuma a yi watsi da kayan da ke shigowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipping to and from Angola |url=https://www.maersk.com/local-information/imea/angola/import |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.maersk.com |language=en}}</ref> Musamman, jigilar kaya dole ne ta haɗa da lambar ARC mai inganci (Attestation de Réservation de Cargaison), wacce aka fi sani da [[Takardar bin diddigin kaya ta lantarki|CNCA]] (Conselho Nacional de Carregadores), wacce dole ne a rubuta ta a kan takardar jigilar kaya . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-12 |title=Angola CNCA / ARCCLA Certificate Requirement |url=https://scktr.com/en/angola-cnca-certificate/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SCK Representation |language=en-US}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce hanyar fita ta layin dogo na Luanda, wanda ke ɗaukar kaya daga birnin Malanje a lardin Malanje . Wani muhimmin haɗin fitar da kaya ana yin sa ne ta hanyar babbar hanyar EN-100. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiston António. |date=December 2015 |title=Acessibilidade e Mobilidade na Cidade de Luanda em situação de escassez de informação: Pistas para Intervenções |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/1126295043834887/DissertacaoFinal_FJ_28OUT15%20(2).pdf |access-date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa}}</ref> == Manazarta == 33gvw2lrkxt4gm7vy0q4l9oisqum8rz 846146 846145 2026-06-03T15:13:52Z Engineer014 44591 846146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda''' (Portuguese: Porto do Luanda) tashar jiragen ruwa ce [[Angola|ta Angola]] da ke birnin [[Luanda]], babban birnin ƙasar, a lardin Luanda . Tana da alaƙa da tsakiyar birnin Luanda da gundumar Ingombota . A gefen Tekun Luanda, wanda [[Ilha de Luanda|tsibirin Luanda]] ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ports.com |title=Port of Luanda |url=http://ports.com/angola/port-of-luanda/ |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta gwamnatin Angola ce, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ita ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Porto de Luanda EP An kafa wannan kamfanin ne don gudanar da lasisin tashoshin lodi da sauke kaya, ban da tashar fasinjoji. <ref name="PLEP">{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Sobre o porto |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/sobreoporto.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH). Tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Lobito ( Benguela ), [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe|Moçamedes]] ( Namibe ), Soyo ( Zaire ) da Cabinda ( Cabinda ), ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar, baya ga kasancewarta babbar tashar shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya ga masu jigilar kaya a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Movimentos |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/movimentos.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Kamar sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa a faɗin Afirka, Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda tana buƙatar takardar shaidar jigilar kaya kafin jigilar kaya ko kuma a yi watsi da kayan da ke shigowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipping to and from Angola |url=https://www.maersk.com/local-information/imea/angola/import |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.maersk.com |language=en}}</ref> Musamman, jigilar kaya dole ne ta haɗa da lambar ARC mai inganci (Attestation de Réservation de Cargaison), wacce aka fi sani da [[Takardar bin diddigin kaya ta lantarki|CNCA]] (Conselho Nacional de Carregadores), wacce dole ne a rubuta ta a kan takardar jigilar kaya . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-12 |title=Angola CNCA / ARCCLA Certificate Requirement |url=https://scktr.com/en/angola-cnca-certificate/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SCK Representation |language=en-US}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce hanyar fita ta layin dogo na Luanda, wanda ke ɗaukar kaya daga birnin Malanje a lardin Malanje . Wani muhimmin haɗin fitar da kaya ana yin sa ne ta hanyar babbar hanyar EN-100. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiston António. |date=December 2015 |title=Acessibilidade e Mobilidade na Cidade de Luanda em situação de escassez de informação: Pistas para Intervenções |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/1126295043834887/DissertacaoFinal_FJ_28OUT15%20(2).pdf |access-date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa}}</ref> == Manazarta == h986zoyrmq6intst8n9zo0gumavaj2f 846148 846146 2026-06-03T15:25:37Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda''' (Portuguese: Porto do Luanda) tashar jiragen ruwa ce [[Angola|ta Angola]] da ke birnin [[Luanda]], babban birnin ƙasar, a lardin Luanda . Tana da alaƙa da tsakiyar birnin Luanda da gundumar Ingombota . A gefen Tekun Luanda, wanda [[Ilha de Luanda|tsibirin Luanda]] ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ports.com |title=Port of Luanda |url=http://ports.com/angola/port-of-luanda/ |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta gwamnatin Angola ce, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ita ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Porto de Luanda EP An kafa wannan kamfanin ne don gudanar da lasisin tashoshin lodi da sauke kaya, ban da tashar fasinjoji. <ref name="PLEP">{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Sobre o porto |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/sobreoporto.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya (IAPH).<ref>[https://www.iaphworldports.org/iaph-md/directory/port_details/2039 IAPH Member Ports]</ref> Tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Lobito ( Benguela ), [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe|Moçamedes]] ( Namibe ), Soyo ( Zaire ) da Cabinda ( Cabinda ), ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar, baya ga kasancewarta babbar tashar shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya ga masu jigilar kaya a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Porto de Luanda |title=Movimentos |url=http://www.portoluanda.co.ao/movimentos.php |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Kamar sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa a faɗin Afirka, Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda tana buƙatar takardar shaidar jigilar kaya kafin jigilar kaya ko kuma a yi watsi da kayan da ke shigowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipping to and from Angola |url=https://www.maersk.com/local-information/imea/angola/import |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.maersk.com |language=en}}</ref> Musamman, jigilar kaya dole ne ta haɗa da lambar ARC mai inganci (Attestation de Réservation de Cargaison), wacce aka fi sani da [[Takardar bin diddigin kaya ta lantarki|CNCA]] (Conselho Nacional de Carregadores), wacce dole ne a rubuta ta a kan takardar jigilar kaya . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-12 |title=Angola CNCA / ARCCLA Certificate Requirement |url=https://scktr.com/en/angola-cnca-certificate/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SCK Representation |language=en-US}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce hanyar fita ta layin dogo na Luanda, wanda ke ɗaukar kaya daga birnin Malanje a lardin Malanje . Wani muhimmin haɗin fitar da kaya ana yin sa ne ta hanyar babbar hanyar EN-100. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiston António. |date=December 2015 |title=Acessibilidade e Mobilidade na Cidade de Luanda em situação de escassez de informação: Pistas para Intervenções |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/1126295043834887/DissertacaoFinal_FJ_28OUT15%20(2).pdf |access-date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6yk920ce3qvugkcto9git1ind7kurlj Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli 0 154509 846147 2026-06-03T15:16:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335905587|Port of Tripoli]]" 846147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli''' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tripoli]], babban birnin [[Libya]], kuma ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a [[Bahar Rum]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana hidimar jigilar kaya, jigilar kaya da fasinjoji. == Tarihi == {{Blockquote|''In 1911, Italy claimed the need to protect its citizens who lived in the Port of Tripoli. It declared war against the Ottomans, saying it would annex the city. A naval battle fought at Prevesa, Greece, ended in the destruction of three Ottoman ships and the recognition of Italian sovereignty over the Port of Tripoli. The Italians controlled the region until 1943. British forces governed the area after World War II until Libyan independence in 1951'' World Ports History: Tripoli<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/LBY_Port_of_Tripoli_661.php.|title=History of the Port of Tripoli|website= www.worldportsource.com}}</ref>}} Tun lokacin da [[Roman Libya|Romawa Libya,]] tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli (wanda a lokacin ake kira Oea ) tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Afirka da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum. A [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin Tsakiya,]] tashar jiragen ruwa ta daina amfani da ita, amma a ƙarƙashin [[Daular Usmaniyya|mulkin Ottoman]] ta fara ƙara zama mai mahimmanci. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Italiya sun ƙirƙiri tashar jiragen ruwa da ke wanzuwa a yau. Sauran muhimman ababen more rayuwa da aka ƙara a shekarun 1930 sune faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli tare da ƙara mata wani jirgin ruwa . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta lalace sosai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . [[Fayil:Maydan_Jazair_Park_Panorama.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Kallon Maydan Jazair Park daga Otal ɗin Safwa da ke kan Titin Baghdad a yankin Italiya na babban birnin Tripoli na Libya. A gefen hagu na wurin shakatawa akwai Babban Otal, a bayansa kuma akwai Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Tripoli.]] == Siffofi == A shekarun 1970, an inganta tashar jiragen ruwa sosai: yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli tana ɗauke da tashoshin jigilar kaya da yawa, kuma tana da ikon kula da jiragen ruwa da yawa a lokaci guda. Tashar jiragen ruwa kuma tana da wurin kula da jiragen ruwa, da kuma tashar kamun kifi. "Kamfanin Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Gurguzu" ita ce hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kuma gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tripoli, wadda ke kula da jigilar kaya da fasinjoji na yau da kullun. Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da kariya daga magudanar ruwa guda biyu na mita 2000 da 700, kuma tana da fadin hekta 300. Kimanin manyan jiragen ruwa 600 ne ke ziyartar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Tripoli kowace shekara har zuwa karshen gwamnatin Gaddafi . Tashar jiragen ruwan za ta iya daukar jiragen ruwa har zuwa mita 190, tare da matsakaicin tsawonsu na mita 10.7. == Duba kuma == * [[Tripoli]] * [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Benghazi]] * Tripolitania == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> nfr52in8eon5c9zncrjemk3d0rfq19j Ilimin ƙasa na Indonesia 0 154510 846151 2026-06-03T15:34:19Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325875216|Geology of Indonesia]]" 846151 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Geology_indonesia_map.jpg|right|500x500px]] Wannan taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar ilimin ƙasa ne na Indonesia. Indonesia tana tsakanin manyan faranti biyu na tectonic wato, faranti na Australiya da sabon faranti na Sunda. == Tectonics == [[Fayil:Indo-structure-map.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar da aka sauƙaƙa na tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Indonesia.]] Tectonics na Indonesiya suna da sarƙaƙƙiya sosai, saboda wurin taro ne na faranti da yawa.  Indonesiya tana tsakanin faranti biyu na nahiyar: Sahul Shelf da Plate Sunda;  kuma tsakanin faranti biyu na teku: Plate Pacific da Filin Tekun Filibi.. Rashin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Sunda Plate ya kafa dutsen dutse a yammacin Indonesia, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa a duniya tare da dogon tarihin fashewa da girgize. Wannan jerin tsaunuka masu aiki sun kafa [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], Bali, da Ƙananan Tsibirin Sunda, mafi yawansu, musamman Java da Bali, sun fito ne a cikin shekaru miliyan 2-3 da suka gabata. Motsawar farantin Pacific da Sahul sun mallaki tectonics na gabashin Indonesia. Subduction yana faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Sumatra da Yammacin Java. Sumatra ta fi aiki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan duk da kasancewa a cikin wannan gefen subduction. Dalilin rashin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa akai-akai a Yammacin Java matsala ce ta lokaci kuma ba aikin tectonic ba. Duk da yake yana iya ɗaukar shekaru ɗari kawai don girgizar ƙasa mai girma ta faru a bakin tekun Sumatra, yana iya ɗaukar kusan shekaru 500 daga bakin tekun yammacin Java.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Supendi |first=Pepen |last2=Widiyantoro |first2=Sri |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Nicholas |last4=Yatimantoro |first4=Tatok |last5=Muhari |first5=Abdul |last6=Hanifa |first6=Nuraini Rahma |last7=Gunawan |first7=Endra |last8=Shiddiqi |first8=Hasbi Ash |last9=Imran |first9=Iswandi |last10=Anugrah |first10=Suci Dewi |last11=Daryono |first11=Daryono |last12=Prayitno |first12=Bambang Setyo |last13=Adi |first13=Suko Prayitno |last14=Karnawati |first14=Dwikorita |last15=Faizal |first15=Lutfi |date=2023-03-01 |title=On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1315–1328 |bibcode=2023NatHa.116.1315S |doi=10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |issn=1573-0840 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A gefen tekun yammacin Java akwai yuwuwar kuskuren koma baya.  Kasancewar koma baya na iya kara tsayin tsunami a bakin tekun.  Akwai sassan megathrust guda biyu, ɗaya daga Kudu maso Gabashin Sumatra da sauran na Yammacin Java.  Waɗannan sassan suna ba da gudummawa ga tsunami wanda matsakaita a girman 11 m (36 ft) amma yana iya kaiwa 34 m (112 ft).  Haɗuwar megathrust da na baya sune dalilai na irin wannan babban tsunami.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Supendi |first=Pepen |last2=Widiyantoro |first2=Sri |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Nicholas |last4=Yatimantoro |first4=Tatok |last5=Muhari |first5=Abdul |last6=Hanifa |first6=Nuraini Rahma |last7=Gunawan |first7=Endra |last8=Shiddiqi |first8=Hasbi Ash |last9=Imran |first9=Iswandi |last10=Anugrah |first10=Suci Dewi |last11=Daryono |first11=Daryono |last12=Prayitno |first12=Bambang Setyo |last13=Adi |first13=Suko Prayitno |last14=Karnawati |first14=Dwikorita |last15=Faizal |first15=Lutfi |date=2023-03-01 |title=On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1315–1328 |bibcode=2023NatHa.116.1315S |doi=10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |issn=1573-0840 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin ƙasa == Hanyoyin tectonics a Indonesia sun kafa manyan gine-gine a Indonesia. Mafi shahararren kuskuren a yammacin Indonesia shine Semangko Fault ko Babban Sumatran Fault, kuskuren fashewa fashewa tare da [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]] (kimanin kilomita 1,900). Samun wannan yankin kuskure yana da alaƙa da yankin subduction a yammacin Sumatra. Kuskuren Palu-Koro wani babban fasalin tsarin da aka kafa a tsakiyar yankin Indonesia. Wannan kuskuren yana gudana a fadin tsakiyar tsibirin Sulawesi kuma ya kai ga yammacin Makassar Strait, kuma ya ƙare a cikin Mangkalihat Peninsula a Borneo. An sanya sunan kuskuren ne bayan babban birnin Sulawesi na Tsakiya, Palu, a bakin tekun yammacin Sulawesi da Kogin Koro, wanda yankin kuskuren ya kafa. Kuskuren Sorong wani muhimmin kuskuren gefen hagu ne a gabashin Indonesia, mai suna bayan garin Sorong. Yana da gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya shimfiɗa daga arewacin Yammacin Papua zuwa Gabashin Sulawesi na kimanin kilomita 2000.&nbsp; == Hanyar Tekun Indonesia == Daban-daban iri-iri a cikin tsibiran Indonesiya da mashigin Torres na New Guinea suna nuna sha'awar geologic zuwa jigilar kaya da jigilar ruwa, musamman a zurfin ƙasa da 100m (inda aka ce an rufe jigilar ruwa);  irin waɗannan hanyoyin, ko a rufe ko har yanzu, sun haɗa da Tekun Tekun Indonesiya tsakanin Tekun Pacific da Indiya.  Hawan Tectonic na yankin, wanda ya tsananta da raguwar matakan teku a lokacin glaciation na baya-bayan nan, ana tsammanin ya canza yanayin yanki, musamman game da damina, farawa ~ shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cane1 |first=Mark A. |last2=Molnar |first2=Peter |date=10 May 2001 |title=Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3–4 million years ago |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=411 |issue=6834 |pages=157–162 |bibcode=2001Natur.411..157C |doi=10.1038/35075500 |pmid=11346785}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == [[Fayil:Distribution_of_key_Paleozoic_and_Mesozoic_outcrops_in_Indonesia.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar taƙaitaccen rarraba maɓallan Paleozoic da Mesozoic a Indonesia.]] Tsarin stratigraphy na yammacin Indonesia ya mamaye tsarin zamanin Cenozoic, daga Paleogene zuwa Quaternary. An samo ƙananan Mesozoic da Paleozoic a wurare. An samo dutsen Devonian a cikin Kogin Telen, Gabashin Kalimantan, a matsayin raguwa a cikin Paleogene clastic sediments. Gabashin Indonesia yana da tsofaffin stratigraphy idan aka kwatanta da yammacin ɓangaren. Tsarin ya kasance daga Permian zuwa Tertiary. An gano burbushin Ichthyosaur a cikin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Tsibirin Kai, wanda ke nuna saukowar Mesozoic a cikin ƙasa (Charlton, 1992). An yi nazarin burbushin burbushin Mesozoic a tsibirin Misool ta Fauzie Hasibuan (1996). * Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Indonesia * Dutsen wuta na Indonesia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} === Tushen === * Bemmelen, R. W. van (Reinout Willem van) The Geology of Indonesia The Hague: Gwamnati. Ofishin Bugawa, 1949. Littafi guda biyu. * Charlton, T., 2004, Da yiwuwar man fetur na juyawa anticlines a cikin Banda Arc, AAPG Bulletin, V. 88, No. 5 (Mayu 2004), P. 565-585. * Darman, H. & Sidi, H. (ed.), 2000, An Outline of the Geology of Indonesia, littafin Kungiyar Masu Nazarin Yanayi ta Indonesiya. * Hasibuan F., 2012, Mesozoic Geology da Paleontology na Misool Archipelago, Gabashin Indonesia, Hukumar Geological, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adanai, Jamhuriyar Indonesia. == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://geoseismic-seasia.blogspot.nl/p/home.html Atlas na girgizar ƙasa na SE Asiya Basins] * [[wikibooks:The Geology of Indonesia|Geology na Indonesia: Wikibook Edition (online)]] * [http://www.iagi.or.id/ IAGI, Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (Ƙungiyar Masana ilimin ƙasa ta Indonesia)] * [https://www.iagi.or.id/fosi/ FOSI, Forum Sedimentologiwan Indonesia (Taron Masu Kula da Sedimentology na Indonesia)] * [https://geology-of-indonesia.blogspot.co.id/ Geology na Indonesia Blog] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Badan Geologi (Geological Survey) Indonesia An adana shi * [https://www.vangorselslist.com/about_this_site.html Ilimin ƙasa na Indonesiya - Littattafai] {{Asia topic|Geology of}} rhvt9knjscbk5md75yhizju1rbapkba 846152 846151 2026-06-03T15:34:41Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Geology_indonesia_map.jpg|right|500x500px]] Wannan taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar ilimin ƙasa ne na Indonesia. Indonesia tana tsakanin manyan faranti biyu na tectonic wato, faranti na Australiya da sabon faranti na Sunda. == Tectonics == [[Fayil:Indo-structure-map.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar da aka sauƙaƙa na tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Indonesia.]] Tectonics na Indonesiya suna da sarƙaƙƙiya sosai, saboda wurin taro ne na faranti da yawa.  Indonesiya tana tsakanin faranti biyu na nahiyar: Sahul Shelf da Plate Sunda;  kuma tsakanin faranti biyu na teku: Plate Pacific da Filin Tekun Filibi.. Rashin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Sunda Plate ya kafa dutsen dutse a yammacin Indonesia, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa a duniya tare da dogon tarihin fashewa da girgize. Wannan jerin tsaunuka masu aiki sun kafa [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], Bali, da Ƙananan Tsibirin Sunda, mafi yawansu, musamman Java da Bali, sun fito ne a cikin shekaru miliyan 2-3 da suka gabata. Motsawar farantin Pacific da Sahul sun mallaki tectonics na gabashin Indonesia. Subduction yana faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Sumatra da Yammacin Java. Sumatra ta fi aiki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan duk da kasancewa a cikin wannan gefen subduction. Dalilin rashin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa akai-akai a Yammacin Java matsala ce ta lokaci kuma ba aikin tectonic ba. Duk da yake yana iya ɗaukar shekaru ɗari kawai don girgizar ƙasa mai girma ta faru a bakin tekun Sumatra, yana iya ɗaukar kusan shekaru 500 daga bakin tekun yammacin Java.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Supendi |first=Pepen |last2=Widiyantoro |first2=Sri |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Nicholas |last4=Yatimantoro |first4=Tatok |last5=Muhari |first5=Abdul |last6=Hanifa |first6=Nuraini Rahma |last7=Gunawan |first7=Endra |last8=Shiddiqi |first8=Hasbi Ash |last9=Imran |first9=Iswandi |last10=Anugrah |first10=Suci Dewi |last11=Daryono |first11=Daryono |last12=Prayitno |first12=Bambang Setyo |last13=Adi |first13=Suko Prayitno |last14=Karnawati |first14=Dwikorita |last15=Faizal |first15=Lutfi |date=2023-03-01 |title=On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1315–1328 |bibcode=2023NatHa.116.1315S |doi=10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |issn=1573-0840 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A gefen tekun yammacin Java akwai yuwuwar kuskuren koma baya.  Kasancewar koma baya na iya kara tsayin tsunami a bakin tekun.  Akwai sassan megathrust guda biyu, ɗaya daga Kudu maso Gabashin Sumatra da sauran na Yammacin Java.  Waɗannan sassan suna ba da gudummawa ga tsunami wanda matsakaita a girman 11 m (36 ft) amma yana iya kaiwa 34 m (112 ft).  Haɗuwar megathrust da na baya sune dalilai na irin wannan babban tsunami.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Supendi |first=Pepen |last2=Widiyantoro |first2=Sri |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Nicholas |last4=Yatimantoro |first4=Tatok |last5=Muhari |first5=Abdul |last6=Hanifa |first6=Nuraini Rahma |last7=Gunawan |first7=Endra |last8=Shiddiqi |first8=Hasbi Ash |last9=Imran |first9=Iswandi |last10=Anugrah |first10=Suci Dewi |last11=Daryono |first11=Daryono |last12=Prayitno |first12=Bambang Setyo |last13=Adi |first13=Suko Prayitno |last14=Karnawati |first14=Dwikorita |last15=Faizal |first15=Lutfi |date=2023-03-01 |title=On the potential for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis off the southern coast of West Java and southeast Sumatra, Indonesia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1315–1328 |bibcode=2023NatHa.116.1315S |doi=10.1007/s11069-022-05696-y |issn=1573-0840 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin ƙasa == Hanyoyin tectonics a Indonesia sun kafa manyan gine-gine a Indonesia. Mafi shahararren kuskuren a yammacin Indonesia shine Semangko Fault ko Babban Sumatran Fault, kuskuren fashewa fashewa tare da [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]] (kimanin kilomita 1,900). Samun wannan yankin kuskure yana da alaƙa da yankin subduction a yammacin Sumatra. Kuskuren Palu-Koro wani babban fasalin tsarin da aka kafa a tsakiyar yankin Indonesia. Wannan kuskuren yana gudana a fadin tsakiyar tsibirin Sulawesi kuma ya kai ga yammacin Makassar Strait, kuma ya ƙare a cikin Mangkalihat Peninsula a Borneo. An sanya sunan kuskuren ne bayan babban birnin Sulawesi na Tsakiya, Palu, a bakin tekun yammacin Sulawesi da Kogin Koro, wanda yankin kuskuren ya kafa. Kuskuren Sorong wani muhimmin kuskuren gefen hagu ne a gabashin Indonesia, mai suna bayan garin Sorong. Yana da gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya shimfiɗa daga arewacin Yammacin Papua zuwa Gabashin Sulawesi na kimanin kilomita 2000.&nbsp; == Hanyar Tekun Indonesia == Daban-daban iri-iri a cikin tsibiran Indonesiya da mashigin Torres na New Guinea suna nuna sha'awar geologic zuwa jigilar kaya da jigilar ruwa, musamman a zurfin ƙasa da 100m (inda aka ce an rufe jigilar ruwa);  irin waɗannan hanyoyin, ko a rufe ko har yanzu, sun haɗa da Tekun Tekun Indonesiya tsakanin Tekun Pacific da Indiya.  Hawan Tectonic na yankin, wanda ya tsananta da raguwar matakan teku a lokacin glaciation na baya-bayan nan, ana tsammanin ya canza yanayin yanki, musamman game da damina, farawa ~ shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cane1 |first=Mark A. |last2=Molnar |first2=Peter |date=10 May 2001 |title=Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3–4 million years ago |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=411 |issue=6834 |pages=157–162 |bibcode=2001Natur.411..157C |doi=10.1038/35075500 |pmid=11346785}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == [[Fayil:Distribution_of_key_Paleozoic_and_Mesozoic_outcrops_in_Indonesia.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar taƙaitaccen rarraba maɓallan Paleozoic da Mesozoic a Indonesia.]] Tsarin stratigraphy na yammacin Indonesia ya mamaye tsarin zamanin Cenozoic, daga Paleogene zuwa Quaternary. An samo ƙananan Mesozoic da Paleozoic a wurare. An samo dutsen Devonian a cikin Kogin Telen, Gabashin Kalimantan, a matsayin raguwa a cikin Paleogene clastic sediments. Gabashin Indonesia yana da tsofaffin stratigraphy idan aka kwatanta da yammacin ɓangaren. Tsarin ya kasance daga Permian zuwa Tertiary. An gano burbushin Ichthyosaur a cikin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Tsibirin Kai, wanda ke nuna saukowar Mesozoic a cikin ƙasa (Charlton, 1992). An yi nazarin burbushin burbushin Mesozoic a tsibirin Misool ta Fauzie Hasibuan (1996). * Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Indonesia * Dutsen wuta na Indonesia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} === Tushen === * Bemmelen, R. W. van (Reinout Willem van) The Geology of Indonesia The Hague: Gwamnati. Ofishin Bugawa, 1949. Littafi guda biyu. * Charlton, T., 2004, Da yiwuwar man fetur na juyawa anticlines a cikin Banda Arc, AAPG Bulletin, V. 88, No. 5 (Mayu 2004), P. 565-585. * Darman, H. & Sidi, H. (ed.), 2000, An Outline of the Geology of Indonesia, littafin Kungiyar Masu Nazarin Yanayi ta Indonesiya. * Hasibuan F., 2012, Mesozoic Geology da Paleontology na Misool Archipelago, Gabashin Indonesia, Hukumar Geological, Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adanai, Jamhuriyar Indonesia. == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * [https://geoseismic-seasia.blogspot.nl/p/home.html Atlas na girgizar ƙasa na SE Asiya Basins] * [[wikibooks:The Geology of Indonesia|Geology na Indonesia: Wikibook Edition (online)]] * [http://www.iagi.or.id/ IAGI, Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (Ƙungiyar Masana ilimin ƙasa ta Indonesia)] * [https://www.iagi.or.id/fosi/ FOSI, Forum Sedimentologiwan Indonesia (Taron Masu Kula da Sedimentology na Indonesia)] * [https://geology-of-indonesia.blogspot.co.id/ Geology na Indonesia Blog] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Badan Geologi (Geological Survey) Indonesia An adana shi * [https://www.vangorselslist.com/about_this_site.html Ilimin ƙasa na Indonesiya - Littattafai] {{Asia topic|Geology of}} ghkcqu0toggfjwinyy6euvuf516ilpb Ƙungiyar Dutsen Tatun 0 154511 846153 2026-06-03T15:40:26Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355403964|Tatun Volcanic Group]]" 846153 wikitext text/x-wiki    Ƙungiyar '''Dutsen Tatun''' ko Ƙungiyar Dutsen Tatun (TVG) (Sinanci: Ƙungiyar Dutsen Datun; pinyin: Dàtún Huǒshān Qún) ta ƙunshi rukuni na duwatsu masu aman wuta da ke arewacin Taiwan. Tana da nisan kilomita 15 a arewacin Taipei, kuma tana yammacin Keelung. Tana kusa da gabar tekun arewacin tsibirin Taiwan. Ƙungiyar dutsen mai aman wuta ta samo asali ne sakamakon fashewar dutse mai ƙarfi tsakanin 2.8 da 0.2 Ma. Bincike a shekarun 2020 ya nuna cewa akwai fashewar dutse kwanan nan fiye da 0.2 Ma. Fashewar ƙarshe ta faru ne a shekara ta 648.<ref>{{Cite web |title=smithsonian tatun volcanic group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_countries.cfm?country=Taiwan |url-status=}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, wasu ayyukan geothermal suna faruwa kuma gas fumaroles suna aiki a cikin waɗannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.<ref name="Kim">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Kwang-Hee |last2=Chien-Hsin Chang |last3=[[Kuo-Fong Ma]] |last4=Jer-Ming Chiu |last5=Kou-Cheng Chen |year=2005 |title=Modern Seismic Observations in the Tatun Volcano Region of Northern Taiwan: Seismic/Volcanic Hazard Adjacent to the Taipei Metropolitan Area |url=http://tao.cgu.org.tw/index.php/articles/archive/geophysics/item/696-modern-seismic-observations-in-the-tatun-volcano-region-of-northern-taiwan-seismic-volcanic-hazard-adjacent-to-the-taipei-metropolitan-area |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=579–594 |bibcode=2005TAOS...16..579K |doi=10.3319/TAO.2005.16.3.579(T) |access-date=July 21, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken Tatun Volcanic Group ya nuna cewa ɗakunan magma tabbas har yanzu suna nan a ƙarƙashin ƙasar arewacin Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=大屯火山群潛在岩漿庫及微震觀測網長期監測計畫 |url=http://www.cpami.gov.tw/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=820&Itemid=181 |access-date=July 21, 2008 |publisher=Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior}}</ref><ref name="Lin2025SciRep">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=C.-H. |last2=Lai |first2=Y.-C. |last3=Shih |first3=M.-H. |date=2025 |title=Strong seismic reflections indicating possible eruptible magma beneath the Tatun Volcano Group in Taiwan |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-09558-y |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-24333 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Bayanan da aka tattara tsakanin 2019 da 2022 sun nuna cewa kungiyar tana da tsarin magmatic-hydrothermal wanda ke raguwa.<ref name="Roy2026">{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=P. |last2=Fu |first2=C.-C. |last3=Rahman |first3=A. |last4=Lai |first4=Y.-C. |last5=Lee |first5=H.-F. |last6=Lin |first6=C.-H. |last7=Laskar |first7=A. H. |last8=Liang |first8=M.-C. |date=2026 |title=Fumarolic CO2 Dynamics: A Case Study from the Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00335 |journal=ACS Earth and Space Chemistry |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=274–280 |doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00335 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Matsi na ruwa daga tsarin yana haifar da Girgizar ƙasa.<ref name="Chen2025">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=A.-T. |last2=Lee |first2=H.-F. |last3=Sano |first3=Y. |last4=Takahata |first4=N. |last5=Kagoshima |first5=T. |last6=Lai |first6=Y.-C. |last7=Lin |first7=L.-H. |last8=Lin |first8=C.-H. |last9=Lo |first9=C.-H. |date=2025 |title=Temporal Evolution of Hydrothermal System in the Tatun Volcano Group: Insights into Potential Volcanic Activity |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00233 |journal=ACS Earth and Space Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=2466–2483 |doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00185 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Pi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Pi |first=J. |last2=Lu |first2=H.-Y. |last3=Lee |first3=H. F. |last4=Chao |first4=H.-C. |last5=You |first5=C.-F. |last6=Peng |first6=T.-R. |last7=Maximo |first7=R.P.R. |last8=Wu |first8=C.-T. |last9=Wu |first9=Y.-W. |last10=Fang |first10=C. |last11=Lin |first11=C.-H. |date=2025 |title=Hydrogeochemical characteristics and the monitoring from 2020 to 2023 of hot spring waters in Tatun Volcanic Group, Taiwan |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912025003220 |journal=[[Journal of Asian Earth Sciences]] |volume=278 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106807 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Dutsen Volcano ta Taiwan (TVO) a Tatun a cikin Yangmingshan National Park, wanda ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Academia Sinica, tana sa ido kan kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> TVO tana da tsarin sa ido na ainihi na dutsen wuta da yawa kuma tana gudanar da bincike a cikin Canjin ƙasa, geochemistry, seismology, thermometry, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2023 |title=Tatun Mountain Observation Station |url=https://www.niar.org.tw/en/xmdoc/cont?sid=0O008501053627332649&xsmsid=0I160457997407279810 |website=National Science and Technology Council |publisher=National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 an lissafa TVG a matsayin mai yuwuwar Gidan Tarihin Duniya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Map_of_northern_Taiwan_1896.jpg|left|thumb|Arewacin Taiwan (1896) ]] Arewacin tsibirin shine inda shaidar aikin dutsen wuta ta fi bayyane. 'Yan asalin Taiwan, gami da na al'adun Yuanshan da Shihsanhang, sun kasance suna farauta da kifi a can a ƙarƙashin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta, inda ruwan sama, koguna, tsire-tsire, da fauna suka kasance kuma har yanzu suna da yawa. Yawancin koguna suna shiga cikin Taipei Basin. Sulfur daga yankin Tatun an haƙa shi kuma an yi ciniki a lokacin daular Ming da Qing. Han Sinanci sun fara zama a yankin a karni na 18.<ref name="YMS_History">{{Cite web |title=History and Origins |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins |publisher=Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar ma'anar ita ce sunan Tatun ko Datun ya fito ne daga kalmar asali kuma an fassara shi a cikin Sinanci zuwa "babban" (大, Dà) "ƙauye" (, Tún); dutse na uku mafi girma a cikin rukuni ana kiransa Dutsen Datun (大́山, Dà tún shān). ''Twa-tun'' shine sunan a cikin Hokkien . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> Ayyukan tattalin arziki da mazauna suka shiga sun haɗa da yin gawayi, noma, samar da launi na indigo, da masonry na dutse. Kungiyoyin bazara da wuraren shakatawa sun fito ne a kusa da ƙarshen karni na 19. A Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Japan a Taiwan (Taihoku) , an buɗe wuraren wanka da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi game da dutsen wuta a wannan lokacin. James W. Davidson, Consul na Amurka don Formosa, ya rubuta game da "...babban shaidar aikin dutsen wuta..." da "rayuwar dutsen wuta" a wurin a cikin littafinsa The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (1903), wanda aka kira "...babban binciken harshen Ingilishi na Taiwan don kwanakinsa... " <ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Arewacin Range na tuddai, wanda ake kira ''Daitonzan'' daga Jafananci, yana da craters uku tsakanin Tamsui da Kimpauli (kimanin zamani Jinshan). Dutsen Arewa, sama da mita 210 (700 a diamita kuma kimanin mita 120 (400 zurfi, shine mafi girma kuma wani lokacin an cika shi da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> Jafananci sun karfafa ci gaban gonakin shayi da shinkafa a yankin.<ref name="YMS_History">{{Cite web |title=History and Origins |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins |publisher=Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins "History and Origins"]. Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.</cite></ref> Bayan mulkin Jafananci, akwai wani Gundumar jan haske da ke kusa da shi wanda daga ƙarshe ya rufe a ƙarshen 1970s. Yawon shakatawa don wasu ayyukan, kamar yawo, ya karu tun daga lokacin. Shekaru da yawa, an hana binciken makamashi na geothermal a yankin saboda ruwan acidic, amma an sami ci gaba tare da fasahar kwanan nan. An ba da izinin Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Sihuangziping a Jinshan a cikin 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cariaga |first=Carlo |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Sihuangziping geothermal plant in Taiwan set to start commercial operations |url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/sihuangziping-geothermal-plant-in-taiwan-set-to-start-commercial-operations/ |website=ThinkGeoEnergy}}</ref> Tunda babban fashewar ba ta faru ba cikin fiye da shekaru dubu ɗaya, mazauna da yawa sun yi imanin cewa dutsen mai aman wuta ya ɓace. Bayan da masana kimiyya suka gudanar da bincike da ya nuna cewa yana iya zama tsarin aman wuta mai aiki, gwamnatin Taiwan da hukumomin kimiyya, kamar Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Tsakiya (wadda a da ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Tsakiya), sun fara ɗaukar matakai don sa ido sosai kan ƙungiyar da kuma samun tsarin gargaɗi da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Dinah |date=May 2, 2022 |title=How Taipei discovered an active volcano on its doorstep |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220427-how-taiwan-discovered-an-active-volcano-on-its-doorstep |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a cikin binciken kungiyar sun hada da Academia Sinica, Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, da Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Su |first=Sharleen |author-link= |date=June 2023 |title=A New Era for National Parks in Taiwan and South Korea—MOU Deepens International Interaction |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=5f048c66-8125-43d9-a9ea-0bf1485b6112&CatId=7&postname=A%20New%20Era%20for%20National%20Parks%20in%20Taiwan%20and%20South%20Korea%20-%E2%80%94MOU%20Deepens%20International%20Interaction |website=Taiwan Panorama}}</ref> A cikin 2024, an buɗe nune-nunen dutsen wuta tare da fasahar nuni ta zamani da simulations a cibiyar yanayi a cikin Yangmingshan National Park . == Ilimin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Volcano_Landscape_in_Yangmingshan_National_Park_by_Asemotus.jpg|thumb|Tatun Yankin canjin iskar wuta]] Kungiyar wani rukuni ne ko jerin tsaunuka na andesitic, gami da tuff cones, wanda ya kunshi kusan ko fiye da tsaunuka masu fashewa 20. Yana cikin Yankin subduction da ƙarshen yammacin Ryukyu Arc. Akwai shaidar fashewar Pliocene, Pleistocene, da [[Holocene]]. Nau'ikan dutse sun haɗa da [[basalt]]_ kuma, zuwa ƙarami, basalt na picrite basalt. Dutsen mai fitattun wuta mafi girma kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shine Dutsen Qixing, wanda ke da ƙaramin dutsen mai fitilun wuta da ake kira Dutsen Shamao a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatun Volcanic Group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=281032 |website=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyin hawan dutse a Dayoukeng da Siaoyoukeng (Xiaoyoukeng). Microearthquakes, kazalika da iskar gas da ke kashe ciyayi, suna faruwa a ko kusa da su.<ref> {{Cite web |date=March 21, 2014 |title=Taipei quake sparks eruption of volcano interest |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/AMP/culture/top-news/24521/taipei-quake-sparks-eruption-of-volcano-interest |website=Taiwan Today}}</ref> An lura da tururi yana fitowa daga magudanar ruwa a cikin kwarin Longfeng . Baya ga Qixing da Dayoukeng, an gano Huangzuishan a matsayin wurin da za a iya fashewa. Wataƙila Tatun Volcanic Group phreatic, Magmatic, ko fashewar phreatomagmatic, kodayake mai yiwuwa ƙasa, na iya samar da lahars, pyroclastic density currents, [[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash na dutsen wuta]], ko wasu Hadarin dutsen wuta kuma suna da sakamakon ɗan adam, tattalin arziki, da geopolitical saboda kusanci da cibiyoyin jama'a da ababen more rayuwa a Taipei City da New Taipei City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, an yi kira don inganta hadarin bala'in dutsen wuta a cikin kananan hukumomi biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> == Gine-gine na dutsen wuta == Gine-gine na dutsen wuta (watau, andesitic lava domes <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Tatun Volcanic Group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=281032 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>) na Tatun Volcanic Group sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hai-Po |last2=Chang |first2=Chung-Pai |year=2018 |title=Exploring and monitoring geothermal and volcanic activity using Satellite Thermal Infrared data in TVG, Taiwan |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=Springer |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=387–404 |bibcode=2018TAOS...29..387C |doi=10.3319/tao.2018.01.22.01 |issn=1017-0839 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Active Volcano in Taiwan: Tatun |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTY0Q99nbOA |access-date=November 27, 2023 |publisher=Geology Hub}}</ref>   {| class="wikitable" |+Gine-gine na dutsen wuta !Sunan !Sinanci !Hawan sama (m) !Ma'auni !Bayani |- |Dutsen Guanyin |Ganin tsaunuka |588 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.13581|N|121.42664|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiaoguanyin Shan|Dutsen Xiaoguanyin]] |Ƙananan tsaunuka |1038 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.18883|N|121.54234|E}} | |- |Dutsen Datun |Tsawon tsaunuka |1082 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17661|N|121.52193|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Datun Xifeng|Dutsen Datun Yammacin Dutsen]] |Babban tsaunin da ke kusa |959 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17124|N|121.5136|E}} | |- |Dutsen Zhuzi |Dutsen竹 |1094 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.21457|N|121.56308|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Huangzui Shan|Dutsen Huangzui]] |Tun da itacen dutse |894 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17675|N|121.60619|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Dajian Shan (tumoy sa bukid sa Republika sa Tsina, Taipei, Taipei, lat 25,16, long 121,60)|Dutsen Dajian]] |Babban Dutsen |818 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.16221|N|121.60163|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Dajian Houshan|Dutsen Dajianhou]] |Babban dutse bayan dutse |M 867 |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17426|N|121.59203|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Shiti Ling|Shiti Ridge]] |Sashin dutse |849 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.16135|N|121.58721|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Zhusong Shan|Dutsen Zhusong]] |Tushen dutse |801 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.15841|N|121.57278|E}} | |- |Dutsen Shamao |Dutsen da ke da hat |640 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.14831|N|121.54298|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiaocao Shan|Dutsen Xiaocao]] |Ƙananan tsaunuka |576 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.13439|N|121.5638|E}} | |- |Dutsen Qixing |Dutsen taurari bakwai |1120 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17073|N|121.55338|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Qigu Shan|Dutsen Qigu]] |Dutsen bakwai |M 889 |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17182|N|121.56569|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiangtian Shan|Dutsen Xiangtian]] |Zuwa ga Dutsen |929 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.1728|N|121.5028|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Bailaka Shan|Dutsen Bailaka]] / Dutsen Balaka |Bakala da tsaunuka |890 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.18818|N|121.51729|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=2022.09.09 陽明山：十八彎古道-巴拉卡山-烘爐山-烘爐嘴一圈-菜公坑古道-炭窯遺址-菜公坑瀑布-菜公坑山O形 |url=https://wayfarer.idv.tw/Taiwan/2022/0909/0909.htm |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=wayfarer.idv.tw |language=zh}}</ref> |- |[[:ceb:Caigong Shan|Dutsen Caigong]] / Dutsen Cailongkeng |菜公坑山 / 菜公墓山 |871 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.1916|N|121.52069|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer" /> |- |[[:ceb:Honglu Shan|Dutsen Honglu]] |Shaan dutse |634 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.19397|N|121.51189|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer" /> |} == Dubi kuma ==   * Dutsen Qixing (Taipei) * Gidan shakatawa na Yangmingshan * Yellowstone Caldera * Kwarin Geysers == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 57qevdz9g9qf6nkfa1qrhzmyxfgjn0x 846154 846153 2026-06-03T15:40:56Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Ƙungiyar '''Dutsen Tatun''' ko Ƙungiyar Dutsen Tatun (TVG) (Sinanci: Ƙungiyar Dutsen Datun; pinyin: Dàtún Huǒshān Qún) ta ƙunshi rukuni na duwatsu masu aman wuta da ke arewacin Taiwan. Tana da nisan kilomita 15 a arewacin Taipei, kuma tana yammacin Keelung. Tana kusa da gabar tekun arewacin tsibirin Taiwan. Ƙungiyar dutsen mai aman wuta ta samo asali ne sakamakon fashewar dutse mai ƙarfi tsakanin 2.8 da 0.2 Ma. Bincike a shekarun 2020 ya nuna cewa akwai fashewar dutse kwanan nan fiye da 0.2 Ma. Fashewar ƙarshe ta faru ne a shekara ta 648.<ref>{{Cite web |title=smithsonian tatun volcanic group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_countries.cfm?country=Taiwan |url-status=}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, wasu ayyukan geothermal suna faruwa kuma gas fumaroles suna aiki a cikin waɗannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.<ref name="Kim">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Kwang-Hee |last2=Chien-Hsin Chang |last3=[[Kuo-Fong Ma]] |last4=Jer-Ming Chiu |last5=Kou-Cheng Chen |year=2005 |title=Modern Seismic Observations in the Tatun Volcano Region of Northern Taiwan: Seismic/Volcanic Hazard Adjacent to the Taipei Metropolitan Area |url=http://tao.cgu.org.tw/index.php/articles/archive/geophysics/item/696-modern-seismic-observations-in-the-tatun-volcano-region-of-northern-taiwan-seismic-volcanic-hazard-adjacent-to-the-taipei-metropolitan-area |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=579–594 |bibcode=2005TAOS...16..579K |doi=10.3319/TAO.2005.16.3.579(T) |access-date=July 21, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken Tatun Volcanic Group ya nuna cewa ɗakunan magma tabbas har yanzu suna nan a ƙarƙashin ƙasar arewacin Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=大屯火山群潛在岩漿庫及微震觀測網長期監測計畫 |url=http://www.cpami.gov.tw/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=820&Itemid=181 |access-date=July 21, 2008 |publisher=Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior}}</ref><ref name="Lin2025SciRep">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=C.-H. |last2=Lai |first2=Y.-C. |last3=Shih |first3=M.-H. |date=2025 |title=Strong seismic reflections indicating possible eruptible magma beneath the Tatun Volcano Group in Taiwan |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-09558-y |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-24333 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Bayanan da aka tattara tsakanin 2019 da 2022 sun nuna cewa kungiyar tana da tsarin magmatic-hydrothermal wanda ke raguwa.<ref name="Roy2026">{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=P. |last2=Fu |first2=C.-C. |last3=Rahman |first3=A. |last4=Lai |first4=Y.-C. |last5=Lee |first5=H.-F. |last6=Lin |first6=C.-H. |last7=Laskar |first7=A. H. |last8=Liang |first8=M.-C. |date=2026 |title=Fumarolic CO2 Dynamics: A Case Study from the Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00335 |journal=ACS Earth and Space Chemistry |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=274–280 |doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00335 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Matsi na ruwa daga tsarin yana haifar da Girgizar ƙasa.<ref name="Chen2025">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=A.-T. |last2=Lee |first2=H.-F. |last3=Sano |first3=Y. |last4=Takahata |first4=N. |last5=Kagoshima |first5=T. |last6=Lai |first6=Y.-C. |last7=Lin |first7=L.-H. |last8=Lin |first8=C.-H. |last9=Lo |first9=C.-H. |date=2025 |title=Temporal Evolution of Hydrothermal System in the Tatun Volcano Group: Insights into Potential Volcanic Activity |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00233 |journal=ACS Earth and Space Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=2466–2483 |doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00185 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Pi2025">{{Cite journal |last=Pi |first=J. |last2=Lu |first2=H.-Y. |last3=Lee |first3=H. F. |last4=Chao |first4=H.-C. |last5=You |first5=C.-F. |last6=Peng |first6=T.-R. |last7=Maximo |first7=R.P.R. |last8=Wu |first8=C.-T. |last9=Wu |first9=Y.-W. |last10=Fang |first10=C. |last11=Lin |first11=C.-H. |date=2025 |title=Hydrogeochemical characteristics and the monitoring from 2020 to 2023 of hot spring waters in Tatun Volcanic Group, Taiwan |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912025003220 |journal=[[Journal of Asian Earth Sciences]] |volume=278 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106807 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Dutsen Volcano ta Taiwan (TVO) a Tatun a cikin Yangmingshan National Park, wanda ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Academia Sinica, tana sa ido kan kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> TVO tana da tsarin sa ido na ainihi na dutsen wuta da yawa kuma tana gudanar da bincike a cikin Canjin ƙasa, geochemistry, seismology, thermometry, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2023 |title=Tatun Mountain Observation Station |url=https://www.niar.org.tw/en/xmdoc/cont?sid=0O008501053627332649&xsmsid=0I160457997407279810 |website=National Science and Technology Council |publisher=National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002 an lissafa TVG a matsayin mai yuwuwar Gidan Tarihin Duniya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Map_of_northern_Taiwan_1896.jpg|left|thumb|Arewacin Taiwan (1896) ]] Arewacin tsibirin shine inda shaidar aikin dutsen wuta ta fi bayyane. 'Yan asalin Taiwan, gami da na al'adun Yuanshan da Shihsanhang, sun kasance suna farauta da kifi a can a ƙarƙashin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta, inda ruwan sama, koguna, tsire-tsire, da fauna suka kasance kuma har yanzu suna da yawa. Yawancin koguna suna shiga cikin Taipei Basin. Sulfur daga yankin Tatun an haƙa shi kuma an yi ciniki a lokacin daular Ming da Qing. Han Sinanci sun fara zama a yankin a karni na 18.<ref name="YMS_History">{{Cite web |title=History and Origins |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins |publisher=Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar ma'anar ita ce sunan Tatun ko Datun ya fito ne daga kalmar asali kuma an fassara shi a cikin Sinanci zuwa "babban" (大, Dà) "ƙauye" (, Tún); dutse na uku mafi girma a cikin rukuni ana kiransa Dutsen Datun (大́山, Dà tún shān). ''Twa-tun'' shine sunan a cikin Hokkien . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> Ayyukan tattalin arziki da mazauna suka shiga sun haɗa da yin gawayi, noma, samar da launi na indigo, da masonry na dutse. Kungiyoyin bazara da wuraren shakatawa sun fito ne a kusa da ƙarshen karni na 19. A Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Japan a Taiwan (Taihoku) , an buɗe wuraren wanka da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi game da dutsen wuta a wannan lokacin. James W. Davidson, Consul na Amurka don Formosa, ya rubuta game da "...babban shaidar aikin dutsen wuta..." da "rayuwar dutsen wuta" a wurin a cikin littafinsa The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (1903), wanda aka kira "...babban binciken harshen Ingilishi na Taiwan don kwanakinsa... " <ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Arewacin Range na tuddai, wanda ake kira ''Daitonzan'' daga Jafananci, yana da craters uku tsakanin Tamsui da Kimpauli (kimanin zamani Jinshan). Dutsen Arewa, sama da mita 210 (700 a diamita kuma kimanin mita 120 (400 zurfi, shine mafi girma kuma wani lokacin an cika shi da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=James W. Davidson}}</ref> Jafananci sun karfafa ci gaban gonakin shayi da shinkafa a yankin.<ref name="YMS_History">{{Cite web |title=History and Origins |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins |publisher=Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/en/sglarticle/history-and-origins "History and Origins"]. Yangmingshan National Park, Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.</cite></ref> Bayan mulkin Jafananci, akwai wani Gundumar jan haske da ke kusa da shi wanda daga ƙarshe ya rufe a ƙarshen 1970s. Yawon shakatawa don wasu ayyukan, kamar yawo, ya karu tun daga lokacin. Shekaru da yawa, an hana binciken makamashi na geothermal a yankin saboda ruwan acidic, amma an sami ci gaba tare da fasahar kwanan nan. An ba da izinin Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Sihuangziping a Jinshan a cikin 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cariaga |first=Carlo |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Sihuangziping geothermal plant in Taiwan set to start commercial operations |url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/sihuangziping-geothermal-plant-in-taiwan-set-to-start-commercial-operations/ |website=ThinkGeoEnergy}}</ref> Tunda babban fashewar ba ta faru ba cikin fiye da shekaru dubu ɗaya, mazauna da yawa sun yi imanin cewa dutsen mai aman wuta ya ɓace. Bayan da masana kimiyya suka gudanar da bincike da ya nuna cewa yana iya zama tsarin aman wuta mai aiki, gwamnatin Taiwan da hukumomin kimiyya, kamar Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Tsakiya (wadda a da ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Tsakiya), sun fara ɗaukar matakai don sa ido sosai kan ƙungiyar da kuma samun tsarin gargaɗi da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Dinah |date=May 2, 2022 |title=How Taipei discovered an active volcano on its doorstep |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220427-how-taiwan-discovered-an-active-volcano-on-its-doorstep |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a cikin binciken kungiyar sun hada da Academia Sinica, Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, da Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Su |first=Sharleen |author-link= |date=June 2023 |title=A New Era for National Parks in Taiwan and South Korea—MOU Deepens International Interaction |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=5f048c66-8125-43d9-a9ea-0bf1485b6112&CatId=7&postname=A%20New%20Era%20for%20National%20Parks%20in%20Taiwan%20and%20South%20Korea%20-%E2%80%94MOU%20Deepens%20International%20Interaction |website=Taiwan Panorama}}</ref> A cikin 2024, an buɗe nune-nunen dutsen wuta tare da fasahar nuni ta zamani da simulations a cibiyar yanayi a cikin Yangmingshan National Park . == Ilimin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Volcano_Landscape_in_Yangmingshan_National_Park_by_Asemotus.jpg|thumb|Tatun Yankin canjin iskar wuta]] Kungiyar wani rukuni ne ko jerin tsaunuka na andesitic, gami da tuff cones, wanda ya kunshi kusan ko fiye da tsaunuka masu fashewa 20. Yana cikin Yankin subduction da ƙarshen yammacin Ryukyu Arc. Akwai shaidar fashewar Pliocene, Pleistocene, da [[Holocene]]. Nau'ikan dutse sun haɗa da [[basalt]]_ kuma, zuwa ƙarami, basalt na picrite basalt. Dutsen mai fitattun wuta mafi girma kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shine Dutsen Qixing, wanda ke da ƙaramin dutsen mai fitilun wuta da ake kira Dutsen Shamao a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatun Volcanic Group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=281032 |website=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyin hawan dutse a Dayoukeng da Siaoyoukeng (Xiaoyoukeng). Microearthquakes, kazalika da iskar gas da ke kashe ciyayi, suna faruwa a ko kusa da su.<ref> {{Cite web |date=March 21, 2014 |title=Taipei quake sparks eruption of volcano interest |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/AMP/culture/top-news/24521/taipei-quake-sparks-eruption-of-volcano-interest |website=Taiwan Today}}</ref> An lura da tururi yana fitowa daga magudanar ruwa a cikin kwarin Longfeng . Baya ga Qixing da Dayoukeng, an gano Huangzuishan a matsayin wurin da za a iya fashewa. Wataƙila Tatun Volcanic Group phreatic, Magmatic, ko fashewar phreatomagmatic, kodayake mai yiwuwa ƙasa, na iya samar da lahars, pyroclastic density currents, [[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash na dutsen wuta]], ko wasu Hadarin dutsen wuta kuma suna da sakamakon ɗan adam, tattalin arziki, da geopolitical saboda kusanci da cibiyoyin jama'a da ababen more rayuwa a Taipei City da New Taipei City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, an yi kira don inganta hadarin bala'in dutsen wuta a cikin kananan hukumomi biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alighieri |first=Dalton |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Taipei’s and New Taipei’s Possible Volcanic Threats |url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2026/02/26/taipeis-and-new-taipeis-possible-volcanic-threats/ |website=Taiwan Insight |publisher=Taiwan Research Hub, University of Nottingham |language=en}}</ref> == Gine-gine na dutsen wuta == Gine-gine na dutsen wuta (watau, andesitic lava domes <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Tatun Volcanic Group |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=281032 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>) na Tatun Volcanic Group sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hai-Po |last2=Chang |first2=Chung-Pai |year=2018 |title=Exploring and monitoring geothermal and volcanic activity using Satellite Thermal Infrared data in TVG, Taiwan |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=Springer |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=387–404 |bibcode=2018TAOS...29..387C |doi=10.3319/tao.2018.01.22.01 |issn=1017-0839 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Active Volcano in Taiwan: Tatun |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTY0Q99nbOA |access-date=November 27, 2023 |publisher=Geology Hub}}</ref>   {| class="wikitable" |+Gine-gine na dutsen wuta !Sunan !Sinanci !Hawan sama (m) !Ma'auni !Bayani |- |Dutsen Guanyin |Ganin tsaunuka |588 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.13581|N|121.42664|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiaoguanyin Shan|Dutsen Xiaoguanyin]] |Ƙananan tsaunuka |1038 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.18883|N|121.54234|E}} | |- |Dutsen Datun |Tsawon tsaunuka |1082 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17661|N|121.52193|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Datun Xifeng|Dutsen Datun Yammacin Dutsen]] |Babban tsaunin da ke kusa |959 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17124|N|121.5136|E}} | |- |Dutsen Zhuzi |Dutsen竹 |1094 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.21457|N|121.56308|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Huangzui Shan|Dutsen Huangzui]] |Tun da itacen dutse |894 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17675|N|121.60619|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Dajian Shan (tumoy sa bukid sa Republika sa Tsina, Taipei, Taipei, lat 25,16, long 121,60)|Dutsen Dajian]] |Babban Dutsen |818 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.16221|N|121.60163|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Dajian Houshan|Dutsen Dajianhou]] |Babban dutse bayan dutse |M 867 |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17426|N|121.59203|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Shiti Ling|Shiti Ridge]] |Sashin dutse |849 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.16135|N|121.58721|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Zhusong Shan|Dutsen Zhusong]] |Tushen dutse |801 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.15841|N|121.57278|E}} | |- |Dutsen Shamao |Dutsen da ke da hat |640 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.14831|N|121.54298|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiaocao Shan|Dutsen Xiaocao]] |Ƙananan tsaunuka |576 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.13439|N|121.5638|E}} | |- |Dutsen Qixing |Dutsen taurari bakwai |1120 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17073|N|121.55338|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Qigu Shan|Dutsen Qigu]] |Dutsen bakwai |M 889 |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.17182|N|121.56569|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Xiangtian Shan|Dutsen Xiangtian]] |Zuwa ga Dutsen |929 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.1728|N|121.5028|E}} | |- |[[:ceb:Bailaka Shan|Dutsen Bailaka]] / Dutsen Balaka |Bakala da tsaunuka |890 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.18818|N|121.51729|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2022 |title=2022.09.09 陽明山：十八彎古道-巴拉卡山-烘爐山-烘爐嘴一圈-菜公坑古道-炭窯遺址-菜公坑瀑布-菜公坑山O形 |url=https://wayfarer.idv.tw/Taiwan/2022/0909/0909.htm |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=wayfarer.idv.tw |language=zh}}</ref> |- |[[:ceb:Caigong Shan|Dutsen Caigong]] / Dutsen Cailongkeng |菜公坑山 / 菜公墓山 |871 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.1916|N|121.52069|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer" /> |- |[[:ceb:Honglu Shan|Dutsen Honglu]] |Shaan dutse |634 m |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25.19397|N|121.51189|E}} |<ref name="wayfarer" /> |} == Dubi kuma ==   * Dutsen Qixing (Taipei) * Gidan shakatawa na Yangmingshan * Yellowstone Caldera * Kwarin Geysers == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3o9cp6l9n2w25bov7f07bo9ky2c2rz Akaki Stormwater Channel 0 154512 846155 2026-06-03T15:53:51Z Uncle Bash007 9891 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357601219|Akaki Stormwater Channel]]" 846155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar ruwan guguwa ta Akaki''' magudanar ruwa ne da ke da hade da kogin Akaki a Addis Ababa, Habasha . Tsarin hanyar ruwan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar ruwan da ke aiki a yankin Akaki Kality na Addis Ababa. == Tarihi == Kogin Akaki shine kogi mafi girma a Addis Ababa kuma ya haɗu da kogin Karamin Akaki da Babban Akaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Cigaban bunkasa birane cikin sauri da rashin isasshen hanyoyin ruwa sun ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin Akaki Kality . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ruwa == Binciken da Jami'ar Addis Ababa ta gudanar ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin magudanar ruwa a Akaki Kality suna fuskantar matsalolin injiyanci mara kyau, ayyukan gine-gine marasa kyau, da zubar da sharar gida mara kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan gudanar ruwan guguwa na janyo ambaliya a tituna, ta hana tafiyar sufuri, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwa masu cutar a yankunan birane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeshome2022">Teshome, Beakal (2022-02-24). [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ "Ethiopian News | The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia"]. ''www.thereporterethiopia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Binciken taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a Babban Kogin Akaki ya nuna gagarumin almar ambaliyar ga wasu sassan Akaki Kality kuma ya ba da shawarar kayan aikin kariya da matakan sarrafa haɗari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Gine-gine da wurare a Addis Ababa]] l1s75dqdbvfbne3jbo0e2bnvsm16c3r 846156 846155 2026-06-03T15:54:10Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tashar ruwan guguwa ta Akaki''' magudanar ruwa ne da ke da hade da kogin Akaki a Addis Ababa, Habasha . Tsarin hanyar ruwan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar ruwan da ke aiki a yankin Akaki Kality na Addis Ababa. == Tarihi == Kogin Akaki shine kogi mafi girma a Addis Ababa kuma ya haɗu da kogin Karamin Akaki da Babban Akaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Cigaban bunkasa birane cikin sauri da rashin isasshen hanyoyin ruwa sun ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin Akaki Kality . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ruwa == Binciken da Jami'ar Addis Ababa ta gudanar ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin magudanar ruwa a Akaki Kality suna fuskantar matsalolin injiyanci mara kyau, ayyukan gine-gine marasa kyau, da zubar da sharar gida mara kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan gudanar ruwan guguwa na janyo ambaliya a tituna, ta hana tafiyar sufuri, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwa masu cutar a yankunan birane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeshome2022">Teshome, Beakal (2022-02-24). [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ "Ethiopian News | The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia"]. ''www.thereporterethiopia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Binciken taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a Babban Kogin Akaki ya nuna gagarumin almar ambaliyar ga wasu sassan Akaki Kality kuma ya ba da shawarar kayan aikin kariya da matakan sarrafa haɗari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Gine-gine da wurare a Addis Ababa]] hcuyqp67z77af2e2zpap09qqqj2jr56 846157 846156 2026-06-03T15:54:39Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Manazarta */ 846157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tashar ruwan guguwa ta Akaki''' magudanar ruwa ne da ke da hade da kogin Akaki a Addis Ababa, Habasha . Tsarin hanyar ruwan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar ruwan da ke aiki a yankin Akaki Kality na Addis Ababa. == Tarihi == Kogin Akaki shine kogi mafi girma a Addis Ababa kuma ya haɗu da kogin Karamin Akaki da Babban Akaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Cigaban bunkasa birane cikin sauri da rashin isasshen hanyoyin ruwa sun ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin Akaki Kality . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ruwa == Binciken da Jami'ar Addis Ababa ta gudanar ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin magudanar ruwa a Akaki Kality suna fuskantar matsalolin injiyanci mara kyau, ayyukan gine-gine marasa kyau, da zubar da sharar gida mara kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan gudanar ruwan guguwa na janyo ambaliya a tituna, ta hana tafiyar sufuri, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwa masu cutar a yankunan birane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeshome2022">Teshome, Beakal (2022-02-24). [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ "Ethiopian News | The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia"]. ''www.thereporterethiopia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Binciken taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a Babban Kogin Akaki ya nuna gagarumin almar ambaliyar ga wasu sassan Akaki Kality kuma ya ba da shawarar kayan aikin kariya da matakan sarrafa haɗari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Gine-gine da wurare a Addis Ababa]] k2zb5jqtgd6u9tn61ap08vyzgpnboo7 846158 846157 2026-06-03T15:55:02Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa */ 846158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tashar ruwan guguwa ta Akaki''' magudanar ruwa ne da ke da hade da kogin Akaki a Addis Ababa, Habasha . Tsarin hanyar ruwan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar ruwan da ke aiki a yankin Akaki Kality na Addis Ababa. == Tarihi == Kogin Akaki shine kogi mafi girma a Addis Ababa kuma ya haɗu da kogin Karamin Akaki da Babban Akaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Cigaban bunkasa birane cikin sauri da rashin isasshen hanyoyin ruwa sun ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin Akaki Kality . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ruwa == Binciken da Jami'ar Addis Ababa ta gudanar ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin magudanar ruwa a Akaki Kality suna fuskantar matsalolin injiyanci mara kyau, ayyukan gine-gine marasa kyau, da zubar da sharar gida mara kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan gudanar ruwan guguwa na janyo ambaliya a tituna, ta hana tafiyar sufuri, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwa masu cutar a yankunan birane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeshome2022">Teshome, Beakal (2022-02-24). [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ "Ethiopian News | The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia"]. ''www.thereporterethiopia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Binciken taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a Babban Kogin Akaki ya nuna gagarumin almar ambaliyar ga wasu sassan Akaki Kality kuma ya ba da shawarar kayan aikin kariya da matakan sarrafa haɗari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Shimelis|first=Eyerusalem|title=Investigating the Causes of Stormwater Drain Failure: The Case of Akaki Kality Subcity,|date=2024-05-01|publisher=Addis Ababa University|url=https://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/3855|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Gine-gine da wurare a Addis Ababa]] pg1xp6r45quzbqc9vghpa1hz6rpocy2 846159 846158 2026-06-03T15:55:31Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tashar ruwan guguwa ta Akaki''' magudanar ruwa ne da ke da hade da kogin Akaki a Addis Ababa, Habasha . Tsarin hanyar ruwan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar ruwan da ke aiki a yankin Akaki Kality na Addis Ababa. == Tarihi == Kogin Akaki shine kogi mafi girma a Addis Ababa kuma ya haɗu da kogin Karamin Akaki da Babban Akaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Updates {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/updates |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Cigaban bunkasa birane cikin sauri da rashin isasshen hanyoyin ruwa sun ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin Akaki Kality. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENA - ENA English - ENA |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=ENA English |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite thesis|last=Shimelis|first=Eyerusalem|title=Investigating the Causes of Stormwater Drain Failure: The Case of Akaki Kality Subcity,|date=2024-05-01|publisher=Addis Ababa University|url=https://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/3855|language=en}}</ref> == Matsalolin Ruwa == Binciken da Jami'ar Addis Ababa ta gudanar ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin magudanar ruwa a Akaki Kality suna fuskantar matsalolin injiyanci mara kyau, ayyukan gine-gine marasa kyau, da zubar da sharar gida mara kyau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan gudanar ruwan guguwa na janyo ambaliya a tituna, ta hana tafiyar sufuri, kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwa masu cutar a yankunan birane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teshome |first=Beakal |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ethiopian News {{!}} The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeshome2022">Teshome, Beakal (2022-02-24). [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/ "Ethiopian News | The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia"]. ''www.thereporterethiopia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa == Binciken taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a Babban Kogin Akaki ya nuna gagarumin almar ambaliyar ga wasu sassan Akaki Kality kuma ya ba da shawarar kayan aikin kariya da matakan sarrafa haɗari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Shimelis|first=Eyerusalem|title=Investigating the Causes of Stormwater Drain Failure: The Case of Akaki Kality Subcity,|date=2024-05-01|publisher=Addis Ababa University|url=https://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/3855|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Gine-gine da wurare a Addis Ababa]] mkdu23ndm3oxdqaodw7n2ytyqjfw1m6 Tsarin rayuwar sakin software 0 154513 846164 2026-06-03T16:16:01Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314044529|Software release life cycle]]" 846164 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Tsarin rayuwar sakin software''' shine tsari na haɓaka, gwaji, da rarraba samfurin software (misali, tsarin aiki). Yawanci ya kunshi matakai da yawa, kamar pre-alpha, alpha, beta, da kuma dan takarar saki, kafin a saki sigar karshe, ko "zinariya", ga jama'a. [[Fayil:Software_dev2.svg|thumb|Misali na tsarin rayuwar sakin software na asali]] Pre-alpha yana nufin farkon matakan ci gaba, lokacin da ake tsara software kuma ana gina shi. Gwajin Alpha shine matakin farko na gwaji na al'ada, lokacin da ake gwada software a ciki ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Gwajin Beta shine mataki na gaba, inda babban rukuni na masu amfani ke gwada software, yawanci a waje da kungiyar da ta haɓaka shi. Sashe na beta yana mai da hankali kan rage tasirin ga masu amfani kuma yana iya haɗawa da gwajin amfani. Bayan gwajin beta, software na iya wucewa ta hanyar fitowar matakai ɗaya ko fiye, inda aka inganta shi kuma aka gwada shi, kafin a saki sigar ƙarshe. Wasu software, musamman a cikin masana'antun intanet da fasaha, an sake su a cikin yanayin beta na dindindin, ma'ana ana ci gaba da sabuntawa da inganta shi, kuma ba a taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin cikakkiyar samfurin ba. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar tsarin ci gaba mai sauri kuma yana ba da dama ga software don a saki kuma masu amfani su yi amfani da shi a farkon tsarin ci gaba. == Matakan ci gaba == Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. ''Milestone'' versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Alfa === Sashe na haruffa na sake zagayowar rayuwa shine matakin farko na Gwajin software (alpha shine harafin farko na haruffan Helenanci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman lambar 1). A wannan matakin, masu haɓakawa gabaɗaya suna gwada software ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Ana yin ƙarin tabbatarwa ta amfani da dabarun baki ko launin toka, ta wata ƙungiyar gwaji. Motsawa zuwa gwajin akwati a cikin kungiyar an san shi da ''sakin alpha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an alpha version of a game? |url=https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923135620/https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-date=Sep 23, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> Mai haɓakawa ba ya gwada software na Alpha sosai kafin a saki shi ga abokan ciniki. Alpha software na iya ƙunsar manyan kurakurai, kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da hadari ko asarar bayanai. Alpha software bazai ƙunshi duk fasalulluka da aka shirya don sigar ƙarshe ba. Gabaɗaya, wadatar waje na software na alpha ba ta da yawa ga software mai mallaka, yayin da software mai budewa sau da yawa yana da nau'ikan alpha na jama'a. Lokaci na alpha yawanci yana ƙare tare da daskarewa na fasalin, yana nuna cewa ba za a kara wasu fasalulluka ga software ba. A wannan lokacin, an ce software ɗin ya cika. Ana gudanar da gwajin beta bayan gwajin karɓa a shafin mai ba da sabis (gwajin alpha) kuma nan da nan kafin a saki software a matsayin samfurin. ==== Cikakken fasalin ==== Cikakken fasalin (FC) na wani [[software]] yana da duk abubuwan da aka tsara ko fasalulluka na farko da aka aiwatar amma har yanzu ba su da ƙarshe saboda kwari, aiki ko matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen gwajin alpha a ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, cikakken software har yanzu yana buƙatar fuskantar Gwajin beta da gyaran kwari, da kuma aiki ko ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali kafin ya iya zuwa sakin dan takara, kuma a ƙarshe matsayi na zinariya. === Beta === Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. A beta phase generally begins when the software is feature-complete but likely to contain several known or unknown bugs. Software in the beta phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software and speed or performance issues, and may still cause crashes or data loss. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts on users, often incorporating usability testing. The process of delivering a beta version to the users is called ''beta release'' and is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Software beta releases can be either open or closed, depending on whether they are openly available or only available to a limited audience. Beta version software is often useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization and to prospective customers. Some developers refer to this stage as a ''preview'', ''preview release'', ''prototype'', ''technical preview'' or ''technology preview'' (''TP''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Preview Features Support Scope |url=https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview |access-date=2015-03-18 |publisher=[[Red Hat]]}}</ref> or ''early access''. ''Masu gwajin Beta'' mutane ne waɗanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan tare da software na beta. Yawanci abokan ciniki ne ko wakilan abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka software. Masu gwajin Beta suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukansu kyauta amma galibi suna karɓar nau'ikan samfurin da suke gwadawa, rangwamen a kan sigar saki, ko wasu abubuwan motsawa. ==== Beta na dindindin ==== Ana adana wasu software a cikin abin da ake kira ''''beta'' na dindindin'', inda ake ci gaba da ƙara sabbin fasalulluka zuwa software ba tare da kafa sakin "mai ɗorewa" na ƙarshe ba. Kamar yadda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙa rarraba software cikin sauri da arha, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga amfani da kalmar beta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 1996 |title=Waiting with Beta'd Breath ''TidBITS'' #328 (May 13, 1996) |url=https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214914/https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> ==== Budewa da rufe beta ==== Masu haɓakawa na iya saki ko dai beta mai rufewa, ko beta mai buɗewa; ana saki sigar beta mai rufe ga ƙuntataccen rukuni na mutane don gwajin mai amfani ta gayyata, yayin da masu gwajin beta masu buɗewa daga babban rukuni, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar. Beta mai zaman kansa na iya zama ya dace da software wanda ke iya isar da darajar amma ba a shirye don kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba ko dai saboda matsalolin haɓaka, rashin takardu ko har yanzu ya rasa muhimman fasalulluka. Masu gwadawa suna ba da rahoton duk wani kwari da suka samu, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar ƙarin fasalulluka da suke tunanin ya kamata su kasance a cikin sigar ƙarshe. Open betas serve the dual purpose of demonstrating a product to potential consumers, and testing among a wide user base is likely to bring to light obscure errors that a much smaller testing team might not find.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Dan takarar saki === [[Fayil:Microsoft_windows_2000_server_rc2_media.jpg|thumb|Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Release Candidate 2 kafofin watsa labarai]] A ''release candidate'' (''RC''), also known as gamma testing or "going silver", is a beta version with the potential to be a stable product, which is ready to release unless significant bugs emerge. In this stage of product stabilization, all product features have been designed, coded, and tested through one or more beta cycles with no known showstopper-class bugs. A release is called ''code complete'' when the development team agrees that no entirely new source code will be added to this release. There could still be source code changes to fix defects, changes to documentation and data files, and peripheral code for test cases or utilities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Saki mai ɗorewa === Har ila yau ana kiranta sakin samarwa, sakin da ya dace shine ''dan takarar saki'' na ƙarshe (''RC'') wanda ya wuce dukkan matakai na tabbatarwa da gwaje-gwaje. Duk wani sanannen kwari da ya rage ana ɗaukarsa abin karɓa. Wannan fitowar ta tafi samarwa. Some software products (e.g. Linux distributions like Debian) also have ''long-term support'' (''LTS'') releases which are based on full releases that have already been tried and tested and receive only security updates.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == Da zarar an sake shi, an san software a matsayin "sakewa mai ɗorewa". Kalmar al'ada sau da yawa ta dogara da hanyar saki: kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri, saki na kan layi, ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana ba da software ɗin da aka saki sunan hukuma ko lambar sigar. (Software kafin saki na iya ko bazai sami Sunan lambar aikin ciki daban ko lambar sigar ciki ba). === Saki zuwa masana'antu (RTM) === [[Fayil:Satya_Nadella_Gears_of_War_4_Gold_Master.jpg|thumb|Satya Nadella na [[Microsoft]] tare da zinare na Gears of War 4''Gears na Yaƙi 4'']] Kalmar "saki zuwa masana'antu" (RTM), wanda aka fi sani da "going gold", kalma ce da ake amfani da ita lokacin da samfurin software ya shirya don isar da shi. Ana iya sanya hannu kan wannan ginin ta hanyar dijital, yana bawa mai amfani na ƙarshe damar tabbatar da amincin da amincin sayan software. Ginin RTM an san shi da "maigidan zinariya" ko GM <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=What is Golden Master (GM)? - Definition from Techopedia |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5434/golden-master-gm |website=Techopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> ana aika shi don kwafin taro ko kwafin faifai idan ya dace. An ɗauki kalmomin daga masana'antar yin rikodin sauti, musamman tsarin sarrafawa. RTM ya riga ya kasance gaba ɗaya (GA) lokacin da aka saki samfurin ga jama'a. Tsarin mashahuri na zinariya (GM) yawanci shine ginin karshe na wani software a cikin matakan beta don masu haɓakawa. Yawanci, ga iOS, shine ginin karshe kafin babban saki, duk da haka, akwai 'yan banbanci. Ana amfani da RTM a wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki - sabanin samar da software na musamman ko aikin a cikin samar da kasuwanci ko gwamnati da rarraba - inda ake sayar da software a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin a cikin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta mai alaƙa kuma yawanci inda software da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa za a samu kuma ana sayar da su a kan taro / jama'a a shagunan sayar da su don nuna cewa software ya sadu da matakin inganci kuma yana shirye don rarraba kayan sayarwa. RTM na iya nufin a wasu mahallin cewa an isar da software ko kuma an saki shi ga abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki don shigarwa ko rarraba zuwa kwamfutocin masu amfani da kayan aiki masu alaƙa ko injuna. Kalmar ba ta bayyana hanyar isar da ita ko ƙarar ba; kawai ta bayyana cewa ingancin ya isa don rarraba taro. Abin da za a iya bayarwa daga ƙungiyar injiniya sau da yawa a cikin nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi ko don samar da hoton don yanar gizo. === Samun gaba ɗaya (GA) === [[Fayil:ProductEndOfLifeCycle.png|thumb|Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwar samfurin: wadatar gaba ɗaya (GA), Sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOLA), kwanan wata na ƙarshe (LOD), da ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL) ]] General availability ('''GA''') shine matakin tallace-tallace wanda aka kammala duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da ake buƙata kuma samfurin software yana samuwa don siye, dangane da, duk da haka, akan harshe, yanki, da kuma wadatar lantarki vs. kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luxembourg |first=Yvan Philippe |date=20 May 2013 |title=Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary Of Software Asset Management Terms |url=http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810111112/http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=Operations Management Technology Consulting}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje na tsaro da bin doka, da kuma yanki da wadatar duniya. Lokaci tsakanin RTM da GA na iya ɗaukar daga kwanaki zuwa watanni kafin a iya ayyana sakin da ke akwai gaba ɗaya, saboda lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala duk ayyukan kasuwanci da GA ke buƙata. A wannan matakin, software ya "tafi rayuwa". === Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW) === '''Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo''' ('''RTW''') ko Yanar gizo hanyar isar da software ce da ke amfani da Intanet don rarrabawa. Babu kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri da aka samar a cikin wannan nau'in hanyar saki ta hanyar masana'anta. Sakin yanar gizo ya zama ruwan dare yayin da amfani da Intanet ya karu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Taimako == A lokacin rayuwar da ake tallafawa, software wani lokacin ana sanya shi a ƙarƙashin sakin sabis, patches ko fakitin sabis, wani lokacin ana kiransa "sakewa na wucin gadi" ko "sakewar kulawa" (MR). Misali, Microsoft ta fitar da manyan fakitin sabis guda uku don fitowar 32-bit na Windows XP da fakitin sabis biyu don fitowar 64-bit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Update Catalog |url=https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=xp%20service%20pack%203 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.catalog.update.microsoft.com}}</ref> Irin waɗannan sakonnin sabis ɗin suna ƙunshe da tarin sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, da haɓakawa, waɗanda aka kawo a cikin nau'in kunshin shigarwa guda ɗaya. Hakanan suna iya aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka. An saki wasu software tare da tsammanin tallafi na yau da kullun. Darussan software waɗanda gabaɗaya suka haɗa da tallafi mai tsawo kamar yadda aka saba da su sun haɗa da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasannin kan layi masu yawa. Ci gaba da wannan misalin Windows XP, Microsoft ya ba da sabuntawa da aka biya na ƙarin shekaru biyar bayan ƙarshen ƙarin tallafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa tallafin ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Microsoft Product Lifecycle Search |url=http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720010405/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> === Ƙarshen rayuwa === Lokacin da ba a sayar da software ko tallafawa ba, an ce samfurin ya kai ƙarshen rayuwa, don a dakatar da shi, ya yi ritaya, ya zama mara amfani, ya watsar, ko kuma ya wuce, amma amincin mai amfani na iya ci gaba da wanzuwarsa na ɗan lokaci, koda bayan dandalinsa ya wuce - misali, Common Desktop Environment <ref>{{Cite web |title=[cdesktopenv-devel] CDE 2.2.1 released {{!}} CDE - Common Desktop Environment |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/mailman/message/32043063/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sourceforge.net}}</ref> da Sinclair ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=ZX-Uno [ZX Spectrum Computer Clone Based on FPGA] |url=http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105191835/http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> Bayan ranar ƙarshen rayuwa, mai haɓakawa yawanci ba zai aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka ba, gyara lahani na yanzu, kwari, ko rauni (ko an san shi kafin wannan ranar ko a'a), ko samar da kowane tallafi ga samfurin. Idan mai haɓakawa yana so, suna iya sakin lambar tushe, don masu sa kai su kula da dandalin. == Tarihi == Amfani da kalmar gwajin "alpha / beta" ya samo asali ne daga IBM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Irin waɗannan kalmomin don ci gaban software na IBM an yi amfani da su ta mutanen da ke da hannu tare da IBM daga akalla shekarun 1950 (kuma mai yiwuwa a baya). Gwajin "A" shine tabbatar da sabon samfurin kafin sanarwar jama'a. Gwajin "B" shine tabbatarwa kafin a saki samfurin da za a ƙera. Gwajin "C" shine gwajin karshe kafin samar da samfurin gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda software ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tayin IBM, an yi amfani da kalmar gwajin alpha don nuna gwajin sanarwar kafin kuma an yi amfani le gwajin beta don nuna shirye-shiryen samfurin don wadatar gaba ɗaya. Martin Belsky, manajan wasu ayyukan software na IBM na baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar. IBM ta sauke ma'anar alpha / beta a cikin shekarun 1960, amma a lokacin ta sami sanarwa mai yawa. Amfani da "gwajin beta" don komawa ga gwajin da abokan ciniki suka yi ba a yi shi a cikin IBM ba. Maimakon haka, IBM ta yi amfani da kalmar "gwajin filin".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Manyan betas na jama'a sun bunkasa daga baya, tare da abokan ciniki na farko da suka sayi "bugawa na farko" na WordVision word processor don IBM PC don $ 49.95. A shekara ta 1984, Stephen Manes ya rubuta cewa "a cikin wani gagarumin juyin mulki na tallace-tallace, Bruce da James Program Publishers sun sami nasarar samun mutane su biya don damar gwada samfurin. " <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=211–221}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, an saki wani ''akwatin akwatin'' tsarin aiki na [[Apple]] na Mac OS X Public Beta. Tsakanin Satumba 2005 da Mayu 2006, Microsoft ta fitar da samfurori na fasahar al'umma (''CTP'') don Windows Vista. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ''Minecraft'' ya kasance a cikin beta na jama'a. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, ZDNet ta buga wata kasida game da abin da ya faru na sigar ''beta'' sau da yawa yana zaune na shekaru kuma ana amfani dashi kamar dai yana matakin samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festa |first=Paul |date=2005-02-11 |title=A long winding road out of beta |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-long-winding-road-out-of-beta/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> Ya lura cewa [[Gmail]] da Google News, alal misali, sun kasance a cikin beta na dogon lokaci kodayake ana amfani da su sosai; Google News ya bar beta a watan Janairun 2006, sannan Google Apps (yanzu ana kiransa Google Workspace), gami da Gmail, a watan Yulin 2009.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ''gabatarwa'' da Windows 8, [[Microsoft]] ta kira software na pre-release preview maimakon beta. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka gina kafin a saki ta hanyar Shirin Windows Insider da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 ana kiransu "Insider Preview builds". "Beta" na iya nuna wani abu kamar dan takarar saki, ko kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na demo mai iyakantaccen lokaci, ko dabarar talla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=May 17, 2010 |title=The inconvenient truths behind betas |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430173029/http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |website=GamesRadar}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1bz69hthd5viuyszk8zncyxj4742xmo 846165 846164 2026-06-03T16:16:47Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src=">'''Tsarin rayuwar sakin software''' shine tsari na haɓaka, gwaji, da rarraba samfurin software (misali, tsarin aiki). Yawanci ya kunshi matakai da yawa, kamar pre-alpha, alpha, beta, da kuma dan takarar saki, kafin a saki sigar karshe, ko "zinariya", ga jama'a. [[Fayil:Software_dev2.svg|thumb|Misali na tsarin rayuwar sakin software na asali]] Pre-alpha yana nufin farkon matakan ci gaba, lokacin da ake tsara software kuma ana gina shi. Gwajin Alpha shine matakin farko na gwaji na al'ada, lokacin da ake gwada software a ciki ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Gwajin Beta shine mataki na gaba, inda babban rukuni na masu amfani ke gwada software, yawanci a waje da kungiyar da ta haɓaka shi. Sashe na beta yana mai da hankali kan rage tasirin ga masu amfani kuma yana iya haɗawa da gwajin amfani. Bayan gwajin beta, software na iya wucewa ta hanyar fitowar matakai ɗaya ko fiye, inda aka inganta shi kuma aka gwada shi, kafin a saki sigar ƙarshe. Wasu software, musamman a cikin masana'antun intanet da fasaha, an sake su a cikin yanayin beta na dindindin, ma'ana ana ci gaba da sabuntawa da inganta shi, kuma ba a taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin cikakkiyar samfurin ba. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar tsarin ci gaba mai sauri kuma yana ba da dama ga software don a saki kuma masu amfani su yi amfani da shi a farkon tsarin ci gaba. == Matakan ci gaba == Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. ''Milestone'' versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Alfa === Sashe na haruffa na sake zagayowar rayuwa shine matakin farko na Gwajin software (alpha shine harafin farko na haruffan Helenanci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman lambar 1). A wannan matakin, masu haɓakawa gabaɗaya suna gwada software ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Ana yin ƙarin tabbatarwa ta amfani da dabarun baki ko launin toka, ta wata ƙungiyar gwaji. Motsawa zuwa gwajin akwati a cikin kungiyar an san shi da ''sakin alpha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an alpha version of a game? |url=https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923135620/https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-date=Sep 23, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> Mai haɓakawa ba ya gwada software na Alpha sosai kafin a saki shi ga abokan ciniki. Alpha software na iya ƙunsar manyan kurakurai, kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da hadari ko asarar bayanai. Alpha software bazai ƙunshi duk fasalulluka da aka shirya don sigar ƙarshe ba. Gabaɗaya, wadatar waje na software na alpha ba ta da yawa ga software mai mallaka, yayin da software mai budewa sau da yawa yana da nau'ikan alpha na jama'a. Lokaci na alpha yawanci yana ƙare tare da daskarewa na fasalin, yana nuna cewa ba za a kara wasu fasalulluka ga software ba. A wannan lokacin, an ce software ɗin ya cika. Ana gudanar da gwajin beta bayan gwajin karɓa a shafin mai ba da sabis (gwajin alpha) kuma nan da nan kafin a saki software a matsayin samfurin. ==== Cikakken fasalin ==== Cikakken fasalin (FC) na wani [[software]] yana da duk abubuwan da aka tsara ko fasalulluka na farko da aka aiwatar amma har yanzu ba su da ƙarshe saboda kwari, aiki ko matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen gwajin alpha a ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, cikakken software har yanzu yana buƙatar fuskantar Gwajin beta da gyaran kwari, da kuma aiki ko ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali kafin ya iya zuwa sakin dan takara, kuma a ƙarshe matsayi na zinariya. === Beta === Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. A beta phase generally begins when the software is feature-complete but likely to contain several known or unknown bugs. Software in the beta phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software and speed or performance issues, and may still cause crashes or data loss. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts on users, often incorporating usability testing. The process of delivering a beta version to the users is called ''beta release'' and is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Software beta releases can be either open or closed, depending on whether they are openly available or only available to a limited audience. Beta version software is often useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization and to prospective customers. Some developers refer to this stage as a ''preview'', ''preview release'', ''prototype'', ''technical preview'' or ''technology preview'' (''TP''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Preview Features Support Scope |url=https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview |access-date=2015-03-18 |publisher=[[Red Hat]]}}</ref> or ''early access''. ''Masu gwajin Beta'' mutane ne waɗanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan tare da software na beta. Yawanci abokan ciniki ne ko wakilan abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka software. Masu gwajin Beta suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukansu kyauta amma galibi suna karɓar nau'ikan samfurin da suke gwadawa, rangwamen a kan sigar saki, ko wasu abubuwan motsawa. ==== Beta na dindindin ==== Ana adana wasu software a cikin abin da ake kira ''''beta'' na dindindin'', inda ake ci gaba da ƙara sabbin fasalulluka zuwa software ba tare da kafa sakin "mai ɗorewa" na ƙarshe ba. Kamar yadda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙa rarraba software cikin sauri da arha, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga amfani da kalmar beta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 1996 |title=Waiting with Beta'd Breath ''TidBITS'' #328 (May 13, 1996) |url=https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214914/https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> ==== Budewa da rufe beta ==== Masu haɓakawa na iya saki ko dai beta mai rufewa, ko beta mai buɗewa; ana saki sigar beta mai rufe ga ƙuntataccen rukuni na mutane don gwajin mai amfani ta gayyata, yayin da masu gwajin beta masu buɗewa daga babban rukuni, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar. Beta mai zaman kansa na iya zama ya dace da software wanda ke iya isar da darajar amma ba a shirye don kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba ko dai saboda matsalolin haɓaka, rashin takardu ko har yanzu ya rasa muhimman fasalulluka. Masu gwadawa suna ba da rahoton duk wani kwari da suka samu, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar ƙarin fasalulluka da suke tunanin ya kamata su kasance a cikin sigar ƙarshe. Open betas serve the dual purpose of demonstrating a product to potential consumers, and testing among a wide user base is likely to bring to light obscure errors that a much smaller testing team might not find.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Dan takarar saki === [[Fayil:Microsoft_windows_2000_server_rc2_media.jpg|thumb|Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Release Candidate 2 kafofin watsa labarai]] A ''release candidate'' (''RC''), also known as gamma testing or "going silver", is a beta version with the potential to be a stable product, which is ready to release unless significant bugs emerge. In this stage of product stabilization, all product features have been designed, coded, and tested through one or more beta cycles with no known showstopper-class bugs. A release is called ''code complete'' when the development team agrees that no entirely new source code will be added to this release. There could still be source code changes to fix defects, changes to documentation and data files, and peripheral code for test cases or utilities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Saki mai ɗorewa === Har ila yau ana kiranta sakin samarwa, sakin da ya dace shine ''dan takarar saki'' na ƙarshe (''RC'') wanda ya wuce dukkan matakai na tabbatarwa da gwaje-gwaje. Duk wani sanannen kwari da ya rage ana ɗaukarsa abin karɓa. Wannan fitowar ta tafi samarwa. Some software products (e.g. Linux distributions like Debian) also have ''long-term support'' (''LTS'') releases which are based on full releases that have already been tried and tested and receive only security updates.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == Da zarar an sake shi, an san software a matsayin "sakewa mai ɗorewa". Kalmar al'ada sau da yawa ta dogara da hanyar saki: kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri, saki na kan layi, ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana ba da software ɗin da aka saki sunan hukuma ko lambar sigar. (Software kafin saki na iya ko bazai sami Sunan lambar aikin ciki daban ko lambar sigar ciki ba). === Saki zuwa masana'antu (RTM) === [[Fayil:Satya_Nadella_Gears_of_War_4_Gold_Master.jpg|thumb|Satya Nadella na [[Microsoft]] tare da zinare na Gears of War 4''Gears na Yaƙi 4'']] Kalmar "saki zuwa masana'antu" (RTM), wanda aka fi sani da "going gold", kalma ce da ake amfani da ita lokacin da samfurin software ya shirya don isar da shi. Ana iya sanya hannu kan wannan ginin ta hanyar dijital, yana bawa mai amfani na ƙarshe damar tabbatar da amincin da amincin sayan software. Ginin RTM an san shi da "maigidan zinariya" ko GM <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=What is Golden Master (GM)? - Definition from Techopedia |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5434/golden-master-gm |website=Techopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> ana aika shi don kwafin taro ko kwafin faifai idan ya dace. An ɗauki kalmomin daga masana'antar yin rikodin sauti, musamman tsarin sarrafawa. RTM ya riga ya kasance gaba ɗaya (GA) lokacin da aka saki samfurin ga jama'a. Tsarin mashahuri na zinariya (GM) yawanci shine ginin karshe na wani software a cikin matakan beta don masu haɓakawa. Yawanci, ga iOS, shine ginin karshe kafin babban saki, duk da haka, akwai 'yan banbanci. Ana amfani da RTM a wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki - sabanin samar da software na musamman ko aikin a cikin samar da kasuwanci ko gwamnati da rarraba - inda ake sayar da software a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin a cikin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta mai alaƙa kuma yawanci inda software da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa za a samu kuma ana sayar da su a kan taro / jama'a a shagunan sayar da su don nuna cewa software ya sadu da matakin inganci kuma yana shirye don rarraba kayan sayarwa. RTM na iya nufin a wasu mahallin cewa an isar da software ko kuma an saki shi ga abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki don shigarwa ko rarraba zuwa kwamfutocin masu amfani da kayan aiki masu alaƙa ko injuna. Kalmar ba ta bayyana hanyar isar da ita ko ƙarar ba; kawai ta bayyana cewa ingancin ya isa don rarraba taro. Abin da za a iya bayarwa daga ƙungiyar injiniya sau da yawa a cikin nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi ko don samar da hoton don yanar gizo. === Samun gaba ɗaya (GA) === [[Fayil:ProductEndOfLifeCycle.png|thumb|Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwar samfurin: wadatar gaba ɗaya (GA), Sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOLA), kwanan wata na ƙarshe (LOD), da ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL) ]] General availability ('''GA''') shine matakin tallace-tallace wanda aka kammala duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da ake buƙata kuma samfurin software yana samuwa don siye, dangane da, duk da haka, akan harshe, yanki, da kuma wadatar lantarki vs. kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luxembourg |first=Yvan Philippe |date=20 May 2013 |title=Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary Of Software Asset Management Terms |url=http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810111112/http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=Operations Management Technology Consulting}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje na tsaro da bin doka, da kuma yanki da wadatar duniya. Lokaci tsakanin RTM da GA na iya ɗaukar daga kwanaki zuwa watanni kafin a iya ayyana sakin da ke akwai gaba ɗaya, saboda lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala duk ayyukan kasuwanci da GA ke buƙata. A wannan matakin, software ya "tafi rayuwa". === Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW) === '''Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo''' ('''RTW''') ko Yanar gizo hanyar isar da software ce da ke amfani da Intanet don rarrabawa. Babu kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri da aka samar a cikin wannan nau'in hanyar saki ta hanyar masana'anta. Sakin yanar gizo ya zama ruwan dare yayin da amfani da Intanet ya karu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Taimako == A lokacin rayuwar da ake tallafawa, software wani lokacin ana sanya shi a ƙarƙashin sakin sabis, patches ko fakitin sabis, wani lokacin ana kiransa "sakewa na wucin gadi" ko "sakewar kulawa" (MR). Misali, Microsoft ta fitar da manyan fakitin sabis guda uku don fitowar 32-bit na Windows XP da fakitin sabis biyu don fitowar 64-bit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Update Catalog |url=https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=xp%20service%20pack%203 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.catalog.update.microsoft.com}}</ref> Irin waɗannan sakonnin sabis ɗin suna ƙunshe da tarin sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, da haɓakawa, waɗanda aka kawo a cikin nau'in kunshin shigarwa guda ɗaya. Hakanan suna iya aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka. An saki wasu software tare da tsammanin tallafi na yau da kullun. Darussan software waɗanda gabaɗaya suka haɗa da tallafi mai tsawo kamar yadda aka saba da su sun haɗa da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasannin kan layi masu yawa. Ci gaba da wannan misalin Windows XP, Microsoft ya ba da sabuntawa da aka biya na ƙarin shekaru biyar bayan ƙarshen ƙarin tallafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa tallafin ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Microsoft Product Lifecycle Search |url=http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720010405/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> === Ƙarshen rayuwa === Lokacin da ba a sayar da software ko tallafawa ba, an ce samfurin ya kai ƙarshen rayuwa, don a dakatar da shi, ya yi ritaya, ya zama mara amfani, ya watsar, ko kuma ya wuce, amma amincin mai amfani na iya ci gaba da wanzuwarsa na ɗan lokaci, koda bayan dandalinsa ya wuce - misali, Common Desktop Environment <ref>{{Cite web |title=[cdesktopenv-devel] CDE 2.2.1 released {{!}} CDE - Common Desktop Environment |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/mailman/message/32043063/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sourceforge.net}}</ref> da Sinclair ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=ZX-Uno [ZX Spectrum Computer Clone Based on FPGA] |url=http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105191835/http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> Bayan ranar ƙarshen rayuwa, mai haɓakawa yawanci ba zai aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka ba, gyara lahani na yanzu, kwari, ko rauni (ko an san shi kafin wannan ranar ko a'a), ko samar da kowane tallafi ga samfurin. Idan mai haɓakawa yana so, suna iya sakin lambar tushe, don masu sa kai su kula da dandalin. == Tarihi == Amfani da kalmar gwajin "alpha / beta" ya samo asali ne daga IBM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Irin waɗannan kalmomin don ci gaban software na IBM an yi amfani da su ta mutanen da ke da hannu tare da IBM daga akalla shekarun 1950 (kuma mai yiwuwa a baya). Gwajin "A" shine tabbatar da sabon samfurin kafin sanarwar jama'a. Gwajin "B" shine tabbatarwa kafin a saki samfurin da za a ƙera. Gwajin "C" shine gwajin karshe kafin samar da samfurin gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda software ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tayin IBM, an yi amfani da kalmar gwajin alpha don nuna gwajin sanarwar kafin kuma an yi amfani le gwajin beta don nuna shirye-shiryen samfurin don wadatar gaba ɗaya. Martin Belsky, manajan wasu ayyukan software na IBM na baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar. IBM ta sauke ma'anar alpha / beta a cikin shekarun 1960, amma a lokacin ta sami sanarwa mai yawa. Amfani da "gwajin beta" don komawa ga gwajin da abokan ciniki suka yi ba a yi shi a cikin IBM ba. Maimakon haka, IBM ta yi amfani da kalmar "gwajin filin".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Manyan betas na jama'a sun bunkasa daga baya, tare da abokan ciniki na farko da suka sayi "bugawa na farko" na WordVision word processor don IBM PC don $ 49.95. A shekara ta 1984, Stephen Manes ya rubuta cewa "a cikin wani gagarumin juyin mulki na tallace-tallace, Bruce da James Program Publishers sun sami nasarar samun mutane su biya don damar gwada samfurin. " <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=211–221}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, an saki wani ''akwatin akwatin'' tsarin aiki na [[Apple]] na Mac OS X Public Beta. Tsakanin Satumba 2005 da Mayu 2006, Microsoft ta fitar da samfurori na fasahar al'umma (''CTP'') don Windows Vista. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ''Minecraft'' ya kasance a cikin beta na jama'a. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, ZDNet ta buga wata kasida game da abin da ya faru na sigar ''beta'' sau da yawa yana zaune na shekaru kuma ana amfani dashi kamar dai yana matakin samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festa |first=Paul |date=2005-02-11 |title=A long winding road out of beta |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-long-winding-road-out-of-beta/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> Ya lura cewa [[Gmail]] da Google News, alal misali, sun kasance a cikin beta na dogon lokaci kodayake ana amfani da su sosai; Google News ya bar beta a watan Janairun 2006, sannan Google Apps (yanzu ana kiransa Google Workspace), gami da Gmail, a watan Yulin 2009.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ''gabatarwa'' da Windows 8, [[Microsoft]] ta kira software na pre-release preview maimakon beta. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka gina kafin a saki ta hanyar Shirin Windows Insider da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 ana kiransu "Insider Preview builds". "Beta" na iya nuna wani abu kamar dan takarar saki, ko kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na demo mai iyakantaccen lokaci, ko dabarar talla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=May 17, 2010 |title=The inconvenient truths behind betas |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430173029/http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |website=GamesRadar}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b9pe04lye1gj2uq4p8swjiplwziruv7 846166 846165 2026-06-03T16:17:12Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin rayuwar sakin software''' shine tsari na haɓaka, gwaji, da rarraba samfurin software (misali, tsarin aiki). Yawanci ya kunshi matakai da yawa, kamar pre-alpha, alpha, beta, da kuma dan takarar saki, kafin a saki sigar karshe, ko "zinariya", ga jama'a. [[Fayil:Software_dev2.svg|thumb|Misali na tsarin rayuwar sakin software na asali]] Pre-alpha yana nufin farkon matakan ci gaba, lokacin da ake tsara software kuma ana gina shi. Gwajin Alpha shine matakin farko na gwaji na al'ada, lokacin da ake gwada software a ciki ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Gwajin Beta shine mataki na gaba, inda babban rukuni na masu amfani ke gwada software, yawanci a waje da kungiyar da ta haɓaka shi. Sashe na beta yana mai da hankali kan rage tasirin ga masu amfani kuma yana iya haɗawa da gwajin amfani. Bayan gwajin beta, software na iya wucewa ta hanyar fitowar matakai ɗaya ko fiye, inda aka inganta shi kuma aka gwada shi, kafin a saki sigar ƙarshe. Wasu software, musamman a cikin masana'antun intanet da fasaha, an sake su a cikin yanayin beta na dindindin, ma'ana ana ci gaba da sabuntawa da inganta shi, kuma ba a taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin cikakkiyar samfurin ba. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar tsarin ci gaba mai sauri kuma yana ba da dama ga software don a saki kuma masu amfani su yi amfani da shi a farkon tsarin ci gaba. == Matakan ci gaba == Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. ''Milestone'' versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Alfa === Sashe na haruffa na sake zagayowar rayuwa shine matakin farko na Gwajin software (alpha shine harafin farko na haruffan Helenanci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman lambar 1). A wannan matakin, masu haɓakawa gabaɗaya suna gwada software ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Ana yin ƙarin tabbatarwa ta amfani da dabarun baki ko launin toka, ta wata ƙungiyar gwaji. Motsawa zuwa gwajin akwati a cikin kungiyar an san shi da ''sakin alpha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an alpha version of a game? |url=https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923135620/https://video-answer.com/what-is-an-alpha-version-of-a-game/ |archive-date=Sep 23, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref> Mai haɓakawa ba ya gwada software na Alpha sosai kafin a saki shi ga abokan ciniki. Alpha software na iya ƙunsar manyan kurakurai, kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da hadari ko asarar bayanai. Alpha software bazai ƙunshi duk fasalulluka da aka shirya don sigar ƙarshe ba. Gabaɗaya, wadatar waje na software na alpha ba ta da yawa ga software mai mallaka, yayin da software mai budewa sau da yawa yana da nau'ikan alpha na jama'a. Lokaci na alpha yawanci yana ƙare tare da daskarewa na fasalin, yana nuna cewa ba za a kara wasu fasalulluka ga software ba. A wannan lokacin, an ce software ɗin ya cika. Ana gudanar da gwajin beta bayan gwajin karɓa a shafin mai ba da sabis (gwajin alpha) kuma nan da nan kafin a saki software a matsayin samfurin. ==== Cikakken fasalin ==== Cikakken fasalin (FC) na wani [[software]] yana da duk abubuwan da aka tsara ko fasalulluka na farko da aka aiwatar amma har yanzu ba su da ƙarshe saboda kwari, aiki ko matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen gwajin alpha a ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, cikakken software har yanzu yana buƙatar fuskantar Gwajin beta da gyaran kwari, da kuma aiki ko ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali kafin ya iya zuwa sakin dan takara, kuma a ƙarshe matsayi na zinariya. === Beta === Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. A beta phase generally begins when the software is feature-complete but likely to contain several known or unknown bugs. Software in the beta phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software and speed or performance issues, and may still cause crashes or data loss. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts on users, often incorporating usability testing. The process of delivering a beta version to the users is called ''beta release'' and is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Software beta releases can be either open or closed, depending on whether they are openly available or only available to a limited audience. Beta version software is often useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization and to prospective customers. Some developers refer to this stage as a ''preview'', ''preview release'', ''prototype'', ''technical preview'' or ''technology preview'' (''TP''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Preview Features Support Scope |url=https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview |access-date=2015-03-18 |publisher=[[Red Hat]]}}</ref> or ''early access''. ''Masu gwajin Beta'' mutane ne waɗanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan tare da software na beta. Yawanci abokan ciniki ne ko wakilan abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka software. Masu gwajin Beta suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukansu kyauta amma galibi suna karɓar nau'ikan samfurin da suke gwadawa, rangwamen a kan sigar saki, ko wasu abubuwan motsawa. ==== Beta na dindindin ==== Ana adana wasu software a cikin abin da ake kira ''''beta'' na dindindin'', inda ake ci gaba da ƙara sabbin fasalulluka zuwa software ba tare da kafa sakin "mai ɗorewa" na ƙarshe ba. Kamar yadda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙa rarraba software cikin sauri da arha, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga amfani da kalmar beta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 1996 |title=Waiting with Beta'd Breath ''TidBITS'' #328 (May 13, 1996) |url=https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214914/https://tidbits.com/1996/05/13/waiting-with-betad-breath/ |archive-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> ==== Budewa da rufe beta ==== Masu haɓakawa na iya saki ko dai beta mai rufewa, ko beta mai buɗewa; ana saki sigar beta mai rufe ga ƙuntataccen rukuni na mutane don gwajin mai amfani ta gayyata, yayin da masu gwajin beta masu buɗewa daga babban rukuni, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar. Beta mai zaman kansa na iya zama ya dace da software wanda ke iya isar da darajar amma ba a shirye don kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba ko dai saboda matsalolin haɓaka, rashin takardu ko har yanzu ya rasa muhimman fasalulluka. Masu gwadawa suna ba da rahoton duk wani kwari da suka samu, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar ƙarin fasalulluka da suke tunanin ya kamata su kasance a cikin sigar ƙarshe. Open betas serve the dual purpose of demonstrating a product to potential consumers, and testing among a wide user base is likely to bring to light obscure errors that a much smaller testing team might not find.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Dan takarar saki === [[Fayil:Microsoft_windows_2000_server_rc2_media.jpg|thumb|Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Release Candidate 2 kafofin watsa labarai]] A ''release candidate'' (''RC''), also known as gamma testing or "going silver", is a beta version with the potential to be a stable product, which is ready to release unless significant bugs emerge. In this stage of product stabilization, all product features have been designed, coded, and tested through one or more beta cycles with no known showstopper-class bugs. A release is called ''code complete'' when the development team agrees that no entirely new source code will be added to this release. There could still be source code changes to fix defects, changes to documentation and data files, and peripheral code for test cases or utilities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Saki mai ɗorewa === Har ila yau ana kiranta sakin samarwa, sakin da ya dace shine ''dan takarar saki'' na ƙarshe (''RC'') wanda ya wuce dukkan matakai na tabbatarwa da gwaje-gwaje. Duk wani sanannen kwari da ya rage ana ɗaukarsa abin karɓa. Wannan fitowar ta tafi samarwa. Some software products (e.g. Linux distributions like Debian) also have ''long-term support'' (''LTS'') releases which are based on full releases that have already been tried and tested and receive only security updates.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == Da zarar an sake shi, an san software a matsayin "sakewa mai ɗorewa". Kalmar al'ada sau da yawa ta dogara da hanyar saki: kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri, saki na kan layi, ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana ba da software ɗin da aka saki sunan hukuma ko lambar sigar. (Software kafin saki na iya ko bazai sami Sunan lambar aikin ciki daban ko lambar sigar ciki ba). === Saki zuwa masana'antu (RTM) === [[Fayil:Satya_Nadella_Gears_of_War_4_Gold_Master.jpg|thumb|Satya Nadella na [[Microsoft]] tare da zinare na Gears of War 4''Gears na Yaƙi 4'']] Kalmar "saki zuwa masana'antu" (RTM), wanda aka fi sani da "going gold", kalma ce da ake amfani da ita lokacin da samfurin software ya shirya don isar da shi. Ana iya sanya hannu kan wannan ginin ta hanyar dijital, yana bawa mai amfani na ƙarshe damar tabbatar da amincin da amincin sayan software. Ginin RTM an san shi da "maigidan zinariya" ko GM <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=What is Golden Master (GM)? - Definition from Techopedia |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5434/golden-master-gm |website=Techopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> ana aika shi don kwafin taro ko kwafin faifai idan ya dace. An ɗauki kalmomin daga masana'antar yin rikodin sauti, musamman tsarin sarrafawa. RTM ya riga ya kasance gaba ɗaya (GA) lokacin da aka saki samfurin ga jama'a. Tsarin mashahuri na zinariya (GM) yawanci shine ginin karshe na wani software a cikin matakan beta don masu haɓakawa. Yawanci, ga iOS, shine ginin karshe kafin babban saki, duk da haka, akwai 'yan banbanci. Ana amfani da RTM a wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki - sabanin samar da software na musamman ko aikin a cikin samar da kasuwanci ko gwamnati da rarraba - inda ake sayar da software a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin a cikin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta mai alaƙa kuma yawanci inda software da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa za a samu kuma ana sayar da su a kan taro / jama'a a shagunan sayar da su don nuna cewa software ya sadu da matakin inganci kuma yana shirye don rarraba kayan sayarwa. RTM na iya nufin a wasu mahallin cewa an isar da software ko kuma an saki shi ga abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki don shigarwa ko rarraba zuwa kwamfutocin masu amfani da kayan aiki masu alaƙa ko injuna. Kalmar ba ta bayyana hanyar isar da ita ko ƙarar ba; kawai ta bayyana cewa ingancin ya isa don rarraba taro. Abin da za a iya bayarwa daga ƙungiyar injiniya sau da yawa a cikin nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi ko don samar da hoton don yanar gizo. === Samun gaba ɗaya (GA) === [[Fayil:ProductEndOfLifeCycle.png|thumb|Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwar samfurin: wadatar gaba ɗaya (GA), Sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOLA), kwanan wata na ƙarshe (LOD), da ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL) ]] General availability ('''GA''') shine matakin tallace-tallace wanda aka kammala duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da ake buƙata kuma samfurin software yana samuwa don siye, dangane da, duk da haka, akan harshe, yanki, da kuma wadatar lantarki vs. kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luxembourg |first=Yvan Philippe |date=20 May 2013 |title=Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary Of Software Asset Management Terms |url=http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810111112/http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=Operations Management Technology Consulting}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje na tsaro da bin doka, da kuma yanki da wadatar duniya. Lokaci tsakanin RTM da GA na iya ɗaukar daga kwanaki zuwa watanni kafin a iya ayyana sakin da ke akwai gaba ɗaya, saboda lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala duk ayyukan kasuwanci da GA ke buƙata. A wannan matakin, software ya "tafi rayuwa". === Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW) === '''Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo''' ('''RTW''') ko Yanar gizo hanyar isar da software ce da ke amfani da Intanet don rarrabawa. Babu kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri da aka samar a cikin wannan nau'in hanyar saki ta hanyar masana'anta. Sakin yanar gizo ya zama ruwan dare yayin da amfani da Intanet ya karu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Taimako == A lokacin rayuwar da ake tallafawa, software wani lokacin ana sanya shi a ƙarƙashin sakin sabis, patches ko fakitin sabis, wani lokacin ana kiransa "sakewa na wucin gadi" ko "sakewar kulawa" (MR). Misali, Microsoft ta fitar da manyan fakitin sabis guda uku don fitowar 32-bit na Windows XP da fakitin sabis biyu don fitowar 64-bit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Update Catalog |url=https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=xp%20service%20pack%203 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.catalog.update.microsoft.com}}</ref> Irin waɗannan sakonnin sabis ɗin suna ƙunshe da tarin sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, da haɓakawa, waɗanda aka kawo a cikin nau'in kunshin shigarwa guda ɗaya. Hakanan suna iya aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka. An saki wasu software tare da tsammanin tallafi na yau da kullun. Darussan software waɗanda gabaɗaya suka haɗa da tallafi mai tsawo kamar yadda aka saba da su sun haɗa da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasannin kan layi masu yawa. Ci gaba da wannan misalin Windows XP, Microsoft ya ba da sabuntawa da aka biya na ƙarin shekaru biyar bayan ƙarshen ƙarin tallafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa tallafin ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Microsoft Product Lifecycle Search |url=http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720010405/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/default.aspx?alpha=Windows+XP |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> === Ƙarshen rayuwa === Lokacin da ba a sayar da software ko tallafawa ba, an ce samfurin ya kai ƙarshen rayuwa, don a dakatar da shi, ya yi ritaya, ya zama mara amfani, ya watsar, ko kuma ya wuce, amma amincin mai amfani na iya ci gaba da wanzuwarsa na ɗan lokaci, koda bayan dandalinsa ya wuce - misali, Common Desktop Environment <ref>{{Cite web |title=[cdesktopenv-devel] CDE 2.2.1 released {{!}} CDE - Common Desktop Environment |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/cdesktopenv/mailman/message/32043063/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sourceforge.net}}</ref> da Sinclair ZX Spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=ZX-Uno [ZX Spectrum Computer Clone Based on FPGA] |url=http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105191835/http://zxuno.speccy.org/index_e.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> Bayan ranar ƙarshen rayuwa, mai haɓakawa yawanci ba zai aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka ba, gyara lahani na yanzu, kwari, ko rauni (ko an san shi kafin wannan ranar ko a'a), ko samar da kowane tallafi ga samfurin. Idan mai haɓakawa yana so, suna iya sakin lambar tushe, don masu sa kai su kula da dandalin. == Tarihi == Amfani da kalmar gwajin "alpha / beta" ya samo asali ne daga IBM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Irin waɗannan kalmomin don ci gaban software na IBM an yi amfani da su ta mutanen da ke da hannu tare da IBM daga akalla shekarun 1950 (kuma mai yiwuwa a baya). Gwajin "A" shine tabbatar da sabon samfurin kafin sanarwar jama'a. Gwajin "B" shine tabbatarwa kafin a saki samfurin da za a ƙera. Gwajin "C" shine gwajin karshe kafin samar da samfurin gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda software ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tayin IBM, an yi amfani da kalmar gwajin alpha don nuna gwajin sanarwar kafin kuma an yi amfani le gwajin beta don nuna shirye-shiryen samfurin don wadatar gaba ɗaya. Martin Belsky, manajan wasu ayyukan software na IBM na baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar. IBM ta sauke ma'anar alpha / beta a cikin shekarun 1960, amma a lokacin ta sami sanarwa mai yawa. Amfani da "gwajin beta" don komawa ga gwajin da abokan ciniki suka yi ba a yi shi a cikin IBM ba. Maimakon haka, IBM ta yi amfani da kalmar "gwajin filin".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Manyan betas na jama'a sun bunkasa daga baya, tare da abokan ciniki na farko da suka sayi "bugawa na farko" na WordVision word processor don IBM PC don $ 49.95. A shekara ta 1984, Stephen Manes ya rubuta cewa "a cikin wani gagarumin juyin mulki na tallace-tallace, Bruce da James Program Publishers sun sami nasarar samun mutane su biya don damar gwada samfurin. " <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=211–221}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2000, an saki wani ''akwatin akwatin'' tsarin aiki na [[Apple]] na Mac OS X Public Beta. Tsakanin Satumba 2005 da Mayu 2006, Microsoft ta fitar da samfurori na fasahar al'umma (''CTP'') don Windows Vista. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ''Minecraft'' ya kasance a cikin beta na jama'a. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, ZDNet ta buga wata kasida game da abin da ya faru na sigar ''beta'' sau da yawa yana zaune na shekaru kuma ana amfani dashi kamar dai yana matakin samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festa |first=Paul |date=2005-02-11 |title=A long winding road out of beta |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-long-winding-road-out-of-beta/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> Ya lura cewa [[Gmail]] da Google News, alal misali, sun kasance a cikin beta na dogon lokaci kodayake ana amfani da su sosai; Google News ya bar beta a watan Janairun 2006, sannan Google Apps (yanzu ana kiransa Google Workspace), gami da Gmail, a watan Yulin 2009.<ref name="Google Blog-2009">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=Google Apps is out of beta (yes, really) |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002635/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/google-apps-is-out-of-beta-yes-really.html |archive-date=21 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-12 |website=Google Blog}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka ''gabatarwa'' da Windows 8, [[Microsoft]] ta kira software na pre-release preview maimakon beta. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka gina kafin a saki ta hanyar Shirin Windows Insider da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 ana kiransu "Insider Preview builds". "Beta" na iya nuna wani abu kamar dan takarar saki, ko kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na demo mai iyakantaccen lokaci, ko dabarar talla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=May 17, 2010 |title=The inconvenient truths behind betas |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430173029/http://www.gamesradar.com/f/the-inconvenient-truths-behind-betas/a-2010051712402686048 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |website=GamesRadar}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cj4ehr3wci5ail2y08y4aj06y4eckbq Benjamin Mendy 0 154514 846173 2026-06-03T16:39:28Z Aabba1589 45491 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356869074|Benjamin Mendy]]" 846173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Mendy''' (Faransa pronunciation; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Ekstraklasa Pogoń Szczecin .{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}}{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}}{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}} Bayan ya zo ta makarantar matasa ta Le Havre, Mendy ya fara aikinsa na wasa tare da ƙungiyar ajiyar kulob din a shekara ta 2010, an inganta shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko shekara guda bayan haka. Ya kasance tare da kulob din har zuwa 2013, lokacin da ya shiga kungiyar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] ta Marseille . Mendy ya shafe shekaru uku masu zuwa tare da Les Olympiens kafin ya tafi Monaco, tare da wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a 2016-17. A cikin 2017, Mendy ya koma kulob din Ingila Manchester City don rahoton fam miliyan 52, sannan kuma kudin canja wurin duniya ga mai tsaron gida. Ya lashe gasar Firimiya a kakar wasa ta farko a Ingila. A cikin 2021, an kama Mendy kan zargin aikata laifukan jima'i kuma City ta dakatar da shi. An wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi masa a cikin shari'o'i biyu a 2023. Manchester City ta sake shi a watan Yunin 2023 kuma ya koma Ligue 1 tare da Lorient . A shekara ta 2025, ya taka leda a Zürich na Swiss Super League kafin ya koma Pogoń Szczecin a Poland daga baya a wannan shekarar. Mendy ya fara buga wa Faransa wasa a shekarar 2017 bayan da Ƙungiyoyin matasa na Faransa suka buga shi a matakin kasa da shekaru 18, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 18, kasa da shekara 19 da kasa da shekara 21. An zaba shi a cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]], wanda suka lashe. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Le Havre === A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Mendy ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Ligue 2 Le Havre . Mendy ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011 a wasan da kungiyar ta yi da 2-1 Coupe de la Ligue a zagaye na biyu da aka yi wa Amiens. === Marseille === A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Mendy ya sanya hannu a kungiyar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] ta Olympique de Marseille . Kocin Elie Baup ne ya sanya hannu kan Mendy, wanda ya jagoranci Marseille zuwa matsayi na biyu da kuma cancanta ga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2013-14 a kakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akouete |first=Isidore |date=13 July 2013 |title=ELIE BAUP : " BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D'AVENIR " |url=http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/13/elie-baup-benjamin-mendy-est-un-joueur-davenir/ |website=Africa Top Sports |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara kulob dinsa da Ligue 1 a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta a kan Guingamp, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a Marseille a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba a kan Saint-Étienne . Mendy ya kasance a cikin tawagar a dukkan wasannin rukuni guda shida, kuma ya fara bugawa Turai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba a Borussia Dortmund . Koyaya, Marseille ta rasa dukkan wasanninsu na rukuni yayin da suka fadi daga gasar, kuma an kori Baup don goyon bayan tsohon kocin kulob din José Anigo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Elie Baup sacked as Marseille manager |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25282768 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Anigo ya yi amfani da Mendy sosai a ƙarshen kakar, kuma ya fara ne kawai a wasanni goma sha huɗu na karshe na Marseille. Ayyukansa a farkon, a kan Lille a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2014, tsohon dan wasan hagu na Marseille Éric Di Meco ya soki shi, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai "ci rat" idan Mendy ya taba shiga tawagar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Di Meco prend les paris contre Mendy |url=http://www.lephoceen.fr/infos-om/decla/di-meco-prend-les-paris-contre-mendy-l-ancien-defenseur-marseillais-tacle-benjamin-mendy-125264 |website=Le Phocéen |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan kakar, an haɗa Mendy a cikin jerin sunayen mutane 40 don kyautar Golden Boy ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarons |first=Ed |date=30 October 2014 |title=Five English players on 40-man shortlist for Golden Boy award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/30/five-english-players-shortlist-golden-boy}}</ref> Mendy ya ci gaba da wasansa a kakar wasa mai zuwa a karkashin kocin Argentina Marcelo Bielsa, yayin da Mendy ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bielsa ya "ba shi ƙarfin da tashin hankali da ya ɓace a shekarar da ta gabata". <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Benjamin Mendy en toute insouciance |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/sports/benjamin-mendy-en-toute-insouciance-20-12-2014-4388823.php |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr}}</ref> Mendy ya fara 33 a gasar a cikin yakin 2014-15, yana samun taimakon 6, yayin da Marseille ya cancanci gasar Europa League. A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015, an nuna wa Mendy jan katin ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Toulouse, bayan ya aikata laifi a kan Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro na Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PA Sport |date=23 September 2015 |title=Toulouse 1–1 Marseille |url=http://www.espnfc.com/report?gameId=424679 |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> Za a ba Mendy haramtacciyar wasanni biyu, kuma daga baya ya rasa wasu wasanni 13 ga Marseille bayan ya samu rauni a kan Caen a Coupe de France a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=MENDY JOINS OM INJURY LIST |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mendy-joins-om-injury-list.htm |publisher=Ligue 1}}</ref> Mendy ya buga wa manajoji daban-daban biyar a cikin yanayi uku a Stade Vélodrome . Ya buga wasanni 101 tare da kulob din kuma yana da taimakon 14 ga sunansa. === Monaco === [[Fayil:399071_sPICT.jpg|thumb|Mendy yana wasa a Monaco a shekarar 2016]] A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 2016, 'yan wasan Olympique de Marseille na Ligue 1 Monaco sun sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mendy kan kwangilar shekaru biyar. Mendy ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na uku da kulob din [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]] na Turkiyya a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba a kan Lyon a Ligue 1, an nuna wa Mendy jan katin don bugawa a bayan dan wasan tsakiya na Lyon Corentin Tolisso . Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka kore shi a kakar wasa ta bana bayan an kore shi a zagaye na wasa kwaikwayo na gasar zakarun Turai da Villarreal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Form and head-to-head stats – Monaco vs Lyon |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/monaco-vs-lyon/355349 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=skysports.com |publisher=Sky UK}}</ref> An dakatar da Mendy na wasanni biyar saboda lamarin, daga baya an rage shi zuwa hudu yayin da ya dawo da Lorient a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Recchimuzzi |first=Silvia |date=23 December 2016 |title=AS Monaco defender Mendy banned for five matches |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-mon-mendy/as-monaco-defender-mendy-banned-for-five-matches-idUKKBN14C1O0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084037/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-mon-mendy/as-monaco-defender-mendy-banned-for-five-matches-idUKKBN14C1O0 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2017 |title=Benjamin Mendy de retour de suspension avec Monaco |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Benjamin-mendy-de-retour-de-suspension-avec-monaco/770940 |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, Mendy ya taimaka wa kwallaye biyu na Monaco ta hanyar haye kwallon ga masu zira kwallaye Valère Germain da Radamel Falcao a nasarar da suka samu a gida a Ligue 1 a kan Nice.[1] Mendy ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Monaco a gasar cin Kofin Faransa a kan tsohon kulob din Marseille a ranar 1 ga watan Maris. Goal ɗin, wanda aka zira a cikin karin lokaci, ya ba Monaco jagora 3-2, yayin da Mendy ya ba da taimako biyu a cikin nasarar 4-3.[2] Monaco ta yi tseren zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma Mendy ya ba da taimako 4 a cikin yakin kafin Juventus ta kawar da su. Mendy ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na gasar zakarun Ligue 1 ta Monaco ta 2016-17, inda ya fara 24 a gasar a Les Monégasques a karkashin kocin Leonardo Jardim . Monaco ta zira kwallaye 107 a lokacin kakar, kuma an lura da Mendy tare da dan wasan [[Djibril Sidibé (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Djibril Sidibé]] don wasan gaba.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Pretot |first=Julien |date=17 May 2017 |title=Monaco claim first title in 17 years with St Etienne win |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-amo-ste/monaco-claim-first-title-in-17-years-with-st-etienne-win-idUKKCN18D2ON |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084035/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-amo-ste/monaco-claim-first-title-in-17-years-with-st-etienne-win-idUKKCN18D2ON |archive-date=30 September 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Matt |date=17 May 2017 |title=Monaco Win 2016–17 Ligue 1 Title After 2–0 Win vs. Saint-Etienne |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2707470-monaco-win-2016-17-ligue-1-title-after-2-0-win-vs-saint-etienne |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Mayu, an kira Mendy zuwa kungiyar UNFP ta shekara ta 2017, tare da abokan aikinsa 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Ligue 1 Team of the Season 2016–17 Official- UNFP Team of the Year 2017 |url=https://frenchfootballdaily.com/2017/05/ligue-1-team-of-the-season-2016-17-official-unfp-team-of-the-year-2017/ |website=French Football Daily}}</ref> Kashegari, Monaco ta lashe lambar Ligue 1 a kan Saint-Étienne a ranar da ta gabata ta kakar, ta farko a cikin yanayi 17 a cikin abin da zai zama wasan karshe na Mendy tare da kulob din.<ref name="reuters" /> Bayan kakar, Mendy ya kasance wani ɓangare na fitowar daga Stade Louis II wanda ya haɗa da starlets [[Bernardo Silva]], [[Tiémoué Bakayoko]], kuma daga baya [[Kylian Mbappé]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Devin |first=Eric |date=25 July 2017 |title=How will Monaco cope after losing so many of their title-winning stars? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jul/25/monaco-benjamin-mendy-tiemoue-bakayoko-bernardo-silva-ligue-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Jonathan |date=31 August 2017 |title=Monaco star Kylian Mbappe, 18, follows Neymar in moving to PSG in huge deal |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/3190925/kylian-mbappe-signs-for-paris-saint-germain-from-monaco |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9429f3765g85veruircootu2c90p9cf 846174 846173 2026-06-03T16:41:52Z Aabba1589 45491 Karamin gyara 846174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benjamin Mendy''' (Faransa pronunciation; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Ekstraklasa Pogoń Szczecin .{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}}{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}}{{IPA|fr|bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ mɛndi}} Bayan ya zo ta makarantar matasa ta Le Havre, Mendy ya fara aikinsa na wasa tare da ƙungiyar ajiyar kulob din a shekara ta 2010, an inganta shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko shekara guda bayan haka. Ya kasance tare da kulob din har zuwa 2013, lokacin da ya shiga kungiyar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] ta Marseille . Mendy ya shafe shekaru uku masu zuwa tare da Les Olympiens kafin ya tafi Monaco, tare da wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a 2016-17. A cikin 2017, Mendy ya koma kulob din Ingila Manchester City don rahoton fam miliyan 52, sannan kuma kudin canja wurin duniya ga mai tsaron gida. Ya lashe gasar Firimiya a kakar wasa ta farko a Ingila. A cikin 2021, an kama Mendy kan zargin aikata laifukan jima'i kuma City ta dakatar da shi. An wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi masa a cikin shari'o'i biyu a 2023. Manchester City ta sake shi a watan Yunin 2023 kuma ya koma Ligue 1 tare da Lorient . A shekara ta 2025, ya taka leda a Zürich na Swiss Super League kafin ya koma Pogoń Szczecin a Poland daga baya a wannan shekarar. Mendy ya fara buga wa Faransa wasa a shekarar 2017 bayan da Ƙungiyoyin matasa na Faransa suka buga shi a matakin kasa da shekaru 18, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 18, kasa da shekara 19 da kasa da shekara 21. An zaba shi a cikin tawagar Faransa don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]], wanda suka lashe. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Le Havre === A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Mendy ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Ligue 2 Le Havre . Mendy ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011 a wasan da kungiyar ta yi da 2-1 Coupe de la Ligue a zagaye na biyu da aka yi wa Amiens. === Marseille === A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Mendy ya sanya hannu a kungiyar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] ta Olympique de Marseille . Kocin Elie Baup ne ya sanya hannu kan Mendy, wanda ya jagoranci Marseille zuwa matsayi na biyu da kuma cancanta ga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2013-14 a kakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akouete |first=Isidore |date=13 July 2013 |title=ELIE BAUP : " BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D'AVENIR " |url=http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/13/elie-baup-benjamin-mendy-est-un-joueur-davenir/ |website=Africa Top Sports |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara kulob dinsa da Ligue 1 a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta a kan Guingamp, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a Marseille a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba a kan Saint-Étienne . Mendy ya kasance a cikin tawagar a dukkan wasannin rukuni guda shida, kuma ya fara bugawa Turai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba a Borussia Dortmund . Koyaya, Marseille ta rasa dukkan wasanninsu na rukuni yayin da suka fadi daga gasar, kuma an kori Baup don goyon bayan tsohon kocin kulob din José Anigo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Elie Baup sacked as Marseille manager |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25282768 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Anigo ya yi amfani da Mendy sosai a ƙarshen kakar, kuma ya fara ne kawai a wasanni goma sha huɗu na karshe na Marseille. Ayyukansa a farkon, a kan Lille a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2014, tsohon dan wasan hagu na Marseille Éric Di Meco ya soki shi, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai "ci rat" idan Mendy ya taba shiga tawagar Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Di Meco prend les paris contre Mendy |url=http://www.lephoceen.fr/infos-om/decla/di-meco-prend-les-paris-contre-mendy-l-ancien-defenseur-marseillais-tacle-benjamin-mendy-125264 |website=Le Phocéen |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan kakar, an haɗa Mendy a cikin jerin sunayen mutane 40 don kyautar Golden Boy ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarons |first=Ed |date=30 October 2014 |title=Five English players on 40-man shortlist for Golden Boy award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/oct/30/five-english-players-shortlist-golden-boy}}</ref> Mendy ya ci gaba da wasansa a kakar wasa mai zuwa a karkashin kocin Argentina Marcelo Bielsa, yayin da Mendy ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bielsa ya "ba shi ƙarfin da tashin hankali da ya ɓace a shekarar da ta gabata". <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Benjamin Mendy en toute insouciance |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/sports/benjamin-mendy-en-toute-insouciance-20-12-2014-4388823.php |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr}}</ref> Mendy ya fara 33 a gasar a cikin yakin 2014-15, yana samun taimakon 6, yayin da Marseille ya cancanci gasar Europa League. A ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015, an nuna wa Mendy jan katin ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Toulouse, bayan ya aikata laifi a kan Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro na Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PA Sport |date=23 September 2015 |title=Toulouse 1–1 Marseille |url=http://www.espnfc.com/report?gameId=424679 |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> Za a ba Mendy haramtacciyar wasanni biyu, kuma daga baya ya rasa wasu wasanni 13 ga Marseille bayan ya samu rauni a kan Caen a Coupe de France a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=MENDY JOINS OM INJURY LIST |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mendy-joins-om-injury-list.htm |publisher=Ligue 1}}</ref> Mendy ya buga wa manajoji daban-daban biyar a cikin yanayi uku a Stade Vélodrome . Ya buga wasanni 101 tare da kulob din kuma yana da taimakon 14 ga sunansa. === Monaco === [[Fayil:399071_sPICT.jpg|thumb|Mendy yana wasa a Monaco a shekarar 2016]] A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 2016, 'yan wasan Olympique de Marseille na Ligue 1 Monaco sun sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mendy kan kwangilar shekaru biyar. Mendy ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na uku da kulob din [[Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe]] na Turkiyya a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba a kan Lyon a Ligue 1, an nuna wa Mendy jan katin don bugawa a bayan dan wasan tsakiya na Lyon Corentin Tolisso . Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka kore shi a kakar wasa ta bana bayan an kore shi a zagaye na wasa kwaikwayo na gasar zakarun Turai da Villarreal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Form and head-to-head stats – Monaco vs Lyon |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/monaco-vs-lyon/355349 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=skysports.com |publisher=Sky UK}}</ref> An dakatar da Mendy na wasanni biyar saboda lamarin, daga baya an rage shi zuwa hudu yayin da ya dawo da Lorient a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Recchimuzzi |first=Silvia |date=23 December 2016 |title=AS Monaco defender Mendy banned for five matches |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-mon-mendy/as-monaco-defender-mendy-banned-for-five-matches-idUKKBN14C1O0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084037/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-mon-mendy/as-monaco-defender-mendy-banned-for-five-matches-idUKKBN14C1O0 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2017 |title=Benjamin Mendy de retour de suspension avec Monaco |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Benjamin-mendy-de-retour-de-suspension-avec-monaco/770940 |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, Mendy ya taimaka wa kwallaye biyu na Monaco ta hanyar haye kwallon ga masu zira kwallaye Valère Germain da Radamel Falcao a nasarar da suka samu a gida a Ligue 1 a kan Nice.[1] Mendy ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Monaco a gasar cin Kofin Faransa a kan tsohon kulob din Marseille a ranar 1 ga watan Maris. Goal ɗin, wanda aka zira a cikin karin lokaci, ya ba Monaco jagora 3-2, yayin da Mendy ya ba da taimako biyu a cikin nasarar 4-3.[2] Monaco ta yi tseren zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, kuma Mendy ya ba da taimako 4 a cikin yakin kafin Juventus ta kawar da su. Mendy ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na gasar zakarun Ligue 1 ta Monaco ta 2016-17, inda ya fara 24 a gasar a Les Monégasques a karkashin kocin Leonardo Jardim . Monaco ta zira kwallaye 107 a lokacin kakar, kuma an lura da Mendy tare da dan wasan [[Djibril Sidibé (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Djibril Sidibé]] don wasan gaba.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Pretot |first=Julien |date=17 May 2017 |title=Monaco claim first title in 17 years with St Etienne win |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-amo-ste/monaco-claim-first-title-in-17-years-with-st-etienne-win-idUKKCN18D2ON |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084035/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-france-amo-ste/monaco-claim-first-title-in-17-years-with-st-etienne-win-idUKKCN18D2ON |archive-date=30 September 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Matt |date=17 May 2017 |title=Monaco Win 2016–17 Ligue 1 Title After 2–0 Win vs. Saint-Etienne |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2707470-monaco-win-2016-17-ligue-1-title-after-2-0-win-vs-saint-etienne |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Mayu, an kira Mendy zuwa kungiyar UNFP ta shekara ta 2017, tare da abokan aikinsa 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Ligue 1 Team of the Season 2016–17 Official- UNFP Team of the Year 2017 |url=https://frenchfootballdaily.com/2017/05/ligue-1-team-of-the-season-2016-17-official-unfp-team-of-the-year-2017/ |website=French Football Daily}}</ref> Kashegari, Monaco ta lashe lambar Ligue 1 a kan Saint-Étienne a ranar da ta gabata ta kakar, ta farko a cikin yanayi 17 a cikin abin da zai zama wasan karshe na Mendy tare da kulob din.<ref name="reuters" /> Bayan kakar, Mendy ya kasance wani ɓangare na fitowar daga Stade Louis II wanda ya haɗa da starlets [[Bernardo Silva]], [[Tiémoué Bakayoko]], kuma daga baya [[Kylian Mbappé]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Devin |first=Eric |date=25 July 2017 |title=How will Monaco cope after losing so many of their title-winning stars? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jul/25/monaco-benjamin-mendy-tiemoue-bakayoko-bernardo-silva-ligue-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Jonathan |date=31 August 2017 |title=Monaco star Kylian Mbappe, 18, follows Neymar in moving to PSG in huge deal |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/3190925/kylian-mbappe-signs-for-paris-saint-germain-from-monaco |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iq981d4aq5d7o5r56yjhwkg22g8agux Sahar Tabar 0 154515 846176 2026-06-03T17:17:44Z Bashir0111 45492 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351596884|Sahar Tabar]]" 846176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatemeh Khishvand''' (Persian, wanda aka fi sani da sunan mai amfani da [[Instagram]] na '''Sahar Tabar''', Farisa; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001), 'yar Iran ce mai tasiri wacce aka fi sani le amfani da aikin tiyata a cikin hotunan kanta da aka sanya a Instagram. An yi jita-jita cewa ta canza fuskarta ta hanyar tiyata ta filastik hamsin. An yi hira da Tabar a gidan talabijin na Iran a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019 bayan an kama ta kan tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da saɓo da samun kuɗi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ruwaito cewa an yanke wa Tabar hukuncin shekaru goma a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan da aka buga labarai game da hukuncin da aka yanke mata shekaru 10 a kurkuku, ta sanar da manema labarai game da sakin ta. Tabar ta ce: "Alkalin ya amince da canza umarnin kamawa zuwa umarnin beli, kuma an sake ni daga kurkuku bayan an sanya beli. " Tabar ta kuma gaya wa manema labarai cewa an wanke ta daga tuhume-tuhume biyu kuma ta shigar da kara kuma tana jiran hukuncin karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=شهرآرانیوز |date=December 17, 2020 |title=فاطمه خویشوند معروف به "سحر تبر" از زندان آزاد شد + فیلم بعد از آزادی |trans-title= |url=https://shahraranews.ir/fa/news/52991 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> == Hotuna == Hotunan Tabar a Instagram sun tara mabiya sama da 486,000. Hotunan sun nuna fuskokin da suka lalace waɗanda suka haɗa da lebe masu yawa da hanci mai kaifi. A cikin wata hira da Sputnik News a shekarar 2017, Tabar ta bayyana cewa an ƙirƙiri hotunan ne ta amfani da kayan kwalliya da Photoshop. A wancan lokacin, hanyoyin kwalliya da aka yi mata an takaita su ne kawai ga rhinoplasty, liposuction, da kuma allurar ciko a leben ta. Wasu daga cikin hotunan da bidiyon da aka raba a yanar gizo sun bayyana cewa an gyara su sosai don su yi kama da tauraruwar Hollywood [[Angelina Jolie]], amma Tabar ta musanta wannan niyyar. <ref name="sputnik" /> == Kamawa == ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2019, an kama Tabar a [[Tehran]] kan tuhume-tuhume na "tsinkaye, tayar da tashin hankali, samun dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba, keta ka'idojin tufafi na kasa da kuma karfafa matasa suyi cin hanci da rashawa" a cewar Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Tasnim, wanda kuma ya bayyana cewa kamawar martani ne ga korafe-korafe daga jama'a. An share asusun Instagram dinta a lokacin da aka kama ta. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an kama wasu mata uku masu tasiri a Instagram a Iran: Sahra Afsharian, Sara Shariatmadari da Niloufar Moti'ei . [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 14s0o24fzmmgtad7xbstp7w6pnqw2yf 846180 846176 2026-06-03T17:20:40Z Bashir0111 45492 846180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatemeh Khishvand''' (Persian, wanda aka fi sani da sunan mai amfani da [[Instagram]] na '''Sahar Tabar''', Farisa; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001), 'yar Iran ce mai tasiri wacce aka fi sani le amfani da aikin tiyata a cikin hotunan kanta da aka sanya a Instagram. An yi jita-jita cewa ta canza fuskarta ta hanyar tiyata ta filastik hamsin. An yi hira da Tabar a gidan talabijin na Iran a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019 bayan an kama ta kan tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da saɓo da samun kuɗi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ruwaito cewa an yanke wa Tabar hukuncin shekaru goma a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan da aka buga labarai game da hukuncin da aka yanke mata shekaru 10 a kurkuku, ta sanar da manema labarai game da sakin ta. Tabar ta ce: "Alkalin ya amince da canza umarnin kamawa zuwa umarnin beli, kuma an sake ni daga kurkuku bayan an sanya beli. " Tabar ta kuma gaya wa manema labarai cewa an wanke ta daga tuhume-tuhume biyu kuma ta shigar da kara kuma tana jiran hukuncin karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=شهرآرانیوز |date=December 17, 2020 |title=فاطمه خویشوند معروف به "سحر تبر" از زندان آزاد شد + فیلم بعد از آزادی |trans-title= |url=https://shahraranews.ir/fa/news/52991 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> == Hotuna == Hotunan Tabar a Instagram sun tara mabiya sama da 486,000. Hotunan sun nuna fuskokin da suka lalace waɗanda suka haɗa da lebe masu yawa da hanci mai kaifi. A cikin wata hira da Sputnik News a shekarar 2017, Tabar ta bayyana cewa an ƙirƙiri hotunan ne ta amfani da kayan kwalliya da Photoshop. A wancan lokacin, hanyoyin kwalliya da aka yi mata an takaita su ne kawai ga rhinoplasty, liposuction, da kuma allurar ciko a leben ta. Wasu daga cikin hotunan da bidiyon da aka raba a yanar gizo sun bayyana cewa an gyara su sosai don su yi kama da tauraruwar Hollywood [[Angelina Jolie]], amma Tabar ta musanta wannan niyyar. <ref name="sputnik" /> == Kamawa == ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2019, an kama Tabar a [[Tehran]] kan tuhume-tuhume na "tsinkaye, tayar da tashin hankali, samun dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba, keta ka'idojin tufafi na kasa da kuma karfafa matasa suyi cin hanci da rashawa" a cewar Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Tasnim, wanda kuma ya bayyana cewa kamawar martani ne ga korafe-korafe daga jama'a. An share asusun Instagram dinta a lokacin da aka kama ta. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an kama wasu mata uku masu tasiri a Instagram a Iran: Sahra Afsharian, Sara Shariatmadari da Niloufar Moti'ei . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0frxebvfeqqiytdeo0h76l5v3cltp7a 846221 846180 2026-06-03T21:01:01Z Sumy IB 32481 846221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatemeh Khishvand''' (Persian, wanda aka fi sani da sunan mai amfani da [[Instagram]] na '''Sahar Tabar''', Farisa; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001), 'yar Iran ce mai tasiri wacce aka fi sani le amfani da aikin tiyata a cikin hotunan kanta da aka sanya a Instagram. An yi jita-jita cewa ta canza fuskarta ta hanyar tiyata ta filastik hamsin. An yi hira da Tabar a gidan talabijin na Iran a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019 bayan an kama ta kan tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da saɓo da samun kuɗi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ruwaito cewa an yanke wa Tabar hukuncin shekaru goma a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan da aka buga labarai game da hukuncin da aka yanke mata shekaru 10 a kurkuku, ta sanar da manema labarai game da sakin ta. Tabar ta ce: "Alkalin ya amince da canza umarnin kamawa zuwa umarnin beli, kuma an sake ni daga kurkuku bayan an sanya beli. " Tabar ta kuma gaya wa manema labarai cewa an wanke ta daga tuhume-tuhume biyu kuma ta shigar da kara kuma tana jiran hukuncin karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=شهرآرانیوز |date=December 17, 2020 |title=فاطمه خویشوند معروف به "سحر تبر" از زندان آزاد شد + فیلم بعد از آزادی |trans-title= |url=https://shahraranews.ir/fa/news/52991 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> == Hotuna == Hotunan Tabar a Instagram sun tara mabiya sama da 486,000. Hotunan sun nuna fuskokin da suka lalace waɗanda suka haɗa da lebe masu yawa da hanci mai kaifi. A cikin wata hira da Sputnik News a shekarar 2017, Tabar ta bayyana cewa an ƙirƙiri hotunan ne ta amfani da kayan kwalliya da Photoshop. A wancan lokacin, hanyoyin kwalliya da aka yi mata an takaita su ne kawai ga rhinoplasty, liposuction, da kuma allurar ciko a leben ta. Wasu daga cikin hotunan da bidiyon da aka raba a yanar gizo sun bayyana cewa an gyara su sosai don su yi kama da tauraruwar Hollywood [[Angelina Jolie]], amma Tabar ta musanta wannan niyyar. <ref name="sputnik" /> == Kamawa == ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2019, an kama Tabar a [[Tehran]] kan tuhume-tuhume na "tsinkaye, tayar da tashin hankali, samun dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba, keta ka'idojin tufafi na kasa da kuma karfafa matasa suyi cin hanci da rashawa" a cewar Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Tasnim, wanda kuma ya bayyana cewa kamawar martani ne ga korafe-korafe daga jama'a. An share asusun Instagram dinta a lokacin da aka kama ta. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an kama wasu mata uku masu tasiri a Instagram a Iran: Sahra Afsharian, Sara Shariatmadari da Niloufar Moti'ei . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nkgbb6qkzi1owmoc8jl3l2p7nxm8ujg Šenturška Gora 0 154516 846177 2026-06-03T17:18:02Z Yusuf kabir1122 45485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294624027|Šenturška Gora]]" 846177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Šenturška Gora''' (Slovene: [{{IPA|sl|ʃənˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|}}] ko [ʃənˈtuːːɾʃ ka ˈɡɔ́ɾa]; Jamusanci: ) ƙaramin ƙauye ne a cikin Garin Cerklje na Gorenске a yankin Upper Carniola na .{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}} Cocin yankin an sadaukar da shi ga Saint Ulrich, saboda haka sunan ƙauyen (a zahiri, 'Mount Saint Ulrich'). An gina shi a cikin 1368 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a ƙarshen karni na 17. [1] == Manazarta == pfiu3if7a0nw86v69z7a31ivaykowgp 846178 846177 2026-06-03T17:20:26Z Yusuf kabir1122 45485 846178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Šenturška Gora''' (Slovene: [{{IPA|sl|ʃənˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|}}<nowiki>] ko [ʃənˈtuːːɾʃ ka ˈɡɔ́ɾa]; Jamusanci: ) ƙaramin ƙauye ne a cikin Garin Cerklje na Gorenске a yankin Upper {{Carniola na .</nowiki>{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}} Cocin yankin an sadaukar da shi ga Saint Ulrich, saboda haka sunan ƙauyen (a zahiri, 'Mount Saint Ulrich'). An gina shi a cikin 1368 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a ƙarshen karni na 17. [1] == Manazarta == in4zyxrgfq2usd6w660b0x9zz3u1vxt 846222 846178 2026-06-03T21:01:20Z Sumy IB 32481 846222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Šenturška Gora''' (Slovene: [{{IPA|sl|ʃənˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|}}<nowiki>] ko [ʃənˈtuːːɾʃ ka ˈɡɔ́ɾa]; Jamusanci: ) ƙaramin ƙauye ne a cikin Garin Cerklje na Gorenске a yankin Upper {{Carniola na .</nowiki>{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}}{{IPA|sl|ʃɛnˈtuːɾʃka ˈɡɔːɾa|lang}} Cocin yankin an sadaukar da shi ga Saint Ulrich, saboda haka sunan ƙauyen (a zahiri, 'Mount Saint Ulrich'). An gina shi a cikin 1368 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a ƙarshen karni na 17. [1] == Manazarta == j8lper4l3ru59rk5r5vptizh478j5i3 CanWaCH 0 154517 846179 2026-06-03T17:20:33Z ATMXLAWA 45484 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351225582|CanWaCH]]" 846179 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar Kanada don Kiwon Lafiyar Mata da Yara, wanda aka fi sani da '''CanWaCH''', kungiya ce ba don riba ba wacce ke haɗa kungiyoyin Kanada da ke aiki a kan lafiyar mata da yara. Yana mai da hankali kan lafiyar haihuwa. == Tarihi == CanWaCH ta samo asali ne daga masanin ilimin cututtukan cututtuka Helen Scott da likitan ci gaban kasa da kasa Julia Anderson a cikin 2010, a lokaci guda zuwa taron koli na 36 na G8 da ke faruwa a Kanada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin daraktoci yana karkashin jagorancin Onome Ako . An kafa kungiyar a hukumance a matsayin ba don riba ba a cikin 2015 a Peterborough, Ontario . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGanley2018">Ganley, Rosemary (2018-06-14). [https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html "CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world"]. ''The Peterborough Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html Archived] from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hett |first=Hanna |date=2021-07-15 |title=What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want? |url=https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Open Canada |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Ya zuwa 2018, CanWaCH tana da mambobi 94 da ma'aikata 13.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGanley2018">Ganley, Rosemary (2018-06-14). [https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html "CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world"]. ''The Peterborough Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html Archived] from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gwamnatin Kanada ce ke tallafawa ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2017-01-21 |title=Project profile |url=https://w05.international.gc.ca/projectbrowser-banqueprojets/project-projet/details/P008877001 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=w05.international.gc.ca}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2017, CanWaCH ta gudanar da taron Lafiya na Matasa na Duniya wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙaddamar da rahoton [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Vandermorris |first=Ashley |last2=Bhutta |first2=Zulfiqar A |date=2017-08-10 |title=How Canada can help global adolescent health mature |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=94 |doi=10.1186/s12978-017-0353-y |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=5553652 |pmid=28797291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taron ya kasance taron ga masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da wakilan matasa, don tattauna ƙalubale da dama don inganta lafiyar matasa.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin 2018, CanWaCH ta ƙaddamar da shirin hadin gwiwar Kanada a cikin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya na Kanada da ke aiki don cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 September 2020 |title=8.K. Workshop: Shared impact: How to foster innovation in public health data |journal=European Journal of Public Health |series=European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue Supplement 5 |volume=30 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.412 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2021, CanWaCH ta haɗu da Majalisar Kasa da Kasa ta Kanada da Global Canada a kan tsarin dimokuradiyya na hadin gwiwa na mutane 400 da ake kira ''Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Kanada.''. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hett |first=Hanna |date=2021-07-15 |title=What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want? |url=https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Open Canada |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHett2021">Hett, Hanna (2021-07-15). [https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ "What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want?"]. ''Open Canada''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ Archived] from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadanda suka halarci taron sun tattauna batutuwan da suka hada da daidaito tsakanin jinsi, adalci na zamantakewa, muhalli, haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, da muhalli.<ref name=":1" /> Shirin ya kammala cewa 'yan Kanada sun ji cewa Kanada ba ta yin isasshen don inganta lafiyar mata da yara a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=":1" /> Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da bayar da sharhi game da kashe kuɗin gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=Budget 2017: Key Highlights from CanWaCH |url=https://blogs.dal.ca/globalhealth/2017/03/28/budget-2017-key-highlights-from-canwach/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 24ic9u03n5bhsv337qnnboyx8dvuide 846224 846179 2026-06-03T21:02:08Z Sumy IB 32481 846224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar Kanada don Kiwon Lafiyar Mata da Yara, wanda aka fi sani da '''CanWaCH''', kungiya ce ba don riba ba wacce ke haɗa kungiyoyin Kanada da ke aiki a kan lafiyar mata da yara. Yana mai da hankali kan lafiyar haihuwa. == Tarihi == CanWaCH ta samo asali ne daga masanin ilimin cututtukan cututtuka Helen Scott da likitan ci gaban kasa da kasa Julia Anderson a cikin 2010, a lokaci guda zuwa taron koli na 36 na G8 da ke faruwa a Kanada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin daraktoci yana karkashin jagorancin Onome Ako . An kafa kungiyar a hukumance a matsayin ba don riba ba a cikin 2015 a Peterborough, Ontario . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGanley2018">Ganley, Rosemary (2018-06-14). [https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html "CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world"]. ''The Peterborough Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html Archived] from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hett |first=Hanna |date=2021-07-15 |title=What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want? |url=https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Open Canada |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Ya zuwa 2018, CanWaCH tana da mambobi 94 da ma'aikata 13.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganley |first=Rosemary |date=2018-06-14 |title=CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world |url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The Peterborough Examiner |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGanley2018">Ganley, Rosemary (2018-06-14). [https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html "CanWaCH puts its focus on women's health in Peterborough and around the world"]. ''The Peterborough Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030931/https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2018/06/14/canwach-puts-its-focus-on-women-s-health-in-peterborough-and-around-the-world.html Archived] from the original on 2022-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gwamnatin Kanada ce ke tallafawa ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2017-01-21 |title=Project profile |url=https://w05.international.gc.ca/projectbrowser-banqueprojets/project-projet/details/P008877001 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=w05.international.gc.ca}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2017, CanWaCH ta gudanar da taron Lafiya na Matasa na Duniya wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙaddamar da rahoton [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] na Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Vandermorris |first=Ashley |last2=Bhutta |first2=Zulfiqar A |date=2017-08-10 |title=How Canada can help global adolescent health mature |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=94 |doi=10.1186/s12978-017-0353-y |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=5553652 |pmid=28797291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taron ya kasance taron ga masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da wakilan matasa, don tattauna ƙalubale da dama don inganta lafiyar matasa.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin 2018, CanWaCH ta ƙaddamar da shirin hadin gwiwar Kanada a cikin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya na Kanada da ke aiki don cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 September 2020 |title=8.K. Workshop: Shared impact: How to foster innovation in public health data |journal=European Journal of Public Health |series=European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue Supplement 5 |volume=30 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.412 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2021, CanWaCH ta haɗu da Majalisar Kasa da Kasa ta Kanada da Global Canada a kan tsarin dimokuradiyya na hadin gwiwa na mutane 400 da ake kira ''Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Kanada.''. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hett |first=Hanna |date=2021-07-15 |title=What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want? |url=https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ |archive-date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Open Canada |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHett2021">Hett, Hanna (2021-07-15). [https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ "What kind of foreign policy do Canadians want?"]. ''Open Canada''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154604/https://opencanada.org/what-kind-of-foreign-policy-do-canadians-want/ Archived] from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wadanda suka halarci taron sun tattauna batutuwan da suka hada da daidaito tsakanin jinsi, adalci na zamantakewa, muhalli, haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, da muhalli.<ref name=":1" /> Shirin ya kammala cewa 'yan Kanada sun ji cewa Kanada ba ta yin isasshen don inganta lafiyar mata da yara a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=":1" /> Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da bayar da sharhi game da kashe kuɗin gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=Budget 2017: Key Highlights from CanWaCH |url=https://blogs.dal.ca/globalhealth/2017/03/28/budget-2017-key-highlights-from-canwach/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 76miyeca6er3bp4n300lo278a61b844 Fuskar a kan Karamin Milk (fim) 0 154518 846183 2026-06-03T17:27:21Z Fammad 45487 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345506697|The Face on the Milk Carton (film)]]" 846183 wikitext text/x-wiki The Face on the Milk Carton fim ne na Amurka na 1995 wanda aka yi don fim din wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafin Caroline B. Cooney na 1990 mai suna. Tauraron fim din [[Kellie Martin]] a matsayin Janie Jessmon, an haife ta Jennifer Sands, yarinya mai shekaru goma sha shida wacce ta sami fuskarta a bayan katako na madara kuma ta sanya ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka gabata tare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Rachel |date=2014-09-03 |title='The Face On the Milk Carton' Series Included Some Stuff You May Have Missed As a Kid |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/35108-the-face-on-the-milk-carton-series-included-some-stuff-you-may-have-missed-as-a |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == Janie Jessmon tana da shekara 16 kuma tana rayuwa mai farin ciki. Tana da manyan iyaye masu suna Miranda da Frank Jessmon da kuma aboki mafi kyau mai suna Sarah Charlotte . Sa'an nan kuma duniyarta ta fashe lokacin da ta ga hoton yarinya mai shekaru uku Jennifer Sands, wanda ta gane shi da kanta, a kan katunan madara na Sarah Charlotte. Janie ta bincika ɗaki inda ta sami akwati da ke dauke da abubuwa daga yarinya mai suna "Hannah". Lokacin da Janie ta fuskanci iyayenta game da gaskiyar cewa ba ta da hotuna na jariri, sun yarda cewa su kakanninta ne kuma Hannah ita ce mahaifiyarta ta ainihi. Sun gaya mata cewa Hannah ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiya kuma ta bayyana a ƙofarsu wata rana tare da Janie mai shekaru uku. Da yake ba za ta iya tserewa daga tunanin cewa iyayenta na iya sace ta ba, Janie da abokinta Reeve sun bi dangin Sands kuma sun fahimci cewa tana da ainihin jan gashi kamar kowane danginsu. Janie ta gaya wa iyayen Hannah abin da ta koya, ta nuna musu katako na madara. Sun yi imanin cewa Hannah na iya sace Janie kuma ta sanya ta a matsayin ɗanta. Janie da sauri ta sake haduwa da iyayenta na halitta, Jonathan da Sada Sands, da ɗan'uwanta Stephen da ƙanwarta Jodie. Babu Jodie ko Stephen da ke farin ciki. Lokacin da Janie ta yanke shawarar guduwa zuwa Jessmons, Stephen ya bi ta a tashar bas kuma ya gaya mata lokacin da suke ƙanana, sun kasance a kantin sayar da takalma tare da mahaifiyarsu kuma Stephen ya kamata ya kula da ita, amma ba haka ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Hannah ta ɗauke ta. Janie ta ce ta gafarta masa. Janie har yanzu ta yanke shawarar komawa ga iyayenta masu kula da ita. Mahaifinta Jonathan, ko da yake yana bakin ciki, ya yarda da wannan yayin da Jodie da Stephen ba su yarda ba. Koyaya, Janie ta gaya wa Jodie har yanzu suna nan kuma koyaushe za su kasance 'yan'uwa mata. Yayin da Sada da Janie ke tuki zuwa Jessmons, sai ta gaya mata game da ranar da ta faru a shagon takalma, kuma Janie ta ce ta yi nadama cewa ba ta da kyau. Yayin da Janie ta tafi tare da Frank Jessmon a cikin gidansu, Sada Sands ta fuskanci Miranda Jessmon, wanda ya miƙa mata hannu da farin ciki. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ab7ocbko5t0si38zkzfcjbuxgk9p24t 846184 846183 2026-06-03T17:30:12Z Fammad 45487 846184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Face on the Milk Carton fim ne na Amurka na 1995 wanda aka yi don fim din wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafin Caroline B. Cooney na 1990 mai suna. Tauraron fim din [[Kellie Martin]] a matsayin Janie Jessmon, an haife ta Jennifer Sands, yarinya mai shekaru goma sha shida wacce ta sami fuskarta a bayan katako na madara kuma ta sanya ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka gabata tare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Rachel |date=2014-09-03 |title='The Face On the Milk Carton' Series Included Some Stuff You May Have Missed As a Kid |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/35108-the-face-on-the-milk-carton-series-included-some-stuff-you-may-have-missed-as-a |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == Janie Jessmon tana da shekara 16 kuma tana rayuwa mai farin ciki. Tana da manyan iyaye masu suna Miranda da Frank Jessmon da kuma aboki mafi kyau mai suna Sarah Charlotte . Sa'an nan kuma duniyarta ta fashe lokacin da ta ga hoton yarinya mai shekaru uku Jennifer Sands, wanda ta gane shi da kanta, a kan katunan madara na Sarah Charlotte. Janie ta bincika ɗaki inda ta sami akwati da ke dauke da abubuwa daga yarinya mai suna "Hannah". Lokacin da Janie ta fuskanci iyayenta game da gaskiyar cewa ba ta da hotuna na jariri, sun yarda cewa su kakanninta ne kuma Hannah ita ce mahaifiyarta ta ainihi. Sun gaya mata cewa Hannah ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiya kuma ta bayyana a ƙofarsu wata rana tare da Janie mai shekaru uku. Da yake ba za ta iya tserewa daga tunanin cewa iyayenta na iya sace ta ba, Janie da abokinta Reeve sun bi dangin Sands kuma sun fahimci cewa tana da ainihin jan gashi kamar kowane danginsu. Janie ta gaya wa iyayen Hannah abin da ta koya, ta nuna musu katako na madara. Sun yi imanin cewa Hannah na iya sace Janie kuma ta sanya ta a matsayin ɗanta. Janie da sauri ta sake haduwa da iyayenta na halitta, Jonathan da Sada Sands, da ɗan'uwanta Stephen da ƙanwarta Jodie. Babu Jodie ko Stephen da ke farin ciki. Lokacin da Janie ta yanke shawarar guduwa zuwa Jessmons, Stephen ya bi ta a tashar bas kuma ya gaya mata lokacin da suke ƙanana, sun kasance a kantin sayar da takalma tare da mahaifiyarsu kuma Stephen ya kamata ya kula da ita, amma ba haka ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Hannah ta ɗauke ta. Janie ta ce ta gafarta masa. Janie har yanzu ta yanke shawarar komawa ga iyayenta masu kula da ita. Mahaifinta Jonathan, ko da yake yana bakin ciki, ya yarda da wannan yayin da Jodie da Stephen ba su yarda ba. Koyaya, Janie ta gaya wa Jodie har yanzu suna nan kuma koyaushe za su kasance 'yan'uwa mata. Yayin da Sada da Janie ke tuki zuwa Jessmons, sai ta gaya mata game da ranar da ta faru a shagon takalma, kuma Janie ta ce ta yi nadama cewa ba ta da kyau. Yayin da Janie ta tafi tare da Frank Jessmon a cikin gidansu, Sada Sands ta fuskanci Miranda Jessmon, wanda ya miƙa mata hannu da farin ciki. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} femau4y59cq8yriq72k8s60o3jutbzd Mohammad Reza Madhi 0 154519 846185 2026-06-03T17:34:06Z Bashir0111 45492 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349832451|Mohammad Reza Madhi]]" 846185 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. '''Mohammad Reza Madhi''' ( Persian ; ya mutu 8 ga Agusta 2021 <ref>[https://www.radareghtesad.ir/news/18595/سردار-محمدرضا-مدحی-جانباز-دفاع-مقدس-دارفانی-را-وداع-گفت سردار محمدرضا مدحی جانباز دفاع مقدس دارفانی را وداع گفت] {{In lang|fa}}</ref> ) (an ruwaito) wakilin leken asirin Iran ne kuma batun wani shirin talabijin na Iran na 2011 mai taken ''A Diamond for Deception'' ( Persian An bayyana shi a kafafen yada labaran gwamnatin Iran a matsayin wakilin da ya kutsa kai cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Iran mai ra'ayin kare muhalli, kuma a matsayin ainihin mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar wanda aka tsare saboda ayyukansa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, wani labarin ya bayyana a cikin Bangkok Post yana kwatanta Madhi a matsayin tsohon jami'in leken asiri na Revolutionary Guards wanda "an tilasta masa ya gudu daga Iran a shekara ta 2008 bayan an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 73 a kan abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙananan" tuhume-tuhumen, kuma wanda ya kasance "a cikin hulɗa na yau da kullun tare da ƙungiyar Green Path of Hope ta adawa" tun lokacin da ya bar Iran. Labarin, na wani Maximilian Wechsler, ya nakalto Madhi yana cewa yana goyon bayan haƙƙin 'yan Iran na yin zanga-zanga cikin lumana game da gwamnati, kuma cewa duka Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] da Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi sun kasance "masu hauka". Labarin, duk da haka, an kira shi cikin tambaya. Laura Rozen, a rubuce a Politico.com, ba ta iya samun wata nassoshi game da Madhi kasancewa tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Iran ba sai dai "waɗanda labarin da kansa ya samar"; kuma marubucin Maximilian Wechsler, "tsohon wakilin Czech-Australian da aka rubuta da kuma mai ba da labari ba. " Wani mai shakka, Golnaz Esfandiari na rferl.org, (rubuce bayan fitowar shirin shiga tsakani) ya bayyana cewa sabis na Farisa na RFE / RL, RH, RHard, RH Farda, ya yi magana da Madhi a farkon 2010 "amma ba su iya gyara duk wani tambayoyin ba su iya ba". Bayan shekara guda, Madhi ya bayyana a cikin A Diamond for Deception, wani shirin da gidan talabijin na Iran ya gabatar da shi 'yan kwanaki kafin bikin cika shekaru biyu na 2009 game da Zaben shugaban kasa na Shugaba Ahmadinejad. Shirin ya bayyana Madhi a matsayin " wakili biyu" wanda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Iran da ƙungiyoyin leken asiri na ƙasashen waje, kuma ya yi nasarar saduwa da Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka [[Hillary Clinton]], da Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]], da sauran jami'an yamma. Madhi ya gabatar da kansa ga 'yan adawa a matsayin "dillalin lu'u-lu'u" a cikin shirin, kuma ya kusanci gwamnatocin kasashen waje a karkashin "babban jami'in da ke son ficewa daga rundunar tsaron juyin juya halin kasar kuma yana da'awar dubban abokan aikinsa sun shirya su shiga tare da shi. " <ref name="guardian" /> Ya kuma ciyar da lokaci a wani sansanin soja a Isra'ila yana aiki tare da ayyukan sirri na Isra'ila. A cewar Madhi, Kasashen Yamma Turai sun kashe kudi mai yawa don kiyaye 'yan adawar Iran da rai, kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Iran Mehrdad Khonsari, ya shiga cikin kokarin kirkirar gwamnatin Iran a gudun hijira. Wadannan da'awar ma sun kasance cikin shakku. Jaridar "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" ta Iran Kayhan ta wallafa wata kasida mai taken "Confessions of an arrested member of the anti-revolutionaries," inda Madhi shine memba da aka kama kuma maganganunsa ba fallasa ba ne amma ikirari. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na jihar IRNA ya bayyana shirin kafin a watsa shi a matsayin ikirarin ga hukumomin mutumin da CIA ta yaudare shi.<ref name="guardian" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] hgyd8g5583pziqut3pwe7psarojbokm 846226 846185 2026-06-03T21:03:17Z Sumy IB 32481 846226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dr. '''Mohammad Reza Madhi''' ( Persian ; ya mutu 8 ga Agusta 2021 <ref>[https://www.radareghtesad.ir/news/18595/سردار-محمدرضا-مدحی-جانباز-دفاع-مقدس-دارفانی-را-وداع-گفت سردار محمدرضا مدحی جانباز دفاع مقدس دارفانی را وداع گفت] {{In lang|fa}}</ref> ) (an ruwaito) wakilin leken asirin Iran ne kuma batun wani shirin talabijin na Iran na 2011 mai taken ''A Diamond for Deception'' ( Persian An bayyana shi a kafafen yada labaran gwamnatin Iran a matsayin wakilin da ya kutsa kai cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Iran mai ra'ayin kare muhalli, kuma a matsayin ainihin mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar wanda aka tsare saboda ayyukansa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, wani labarin ya bayyana a cikin Bangkok Post yana kwatanta Madhi a matsayin tsohon jami'in leken asiri na Revolutionary Guards wanda "an tilasta masa ya gudu daga Iran a shekara ta 2008 bayan an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 73 a kan abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙananan" tuhume-tuhumen, kuma wanda ya kasance "a cikin hulɗa na yau da kullun tare da ƙungiyar Green Path of Hope ta adawa" tun lokacin da ya bar Iran. Labarin, na wani Maximilian Wechsler, ya nakalto Madhi yana cewa yana goyon bayan haƙƙin 'yan Iran na yin zanga-zanga cikin lumana game da gwamnati, kuma cewa duka Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] da Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi sun kasance "masu hauka". Labarin, duk da haka, an kira shi cikin tambaya. Laura Rozen, a rubuce a Politico.com, ba ta iya samun wata nassoshi game da Madhi kasancewa tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Iran ba sai dai "waɗanda labarin da kansa ya samar"; kuma marubucin Maximilian Wechsler, "tsohon wakilin Czech-Australian da aka rubuta da kuma mai ba da labari ba. " Wani mai shakka, Golnaz Esfandiari na rferl.org, (rubuce bayan fitowar shirin shiga tsakani) ya bayyana cewa sabis na Farisa na RFE / RL, RH, RHard, RH Farda, ya yi magana da Madhi a farkon 2010 "amma ba su iya gyara duk wani tambayoyin ba su iya ba". Bayan shekara guda, Madhi ya bayyana a cikin A Diamond for Deception, wani shirin da gidan talabijin na Iran ya gabatar da shi 'yan kwanaki kafin bikin cika shekaru biyu na 2009 game da Zaben shugaban kasa na Shugaba Ahmadinejad. Shirin ya bayyana Madhi a matsayin " wakili biyu" wanda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Iran da ƙungiyoyin leken asiri na ƙasashen waje, kuma ya yi nasarar saduwa da Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka [[Hillary Clinton]], da Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]], da sauran jami'an yamma. Madhi ya gabatar da kansa ga 'yan adawa a matsayin "dillalin lu'u-lu'u" a cikin shirin, kuma ya kusanci gwamnatocin kasashen waje a karkashin "babban jami'in da ke son ficewa daga rundunar tsaron juyin juya halin kasar kuma yana da'awar dubban abokan aikinsa sun shirya su shiga tare da shi. " <ref name="guardian" /> Ya kuma ciyar da lokaci a wani sansanin soja a Isra'ila yana aiki tare da ayyukan sirri na Isra'ila. A cewar Madhi, Kasashen Yamma Turai sun kashe kudi mai yawa don kiyaye 'yan adawar Iran da rai, kuma tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Iran Mehrdad Khonsari, ya shiga cikin kokarin kirkirar gwamnatin Iran a gudun hijira. Wadannan da'awar ma sun kasance cikin shakku. Jaridar "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" ta Iran Kayhan ta wallafa wata kasida mai taken "Confessions of an arrested member of the anti-revolutionaries," inda Madhi shine memba da aka kama kuma maganganunsa ba fallasa ba ne amma ikirari. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na jihar IRNA ya bayyana shirin kafin a watsa shi a matsayin ikirarin ga hukumomin mutumin da CIA ta yaudare shi.<ref name="guardian" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] fztgfe0s8j2puu5a729pue96km10j68 Kogin Nkusi 0 154520 846187 2026-06-03T18:09:42Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335039108|Nkusi River]]" 846187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Nkusi''' yana cikin yankin Bunyoro, a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . == Wuri == Kogin Nkusi ya fara ne daga tsaunukan da ke yammacin garin Kakumiro a gundumar Kakumiro . Yana gudana ta arewa maso yamma don shiga wani fadama kusa da ƙauyen Kitoma, a gundumar Kibaale . Kogin yana fitowa daga wannan fadama kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma don ya zube cikin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] a kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . A cikin fadama kusa da Kitoma, Kogin Nkusi ya haɗu da [[Kogin Kafu]] na ɗan lokaci. Duk da haka, Kogin Kafu yana kwarara daga fadama zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma a ƙarshe ya kwarara zuwa cikin [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], kusa da garin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masindi a gundumar Masindi . Tushen Kogin Nkusi yana cikin Kakumiro a Latitude 0.7955 N, Longitude 31.2190 E. Kogin ya shiga Tafkin Albert a Kigwabya a Gundumar Kibaale a Latitude 1.1195 N, Longitude 30.6670 E. A tushensa, tsayin ya kai kimanin {{Convert|1334|m|0}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=DTC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Elevation of Kakumiro Town |url=https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235733/https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Distancesto.com (DTC)}}</ref> A daidai lokacin da yake shiga Tafkin Albert, tsayin yana da kimanin {{Convert|616|m}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)) |date=16 August 2017 |title=Lake Albert (Africa) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Albert |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Koguna da Tafkunan Uganda] * Filin Shakatawa na Kasa na Kibale == Manazarta == ayhtkffih9zfkv5a5v6iskl1w45hfu3 846188 846187 2026-06-03T18:10:07Z Engineer014 44591 846188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Nkusi''' yana cikin yankin Bunyoro, a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . == Wuri == Kogin Nkusi ya fara ne daga tsaunukan da ke yammacin garin Kakumiro a gundumar Kakumiro . Yana gudana ta arewa maso yamma don shiga wani fadama kusa da ƙauyen Kitoma, a gundumar Kibaale . Kogin yana fitowa daga wannan fadama kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma don ya zube cikin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] a kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . A cikin fadama kusa da Kitoma, Kogin Nkusi ya haɗu da [[Kogin Kafu]] na ɗan lokaci. Duk da haka, Kogin Kafu yana kwarara daga fadama zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma a ƙarshe ya kwarara zuwa cikin [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], kusa da garin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Masindi a gundumar Masindi . Tushen Kogin Nkusi yana cikin Kakumiro a Latitude 0.7955 N, Longitude 31.2190 E. Kogin ya shiga Tafkin Albert a Kigwabya a Gundumar Kibaale a Latitude 1.1195 N, Longitude 30.6670 E. A tushensa, tsayin ya kai kimanin {{Convert|1334|m|0}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=DTC |date=16 August 2017 |title=Elevation of Kakumiro Town |url=https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235733/https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Distancesto.com (DTC)}}</ref> A daidai lokacin da yake shiga Tafkin Albert, tsayin yana da kimanin {{Convert|616|m}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)) |date=16 August 2017 |title=Lake Albert (Africa) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Albert |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Koguna da Tafkunan Uganda] * Filin Shakatawa na Kasa na Kibale == Manazarta == tj7slm7idz72ilqg62sq1zwaivywzef Abairo Falls 0 154521 846189 2026-06-03T18:10:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338367646|Abairo Falls]]" 846189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwayen Abairo''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na 'yan yawon bude ido na Uganda da ke cikin Oyufi Cell, Sashen Ayivu, [[Arua|Birnin Arua]] . Yana kan Kogin Asa, wanda ya fara daga Ragem (kimanin kilomita 8 daga yankin kasuwanci na tsakiya), Abairo wani abu ne na musamman a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin rift a Oluko. Mutane sama da 20 ne ke ziyartar ruwan a kowace rana kuma wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 50 a ƙarshen mako. [[Fayil:Abairo_Falls_Montage_2025.gif|thumb|Masu ziyara a Abairo]] Wanda kuma aka sani da '''Oluko Falls''', wurin yana ba da ayyukan yin iyo a cikin wani wurin wanka da aka ƙirƙira daga tarin ruwa daga kogin. Ruwansa yana ratsa ƙauyuka da gonaki a hankali kafin ya zama magudanar ruwa masu duwatsu waɗanda ke taruwa da sauri. A Abairo, yana nutsewa cikin kyakkyawan kwarin halitta, yana canzawa daga rafi mai natsuwa zuwa wani abin kallo mai rai na feshi da sauti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africaadmin |date=2025-10-01 |title=Abairo Falls: The Untold Whisper of Arua |url=https://africagorillasafaris.net/abairo-falls-the-untold-whisper-of-arua/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Africa Gorilla Safaris - Engagi Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya == [[Fayil:Abairo_Falls.gif|Water falling at Abairo in Oluko]] Bayan da 'yan kabilar Abairo suka shafe sama da shekaru 4 suna kula da su a ƙarƙashin gundumar Arua, jami'ai a birnin Arua sun ɗauki matakin tsara faɗaɗa ruwan famfo da wutar lantarki, tare da haɓaka hanyar daga tsakiyar birnin Arua zuwa magudanar ruwa. Sam Wadri Nyakua (Magajin Garin Arua) ya ce Hukumar Birnin a shirye take ta haɓaka ababen more rayuwa a Abairo, amma yana kira ga mazauna yankin da su guji sayar da filaye a yankin su yi hayar su ga masu haɓaka gidaje masu zaman kansu. John Acile, manajan wurin na yanzu, ya ce babban ƙalubalen da birnin ke buƙatar magancewa shine na hanya da wutar lantarki, ya ƙara da cewa mazauna yankin a shirye suke su haɗa kai da gwamnati don haɓaka yankin zuwa babban wurin yawon buɗe ido. Ƙungiyoyi huɗu na agaji da na coci sun riga sun saya kuma sun haɓaka filaye sama da eka 10 a kusa da magudanar ruwa ta Abairo kuma an ce sun gano wannan yanki na musamman na ayyukan aman wuta daga sararin samaniya a lokacin jirgin sama zuwa Arua sama da shekaru 7 da suka gabata. A kan wani dutse kusa da magudanar ruwa an rubuta: Barka da zuwa ga kyawun halittar ALLAH. == Umarni == Yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 15 da mota daga Arua City don isa kusa da Abairo Falls. Daga filin ƙwallon ƙafa na Makarantar Firamare ta Alua da ke kan titin Oluko (wanda ya fara a Weatherhead Park Lane), mutum ya juya dama ya bi hanyar na tsawon kilomita 2 har sai ya ketare gadar Kogin Asa. Ba da daɗewa ba, kogin ya juya dama zuwa Ambeko, amma ya kamata mutum ya bi hanya madaidaiciya a gefen hagu har sai ya kai ga gangara. Tambayi mutane su jagoranci ɗaya idan ya ɓace ko kuma su ɗauki hayar mai babur bodaboda don ya kai shi kai tsaye zuwa wurin! Mutum zai ga gidaje, wurin zango, ofishin Shine mai wurin ajiye motoci a rufin mota, sannan a ƙarshe Arise Center ta gaban gidan John a wannan rangadin. == Duba kuma == * Ruwan Miriadua * [[Murchison Falls]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 326w3ylluhhipnhmmjtwqne6i1sfkun 846190 846189 2026-06-03T18:11:23Z Engineer014 44591 846190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwayen Abairo''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na 'yan yawon bude ido na Uganda da ke cikin Oyufi Cell, Sashen Ayivu, [[Arua|Birnin Arua]] . Yana kan Kogin Asa, wanda ya fara daga Ragem (kimanin kilomita 8 daga yankin kasuwanci na tsakiya), Abairo wani abu ne na musamman a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin rift a Oluko. Mutane sama da 20 ne ke ziyartar ruwan a kowace rana kuma wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 50 a ƙarshen mako. [[Fayil:Abairo_Falls_Montage_2025.gif|thumb|Masu ziyara a Abairo]] Wanda kuma aka sani da '''Oluko Falls''', wurin yana ba da ayyukan yin iyo a cikin wani wurin wanka da aka ƙirƙira daga tarin ruwa daga kogin. Ruwansa yana ratsa ƙauyuka da gonaki a hankali kafin ya zama magudanar ruwa masu duwatsu waɗanda ke taruwa da sauri. A Abairo, yana nutsewa cikin kyakkyawan kwarin halitta, yana canzawa daga rafi mai natsuwa zuwa wani abin kallo mai rai na feshi da sauti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africaadmin |date=2025-10-01 |title=Abairo Falls: The Untold Whisper of Arua |url=https://africagorillasafaris.net/abairo-falls-the-untold-whisper-of-arua/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Africa Gorilla Safaris - Engagi Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya == [[Fayil:Abairo_Falls.gif|Water falling at Abairo in Oluko]] Bayan da 'yan kabilar Abairo suka shafe sama da shekaru 4 suna kula da su a ƙarƙashin gundumar Arua, jami'ai a birnin Arua sun ɗauki matakin tsara faɗaɗa ruwan famfo da wutar lantarki, tare da haɓaka hanyar daga tsakiyar birnin Arua zuwa magudanar ruwa. Sam Wadri Nyakua (Magajin Garin Arua) ya ce Hukumar Birnin a shirye take ta haɓaka ababen more rayuwa a Abairo, amma yana kira ga mazauna yankin da su guji sayar da filaye a yankin su yi hayar su ga masu haɓaka gidaje masu zaman kansu. John Acile, manajan wurin na yanzu, ya ce babban ƙalubalen da birnin ke buƙatar magancewa shine na hanya da wutar lantarki, ya ƙara da cewa mazauna yankin a shirye suke su haɗa kai da gwamnati don haɓaka yankin zuwa babban wurin yawon buɗe ido. Ƙungiyoyi huɗu na agaji da na coci sun riga sun saya kuma sun haɓaka filaye sama da eka 10 a kusa da magudanar ruwa ta Abairo kuma an ce sun gano wannan yanki na musamman na ayyukan aman wuta daga sararin samaniya a lokacin jirgin sama zuwa Arua sama da shekaru 7 da suka gabata. A kan wani dutse kusa da magudanar ruwa an rubuta: Barka da zuwa ga kyawun halittar ALLAH. == Umarni == Yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 15 da mota daga Arua City don isa kusa da Abairo Falls. Daga filin ƙwallon ƙafa na Makarantar Firamare ta Alua da ke kan titin Oluko (wanda ya fara a Weatherhead Park Lane), mutum ya juya dama ya bi hanyar na tsawon kilomita 2 har sai ya ketare gadar Kogin Asa. Ba da daɗewa ba, kogin ya juya dama zuwa Ambeko, amma ya kamata mutum ya bi hanya madaidaiciya a gefen hagu har sai ya kai ga gangara. Tambayi mutane su jagoranci ɗaya idan ya ɓace ko kuma su ɗauki hayar mai babur bodaboda don ya kai shi kai tsaye zuwa wurin! Mutum zai ga gidaje, wurin zango, ofishin Shine mai wurin ajiye motoci a rufin mota, sannan a ƙarshe Arise Center ta gaban gidan John a wannan rangadin. == Duba kuma == * Ruwan Miriadua * [[Murchison Falls]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 9y05q5lt7ywbutj0ihyzouzb3xilnyr Kogin Tamarin 0 154522 846191 2026-06-03T18:13:21Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221892922|Rivière Tamarin]]" 846191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rivière Tamarin''' kogi ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Moris|Mauritius]] . Ita ce magudanar ruwa ta tafkin ƙasar mafi girma, Mare aux Vacoas . Daga nan sai ta ratsa yamma ta kan magudanar ruwa da aka sani da Tamarind Falls, ta isa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da ƙauyen Tamarin . Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin kilomita 12. Yana cikin Gundumar Black River . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-933979.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == ao3wjggx7br743b2frxrgj3dnmh969d 846192 846191 2026-06-03T18:14:02Z Engineer014 44591 846192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rivière Tamarin''' kogi ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Moris|Mauritius]] . Ita ce magudanar ruwa ta tafkin ƙasar mafi girma, Mare aux Vacoas . Daga nan sai ta ratsa yamma ta kan magudanar ruwa da aka sani da Tamarind Falls, ta isa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da ƙauyen Tamarin . Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin kilomita 12. Yana cikin Gundumar Black River . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-933979.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == fl0a1c2yy5iu6r9kxz9qhgj40mq1nxt Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Blessed Stars 0 154523 846193 2026-06-03T18:25:03Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336686389|Blessed Stars Football Academy]]" 846193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Blessed Stars''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Blessed Stars Football Club''' kungiya ce ta kwararrun ƴan kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da ke [[Uyo]], [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. Kungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[Nigeria Nationwide League One|Najeriya ta Nationwide League]] (NLO), mataki na uku a gasar kwallon kafa ta kungiyoyi a Najeriya. Sun fara kakar wasa ta farko ne a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Blessed Stars Football Academy kicks off Nationwide League screening for debut season |url=https://sportsration.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-kicks-off-nationwide-league-screening-for-debut-season/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=SportsRation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blessed Stars Football Academy emerges winner of Ibom Christmas Village tournament 2021 - Nigeria Sports News |url=https://nigeriasportsnews.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-emerges-winner-of-ibom-christmas-village-tournament-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301141256/https://nigeriasportsnews.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-emerges-winner-of-ibom-christmas-village-tournament-2021/ |archive-date=2024-03-01 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=nigeriasportsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian based club Blessed Stars Football Academy to host FC Barcelona B scouts in Accra |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1061236/nigerian-based-club-blessed-stars-football-academy.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] lp0dxggk5tj9p939i9sxkc8zdwxke6n 846194 846193 2026-06-03T18:26:33Z Jidda3711 14843 846194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Blessed Stars''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Blessed Stars Football Club''' kungiya ce ta kwararrun ƴan kwallon kafa ta [[Najeriya]] da ke [[Uyo]], [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]]. Kungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[Nigeria Nationwide League One|Najeriya ta Nationwide League]] (NLO), mataki na uku a gasar kwallon kafa ta kungiyoyi a Najeriya. Sun fara kakar wasa ta farko ne a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Blessed Stars Football Academy kicks off Nationwide League screening for debut season |url=https://sportsration.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-kicks-off-nationwide-league-screening-for-debut-season/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=SportsRation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blessed Stars Football Academy emerges winner of Ibom Christmas Village tournament 2021 - Nigeria Sports News |url=https://nigeriasportsnews.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-emerges-winner-of-ibom-christmas-village-tournament-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301141256/https://nigeriasportsnews.com/blessed-stars-football-academy-emerges-winner-of-ibom-christmas-village-tournament-2021/ |archive-date=2024-03-01 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=nigeriasportsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian based club Blessed Stars Football Academy to host FC Barcelona B scouts in Accra |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1061236/nigerian-based-club-blessed-stars-football-academy.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] 9imnaiffozz070b32acvfaop2rlxndy Freeport na Monrovia 0 154524 846199 2026-06-03T19:52:05Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344940376|Freeport of Monrovia]]" 846199 wikitext text/x-wiki Tashar jiragen ruwa '''ta Freeport ta Monrovia''' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci a ƙasar [[Laberiya]] ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . An ƙirƙiro ta ne ta hanyar wucin gadi a Tsibirin Bushrod kusa da [[Monrovia]] a shekarar 1948. <ref name="port">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.otal.com/liberia/ |access-date=2008-10-30 |publisher=OT Africa Line}}</ref> Tashar ta ƙunshi tasoshi huɗu da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya mai ma'ajiyar jiragen ruwa huɗu. <ref name="port" /> Tashar jiragen ruwa kuma tana da wuraren ɗaukar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta kamun kifi. [[Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasa|Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa ce]] ke kula da ita. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1850, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku suka fara fitar da [[Manja|man dabino]] daga tashar jiragen ruwa a Monrovia. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Laberiya don tabbatar da kwararar fitar da roba don amfani da su a kayan yaƙi. Waɗannan rundunonin sun inganta wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a Monrovia kuma sun gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta wucin gadi tare da magudanar ruwa guda biyu. <ref name="port">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.otal.com/liberia/ |access-date=2008-10-30 |publisher=OT Africa Line}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.otal.com/liberia/ "Liberia"]. OT Africa Line<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1948, wannan sabon {{Convert|750|acre|km2}} shi. bakin teku ya buɗe. <ref name="port" /> Gwamnatin ƙasa ta karɓi tashar jiragen ruwa daga wani kamfanin Amurka a shekarar 1971 kuma ta ƙirƙiri Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa don gudanar da aikin. Yajin aiki a shekarar 1981 ya gurgunta tashar jiragen ruwa na tsawon wata guda kafin Shugaban Liberia ya kori masu kai harin. A shekarar 1990, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia, Prince Johnson ya kama Shugaba [[Samuel Doe]] a tashar jiragen ruwa daga baya kuma ya kashe shi a wani wuri. A shekarar 1995, jirgin ruwan M/V ''Mush'' ya nutse bayan ya cika da kaya masu yawa kuma ya hana zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa har sai da aka cire shi a shekarar 1998. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2001, jirgin ruwan M/V ''Torm Alexandra'' ya nutse a tashar jiragen ruwa, inda ya toshe daya daga cikin mashigar jiragen. Bayan shekaru da dama da aka kasa shawo kan matsalar, an tashi jirgin aka kuma dauke shi a wani aiki na sirri da gwamnatin Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa a watan Mayu na 2009. A shekarar 2002, hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kammala aikin share hanyar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa domin bai wa jiragen ruwa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku damar zuwa. A shekarar 2010, gwamnatin Liberia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 120 (~$ 168 miliyan a 2024 ) yarjejeniyar rangwame da APM Terminals, tare da kafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu tsakanin kamfanin da Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa don gudanar da tashar. Dangane da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, APM Terminals za ta sabunta tashar jiragen ruwa da ma'aikatanta, ta yadda za ta yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya. A watan Oktoban 2012, Western Cluster Limited (WCL) ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar tashar jiragen ruwa da aiki tare da hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta ƙasa (NPA) don gyara da gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a Freeport na Monrovia don fitar da ma'adinan ƙarfe na WCL. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=The case of Liberia's western cluster iron ore deposits |url=https://www.nanews.net/news/the-case-of-liberia-western-cluster-iron-ore-deposits/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Nordic Africa News |language=en}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Haɓaka Ma'adinai ta WCL da aka sanya hannu da gwamnatin Liberia a watan Agustan 2011 don haɓaka ma'adinan ƙarfe a Ma'adinan Kogin Bea, Bomi da Mano a yammacin Liberia ta buƙaci kamfanin ya shiga yarjejeniyar hayar tashar jiragen ruwa da aiki tare da NPA don jigilar ma'adinan ƙarfe ta Freeport na Monrovia. Yarjejeniyar ta ba WCL damar gina wuraren ɗorawa da sauke kaya, gami da gyaran tsohon Kamfanin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Liberia da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kamfanin Iron Ore na ƙasa. Tana da eka 43.29 na ƙasa ga WCL don haɓaka wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa. Baya ga haɓaka ababen more rayuwa wanda WCL za ta yi, Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa za ta karɓi hayar haya ta shekara-shekara don ƙasar.<gallery> Fayil:World_Food_Programme_in_Liberia_002.jpg|alt=The Martin, a World Food Programme ship unloads pallets of high energy biscuits at the Freeport of Monrovia on August 15, 2003| Jirgin Martin, wani jirgin ruwa na Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya, yana sauke fale-falen biskit mai ƙarfi a Freeport na Monrovia a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003 Fayil:26th_MEU_secure_Freeport_of_Monrovia_001.jpg|alt=U.S. Marines from 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) secure the Freeport of Monrovia on Bushrod Island in Liberia during the Second Liberian Civil War. The 26th MEU (SOC) conducted a helicopter-borne landing at the port on August 15, 2003.| Sojojin ruwan Amurka daga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 26 (Operations na Musamman) sun tabbatar da tsaro a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Monrovia da ke tsibirin Bushrod a Liberia a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia . MEU na 26 (SOC) ya gudanar da saukar jiragen sama mai saukar ungulu a tashar jiragen ruwa a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003. </gallery> == Manazarta == tebkutmzzk2y6dfenrn80422m5ivxhy 846200 846199 2026-06-03T19:53:23Z Engineer014 44591 846200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tashar jiragen ruwa '''ta Freeport ta Monrovia''' ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci a ƙasar [[Laberiya]] ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . An ƙirƙiro ta ne ta hanyar wucin gadi a Tsibirin Bushrod kusa da [[Monrovia]] a shekarar 1948. <ref name="port">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.otal.com/liberia/ |access-date=2008-10-30 |publisher=OT Africa Line}}</ref> Tashar ta ƙunshi tasoshi huɗu da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya mai ma'ajiyar jiragen ruwa huɗu. <ref name="port" /> Tashar jiragen ruwa kuma tana da wuraren ɗaukar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta kamun kifi. [[Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasa|Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa ce]] ke kula da ita. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1850, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku suka fara fitar da [[Manja|man dabino]] daga tashar jiragen ruwa a Monrovia. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Sojojin Amurka sun sauka a Laberiya don tabbatar da kwararar fitar da roba don amfani da su a kayan yaƙi. Waɗannan rundunonin sun inganta wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa a Monrovia kuma sun gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta wucin gadi tare da magudanar ruwa guda biyu. <ref name="port">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.otal.com/liberia/ |access-date=2008-10-30 |publisher=OT Africa Line}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.otal.com/liberia/ "Liberia"]. OT Africa Line<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1948, wannan sabon {{Convert|750|acre|km2}} shi. bakin teku ya buɗe. <ref name="port" /> Gwamnatin ƙasa ta karɓi tashar jiragen ruwa daga wani kamfanin Amurka a shekarar 1971 kuma ta ƙirƙiri Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa don gudanar da aikin. Yajin aiki a shekarar 1981 ya gurgunta tashar jiragen ruwa na tsawon wata guda kafin Shugaban Liberia ya kori masu kai harin. A shekarar 1990, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia, Prince Johnson ya kama Shugaba [[Samuel Doe]] a tashar jiragen ruwa daga baya kuma ya kashe shi a wani wuri. A shekarar 1995, jirgin ruwan M/V ''Mush'' ya nutse bayan ya cika da kaya masu yawa kuma ya hana zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa har sai da aka cire shi a shekarar 1998. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2001, jirgin ruwan M/V ''Torm Alexandra'' ya nutse a tashar jiragen ruwa, inda ya toshe daya daga cikin mashigar jiragen. Bayan shekaru da dama da aka kasa shawo kan matsalar, an tashi jirgin aka kuma dauke shi a wani aiki na sirri da gwamnatin Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa a watan Mayu na 2009. A shekarar 2002, hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kammala aikin share hanyar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa domin bai wa jiragen ruwa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku damar zuwa. A shekarar 2010, gwamnatin Liberia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 120 (~$ 168 miliyan a 2024 ) yarjejeniyar rangwame da APM Terminals, tare da kafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu tsakanin kamfanin da Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa don gudanar da tashar. Dangane da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, APM Terminals za ta sabunta tashar jiragen ruwa da ma'aikatanta, ta yadda za ta yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya. A watan Oktoban 2012, Western Cluster Limited (WCL) ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar tashar jiragen ruwa da aiki tare da hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta ƙasa (NPA) don gyara da gina kayayyakin more rayuwa a Freeport na Monrovia don fitar da ma'adinan ƙarfe na WCL. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=The case of Liberia's western cluster iron ore deposits |url=https://www.nanews.net/news/the-case-of-liberia-western-cluster-iron-ore-deposits/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Nordic Africa News |language=en}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Haɓaka Ma'adinai ta WCL da aka sanya hannu da gwamnatin Liberia a watan Agustan 2011 don haɓaka ma'adinan ƙarfe a Ma'adinan Kogin Bea, Bomi da Mano a yammacin Liberia ta buƙaci kamfanin ya shiga yarjejeniyar hayar tashar jiragen ruwa da aiki tare da NPA don jigilar ma'adinan ƙarfe ta Freeport na Monrovia. Yarjejeniyar ta ba WCL damar gina wuraren ɗorawa da sauke kaya, gami da gyaran tsohon Kamfanin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Liberia da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kamfanin Iron Ore na ƙasa. Tana da eka 43.29 na ƙasa ga WCL don haɓaka wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa. Baya ga haɓaka ababen more rayuwa wanda WCL za ta yi, Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa za ta karɓi hayar haya ta shekara-shekara don ƙasar.<gallery> Fayil:World_Food_Programme_in_Liberia_002.jpg|alt=The Martin, a World Food Programme ship unloads pallets of high energy biscuits at the Freeport of Monrovia on August 15, 2003| Jirgin Martin, wani jirgin ruwa na Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya, yana sauke fale-falen biskit mai ƙarfi a Freeport na Monrovia a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003 Fayil:26th_MEU_secure_Freeport_of_Monrovia_001.jpg|alt=U.S. Marines from 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) secure the Freeport of Monrovia on Bushrod Island in Liberia during the Second Liberian Civil War. The 26th MEU (SOC) conducted a helicopter-borne landing at the port on August 15, 2003.| Sojojin ruwan Amurka daga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 26 (Operations na Musamman) sun tabbatar da tsaro a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Monrovia da ke tsibirin Bushrod a Liberia a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia . MEU na 26 (SOC) ya gudanar da saukar jiragen sama mai saukar ungulu a tashar jiragen ruwa a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003. </gallery> == Manazarta == 51digb0kwhpeckkxnpmjsfckc7nuzdd Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mozambique 0 154525 846201 2026-06-03T19:54:51Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1142522104|List of ports in Mozambique]]" 846201 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin '''Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Mozambique''' ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da gabar tekun [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] .<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mozambique == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Port/Harbour name !Province !Town name !Coordinates !UN/Locode !Remarks |- |Port of Maputo |[[Maputo|Maputo City]] |[[Maputo|Maputo City]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25|58|S|32|33|E}} |MZMPM |Large-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Maputo |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1225?name=MAPUTO&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Maputo Bay. |- |Port of Matola |Maputo Province |Matola |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25|57|S|32|29|E}} |MZMAT |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 12.3 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Matola |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1224?name=MATOLA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Inhambane |Inhambane Province |Inhambane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|23|52|S|35|22|E}} |MZINH |Small-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Inhambane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1226?name=INHAMBANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Inhambane Bay. |- |Port of Maxixe |Inhambane Province |Maxixe |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|23|51|S|35|21|E}} |MZMAX |Small-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Maxixe |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1227?name=MAXIXE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Inhambane Bay. |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Beira|Port of Beira]] |Sofala Province |[[Beira]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|19|48|S|34|49|E}} |MZBEW |Medium-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beira Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1228?name=BEIRA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> located on the shores of Sofala Bay |- |Port of Nacala |Nampula Province |Nacala |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|14|32|S|40|40|E}} |MZMNC |Also known as Nacala Porto<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Nacala |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1231?name=NACALA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> The deepest port in [[Kudancin Afirka|Southern Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Port of Nacala |url=http://ports.co.za/nacala.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto de Nacala |url=http://www.cfmnet.co.mz/porto_ncl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061005065310/http://www.cfmnet.co.mz/porto_ncl.htm |archive-date=2006-10-05 |access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref> |- |Port of Pebane |Zambezia Province |Pebane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|15|S|38|07|E}} |MZPEB |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 5.7 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Pebane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/25639?name=PEBANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Mocambique |Nampula Province |[[Tsibirin Mozambique|Island of Mozambique]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|02|S|40|43|E}} |MZMZQ |It is also known as Ilha de Mocambique.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Mocambique |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1232?name=MOCAMBIQUE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Moma |Nampula Province |Moma District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|37|S|39|43|E}} |MZMMW |Medium-sized port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Moma |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/24911?name=MOMA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Quelimane |Zambezia Province |Quelimane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|53|S|36|53|E}} |MZUEL |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 2.9 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Quelimane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1229?name=QUELIMANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == 1uyth6k71082jz8zj6sio91jtlurnde 846202 846201 2026-06-03T19:55:33Z Engineer014 44591 846202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin '''Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Mozambique''' ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da gabar tekun [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] .<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mozambique == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Port/Harbour name !Province !Town name !Coordinates !UN/Locode !Remarks |- |Port of Maputo |[[Maputo|Maputo City]] |[[Maputo|Maputo City]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25|58|S|32|33|E}} |MZMPM |Large-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Maputo |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1225?name=MAPUTO&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Maputo Bay. |- |Port of Matola |Maputo Province |Matola |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|25|57|S|32|29|E}} |MZMAT |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 12.3 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Matola |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1224?name=MATOLA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Inhambane |Inhambane Province |Inhambane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|23|52|S|35|22|E}} |MZINH |Small-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Inhambane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1226?name=INHAMBANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Inhambane Bay. |- |Port of Maxixe |Inhambane Province |Maxixe |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|23|51|S|35|21|E}} |MZMAX |Small-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Maxixe |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1227?name=MAXIXE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> on the shores of Inhambane Bay. |- |[[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Beira|Port of Beira]] |Sofala Province |[[Beira]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|19|48|S|34|49|E}} |MZBEW |Medium-sized port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beira Port |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1228?name=BEIRA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> located on the shores of Sofala Bay |- |Port of Nacala |Nampula Province |Nacala |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|14|32|S|40|40|E}} |MZMNC |Also known as Nacala Porto<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Nacala |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1231?name=NACALA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> The deepest port in [[Kudancin Afirka|Southern Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Port of Nacala |url=http://ports.co.za/nacala.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto de Nacala |url=http://www.cfmnet.co.mz/porto_ncl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061005065310/http://www.cfmnet.co.mz/porto_ncl.htm |archive-date=2006-10-05 |access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref> |- |Port of Pebane |Zambezia Province |Pebane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|15|S|38|07|E}} |MZPEB |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 5.7 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Pebane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/25639?name=PEBANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Mocambique |Nampula Province |[[Tsibirin Mozambique|Island of Mozambique]] |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|15|02|S|40|43|E}} |MZMZQ |It is also known as Ilha de Mocambique.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Mocambique |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1232?name=MOCAMBIQUE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Moma |Nampula Province |Moma District |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|37|S|39|43|E}} |MZMMW |Medium-sized port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Moma |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/24911?name=MOMA&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |- |Port of Quelimane |Zambezia Province |Quelimane |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17|53|S|36|53|E}} |MZUEL |Medium-sized port. The maximum draught is 2.9 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Quelimane |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/1229?name=QUELIMANE&country=Mozambique |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=marinetraffic.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == llnca8i1i6iyuv86lv9uguluc6hy6oz Jerin ambaliyar ruwa a Sudan 0 154526 846203 2026-06-03T19:57:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354357407|List of floods in Sudan]]" 846203 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[Sudan]], ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa akai-akai saboda yawan ruwan [[Blue Nile|kogin Blue Nile]], wanda ya haɗu da [[White Nile]] a [[Khartoum]] . Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, akwai mutane 388,600 da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta shafa a kowace shekara. <ref name="AutoA4-1">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Humanitarian Update, September 2022 (No. 08) - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-update-september-2022-no-08 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ranar ambaliyar ruwa ! matakin ! asara |- | [[1946 Sudan floods|1946]] | ba a sani ba | Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 1946 ta haifar da mummunar barna a Sudan, inda ta yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka da kuma yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=سنتمتران يفصلان النيل عن فيضان 1946 القياسي واجلاء سكان قرية غمرتها السيول بالدمازين – صحيفة التغيير السودانية, اخبار السودان |url=https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2013/08/27/%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-1946-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 1988|1988]] | {{Convert|15.68|m3}} | Mutane 76 sun mutu, daruruwan sun ji rauni, da kuma asarar tattalin arziki da yawa |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2007|2007]] | ba a sani ba | Mutane 64 sun mutu, 335 sun ji rauni, kuma gidaje 30,000 sun lalace <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawn Daily: United Nations estimates damage caused by Sudan floods |url=https://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102005557/http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-date=2 January 2009 |access-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2013|2013]] | {{Convert|17.4|m3}} | Sama da mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, inda ta lalata gidaje sama da 25,000. Hukumomin gwamnati sun kuma sanar da mutuwar kusan mutane 50. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2013 |title=Floods affect 300,000 across Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/8/23/floods-affect-300000-across-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053726/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/08/2013823113149149635.html |archive-date=2019-09-09 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=[[قناة الجزيرة|الجزيرة (قناة)]]}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2018|2018]] | {{Convert|15.6|m3}} | Akalla mutane 23 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 60 suka jikkata, sama da gidaje 19,640 suka rushe, kuma kimanin mutane 222,275 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=السودان.. فيضانات تقتل وتصيب عشرات {{!}} الحرة |url=https://www.alhurra.com/latest/2018/08/13/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.alhurra.com |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020|2020]] | Fiye da {{Convert|17|m3}} | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 500,000 ambaliyar ta shafa, sannan sama da murabba'in mita 100,000 ta lalata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=فيضانات السودان.. عشرات القتلى و100 ألف منزل منهار وإعلان البلاد منطقة كوارث طبيعية |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2020/9/6/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022|2022]] | {{Convert|16.42|m3}} | A cewar rahotanni, sama da mutane 97,227 sun rasa matsugunansu, <ref name="displacement.iom.int">{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Rainy Season Summary (May–October) (Update 009) {{!}} Displacement |url=https://displacement.iom.int/reports/sudan-rainy-season-summary-may-october-update-009 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=displacement.iom.int}}</ref> dabbobi 4,800 sun rasa muhallinsu, kuma kusan hekta 5,100 na ƙasa sun lalace ko sun lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Updated) Sudan – Flood Death Toll Rises, Nile Climbs Above Alert Level in Khartoum – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/sudan-floods-update-late-august-2022 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Devastation in South Sudan following fourth year of historic floods |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/10/635251694/devastation-south-sudan-following-fourth-year-historic-floods.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2024|2024]] | ba a sani ba | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, akalla gidaje 12,000+ sun lalace ko sun lalace, gonaki 198,000 (kimanin eka 205,500) sun lalace, kuma an raba mutane 44,000+ da muhallansu. |} == Manazarta == teplkktmn9iofzpya92f9lftfi1a43v 846204 846203 2026-06-03T19:58:18Z Engineer014 44591 846204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Sudan]], ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa akai-akai saboda yawan ruwan [[Blue Nile|kogin Blue Nile]], wanda ya haɗu da [[White Nile]] a [[Khartoum]] . Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, akwai mutane 388,600 da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta shafa a kowace shekara. <ref name="AutoA4-1">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Humanitarian Update, September 2022 (No. 08) - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-humanitarian-update-september-2022-no-08 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ranar ambaliyar ruwa ! matakin ! asara |- | [[1946 Sudan floods|1946]] | ba a sani ba | Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 1946 ta haifar da mummunar barna a Sudan, inda ta yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka da kuma yaɗuwar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=سنتمتران يفصلان النيل عن فيضان 1946 القياسي واجلاء سكان قرية غمرتها السيول بالدمازين – صحيفة التغيير السودانية, اخبار السودان |url=https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2013/08/27/%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-1946-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 1988|1988]] | {{Convert|15.68|m3}} | Mutane 76 sun mutu, daruruwan sun ji rauni, da kuma asarar tattalin arziki da yawa |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2007|2007]] | ba a sani ba | Mutane 64 sun mutu, 335 sun ji rauni, kuma gidaje 30,000 sun lalace <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawn Daily: United Nations estimates damage caused by Sudan floods |url=https://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102005557/http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/06/rss.htm |archive-date=2 January 2009 |access-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2013|2013]] | {{Convert|17.4|m3}} | Sama da mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, inda ta lalata gidaje sama da 25,000. Hukumomin gwamnati sun kuma sanar da mutuwar kusan mutane 50. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2013 |title=Floods affect 300,000 across Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/8/23/floods-affect-300000-across-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053726/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/08/2013823113149149635.html |archive-date=2019-09-09 |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=[[قناة الجزيرة|الجزيرة (قناة)]]}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2018|2018]] | {{Convert|15.6|m3}} | Akalla mutane 23 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 60 suka jikkata, sama da gidaje 19,640 suka rushe, kuma kimanin mutane 222,275 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=السودان.. فيضانات تقتل وتصيب عشرات {{!}} الحرة |url=https://www.alhurra.com/latest/2018/08/13/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.alhurra.com |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020|2020]] | Fiye da {{Convert|17|m3}} | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, sama da mutane 500,000 ambaliyar ta shafa, sannan sama da murabba'in mita 100,000 ta lalata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=فيضانات السودان.. عشرات القتلى و100 ألف منزل منهار وإعلان البلاد منطقة كوارث طبيعية |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2020/9/6/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022|2022]] | {{Convert|16.42|m3}} | A cewar rahotanni, sama da mutane 97,227 sun rasa matsugunansu, <ref name="displacement.iom.int">{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Rainy Season Summary (May–October) (Update 009) {{!}} Displacement |url=https://displacement.iom.int/reports/sudan-rainy-season-summary-may-october-update-009 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=displacement.iom.int}}</ref> dabbobi 4,800 sun rasa muhallinsu, kuma kusan hekta 5,100 na ƙasa sun lalace ko sun lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=(Updated) Sudan – Flood Death Toll Rises, Nile Climbs Above Alert Level in Khartoum – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/sudan-floods-update-late-august-2022 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Devastation in South Sudan following fourth year of historic floods |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/10/635251694/devastation-south-sudan-following-fourth-year-historic-floods.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2024|2024]] | ba a sani ba | Akalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu, akalla gidaje 12,000+ sun lalace ko sun lalace, gonaki 198,000 (kimanin eka 205,500) sun lalace, kuma an raba mutane 44,000+ da muhallansu. |} == Manazarta == pb3hb3cvmki4jv8la27h0vi0cwe13wv Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa a Djibouti 0 154527 846205 2026-06-03T19:59:11Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1145303525|List of ports in Djibouti]]" 846205 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin '''Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Djibouti''' ya yi cikakken bayani game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da gabar tekun [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] == Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Djibouti == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa/tashar jiragen ruwa ! Yankuna ! Sunan Birni/Gida ! Daidaito ! Majalisar Dinkin Duniya/Locode ! Matsakaicin iska (m) ! Matsakaicin nauyin nauyi (t) ! Bayani |- | [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti]] | [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]] | [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]] | |} == Manazarta == 035e1a9jt66fdwyrw03eq280qxlibhp 846206 846205 2026-06-03T19:59:53Z Engineer014 44591 846206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin '''Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa a Djibouti''' ya yi cikakken bayani game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke kusa da gabar tekun [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] == Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Djibouti == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan tashar jiragen ruwa/tashar jiragen ruwa ! Yankuna ! Sunan Birni/Gida ! Daidaito ! Majalisar Dinkin Duniya/Locode ! Matsakaicin iska (m) ! Matsakaicin nauyin nauyi (t) ! Bayani |- | [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti]] | [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]] | [[Jibuti (birni)|Birnin Djibouti]] | |} == Manazarta == 9gar4n16wxl4d6yrk2xlh2f8qqupny9 Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera 0 154528 846207 2026-06-03T20:02:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351128340|Port of Berbera]]" 846207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Berbera''' ( Somali , Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Berbera, babban birnin kasuwanci na [[Somaliland]] . An sanya ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Somaliya]] . <ref name="Icsti">{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure" |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Berbera_Port_at_night_2020.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera Duba da daddare]] [[Fayil:DP_World_Berbera_Masterplan.jpg|left|thumb|Sabuwar Tsarin DP World na Berbera DP World na Berbera.]] Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berber ta kasance sansanin sojojin ruwa da makamai masu linzami na gwamnatin tsakiyar Somaliya a tarihi. Bayan yarjejeniyar 1962 tsakanin Jamhuriyar Somaliya da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], an inganta kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa tare da kula da su daga Soviets. Daga baya aka fadada ta don amfani da sojojin Amurka, bayan da hukumomin Somaliya suka karfafa dangantaka da gwamnatin Amurka. In July 2013, the Raysut Cement of [[Oman]] announced that it is scheduled to build a new state-of-the-art cement terminal at the Port of Berbera. The construction project is part of a joint venture with Somali business partners. It will comprise three [[Rumbu|silos]] with a 4000 t capacity each, which will be earmarked for storage, packing and distribution of cement. '''Ci Gaban Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera: Yarjejeniyar Hayar Shekaru 30 Tsakanin Somaliland da DP World''' [[Fayil:New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg|thumb|Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta DP World da ke Berbera .]] A watan Mayun 2016, DP World ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 442 da gwamnatin [[Somaliland]] don gudanar da cibiyar kasuwanci da jigilar kayayyaki ta yanki a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera. Aikin, wanda za a fara shi a mataki-mataki, zai kuma kunshi kafa yankin 'yanci. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2018, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta zama babbar mai hannun jari bayan yarjejeniya da DP World da Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Somaliland. DP World tana da kashi 51% na hannun jari a cikin aikin, Somaliland tana da kashi 30%, yayin da CDC Group ke da sauran kashi 19%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Berbera |url=https://www.cdcgroup.com/en/story/port-of-berbera/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=CDC Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, gwamnatin Habasha za ta zuba jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa don haɓaka hanyar Berbera a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci ga ƙasar da ke cikinta, wadda take ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saurin bunƙasa a duniya. Akwai kuma shirin gina ƙarin wurin zama a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera, bisa ga babban tsarin Berbera, wanda DP World ta fara aiwatarwa, yayin da take ƙara sabbin kayan aiki don ƙara inganta inganci da yawan aiki na tashar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia acquires 19% stake in DP World Berbera Port |url=http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181807/http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Duk da haka, a shekarar 2022, jami'an Somaliland sun bayyana cewa Habasha ta rasa hannun jarinta na kashi 19% saboda gazawar cika sharuddan da ake bukata (misali, gudummawar kuɗi ga kayayyakin more rayuwa). Wannan ya bar tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu kamar haka: * DP World: 51% * Somaliland: 49% Bayan shekarar 2022, [http://Port%20of%20Berbera Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera] ta ci gaba da girma zuwa babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta yanki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin DP World . Tsakanin 2023 da 2026, tashar jiragen ruwa ta inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa, ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin sarrafa kwantena, kuma ta ƙara ingancin ayyukan jigilar kaya ta hanyar ingantattun fasahohi da wuraren ajiya. Ci gaban [http://Berbera%20Economic%20Zone Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Berbera] shi ma ya ci gaba, wanda ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a fannin sufuri da masana'antu. A lokaci guda, ciniki ta hanyar [http://Berbera%20Corridor hanyar Berbera] zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ya ƙaru sosai, wanda hakan ya sa tashar jiragen ruwa ta fi muhimmanci a matsayin wata hanya ta daban zuwa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan ci gaban sun ƙarfafa rawar da Berbera ke takawa a harkokin kasuwanci na yanki kuma sun ƙara mahimmancin tattalin arziki da dabaru a yankin Afirka. Yarjejeniyar ta zo ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban Yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tsakanin gwamnati da gwamnati tsakanin Gwamnatin [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da Gwamnatin Somaliland don ƙara ƙarfafa dangantakarsu ta dabarun. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ta tayar da muhawara tsakanin babbar jam'iyyar adawa [[Somaliland|ta Somaliland]] , Waddani, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar tsakanin [[Somaliya]] da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ce, amma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Somaliya ya musanta wannan ikirarin yana mai cewa babu wata shaida da aka gabatar da ke nuna cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera da gwamnatocin da suka gabata na Somaliya. == Duba kuma == * [[Somaliland]] * Sabuwar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta DP World a Berbera * DP World * [[Somaliland|Sufuri a Somaliland]] == Manazarta == 2v4d8udh3dw7giohk5egr1ttcxkpljv 846208 846207 2026-06-03T20:03:06Z Engineer014 44591 846208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Berbera''' ( Somali , Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Berbera, babban birnin kasuwanci na [[Somaliland]] . An sanya ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Somaliya]] . <ref name="Icsti">{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure" |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Berbera_Port_at_night_2020.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera Duba da daddare]] [[Fayil:DP_World_Berbera_Masterplan.jpg|left|thumb|Sabuwar Tsarin DP World na Berbera DP World na Berbera.]] Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berber ta kasance sansanin sojojin ruwa da makamai masu linzami na gwamnatin tsakiyar Somaliya a tarihi. Bayan yarjejeniyar 1962 tsakanin Jamhuriyar Somaliya da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], an inganta kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa tare da kula da su daga Soviets. Daga baya aka fadada ta don amfani da sojojin Amurka, bayan da hukumomin Somaliya suka karfafa dangantaka da gwamnatin Amurka. In July 2013, the Raysut Cement of [[Oman]] announced that it is scheduled to build a new state-of-the-art cement terminal at the Port of Berbera. The construction project is part of a joint venture with Somali business partners. It will comprise three [[Rumbu|silos]] with a 4000 t capacity each, which will be earmarked for storage, packing and distribution of cement. '''Ci Gaban Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera: Yarjejeniyar Hayar Shekaru 30 Tsakanin Somaliland da DP World''' [[Fayil:New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg|thumb|Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta DP World da ke Berbera .]] A watan Mayun 2016, DP World ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 442 da gwamnatin [[Somaliland]] don gudanar da cibiyar kasuwanci da jigilar kayayyaki ta yanki a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera. Aikin, wanda za a fara shi a mataki-mataki, zai kuma kunshi kafa yankin 'yanci. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2018, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta zama babbar mai hannun jari bayan yarjejeniya da DP World da Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Somaliland. DP World tana da kashi 51% na hannun jari a cikin aikin, Somaliland tana da kashi 30%, yayin da CDC Group ke da sauran kashi 19%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Berbera |url=https://www.cdcgroup.com/en/story/port-of-berbera/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=CDC Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, gwamnatin Habasha za ta zuba jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa don haɓaka hanyar Berbera a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci ga ƙasar da ke cikinta, wadda take ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saurin bunƙasa a duniya. Akwai kuma shirin gina ƙarin wurin zama a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera, bisa ga babban tsarin Berbera, wanda DP World ta fara aiwatarwa, yayin da take ƙara sabbin kayan aiki don ƙara inganta inganci da yawan aiki na tashar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia acquires 19% stake in DP World Berbera Port |url=http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181807/http://web.dpworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_03_01-Ethiopia-acquires-stake-in-DP-World-Berbera.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Duk da haka, a shekarar 2022, jami'an Somaliland sun bayyana cewa Habasha ta rasa hannun jarinta na kashi 19% saboda gazawar cika sharuddan da ake bukata (misali, gudummawar kuɗi ga kayayyakin more rayuwa). Wannan ya bar tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu kamar haka: * DP World: 51% * Somaliland: 49% Bayan shekarar 2022, [http://Port%20of%20Berbera Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera] ta ci gaba da girma zuwa babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta yanki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin DP World . Tsakanin 2023 da 2026, tashar jiragen ruwa ta inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa, ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin sarrafa kwantena, kuma ta ƙara ingancin ayyukan jigilar kaya ta hanyar ingantattun fasahohi da wuraren ajiya. Ci gaban [http://Berbera%20Economic%20Zone Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Berbera] shi ma ya ci gaba, wanda ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a fannin sufuri da masana'antu. A lokaci guda, ciniki ta hanyar [http://Berbera%20Corridor hanyar Berbera] zuwa [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ya ƙaru sosai, wanda hakan ya sa tashar jiragen ruwa ta fi muhimmanci a matsayin wata hanya ta daban zuwa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan ci gaban sun ƙarfafa rawar da Berbera ke takawa a harkokin kasuwanci na yanki kuma sun ƙara mahimmancin tattalin arziki da dabaru a yankin Afirka. Yarjejeniyar ta zo ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban Yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tsakanin gwamnati da gwamnati tsakanin Gwamnatin [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da Gwamnatin Somaliland don ƙara ƙarfafa dangantakarsu ta dabarun. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ta tayar da muhawara tsakanin babbar jam'iyyar adawa [[Somaliland|ta Somaliland]] , Waddani, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar tsakanin [[Somaliya]] da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ce, amma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Somaliya ya musanta wannan ikirarin yana mai cewa babu wata shaida da aka gabatar da ke nuna cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera da gwamnatocin da suka gabata na Somaliya. == Duba kuma == * [[Somaliland]] * Sabuwar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta DP World a Berbera * DP World * [[Somaliland|Sufuri a Somaliland]] == Manazarta == 3wfhxtbgloxz0z5yd59ig7lcow8nw2z Tashar jiragen ruwa 0 154529 846209 2026-06-03T20:07:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336732214|Nador Port]]" 846209 wikitext text/x-wiki Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta kasuwanci a Bahar Rum wadda ke kula da yankin Rif na Arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa a hukumance tana Beni Ensar kuma tana raba mashigarta da tashar jiragen ruwa ta yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta wucin gadi wadda ke amfani da tafkin Bou Areg. == Amfani == Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya: Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Melilla tana amfani da kusan kashi 70% na yankin danshi, yayin da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador ke amfani da sauran kashi 30% na yankin kudu maso gabas. Ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa/ro-ro, busasshiyar hanya kuma tana da wuraren samar da hydro-carbons. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa suna amfani da wuraren ro-ro a kan hanyar zuwa/daga Spain. A shekarar 1994, kamfanin FerriMaroc ya buɗe layin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Almeria . Kafin wannan ranar, mutum zai iya tafiya zuwa yankin ne kawai ta hanyar Melilla ko kuma ta tashar jiragen ruwa da ke Al Hoceima . == Kayan aiki == Kamfanin MarsaMaroc, wanda ke gudanar da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Morocco, yana ba da waɗannan kayan aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador Ana iya raba tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa manyan sassa uku: === Tashar 2 === Babban tashar kayan masarufi tana da {{Convert|700|m}} na magudanar ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|13|m}} zurfi) da kuma wani {{Convert|300|m}} na magudanar ruwa mai zurfin ruwa {{Convert|10|m}} . Wannan Tashar 2 tashar kayan masarufi ce da ke karɓar kayayyaki masu yawa kamar ma'adinai da billets na kamfanin SONASID na ƙarfe da ke kusa kuma ana amfani da ita azaman (ƙaramin) tashar jiragen ruwa ta kamun kifi. Jimillar faɗin fili {{Convert|14.7|hectare}} yana samuwa don adanawa ko jigilar kaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador yanzu muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa ce ga Arewa maso Gabashin Morocco, tare da hanyoyin haɗi kai tsaye zuwa Spain (Almeria da Motril) da kuma haɗin mako-mako zuwa Faransa (Sete) Ga jiragen ruwa da ke aiki zuwa Turai, tashar jiragen ruwa tana ba da {{Convert|600|m}} mashigar ruwa don jiragen ruwa masu hawa-hawa/juyawa tare da gadoji masu tsayi don fasinjojin ƙafa su ketare zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a matakai daban-daban don haka ba sa hana juna a lokacin da ake hawa (dis) tare da {{Convert|13|m}} zurfin. === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta hydrocarbon === A ƙarshe akwai {{Convert|100|m|ft|-long}} tashar jiragen ruwa don karɓar hydrocarbons masu zurfin ruwa na {{Convert|13|m}} . == Hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa == Since the Moroccan train operator ONCF opened the branch line Taourirt – Nador in 2009, the port also offers daily train connections to the rest of the country. The train stop '''Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar Port''' is the terminus for trains to [[Tanja|Tanger]] and [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] via [[Fas|Fez]]. (see also: Nador railway stations) == Haɗi == [[Fayil:Ferrimaroc_Ferries.jpg|thumb|MS ''Mistral'' yana barin Nador]] === Haɗin layin dogo da hanyoyi a Morocco === Layin reshen daga Taorirt zuwa Nador bai tsaya a Nador ba amma yana tafiya zuwa Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar ita ce tashar tashar layin reshen zuwa Taorirt, inda take haɗuwa da babban layin gabas-yamma zuwa Oujda a gabas (babu haɗin kai tsaye: canji a Taorirt) ko ta [[Fas|Fez]] zuwa [[Tanja|Tanger]] ko zuwa [[Rabat]] da [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] tare da ƙarin haɗin gwiwa zuwa [[Marrakesh]] a yamma. Ta hanyar titin ƙasa ''N19'' yana ba da haɗin kai tsaye zuwa birnin Nador (mil 8) da kuma bayansa. Filin jiragen sama da ke kusa sune Filin jirgin saman Melilla da Filin jirgin saman Nador International == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o8u74u901voqig0o7llj0rt38gki90h 846211 846209 2026-06-03T20:08:49Z Engineer014 44591 846211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta kasuwanci a Bahar Rum wadda ke kula da yankin Rif na Arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa a hukumance tana Beni Ensar kuma tana raba mashigarta da tashar jiragen ruwa ta yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta wucin gadi wadda ke amfani da tafkin Bou Areg. == Amfani == Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yankin Melilla na ƙasar Sipaniya: Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Melilla tana amfani da kusan kashi 70% na yankin danshi, yayin da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador ke amfani da sauran kashi 30% na yankin kudu maso gabas. Ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa/ro-ro, busasshiyar hanya kuma tana da wuraren samar da hydro-carbons. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa suna amfani da wuraren ro-ro a kan hanyar zuwa/daga Spain. A shekarar 1994, kamfanin FerriMaroc ya buɗe layin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Almeria . Kafin wannan ranar, mutum zai iya tafiya zuwa yankin ne kawai ta hanyar Melilla ko kuma ta tashar jiragen ruwa da ke Al Hoceima . == Kayan aiki == Kamfanin MarsaMaroc, wanda ke gudanar da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Morocco, yana ba da waɗannan kayan aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador Ana iya raba tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa manyan sassa uku: === Tashar 2 === Babban tashar kayan masarufi tana da {{Convert|700|m}} na magudanar ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|13|m}} zurfi) da kuma wani {{Convert|300|m}} na magudanar ruwa mai zurfin ruwa {{Convert|10|m}} . Wannan Tashar 2 tashar kayan masarufi ce da ke karɓar kayayyaki masu yawa kamar ma'adinai da billets na kamfanin SONASID na ƙarfe da ke kusa kuma ana amfani da ita azaman (ƙaramin) tashar jiragen ruwa ta kamun kifi. Jimillar faɗin fili {{Convert|14.7|hectare}} yana samuwa don adanawa ko jigilar kaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nador yanzu muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa ce ga Arewa maso Gabashin Morocco, tare da hanyoyin haɗi kai tsaye zuwa Spain (Almeria da Motril) da kuma haɗin mako-mako zuwa Faransa (Sete) Ga jiragen ruwa da ke aiki zuwa Turai, tashar jiragen ruwa tana ba da {{Convert|600|m}} mashigar ruwa don jiragen ruwa masu hawa-hawa/juyawa tare da gadoji masu tsayi don fasinjojin ƙafa su ketare zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a matakai daban-daban don haka ba sa hana juna a lokacin da ake hawa (dis) tare da {{Convert|13|m}} zurfin. === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta hydrocarbon === A ƙarshe akwai {{Convert|100|m|ft|-long}} tashar jiragen ruwa don karɓar hydrocarbons masu zurfin ruwa na {{Convert|13|m}} . == Hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa == Since the Moroccan train operator ONCF opened the branch line Taourirt – Nador in 2009, the port also offers daily train connections to the rest of the country. The train stop '''Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar Port''' is the terminus for trains to [[Tanja|Tanger]] and [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] via [[Fas|Fez]]. (see also: Nador railway stations) == Haɗi == [[Fayil:Ferrimaroc_Ferries.jpg|thumb|MS ''Mistral'' yana barin Nador]] === Haɗin layin dogo da hanyoyi a Morocco === Layin reshen daga Taorirt zuwa Nador bai tsaya a Nador ba amma yana tafiya zuwa Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Beni Ensar / Aït Nsar ita ce tashar tashar layin reshen zuwa Taorirt, inda take haɗuwa da babban layin gabas-yamma zuwa Oujda a gabas (babu haɗin kai tsaye: canji a Taorirt) ko ta [[Fas|Fez]] zuwa [[Tanja|Tanger]] ko zuwa [[Rabat]] da [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] tare da ƙarin haɗin gwiwa zuwa [[Marrakesh]] a yamma. Ta hanyar titin ƙasa ''N19'' yana ba da haɗin kai tsaye zuwa birnin Nador (mil 8) da kuma bayansa. Filin jiragen sama da ke kusa sune Filin jirgin saman Melilla da Filin jirgin saman Nador International == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qtiejnagqwheacxgwz4ff4mc2nz2g2m Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan 0 154530 846210 2026-06-03T20:07:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice in Nigeria | profession = Legal Practitioner | alma_mater = | years_active = }} '''Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fagen aikin lauya da shari’a a ƙasar. An san shi a matsayin ƙwararren mai gudanar da harkokin doka, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan shari’a da kasuwanci a Najeriy... 846210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice in Nigeria | profession = Legal Practitioner | alma_mater = | years_active = }} '''Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fagen aikin lauya da shari’a a ƙasar. An san shi a matsayin ƙwararren mai gudanar da harkokin doka, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan shari’a da kasuwanci a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFS Vocational Hub – Officers |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/afs-vocational-hub--BN-3023885 |website=B2BHint |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan yana daga cikin lauyoyin Najeriya masu zaman kansu da aka bayyana a bayanan rajistar kamfanoni a matsayin ''Legal Practitioner''. Bayanai daga rajistar kasuwanci sun nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da wasu harkokin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin da aka yi wa rajista a Najeriya, ciki har da AFS Vocational Hub da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFS Vocational Hub – Officers |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/afs-vocational-hub--BN-3023885 |website=B2BHint |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Takarar lambar SAN == A shekarar 2025, sunan Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan ya bayyana cikin jerin lauyoyi 57 da Kwamitin Ba da Matsayin ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria'' (LPPC) ya fitar domin tantancewa a matakin neman babban matsayin SAN. LPPC ta bukaci jama'a su gabatar da duk wani sharhi game da mutunci, ƙwarewa da cancantar waɗanda aka zaɓa domin ci gaba da tsarin tantancewa.<ref>{{cite news |title=2025 SAN shortlist: LPPC nominates 15 Law professors, 57 advocates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/2025-san-shortlist-lppc-nominates-15-law-professors-57-advocates/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Daga baya, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Adeyemi Adebambo Pitan yana cikin sabbin lauyoyin da aka rantsar da su a matsayin ''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyi masu aiki a Najeriya. Wannan matsayi yana nuna gagarumar gudummawa da ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akinsola is now SAN, joins Nigeria’s Inner Bar |url=https://muslimnews.com.ng/2025/09/30/akinsola-is-now-san-joins-nigerias-inner-bar/ |work=Muslim News Nigeria |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Bar Association]] * [[Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] sf9qh21zxj4h6uatejjww1nhaxdmqos Ruwan Materuni 0 154531 846212 2026-06-03T20:10:21Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334899826|Materuni Waterfalls]]" 846212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Materuni, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 1,540 sama da matakin teku''', yana ɗaya daga cikin ruwan da ke cikin [[Mware River|Kogin Mware]] ( Yankin Kilimanjaro, Arewa maso Gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ). Ana samunsa a ƙauyen Materuni a gefen tsaunukan [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Materuni and Kuringe Waterfalls — – Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104243/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=tanzaniatourism.go.tz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Materuni Village and Waterfall Tour – Tanzania |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/activities/materuni-village-and-waterfall-tour/a/pa-act/v-87431P30/355640 |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=lonelyplanet.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * List of waterfalls == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fkwnrx2ko8w3vzb68fw5jqkvpvhvnqr 846213 846212 2026-06-03T20:10:47Z Engineer014 44591 846213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Materuni, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 1,540 sama da matakin teku''', yana ɗaya daga cikin ruwan da ke cikin [[Mware River|Kogin Mware]] ( Yankin Kilimanjaro, Arewa maso Gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ). Ana samunsa a ƙauyen Materuni a gefen tsaunukan [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Materuni and Kuringe Waterfalls — – Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104243/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/materuni-and-kuringe-waterfalls |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=tanzaniatourism.go.tz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Materuni Village and Waterfall Tour – Tanzania |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/activities/materuni-village-and-waterfall-tour/a/pa-act/v-87431P30/355640 |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=lonelyplanet.com}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * List of waterfalls == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fs94gf4qz49ewv244fup6a6op6y7g5f Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola 0 154532 846214 2026-06-03T20:11:00Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | image = | caption = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | birth_name = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice | alma_mater = University of Ilorin | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | years_active = 2000s–present }} '''Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma ƙwararren mai kare haƙƙin doka wanda ya yi suna a fannin... 846214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | image = | caption = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | birth_name = Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice | alma_mater = University of Ilorin | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | years_active = 2000s–present }} '''Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma ƙwararren mai kare haƙƙin doka wanda ya yi suna a fannin shari'a, musamman a harkokin kasuwanci, rigingimun kasuwanci da sauran harkokin lauya a Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman karramawa ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |title=UNILORIN produces two new SANs |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/?p=127175 |title=Two UNILORIN Alumni earn prestigious SAN titles |publisher=Royal News |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Ilorin (University of Ilorin), inda ya samu digirin farko na shari'a (LL.B). Rahotanni daga jami'ar sun nuna cewa ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2005, kafin ya shiga aikin lauya a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |title=UNILORIN produces two new SANs |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecampulse.com/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |title=UNILORIN Produces Two New SANs |publisher=The Campulse |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Oredola ya kafa kuma yake jagorantar kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Habeeb Oredola & Associates''', wani cikakken kamfanin shari'a da ke da hedikwata a Legas. Kamfanin yana mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwanci, shari'o'in kamfanoni, warware rikice-rikice, da kuma sauran ayyukan doka da suka shafi harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://horedolaandassociates.com/about/ |title=About HOA |publisher=Habeeb Oredola & Associates |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotnigerianjobs.com/hotjobs/331050/legal-associate-at-habeeb-oredola-barrister-solici.html |title=Legal Associate at Habeeb Oredola (Barrister & Solicitors) |publisher=Hot Nigerian Jobs |date=16 March 2021 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A tsawon shekarunsa a aikin lauya, ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a, ciki har da shari'o'in kasuwanci, gudanar da harkokin kamfanoni, rubuce-rubucen yarjejeniyoyi, da kuma sasanta rikice-rikice. Kamfaninsa ya samu suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin lauyoyi masu ba da cikakken sabis ga abokan hulɗa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://horedolaandassociates.com/about/ |title=About HOA |publisher=Habeeb Oredola & Associates |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/company/aviva-fuel-limited |title=Habeeb Oredola (Barrister & Solicitors) |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin Senior Advocate of Nigeria == A watan Yulin 2025, Kwamitin Karrama Lauyoyi na Najeriya (Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee – LPPC) ya sanar da ɗaukaka Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola zuwa matsayin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. An zaɓe shi tare da wasu fitattun lauyoyi 56 daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar nan, bayan cika ƙa'idojin ƙwarewa da nagarta a aikin lauya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |title=UNILORIN produces two new SANs |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nbasbl.org/news-and-resources/nba-sbl-celebrates-our-newly-elevated-san/ |title=NBA-SBL Celebrates Our Newly Elevated Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN) |publisher=Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> An rantsar da shi a matsayin SAN a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2025 a harabar Kotun Koli ta Najeriya da ke Abuja. Wannan matsayi yana daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo ga lauyoyi a Najeriya, kuma ana ba shi ne ga waɗanda suka nuna bajinta da nagarta a aikin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/two-unilorites-sworn-in-as-silks/ |title=Two Unilorites sworn-in as silks |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Habeeb Abdulrahman Oredola ɗa ne ga tsohon Alƙalin Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya, '''Justice Moshood AbdulRahman Oredola'''. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin iyalin da suka yi fice a fannin shari'a a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/two-unilorites-sworn-in-as-silks/ |title=Two Unilorites sworn-in as silks |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Karramawa == * Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN), 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/unilorin-produces-two-new-sans/ |title=UNILORIN produces two new SANs |publisher=University of Ilorin |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> * An saka sunansa cikin jerin sababbin SAN da Kungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya ta Bangaren Dokokin Kasuwanci (NBA-SBL) ta taya murna bayan ɗaukakarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nbasbl.org/news-and-resources/nba-sbl-celebrates-our-newly-elevated-san/ |title=NBA-SBL Celebrates Our Newly Elevated Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN) |publisher=NBA-SBL |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 68r03t7nq9dzilfzdj4omwca1m5hwg4 Mustapha Larfaoui 0 154533 846215 2026-06-03T20:14:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312661418|Mustapha Larfaoui]]" 846215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mustapha Larfaoui''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1932 a [[Aljir|Algiers]] ) tsohon memba ne na Kwamitin Olympics na Duniya (IOC) daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Daga 1988 &#x2013; 24 ga Maris, 2009 ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban FINA, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da Aquatics. Shi ne ɗan Afirka na farko da ya riƙe shugabancin FINA. Yanzu shi ne Shugaban Rayayyu na FINA. <ref name="FINA0907" /> Larfaoui memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Yaƙi da Shan Ƙashi a Duniya kuma wani ɓangare ne na kwamitin nazarin wasannin Olympics da tallatawa na IOC. Shi memba ne na kwamitin tantancewa na IOC na [[Gasar Olympic|wasannin Olympics]] na 2012. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ninkaya ta Afirka tsawon sama da shekaru 30. <ref name="IOC" /> Tsohon darektan asibiti da lafiyar jama'a, yana da digiri a harsunan Larabci da Faransanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 2fa9lwgtg6sau5xgq0kzg67hpqv8iy5 846217 846215 2026-06-03T20:14:44Z Engineer014 44591 846217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mustapha Larfaoui''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1932 a [[Aljir|Algiers]] ) tsohon memba ne na Kwamitin Olympics na Duniya (IOC) daga [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Daga 1988 &#x2013; 24 ga Maris, 2009 ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban FINA, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da Aquatics. Shi ne ɗan Afirka na farko da ya riƙe shugabancin FINA. Yanzu shi ne Shugaban Rayayyu na FINA. <ref name="FINA0907" /> Larfaoui memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Yaƙi da Shan Ƙashi a Duniya kuma wani ɓangare ne na kwamitin nazarin wasannin Olympics da tallatawa na IOC. Shi memba ne na kwamitin tantancewa na IOC na [[Gasar Olympic|wasannin Olympics]] na 2012. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ninkaya ta Afirka tsawon sama da shekaru 30. <ref name="IOC" /> Tsohon darektan asibiti da lafiyar jama'a, yana da digiri a harsunan Larabci da Faransanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 5tq9sv68hcs63rzmz25bvig1ga25hll Victor Agunzi 0 154534 846216 2026-06-03T20:14:19Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Victor Agunzi | caption = Victor Agunzi | birth_name = Victor Agunzi | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | profession = Legal Practitioner | known_for = Litigation, Political Law | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | political_party = All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) }} '''Victor Agunzi''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma babban masani a fannin shari'a wanda ya yi suna wajen gudanar da manyan shari'o'in siya... 846216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Victor Agunzi | caption = Victor Agunzi | birth_name = Victor Agunzi | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer | profession = Legal Practitioner | known_for = Litigation, Political Law | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | political_party = All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) }} '''Victor Agunzi''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma babban masani a fannin shari'a wanda ya yi suna wajen gudanar da manyan shari'o'in siyasa da na jam'iyyu a ƙasar Najeriya. Ya kasance cikin lauyoyin da suka wakilci wasu manyan 'yan siyasa da jam'iyyu a rikice-rikicen shugabanci da suka shafi jam'iyyar APGA (All Progressives Grand Alliance). An san shi da shiga muhawarori da shari'o'i masu muhimmanci da suka shafi tsarin dimokuraɗiyya da dokokin jam'iyyu a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Party crisis: APGA petitions LPDC, seeks disciplinary action against Oye's lawyers |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/09/party-crisis-apga-petitions-lpdc-seeks-disciplinary-action-against-oyes-lawyers/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Victor Agunzi ya shahara a matsayin lauya mai kare muradun abokan huldarsa a kotuna daban-daban na Najeriya. A shekarar 2020 ya bayyana a gaban Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Abuja a matsayin lauya mai wakiltar tsohon shugaban APGA, Victor Oye, a wata shari'a da ta shafi rikicin shugabancin jam'iyyar. A zaman kotun, ya sanar da niyyar wanda yake wakilta na janye karar da aka shigar kan rikicin shugabanci a jam'iyyar.<ref>{{cite news |title=APGA Leadership Tussle: Oye Withdraws Suit Against Njoku |url=https://gwg.ng/2020/01/16/apga-leadership-tussle-oye-withdraws-suit-against-njoku/ |work=Green White Green |date=16 January 2020 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=APGA leadership tussle: Oye withdraws suit against Njoku |url=https://dailytimesng.com/apga-leadership-tussle-oye-withdraws-suit-against-njoku/ |work=Daily Times Nigeria |date=16 January 2020 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukansa a APGA == Baya ga aikin lauya, Agunzi ya kasance yana taka rawa a harkokin jam'iyyar APGA. Ya rike mukamin Mai Ba Jam'iyya Shawara Kan Harkokin Shari'a (National Legal Adviser), inda ya taimaka wajen tafiyar da harkokin doka da kare muradun jam'iyyar a kotuna. Matsayinsa ya sanya ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin da ke da alaka da harkokin siyasar jam'iyyar APGA a matakin kasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=APGA Congratulates National Legal Adviser Victor Agunzi On Elevation To SAN |url=https://www.nairaland.com/8522930/apga-congratulates-national-legal-adviser |work=APGA Publicity Committee via Nairaland |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin SAN == A shekarar 2025, an daga darajar Victor Agunzi zuwa mukamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman mukamin ƙwararrun lauyoyi a Najeriya. Shugabannin APGA sun bayyana wannan karramawa a matsayin wata shaida ta kwarewarsa, jajircewarsa da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban harkokin shari'a a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=APGA Congratulates National Legal Adviser Victor Agunzi On Elevation To SAN |url=https://www.nairaland.com/8522930/apga-congratulates-national-legal-adviser |work=APGA Publicity Committee via Nairaland |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Takaddama == A shekarar 2024, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa na APGA ya mika korafi ga Kwamitin Ladabtar da Lauyoyi (Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee – LPDC) kan wasu manyan lauyoyi ciki har da Victor Agunzi. Korafin ya yi zargin cewa lauyoyin sun shiga wasu matakai na shari'a da suka shafi rikicin shugabancin APGA duk da cewa wasu daga cikin batutuwan sun riga sun samu hukunci daga kotunan koli. Sai dai rahotannin kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa korafin zargi ne kawai kuma ba ya nufin an same su da laifi.<ref>{{cite news |title=APGA Drags Two SANs To LPDC |url=https://independent.ng/apga-drags-two-sans-to-lpdc/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=8 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Party crisis: APGA petitions LPDC, seeks disciplinary action against Oye's lawyers |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/10/09/party-crisis-apga-petitions-lpdc-seeks-disciplinary-action-against-oyes-lawyers/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=APGA: 2 SANs, another to face LPDC over alleged misconduct |url=https://thesun.ng/apga-2-sans-another-to-face-lpdc-over-alleged-misconduct/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners]] [[Category:APGA politicians]] 77a09xu3s62myw8xxihunwlr9mljznn Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu 0 154535 846218 2026-06-03T20:16:35Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer and Senior Advocate of Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice and advocacy | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | alma_mater = | years_active = | hometown = Izzi, Ebonyi State, Nigeria }} '''Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkar shari'a a Jihar Ebonyi. Ya kasance ɗaya daga ciki... 846218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu | image = | caption = Nigerian lawyer and Senior Advocate of Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal practice and advocacy | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) | alma_mater = | years_active = | hometown = Izzi, Ebonyi State, Nigeria }} '''Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkar shari'a a Jihar Ebonyi. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin da suka wakilci abokan hulɗarsu a manyan shari'o'i a kotunan Najeriya, musamman a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin ƙasar. Ya samu karɓuwa a fagen shari'a sakamakon gogewarsa a aikin lauya da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa harkokin adalci a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ebonyi Lawyers Luke Nkwegu and Fidelis Iteshi Inaugurated as Senior Advocates of Nigeria |url=https://enn.ng/2025/07/25/ebonyi-lawyers-luke-nkwegu-and-fidelis-iteshi-inaugurated-as-senior-advocates-of-nigeria/ |work=Ebonyi News Network |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> An haifi Nkwegu Luke Ogbagaegwu ne daga ƙabilar Izzi da ke Jihar Ebonyi. A tsawon shekarunsa na aikin lauya, ya samu suna wajen gudanar da shari'o'i daban-daban tare da kare haƙƙin abokan hulɗarsa a kotuna. Masu bibiyar harkokin shari'a a jihar sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka matsayin sana'ar lauya a Ebonyi da ma Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ebonyi Lawyers Luke Nkwegu and Fidelis Iteshi Inaugurated as Senior Advocates of Nigeria |url=https://enn.ng/2025/07/25/ebonyi-lawyers-luke-nkwegu-and-fidelis-iteshi-inaugurated-as-senior-advocates-of-nigeria/ |work=Ebonyi News Network |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Ba da Lambar Girma ga Lauyoyi na Najeriya (Legal Practitioners' Privileges Committee – LPPC) ya sanya sunansa cikin jerin lauyoyin da aka tantance domin samun lambar girmamawa ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Wannan mataki ya nuna irin matsayin da ya kai a fannin shari'a da kuma amincewar da masana harkar shari'a suka yi da ƙwarewarsa.<ref>{{cite news |title=2025 SAN shortlist: LPPC nominates 15 Law professors, 57 advocates |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/2025-san-shortlist-lppc-nominates-15-law-professors-57-advocates/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SEE LIST: LPPC shortlists 72 lawyers for rank of SAN in 2025 |url=https://thenewsguru.ng/news/see-list-lppc-shortlists-72-lawyers-for-rank-of-san-in-2025/ |work=TheNewsGuru |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Daga bisani, an naɗa shi cikin jerin sabbin '''Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN)''' bayan kammala dukkan matakan tantancewa. Naɗin nasa ya kasance abin alfahari ga mutanen Jihar Ebonyi, musamman ma al'ummar Izzi, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin yankin da suka kai wannan matsayi mai girma a aikin lauya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ebonyi Lawyers Luke Nkwegu and Fidelis Iteshi Inaugurated as Senior Advocates of Nigeria |url=https://enn.ng/2025/07/25/ebonyi-lawyers-luke-nkwegu-and-fidelis-iteshi-inaugurated-as-senior-advocates-of-nigeria/ |work=Ebonyi News Network |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=57 Lawyers Elevated To Senior Advocates of Nigeria (Full List) |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/308517/57-lawyers-elevated-to-senior-advocates-of-nigeria.html |work=Tori News |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A wasu shari'o'in siyasa da suka ja hankalin jama'a a Ebonyi, Nkwegu ya bayyana a matsayin lauya mai wakiltar ɓangarori daban-daban. A shekarar 2020 ya jagoranci wasu lauyoyi wajen gabatar da korafi kan jinkirin aika bayanan shari'a zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, lamarin da ya jawo muhawara a tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar shari'a. Haka kuma ya wakilci wasu fitattun mutane a shari'o'in da suka shafi siyasa da harkokin jama'a a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Lawyers Protested Against Judiciary In Ebonyi |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-lawyers-protested-again-against-judiciary-in-ebonyi/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2020 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ebonyi PDP's spokesperson slumps in court |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/ebonyi-pdps-spokesperson-slumps-in-court/ |work=The Conclave |date=2022 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Samun lambar SAN ya ƙara tabbatar da matsayinsa a cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya. Masana harkar shari'a da jami'an gwamnati sun yaba da ƙoƙarinsa, suna mai cewa nasarar da ya samu ta zama abin ƙarfafawa ga matasan lauyoyi daga Ebonyi da sauran sassan Najeriya masu burin kaiwa manyan matakai a sana'ar lauya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ebonyi Lawyers Luke Nkwegu and Fidelis Iteshi Inaugurated as Senior Advocates of Nigeria |url=https://enn.ng/2025/07/25/ebonyi-lawyers-luke-nkwegu-and-fidelis-iteshi-inaugurated-as-senior-advocates-of-nigeria/ |work=Ebonyi News Network |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 90y8v4dyli6ck8ki3pahk84b79mj30n Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello 0 154536 846219 2026-06-03T20:24:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | image = | caption = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | alma mater = Nigerian Law School | known_for = Legal Practice, Corporate Law, International Legal Affairs | years_active = c. 2007–present | employer = Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP | title = Managing Partner }} '''Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya shahara a fannin harkoki... 846219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | image = | caption = Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello | nationality = Nigerian | citizenship = Nigeria | occupation = Lawyer | alma mater = Nigerian Law School | known_for = Legal Practice, Corporate Law, International Legal Affairs | years_active = c. 2007–present | employer = Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP | title = Managing Partner }} '''Bidemi Ifedunni Ademola-Bello''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya shahara a fannin harkokin shari'a, musamman a fannoni kamar dokokin kasuwanci, bankuna, inshora, makamashi, sufurin jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama, fasahar sadarwa, harkokin zuba jari da hulɗar gwamnati. Ya yi fiye da shekaru goma sha bakwai yana aiki a harkar lauya a matakin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2025 an naɗa shi a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa (Managing Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwar farko da karatunsa ba su da yawa a kafafen yaɗa labarai. Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa ya samu horon lauya a Najeriya kuma ya shiga aikin shari'a tun kusan shekarar 2007, wanda ya ba shi damar gina gogewa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da shari'a a cikin ƙasar da kuma wajen ta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == A tsawon aikinsa, Ademola-Bello ya yi aiki a wasu fitattun kamfanonin lauyoyi a Lagos, ciki har da Kola Awodein & Co., S. B. Joseph & Co., da Olajide Oyewole LLP. A waɗannan wurare ya samu gogewa a fannoni masu yawa da suka haɗa da dokokin kasuwanci, harkokin banki, dokokin iyali, dokokin tsarin mulki, dokokin gudanarwa da kuma dokokin cinikayya na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, yayin da yake Babban Abokin Hulɗa (Senior Associate) a kamfanin Olajide Oyewole LLP, ya halarci taron ''ICC Africa Regional Arbitration Conference'' da aka gudanar a Lagos. Taron ya mayar da hankali kan rawar sasanci (arbitration) wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ICC Africa Regional Arbitration Conference |url=https://www.dlapiperafrica.com/en/nigeria/insights/2018/2nd-icc-africa-regional-arbitration-conference.html |publisher=DLA Piper Africa |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya kasance baƙo mai bincike (Visiting Professional) a kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta '''International Criminal Court (ICC)''' da ke birnin Hague na ƙasar Netherlands. Wannan dama ta ƙara masa gogewa a harkokin shari'ar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma dokokin manyan laifuka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Adedeji & Owotomo LLP == Ademola-Bello ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Adedeji & Owotomo LLP inda ya fara riƙe muƙamin shugaban sashen shari'a (Head of Chambers) kafin daga bisani ya zama abokin hulɗa (Partner). A watan Janairun shekarar 2025, kamfanin ya sanar da naɗa shi a matsayin sabon Manajan Abokin Hulɗa (Managing Partner), inda aka ba shi alhakin tsara manufofin kamfanin, jagorantar ma'aikata da ƙarfafa dangantaka da kwastomomi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm gets managing partner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/law-firm-gets-managing-partner/ |work=The Nation |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na doka da kuma gogewarsa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci sun sanya ya dace da jagorantar sabon matakin bunƙasar kamfanin. Shi ma ya bayyana cewa zai yi aiki tare da sauran lauyoyin kamfanin domin ci gaba da samar da sabbin hanyoyin warware matsalolin shari'a da suka dace da bukatun kwastomomi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Law firm appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://leadership.ng/law-firm-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adedeji & Owotomo, LLP appoints Bidemi Bello as Managing Partner |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/adedeji-owotomo-llp-appoints-bidemi-bello-as-managing-partner/ |work=Tribune Online |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Lawyers in Nigeria]] * [[International Criminal Court]] * [[Legal profession in Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] t5517w2bgwun1q048q88fy2jc00jztz Rashin ƙarancin jama'a 0 154537 846220 2026-06-03T20:59:56Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346370265|Population bottleneck]]" 846220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Population_bottleneck.svg|right|thumb|Rashin yawan jama'a ya biyo bayan farfadowa ko halaka]] Ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a ko ƙuntataccen ƙwayoyin halitta shine raguwa mai tsanani a cikin girman yawan jama'ar saboda abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli zabar yunwa, girgizar ƙasa, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], gobara, cututtuka, da fari; ko ayyukan ɗan adam kamar [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|kisan kai]] dangi, kisan kare-kashen, yaduwar tashin hankali ko kashe-kashen da gangan. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya rage bambancin a cikin kwayar halitta na yawan jama'a; bayan haka, ƙaramin yawan jama'ar, tare da ƙaramin bambancin kwayar halitta, ya kasance don ba da kwayoyin halitta ga tsararraki masu zuwa na zuriya. Bambancin kwayoyin halitta ya kasance ƙasa, yana ƙaruwa ne kawai lokacin da kwayar halitta ta fito daga wani yawan jama'a ta faru ko kuma a hankali yana ƙaruwa tare da lokaci yayin da maye gurbi na bazuwar ya faru. [tushen da aka buga da kansa] Wannan yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin yawan jama'a da kuma ikon sa na daidaitawa da tsira da zaɓin canje-canjen muhalli, kamar [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] ko canji a cikin albarkatun da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lande |first=R. |year=1988 |title=Genetics and demography in biological conservation |journal=Science |volume=241 |issue=4872 |pages=1455–1460 |bibcode=1988Sci...241.1455L |doi=10.1126/science.3420403 |pmid=3420403}}</ref> A madadin haka, idan wadanda suka tsira daga kwalban su ne mutanen da ke da mafi girman lafiya kwayar halitta, ana ƙara yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta kwayar halitta.  Yankin kwayar halitta wanda ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a na iya canza daidaitattun rarrabawar bazuwar alleles har ma ya haifar da asarar alleles. Hanyoyin da za a iya samu na inbreeding da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙaruwa, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da baƙin ciki na inbreading. Ƙananan yawan jama'a na iya haifar da maye gurbi masu lahani don tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=M. |last2=Conery |first2=J. |last3=Burger |first3=R. |year=1995 |title=Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=489–518 |bibcode=1995ANat..146..489L |doi=10.1086/285812 |s2cid=14762497}}</ref> Matsalolin yawan jama'a suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa (duba mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a) da kuma cikin yanayin aikin gona (tsarin halittu da Kula da kwari). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hufbauer RA, Bogdanowicz SM, Harrison RG |date=February 2004 |title=The population genetics of a biological control introduction: mitochondrial DNA and microsatellie variation in native and introduced populations of Aphidus ervi, a parasitoid wasp |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337–48 |bibcode=2004MolEc..13..337H |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02084.x |pmid=14717891 |s2cid=45796650}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a == A cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa, mafi ƙarancin [[yawan jama'a]] (MVP) yana taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yawan jama'ar da ke da tasiri lokacin da yawan jama'o'i ke cikin haɗarin [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. Sakamakon ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a sau da yawa ya dogara da yawan mutanen da suka rage bayan ƙuntatawar da kuma yadda hakan ya kwatanta da mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'ar. == Sakamakon wanda ya kafa == Wani nau'i daban-daban na ƙuntatawa na iya faruwa idan ƙaramin rukuni ya zama mai haifuwa (misali, a cikin ƙasa) ya rabu da babban jama'a, kamar ta hanyar taron wanda ya kafa, misali, idan 'yan mambobi na jinsin sun sami nasarar mallaka sabon tsibirin da aka ware, ko kuma daga ƙananan shirye-shiryen kiwo kamar dabbobi a gidan zoo. A madadin haka, nau'o'in da ke mamayewa na iya fuskantar matsalolin yawan jama'a ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da aka gabatar da su cikin kewayon da suka mamaye. == Misalan == === Mutane === [[Fayil:Le_musée_de_préhistoire_(Tautavel)_(14498190867).jpg|thumb|''Homo heidelbergensis'' na iya samo asali ne daga ''Homo ergaster'' mai yiwuwa bayan ƙarancin yawan jama'a 800,000 zuwa 900,000 da suka gabata.]] Dangane da samfurin 1999, ƙarancin yawan jama'a mai tsanani, ko kuma musamman cikakkiyar ƙwayoyin halitta, ya faru ne tsakanin ƙungiyar Australopithecin yayin da suka sauya cikin jinsin da aka sani da ''Homo erectus'' shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin ƙuntatawa dole ne ya faru tun lokacin da ''Homo erectus'' ya fara tafiya a Duniya, amma bayanan archaeological, paleontological, da kwayar halitta na yanzu ba su isa ba don ba da cikakken bayani game da irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken kwayar halitta na 2023 ya gano irin wannan ƙarancin yawan Kakannin ɗan adam na yiwuwar mutane 100,000 zuwa 1000 "kimanin shekaru 930,000 da 813,000 da suka gabata [wanda] ya kasance kusan shekaru 117,000 kuma ya kawo kakannin ɗan Adam kusa da halaka. " <ref name="SCI-20230831">{{Cite journal |last=Hu, Wangjie |display-authors=et al. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition |url=http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=381 |issue=6661 |pages=979–984 |bibcode=2023Sci...381..979H |doi=10.1126/science.abq7487 |pmid=37651513 |s2cid=261396309 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230901024052/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> [[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Ka'idar bala'in Toba]] mai rikitarwa, wanda aka gabatar a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, ya ba da shawarar cewa fashewar dutsen wuta a Indonesia kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan mutane zuwa mutane 10,000-30,000.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale">{{Cite book|last3=Richard Dawkins}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi ya dogara ne akan bayyanar daidaituwa na shaidar ilimin ƙasa na [[Canjin yanayi na gaggawa|Canjin yanayi na kwatsam]], shaidar haɗin gwiwar wasu kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ambrose SH |date=June 1998 |title=Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=623–51 |bibcode=1998JHumE..34..623A |doi=10.1006/jhev.1998.0219 |pmid=9650103 |s2cid=33122717}}</ref> da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale" /> Koyaya, binciken da ya biyo baya, musamman a cikin shekarun 2010, ya bayyana don karyata gardamar kwayar halitta da girman canjin yanayi a lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2000, takarda na Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta ya ba da shawarar samfurin transplanting ko 'tsawon kwalliya' don lissafin iyakantaccen bambancin kwayar halitta, maimakon canjin muhalli mai ban tsoro.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan zai dace da shawarwarin cewa a cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara lambobin na iya sauka a wasu lokuta kamar 2,000, watakila tsawon shekaru 100,000, kafin lambobin su fara fadadawa a cikin Late Stone Age.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Behar DM, Villems R, Soodyall H, etal |date=May 2008 |title=The dawn of human matrilineal diversity |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1130–40 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 |pmc=2427203 |pmid=18439549}} </ref> Y-chromosome bottleneck na Neolithic yana nufin wani lokaci a kusa da 5000 BC inda bambancin maza da y-chromesome ya sauka da sauri a fadin [[Afirka]], [[Turai]] da [[Asiya]], zuwa matakin da ya dace da haifuwa da ke faruwa tare da rabo tsakanin maza da mata na 1:17. An gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2015, binciken ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa matsalar ba ta zama raguwa a cikin yawan maza ba, amma raguwa sosai a cikin kashi na maza da ke da nasarar haihuwa a cikin al'adun Neolithic agropastoralist, idan aka kwatanta da masu tara mafarauta na baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmin |display-authors=et al. |year=2015 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |journal=Genome Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |pmc=4381518 |pmid=25770088 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michelle |date=31 May 2018 |title=Something Weird Happened to Men 7,000 Years Ago, And We Finally Know Why |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/neolithic-y-chromosome-bottleneck-warring-patrilineal-clans |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0 1em 1em" !Shekara !Americanbison (gabas) <br /> |- |Kafin 1492 | align="right" |60,000,000 |- |1890 | align="right" |750 |- |2000 | align="right" |360,000 |} Bison na Turai, wanda kuma ake kira wisent '' (Bison bonasus),'' ya fuskanci halaka a farkon karni na 20. Dabbobi da ke rayuwa a yau duk sun fito ne daga mutane 12 kuma suna da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta, wanda zai iya fara shafar ikon haifuwa na bijimai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luenser |first=K. |last2=Fickel |first2=J. |last3=Lehnen |first3=A. |last4=Speck |first4=S. |last5=Ludwig |first5=A. |year=2005 |title=Low level of genetic variability in European bisons (''Bison bonasus'') from the Bialowieza National Park in Poland |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=84–7 |bibcode=2005EJWR...51...84L |doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0081-4 |s2cid=34102378}}</ref> Yawan Bison na Amurka '' (Bison bison) '' ya fadi saboda yawan farauta, kusan ya haifar da halaka a shekara ta 1890, kodayake tun daga lokacin ya fara murmurewa (duba tebur). [[Fayil:Northern_Elephant_Seal,_San_Simeon2.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Yawan farauta ya tura hatimin giwayen arewa zuwa gefen halaka a ƙarshen karni na 19. Kodayake sun dawo, bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin yawan jama'a ya kasance ƙasa sosai.]] Misali na al'ada na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine na hatimin giwayen arewa, wanda yawansa ya fadi zuwa kusan 30 a cikin shekarun 1890. Kodayake yanzu yana da ƙididdiga a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yiwuwar ƙuntatawa a cikin yankuna ya kasance. Kyakkyawan bijimai suna iya yin jima'i da mafi yawan mata - wani lokacin har zuwa 100. Tare da yawancin zuriyar mulkin mallaka sun fito ne daga namiji daya mai rinjaye, bambancin kwayoyin halitta yana da iyaka, yana sa jinsin ya fi fuskantar cututtuka da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta. Hamster na zinariya nau'in nau'in da ke cikin kwalba ne, tare da yawancin hamsters na gida sun fito ne daga datti ɗaya da aka samu a cikin hamadar Siriya a kusa da 1930, kuma ƙananan hamsters na zinariya sun rage. Wani misali mai tsanani na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine New Zealand black robin, wanda kowane samfurin a yau ya fito ne daga mace ɗaya, wanda ake kira Old Blue. Jama'ar Black Robin har yanzu suna murmurewa daga ƙananan mutane biyar kawai a cikin 1980. kwayar halitta giant panda ta nuna shaidar mummunar matsala game da shekaru 43,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ya-Ping |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-xia |last3=Ryder |first3=Oliver A. |last4=Li |first4=Hai-Peng |last5=Zhang |first5=He-Ming |last6=Yong |first6=Yange |last7=Wang |first7=Peng-yan |year=2002 |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered animal species |url=http://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2002.74.issue-4/pac200274040575/pac200274040575.xml |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=575–84 |bibcode=2002PApCh..74..575Z |doi=10.1351/pac200274040575 |s2cid=13945117 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shaidar akalla nau'in dabbobi guda ɗaya, biri mai ƙyalli mai ƙyallo, wanda kuma ya sha wahala daga ƙalubale a wannan lokacin. Ana zargin wani abin da ba a sani ba na muhalli ya haifar da matsalolin da aka lura a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan biyu. Wataƙila matsalolin sun haifar da ƙananan Bambancin kwayoyin halitta da aka lura a cikin jinsunan biyu. Sauran hujjoji a wasu lokuta ana iya ganewa daga ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Daga cikin manyan tururuwa na Tsibirin Galápagos - kansu babban misali ne na ƙuntataccen kwalliya - yawan jama'a a kan gangaren Dutsen Alcedo ba su da bambanci sosai fiye da sauran tururuwa huɗu a tsibirin. Binciken DNA ya nuna cewa matsalar ta kasance kusan shekaru 88,000 kafin yanzu (YBP). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beheregaray LB, Ciofi C, Geist D, Gibbs JP, Caccone A, Powell JR |date=October 2003 |title=Genes record a prehistoric volcano eruption in the Galápagos |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |page=75 |bibcode=2003Sci...302...75B |doi=10.1126/science.1087486 |pmid=14526072 |s2cid=39102858}}</ref> Kimanin 100,000 YBP dutsen ya fashe da karfi, yana binne yawancin mazaunin tururuwa a cikin pumice da toka. Ana iya ganin wani misali a cikin kaji mafi girma, wanda ya kasance a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa karni na 20. A [[Illinois]] kadai, yawan kaji mafi girma ya ragu daga sama da miliyan 100 a cikin 1900 zuwa kusan 46 a cikin 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mussmann |first=S. M. |last2=Douglas |first2=M. R. |last3=Anthonysamy |first3=W. J. B. |last4=Davis |first4=M. A. |last5=Simpson |first5=S. A. |last6=Louis |first6=W. |last7=Douglas |first7=M. E. |date=February 2017 |title=Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |bibcode=2017RSOS....460736M |doi=10.1098/rsos.160736 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5367285 |pmid=28386428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan raguwar yawan jama'a sun kasance sakamakon farauta da lalacewar mazaunin, amma sakamakon bazuwar sun haifar da babban asarar jinsuna daban-daban. Binciken DNA da ke kwatanta tsuntsaye daga 1990 da tsakiyar karni ya nuna raguwar kwayar halitta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Gudanar da kaji mafi girma a yanzu ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin ceto na kwayoyin halitta ciki har da translocation na kaji na daji tsakanin leks don ƙara yawan bambancin kwayoyin halitta na kowane jama'a.<ref name=":1" /> Rashin yawan jama'a yana haifar da babbar barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na yawan jinsuna. ''Papilio homerus'' shine mafi girman malam buɗe ido a Amurka kuma yana cikin haɗari bisa ga IUCN. Rashin yawan jama'a na tsakiya yana haifar da babbar barazanar ƙuntataccen yawan jama'ar. Sauran al'ummomi biyu yanzu suna warewa kuma al'ummomin suna fuskantar makomar da ba ta da tabbas tare da iyakance damar da ta rage don kwararar kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehnert |first=Matthew S. |last2=Kramer |first2=Valerie R. |last3=Rawlins |first3=John E. |last4=Verdecia |first4=Vanessa |last5=Daniels |first5=Jaret C. |date=10 July 2017 |title=Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius) |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=68 |doi=10.3390/insects8030068 |pmc=5620688 |pmid=28698508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai ƙuntatawa na kwayar halitta a cikin cheetahs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menotti-Raymond |first=M. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |date=Apr 1993 |title=Dating the genetic bottleneck of the African cheetah. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=3172–6 |bibcode=1993PNAS...90.3172M |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.8.3172 |pmc=46261 |pmid=8475057 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=S. |last2=Roelke |first2=M. |last3=Marker |first3=L |last4=Newman |first4=A |last5=Winkler |first5=C. |last6=Meltzer |first6=D |last7=Colly |first7=L |last8=Evermann |first8=J. |last9=Bush |first9=M |last10=Wildt |first10=D. |date=22 March 1985 |title=Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah |url=http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |journal=Science |volume=227 |issue=4693 |pages=1428–1434 |bibcode=1985Sci...227.1428O |doi=10.1126/science.2983425 |pmid=2983425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507232241/http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2006}}</ref> === Zaɓin kiwo === Har ila yau, akwai ƙuƙwalwa tsakanin dabbobi masu tsabta (misali, [[Kare|karnuka]] da [[Kyanwa|Cats]]: pugs, Farisa) saboda masu kiwo suna iyakance tarin kwayoyin halitta ga 'yan kaɗan (nuna-nuna) don kamanninsu da halayensu. Amfani mai yawa da dabbobi masu kyau ba tare da wasu ba na iya haifar da tasirin sire. Zaɓin kiwo don nau'ikan karnuka ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa na ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblad-Toh |first=K. |last2=Wade |first2=C. M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=T. S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=E. K. |year=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan matsalolin sun haifar da karnuka da ke da matsakaicin 2-3% mafi yawan kwayar halitta fiye da gashin gashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marsden |first=C. D. |last2=Ortega-Del Vecchyo |first2=D. |last3=O'Brien |first3=D. P. |last4=Taylor |first4=J. F. |last5=Ramirez |first5=O. |last6=Vilà |first6=C. |last7=Marques-Bonet |first7=T. |last8=Schnabel |first8=R. D. |last9=Wayne |first9=R. K. |last10=Lohmueller |first10=K. E. |display-authors=3 |year=2016 |title=Bottlenecks and selective sweeps during domestication have increased deleterious genetic variation in dogs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..152M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1512501113 |pmc=4711855 |pmid=26699508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen kiwo masu tsauri da matsalolin yawan jama'a sun haifar da yaduwar cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, makanta, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], dysplasia na cinya, da cataracts a cikin karnuka na gida.<ref name=":0" /> Zaɓin kiwo don samar da amfanin gona mai yawan amfanin gona ya haifar da ƙuntatawa a cikin waɗannan amfanin gona kuma ya haifar da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan raguwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin amfanin gona da yawa na iya haifar da karuwar kamuwa da sababbin cututtuka ko kwari, wanda ke barazana ga tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyten |first=D. L. |last2=Song |first2=Q. |last3=Zhu |first3=Y. |last4=Choi |first4=I. Y. |last5=Nelson |first5=R. L. |last6=Costa |first6=J. M. |last7=Cregan |first7=P. B. |display-authors=3 |year=2006 |title=Impacts of genetic bottlenecks on soybean genome diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=45 |pages=16666–16671 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10316666H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604379103 |pmc=1624862 |pmid=17068128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Shuke-shuke === Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai ƙananan, kusan ba a iya ganowa ba na bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta Wollemi pine (''Wollemia nobilis''). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peakall |first=R. |last2=Ebert |first2=D. |last3=Scott |first3=L. J. |last4=Meagher |first4=P. F. |last5=Offord |first5=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Comparative genetic study confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae) |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=2331–2343 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2331P |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01926.x |pmid=12919472 |s2cid=35255532}}</ref> IUCN ta sami yawan jama'a 80 da suka manyanta da kimanin 300 seedlings da yara a cikin 2011, kuma a baya, Wollemi pine yana da kasa da mutane 50 a cikin daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=P. |year=2011 |title=Wollemia nobilis |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T34926A9898196.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan jama'a da ƙananan bambancin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa Wollemi pine ya shiga cikin mummunar matsalar yawan jama'ar. An kirkiro matsalar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1970 ta hanyar kokarin kiyayewa na Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium ''sandwicense'' ssp. sandwicence). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robichaux |first=R. H. |last2=Friar |first2=E. A. |last3=Mount |first3=D. W. |year=1997 |title=Molecular Genetic Consequences of a Population Bottleneck Associated with Reintroduction of the Mauna Kea Silversword (''Argyroxiphium sandwicense'' ssp. ''sandwicense'' [Asteraceae]) |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1146 |bibcode=1997ConBi..11.1140R |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96314.x |s2cid=83819334}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan halitta na azurfa ya karu a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da mutanen da aka fitar. Dukkanin tsire-tsire na azurfa da aka shuka an gano su ne na farko ko na gaba na zuriyar uwa biyu kawai. Ƙananan adadin polymorphic loci a cikin mutanen da aka fitar ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da asarar alamar alama a takwas daga cikin loci. == Dubi kuma == * Yaron da ya yi * Rage yawan jama'a * [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8qbcqq0iwdnaex8qdqqil0aznfqez4u 846223 846220 2026-06-03T21:01:53Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346370265|Population bottleneck]]" 846223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Population_bottleneck.svg|right|thumb|Rashin yawan jama'a ya biyo bayan farfadowa ko halaka]] Matsalar yawan jama'a ko matsalar kwayoyin halitta raguwa ce mai girma a yawan jama'a sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a muhalli kamar yunwa, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, gobara, cututtuka, da fari; ko ayyukan ɗan adam kamar kisan kare dangi, tashin hankali mai yawa ko kisan kai da gangan. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya rage bambancin da ke cikin tarin kwayoyin halitta na al'umma; bayan haka, ƙaramin jama'a, tare da ƙaramin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, ya rage yaɗa kwayoyin halitta ga tsararraki masu zuwa na zuriya. Bambancin kwayoyin halitta ya kasance ƙasa, yana ƙaruwa ne kawai lokacin da kwayar halitta ta kwarara daga wani al'umma ko kuma a hankali take ƙaruwa yayin da sauye-sauyen bazuwar ke faruwa. [tushen da aka buga da kansa] Wannan yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin yawan jama'a da kuma ikon sa na daidaitawa da tsira da zaɓin canje-canjen muhalli, kamar [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] ko canji a cikin albarkatun da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lande |first=R. |year=1988 |title=Genetics and demography in biological conservation |journal=Science |volume=241 |issue=4872 |pages=1455–1460 |bibcode=1988Sci...241.1455L |doi=10.1126/science.3420403 |pmid=3420403}}</ref> A madadin haka, idan wadanda suka tsira daga kwalban su ne mutanen da ke da mafi girman lafiya kwayar halitta, ana ƙara yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta kwayar halitta.  Yankin kwayar halitta wanda ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a na iya canza daidaitattun rarrabawar bazuwar alleles har ma ya haifar da asarar alleles. Hanyoyin da za a iya samu na inbreeding da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙaruwa, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da baƙin ciki na inbreading. Ƙananan yawan jama'a na iya haifar da maye gurbi masu lahani don tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=M. |last2=Conery |first2=J. |last3=Burger |first3=R. |year=1995 |title=Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=489–518 |bibcode=1995ANat..146..489L |doi=10.1086/285812 |s2cid=14762497}}</ref> Matsalolin yawan jama'a suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa (duba mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a) da kuma cikin yanayin aikin gona (tsarin halittu da Kula da kwari). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hufbauer RA, Bogdanowicz SM, Harrison RG |date=February 2004 |title=The population genetics of a biological control introduction: mitochondrial DNA and microsatellie variation in native and introduced populations of Aphidus ervi, a parasitoid wasp |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337–48 |bibcode=2004MolEc..13..337H |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02084.x |pmid=14717891 |s2cid=45796650}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a == A cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa, mafi ƙarancin [[yawan jama'a]] (MVP) yana taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yawan jama'ar da ke da tasiri lokacin da yawan jama'o'i ke cikin haɗarin [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. Sakamakon ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a sau da yawa ya dogara da yawan mutanen da suka rage bayan ƙuntatawar da kuma yadda hakan ya kwatanta da mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'ar. == Sakamakon wanda ya kafa == Wani nau'i daban-daban na ƙuntatawa na iya faruwa idan ƙaramin rukuni ya zama mai haifuwa (misali, a cikin ƙasa) ya rabu da babban jama'a, kamar ta hanyar taron wanda ya kafa, misali, idan 'yan mambobi na jinsin sun sami nasarar mallaka sabon tsibirin da aka ware, ko kuma daga ƙananan shirye-shiryen kiwo kamar dabbobi a gidan zoo. A madadin haka, nau'o'in da ke mamayewa na iya fuskantar matsalolin yawan jama'a ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da aka gabatar da su cikin kewayon da suka mamaye. == Misalan == === Mutane === [[Fayil:Le_musée_de_préhistoire_(Tautavel)_(14498190867).jpg|thumb|''Homo heidelbergensis'' na iya samo asali ne daga ''Homo ergaster'' mai yiwuwa bayan ƙarancin yawan jama'a 800,000 zuwa 900,000 da suka gabata.]] Dangane da samfurin 1999, ƙarancin yawan jama'a mai tsanani, ko kuma musamman cikakkiyar ƙwayoyin halitta, ya faru ne tsakanin ƙungiyar Australopithecin yayin da suka sauya cikin jinsin da aka sani da ''Homo erectus'' shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin ƙuntatawa dole ne ya faru tun lokacin da ''Homo erectus'' ya fara tafiya a Duniya, amma bayanan archaeological, paleontological, da kwayar halitta na yanzu ba su isa ba don ba da cikakken bayani game da irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken kwayar halitta na 2023 ya gano irin wannan ƙarancin yawan Kakannin ɗan adam na yiwuwar mutane 100,000 zuwa 1000 "kimanin shekaru 930,000 da 813,000 da suka gabata [wanda] ya kasance kusan shekaru 117,000 kuma ya kawo kakannin ɗan Adam kusa da halaka. " <ref name="SCI-20230831">{{Cite journal |last=Hu, Wangjie |display-authors=et al. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition |url=http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=381 |issue=6661 |pages=979–984 |bibcode=2023Sci...381..979H |doi=10.1126/science.abq7487 |pmid=37651513 |s2cid=261396309 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230901024052/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> [[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Ka'idar bala'in Toba]] mai rikitarwa, wanda aka gabatar a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, ya ba da shawarar cewa fashewar dutsen wuta a Indonesia kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan mutane zuwa mutane 10,000-30,000.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale">{{Cite book|last3=Richard Dawkins}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi ya dogara ne akan bayyanar daidaituwa na shaidar ilimin ƙasa na [[Canjin yanayi na gaggawa|Canjin yanayi na kwatsam]], shaidar haɗin gwiwar wasu kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ambrose SH |date=June 1998 |title=Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=623–51 |bibcode=1998JHumE..34..623A |doi=10.1006/jhev.1998.0219 |pmid=9650103 |s2cid=33122717}}</ref> da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale" /> Koyaya, binciken da ya biyo baya, musamman a cikin shekarun 2010, ya bayyana don karyata gardamar kwayar halitta da girman canjin yanayi a lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2000, takarda na Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta ya ba da shawarar samfurin transplanting ko 'tsawon kwalliya' don lissafin iyakantaccen bambancin kwayar halitta, maimakon canjin muhalli mai ban tsoro.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan zai dace da shawarwarin cewa a cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara lambobin na iya sauka a wasu lokuta kamar 2,000, watakila tsawon shekaru 100,000, kafin lambobin su fara fadadawa a cikin Late Stone Age.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Behar DM, Villems R, Soodyall H, etal |date=May 2008 |title=The dawn of human matrilineal diversity |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1130–40 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 |pmc=2427203 |pmid=18439549}} </ref> Y-chromosome bottleneck na Neolithic yana nufin wani lokaci a kusa da 5000 BC inda bambancin maza da y-chromesome ya sauka da sauri a fadin [[Afirka]], [[Turai]] da [[Asiya]], zuwa matakin da ya dace da haifuwa da ke faruwa tare da rabo tsakanin maza da mata na 1:17. An gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2015, binciken ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa matsalar ba ta zama raguwa a cikin yawan maza ba, amma raguwa sosai a cikin kashi na maza da ke da nasarar haihuwa a cikin al'adun Neolithic agropastoralist, idan aka kwatanta da masu tara mafarauta na baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmin |display-authors=et al. |year=2015 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |journal=Genome Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |pmc=4381518 |pmid=25770088 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michelle |date=31 May 2018 |title=Something Weird Happened to Men 7,000 Years Ago, And We Finally Know Why |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/neolithic-y-chromosome-bottleneck-warring-patrilineal-clans |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0 1em 1em" !Shekara !Americanbison (gabas) <br /> |- |Kafin 1492 | align="right" |60,000,000 |- |1890 | align="right" |750 |- |2000 | align="right" |360,000 |} Bison na Turai, wanda kuma ake kira wisent '' (Bison bonasus),'' ya fuskanci halaka a farkon karni na 20. Dabbobi da ke rayuwa a yau duk sun fito ne daga mutane 12 kuma suna da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta, wanda zai iya fara shafar ikon haifuwa na bijimai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luenser |first=K. |last2=Fickel |first2=J. |last3=Lehnen |first3=A. |last4=Speck |first4=S. |last5=Ludwig |first5=A. |year=2005 |title=Low level of genetic variability in European bisons (''Bison bonasus'') from the Bialowieza National Park in Poland |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=84–7 |bibcode=2005EJWR...51...84L |doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0081-4 |s2cid=34102378}}</ref> Yawan Bison na Amurka '' (Bison bison) '' ya fadi saboda yawan farauta, kusan ya haifar da halaka a shekara ta 1890, kodayake tun daga lokacin ya fara murmurewa (duba tebur). [[Fayil:Northern_Elephant_Seal,_San_Simeon2.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Yawan farauta ya tura hatimin giwayen arewa zuwa gefen halaka a ƙarshen karni na 19. Kodayake sun dawo, bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin yawan jama'a ya kasance ƙasa sosai.]] Misali na al'ada na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine na hatimin giwayen arewa, wanda yawansa ya fadi zuwa kusan 30 a cikin shekarun 1890. Kodayake yanzu yana da ƙididdiga a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yiwuwar ƙuntatawa a cikin yankuna ya kasance. Kyakkyawan bijimai suna iya yin jima'i da mafi yawan mata - wani lokacin har zuwa 100. Tare da yawancin zuriyar mulkin mallaka sun fito ne daga namiji daya mai rinjaye, bambancin kwayoyin halitta yana da iyaka, yana sa jinsin ya fi fuskantar cututtuka da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta. Hamster na zinariya nau'in nau'in da ke cikin kwalba ne, tare da yawancin hamsters na gida sun fito ne daga datti ɗaya da aka samu a cikin hamadar Siriya a kusa da 1930, kuma ƙananan hamsters na zinariya sun rage. Wani misali mai tsanani na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine New Zealand black robin, wanda kowane samfurin a yau ya fito ne daga mace ɗaya, wanda ake kira Old Blue. Jama'ar Black Robin har yanzu suna murmurewa daga ƙananan mutane biyar kawai a cikin 1980. kwayar halitta giant panda ta nuna shaidar mummunar matsala game da shekaru 43,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ya-Ping |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-xia |last3=Ryder |first3=Oliver A. |last4=Li |first4=Hai-Peng |last5=Zhang |first5=He-Ming |last6=Yong |first6=Yange |last7=Wang |first7=Peng-yan |year=2002 |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered animal species |url=http://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2002.74.issue-4/pac200274040575/pac200274040575.xml |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=575–84 |bibcode=2002PApCh..74..575Z |doi=10.1351/pac200274040575 |s2cid=13945117 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shaidar akalla nau'in dabbobi guda ɗaya, biri mai ƙyalli mai ƙyallo, wanda kuma ya sha wahala daga ƙalubale a wannan lokacin. Ana zargin wani abin da ba a sani ba na muhalli ya haifar da matsalolin da aka lura a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan biyu. Wataƙila matsalolin sun haifar da ƙananan Bambancin kwayoyin halitta da aka lura a cikin jinsunan biyu. Sauran hujjoji a wasu lokuta ana iya ganewa daga ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Daga cikin manyan tururuwa na Tsibirin Galápagos - kansu babban misali ne na ƙuntataccen kwalliya - yawan jama'a a kan gangaren Dutsen Alcedo ba su da bambanci sosai fiye da sauran tururuwa huɗu a tsibirin. Binciken DNA ya nuna cewa matsalar ta kasance kusan shekaru 88,000 kafin yanzu (YBP). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beheregaray LB, Ciofi C, Geist D, Gibbs JP, Caccone A, Powell JR |date=October 2003 |title=Genes record a prehistoric volcano eruption in the Galápagos |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |page=75 |bibcode=2003Sci...302...75B |doi=10.1126/science.1087486 |pmid=14526072 |s2cid=39102858}}</ref> Kimanin 100,000 YBP dutsen ya fashe da karfi, yana binne yawancin mazaunin tururuwa a cikin pumice da toka. Ana iya ganin wani misali a cikin kaji mafi girma, wanda ya kasance a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa karni na 20. A [[Illinois]] kadai, yawan kaji mafi girma ya ragu daga sama da miliyan 100 a cikin 1900 zuwa kusan 46 a cikin 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mussmann |first=S. M. |last2=Douglas |first2=M. R. |last3=Anthonysamy |first3=W. J. B. |last4=Davis |first4=M. A. |last5=Simpson |first5=S. A. |last6=Louis |first6=W. |last7=Douglas |first7=M. E. |date=February 2017 |title=Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |bibcode=2017RSOS....460736M |doi=10.1098/rsos.160736 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5367285 |pmid=28386428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan raguwar yawan jama'a sun kasance sakamakon farauta da lalacewar mazaunin, amma sakamakon bazuwar sun haifar da babban asarar jinsuna daban-daban. Binciken DNA da ke kwatanta tsuntsaye daga 1990 da tsakiyar karni ya nuna raguwar kwayar halitta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Gudanar da kaji mafi girma a yanzu ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin ceto na kwayoyin halitta ciki har da translocation na kaji na daji tsakanin leks don ƙara yawan bambancin kwayoyin halitta na kowane jama'a.<ref name=":1" /> Rashin yawan jama'a yana haifar da babbar barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na yawan jinsuna. ''Papilio homerus'' shine mafi girman malam buɗe ido a Amurka kuma yana cikin haɗari bisa ga IUCN. Rashin yawan jama'a na tsakiya yana haifar da babbar barazanar ƙuntataccen yawan jama'ar. Sauran al'ummomi biyu yanzu suna warewa kuma al'ummomin suna fuskantar makomar da ba ta da tabbas tare da iyakance damar da ta rage don kwararar kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehnert |first=Matthew S. |last2=Kramer |first2=Valerie R. |last3=Rawlins |first3=John E. |last4=Verdecia |first4=Vanessa |last5=Daniels |first5=Jaret C. |date=10 July 2017 |title=Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius) |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=68 |doi=10.3390/insects8030068 |pmc=5620688 |pmid=28698508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai ƙuntatawa na kwayar halitta a cikin cheetahs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menotti-Raymond |first=M. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |date=Apr 1993 |title=Dating the genetic bottleneck of the African cheetah. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=3172–6 |bibcode=1993PNAS...90.3172M |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.8.3172 |pmc=46261 |pmid=8475057 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=S. |last2=Roelke |first2=M. |last3=Marker |first3=L |last4=Newman |first4=A |last5=Winkler |first5=C. |last6=Meltzer |first6=D |last7=Colly |first7=L |last8=Evermann |first8=J. |last9=Bush |first9=M |last10=Wildt |first10=D. |date=22 March 1985 |title=Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah |url=http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |journal=Science |volume=227 |issue=4693 |pages=1428–1434 |bibcode=1985Sci...227.1428O |doi=10.1126/science.2983425 |pmid=2983425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507232241/http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2006}}</ref> === Zaɓin kiwo === Har ila yau, akwai ƙuƙwalwa tsakanin dabbobi masu tsabta (misali, [[Kare|karnuka]] da [[Kyanwa|Cats]]: pugs, Farisa) saboda masu kiwo suna iyakance tarin kwayoyin halitta ga 'yan kaɗan (nuna-nuna) don kamanninsu da halayensu. Amfani mai yawa da dabbobi masu kyau ba tare da wasu ba na iya haifar da tasirin sire. Zaɓin kiwo don nau'ikan karnuka ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa na ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblad-Toh |first=K. |last2=Wade |first2=C. M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=T. S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=E. K. |year=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan matsalolin sun haifar da karnuka da ke da matsakaicin 2-3% mafi yawan kwayar halitta fiye da gashin gashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marsden |first=C. D. |last2=Ortega-Del Vecchyo |first2=D. |last3=O'Brien |first3=D. P. |last4=Taylor |first4=J. F. |last5=Ramirez |first5=O. |last6=Vilà |first6=C. |last7=Marques-Bonet |first7=T. |last8=Schnabel |first8=R. D. |last9=Wayne |first9=R. K. |last10=Lohmueller |first10=K. E. |display-authors=3 |year=2016 |title=Bottlenecks and selective sweeps during domestication have increased deleterious genetic variation in dogs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..152M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1512501113 |pmc=4711855 |pmid=26699508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen kiwo masu tsauri da matsalolin yawan jama'a sun haifar da yaduwar cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, makanta, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], dysplasia na cinya, da cataracts a cikin karnuka na gida.<ref name=":0" /> Zaɓin kiwo don samar da amfanin gona mai yawan amfanin gona ya haifar da ƙuntatawa a cikin waɗannan amfanin gona kuma ya haifar da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan raguwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin amfanin gona da yawa na iya haifar da karuwar kamuwa da sababbin cututtuka ko kwari, wanda ke barazana ga tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyten |first=D. L. |last2=Song |first2=Q. |last3=Zhu |first3=Y. |last4=Choi |first4=I. Y. |last5=Nelson |first5=R. L. |last6=Costa |first6=J. M. |last7=Cregan |first7=P. B. |display-authors=3 |year=2006 |title=Impacts of genetic bottlenecks on soybean genome diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=45 |pages=16666–16671 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10316666H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604379103 |pmc=1624862 |pmid=17068128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Shuke-shuke === Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai ƙananan, kusan ba a iya ganowa ba na bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta Wollemi pine (''Wollemia nobilis''). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peakall |first=R. |last2=Ebert |first2=D. |last3=Scott |first3=L. J. |last4=Meagher |first4=P. F. |last5=Offord |first5=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Comparative genetic study confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae) |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=2331–2343 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2331P |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01926.x |pmid=12919472 |s2cid=35255532}}</ref> IUCN ta sami yawan jama'a 80 da suka manyanta da kimanin 300 seedlings da yara a cikin 2011, kuma a baya, Wollemi pine yana da kasa da mutane 50 a cikin daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=P. |year=2011 |title=Wollemia nobilis |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T34926A9898196.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan jama'a da ƙananan bambancin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa Wollemi pine ya shiga cikin mummunar matsalar yawan jama'ar. An kirkiro matsalar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1970 ta hanyar kokarin kiyayewa na Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium ''sandwicense'' ssp. sandwicence). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robichaux |first=R. H. |last2=Friar |first2=E. A. |last3=Mount |first3=D. W. |year=1997 |title=Molecular Genetic Consequences of a Population Bottleneck Associated with Reintroduction of the Mauna Kea Silversword (''Argyroxiphium sandwicense'' ssp. ''sandwicense'' [Asteraceae]) |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1146 |bibcode=1997ConBi..11.1140R |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96314.x |s2cid=83819334}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan halitta na azurfa ya karu a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da mutanen da aka fitar. Dukkanin tsire-tsire na azurfa da aka shuka an gano su ne na farko ko na gaba na zuriyar uwa biyu kawai. Ƙananan adadin polymorphic loci a cikin mutanen da aka fitar ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da asarar alamar alama a takwas daga cikin loci. == Dubi kuma == * Yaron da ya yi * Rage yawan jama'a * [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] doaducty9bbfritjocm8otzcmeu1xh3 846225 846223 2026-06-03T21:02:13Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox ethnic group}} [[Fayil:Population_bottleneck.svg|right|thumb|Rashin yawan jama'a ya biyo bayan farfadowa ko halaka]] Matsalar yawan jama'a ko matsalar kwayoyin halitta raguwa ce mai girma a yawan jama'a sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a muhalli kamar yunwa, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, gobara, cututtuka, da fari; ko ayyukan ɗan adam kamar kisan kare dangi, tashin hankali mai yawa ko kisan kai da gangan. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya rage bambancin da ke cikin tarin kwayoyin halitta na al'umma; bayan haka, ƙaramin jama'a, tare da ƙaramin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, ya rage yaɗa kwayoyin halitta ga tsararraki masu zuwa na zuriya. Bambancin kwayoyin halitta ya kasance ƙasa, yana ƙaruwa ne kawai lokacin da kwayar halitta ta kwarara daga wani al'umma ko kuma a hankali take ƙaruwa yayin da sauye-sauyen bazuwar ke faruwa. [tushen da aka buga da kansa] Wannan yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin yawan jama'a da kuma ikon sa na daidaitawa da tsira da zaɓin canje-canjen muhalli, kamar [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] ko canji a cikin albarkatun da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lande |first=R. |year=1988 |title=Genetics and demography in biological conservation |journal=Science |volume=241 |issue=4872 |pages=1455–1460 |bibcode=1988Sci...241.1455L |doi=10.1126/science.3420403 |pmid=3420403}}</ref> A madadin haka, idan wadanda suka tsira daga kwalban su ne mutanen da ke da mafi girman lafiya kwayar halitta, ana ƙara yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta kwayar halitta.  Yankin kwayar halitta wanda ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a na iya canza daidaitattun rarrabawar bazuwar alleles har ma ya haifar da asarar alleles. Hanyoyin da za a iya samu na inbreeding da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙaruwa, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da baƙin ciki na inbreading. Ƙananan yawan jama'a na iya haifar da maye gurbi masu lahani don tarawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=M. |last2=Conery |first2=J. |last3=Burger |first3=R. |year=1995 |title=Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=489–518 |bibcode=1995ANat..146..489L |doi=10.1086/285812 |s2cid=14762497}}</ref> Matsalolin yawan jama'a suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa (duba mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a) da kuma cikin yanayin aikin gona (tsarin halittu da Kula da kwari). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hufbauer RA, Bogdanowicz SM, Harrison RG |date=February 2004 |title=The population genetics of a biological control introduction: mitochondrial DNA and microsatellie variation in native and introduced populations of Aphidus ervi, a parasitoid wasp |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337–48 |bibcode=2004MolEc..13..337H |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02084.x |pmid=14717891 |s2cid=45796650}}</ref> == Mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a == A cikin [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa, mafi ƙarancin [[yawan jama'a]] (MVP) yana taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yawan jama'ar da ke da tasiri lokacin da yawan jama'o'i ke cikin haɗarin [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. Sakamakon ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a sau da yawa ya dogara da yawan mutanen da suka rage bayan ƙuntatawar da kuma yadda hakan ya kwatanta da mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'ar. == Sakamakon wanda ya kafa == Wani nau'i daban-daban na ƙuntatawa na iya faruwa idan ƙaramin rukuni ya zama mai haifuwa (misali, a cikin ƙasa) ya rabu da babban jama'a, kamar ta hanyar taron wanda ya kafa, misali, idan 'yan mambobi na jinsin sun sami nasarar mallaka sabon tsibirin da aka ware, ko kuma daga ƙananan shirye-shiryen kiwo kamar dabbobi a gidan zoo. A madadin haka, nau'o'in da ke mamayewa na iya fuskantar matsalolin yawan jama'a ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da aka gabatar da su cikin kewayon da suka mamaye. == Misalan == === Mutane === [[Fayil:Le_musée_de_préhistoire_(Tautavel)_(14498190867).jpg|thumb|''Homo heidelbergensis'' na iya samo asali ne daga ''Homo ergaster'' mai yiwuwa bayan ƙarancin yawan jama'a 800,000 zuwa 900,000 da suka gabata.]] Dangane da samfurin 1999, ƙarancin yawan jama'a mai tsanani, ko kuma musamman cikakkiyar ƙwayoyin halitta, ya faru ne tsakanin ƙungiyar Australopithecin yayin da suka sauya cikin jinsin da aka sani da ''Homo erectus'' shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin ƙuntatawa dole ne ya faru tun lokacin da ''Homo erectus'' ya fara tafiya a Duniya, amma bayanan archaeological, paleontological, da kwayar halitta na yanzu ba su isa ba don ba da cikakken bayani game da irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken kwayar halitta na 2023 ya gano irin wannan ƙarancin yawan Kakannin ɗan adam na yiwuwar mutane 100,000 zuwa 1000 "kimanin shekaru 930,000 da 813,000 da suka gabata [wanda] ya kasance kusan shekaru 117,000 kuma ya kawo kakannin ɗan Adam kusa da halaka. " <ref name="SCI-20230831">{{Cite journal |last=Hu, Wangjie |display-authors=et al. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition |url=http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=381 |issue=6661 |pages=979–984 |bibcode=2023Sci...381..979H |doi=10.1126/science.abq7487 |pmid=37651513 |s2cid=261396309 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230901024052/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> [[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Ka'idar bala'in Toba]] mai rikitarwa, wanda aka gabatar a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, ya ba da shawarar cewa fashewar dutsen wuta a Indonesia kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan mutane zuwa mutane 10,000-30,000.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale">{{Cite book|last3=Richard Dawkins}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi ya dogara ne akan bayyanar daidaituwa na shaidar ilimin ƙasa na [[Canjin yanayi na gaggawa|Canjin yanayi na kwatsam]], shaidar haɗin gwiwar wasu kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ambrose SH |date=June 1998 |title=Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=623–51 |bibcode=1998JHumE..34..623A |doi=10.1006/jhev.1998.0219 |pmid=9650103 |s2cid=33122717}}</ref> da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Ancestors_Tale" /> Koyaya, binciken da ya biyo baya, musamman a cikin shekarun 2010, ya bayyana don karyata gardamar kwayar halitta da girman canjin yanayi a lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2000, takarda na Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta ya ba da shawarar samfurin transplanting ko 'tsawon kwalliya' don lissafin iyakantaccen bambancin kwayar halitta, maimakon canjin muhalli mai ban tsoro.<ref name="hawks">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M |date=January 2000 |title=Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026233 |pmid=10666702 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan zai dace da shawarwarin cewa a cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara lambobin na iya sauka a wasu lokuta kamar 2,000, watakila tsawon shekaru 100,000, kafin lambobin su fara fadadawa a cikin Late Stone Age.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Behar DM, Villems R, Soodyall H, etal |date=May 2008 |title=The dawn of human matrilineal diversity |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1130–40 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 |pmc=2427203 |pmid=18439549}} </ref> Y-chromosome bottleneck na Neolithic yana nufin wani lokaci a kusa da 5000 BC inda bambancin maza da y-chromesome ya sauka da sauri a fadin [[Afirka]], [[Turai]] da [[Asiya]], zuwa matakin da ya dace da haifuwa da ke faruwa tare da rabo tsakanin maza da mata na 1:17. An gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2015, binciken ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa matsalar ba ta zama raguwa a cikin yawan maza ba, amma raguwa sosai a cikin kashi na maza da ke da nasarar haihuwa a cikin al'adun Neolithic agropastoralist, idan aka kwatanta da masu tara mafarauta na baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmin |display-authors=et al. |year=2015 |title=A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture |journal=Genome Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |doi=10.1101/gr.186684.114 |pmc=4381518 |pmid=25770088 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michelle |date=31 May 2018 |title=Something Weird Happened to Men 7,000 Years Ago, And We Finally Know Why |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/neolithic-y-chromosome-bottleneck-warring-patrilineal-clans |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0 1em 1em" !Shekara !Americanbison (gabas) <br /> |- |Kafin 1492 | align="right" |60,000,000 |- |1890 | align="right" |750 |- |2000 | align="right" |360,000 |} Bison na Turai, wanda kuma ake kira wisent '' (Bison bonasus),'' ya fuskanci halaka a farkon karni na 20. Dabbobi da ke rayuwa a yau duk sun fito ne daga mutane 12 kuma suna da ƙananan bambancin kwayar halitta, wanda zai iya fara shafar ikon haifuwa na bijimai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luenser |first=K. |last2=Fickel |first2=J. |last3=Lehnen |first3=A. |last4=Speck |first4=S. |last5=Ludwig |first5=A. |year=2005 |title=Low level of genetic variability in European bisons (''Bison bonasus'') from the Bialowieza National Park in Poland |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=84–7 |bibcode=2005EJWR...51...84L |doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0081-4 |s2cid=34102378}}</ref> Yawan Bison na Amurka '' (Bison bison) '' ya fadi saboda yawan farauta, kusan ya haifar da halaka a shekara ta 1890, kodayake tun daga lokacin ya fara murmurewa (duba tebur). [[Fayil:Northern_Elephant_Seal,_San_Simeon2.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Yawan farauta ya tura hatimin giwayen arewa zuwa gefen halaka a ƙarshen karni na 19. Kodayake sun dawo, bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin yawan jama'a ya kasance ƙasa sosai.]] Misali na al'ada na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine na hatimin giwayen arewa, wanda yawansa ya fadi zuwa kusan 30 a cikin shekarun 1890. Kodayake yanzu yana da ƙididdiga a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yiwuwar ƙuntatawa a cikin yankuna ya kasance. Kyakkyawan bijimai suna iya yin jima'i da mafi yawan mata - wani lokacin har zuwa 100. Tare da yawancin zuriyar mulkin mallaka sun fito ne daga namiji daya mai rinjaye, bambancin kwayoyin halitta yana da iyaka, yana sa jinsin ya fi fuskantar cututtuka da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta. Hamster na zinariya nau'in nau'in da ke cikin kwalba ne, tare da yawancin hamsters na gida sun fito ne daga datti ɗaya da aka samu a cikin hamadar Siriya a kusa da 1930, kuma ƙananan hamsters na zinariya sun rage. Wani misali mai tsanani na ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a shine New Zealand black robin, wanda kowane samfurin a yau ya fito ne daga mace ɗaya, wanda ake kira Old Blue. Jama'ar Black Robin har yanzu suna murmurewa daga ƙananan mutane biyar kawai a cikin 1980. kwayar halitta giant panda ta nuna shaidar mummunar matsala game da shekaru 43,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ya-Ping |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-xia |last3=Ryder |first3=Oliver A. |last4=Li |first4=Hai-Peng |last5=Zhang |first5=He-Ming |last6=Yong |first6=Yange |last7=Wang |first7=Peng-yan |year=2002 |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered animal species |url=http://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2002.74.issue-4/pac200274040575/pac200274040575.xml |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=575–84 |bibcode=2002PApCh..74..575Z |doi=10.1351/pac200274040575 |s2cid=13945117 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shaidar akalla nau'in dabbobi guda ɗaya, biri mai ƙyalli mai ƙyallo, wanda kuma ya sha wahala daga ƙalubale a wannan lokacin. Ana zargin wani abin da ba a sani ba na muhalli ya haifar da matsalolin da aka lura a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan biyu. Wataƙila matsalolin sun haifar da ƙananan Bambancin kwayoyin halitta da aka lura a cikin jinsunan biyu. Sauran hujjoji a wasu lokuta ana iya ganewa daga ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Daga cikin manyan tururuwa na Tsibirin Galápagos - kansu babban misali ne na ƙuntataccen kwalliya - yawan jama'a a kan gangaren Dutsen Alcedo ba su da bambanci sosai fiye da sauran tururuwa huɗu a tsibirin. Binciken DNA ya nuna cewa matsalar ta kasance kusan shekaru 88,000 kafin yanzu (YBP). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beheregaray LB, Ciofi C, Geist D, Gibbs JP, Caccone A, Powell JR |date=October 2003 |title=Genes record a prehistoric volcano eruption in the Galápagos |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |page=75 |bibcode=2003Sci...302...75B |doi=10.1126/science.1087486 |pmid=14526072 |s2cid=39102858}}</ref> Kimanin 100,000 YBP dutsen ya fashe da karfi, yana binne yawancin mazaunin tururuwa a cikin pumice da toka. Ana iya ganin wani misali a cikin kaji mafi girma, wanda ya kasance a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa karni na 20. A [[Illinois]] kadai, yawan kaji mafi girma ya ragu daga sama da miliyan 100 a cikin 1900 zuwa kusan 46 a cikin 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mussmann |first=S. M. |last2=Douglas |first2=M. R. |last3=Anthonysamy |first3=W. J. B. |last4=Davis |first4=M. A. |last5=Simpson |first5=S. A. |last6=Louis |first6=W. |last7=Douglas |first7=M. E. |date=February 2017 |title=Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |bibcode=2017RSOS....460736M |doi=10.1098/rsos.160736 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5367285 |pmid=28386428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan raguwar yawan jama'a sun kasance sakamakon farauta da lalacewar mazaunin, amma sakamakon bazuwar sun haifar da babban asarar jinsuna daban-daban. Binciken DNA da ke kwatanta tsuntsaye daga 1990 da tsakiyar karni ya nuna raguwar kwayar halitta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Gudanar da kaji mafi girma a yanzu ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin ceto na kwayoyin halitta ciki har da translocation na kaji na daji tsakanin leks don ƙara yawan bambancin kwayoyin halitta na kowane jama'a.<ref name=":1" /> Rashin yawan jama'a yana haifar da babbar barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na yawan jinsuna. ''Papilio homerus'' shine mafi girman malam buɗe ido a Amurka kuma yana cikin haɗari bisa ga IUCN. Rashin yawan jama'a na tsakiya yana haifar da babbar barazanar ƙuntataccen yawan jama'ar. Sauran al'ummomi biyu yanzu suna warewa kuma al'ummomin suna fuskantar makomar da ba ta da tabbas tare da iyakance damar da ta rage don kwararar kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehnert |first=Matthew S. |last2=Kramer |first2=Valerie R. |last3=Rawlins |first3=John E. |last4=Verdecia |first4=Vanessa |last5=Daniels |first5=Jaret C. |date=10 July 2017 |title=Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius) |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=68 |doi=10.3390/insects8030068 |pmc=5620688 |pmid=28698508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai ƙuntatawa na kwayar halitta a cikin cheetahs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menotti-Raymond |first=M. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |date=Apr 1993 |title=Dating the genetic bottleneck of the African cheetah. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=90 |issue=8 |pages=3172–6 |bibcode=1993PNAS...90.3172M |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.8.3172 |pmc=46261 |pmid=8475057 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=S. |last2=Roelke |first2=M. |last3=Marker |first3=L |last4=Newman |first4=A |last5=Winkler |first5=C. |last6=Meltzer |first6=D |last7=Colly |first7=L |last8=Evermann |first8=J. |last9=Bush |first9=M |last10=Wildt |first10=D. |date=22 March 1985 |title=Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah |url=http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |journal=Science |volume=227 |issue=4693 |pages=1428–1434 |bibcode=1985Sci...227.1428O |doi=10.1126/science.2983425 |pmid=2983425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507232241/http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/labs/cool-links/lab5/OBrien_et_al_1985_lab_5.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2006}}</ref> === Zaɓin kiwo === Har ila yau, akwai ƙuƙwalwa tsakanin dabbobi masu tsabta (misali, [[Kare|karnuka]] da [[Kyanwa|Cats]]: pugs, Farisa) saboda masu kiwo suna iyakance tarin kwayoyin halitta ga 'yan kaɗan (nuna-nuna) don kamanninsu da halayensu. Amfani mai yawa da dabbobi masu kyau ba tare da wasu ba na iya haifar da tasirin sire. Zaɓin kiwo don nau'ikan karnuka ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa na ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindblad-Toh |first=K. |last2=Wade |first2=C. M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=T. S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=E. K. |year=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan matsalolin sun haifar da karnuka da ke da matsakaicin 2-3% mafi yawan kwayar halitta fiye da gashin gashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marsden |first=C. D. |last2=Ortega-Del Vecchyo |first2=D. |last3=O'Brien |first3=D. P. |last4=Taylor |first4=J. F. |last5=Ramirez |first5=O. |last6=Vilà |first6=C. |last7=Marques-Bonet |first7=T. |last8=Schnabel |first8=R. D. |last9=Wayne |first9=R. K. |last10=Lohmueller |first10=K. E. |display-authors=3 |year=2016 |title=Bottlenecks and selective sweeps during domestication have increased deleterious genetic variation in dogs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113..152M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1512501113 |pmc=4711855 |pmid=26699508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen kiwo masu tsauri da matsalolin yawan jama'a sun haifar da yaduwar cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, makanta, [[Sankara|ciwon daji]], dysplasia na cinya, da cataracts a cikin karnuka na gida.<ref name=":0" /> Zaɓin kiwo don samar da amfanin gona mai yawan amfanin gona ya haifar da ƙuntatawa a cikin waɗannan amfanin gona kuma ya haifar da homogeneity na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan raguwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin amfanin gona da yawa na iya haifar da karuwar kamuwa da sababbin cututtuka ko kwari, wanda ke barazana ga tsaron abinci na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyten |first=D. L. |last2=Song |first2=Q. |last3=Zhu |first3=Y. |last4=Choi |first4=I. Y. |last5=Nelson |first5=R. L. |last6=Costa |first6=J. M. |last7=Cregan |first7=P. B. |display-authors=3 |year=2006 |title=Impacts of genetic bottlenecks on soybean genome diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=45 |pages=16666–16671 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10316666H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604379103 |pmc=1624862 |pmid=17068128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Shuke-shuke === Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai ƙananan, kusan ba a iya ganowa ba na bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta Wollemi pine (''Wollemia nobilis''). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peakall |first=R. |last2=Ebert |first2=D. |last3=Scott |first3=L. J. |last4=Meagher |first4=P. F. |last5=Offord |first5=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Comparative genetic study confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae) |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=2331–2343 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2331P |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01926.x |pmid=12919472 |s2cid=35255532}}</ref> IUCN ta sami yawan jama'a 80 da suka manyanta da kimanin 300 seedlings da yara a cikin 2011, kuma a baya, Wollemi pine yana da kasa da mutane 50 a cikin daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=P. |year=2011 |title=Wollemia nobilis |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T34926A9898196.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan jama'a da ƙananan bambancin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa Wollemi pine ya shiga cikin mummunar matsalar yawan jama'ar. An kirkiro matsalar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1970 ta hanyar kokarin kiyayewa na Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium ''sandwicense'' ssp. sandwicence). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robichaux |first=R. H. |last2=Friar |first2=E. A. |last3=Mount |first3=D. W. |year=1997 |title=Molecular Genetic Consequences of a Population Bottleneck Associated with Reintroduction of the Mauna Kea Silversword (''Argyroxiphium sandwicense'' ssp. ''sandwicense'' [Asteraceae]) |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1140–1146 |bibcode=1997ConBi..11.1140R |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96314.x |s2cid=83819334}}</ref> Ƙananan yawan halitta na azurfa ya karu a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da mutanen da aka fitar. Dukkanin tsire-tsire na azurfa da aka shuka an gano su ne na farko ko na gaba na zuriyar uwa biyu kawai. Ƙananan adadin polymorphic loci a cikin mutanen da aka fitar ya haifar da ƙuntataccen yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da asarar alamar alama a takwas daga cikin loci. == Dubi kuma == * Yaron da ya yi * Rage yawan jama'a * [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8xym05xy8e4duk1lpxlyq7ouarqsw38 Lazım Esmaeili 0 154538 846229 2026-06-03T21:04:56Z Sumy IB 32481 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346505983|Lazım Esmaeili]]" 846229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lazım Esmaeili''' (kuma "Lazem") (1945-28 Janairu 1996) ya kasance mai safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Kurdawa]] [[Iran|Dan Iran]] da ke aiki a [[Turkiyya]], wanda aka same shi da azabtarwa kuma ya harbe shi da kisan gilla na Turkiyya da Iran a [[Istanbul]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susurluk scandal |url=https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.newturkey.today}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Esmaelli a shekarar 1945 a Urmia ( lardin Azarbaijan ta Yamma ) a [[Iran]] a matsayin ɗan Selim. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya koma Turkiyya kuma ya sami izinin aiki daga Babban Daraktan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida na tsawon lokaci tsakanin Mayu 20, 1991, da Satumba 20, 1992. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1991, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Beyazıt Foreign Trade Co. a Istanbul, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1993, ya sami izinin zama na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Mutuwa == A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an sace shi da abokin aikinsa Askar Simitko lokacin da suka bar gidan caca na [[Polat Renaissance Hotel|Otal din Polat Renaissance]] a Yeşilköy, Istanbul a lokacin gida 03:45 ko 03:30 na safe. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, mazauna kauyen sun sami gawawwakin su biyu a Kerev Creek, Silivri, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|60|km|mi}} (37 nesa da Istanbul. An azabtar da su, an yanke kunnuwa kuma an harbe su sau da yawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * "Rahoton 1998" (PDF). Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya. An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2009-02-05. <small> (ya ƙunshi rahotanni na Susurluk a Turanci) </small> {{Cite web |title=1998 Report |url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] |ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] t4wmon4opf0vv6wuu9wqrj62xg78yqt 846230 846229 2026-06-03T21:05:14Z Sumy IB 32481 846230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lazım Esmaeili''' (kuma "Lazem") (1945-28 Janairu 1996) ya kasance mai safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Kurdawa]] [[Iran|Dan Iran]] da ke aiki a [[Turkiyya]], wanda aka same shi da azabtarwa kuma ya harbe shi da kisan gilla na Turkiyya da Iran a [[Istanbul]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susurluk scandal |url=https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.newturkey.today}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Esmaelli a shekarar 1945 a Urmia ( lardin Azarbaijan ta Yamma ) a [[Iran]] a matsayin ɗan Selim. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya koma Turkiyya kuma ya sami izinin aiki daga Babban Daraktan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida na tsawon lokaci tsakanin Mayu 20, 1991, da Satumba 20, 1992. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1991, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Beyazıt Foreign Trade Co. a Istanbul, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1993, ya sami izinin zama na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Mutuwa == A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an sace shi da abokin aikinsa Askar Simitko lokacin da suka bar gidan caca na [[Polat Renaissance Hotel|Otal din Polat Renaissance]] a Yeşilköy, Istanbul a lokacin gida 03:45 ko 03:30 na safe. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, mazauna kauyen sun sami gawawwakin su biyu a Kerev Creek, Silivri, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|60|km|mi}} (37 nesa da Istanbul. An azabtar da su, an yanke kunnuwa kuma an harbe su sau da yawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * "Rahoton 1998" (PDF). Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya. An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2009-02-05. <small> (ya ƙunshi rahotanni na Susurluk a Turanci) </small> {{Cite web |title=1998 Report |url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] |ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] 4i5oazunyxbh1oiivqrvlb0sx4898eo 846231 846230 2026-06-03T21:05:26Z Sumy IB 32481 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 846231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lazım Esmaeili''' (kuma "Lazem") (1945-28 Janairu 1996) ya kasance mai safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Kurdawa]] [[Iran|Dan Iran]] da ke aiki a [[Turkiyya]], wanda aka same shi da azabtarwa kuma ya harbe shi da kisan gilla na Turkiyya da Iran a [[Istanbul]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susurluk scandal |url=https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.newturkey.today}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Esmaelli a shekarar 1945 a Urmia ( lardin Azarbaijan ta Yamma ) a [[Iran]] a matsayin ɗan Selim. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya koma Turkiyya kuma ya sami izinin aiki daga Babban Daraktan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida na tsawon lokaci tsakanin Mayu 20, 1991, da Satumba 20, 1992. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1991, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Beyazıt Foreign Trade Co. a Istanbul, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1993, ya sami izinin zama na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Mutuwa == A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an sace shi da abokin aikinsa Askar Simitko lokacin da suka bar gidan caca na [[Polat Renaissance Hotel|Otal din Polat Renaissance]] a Yeşilköy, Istanbul a lokacin gida 03:45 ko 03:30 na safe. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, mazauna kauyen sun sami gawawwakin su biyu a Kerev Creek, Silivri, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|60|km|mi}} (37 nesa da Istanbul. An azabtar da su, an yanke kunnuwa kuma an harbe su sau da yawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{databox}} == Haɗin waje == * "Rahoton 1998" (PDF). Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya. An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2009-02-05. <small> (ya ƙunshi rahotanni na Susurluk a Turanci) </small> {{Cite web |title=1998 Report |url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] |ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] 9ruw4yinz6bxk7b8048266yz7bu88k7 846233 846231 2026-06-03T21:05:41Z Sumy IB 32481 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 846233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lazım Esmaeili''' (kuma "Lazem") (1945-28 Janairu 1996) ya kasance mai safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Kurdawa]] [[Iran|Dan Iran]] da ke aiki a [[Turkiyya]], wanda aka same shi da azabtarwa kuma ya harbe shi da kisan gilla na Turkiyya da Iran a [[Istanbul]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susurluk scandal |url=https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.newturkey.today}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Esmaelli a shekarar 1945 a Urmia ( lardin Azarbaijan ta Yamma ) a [[Iran]] a matsayin ɗan Selim. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya koma Turkiyya kuma ya sami izinin aiki daga Babban Daraktan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida na tsawon lokaci tsakanin Mayu 20, 1991, da Satumba 20, 1992. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1991, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Beyazıt Foreign Trade Co. a Istanbul, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1993, ya sami izinin zama na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Mutuwa == A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an sace shi da abokin aikinsa Askar Simitko lokacin da suka bar gidan caca na [[Polat Renaissance Hotel|Otal din Polat Renaissance]] a Yeşilköy, Istanbul a lokacin gida 03:45 ko 03:30 na safe. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, mazauna kauyen sun sami gawawwakin su biyu a Kerev Creek, Silivri, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|60|km|mi}} (37 nesa da Istanbul. An azabtar da su, an yanke kunnuwa kuma an harbe su sau da yawa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * "Rahoton 1998" (PDF). Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya. An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2009-02-05. <small> (ya ƙunshi rahotanni na Susurluk a Turanci) </small> {{Cite web |title=1998 Report |url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] |ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] d33a02so2z6zn2i4h37qduluji4oug5 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 2025-26 0 154539 846246 2026-06-03T21:10:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355299040|2025–26 Mozambique floods]]" 846246 wikitext text/x-wiki Kudancin Mozambique ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani wanda a ƙarshen Janairu 2026 ya bar dubban daruruwan mutane da suka rasa matsuguni ko kuma waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na makonni a watan Disamba da Janairu ya mamaye manyan ma'ajiyar ruwa da koguna, wanda ya shafi yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a musamman a kusa da kogunan [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]] da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . Ambaliyar ta shafi mutane 600,000-800,000 kuma ta lalata ko lalata gidaje 30,000 kafin 27 ga Janairu 2026, a cewar Cibiyar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Ƙasa ta Mozambique. <ref name="nasa" /> Wasu daga cikin biranen da abin ya fi shafa sun haɗa da [[Maputo]], Xai-Xai, da Chokwe . <ref name="nasa" /> Ana ɗaukar bala'in a matsayin mafi muni a cikin ƙarni kuma tsananinsa ya haifar da kwatantawa da ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 1997. Kamfanin Lantarki na Mozambique (CFM) mallakar gwamnati ya yi asarar dala miliyan uku na Amurka bayan dakatar da ayyukan layin Limpopo saboda ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan bala'i ya sa aka tattara ƙungiyoyin ceto daga [[Brazil]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Birtaniya]] . Portugal ta kuma aika da rundunar sojoji tare da kayayyaki, ƙwararru da kuɗi ta hanyar Instituto Camões don taimakawa al'ummar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali. Duk da mummunan yanayi wanda ya haifar da mummunar barna a Portugal a wannan lokacin, Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa ta Portugal Ana Xavier ta bayyana cewa "Gwamnatin Portugal ta sake sadaukar da kai ga Mozambique kuma koyaushe tana tare da 'yan Mozambique, duk da cewa tana mai da hankali kan kula da mummunan yanayi a ƙasarmu". [[Gidauniyar Aga Khan]] ta kuma tattara tan 20 na kayan masarufi a Lisbon don aika zuwa Mozambique. Baya ga waɗannan, [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Angola]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da ƙasashe maƙwabta sun kuma aika da agajin gaggawa ga Mozambique. A kan dandalin Zooniverse, mutane za su iya taimakawa wajen gano toshewar hanyoyi ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam domin taimakawa kungiyoyin agaji shiga yankunan da abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Planetary Response Network: Mozambique Flooding 2026 |url=https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/alicemead/planetary-response-network-mozambique-flooding-2026 |access-date=2026-02-06 |publisher=Zooniverse}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 1997 * [[Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2000|Ambaliyar Mozambique ta 2000]] * [[Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2007|Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2007 a Mozambique]] == Manazarta == rmh53cq00reqtr2c1kj2p2dqtdnhft1 846247 846246 2026-06-03T21:11:20Z Engineer014 44591 846247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kudancin Mozambique ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani wanda a ƙarshen Janairu 2026 ya bar dubban daruruwan mutane da suka rasa matsuguni ko kuma waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na makonni a watan Disamba da Janairu ya mamaye manyan ma'ajiyar ruwa da koguna, wanda ya shafi yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a musamman a kusa da kogunan [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]] da [[Kogin Komati|Incomati]] . Ambaliyar ta shafi mutane 600,000-800,000 kuma ta lalata ko lalata gidaje 30,000 kafin 27 ga Janairu 2026, a cewar Cibiyar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Ƙasa ta Mozambique. <ref name="nasa" /> Wasu daga cikin biranen da abin ya fi shafa sun haɗa da [[Maputo]], Xai-Xai, da Chokwe . <ref name="nasa" /> Ana ɗaukar bala'in a matsayin mafi muni a cikin ƙarni kuma tsananinsa ya haifar da kwatantawa da ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 1997. Kamfanin Lantarki na Mozambique (CFM) mallakar gwamnati ya yi asarar dala miliyan uku na Amurka bayan dakatar da ayyukan layin Limpopo saboda ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan bala'i ya sa aka tattara ƙungiyoyin ceto daga [[Brazil]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Birtaniya]] . Portugal ta kuma aika da rundunar sojoji tare da kayayyaki, ƙwararru da kuɗi ta hanyar Instituto Camões don taimakawa al'ummar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali. Duk da mummunan yanayi wanda ya haifar da mummunar barna a Portugal a wannan lokacin, Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa ta Portugal Ana Xavier ta bayyana cewa "Gwamnatin Portugal ta sake sadaukar da kai ga Mozambique kuma koyaushe tana tare da 'yan Mozambique, duk da cewa tana mai da hankali kan kula da mummunan yanayi a ƙasarmu". [[Gidauniyar Aga Khan]] ta kuma tattara tan 20 na kayan masarufi a Lisbon don aika zuwa Mozambique. Baya ga waɗannan, [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Angola]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] da ƙasashe maƙwabta sun kuma aika da agajin gaggawa ga Mozambique. A kan dandalin Zooniverse, mutane za su iya taimakawa wajen gano toshewar hanyoyi ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam domin taimakawa kungiyoyin agaji shiga yankunan da abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Planetary Response Network: Mozambique Flooding 2026 |url=https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/alicemead/planetary-response-network-mozambique-flooding-2026 |access-date=2026-02-06 |publisher=Zooniverse}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 1997 * [[Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2000|Ambaliyar Mozambique ta 2000]] * [[Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2007|Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2007 a Mozambique]] == Manazarta == lm5vtrnjn8ueyxqb158flqkyrhovzz5 Gargaɗin guguwar ƙura 0 154540 846255 2026-06-03T21:18:00Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1227136054|Dust storm warning]]" 846255 wikitext text/x-wiki <pre>URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ 444 PM MST MON JUL 4 2011 AZZ502-504>506-050745- /O.NEW.KTWC.DS.W.0003.110706T2300Z-110707T0100Z/ TOHONO O'ODHAM NATION-TUCSON METRO AREA- SOUTH CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY-SOUTHEAST PINAL COUNTY- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...MARANA...PICACHO PEAK STATE PARK 444 PM MST MON JUL 4 2011 ...DUST STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 4 PM TO 6 PM MST WEDNESDAY... THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN TUCSON HAS ISSUED A DUST STORM WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 4 PM TO 6 PM MST WEDNESDAY. * TIMING...STRONG OUTFLOW WINDS FROM THUNDERSTORMS MOVING THROUGH EASTERN PIMA COUNTY WILL CONTINUE WEST INTO THE TOHONO OODHAM NATION AND NORTHWEST THROUGH PINAL COUNTY. * WINDS...EAST GUSTS OF 30 TO 50 MPH. * VISIBILITY...WILL BRIEFLY BE DOWN TO LESS THAN ONE-QUARTER OF A MILE. * IMPACTS...MOTORISTS SHOULD BE PREPARED TO QUICKLY CHANGING CONDITIONS IN BLOWING DUST. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A DUST STORM WARNING MEANS SEVERELY LIMITED VISIBILITIES ARE EXPECTED WITH BLOWING DUST. BLOWING DUST CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY...CAUSING ACCIDENTS THAT MAY INVOLVE CHAIN COLLISIONS AND MULTIPLE PILEUPS. IF DENSE DUST IS OBSERVED BLOWING ACROSS OR APPROACHING A ROADWAY...PULL YOUR VEHICLE OFF THE PAVEMENT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE TO STOP. TURN OFF THE LIGHTS...SET THE EMERGENCY BRAKE...AND TAKE YOUR FOOT OFF OF THE BRAKE PEDAL TO ENSURE BRAKE LIGHTS ARE NOT ILLUMINATED. STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO OR TELEVISION STATIONS...OR YOUR CABLE TELEVISION PROVIDER FOR LATER STATEMENTS CONCERNING THIS DUST STORM. &&</pre><pre> BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED Dust Storm Warning National Weather Service Phoenix AZ 414 PM MST Thu Jul 5 2018 AZC013-021-060000- /O.NEW.KPSR.DS.W.0002.180705T2314Z-180706T0000Z/ Maricopa AZ-Pinal AZ- 414 PM MST Thu Jul 5 2018 The National Weather Service in Phoenix has issued a * Dust Storm Warning for... Maricopa County in south central Arizona... Pinal County in southeastern Arizona... * Until 500 PM MST. * At 414 PM MST, a wall of dust was along a line extending from near Gilbert to Randolph, moving west at 20 mph. HAZARD...Less than a quarter mile visibility with strong wind in excess of 40 mph. SOURCE...Public. IMPACT...Dangerous life-threatening travel. * This includes the following highways... AZ Interstate 10 between mile markers 155 and 201. AZ Interstate 8 between mile markers 166 and 178. AZ Route 60 between mile markers 173 and 190. Locations impacted include... Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert, Tempe, Casa Grande, Coolidge, Sun Lakes, East Mesa, Queen Creek, La Palma, San Tan Village Mall, San Tan Valley, Seville, Freestone Park and Bapchule. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Dust storms lead to dangerous driving conditions with visibility reduced to near zero. If driving, avoid dust storms if possible. If caught in one, pull off the road, turn off your lights and keep your foot off the brake. Motorists should not drive into a dust storm. PULL ASIDE STAY ALIVE! && LAT...LON 3280 11178 3279 11188 3340 11201 3342 11166 3292 11142 3290 11146 3283 11154 3277 11177 TIME...MOT...LOC 2314Z 081DEG 17KT 3335 11172 3293 11152 $$ </pre><pre>URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ 444 PM MST MON JUL 4 2011 AZZ502-504>506-050745- /O.NEW.KTWC.DS.W.0003.110706T2300Z-110707T0100Z/ TOHONO O'ODHAM NATION-TUCSON METRO AREA- SOUTH CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY-SOUTHEAST PINAL COUNTY- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...MARANA...PICACHO PEAK STATE PARK 444 PM MST MON JUL 4 2011 ...DUST STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 4 PM TO 6 PM MST WEDNESDAY... THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN TUCSON HAS ISSUED A DUST STORM WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM 4 PM TO 6 PM MST WEDNESDAY. * TIMING...STRONG OUTFLOW WINDS FROM THUNDERSTORMS MOVING THROUGH EASTERN PIMA COUNTY WILL CONTINUE WEST INTO THE TOHONO OODHAM NATION AND NORTHWEST THROUGH PINAL COUNTY. * WINDS...EAST GUSTS OF 30 TO 50 MPH. * VISIBILITY...WILL BRIEFLY BE DOWN TO LESS THAN ONE-QUARTER OF A MILE. * IMPACTS...MOTORISTS SHOULD BE PREPARED TO QUICKLY CHANGING CONDITIONS IN BLOWING DUST. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A DUST STORM WARNING MEANS SEVERELY LIMITED VISIBILITIES ARE EXPECTED WITH BLOWING DUST. BLOWING DUST CAN QUICKLY REDUCE VISIBILITY...CAUSING ACCIDENTS THAT MAY INVOLVE CHAIN COLLISIONS AND MULTIPLE PILEUPS. IF DENSE DUST IS OBSERVED BLOWING ACROSS OR APPROACHING A ROADWAY...PULL YOUR VEHICLE OFF THE PAVEMENT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE TO STOP. TURN OFF THE LIGHTS...SET THE EMERGENCY BRAKE...AND TAKE YOUR FOOT OFF OF THE BRAKE PEDAL TO ENSURE BRAKE LIGHTS ARE NOT ILLUMINATED. STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO OR TELEVISION STATIONS...OR YOUR CABLE TELEVISION PROVIDER FOR LATER STATEMENTS CONCERNING THIS DUST STORM. &&</pre>Ana ba da '''gargadi na guguwa''' (SAME code: DSW) ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] lokacin da ake sa ran hura ƙura sau da yawa zai rage ganuwa zuwa mil (400 ko ƙasa, gabaɗaya tare da iskõki na 25 mil a kowace awa (40 km / h) ko fiye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Weather Service |title=Dust Storm definition |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=spotter-wwa-definitions |access-date=February 6, 2013 |website=National Weather Service}}</ref>{{Convert|1/4|mile|m}} Tun daga ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2018, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta fitar da waɗannan gargaɗin guguwar ƙura a cikin tsari mai siffar polygon da kuma na guguwa, kamar tsarin guguwa mai tsanani da gargaɗin guguwa. An maye gurbin gargaɗin guguwar ƙura mai siffar yanki da sabon gargaɗin ƙura mai busawa. Baya ga sabon tsarin gargaɗin guguwar ƙura, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa za ta bayar da shawarar ƙura mai ƙarancin tasiri idan ba a cika sharuɗɗan gargaɗi ba kuma idan har yanzu ana sa ran tasirin tafiye-tafiye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Weather Service |title=Dust Storm definition |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=spotter-wwa-definitions |access-date=February 6, 2013 |website=National Weather Service}}</ref> == Misali == Wadannan sune farkon bayarwa na sabon gargadi na guguwa, wanda ake amfani dashi har zuwa Yuni 19, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Weather Service |title=Dust Storm definition |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=spotter-wwa-definitions |access-date=February 6, 2013 |website=National Weather Service}}</ref> {{Reflist}} Ga misali na gargaɗin guguwar ƙura da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta bayar a Tucson, Arizona a baya..<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Weather Service |title=Dust Storm definition |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=spotter-wwa-definitions |access-date=February 6, 2013 |website=National Weather Service}}</ref> * Kalmomin yanayi mai tsanani (Amurka) dsms71devdjxe1tk1kqyy8axwxcxzf3 Anagha 0 154541 846256 2026-06-03T21:18:26Z Ibraheemly 45392 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356413449|Anagha]]" 846256 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Pending films key}}'''Anagha Maruthora''' 'yar asalin Indiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ke aiki a fina-finai na Malayalam da Tamil . Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da fim din Malayalam ''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' (2017). Ta lashe lambar yabo ta SIIMA Best Debutant Tamil Actress saboda rawar da ta taka a ''Natpe Thunai'' (2019 Ta yi aiki a fina-finai masu nasara kamar ''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' (2017), ''Parava'' (2017), ''Natpe Thunai'' (2019), ''Guna 369'' (2019), ''Bheeshma Parvam'' (2022) da ''Grrr'' (2024). == Rayuwa ta farko == Anagha an haife shi ne a Kozhikode, Kerala . Mahaifin Anagha Kuttikrishnan da mahaifiyarta Leela malamai ne da suka yi ritaya. Ta kammala karatun firamare a makarantar Sree Gokulam, Calicut . Anagha ta yi B.Tech. a [[Chengannur]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="College of Engineering Chengannur">Kwalejin Injiniya Chengannur a Chengannur da kuma kammala M.Tech. a (NIELIT) Cibiyar Nazarin Injin Lantarki da Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasa, Calicut . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Harshe ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' |Rosy | rowspan="3" |[[Malayalam]] |Fim na farko | |- |''Parava'' |Sha'awar soyayya ta Shane | | |- |2018 |''Rosapoo'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Natpe Thunai'' |Deepa |[[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] |Farkon Tamil | |- |''Guna 369'' |Geetha |[[Talgu|Telugu]] |Farko na Telugu | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Dikkiloona'' |Priya | rowspan="2" |Tamil | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Anagha and Shirin Kanchwala to play the female leads in Santhanam's Dikkiloona |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/16/angha-and-shirin-kanchwala-to-play-the-lead-in-santhanams-dikkiloona-15525.html |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> |- |''Taron da aka yi'' |Mithra | | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Bheeshma Parvam'' |Rahila |Malayalam | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=Dikkiloona-fame Anagha also part of Bheeshma Parvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/30/dikkiloona-fame-anagha-also-part-of-bheeshma-parvam-26993.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Buffoon'' |Ilayaal |Tamil | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Teaser of Vaibhav-Anagha's Buffoon out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/mar/14/teaser-of-vaibhav-anaghas-buffoon-out-30271.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Grrr'' |Rachana | rowspan="2" |Malayalam | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Adios Amigo'' |Hema | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Kadaisi Ulaga Ta hanyar'' | rowspan="2" |Keerthana | rowspan="2" |Tamil | | |- | rowspan="3" |2026 |''Mista X'' | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-19 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Mr X DOP Arul Vincent recalls PC Sreeram's influence on him |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/19/exclusive-mr-x-dop-arul-vincent-recalls-pc-sreerams-influence-on-him |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Album !Harshe !Co Star !Mawallafi !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Magizhini'' |[[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] |Gouri G Kishan |Gwamnatin Vasantha | |- |''Allipoola Vennela'' |[[Talgu|Telugu]] |Mekha Rajan da Angelina |A. R. Rahman | |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2019 |''Natpe Thunai'' | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kudancin Indiya |Mafi kyawun Mata na Farko - Tamil|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Guna 369'' |Mafi kyawun Mata na Farko - Telugu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5zhyahgpuudra3qowgimo2fapfdvqbw 846257 846256 2026-06-03T21:19:31Z Ibraheemly 45392 846257 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Pending films key}}'''Anagha Marut''' {{Databox}} '''hora''' 'yar asalin Indiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ke aiki a fina-finai na Malayalam da Tamil . Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da fim din Malayalam ''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' (2017). Ta lashe lambar yabo ta SIIMA Best Debutant Tamil Actress saboda rawar da ta taka a ''Natpe Thunai'' (2019 Ta yi aiki a fina-finai masu nasara kamar ''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' (2017), ''Parava'' (2017), ''Natpe Thunai'' (2019), ''Guna 369'' (2019), ''Bheeshma Parvam'' (2022) da ''Grrr'' (2024). == Rayuwa ta farko == Anagha an haife shi ne a Kozhikode, Kerala . Mahaifin Anagha Kuttikrishnan da mahaifiyarta Leela malamai ne da suka yi ritaya. Ta kammala karatun firamare a makarantar Sree Gokulam, Calicut . Anagha ta yi B.Tech. a [[Chengannur]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="College of Engineering Chengannur">Kwalejin Injiniya Chengannur a Chengannur da kuma kammala M.Tech. a (NIELIT) Cibiyar Nazarin Injin Lantarki da Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasa, Calicut . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Harshe ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu'' |Rosy | rowspan="3" |[[Malayalam]] |Fim na farko | |- |''Parava'' |Sha'awar soyayya ta Shane | | |- |2018 |''Rosapoo'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Natpe Thunai'' |Deepa |[[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] |Farkon Tamil | |- |''Guna 369'' |Geetha |[[Talgu|Telugu]] |Farko na Telugu | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Dikkiloona'' |Priya | rowspan="2" |Tamil | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Anagha and Shirin Kanchwala to play the female leads in Santhanam's Dikkiloona |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/16/angha-and-shirin-kanchwala-to-play-the-lead-in-santhanams-dikkiloona-15525.html |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> |- |''Taron da aka yi'' |Mithra | | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Bheeshma Parvam'' |Rahila |Malayalam | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=Dikkiloona-fame Anagha also part of Bheeshma Parvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/30/dikkiloona-fame-anagha-also-part-of-bheeshma-parvam-26993.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Buffoon'' |Ilayaal |Tamil | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Teaser of Vaibhav-Anagha's Buffoon out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/mar/14/teaser-of-vaibhav-anaghas-buffoon-out-30271.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Grrr'' |Rachana | rowspan="2" |Malayalam | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Adios Amigo'' |Hema | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Kadaisi Ulaga Ta hanyar'' | rowspan="2" |Keerthana | rowspan="2" |Tamil | | |- | rowspan="3" |2026 |''Mista X'' | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-19 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Mr X DOP Arul Vincent recalls PC Sreeram's influence on him |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/19/exclusive-mr-x-dop-arul-vincent-recalls-pc-sreerams-influence-on-him |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Album !Harshe !Co Star !Mawallafi !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Magizhini'' |[[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]] |Gouri G Kishan |Gwamnatin Vasantha | |- |''Allipoola Vennela'' |[[Talgu|Telugu]] |Mekha Rajan da Angelina |A. R. Rahman | |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2019 |''Natpe Thunai'' | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kudancin Indiya |Mafi kyawun Mata na Farko - Tamil|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Guna 369'' |Mafi kyawun Mata na Farko - Telugu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nrtio83huq85hphko05s3s3x0sx1mkj Arif Abdullayev 0 154542 846258 2026-06-03T21:22:11Z Sumy IB 32481 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330480679|Arif Abdullayev]]" 846258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arif Yadulla Abdullayev''' ([[Azerbaijan]]_language" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani]] language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Arif Abdullayev; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 1968, [[Baku]], Azerbaijan) ɗan gwagwarmayar Azerbaijan ne. Abdullayev ya sami lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekara ta 2003 don kokawa ta Freestyle da aka shirya a New York. <ref>[http://wrestling.warezwebhosting.com/eng_news_arif_abdullayev.html World Champion for Freestyle Wrestling- Arif Abdullayev ] {{In lang|en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Ağdərə a cikin Gundumar Khizi . Abdullayev ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Baku. Shi ne ɗan'uwan mai kokawa na Olympics Namig Abdullayev . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] ktq0lu2nf9ivo9nsxq8d4mcfz3l9pia 846259 846258 2026-06-03T21:22:34Z Sumy IB 32481 846259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arif Yadulla Abdullayev''' ([[Azerbaijan]]_language" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani]] language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Arif Abdullayev; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 1968, [[Baku]], Azerbaijan) ɗan gwagwarmayar Azerbaijan ne. Abdullayev ya sami lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekara ta 2003 don kokawa ta Freestyle da aka shirya a New York. <ref>[http://wrestling.warezwebhosting.com/eng_news_arif_abdullayev.html World Champion for Freestyle Wrestling- Arif Abdullayev ] {{In lang|en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Ağdərə a cikin Gundumar Khizi . Abdullayev ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Baku. Shi ne ɗan'uwan mai kokawa na Olympics Namig Abdullayev . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] daw0ad7qkbitnqz858mlm4ohzpf0v0s Tattaunawar user:Abualbani 3 154543 846261 2026-06-03T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846261 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abualbani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abualbani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) m46zwqap2fogz7bwznrqrkp1qg8b5ch Tattaunawar user:Muayad Ameen 3 154544 846262 2026-06-03T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846262 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muayad Ameen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muayad Ameen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) arxciljrlolucbiv3qmmvh7docu4d7w Tattaunawar user:Yassin Zahran 3615 3 154545 846263 2026-06-03T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846263 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yassin Zahran 3615! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yassin Zahran 3615|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) qvlt32nlu8ifc1ozlcmn2c4fz39g79f Tattaunawar user:Rabsy64 3 154546 846264 2026-06-03T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846264 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rabsy64! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rabsy64|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) dwqh4diux86o1kgcko76jqpqpd7bnji Tattaunawar user:Bennorey 3 154547 846265 2026-06-03T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846265 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bennorey! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bennorey|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5b7xr3uanhf8ablj776a2cje99iy8v5 Tattaunawar user:Peternyam 3 154548 846266 2026-06-03T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846266 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Peternyam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Peternyam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 7o4kujdcq5lyq8qmtqjj4pp9s9rrmqb Jerin koguna na Ivory Coast 0 154549 846267 2026-06-03T21:24:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293692379|List of rivers of Ivory Coast]]" 846267 wikitext text/x-wiki Manyan koguna guda huɗu suna bin hanyoyin da ke karkata daga arewa zuwa kudu, suna malalawa zuwa [[Tekun Guinea]] . Daga yamma zuwa gabas waɗannan su ne [[Dokin doki|Cavally]], Sassandra, [[Kogin Bandama|Bandama]], da [[Kogin Komoé|Comoé]] - duk waɗannan kogunan ba su da tsari sosai, waɗanda za a iya tafiya da su a cikin ƙasa kaɗan daga bakin teku. <ref name=":0" /> A arewa, ƙananan rafuka da yawa suna canzawa zuwa busassun rafuka tsakanin ruwan sama. <ref name=":0" /> == Manyan koguna == Kogin Cavally yana da tushen ruwansa a tsaunukan Nimba da ke Guinea kuma yana da iyaka tsakanin Ivory Coast da Liberia na tsawon fiye da rabin tsawonsa. Yana ratsa ƙasa mai birgima da kuma raƙuman ruwa kuma ana iya tafiya da shi na tsawon kilomita hamsin a cikin ƙasa daga ƙofarsa zuwa teku kusa da Cape Palmas. <ref name=":0" /> Kogin Sassandra yana da tushe a cikin tudun arewa, inda Kogin Tiemba ya haɗu da Kogin Férédougouba, wanda ke gudana daga tsaunukan Guinea. Kogunan Bagbé, Bafing, Nzo, Lobo, da Davo sun haɗu da shi kuma iska ta ratsa sandunan yashi masu juyawa don samar da wani ƙaramin bakin teku, wanda za a iya tafiya da shi na kimanin kilomita tamanin a cikin ƙasa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sassandra. <ref name=":0" /> Kogin Bandama, wanda aka fi sani da Bandama Blanc, shi ne mafi tsawo a ƙasar, yana haɗuwa da kogin Bandama Rouge (wanda kuma aka sani da Marahoué), Solomougou, Kan, da Nzi a tsawon tafiyarsa ta kilomita 800. Wannan babban tsarin kogin yana malalar da mafi yawan tsakiyar Ivory Coast kafin ya kwarara zuwa Tagba Lagoon da ke gaban Grand-Lahou. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin damina, ƙananan jiragen ruwa suna yawo a Bandama na tsawon kilomita hamsin ko sittin a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> Gabashin manyan kogunan, Comoé, wanda Leraba da Gomonaba suka samar, yana da tushensa a cikin Sikasso Plateau na Burkina Faso. Yana gudana a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 700 kuma yana karɓar magudanar ruwa ta Kongo, da Iringou kafin ya lanƙwasa tsakanin sandunan yashi na bakin teku ya kuma zube cikin tafkin Ebrié kusa da Grand-Bassam. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya tafiya da jirgin ruwan Comoé zuwa jiragen ruwa masu sauƙin hawa na kimanin kilomita hamsin zuwa Alépé. <ref name=":0" /> An gina manyan madatsun ruwa a shekarun 1960 da 1970 don sarrafa kwararar manyan koguna zuwa kudu. Waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa, waɗanda yanzu ake kira tafkuna masu ɗauke da sunayen madatsun ruwa--Buyo a kan Sassandra, Kossou da Taabo a kan Bandama, da Ayamé a kan ƙaramin Kogin Bia a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> [[Tafkin Kossou]] shine mafi girma daga cikinsu, yana mamaye sama da murabba'in kilomita 1,600 a tsakiyar ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> == Ta hanyar magudanar ruwa == An tsara wannan jerin ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka yi musu lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowace babbar rafi. * [[Kogin Cesstos|Kogin Cestos]] (Kogin Nuoun) * [[Dokin doki|Kogin Cavalla]] * [[Nono River|Kogin Nono]] * [[San-Pédro River|Kogin San-Pédro]] * Kogin Sassandra ** [[Davo River|Kogin Davo]] ** Kogin Lobo ** [[Nzo River|Kogin Nzo]] ** [[Bafing River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Bafing]] (Kogin Gouan) ** [[Boa River|Kogin Boa]] ** [[Férédougouba River|Kogin Férédouguba]] (Kogin Bagbé) ** [[Tienba River|Kogin Tienba]] * [[Boubo River|Kogin Boubo]] * [[Kogin Bandama]] ** [[Kogin Nzi]] ** [[Kogin Marahoué]] (Bandama Rouge) ** [[Kan River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Kan]] ** [[Bou River|Kogin Bou]] ** [[Solomougou River|Kogin Solomougou]] * Kogin Ira * Kogin Agnéby * [[Kogin Komoé]] ** [[Ba River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Ba]] (Kogin Bayakokoré) ** [[Kongo River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Kongo]] ** [[Iringou River|Kogin Iringou]] ** [[Léraba River|Kogin Leraba]] * [[Kogin Biya|Kogin Bia]] * [[Kogin Tano]] * [[Black Volta]] * ''Kogin Niger (Mali)'' ** ''Kogin Bani (Mali)'' *** [[Kogin Bagoé]] **** [[Kogin Kankélaba]] (Kogin Mahandiani) *** [[Kogin Baoulé]] **** [[Dégou River|Kogin Dégou]] ** Kogin Sankarani == Manazarta == 2ydmc5k0ul09n3sjn19m09bgok8dmvi 846273 846267 2026-06-03T21:24:48Z Engineer014 44591 846273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manyan koguna guda huɗu suna bin hanyoyin da ke karkata daga arewa zuwa kudu, suna malalawa zuwa [[Tekun Guinea]] . Daga yamma zuwa gabas waɗannan su ne [[Dokin doki|Cavally]], Sassandra, [[Kogin Bandama|Bandama]], da [[Kogin Komoé|Comoé]] - duk waɗannan kogunan ba su da tsari sosai, waɗanda za a iya tafiya da su a cikin ƙasa kaɗan daga bakin teku. <ref name=":0" /> A arewa, ƙananan rafuka da yawa suna canzawa zuwa busassun rafuka tsakanin ruwan sama. <ref name=":0" /> == Manyan koguna == Kogin Cavally yana da tushen ruwansa a tsaunukan Nimba da ke Guinea kuma yana da iyaka tsakanin Ivory Coast da Liberia na tsawon fiye da rabin tsawonsa. Yana ratsa ƙasa mai birgima da kuma raƙuman ruwa kuma ana iya tafiya da shi na tsawon kilomita hamsin a cikin ƙasa daga ƙofarsa zuwa teku kusa da Cape Palmas. <ref name=":0" /> Kogin Sassandra yana da tushe a cikin tudun arewa, inda Kogin Tiemba ya haɗu da Kogin Férédougouba, wanda ke gudana daga tsaunukan Guinea. Kogunan Bagbé, Bafing, Nzo, Lobo, da Davo sun haɗu da shi kuma iska ta ratsa sandunan yashi masu juyawa don samar da wani ƙaramin bakin teku, wanda za a iya tafiya da shi na kimanin kilomita tamanin a cikin ƙasa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sassandra. <ref name=":0" /> Kogin Bandama, wanda aka fi sani da Bandama Blanc, shi ne mafi tsawo a ƙasar, yana haɗuwa da kogin Bandama Rouge (wanda kuma aka sani da Marahoué), Solomougou, Kan, da Nzi a tsawon tafiyarsa ta kilomita 800. Wannan babban tsarin kogin yana malalar da mafi yawan tsakiyar Ivory Coast kafin ya kwarara zuwa Tagba Lagoon da ke gaban Grand-Lahou. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin damina, ƙananan jiragen ruwa suna yawo a Bandama na tsawon kilomita hamsin ko sittin a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> Gabashin manyan kogunan, Comoé, wanda Leraba da Gomonaba suka samar, yana da tushensa a cikin Sikasso Plateau na Burkina Faso. Yana gudana a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 700 kuma yana karɓar magudanar ruwa ta Kongo, da Iringou kafin ya lanƙwasa tsakanin sandunan yashi na bakin teku ya kuma zube cikin tafkin Ebrié kusa da Grand-Bassam. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya tafiya da jirgin ruwan Comoé zuwa jiragen ruwa masu sauƙin hawa na kimanin kilomita hamsin zuwa Alépé. <ref name=":0" /> An gina manyan madatsun ruwa a shekarun 1960 da 1970 don sarrafa kwararar manyan koguna zuwa kudu. Waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa, waɗanda yanzu ake kira tafkuna masu ɗauke da sunayen madatsun ruwa--Buyo a kan Sassandra, Kossou da Taabo a kan Bandama, da Ayamé a kan ƙaramin Kogin Bia a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> [[Tafkin Kossou]] shine mafi girma daga cikinsu, yana mamaye sama da murabba'in kilomita 1,600 a tsakiyar ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> == Ta hanyar magudanar ruwa == An tsara wannan jerin ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka yi musu lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowace babbar rafi. * [[Kogin Cesstos|Kogin Cestos]] (Kogin Nuoun) * [[Dokin doki|Kogin Cavalla]] * [[Nono River|Kogin Nono]] * [[San-Pédro River|Kogin San-Pédro]] * Kogin Sassandra ** [[Davo River|Kogin Davo]] ** Kogin Lobo ** [[Nzo River|Kogin Nzo]] ** [[Bafing River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Bafing]] (Kogin Gouan) ** [[Boa River|Kogin Boa]] ** [[Férédougouba River|Kogin Férédouguba]] (Kogin Bagbé) ** [[Tienba River|Kogin Tienba]] * [[Boubo River|Kogin Boubo]] * [[Kogin Bandama]] ** [[Kogin Nzi]] ** [[Kogin Marahoué]] (Bandama Rouge) ** [[Kan River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Kan]] ** [[Bou River|Kogin Bou]] ** [[Solomougou River|Kogin Solomougou]] * Kogin Ira * Kogin Agnéby * [[Kogin Komoé]] ** [[Ba River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Ba]] (Kogin Bayakokoré) ** [[Kongo River (Ivory Coast)|Kogin Kongo]] ** [[Iringou River|Kogin Iringou]] ** [[Léraba River|Kogin Leraba]] * [[Kogin Biya|Kogin Bia]] * [[Kogin Tano]] * [[Black Volta]] * ''Kogin Niger (Mali)'' ** ''Kogin Bani (Mali)'' *** [[Kogin Bagoé]] **** [[Kogin Kankélaba]] (Kogin Mahandiani) *** [[Kogin Baoulé]] **** [[Dégou River|Kogin Dégou]] ** Kogin Sankarani == Manazarta == stqaaqut7b12o9kog1f9uyjg600z6of Tattaunawar user:Ntdstg 3 154550 846268 2026-06-03T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846268 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ntdstg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ntdstg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) dz0j6nbjqvx1cr7q5dcjc5pzjzlozuo Tattaunawar user:Zaharaddeen123 3 154551 846269 2026-06-03T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846269 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zaharaddeen123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zaharaddeen123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ib13wdczq70euusp7h82xm0yyccvwod Tattaunawar user:Bashir0111 3 154552 846271 2026-06-03T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846271 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bashir0111! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bashir0111|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) n9q2qyxab04r7cecvb5cr50x2j27s98 Tattaunawar user:Aabba1589 3 154553 846272 2026-06-03T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846272 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aabba1589! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aabba1589|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9ul75xr5jetq0ygvfjwpnrar788bgak Tattaunawar user:B khaleed 3 154554 846274 2026-06-03T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846274 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, B khaleed! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/B khaleed|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5zv1ibkpe5gspt1xftjstrwvjbbx2os Tattaunawar user:Devammar2 3 154555 846275 2026-06-03T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846275 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Devammar2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Devammar2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) c25r5xp475f9k6i63bvc3arfvcglstm Douinia 0 154556 846276 2026-06-03T21:25:08Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353997267|Douinia]]" 846276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''''Douinia''''' wani nau'i ne na liverworts a ban garen dangin Scapaniaceae . <ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana samun nau'in wannan nau'in a Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka.<ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 "Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch"]. ''www.gbif.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan jinsin ''Douinia'' shine don girmama Charles Isidore Douin (1858 - 1944), wanda masanin ilimin halittu ne na Faransa wanda ɗan asalin Bouville ne, Eure-et-Loir . Christian Erasmus Otterstrøm Jensen ne ya yi wa wannan nau'in kaciya a cikin Sharhi. Biol. Vol. 3 (Fitowa ta 1) a shafi na 13 a shekarar 1928. == Nau'o'in == * ''[[Douinia imbricata]]'' (M.Howe) Konstant. & Vilnet <ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 "Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch"]. ''www.gbif.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * ''[[Douinia ovata]]'' (Dicks.) H.Buch <ref name="GBIF" /> * ''[[Douinia plicata]]'' (Lindb.) Konstant. & Vilnet <ref name="GBIF" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} fo6ooa0j3a86fuo6kdhc49cx0ce8yer 846281 846276 2026-06-03T21:25:41Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Automatic taxobox}} '''''Douinia''''' wani nau'i ne na liverworts a ban garen dangin Scapaniaceae . <ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana samun nau'in wannan nau'in a Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka.<ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 "Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch"]. ''www.gbif.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan jinsin ''Douinia'' shine don girmama Charles Isidore Douin (1858 - 1944), wanda masanin ilimin halittu ne na Faransa wanda ɗan asalin Bouville ne, Eure-et-Loir . Christian Erasmus Otterstrøm Jensen ne ya yi wa wannan nau'in kaciya a cikin Sharhi. Biol. Vol. 3 (Fitowa ta 1) a shafi na 13 a shekarar 1928. == Nau'o'in == * ''[[Douinia imbricata]]'' (M.Howe) Konstant. & Vilnet <ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.gbif.org/species/2689234 "Douinia (C.N.Jensen) H.Buch"]. ''www.gbif.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * ''[[Douinia ovata]]'' (Dicks.) H.Buch <ref name="GBIF" /> * ''[[Douinia plicata]]'' (Lindb.) Konstant. & Vilnet <ref name="GBIF" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} fnl1e31en67yit30l8f1fyq8fdyxv5u Tattaunawar user:Anasharuna96 3 154557 846277 2026-06-03T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846277 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anasharuna96! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anasharuna96|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 99wmvshqbavj290fs3f0y4b8scxorno Tattaunawar user:Fammad 3 154558 846278 2026-06-03T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846278 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fammad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fammad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) oq6j5d5h6di5io3baewj3xprdn6pv3m Tattaunawar user:Gurbin Bore 3 154559 846280 2026-06-03T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846280 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gurbin Bore! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gurbin Bore|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) hbbagevatozc6dysv23bpoyxdrb1jil Tattaunawar user:Yusuf kabir1122 3 154560 846282 2026-06-03T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846282 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf kabir1122! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf kabir1122|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 3kll9ufnqvahr9n2p846q0kceaj0czl Tattaunawar user:ATMXLAWA 3 154561 846283 2026-06-03T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846283 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ATMXLAWA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ATMXLAWA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) q512iqge79vw6ilavv94amtx2x2ltpq Tattaunawar user:Gately-W 3 154562 846284 2026-06-03T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846284 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gately-W! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gately-W|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) biw0lo11r3gd2kx8nia0o6fk3dub98p Tattaunawar user:Dac3uk 3 154563 846285 2026-06-03T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846285 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dac3uk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dac3uk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) j2r17krfvms15p12705c2jct7fumbt1 Tattaunawar user:Tayeb2025 3 154564 846287 2026-06-03T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846287 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tayeb2025! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tayeb2025|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) fk61ykkzubf5w5e6dukf71kmts7llum Tattaunawar user:ZullySalami 3 154565 846288 2026-06-03T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846288 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZullySalami! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZullySalami|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) nviyvmktqenb70pcdapflngmgr7b328 Tattaunawar user:Thegeneralsir001 3 154566 846289 2026-06-03T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846289 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Thegeneralsir001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Thegeneralsir001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ru6ovh1nmjx4p3hu0hpmkyaoewk3w2a Tattaunawar user:Mahithasuresh1 3 154567 846290 2026-06-03T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846290 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahithasuresh1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahithasuresh1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 08eonvdyx6dm2l2b5l237w1rhk3h0i1 Tattaunawar user:Auwahusaini 3 154568 846291 2026-06-03T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846291 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Auwahusaini! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Auwahusaini|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) b5imsp1vujykvlagj3i0ef9uufimyrx Tattaunawar user:Eeso1980 3 154569 846292 2026-06-03T21:27:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846292 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eeso1980! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eeso1980|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 73z6jbutpw2svjqrhqrg52ii887n725 Tattaunawar user:Takechan-2025 3 154570 846294 2026-06-03T21:27:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846294 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Takechan-2025! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Takechan-2025|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) jgexhz572bfseu3982v0mh4ccj8dj6s Tattaunawar user:约翰的便利店 3 154571 846295 2026-06-03T21:27:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846295 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 约翰的便利店! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/约翰的便利店|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) d8dsblrt9mkd8kw4ahnfjkrggo3ssii Tattaunawar user:InlineCitations 3 154572 846296 2026-06-03T21:27:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846296 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, InlineCitations! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/InlineCitations|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 2k18agecw8oat3xqhly38whwgbn939u Tattaunawar user:FOAM543678 3 154573 846297 2026-06-03T21:27:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846297 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FOAM543678! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FOAM543678|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) n0ypp7tqmb6gvyp37o8ljp85m8q1duc Tattaunawar user:Sayaanakmalaysia92 3 154574 846298 2026-06-03T21:28:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846298 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sayaanakmalaysia92! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sayaanakmalaysia92|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) if0j4hc4ezwelpzyujhfpdj9p5nei94 Tattaunawar user:Eletuo 3 154575 846299 2026-06-03T21:28:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eletuo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eletuo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) aeno6s073jekc1wj9y7izqc1y54sczb Tattaunawar user:CarterDillard 3 154576 846300 2026-06-03T21:28:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 846300 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CarterDillard! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CarterDillard|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) gc8iqykxwhs9xjyeikwmfqmvneisfz3 Sand tiger shark 0 154577 846302 2026-06-03T21:29:11Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356628946|Sand tiger shark]]" 846302 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Grey_nurse_shark_2.jpg|alt=Snout and mouth of sand tiger shark, showing protruding teeth and small eyes| Hanci da bakin yashi kifin shark, wanda ke nuna haƙoran da ƙananan idanu masu fitowa Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_eye.jpg|alt=Eye| Ido Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_jaws.jpg|alt=Jaws| Muƙamuƙi Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_central_teeth2.jpg|alt=Central teeth| Hakoran tsakiya Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_teeth.jpg|alt=Individual teeth| Hakoran mutum ɗaya </gallery>'''Kifin kifin yashi''' ( '''''Carcharias taurus''''' ), '''kifin shark mai launin ruwan kasa (spotted ragged-tooth shark''' ) (a Afirka ta Kudu), ko kuma '''kifin yashi mai launin shuɗi''', nau'in kifin shark ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zafi da yanayi mai zafi a duk duniya. Yana zaune a kan teburin nahiyar, daga bakin teku (saboda haka ana kiransa kifin shark mai launin ruwan kasa) da kuma raƙuman ruwa masu zurfi zuwa zurfin kusan {{Convert|191|m}} . Suna zaune a cikin ruwan Japan, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma gabar tekun gabas na Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka. Kifin kifin yashi kuma yana zaune a [[Bahar Rum]] ; duk da haka, an gan shi a can a ƙarshe a shekarar 2003 kuma ana tsammanin an cire shi. Duk da sunayen da aka saba da su, ba shi da alaƙa da kifin kifin tiger ( ''Galeocerdo cuvier'' ) ko kifin kifin nurse ( ''Ginglymostoma cirratum'' ). Duk da kamanninsa mai ban tsoro da kuma ƙarfin yin iyo mai ƙarfi, kifin shark ne mai nutsuwa da motsi a hankali, ba tare da an tabbatar da mutuwar ɗan adam ba. Wannan nau'in kifin yana da kai mai kaifi, mai kaifi, da kuma jiki mai girma. Tsawon damisar yashi zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|3.2|m|ft|1}} amma yawanci suna da tsayin mita 2.2–2.5. <ref name="flmnh">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Carcharias taurus: Sandtiger Shark |url=https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sandtiger/Sandtiger.html |access-date=6 May 2019 |website=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> Suna da launin toka tare da tabo ja-kasa-kasa a bayansu. An lura da rawar jiki (ƙungiyoyi) suna farautar manyan kifaye. Abincinsu ya ƙunshi kifayen ƙashi, crustaceans, squid, skates da sauran sharks. Ba kamar sauran sharks ba, damisar yashi na iya haɗiye iska daga saman, yana barin ta a rataye a cikin ruwa ba tare da ƙoƙari ba. A lokacin daukar ciki, tayin da ya fi girma zai ciyar da 'yan uwansa, wata dabarar haihuwa da aka sani da cin naman mahaifa a ciki wato "embryophagy" ko, a launi, adelphophagy - a zahiri "cin ɗan'uwan mutum". An rarraba damisar yashi a matsayin wacce ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazana a cikin Jerin Ja na Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya . Ita ce babban kifin shark da aka fi kiyayewa a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na jama'a saboda juriyarsa ga bauta. == Tsarin Haraji == Bayanin kifin damisar yashi da aka yi wa lakabi da ''Carcharias taurus'' na Constantine Rafinesque ya fito ne daga wani samfurin da aka kama a bakin tekun [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] . ''Carcharias taurus'' yana nufin " kifin shanu ". An daɗe ana jayayya kan wannan rarrabuwar ta hanyar rarrabuwa. Shekaru ashirin da bakwai bayan bayanin farko na Rafinesque, masana kimiyyar halittu na Jamus Müller da Henle sun canza sunan jinsi daga ''C. taurus'' zuwa ''Triglochis taurus'' . A shekara mai zuwa, masanin kimiyyar halitta na Switzerland-Amurka [[Louis Agassiz|Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz]] ya sake rarraba kifin a matsayin ''Odontaspis cuspidata'' bisa ga misalan haƙoran da aka samo daga burbushin halittu. An yi amfani da sunan Agassiz har zuwa 1961 lokacin da masana kimiyyar halittu uku da masana kimiyyar halittu, W. Tucker, EI White, da NB Marshall, suka nemi a mayar da kifin zuwa ga halittar ''Carcharias'' . An ƙi wannan buƙatar kuma an amince da ''Odontaspis'' ta hanyar International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Lokacin da masana suka kammala da cewa ''taurus'' na bayan ''Odontaspis'', an canza sunan zuwa ''Odontaspis taurus'' . A shekarar 1977, Compagno da Follet sun ƙalubalanci sunan ''Odontaspis taurus'' kuma suka maye gurbin ''Eugomphodus'', wani nau'in da ba a san shi ba, da ''Odontaspis'' . Yawancin masana taxonomists sun yi tambaya game da canjinsa, suna jayayya cewa babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ''Odontaspis'' da ''Carcharias'' . Bayan canza sunan zuwa ''Eugomphodus taurus'', Compagno ya yi nasarar ba da shawara wajen kafa sunan kimiyya na shark na yanzu a matsayin ''Carcharias taurus'' . ICZN ta amince da wannan sunan, kuma a yau ana amfani da shi tsakanin masana ilmin halitta. == Sunaye gama gari == Saboda kifin kifin yashi yana yaɗuwa a duk duniya, yana da sunaye da yawa gama gari. Kalmar "kifin kifin yashi" a zahiri tana nufin nau'ikan kifin kifin yashi guda huɗu daban-daban a cikin dangin Odontaspididae. Bugu da ƙari, sunan yana haifar da rudani da kifin kifin da ba shi da alaƙa da ''Galeocerdo cuvier'' . ''Kifin kifin mai launin toka'', sunan da ake amfani da shi a Ostiraliya, shine suna na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi ga kifin, kuma a Indiya ana kiransa da ''kifin yashi mai launin shuɗi'' . Duk da haka, akwai kifin kifin masu ba da alaƙa da juna a cikin dangin Ginglymostomatidae. Sunan Ingilishi mafi bayyananne kuma mai kama da shi wataƙila ''kifin Afirka ta Kudu ne, mai launin toho mai launin ruwan kasa'' . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=Common names of ''Carcharias taurus'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=747&GenusName=Carcharias&SpeciesName=taurus&StockCode=763 |access-date=4 December 2011 |website=FishBase}}</ref> == Ganowa == Akwai nau'ikan kifaye guda huɗu da ake kira yashi damisa: # Shark ɗin yashi na tiger ''Carcharias taurus'' # Shark ɗin yashi na Indiya ''Carcharias tricuspidatus'' . Ba a san komai game da wannan nau'in ba, wanda, wanda aka bayyana kafin 1900, wataƙila iri ɗaya ne da (wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kwatantawa da) damisar yashi ''C. taurus'' # Kifin kifin damisa mai ƙaramin haƙori mai hakora ''Odontaspis ferox'' . Wannan nau'in yana da yaɗuwa a duk duniya, ba a cika ganinsa ba amma yawanci yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi fiye da ''C. taurus'' . # Kifin kifin mai yawan idanu ''Odontaspis noronhai'', wani kifin kifin ruwa mai zurfi na Amurka, wanda ba a san komai game da shi ba. [[Fayil:Sandtigersharkspecies.jpg|thumb|Zane mai nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin ''C. taurus'' da ''O. ferox'']] Matsalar da ake iya fuskanta wajen gano kifin shark na yashi shine lokacin da yake gaban ɗayan nau'ikan ''Odontaspis'' guda biyu. Da farko, ana ganin damisar yashi, musamman a bayan rabin jiki. Duk da haka, akwai wasu bambance-bambance da yawa waɗanda wataƙila sun fi aminci: == Bayani == Manyan damisar yashi sun kama daga {{Convert|2|m|ft|1}} zuwa {{Convert|3.2|m|ft|1}} tsayin da yawancin samfuran suka kai tsawon kusan mita 2.2–2.5 da kuma {{Convert|91|kg}} zuwa {{Convert|159|kg}}Nauyin <ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Sand Tiger Shark |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015356/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |archive-date=July 7, 2007 |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Kan yana da kaifi, sabanin zagaye, yayin da hancinsa ya daidaita da siffar mai siffar konkoma. Jikinsa yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da girma kuma bakinsa ya wuce idanunsa. Idanun kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin ƙanana ne, ba su da gashin ido. <ref name="PDFNOAA">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Sand tiger shark |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/sandtigershark_detailed.pdf |access-date=November 28, 2011 |website=NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service}}</ref> yawanci tana iyo da bakinta a buɗe tana nuna layuka uku na haƙora masu santsi, masu kaifi. <ref name="Compagno1" /> Maza suna da maƙallan launin toka mai fararen fata a ƙasan jikinsu. Fifin caudal yana da tsayi tare da dogon lobe na sama (watau heterocercal mai ƙarfi). Suna da manyan finfin baya guda biyu masu faɗi, masu launin toka mai faɗi waɗanda aka sanya a bayan finfin pectoral. <ref name="PDFNOAA" /> Shark [[Zabaya|ɗin]] kifin ... Haƙoran waɗannan sharks ba su da wani serration mai ratsa jiki (kamar yadda sauran sharks da yawa suke da shi) amma suna da babban cusp mai santsi tare da ƙaramin cusplet a kowane gefen babban cusp. <ref name="Compagno1" /> Haƙoran gaba na sama suna raba su daga haƙoran da ke gefen baki ta hanyar ƙananan haƙoran tsakiya. == Mazauni da kuma yankin == === Kewayen yanki === Sharks na yashi na damisa suna yawo a yankunan teku masu fama da cututtuka da kuma na mesopelagic, <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}</ref> ruwan bakin teku mai yashi, magudanar ruwa, ƙananan koguna, da kuma duwatsu ko kuma reefs na wurare masu zafi, a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|190|m|0}} . Ana iya samun kifin kifin damisar yashi a Tekun Atlantika, Tekun Pacific da Indiya, da kuma Tekun Adriatic. A Tekun Atlantika ta Yamma, ana samunsa a cikin ruwan gabar teku daga Tekun Maine zuwa Florida, a arewacin Tekun Mexico, a kusa da Bahamas da Bermuda, da kuma daga kudancin Brazil zuwa arewacin Argentina. Ana kuma samunsa a gabashin Tekun Atlantika daga Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], a tsibiran [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], a bakin tekun Senegal da Ghana, da kuma daga kudancin Najeriya zuwa Kamaru. A yammacin Tekun Indiya, kifin kifin yana tashi daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Mozambique, amma ban da Madagascar. An kuma ga kifin kifin damisar yashi a cikin Tekun Ja kuma ana iya samunsa har zuwa gabas kamar Indiya. A yammacin Tekun Pacific, an ganshi a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da gabar tekun Japan da Ostiraliya, amma ba a kusa da New Zealand ba. === Hijira ta shekara-shekara === Damisa a Afirka ta Kudu da Ostiraliya suna yin ƙaura kowace shekara wanda zai iya ɗaukar sama da {{Convert|1000|km}} . <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}</ref> Suna yin ƙwai a lokacin bazara a cikin ruwan sanyi (zafin jiki kimanin {{Convert|16|C}} ). Bayan haihuwa, suna iyo zuwa arewa zuwa wuraren da akwai duwatsu ko kogo masu dacewa, sau da yawa a zurfin ruwa kimanin {{Convert|20|m}}, inda suke saduwa a lokacin hunturu da kuma bayan hunturu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bansemer |first=C. S. |last2=Bennett |first2=M. B. |year=2011 |title=Sex- and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark, ''Carcharias taurus'', along the eastern coast of Australia |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=62 |issue=6 |page=596 |bibcode=2011MFRes..62..596B |doi=10.1071/MF10152 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saurayin yakan faru ne da daddare. Bayan sun haɗu, suna yin iyo zuwa arewa zuwa ruwan da ya fi ɗumi inda ake yin ciki. A lokacin kaka suna komawa kudu don haihuwa a cikin ruwan sanyi. Wannan tafiya ta dawowa na iya ɗaukar har zuwa {{Convert|3000|km}} . Ƙananan kifayen shark ba sa shiga cikin wannan ƙaura, amma ba sa zuwa wuraren haihuwa na yau da kullun a lokacin hunturu: ana tsammanin suna zurfafa cikin teku. <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDickenBoothSmaleCliff2007">Dicken, M. L.; Booth, A. J.; Smale, M. J.; Cliff, G. (2007). "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa". ''Marine and Freshwater Research''. '''58''' (1): 127. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MFRes..58..127D 2007MFRes..58..127D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1071/MF06018|10.1071/MF06018]].</cite></ref> A Cape Cod (Amurka), ƙananan yara suna ƙaura daga yankunan bakin teku lokacin da yanayin zafi na ruwa ya faɗi ƙasa da 16&nbsp;°C da tsawon yini suna raguwa zuwa ƙasa da sa'o'i 12. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kneebone |first=J. |last2=Chisholm |first2=J. |last3=Skomal |first3=G. B. |year=2012 |title=Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of juvenile sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus in a Massachusetts estuary |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=471 |pages=165–181 |bibcode=2012MEPS..471..165K |doi=10.3354/meps09989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, yara ƙanana suna komawa wuraren da suka saba zuwa lokacin bazara kuma yayin da suka girma suna fara manyan ƙaura. === Girma === A arewacin Tekun Atlantika, ana haihuwar sharks na yashi damisa tsawonsu ya kai kimanin mita 1. A shekarar farko, suna girma kimanin 27.&nbsp;cm don isa mita 1.3. Bayan haka, ƙimar girma tana raguwa da kimanin 2.5&nbsp;cm kowace shekara har sai ya daidaita da kimanin 7&nbsp;cm/y. <ref name="RAge1">{{Cite journal |last=Branstetter |first=Steven |last2=Musick |first2=John A. |year=1994 |title=Age and Growth Estimates for the Sand Tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=123 |issue=2 |page=242 |bibcode=1994TrAFS.123..242B |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;2}}</ref> Maza suna isa ga girman jima'i a lokacin da suke da shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai kuma kimanin {{Convert|1.9|m|ft|1}} a tsayi. Mata suna isa ga girmansu idan sun kai kimanin {{Convert|2.2|m|ft|1}} tsayin da suka kai kimanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma. <ref name="RAge1" /> Ba a tsammanin tsayinsu ya wuce mita 3 ba kuma tsayin da ke tsakanin 2.2-2.5 ya fi yawa. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, kamar YouTube, an sami rahotanni da dama na damisar yashi mai tsawon kimanin mita 5, amma babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da aka tabbatar a kimiyyance. == Mu'amala da mutane == Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, Fayil ɗin Harin Shark na Duniya na Gidan Tarihi na Florida ya lissafa hare-hare 36 marasa dalili, waɗanda ba su da kisa daga sharks na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Implicated in Attacks |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/factors/species-implicated/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=International Shark Attack File |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarshen mako na 4 ga Yuli 2023, an kai hare-hare guda huɗu da aka danganta da kifin shark na yashi a bakin tekun Long Island, New York, Amurka. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙaruwar hare-haren shark a jihar New York kwanan nan, inda aka ruwaito aukuwar abubuwa 13 a cikin shekaru biyu. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Rash of shark attacks reported in New York over July 4 weekend |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/rash-shark-attacks-reported-new-york-over-july-4-weekend-2023-07-05/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref> === Tara a kusa da rairayin bakin teku masu iyo === === Gasar cin abinci tare da mutane === === Tasirin masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kusa da Sydney a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa halayen sharks yana shafar kusancin masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=S. M. |last2=Peddemors |first2=V. M. |last3=Williamson |first3=J. E. |year=2011 |title=A video and photographic study of aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour changes in the Grey Nurse Shark (''Carcharias taurus'') in response to the presence of SCUBA divers |journal=Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=75 |bibcode=2011MFBP...44...75B |doi=10.1080/10236244.2011.569991 |s2cid=54763603}}</ref> Ayyukan masu nutsewa suna shafar taruwar, iyo da kuma yanayin numfashi na sharks, amma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai. Girman rukuni na masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa bai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba wajen shafar halayen damisar yashi fiye da nisan da suka kusanci sharks. Masu nutsewa da ke kusantar da sharks a cikin mita 3 sun shafi halayensu amma bayan masu nutsewa sun ja da baya, sharks sun sake fara halayensu na yau da kullun. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa sharks na yashi na iya zama ba ruwansu da masu nutsewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viegas |first=Jennifer |date=9 July 2014 |title=Sand Tiger Sharks Are Curious About People |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/sharks/sand-tiger-sharks-curious-about-people-140709.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116150110/http://www.seeker.com/sand-tiger-sharks-are-curious-about-people-1768774100.html |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=[[Discovery Channel]]}}</ref> Masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa yawanci suna bin ƙa'idodin nutsewa a cikin ruwa na sharks na Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=K. |last2=Scarr |first2=M. |last3=Scarpaci |first3=C. |year=2010 |title=Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia |journal=Environmental Management |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=699–710 |bibcode=2010EnMan..46..699S |doi=10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8 |pmid=20872140 |s2cid=26245645}}</ref> === A cikin bauta === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9wz1tomint0qnx6ibw3qd9lya0urzgu 846303 846302 2026-06-03T21:30:26Z Engineer014 44591 846303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Grey_nurse_shark_2.jpg|alt=Snout and mouth of sand tiger shark, showing protruding teeth and small eyes| Hanci da bakin yashi kifin shark, wanda ke nuna haƙoran da ƙananan idanu masu fitowa Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_eye.jpg|alt=Eye| Ido Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_jaws.jpg|alt=Jaws| Muƙamuƙi Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_central_teeth2.jpg|alt=Central teeth| Hakoran tsakiya Fayil:Carcharias_taurus_teeth.jpg|alt=Individual teeth| Hakoran mutum ɗaya </gallery>'''Kifin kifin yashi''' ( '''''Carcharias taurus''''' ), '''kifin shark mai launin ruwan kasa (spotted ragged-tooth shark''' ) (a Afirka ta Kudu), ko kuma '''kifin yashi mai launin shuɗi''', nau'in kifin shark ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zafi da yanayi mai zafi a duk duniya. Yana zaune a kan teburin nahiyar, daga bakin teku (saboda haka ana kiransa kifin shark mai launin ruwan kasa) da kuma raƙuman ruwa masu zurfi zuwa zurfin kusan {{Convert|191|m}} . Suna zaune a cikin ruwan Japan, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma gabar tekun gabas na Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka. Kifin kifin yashi kuma yana zaune a [[Bahar Rum]] ; duk da haka, an gan shi a can a ƙarshe a shekarar 2003 kuma ana tsammanin an cire shi. Duk da sunayen da aka saba da su, ba shi da alaƙa da kifin kifin tiger ( ''Galeocerdo cuvier'' ) ko kifin kifin nurse ( ''Ginglymostoma cirratum'' ). Duk da kamanninsa mai ban tsoro da kuma ƙarfin yin iyo mai ƙarfi, kifin shark ne mai nutsuwa da motsi a hankali, ba tare da an tabbatar da mutuwar ɗan adam ba. Wannan nau'in kifin yana da kai mai kaifi, mai kaifi, da kuma jiki mai girma. Tsawon damisar yashi zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|3.2|m|ft|1}} amma yawanci suna da tsayin mita 2.2–2.5. <ref name="flmnh">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Carcharias taurus: Sandtiger Shark |url=https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sandtiger/Sandtiger.html |access-date=6 May 2019 |website=[[Florida Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> Suna da launin toka tare da tabo ja-kasa-kasa a bayansu. An lura da rawar jiki (ƙungiyoyi) suna farautar manyan kifaye. Abincinsu ya ƙunshi kifayen ƙashi, crustaceans, squid, skates da sauran sharks. Ba kamar sauran sharks ba, damisar yashi na iya haɗiye iska daga saman, yana barin ta a rataye a cikin ruwa ba tare da ƙoƙari ba. A lokacin daukar ciki, tayin da ya fi girma zai ciyar da 'yan uwansa, wata dabarar haihuwa da aka sani da cin naman mahaifa a ciki wato "embryophagy" ko, a launi, adelphophagy - a zahiri "cin ɗan'uwan mutum". An rarraba damisar yashi a matsayin wacce ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazana a cikin Jerin Ja na Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya . Ita ce babban kifin shark da aka fi kiyayewa a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na jama'a saboda juriyarsa ga bauta. == Tsarin Haraji == Bayanin kifin damisar yashi da aka yi wa lakabi da ''Carcharias taurus'' na Constantine Rafinesque ya fito ne daga wani samfurin da aka kama a bakin tekun [[Sisiliya|Sicily]] . ''Carcharias taurus'' yana nufin " kifin shanu ". An daɗe ana jayayya kan wannan rarrabuwar ta hanyar rarrabuwa. Shekaru ashirin da bakwai bayan bayanin farko na Rafinesque, masana kimiyyar halittu na Jamus Müller da Henle sun canza sunan jinsi daga ''C. taurus'' zuwa ''Triglochis taurus'' . A shekara mai zuwa, masanin kimiyyar halitta na Switzerland-Amurka [[Louis Agassiz|Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz]] ya sake rarraba kifin a matsayin ''Odontaspis cuspidata'' bisa ga misalan haƙoran da aka samo daga burbushin halittu. An yi amfani da sunan Agassiz har zuwa 1961 lokacin da masana kimiyyar halittu uku da masana kimiyyar halittu, W. Tucker, EI White, da NB Marshall, suka nemi a mayar da kifin zuwa ga halittar ''Carcharias'' . An ƙi wannan buƙatar kuma an amince da ''Odontaspis'' ta hanyar International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Lokacin da masana suka kammala da cewa ''taurus'' na bayan ''Odontaspis'', an canza sunan zuwa ''Odontaspis taurus'' . A shekarar 1977, Compagno da Follet sun ƙalubalanci sunan ''Odontaspis taurus'' kuma suka maye gurbin ''Eugomphodus'', wani nau'in da ba a san shi ba, da ''Odontaspis'' . Yawancin masana taxonomists sun yi tambaya game da canjinsa, suna jayayya cewa babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ''Odontaspis'' da ''Carcharias'' . Bayan canza sunan zuwa ''Eugomphodus taurus'', Compagno ya yi nasarar ba da shawara wajen kafa sunan kimiyya na shark na yanzu a matsayin ''Carcharias taurus'' . ICZN ta amince da wannan sunan, kuma a yau ana amfani da shi tsakanin masana ilmin halitta. == Sunaye gama gari == Saboda kifin kifin yashi yana yaɗuwa a duk duniya, yana da sunaye da yawa gama gari. Kalmar "kifin kifin yashi" a zahiri tana nufin nau'ikan kifin kifin yashi guda huɗu daban-daban a cikin dangin Odontaspididae. Bugu da ƙari, sunan yana haifar da rudani da kifin kifin da ba shi da alaƙa da ''Galeocerdo cuvier'' . ''Kifin kifin mai launin toka'', sunan da ake amfani da shi a Ostiraliya, shine suna na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi ga kifin, kuma a Indiya ana kiransa da ''kifin yashi mai launin shuɗi'' . Duk da haka, akwai kifin kifin masu ba da alaƙa da juna a cikin dangin Ginglymostomatidae. Sunan Ingilishi mafi bayyananne kuma mai kama da shi wataƙila ''kifin Afirka ta Kudu ne, mai launin toho mai launin ruwan kasa'' . <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |title=Common names of ''Carcharias taurus'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=747&GenusName=Carcharias&SpeciesName=taurus&StockCode=763 |access-date=4 December 2011 |website=FishBase}}</ref> == Ganowa == Akwai nau'ikan kifaye guda huɗu da ake kira yashi damisa: # Shark ɗin yashi na tiger ''Carcharias taurus'' # Shark ɗin yashi na Indiya ''Carcharias tricuspidatus'' . Ba a san komai game da wannan nau'in ba, wanda, wanda aka bayyana kafin 1900, wataƙila iri ɗaya ne da (wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kwatantawa da) damisar yashi ''C. taurus'' # Kifin kifin damisa mai ƙaramin haƙori mai hakora ''Odontaspis ferox'' . Wannan nau'in yana da yaɗuwa a duk duniya, ba a cika ganinsa ba amma yawanci yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi fiye da ''C. taurus'' . # Kifin kifin mai yawan idanu ''Odontaspis noronhai'', wani kifin kifin ruwa mai zurfi na Amurka, wanda ba a san komai game da shi ba. [[Fayil:Sandtigersharkspecies.jpg|thumb|Zane mai nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin ''C. taurus'' da ''O. ferox'']] Matsalar da ake iya fuskanta wajen gano kifin shark na yashi shine lokacin da yake gaban ɗayan nau'ikan ''Odontaspis'' guda biyu. Da farko, ana ganin damisar yashi, musamman a bayan rabin jiki. Duk da haka, akwai wasu bambance-bambance da yawa waɗanda wataƙila sun fi aminci: == Bayani == Manyan damisar yashi sun kama daga {{Convert|2|m|ft|1}} zuwa {{Convert|3.2|m|ft|1}} tsayin da yawancin samfuran suka kai tsawon kusan mita 2.2–2.5 da kuma {{Convert|91|kg}} zuwa {{Convert|159|kg}}Nauyin <ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Sand Tiger Shark |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015356/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sandtiger-shark.html |archive-date=July 7, 2007 |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Kan yana da kaifi, sabanin zagaye, yayin da hancinsa ya daidaita da siffar mai siffar konkoma. Jikinsa yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da girma kuma bakinsa ya wuce idanunsa. Idanun kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin kifin ƙanana ne, ba su da gashin ido. <ref name="PDFNOAA">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Sand tiger shark |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/sandtigershark_detailed.pdf |access-date=November 28, 2011 |website=NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service}}</ref> yawanci tana iyo da bakinta a buɗe tana nuna layuka uku na haƙora masu santsi, masu kaifi. <ref name="Compagno1" /> Maza suna da maƙallan launin toka mai fararen fata a ƙasan jikinsu. Fifin caudal yana da tsayi tare da dogon lobe na sama (watau heterocercal mai ƙarfi). Suna da manyan finfin baya guda biyu masu faɗi, masu launin toka mai faɗi waɗanda aka sanya a bayan finfin pectoral. <ref name="PDFNOAA" /> Shark [[Zabaya|ɗin]] kifin ... Haƙoran waɗannan sharks ba su da wani serration mai ratsa jiki (kamar yadda sauran sharks da yawa suke da shi) amma suna da babban cusp mai santsi tare da ƙaramin cusplet a kowane gefen babban cusp. <ref name="Compagno1" /> Haƙoran gaba na sama suna raba su daga haƙoran da ke gefen baki ta hanyar ƙananan haƙoran tsakiya. == Mazauni da kuma yankin == === Kewayen yanki === Sharks na yashi na damisa suna yawo a yankunan teku masu fama da cututtuka da kuma na mesopelagic, <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}</ref> ruwan bakin teku mai yashi, magudanar ruwa, ƙananan koguna, da kuma duwatsu ko kuma reefs na wurare masu zafi, a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|190|m|0}} . Ana iya samun kifin kifin damisar yashi a Tekun Atlantika, Tekun Pacific da Indiya, da kuma Tekun Adriatic. A Tekun Atlantika ta Yamma, ana samunsa a cikin ruwan gabar teku daga Tekun Maine zuwa Florida, a arewacin Tekun Mexico, a kusa da Bahamas da Bermuda, da kuma daga kudancin Brazil zuwa arewacin Argentina. Ana kuma samunsa a gabashin Tekun Atlantika daga Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], a tsibiran [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], a bakin tekun Senegal da Ghana, da kuma daga kudancin Najeriya zuwa Kamaru. A yammacin Tekun Indiya, kifin kifin yana tashi daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Mozambique, amma ban da Madagascar. An kuma ga kifin kifin damisar yashi a cikin Tekun Ja kuma ana iya samunsa har zuwa gabas kamar Indiya. A yammacin Tekun Pacific, an ganshi a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da gabar tekun Japan da Ostiraliya, amma ba a kusa da New Zealand ba. === Hijira ta shekara-shekara === Damisa a Afirka ta Kudu da Ostiraliya suna yin ƙaura kowace shekara wanda zai iya ɗaukar sama da {{Convert|1000|km}} . <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}</ref> Suna yin ƙwai a lokacin bazara a cikin ruwan sanyi (zafin jiki kimanin {{Convert|16|C}} ). Bayan haihuwa, suna iyo zuwa arewa zuwa wuraren da akwai duwatsu ko kogo masu dacewa, sau da yawa a zurfin ruwa kimanin {{Convert|20|m}}, inda suke saduwa a lokacin hunturu da kuma bayan hunturu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bansemer |first=C. S. |last2=Bennett |first2=M. B. |year=2011 |title=Sex- and maturity-based differences in movement and migration patterns of grey nurse shark, ''Carcharias taurus'', along the eastern coast of Australia |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=62 |issue=6 |page=596 |bibcode=2011MFRes..62..596B |doi=10.1071/MF10152 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saurayin yakan faru ne da daddare. Bayan sun haɗu, suna yin iyo zuwa arewa zuwa ruwan da ya fi ɗumi inda ake yin ciki. A lokacin kaka suna komawa kudu don haihuwa a cikin ruwan sanyi. Wannan tafiya ta dawowa na iya ɗaukar har zuwa {{Convert|3000|km}} . Ƙananan kifayen shark ba sa shiga cikin wannan ƙaura, amma ba sa zuwa wuraren haihuwa na yau da kullun a lokacin hunturu: ana tsammanin suna zurfafa cikin teku. <ref name="j1">{{Cite journal |last=Dicken |first=M. L. |last2=Booth |first2=A. J. |last3=Smale |first3=M. J. |last4=Cliff |first4=G. |year=2007 |title=Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=127 |bibcode=2007MFRes..58..127D |doi=10.1071/MF06018}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDickenBoothSmaleCliff2007">Dicken, M. L.; Booth, A. J.; Smale, M. J.; Cliff, G. (2007). "Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of juvenile and adult raggedtooth sharks (''Carcharias taurus'') tagged off the east coast of South Africa". ''Marine and Freshwater Research''. '''58''' (1): 127. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MFRes..58..127D 2007MFRes..58..127D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1071/MF06018|10.1071/MF06018]].</cite></ref> A Cape Cod (Amurka), ƙananan yara suna ƙaura daga yankunan bakin teku lokacin da yanayin zafi na ruwa ya faɗi ƙasa da 16&nbsp;°C da tsawon yini suna raguwa zuwa ƙasa da sa'o'i 12. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kneebone |first=J. |last2=Chisholm |first2=J. |last3=Skomal |first3=G. B. |year=2012 |title=Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of juvenile sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus in a Massachusetts estuary |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=471 |pages=165–181 |bibcode=2012MEPS..471..165K |doi=10.3354/meps09989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, yara ƙanana suna komawa wuraren da suka saba zuwa lokacin bazara kuma yayin da suka girma suna fara manyan ƙaura. === Girma === A arewacin Tekun Atlantika, ana haihuwar sharks na yashi damisa tsawonsu ya kai kimanin mita 1. A shekarar farko, suna girma kimanin 27.&nbsp;cm don isa mita 1.3. Bayan haka, ƙimar girma tana raguwa da kimanin 2.5&nbsp;cm kowace shekara har sai ya daidaita da kimanin 7&nbsp;cm/y. <ref name="RAge1">{{Cite journal |last=Branstetter |first=Steven |last2=Musick |first2=John A. |year=1994 |title=Age and Growth Estimates for the Sand Tiger in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=123 |issue=2 |page=242 |bibcode=1994TrAFS.123..242B |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0242:AAGEFT>2.3.CO;2}}</ref> Maza suna isa ga girman jima'i a lokacin da suke da shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai kuma kimanin {{Convert|1.9|m|ft|1}} a tsayi. Mata suna isa ga girmansu idan sun kai kimanin {{Convert|2.2|m|ft|1}} tsayin da suka kai kimanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma. <ref name="RAge1" /> Ba a tsammanin tsayinsu ya wuce mita 3 ba kuma tsayin da ke tsakanin 2.2-2.5 ya fi yawa. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun, kamar YouTube, an sami rahotanni da dama na damisar yashi mai tsawon kimanin mita 5, amma babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da aka tabbatar a kimiyyance. == Mu'amala da mutane == Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, Fayil ɗin Harin Shark na Duniya na Gidan Tarihi na Florida ya lissafa hare-hare 36 marasa dalili, waɗanda ba su da kisa daga sharks na yashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Species Implicated in Attacks |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/factors/species-implicated/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=International Shark Attack File |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarshen mako na 4 ga Yuli 2023, an kai hare-hare guda huɗu da aka danganta da kifin shark na yashi a bakin tekun Long Island, New York, Amurka. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙaruwar hare-haren shark a jihar New York kwanan nan, inda aka ruwaito aukuwar abubuwa 13 a cikin shekaru biyu. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Rash of shark attacks reported in New York over July 4 weekend |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/rash-shark-attacks-reported-new-york-over-july-4-weekend-2023-07-05/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref> === Tara a kusa da rairayin bakin teku masu iyo === === Gasar cin abinci tare da mutane === === Tasirin masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kusa da Sydney a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa halayen sharks yana shafar kusancin masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barker |first=S. M. |last2=Peddemors |first2=V. M. |last3=Williamson |first3=J. E. |year=2011 |title=A video and photographic study of aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour changes in the Grey Nurse Shark (''Carcharias taurus'') in response to the presence of SCUBA divers |journal=Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=75 |bibcode=2011MFBP...44...75B |doi=10.1080/10236244.2011.569991 |s2cid=54763603}}</ref> Ayyukan masu nutsewa suna shafar taruwar, iyo da kuma yanayin numfashi na sharks, amma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai. Girman rukuni na masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa bai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba wajen shafar halayen damisar yashi fiye da nisan da suka kusanci sharks. Masu nutsewa da ke kusantar da sharks a cikin mita 3 sun shafi halayensu amma bayan masu nutsewa sun ja da baya, sharks sun sake fara halayensu na yau da kullun. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa sharks na yashi na iya zama ba ruwansu da masu nutsewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viegas |first=Jennifer |date=9 July 2014 |title=Sand Tiger Sharks Are Curious About People |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/sharks/sand-tiger-sharks-curious-about-people-140709.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116150110/http://www.seeker.com/sand-tiger-sharks-are-curious-about-people-1768774100.html |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=[[Discovery Channel]]}}</ref> Masu nutsewa a cikin ruwa yawanci suna bin ƙa'idodin nutsewa a cikin ruwa na sharks na Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=K. |last2=Scarr |first2=M. |last3=Scarpaci |first3=C. |year=2010 |title=Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia |journal=Environmental Management |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=699–710 |bibcode=2010EnMan..46..699S |doi=10.1007/s00267-010-9561-8 |pmid=20872140 |s2cid=26245645}}</ref> === A cikin bauta === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l9lll6branexqfj6caxr9kb6mek58a8 Shozo Sasahara 0 154578 846308 2026-06-03T21:33:27Z Sumy IB 32481 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1275092915|Shozo Sasahara]]" 846308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shozo_Sasahara_and_Osamu_Watanabe.jpg|thumb|Shozo Sasahara (hagu) da Osamu Watanabe (sama-dama) ]] Shozo Sasahara (, Sasahara Shōzō; 28 ga Yuli, 1929 - 5 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Japan wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya a shekara ta 1954 da lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance [[List of flag bearers for Japan at the Olympics|Mai ɗaukar tutar Japan]] a wasannin 1956. A lokacin aikinsa Sasahara ya lashe kusan 200 bouts. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga gasa ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin kasa. Masu horar da shi sun hada da [[Osamu Watanabe]] . <ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> An yaba wa Sasahara da tsara "Tennis mai ɗaure" a cikin 1980, wanda shine nau'in wasan tennis da aka buga a kan karamin kotu.[1] A shekara ta 1981 ya zama shugaban kafa kungiyar Japan Bound Tennis Association . Tsakanin 1989 da 2003 Sasahara ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Japan Wrestling Association . Shekaru da yawa ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban United World Wrestling (FILA), kuma daga baya aka nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaba. A shekara ta 2006 an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na FILA International Wrestling. Sasahara ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 93.<ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 "Shozo Sasahara"]. ''Olympedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan Sasahara == *   *   *   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] dobcl4nicsuv3s5f15133hyogpcsech 846309 846308 2026-06-03T21:33:42Z Sumy IB 32481 846309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Shozo_Sasahara_and_Osamu_Watanabe.jpg|thumb|Shozo Sasahara (hagu) da Osamu Watanabe (sama-dama) ]] Shozo Sasahara (, Sasahara Shōzō; 28 ga Yuli, 1929 - 5 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Japan wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya a shekara ta 1954 da lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance [[List of flag bearers for Japan at the Olympics|Mai ɗaukar tutar Japan]] a wasannin 1956. A lokacin aikinsa Sasahara ya lashe kusan 200 bouts. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga gasa ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin kasa. Masu horar da shi sun hada da [[Osamu Watanabe]] . <ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> An yaba wa Sasahara da tsara "Tennis mai ɗaure" a cikin 1980, wanda shine nau'in wasan tennis da aka buga a kan karamin kotu.[1] A shekara ta 1981 ya zama shugaban kafa kungiyar Japan Bound Tennis Association . Tsakanin 1989 da 2003 Sasahara ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Japan Wrestling Association . Shekaru da yawa ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban United World Wrestling (FILA), kuma daga baya aka nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaba. A shekara ta 2006 an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na FILA International Wrestling. Sasahara ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 93.<ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 "Shozo Sasahara"]. ''Olympedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan Sasahara == *   *   *   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] fsvqlbzjnhfw9tgk3nfaph1zl4n9992 846310 846309 2026-06-03T21:33:55Z Sumy IB 32481 846310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Shozo_Sasahara_and_Osamu_Watanabe.jpg|thumb|Shozo Sasahara (hagu) da Osamu Watanabe (sama-dama) ]] Shozo Sasahara (, Sasahara Shōzō; 28 ga Yuli, 1929 - 5 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Japan wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya a shekara ta 1954 da lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance [[List of flag bearers for Japan at the Olympics|Mai ɗaukar tutar Japan]] a wasannin 1956. A lokacin aikinsa Sasahara ya lashe kusan 200 bouts. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga gasa ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin kasa. Masu horar da shi sun hada da [[Osamu Watanabe]] . <ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> An yaba wa Sasahara da tsara "Tennis mai ɗaure" a cikin 1980, wanda shine nau'in wasan tennis da aka buga a kan karamin kotu.[1] A shekara ta 1981 ya zama shugaban kafa kungiyar Japan Bound Tennis Association . Tsakanin 1989 da 2003 Sasahara ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Japan Wrestling Association . Shekaru da yawa ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban United World Wrestling (FILA), kuma daga baya aka nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaba. A shekara ta 2006 an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na FILA International Wrestling. Sasahara ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 93.<ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 "Shozo Sasahara"]. ''Olympedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan Sasahara == == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] 25xqzcfqiq0hktwg3j4gv9s5hfpp0us 846311 846310 2026-06-03T21:34:11Z Sumy IB 32481 846311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Shozo_Sasahara_and_Osamu_Watanabe.jpg|thumb|Shozo Sasahara (hagu) da Osamu Watanabe (sama-dama) ]] Shozo Sasahara (, Sasahara Shōzō; 28 ga Yuli, 1929 - 5 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Japan wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya a shekara ta 1954 da lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance [[List of flag bearers for Japan at the Olympics|Mai ɗaukar tutar Japan]] a wasannin 1956. A lokacin aikinsa Sasahara ya lashe kusan 200 bouts. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga gasa ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin kasa. Masu horar da shi sun hada da [[Osamu Watanabe]] . <ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> An yaba wa Sasahara da tsara "Tennis mai ɗaure" a cikin 1980, wanda shine nau'in wasan tennis da aka buga a kan karamin kotu. A shekara ta 1981 ya zama shugaban kafa kungiyar Japan Bound Tennis Association . Tsakanin 1989 da 2003 Sasahara ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Japan Wrestling Association . Shekaru da yawa ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban United World Wrestling (FILA), kuma daga baya aka nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaba. A shekara ta 2006 an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na FILA International Wrestling. Sasahara ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 93.<ref name="olympedia">{{Cite web |title=Shozo Sasahara |url=http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Olympedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/59086 "Shozo Sasahara"]. ''Olympedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan Sasahara == == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] ck6s82rr69b5w4xet2m62q5nshsk4zs Faduwar Faduwa 0 154579 846314 2026-06-03T21:36:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293869149|Félou Falls]]" 846314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan Félou''' ( French suna kan [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal mai]] {{Convert|15|km}} ) a saman kogin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]] a yammacin Mali. Kogin ya faɗi da {{Convert|13|m}} a kan jerin matakan duwatsu marasa tsari. Ruwan ruwan ya nuna wuri mafi nisa daga bakin kogin da za a iya isa da jirgin ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an fara aikin gina [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin Felou Hydroelectric Plant]], mai {{Convert|62.3|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a magudanar ruwa ta maye gurbin ƙaramin 600&nbsp;injin kW wanda aka gina tun daga shekarun 1920. == Muhimmancin tarihi == Ruwan magudanar ruwa suna da muhimmanci a tarihi domin su ne wuri mafi nisa da kogin Sénégal daga Saint Louis wanda za a iya isa da jirgin ruwa. Saboda bambancin yanayi a matakin ruwa, hanyoyin tafiya zuwa magudanar ruwa ba su da yawa sai bayan watanni kaɗan bayan damina. Sojojin Faransa sun yi amfani da kogin wajen cin nasarar [[Sudan ta Faransa|Sudan]] a ƙarni na 19. A shekara ta 1855, Louis Faidherbe, gwamnan Faransa na Sénégal, ya gina katangar yaƙi a ƙauyen Médine, 3.&nbsp;kilomita a ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa, don ƙarfafa ikon Faransa na Kogin Sénégal da kuma zama sansani a faɗaɗa cikin ciki. A halin yanzu, ƙarancin amfani da kogin ne kawai ake yi don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar hanyar da za a iya tafiya da ita {{Convert|55|m}} mai faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis a Senegal, nisan {{Convert|905|km}} . Zai bai wa Mali da ke cikin teku hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika. == Félou da Kogin Sénégal == Kogin Sénégal ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar kogunan Bakoye da [[Kogin Bafing|Bafing]] 82&nbsp;kilomita kogin Félou kusa da garin Bafoulabé . Kogin Bakoye da na Bafing suna da tushen ruwansu a tsaunukan [[Fouta Djallon]] da ke Guinea waɗanda ke samun ruwan sama mai yawa tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba a lokacin damina ta Yammacin Afirka . A tsawon lokacin 1903-1980, ruwan da ke isa Félou kowace shekara, 13&nbsp;km <sup>3</sup> ya fito ne daga Bafing, 4.6&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> daga Bakoye da kuma kilomita 2.6&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> daga kwarin da ke ƙasa da Bafoulabé. Adadin ruwan da ke cikin kogin a wannan lokacin yana da yanayi mai kyau sosai tare da mafi girman kwararar ruwa a watan Satumba kuma kusan babu kwararar ruwa tsakanin Janairu da Yuni. Akwai kuma manyan bambance-bambancen shekara-shekara a cikin kwararar ruwa. A shekarar 1987, an kammala gina [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|madatsar ruwan Manantali]] a Bafing, 90&nbsp;kilomita sama da Bafoulabé da 200&nbsp;kilomita daga sama da Félou. Madatsar ruwan tana riƙe da 11.3&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> na ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin rani. Sakamakon haka, yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke ƙasa da madatsar ruwan ya ragu amma a lokacin rani kwararar ruwa tsakanin 150&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> / s da 200&nbsp;Ana kiyaye m <sup>3</sup> / s. == Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa == [[Fayil:Barrage_hydro-électrique_du_Félou.jpeg|thumb|Duba tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Félou a shekarar 2014]] A shekarun 1920, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta gina wani bututun ruwa da kuma ƙaramin injin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a magudanar ruwa ta Félou, wanda aka sabunta shi a shekarar 1992. Masana'antar tana amfani da {{Convert|5|m3/s}} na ruwa (kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na kogin) don tuƙa {{Convert|600|kW}}janareta na . A shekarar 2009 an fara aikin gina Kamfanin [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Felou Hydroelectric Plant]], mai {{Convert|62.3|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a magudanar ruwa wadda ta maye gurbin ƙaramin shukar da ta samo asali tun daga shekarun 1920. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa == Manazarta == romtyntq8py8zhg11a6zwgek33zal6v 846316 846314 2026-06-03T21:36:40Z Engineer014 44591 846316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwan Félou''' ( French suna kan [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal mai]] {{Convert|15|km}} ) a saman kogin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]] a yammacin Mali. Kogin ya faɗi da {{Convert|13|m}} a kan jerin matakan duwatsu marasa tsari. Ruwan ruwan ya nuna wuri mafi nisa daga bakin kogin da za a iya isa da jirgin ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an fara aikin gina [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Kamfanin Felou Hydroelectric Plant]], mai {{Convert|62.3|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a magudanar ruwa ta maye gurbin ƙaramin 600&nbsp;injin kW wanda aka gina tun daga shekarun 1920. == Muhimmancin tarihi == Ruwan magudanar ruwa suna da muhimmanci a tarihi domin su ne wuri mafi nisa da kogin Sénégal daga Saint Louis wanda za a iya isa da jirgin ruwa. Saboda bambancin yanayi a matakin ruwa, hanyoyin tafiya zuwa magudanar ruwa ba su da yawa sai bayan watanni kaɗan bayan damina. Sojojin Faransa sun yi amfani da kogin wajen cin nasarar [[Sudan ta Faransa|Sudan]] a ƙarni na 19. A shekara ta 1855, Louis Faidherbe, gwamnan Faransa na Sénégal, ya gina katangar yaƙi a ƙauyen Médine, 3.&nbsp;kilomita a ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa, don ƙarfafa ikon Faransa na Kogin Sénégal da kuma zama sansani a faɗaɗa cikin ciki. A halin yanzu, ƙarancin amfani da kogin ne kawai ake yi don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar hanyar da za a iya tafiya da ita {{Convert|55|m}} mai faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis a Senegal, nisan {{Convert|905|km}} . Zai bai wa Mali da ke cikin teku hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika. == Félou da Kogin Sénégal == Kogin Sénégal ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar kogunan Bakoye da [[Kogin Bafing|Bafing]] 82&nbsp;kilomita kogin Félou kusa da garin Bafoulabé . Kogin Bakoye da na Bafing suna da tushen ruwansu a tsaunukan [[Fouta Djallon]] da ke Guinea waɗanda ke samun ruwan sama mai yawa tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba a lokacin damina ta Yammacin Afirka . A tsawon lokacin 1903-1980, ruwan da ke isa Félou kowace shekara, 13&nbsp;km <sup>3</sup> ya fito ne daga Bafing, 4.6&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> daga Bakoye da kuma kilomita 2.6&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> daga kwarin da ke ƙasa da Bafoulabé. Adadin ruwan da ke cikin kogin a wannan lokacin yana da yanayi mai kyau sosai tare da mafi girman kwararar ruwa a watan Satumba kuma kusan babu kwararar ruwa tsakanin Janairu da Yuni. Akwai kuma manyan bambance-bambancen shekara-shekara a cikin kwararar ruwa. A shekarar 1987, an kammala gina [[Dam in ruwa na Manantali|madatsar ruwan Manantali]] a Bafing, 90&nbsp;kilomita sama da Bafoulabé da 200&nbsp;kilomita daga sama da Félou. Madatsar ruwan tana riƙe da 11.3&nbsp;kilomita <sup>3</sup> na ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin rani. Sakamakon haka, yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke ƙasa da madatsar ruwan ya ragu amma a lokacin rani kwararar ruwa tsakanin 150&nbsp;m <sup>3</sup> / s da 200&nbsp;Ana kiyaye m <sup>3</sup> / s. == Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa == [[Fayil:Barrage_hydro-électrique_du_Félou.jpeg|thumb|Duba tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Félou a shekarar 2014]] A shekarun 1920, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta gina wani bututun ruwa da kuma ƙaramin injin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a magudanar ruwa ta Félou, wanda aka sabunta shi a shekarar 1992. Masana'antar tana amfani da {{Convert|5|m3/s}} na ruwa (kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na kogin) don tuƙa {{Convert|600|kW}}janareta na . A shekarar 2009 an fara aikin gina Kamfanin [[Félou Hydroelectric Plant|Felou Hydroelectric Plant]], mai {{Convert|62.3|MW}} tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a magudanar ruwa wadda ta maye gurbin ƙaramin shukar da ta samo asali tun daga shekarun 1920. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ruwan magudanan ruwa == Manazarta == jjt8b54sfsax6mtlnxyib7azjqhauh7 Filin Ambaliyar Barotse 0 154580 846323 2026-06-03T21:43:11Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322701328|Barotse Floodplain]]" 846323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:NASA_Barotse_Floodplain_compressed.JPG|thumb|580x580px|Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA wanda ke nuna '''yankin ambaliyar Barotse''' a matsayin yankin tsakiya mai haske kore zuwa shuɗi mai duhu. '''1''' Zambezi yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiyar yankin ambaliyar; '''2''' mahaɗar kogunan [[Kogin Lungwebungu|Lungwebungu]], Kudancin Kashiji, [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] da [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kabompo]], wanda ke nuna farkon yankin ambaliyar; '''3''' ƙarshen yankin ambaliyar ruwa a kudu da Senanga ; '''4''' [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ruwan Ngonye]] a kan Zambezi; '''5''' Mongu, babban birnin Barotseland; '''6''' Lealui, mazaunin Litunga a kan yankin ambaliyar ruwa; '''7''' Limulunga, mazaunin Litunga a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa; fadama '''8''' da ambaliyar ruwa na Lungwebungu; '''9''' Kabompo yana magudanar ruwa wani yanki na dajin busasshe na Cryptosepalum ; '''10''' Luena Flats (fadin ambaliyar ruwa); '''11''' Kogin [[Kogin Luanginga|Luanginga]] kusa da Kalabo ; '''12''' Kogin Lui tare da ƙaramin yankin ambaliyar ruwa; '''13''' wani fili mai faɗi wanda ke ɗauke da ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta afku a [[kogin Cuando]] a [[Angola]] ; '''14''' Kogin Cuando da ambaliyar ruwa, a kan iyakar Angola da Zambia; '''15''' Liuwa Plain National Park ; '''16''' Dajin Miombo mai faɗi na tsakiyar Zambezian da ke yammacin Mongu yana da tukwane da yawa ; '''17''' [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] . ]] '''Filin Ambaliyar Barotse,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Filin Bulozi''', '''Lyondo''', '''Ngulu''', ko kuma '''Filin Ambaliyar Zambezi,''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren dausayi na Afirka, a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a Lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Wuri ne da aka keɓe don Ramsar, wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin wuri mai daraja ta kiyayewa. Sunan ya fahimci cewa [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta haifar da al'ada da salon rayuwar mutanen Lozi, "Rotse" wani nau'in ''Lozi'' ne, da kuma "Ba" wanda ke nufin "mutane". Sun zama masarauta mai ƙarfi a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiya]] / [[Kudancin Afirka]] a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu ko litunga Lewanika, wanda mulkinsa ya kai har zuwa 300.&nbsp;kilomita daga fili kuma ana kiransa Barotseland . == Tsarin ƙasa da yanki == Yankin dai wani wuri ne mai faɗi wanda tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 1000.&nbsp;m, yana karkata kaɗan zuwa kudu. Zambezi da magudanar ruwanta suna tashi a kan tudu a arewa, wanda ke jin daɗin ruwan sama mai kyau (1400)&nbsp;mm kowace shekara) a lokacin damina daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu. Ambaliyar ruwa tana ratsa kogin, tana kaiwa wani yanki mai faɗi da aka samar daga yashi [[Hamadar Kalahari|na Kalahari]], kimanin kilomita ɗari biyar a faɗin. A kudu, a kusa da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|magudanar ruwan Ngonye]], ana samun dutse mai tauri a saman kuma ya yi tsayayya da yanayin kogin na yanke magudanar ruwa a cikinsa, don haka yana aiki kamar madatsar ruwa. A bayansa, magudanar ruwan ta samo asali. A ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan, kogin yana gudana kusan sau biyu da sauri fiye da yadda yake yi a kan fili kuma yana gudana da sauri a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin da ba shi da yuwuwar ambaliya. Fadamar ambaliyar ruwa ta fara ne daga hadewar Zambezi da kogunan [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kabompo]] da [[Kogin Lungwebungu|Lungwebungu]] a arewa, zuwa wani wuri kimanin 230&nbsp;kilomita kudu, sama da magudanar ruwan Ngonye da kuma kudancin Senanga . A mafi yawan tsawonsa faɗinsa ya wuce 30&nbsp;km, wanda ya kai 50&nbsp;kilomita a mafi faɗi, a arewacin Mongu, babban birnin da ke cikin filin, yana gefensa. Babban ɓangaren filin ya kai kimanin 5500.&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup>, amma matsakaicin yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye shine 10 750&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ambaliyar ruwa ta magudanar ruwa da dama, kamar Luena Flats . Fadakar Barotse ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a dausayi a Zambia bayan tsarin [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], wanda ya bambanta da samun babban tafki da dausayi na dindindin, da kuma ƙaramin yanki wanda ke bushewa kowace shekara. <ref name="IUCN" /> An ɗauki hoton tauraron ɗan adam a watan Afrilun 2004 a lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi tsanani. Lura cewa yankin arewacin fili, kusa da Lukulu, ambaliyar ruwa ba ta yi yawa ba, ƙasar da ke wurin ta ɗan bambanta a tsayi kuma ruwan yana tsayawa ne a kan hanyoyin koguna da yawa. == Matakan ambaliyar ruwa da lokacin da aka ɗauka == : ''Duba kuma [[Yanayin Zambia]]'' Kololuwar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwan]] tana faruwa ne a yankin ambaliyar ruwa kimanin watanni 3 bayan kololuwar lokacin damina a watan Janairu zuwa Fabrairu. Ambaliyar ruwan yawanci tana kololuwa ne a watan Afrilu, kuma tana raguwa a watan Mayu zuwa Yuli, lokacin da ciyawa ke tsiro da sauri a kan filin da aka fallasa. A mafi ƙarancin ruwan kogin a watan Nuwamba, har yanzu akwai kimanin 537&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> na tafkuna, [[Fadama|dausayi]] da hanyoyin ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwan ta bar ƙasa mai laushi zuwa baƙi mai kyau da ta mamaye yashi na Kalahari, wadda ta wadatar da ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa ta tanada da kuma humus daga ciyayi da ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe, da kuma shuke-shuken ruwa da suka lalace da aka bari su bushe a cikin laka. Tana samar da ƙasa mai kyau, amma a ƙarshen lokacin rani tana gasa da ƙarfi a zafin rana. Yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ke raguwa, ruwa ya ragu a cikin tafkuna, dazuzzuka, da tafkunan oxbow . == Muhalli na halitta == Filin ambaliyar ruwa yana cikin yankin ciyayi da ambaliyar ruwa ta Zambezian ta mamaye, kuma yana kewaye da ƙasa mai ɗan tsayi kaɗan inda ake noman busassun ciyayi ( ciyayi na Yammacin Zambezian ) tare da savanna na daji ( dazuzzukan Zambezian Baikiaea ) a gabas da kudu, da kuma wasu dazuzzukan da ba sa lalacewa ( dazuzzukan Cryptosepalum busassu ) a arewa da gabas. Ambaliyar ruwan ta samar da wurin zama na ruwa ga kifaye kamar su kifin tigerfish da bream, [[Yankin Nilu|kada]], dorinar ruwa, tsuntsayen ruwa, tsuntsayen da ke cin kifi, da kuma lechwe, barewa masu watsewa. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa, filin wuri ne na dabbobin kiwo kamar wildebeest, zebra, tsessebe da ƙananan barewa kamar [[Batsiya|oribi]] da steenbok, da kuma masu farautarsu. Waɗannan dabbobin masu cin ciyawa sun rasa muhallinsu a mafi yawan yankuna ta hanyar dabbobin da Lozi ke kiwo, amma sun samar da babban wurin ajiye namun daji a kan busasshiyar ciyawa a yamma, Liuwa Plain National Park, wanda a da wurin farautar Litunga ne, wanda Lewanika ya kafa a matsayin wurin ajiye namun daji a ƙarni na 19. Bugu da ƙari, duk yammacin Zambezi a cikin ƙasar akwai Yankin Gudanar da Namun daji. [[Fayil:Isolated_human_settlements_on_high_ground_in_the_Barotse_Floodplain.jpg|thumb|390x390px|'''Matsugunan mutane da aka killace a tsaunukan da ke cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta Barotse, Kogin Zambezi kusa da birnin Mongu a lardin Yamma, Zambia.''']] == Ilimin halittar ɗan adam na fili == Kimanin mutane 250,000 ne ke zaune a fili tare da irin wannan adadin shanu, suna ƙaura zuwa wuraren kiwo a gefen ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da ambaliyar ta iso. Filin ambaliyar ruwa yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi samar da amfanin kiwon shanu a ƙasar. Kabilun Lozi kuma suna kama kifi, suna cin kusan sau biyar fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa. A lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi tsanani, suna amfani da tarkon kifi da mashi don kamun kifi, kuma suna amfani da raga a cikin tafkunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta bari a baya. Kifi suna fitowa jim kaɗan kafin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan farko na ambaliyar ruwa yana da ƙarancin iskar oxygen a zahiri wanda ke kashe yawancin kifaye, yayin da ƙwai ke rayuwa. 'Yan Lozi suna noma amfanin gona a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa kamar [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]], da kuma rake . Watanni ne na Nuwamba zuwa Janairu marasa ƙarfi. An kusa gama amfani da amfanin gona da aka adana daga lokacin noma na baya kuma a kowane hali za a buƙaci a kai su a lokacin ƙaura, yayin da amfanin gona da ciyawa na sabon kakar ba su da amfani, kuma a lokaci guda kamun kifi yana tsayawa don lokacin haihuwa. Farauta da kama dabbobi, waɗanda wataƙila sun cike gibin, ba su samuwa ga yawancin mutane, kuma kama tsuntsayen ruwa yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan zaɓuɓɓuka kaɗan fiye da siyan gari. Lambun ambaliyar ruwa yana ƙayyade kuma yana mamaye salon rayuwa, tattalin arziki, al'umma da al'adun Lozi, waɗanda ƙwararru ne wajen gina kwale-kwale, masu tuka kwale-kwale da kuma masu iyo. Ana bikin hijirar shekara-shekara tare da ambaliyar ruwa a bikin Kuomboka da ake gudanarwa a Mongu, babban birnin Barotseland da magajinsa, Lardin Yamma. A cikin shekarar da ruwa ya yi katutu kamar ta 2005, rayuka da dukiyoyi na asarar rayuka a ambaliyar ruwa a filin Barotse. Duk da haka, sau da yawa, kyakkyawan misali ne na ƙa'idar cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara da koguna ke yi tana da amfani kuma tana da amfani ga namun daji da kuma al'ummar mutane, yayin da rufe koguna don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, kamar yadda ta faru da Kafue Flats, yana iya yin illa ga muhalli. === Ci gaba === An takaita ci gaba a fili har zuwa yanzu don— * an haƙa magudanar ruwa a zamanin mulkin mallaka don haɗa ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa a Mongu zuwa tashar Zambezi a lokacin rani * ƙananan ƙauyuka da wuraren da aka gina a kan tuddai, kamar Lealui * wasu waƙoƙin lokacin rani * Jirgin ruwan pontoon a Sandaula, Libonda da Lukulu * wasu gonakin shinkafa da rake masu ƙarfi. ==== Titin Ambaliyar Barotse ==== [[Fayil:Bridge_over_the_Barotse_Floodplain_near_Mongu_city_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|'''Gadar da ta ratsa yankin ambaliyar Barotse a birnin Mongu, lardin yamma, Zambia.''']] Wani sabon aiki, '''hanyar Mongu-Kalabo''', zai haifar da sakamako mai yawa. A shekarar 2002, an fara gina titin mota mai tsawon kilomita 46 a tsakiyar yankin ambaliyar ruwa don ɗaukar babbar hanya daga Mongu zuwa Kalabo, ta hanyar jirgin ruwa da ke ratsa babban hanyar kogin a Sandaula, wanda daga nan za a maye gurbinsa da gada mai tsawon mita 500. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin faɗaɗa titin Lusaka-Mongu daga [[Lusaka]] . Da farko an yi niyyar kammala shi a shekarar 2006, an jinkirta shi saboda wahalar ginawa a yankin ambaliyar ruwa. Babu wani dutse a yankin, kuma an gina titin mota daga yashi da tsakuwa da aka ɗebo daga ƙananan ramuka kusa da shi. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafe manyan sassa. Kamfanin kwangilar kamfani ne da ke [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] wanda ya yarda cewa yanayi yana da wahala. Jaridar ''Times of Zambia'' ta ruwaito cewa kamfanin ya raina yanayin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma ya yi watsi da kwangilar. An yi gyare-gyare daga baya don ɗaga tsayin hanya da kuma ƙara yawan magudanan ruwa da girmansu, kuma wannan ya haifar da matsalolin kuɗi. An kammala hanyar a shekarar 2016. Wani ɗan kwangila na ƙasar Sin, Kamfanin Masana'antar Jiragen Sama na ƙasar Sin (AVIC International), ya kammala aikin dalar Amurka miliyan 286.9. Hanyar ta kai tsawon Kilomita 34 a filayen Baroste tare da gadoji 26 a faɗinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia : The Mongu-Kalabo road has been completed |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/08/mongu-kalabo-road-completed/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren da aka ketare Kogin Zambezi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ia3agzevly570gy3nf6coswbkq84kn0 846324 846323 2026-06-03T21:43:42Z Engineer014 44591 846324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:NASA_Barotse_Floodplain_compressed.JPG|thumb|580x580px|Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA wanda ke nuna '''yankin ambaliyar Barotse''' a matsayin yankin tsakiya mai haske kore zuwa shuɗi mai duhu. '''1''' Zambezi yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiyar yankin ambaliyar; '''2''' mahaɗar kogunan [[Kogin Lungwebungu|Lungwebungu]], Kudancin Kashiji, [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] da [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kabompo]], wanda ke nuna farkon yankin ambaliyar; '''3''' ƙarshen yankin ambaliyar ruwa a kudu da Senanga ; '''4''' [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ruwan Ngonye]] a kan Zambezi; '''5''' Mongu, babban birnin Barotseland; '''6''' Lealui, mazaunin Litunga a kan yankin ambaliyar ruwa; '''7''' Limulunga, mazaunin Litunga a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa; fadama '''8''' da ambaliyar ruwa na Lungwebungu; '''9''' Kabompo yana magudanar ruwa wani yanki na dajin busasshe na Cryptosepalum ; '''10''' Luena Flats (fadin ambaliyar ruwa); '''11''' Kogin [[Kogin Luanginga|Luanginga]] kusa da Kalabo ; '''12''' Kogin Lui tare da ƙaramin yankin ambaliyar ruwa; '''13''' wani fili mai faɗi wanda ke ɗauke da ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta afku a [[kogin Cuando]] a [[Angola]] ; '''14''' Kogin Cuando da ambaliyar ruwa, a kan iyakar Angola da Zambia; '''15''' Liuwa Plain National Park ; '''16''' Dajin Miombo mai faɗi na tsakiyar Zambezian da ke yammacin Mongu yana da tukwane da yawa ; '''17''' [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] . ]] '''Filin Ambaliyar Barotse,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Filin Bulozi''', '''Lyondo''', '''Ngulu''', ko kuma '''Filin Ambaliyar Zambezi,''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren dausayi na Afirka, a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a Lardin Yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Wuri ne da aka keɓe don Ramsar, wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin wuri mai daraja ta kiyayewa. Sunan ya fahimci cewa [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta haifar da al'ada da salon rayuwar mutanen Lozi, "Rotse" wani nau'in ''Lozi'' ne, da kuma "Ba" wanda ke nufin "mutane". Sun zama masarauta mai ƙarfi a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Tsakiya]] / [[Kudancin Afirka]] a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu ko litunga Lewanika, wanda mulkinsa ya kai har zuwa 300.&nbsp;kilomita daga fili kuma ana kiransa Barotseland . == Tsarin ƙasa da yanki == Yankin dai wani wuri ne mai faɗi wanda tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 1000.&nbsp;m, yana karkata kaɗan zuwa kudu. Zambezi da magudanar ruwanta suna tashi a kan tudu a arewa, wanda ke jin daɗin ruwan sama mai kyau (1400)&nbsp;mm kowace shekara) a lokacin damina daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu. Ambaliyar ruwa tana ratsa kogin, tana kaiwa wani yanki mai faɗi da aka samar daga yashi [[Hamadar Kalahari|na Kalahari]], kimanin kilomita ɗari biyar a faɗin. A kudu, a kusa da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|magudanar ruwan Ngonye]], ana samun dutse mai tauri a saman kuma ya yi tsayayya da yanayin kogin na yanke magudanar ruwa a cikinsa, don haka yana aiki kamar madatsar ruwa. A bayansa, magudanar ruwan ta samo asali. A ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan, kogin yana gudana kusan sau biyu da sauri fiye da yadda yake yi a kan fili kuma yana gudana da sauri a cikin wani ƙaramin kwarin da ba shi da yuwuwar ambaliya. Fadamar ambaliyar ruwa ta fara ne daga hadewar Zambezi da kogunan [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kabompo]] da [[Kogin Lungwebungu|Lungwebungu]] a arewa, zuwa wani wuri kimanin 230&nbsp;kilomita kudu, sama da magudanar ruwan Ngonye da kuma kudancin Senanga . A mafi yawan tsawonsa faɗinsa ya wuce 30&nbsp;km, wanda ya kai 50&nbsp;kilomita a mafi faɗi, a arewacin Mongu, babban birnin da ke cikin filin, yana gefensa. Babban ɓangaren filin ya kai kimanin 5500.&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup>, amma matsakaicin yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye shine 10 750&nbsp;km <sup>2</sup> lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ambaliyar ruwa ta magudanar ruwa da dama, kamar Luena Flats . Fadakar Barotse ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a dausayi a Zambia bayan tsarin [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], wanda ya bambanta da samun babban tafki da dausayi na dindindin, da kuma ƙaramin yanki wanda ke bushewa kowace shekara. <ref name="IUCN" /> An ɗauki hoton tauraron ɗan adam a watan Afrilun 2004 a lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi tsanani. Lura cewa yankin arewacin fili, kusa da Lukulu, ambaliyar ruwa ba ta yi yawa ba, ƙasar da ke wurin ta ɗan bambanta a tsayi kuma ruwan yana tsayawa ne a kan hanyoyin koguna da yawa. == Matakan ambaliyar ruwa da lokacin da aka ɗauka == : ''Duba kuma [[Yanayin Zambia]]'' Kololuwar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwan]] tana faruwa ne a yankin ambaliyar ruwa kimanin watanni 3 bayan kololuwar lokacin damina a watan Janairu zuwa Fabrairu. Ambaliyar ruwan yawanci tana kololuwa ne a watan Afrilu, kuma tana raguwa a watan Mayu zuwa Yuli, lokacin da ciyawa ke tsiro da sauri a kan filin da aka fallasa. A mafi ƙarancin ruwan kogin a watan Nuwamba, har yanzu akwai kimanin 537&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> na tafkuna, [[Fadama|dausayi]] da hanyoyin ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwan ta bar ƙasa mai laushi zuwa baƙi mai kyau da ta mamaye yashi na Kalahari, wadda ta wadatar da ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa ta tanada da kuma humus daga ciyayi da ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe, da kuma shuke-shuken ruwa da suka lalace da aka bari su bushe a cikin laka. Tana samar da ƙasa mai kyau, amma a ƙarshen lokacin rani tana gasa da ƙarfi a zafin rana. Yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ke raguwa, ruwa ya ragu a cikin tafkuna, dazuzzuka, da tafkunan oxbow . == Muhalli na halitta == Filin ambaliyar ruwa yana cikin yankin ciyayi da ambaliyar ruwa ta Zambezian ta mamaye, kuma yana kewaye da ƙasa mai ɗan tsayi kaɗan inda ake noman busassun ciyayi ( ciyayi na Yammacin Zambezian ) tare da savanna na daji ( dazuzzukan Zambezian Baikiaea ) a gabas da kudu, da kuma wasu dazuzzukan da ba sa lalacewa ( dazuzzukan Cryptosepalum busassu ) a arewa da gabas. Ambaliyar ruwan ta samar da wurin zama na ruwa ga kifaye kamar su kifin tigerfish da bream, [[Yankin Nilu|kada]], dorinar ruwa, tsuntsayen ruwa, tsuntsayen da ke cin kifi, da kuma lechwe, barewa masu watsewa. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa, filin wuri ne na dabbobin kiwo kamar wildebeest, zebra, tsessebe da ƙananan barewa kamar [[Batsiya|oribi]] da steenbok, da kuma masu farautarsu. Waɗannan dabbobin masu cin ciyawa sun rasa muhallinsu a mafi yawan yankuna ta hanyar dabbobin da Lozi ke kiwo, amma sun samar da babban wurin ajiye namun daji a kan busasshiyar ciyawa a yamma, Liuwa Plain National Park, wanda a da wurin farautar Litunga ne, wanda Lewanika ya kafa a matsayin wurin ajiye namun daji a ƙarni na 19. Bugu da ƙari, duk yammacin Zambezi a cikin ƙasar akwai Yankin Gudanar da Namun daji. [[Fayil:Isolated_human_settlements_on_high_ground_in_the_Barotse_Floodplain.jpg|thumb|390x390px|'''Matsugunan mutane da aka killace a tsaunukan da ke cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta Barotse, Kogin Zambezi kusa da birnin Mongu a lardin Yamma, Zambia.''']] == Ilimin halittar ɗan adam na fili == Kimanin mutane 250,000 ne ke zaune a fili tare da irin wannan adadin shanu, suna ƙaura zuwa wuraren kiwo a gefen ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da ambaliyar ta iso. Filin ambaliyar ruwa yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi samar da amfanin kiwon shanu a ƙasar. Kabilun Lozi kuma suna kama kifi, suna cin kusan sau biyar fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa. A lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi tsanani, suna amfani da tarkon kifi da mashi don kamun kifi, kuma suna amfani da raga a cikin tafkunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta bari a baya. Kifi suna fitowa jim kaɗan kafin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan farko na ambaliyar ruwa yana da ƙarancin iskar oxygen a zahiri wanda ke kashe yawancin kifaye, yayin da ƙwai ke rayuwa. 'Yan Lozi suna noma amfanin gona a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa kamar [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]], da kuma rake . Watanni ne na Nuwamba zuwa Janairu marasa ƙarfi. An kusa gama amfani da amfanin gona da aka adana daga lokacin noma na baya kuma a kowane hali za a buƙaci a kai su a lokacin ƙaura, yayin da amfanin gona da ciyawa na sabon kakar ba su da amfani, kuma a lokaci guda kamun kifi yana tsayawa don lokacin haihuwa. Farauta da kama dabbobi, waɗanda wataƙila sun cike gibin, ba su samuwa ga yawancin mutane, kuma kama tsuntsayen ruwa yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan zaɓuɓɓuka kaɗan fiye da siyan gari. Lambun ambaliyar ruwa yana ƙayyade kuma yana mamaye salon rayuwa, tattalin arziki, al'umma da al'adun Lozi, waɗanda ƙwararru ne wajen gina kwale-kwale, masu tuka kwale-kwale da kuma masu iyo. Ana bikin hijirar shekara-shekara tare da ambaliyar ruwa a bikin Kuomboka da ake gudanarwa a Mongu, babban birnin Barotseland da magajinsa, Lardin Yamma. A cikin shekarar da ruwa ya yi katutu kamar ta 2005, rayuka da dukiyoyi na asarar rayuka a ambaliyar ruwa a filin Barotse. Duk da haka, sau da yawa, kyakkyawan misali ne na ƙa'idar cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara da koguna ke yi tana da amfani kuma tana da amfani ga namun daji da kuma al'ummar mutane, yayin da rufe koguna don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, kamar yadda ta faru da Kafue Flats, yana iya yin illa ga muhalli. === Ci gaba === An takaita ci gaba a fili har zuwa yanzu don— * an haƙa magudanar ruwa a zamanin mulkin mallaka don haɗa ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa a Mongu zuwa tashar Zambezi a lokacin rani * ƙananan ƙauyuka da wuraren da aka gina a kan tuddai, kamar Lealui * wasu waƙoƙin lokacin rani * Jirgin ruwan pontoon a Sandaula, Libonda da Lukulu * wasu gonakin shinkafa da rake masu ƙarfi. ==== Titin Ambaliyar Barotse ==== [[Fayil:Bridge_over_the_Barotse_Floodplain_near_Mongu_city_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|'''Gadar da ta ratsa yankin ambaliyar Barotse a birnin Mongu, lardin yamma, Zambia.''']] Wani sabon aiki, '''hanyar Mongu-Kalabo''', zai haifar da sakamako mai yawa. A shekarar 2002, an fara gina titin mota mai tsawon kilomita 46 a tsakiyar yankin ambaliyar ruwa don ɗaukar babbar hanya daga Mongu zuwa Kalabo, ta hanyar jirgin ruwa da ke ratsa babban hanyar kogin a Sandaula, wanda daga nan za a maye gurbinsa da gada mai tsawon mita 500. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin faɗaɗa titin Lusaka-Mongu daga [[Lusaka]] . Da farko an yi niyyar kammala shi a shekarar 2006, an jinkirta shi saboda wahalar ginawa a yankin ambaliyar ruwa. Babu wani dutse a yankin, kuma an gina titin mota daga yashi da tsakuwa da aka ɗebo daga ƙananan ramuka kusa da shi. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafe manyan sassa. Kamfanin kwangilar kamfani ne da ke [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] wanda ya yarda cewa yanayi yana da wahala. Jaridar ''Times of Zambia'' ta ruwaito cewa kamfanin ya raina yanayin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma ya yi watsi da kwangilar. An yi gyare-gyare daga baya don ɗaga tsayin hanya da kuma ƙara yawan magudanan ruwa da girmansu, kuma wannan ya haifar da matsalolin kuɗi. An kammala hanyar a shekarar 2016. Wani ɗan kwangila na ƙasar Sin, Kamfanin Masana'antar Jiragen Sama na ƙasar Sin (AVIC International), ya kammala aikin dalar Amurka miliyan 286.9. Hanyar ta kai tsawon Kilomita 34 a filayen Baroste tare da gadoji 26 a faɗinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia : The Mongu-Kalabo road has been completed |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/08/mongu-kalabo-road-completed/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren da aka ketare Kogin Zambezi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oylfjwxvmcujhzoiet3958vfnmqw15h MF J ya yi murmushi (1960) 0 154581 846335 2026-06-03T22:13:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352419319|MF Jæggevarre (1960)]]" 846335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MF ''Jæggevarre''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinja da kuma abin hawa na kan hanya wanda [[Kaarbøs mekaniske Verksted]] ya gina a shekarar 1963. An kai ta ga Bjørklids Ferjerederi, wanda ya sanya ta yin hidima a kan hanyar [[Lyngseidet–Olderdalen|Lyngseidet-Olderdalen]] da ke Lyngen a Troms, Norway. Ta ci gaba da zama babban jirgin ruwan da ke kan wannan hanyar har zuwa 1993, bayan haka aka rage mata matsayi a matsayin wurin ajiyar kaya. An sake mata suna zuwa '''MF ''Jæggevarre I''''' a shekarar 2002. An sayar da jirgin ruwan ga Sourette Misbahou, wacce ta sanya mata suna '''MV ''Shissiwani 2''''' sannan ta sauka a Comoros a shekarar 2002. A can ta yi jigilar jiragen ruwa daga [[Anjouan]] zuwa Tanzania da Madagascar. An yi amfani da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Anjouan a shekarar 2008. Shekara guda bayan haka ta kama da wuta. Bayan man dizal ya ƙare, ta yi karo da ruwa kusa da [[Vohemar]], Madagascar, a watan Mayu na 2022 kuma daga baya aka yi watsi da ita. == Bayani dalla-dalla == Jirgin ruwan ya kasance na ƙarfe, mai hanya ɗaya, mai birgima/juyawa da kuma jirgin ruwan fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawonta ya kai {{Convert|43.7|m}}, katako mai tsawon {{Convert|9.8|m}} da kuma iska mai tsawon {{Convert|4|m}} . Wannan ya ba ta tan mai rijista na jimlar jimillar motoci 363 da kuma tan 116. Tana da karfin da zai iya daukar fasinjoji 30 daidai da fasinjoji 200. An sanya mata injin dizal na Wichmann mai silinda bakwai mai karfin wuta na 674 kW (875 hp). Wannan ya ba ta damar yin tafiya a kan {{Convert|12|kn}} . <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Sabis a Norway === ''Jæggevarre'' shine jirgin ruwa na biyu na Bjørklid. An umarce ta ne bayan da Bjørklid ya lashe kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan [[Breivikseidet–Svensby|Breivikseidet-Svensby]] a fadin Ullsfjorden . Maimakon siyan sabon jirgin ruwa don sabon hanyar, sai ya yi odar ''Jæggevarre'' a matsayin babban jirgin ruwa wanda aka sanya shi cikin babban aikin Lyngseidet-Olderdalen. A lokacin tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa na mota a ƙasar, kuma ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ke da tashar jiragen ruwa ta ruwa. <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgenæs1994">Egenæs, Jens Chr. (1994). [https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 "Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''20''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Jirgin ruwan [[Kaarbøs mekaniske Verksted]] ne ya gina shi a Harstad kuma aka kawo shi a watan Yulin 1960. Lyngseidet–Olderdalen a lokacin tana kan titin ƙasa mai lamba 50, wanda daga baya ya zama E6, babban babbar hanyar arewa zuwa kudu ta ratsa Norway. Tana da ikon kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa, amma akwai cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin bazara, wanda galibi ake hayar ƙarin jiragen ruwa. [[Fayil:Olderdalen_in_1963_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Olderdalen a shekarar 1963, tare da MF ''Jæggevarre'' a tashar jiragen ruwa]] Cinkoson ababen hawa ya ƙaru sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A mafi munin lokaci, lokacin jira a Lyngseidet da Olderdalen ya kai har zuwa awanni biyar. A shekarar 1972, Bjørklid ya karɓi MF <nowiki><i id="mwOg">Goalsevarre</i></nowiki>, wanda zai ƙara wa ''Jæggevarre'' a kan hanyar Lyngen. Sashen E6 tare da kashi 40 cikin ɗari na gabashin Lyngen ya buɗe a shekarar 1974, wanda ya haifar da hanyar haɗi mai kyau ga E6 tare da Lyngen. Cinkoson ababen hawa ya faɗi cikin dare ɗaya, yayin da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da ke zuwa kudu ba ta buƙatar ƙetare fjord. An canja wurin ''Goalsevarre'' zuwa Ullsfjorden, kuma ''Jæggevarre'' ya sake zama jirgin ruwa ɗaya tilo da ke ratsa Lyngen. <ref name="egenaes" /> An ƙara tsayin abin hawa da aka yarda a farkon shekarun 1980 ta hanyar ɗaga benen bayan gida . ''Jæggevarre'' ya ci gaba da zama babban jirgin ruwa a kan hanyar Lyngseidet-Olderdalen. Tun daga shekarun 1990, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanyar ta kai matsayin da ba za ta iya ba, kuma dole ne a yi hayar wasu jiragen ruwa a matsayin jirgin ruwa na biyu. <ref name="egenaes" /> Sabbin jiragen ruwa a Ullsfjorden a shekarar 1993 sun ba da damar a kawo jirgin [[MF Vaggasvarre|MF ''Vaggasvarre'']] a can a yi masa hidima. Wannan ya 'yantar da ''Goalsevarre'', wanda aka mayar da shi Lyngen. An ajiye ''Jæggevarre'' a matsayin wurin ajiye kaya, kuma an sanya shi cikin ayyukan jiragen ruwa biyu a lokacin cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin bazara. <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgenæs1994">Egenæs, Jens Chr. (1994). [https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 "Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''20''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> === Sabis a Comoros === Sourette Misbahou ne ya sayi jirgin. Asalinsa daga Faransa ne, ya koma Comoros yana da shekaru 14. Bayan shekaru ashirin, ya sami isasshen kuɗi don siyan jirgin ruwa don fara hidimar jigilar fasinja a Comoros. Don tara kuɗi, ya sayar da gidansa a [[Marseille]] . An yi amfani da wannan don biyan kuɗin jirgin, hayar ma'aikata huɗu don jigilar kaya, da kuma siyan dizal. Jirgin ya bar Lyngseidet a ranar 11 ga Afrilu zuwa Skjervøy, inda aka fitar da ita don gyara. Ta bar Skjerøy a ranar 1 ga Mayu zuwa Egersund, inda ta isa a ranar 10 ga Mayu don yin babban gyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018083081069_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–42}}</ref> Daga watan Mayu zuwa Agusta na 2005, jirgin ya makale a Egersund . Karin farashin dizal da raguwar kudin Tarayyar Turai ya sa Misbahou ya ƙare da kuɗi. Ma'aikatan jirgin suna gudanar da kasuwar ƙura a cikin jirgin don tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don siyan lita 100,000 na dizal da ake buƙata don dawo da jirgin. Misbahou ta sake wa jirgin suna ''Shissiwani 2'' sannan ta mayar da tashar jiragen ruwanta zuwa Mutsamudu, Comoros. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundfær |first=Per |date=7 August 2018 |title=Bjørklids Ferjerederi |url=https://skipshistorie.net/Lyngseidet/LYN100BjorklidsFerjerederi/Tekster/LYN10019600100000%20JAGGEVARRE.htm |access-date=25 April 2026 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Bisa tsibirin [[Anjouan]], an yi amfani da ita don hidima ga [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da [[Zanzibar]] . Jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi amfani da ''Shissiwani 2'' wajen jigilar kaya a lokacin mamayar Anjouan a shekarar 2008. Bayan aikin, ta koma bakin aikinta na yau da kullun. Hanyar da aka saba bi zuwa Tanzaniya ta kai kimanin {{Convert|700|km}}, wanda ya ɗauki kwana uku. <ref name="twentythree">{{Cite journal |year=2023 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=53–54}}</ref> Jirgin ya kama da wuta a watan Janairun 2009. An gano cewa dalilin rashin bin ƙa'idodi da dama na tsaron gobara ne. <ref name="langes">{{Cite web |last=Langes |first=W. |date=March 2025 |title=Shissiwani 2 ex. Jæggevarre |url=https://www.fjordfaehren.de/no1/jaeggevarre1960.htm |access-date=25 April 2026 |language=German}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2022, tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa Toamasina don a gyara mata injin, lokacin da dizal ya ƙare mata a bakin tekun Madagascar. Ta yi karo da ruwa kusa da [[Vohemar]] . Masu jirgin ba su iya biyan kuɗin da za su ja ta ba. Madadin haka, jama'ar yankin sun fara cire mata sassan jirgin. Saboda haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a makale. <ref name="twentythree">{{Cite journal |year=2023 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=53–54}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 "Røkesalongen"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''49''' (3): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54. 2023.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=In rought seas |url=https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/in-rough-seas/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Smithsonian}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fk1artpthy6m4s4phtzwa6i308ryikc 846336 846335 2026-06-03T22:13:42Z Engineer014 44591 846336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MF ''Jæggevarre''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinja da kuma abin hawa na kan hanya wanda [[Kaarbøs mekaniske Verksted]] ya gina a shekarar 1963. An kai ta ga Bjørklids Ferjerederi, wanda ya sanya ta yin hidima a kan hanyar [[Lyngseidet–Olderdalen|Lyngseidet-Olderdalen]] da ke Lyngen a Troms, Norway. Ta ci gaba da zama babban jirgin ruwan da ke kan wannan hanyar har zuwa 1993, bayan haka aka rage mata matsayi a matsayin wurin ajiyar kaya. An sake mata suna zuwa '''MF ''Jæggevarre I''''' a shekarar 2002. An sayar da jirgin ruwan ga Sourette Misbahou, wacce ta sanya mata suna '''MV ''Shissiwani 2''''' sannan ta sauka a Comoros a shekarar 2002. A can ta yi jigilar jiragen ruwa daga [[Anjouan]] zuwa Tanzania da Madagascar. An yi amfani da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Anjouan a shekarar 2008. Shekara guda bayan haka ta kama da wuta. Bayan man dizal ya ƙare, ta yi karo da ruwa kusa da [[Vohemar]], Madagascar, a watan Mayu na 2022 kuma daga baya aka yi watsi da ita. == Bayani dalla-dalla == Jirgin ruwan ya kasance na ƙarfe, mai hanya ɗaya, mai birgima/juyawa da kuma jirgin ruwan fasinjoji. Jimillar tsawonta ya kai {{Convert|43.7|m}}, katako mai tsawon {{Convert|9.8|m}} da kuma iska mai tsawon {{Convert|4|m}} . Wannan ya ba ta tan mai rijista na jimlar jimillar motoci 363 da kuma tan 116. Tana da karfin da zai iya daukar fasinjoji 30 daidai da fasinjoji 200. An sanya mata injin dizal na Wichmann mai silinda bakwai mai karfin wuta na 674 kW (875 hp). Wannan ya ba ta damar yin tafiya a kan {{Convert|12|kn}} . <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Sabis a Norway === ''Jæggevarre'' shine jirgin ruwa na biyu na Bjørklid. An umarce ta ne bayan da Bjørklid ya lashe kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan [[Breivikseidet–Svensby|Breivikseidet-Svensby]] a fadin Ullsfjorden . Maimakon siyan sabon jirgin ruwa don sabon hanyar, sai ya yi odar ''Jæggevarre'' a matsayin babban jirgin ruwa wanda aka sanya shi cikin babban aikin Lyngseidet-Olderdalen. A lokacin tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa na mota a ƙasar, kuma ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ke da tashar jiragen ruwa ta ruwa. <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgenæs1994">Egenæs, Jens Chr. (1994). [https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 "Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''20''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Jirgin ruwan [[Kaarbøs mekaniske Verksted]] ne ya gina shi a Harstad kuma aka kawo shi a watan Yulin 1960. Lyngseidet–Olderdalen a lokacin tana kan titin ƙasa mai lamba 50, wanda daga baya ya zama E6, babban babbar hanyar arewa zuwa kudu ta ratsa Norway. Tana da ikon kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa, amma akwai cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin bazara, wanda galibi ake hayar ƙarin jiragen ruwa. [[Fayil:Olderdalen_in_1963_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Olderdalen a shekarar 1963, tare da MF ''Jæggevarre'' a tashar jiragen ruwa]] Cinkoson ababen hawa ya ƙaru sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A mafi munin lokaci, lokacin jira a Lyngseidet da Olderdalen ya kai har zuwa awanni biyar. A shekarar 1972, Bjørklid ya karɓi MF <nowiki><i id="mwOg">Goalsevarre</i></nowiki>, wanda zai ƙara wa ''Jæggevarre'' a kan hanyar Lyngen. Sashen E6 tare da kashi 40 cikin ɗari na gabashin Lyngen ya buɗe a shekarar 1974, wanda ya haifar da hanyar haɗi mai kyau ga E6 tare da Lyngen. Cinkoson ababen hawa ya faɗi cikin dare ɗaya, yayin da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da ke zuwa kudu ba ta buƙatar ƙetare fjord. An canja wurin ''Goalsevarre'' zuwa Ullsfjorden, kuma ''Jæggevarre'' ya sake zama jirgin ruwa ɗaya tilo da ke ratsa Lyngen. <ref name="egenaes" /> An ƙara tsayin abin hawa da aka yarda a farkon shekarun 1980 ta hanyar ɗaga benen bayan gida . ''Jæggevarre'' ya ci gaba da zama babban jirgin ruwa a kan hanyar Lyngseidet-Olderdalen. Tun daga shekarun 1990, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanyar ta kai matsayin da ba za ta iya ba, kuma dole ne a yi hayar wasu jiragen ruwa a matsayin jirgin ruwa na biyu. <ref name="egenaes" /> Sabbin jiragen ruwa a Ullsfjorden a shekarar 1993 sun ba da damar a kawo jirgin [[MF Vaggasvarre|MF ''Vaggasvarre'']] a can a yi masa hidima. Wannan ya 'yantar da ''Goalsevarre'', wanda aka mayar da shi Lyngen. An ajiye ''Jæggevarre'' a matsayin wurin ajiye kaya, kuma an sanya shi cikin ayyukan jiragen ruwa biyu a lokacin cunkoson ababen hawa a lokacin bazara. <ref name="egenaes">{{Cite journal |last=Egenæs |first=Jens Chr. |year=1994 |title=Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=20 |issue=1–2}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgenæs1994">Egenæs, Jens Chr. (1994). [https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018082881163_001 "Fergeforbindelser over Lyngen og Ullsfjorden"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''20''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> === Sabis a Comoros === Sourette Misbahou ne ya sayi jirgin. Asalinsa daga Faransa ne, ya koma Comoros yana da shekaru 14. Bayan shekaru ashirin, ya sami isasshen kuɗi don siyan jirgin ruwa don fara hidimar jigilar fasinja a Comoros. Don tara kuɗi, ya sayar da gidansa a [[Marseille]] . An yi amfani da wannan don biyan kuɗin jirgin, hayar ma'aikata huɗu don jigilar kaya, da kuma siyan dizal. Jirgin ya bar Lyngseidet a ranar 11 ga Afrilu zuwa Skjervøy, inda aka fitar da ita don gyara. Ta bar Skjerøy a ranar 1 ga Mayu zuwa Egersund, inda ta isa a ranar 10 ga Mayu don yin babban gyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018083081069_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–42}}</ref> Daga watan Mayu zuwa Agusta na 2005, jirgin ya makale a Egersund . Karin farashin dizal da raguwar kudin Tarayyar Turai ya sa Misbahou ya ƙare da kuɗi. Ma'aikatan jirgin suna gudanar da kasuwar ƙura a cikin jirgin don tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don siyan lita 100,000 na dizal da ake buƙata don dawo da jirgin. Misbahou ta sake wa jirgin suna ''Shissiwani 2'' sannan ta mayar da tashar jiragen ruwanta zuwa Mutsamudu, Comoros. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundfær |first=Per |date=7 August 2018 |title=Bjørklids Ferjerederi |url=https://skipshistorie.net/Lyngseidet/LYN100BjorklidsFerjerederi/Tekster/LYN10019600100000%20JAGGEVARRE.htm |access-date=25 April 2026 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Bisa tsibirin [[Anjouan]], an yi amfani da ita don hidima ga [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da [[Zanzibar]] . Jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi amfani da ''Shissiwani 2'' wajen jigilar kaya a lokacin mamayar Anjouan a shekarar 2008. Bayan aikin, ta koma bakin aikinta na yau da kullun. Hanyar da aka saba bi zuwa Tanzaniya ta kai kimanin {{Convert|700|km}}, wanda ya ɗauki kwana uku. <ref name="twentythree">{{Cite journal |year=2023 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=53–54}}</ref> Jirgin ya kama da wuta a watan Janairun 2009. An gano cewa dalilin rashin bin ƙa'idodi da dama na tsaron gobara ne. <ref name="langes">{{Cite web |last=Langes |first=W. |date=March 2025 |title=Shissiwani 2 ex. Jæggevarre |url=https://www.fjordfaehren.de/no1/jaeggevarre1960.htm |access-date=25 April 2026 |language=German}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2022, tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa Toamasina don a gyara mata injin, lokacin da dizal ya ƙare mata a bakin tekun Madagascar. Ta yi karo da ruwa kusa da [[Vohemar]] . Masu jirgin ba su iya biyan kuɗin da za su ja ta ba. Madadin haka, jama'ar yankin sun fara cire mata sassan jirgin. Saboda haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a makale. <ref name="twentythree">{{Cite journal |year=2023 |title=Røkesalongen |url=https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 |language=Norwegian |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=53–54}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2023082383096_001 "Røkesalongen"]. ''Skipet'' (in Norwegian). '''49''' (3): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54. 2023.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=In rought seas |url=https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/in-rough-seas/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Smithsonian}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jdor24j5oqew3uuqluwpcuvuzpiwsnh Atlantic Star (jirgi na jirgin ruwa) 0 154582 846337 2026-06-03T22:15:40Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350410977|Atlantic Star (cruise ship)]]" 846337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Atlantic Star''''' (wanda a da ake kira '''''FairSky''''', '''''Sky Princess''''', '''''Pacific Sky''''' da '''''Sky Wonder''''' ) wani jirgin ruwa ne da aka gina a shekarar 1984. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Sitmar Cruises, Princess Cruises, P&amp;amp;O Cruises Australia, da Pullmantur Cruises . A ƙarƙashin mallakar Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., an ajiye jirgin tun daga shekarar 2010 kafin a miƙa shi ga STX France a shekarar 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kuɗin gina abin da ake ''kira Harmony of the Seas'' a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieghorst |first=Tim |date=2012-12-17 |title=Royal Caribbean orders third Oasis ship from STX France |url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Royal-Caribbean-orders-third-Oasis-ship-from-STX-France |website=Travelweekly}}</ref> Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga wani mai fasa jirgin ruwa a Aliağa, Turkiyya, wanda aka sake masa suna '''''Antic''''', kuma aka soke ta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:MS_Sky_Princess_(4490014483)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Gimbiya ta Sky'' a [[Auckland|Auckland, New Zealand]] a watan Fabrairun 2000]] An gina ''FairSky'' a shekarar 1984 ta hannun Chantiers de Nord et de la Mediterranee na La Seyne-Sur Mer a [[Faransa]] don kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Italiya, Sitmar Cruises . Domin bin diddigin sauran jiragen ruwan Sitmar, an fara sanya mata suna ''FairSky'' kuma an yi mata rijista a [[Laberiya]] . A watan Satumba na 1988, lokacin da P&O Cruises ta sayi Sitmar, an sake sanya mata suna ''Sky Princess'' don reshen P&O's Princess Cruises kuma an sake yin rijista a [[Landan]] . [[Fayil:"Pacific_Sky"_-_Port_Douglas.jpg|left|thumb|''Tekun Pacific'' a Port Douglas, Queensland, Ostiraliya]] ''Sky Princess'' ta yi tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a jirgin ruwa na Princess Cruises a watan Oktoban 2000, inda ta isa [[Sydney]] a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, inda za a mayar da ita zuwa P&amp;amp;O Cruises Australia da sunan ''Pacific Sky,'' bayan gyara da aka yi wa dala miliyan 10 a Cairncross Dockyard da ke [[Brisbane]] . Bayan maye gurbin jirgin <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Fair Princess</i></nowiki> da aka gina a shekarar 1957, ''Pacific Sky'' {{'}} samu karbuwa cikin sauri daga fasinjojin jirgin ruwan Australiya. <ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ''Pacific Sky'' ta ɗauki fasinjoji 275,000 a cikin jiragen ruwa 200. Shahararriyar ta ta sa aka faɗaɗa jiragen ruwan P&O na Australia zuwa ''Pacific Sun'' (2004), ''Pacific Dawn'' (Nuwamba 2007), Pacific Jewel (2009) da Pacific Pearl (2010). [[Fayil:"Sky_Wonder"_-_Dubrovnik,_2006.jpg|left|thumb|''Abin Al'ajabi na Sama'' a [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik, Croatia]]]] A watan Mayun 2006, an yi jigilar jirgin daga P&O Cruises Australia zuwa Pullmantur Cruises a Spain, bayan jerin jiragen ruwa na kwanaki bakwai 33 da suka yi aiki daga Singapore. An yi rijistar ''Sky Wonder'' a [[Valletta|Valletta, Malta]] . Jirgin ruwan ''Regal Princess'' da aka gina a Italiya ya maye gurbin ''Sky Wonder'' {{'}} cikin jirgin ruwan P&O Cruises a tsakiyar 2007 a matsayin Pacific Dawn. Daga Maris 2009 zuwa gaba, an ajiye ''Sky Wonder'' a Piraeus. A watan Afrilun 2009, an sake mata suna ''Atlantic Star'' kuma aka yi mata tafiya zuwa kasuwar Portugal. [[Fayil:Atlantic_Star_at_sea.jpg|left|thumb|''Tauraron Atlantika'' a teku]] A watan Janairun 2010, Kyma Ship Management ta nuna sha'awar sayen jirgin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.shipsmonthly.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168:pullmantur-future-of-atlantic-star&catid=51:cruise&Itemid=66}}</ref> amma sun janye saboda tsadar maye gurbin injinan tururin da injunan dizal. <ref name="tradewinds">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star' |url=http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star |website=Tradewindsnews.com |publisher=TradeWinds}}</ref> An yi hasashen cewa za ta yi aiki da haya ga wani kamfanin yawon bude ido [[Jamus|na Jamus]] kamar yadda <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Mona Lisa</i></nowiki> ta yi a baya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLANTIC STAR (ex FAIRSKY..) to MONA LISA II? - MaritimeMatters - Cruise and Maritime News |url=http://maritimematters.com/2011/01/last-steamship-sold/ |website=MaritimeMatters}}</ref> amma jirgin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Marseille, Faransa har zuwa Maris 2013. <ref>http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/shipdetails.aspx?MMSI=256205000 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2013, an sanar da cewa an mayar da jirgin zuwa STX France a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar da aka cimma da sabuwar odar jirgin ruwan <nowiki><i id="mwig">Oasis</i></nowiki> mai daraja wanda Royal Caribbean International ta yi odarsa. <ref name="tradewinds">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star' |url=http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star |website=Tradewindsnews.com |publisher=TradeWinds}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star "RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star'"]. ''Tradewindsnews.com''. TradeWinds. 4 January 2013.</cite></ref> A watan Maris na 2013 an ruwaito cewa jirgin ya tashi zuwa Suez, Masar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Old PACIFIC PRINCESS Mired in Scrap Issues, NCL's former SOUTHWARD at breakers - MaritimeMatters - Cruise and Maritime News |url=http://maritimematters.com/2013/03/and-away-they-go/ |website=MaritimeMatters}}</ref> kuma a ranar 14 ga Afrilun 2013, ''Atlantic Star'' ta isa filin jirgin ruwa na Aliaga, Turkiyya, da sunan ''Antic'' . == Halaye na gabaɗaya == [[Fayil:TSS-Fairsky---Promenade-Dec.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jirgin ruwa ta Promenade a kan ''Sky Wonder'']] ''Atlantic Star'' ya kasance {{Convert|240.4|m|ftin}} a tsayi da {{Convert|29.8|m|ftin}} faɗinta a mafi faɗin wurinta. Tsarin zanenta ya kai kimanin {{Convert|8.5|m|ftin}}, amma wannan adadi ya bambanta dangane da adadin shaguna, mai da ruwa da ke cikin jirgin. Girman jirgin ruwan yawon bude ido ana bayyana shi ne a cikin jimlar tan, wanda a zahiri ma'aunin girman jirgin ne ba ainihin nauyinsa ba. ''Atlantic Star'' ta auna 46,087 GT . Ana amfani da injinan tururin tururi ''na Atlantic Star'' kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe na tururin tururi a duniya. A lokacin da take cikin teku, ta yi aiki da tukunyar ruwa biyu ko uku dangane da saurin da ake buƙata. Lokacin da ake amfani da guda biyu, za ta iya cimma matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|19.8|kn|km/h}} ; lokacin da aka yi amfani da dukkan tukunyar ruwa guda uku, tana iya tururi a matsakaicin {{Convert|21.8|kn|km/h}} . Da cikakken gudu, za ta sha har zuwa tan 220 na man fetur a rana. Jirgin ruwan yana da propellers guda biyu masu tsayi da kuma trudder guda ɗaya. An sanya mata truster ɗaya da truster ɗaya mai ƙarfi don motsawa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa. An sanya wa ''Atlantic Star'' fin-fin guda biyu masu juyewa, waɗanda za a iya miƙewa ko dai ɗaya ko tare dangane da yanayin teku. Kowanne fin-fin ya kai {{Convert|4|m|ft|0}} tsayi kuma {{Convert|1.5|m|ftin}} faɗin. An sarrafa su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin haƙa ruwa kuma an ba su bayanai daga na'urorin gyroscope waɗanda ke jin motsin juyawar jirgin. Lokacin da ake amfani da su, suna iya rage adadin birgimar jirgin da kashi 85% amma ba su da wani tasiri ga motsin jifa na jirgin. == Abubuwan da suka faru == ''Atlantic Star'' ta shiga cikin abubuwa da yawa a lokacin aikinta. Wasu an jera su a ƙasa bisa ga tsarin lokaci . * Satumba 2002 - Dianne Brimble, mai shekaru 42, 'yar [[Brisbane]], ta mutu bayan ta sha maganin GHB fiye da kima. Wani bincike ya gano cewa an ƙara yawan shan giyarta a lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na kwanaki 10 a Tekun Pacific. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobsen |first=Geesche |date=1 December 2010 |title=Dianne Brimble unknowingly drugged, inquest rules |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/dianne-brimble-unknowingly-drugged-inquest-rules-20101130-18fbd.html |access-date=2 November 2016 |website=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> * Nuwamba 2004 - An shirya Pacific Sky za ta fara wani jirgin ruwa da aka tsara a gabar tekun Ostiraliya, amma ba ta iya tafiya ba bayan da tarin kifayen jellyfish suka toshe hanyar shan ruwa mai sanyaya. Injinan sun rufe ta atomatik, inda suka bar jirgin ya makale da sauri a bakin kogin Brisbane . Rufe jirgin ya kuma haifar da zubar da ruwa mai yawa da aka tace da injinan dumama jirgin ke amfani da shi ta atomatik, kuma dole ne a kawo sabbin kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2005 |title=Setback for sea search |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Setback-for-sea-search/2005/01/09/1105205972439.html |website=smh.com.au}}</ref> * 1 ga Afrilu 2005 – An tilasta wa P&O Cruises soke wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Pacific Sky domin ba da damar tsawaita aiki a kan akwatin akwatin jirgin ruwa mai cike da matsaloli na jirgin. P&O Cruises ta ce korar jiragen ruwa na tsawon watanni biyu zai haifar da soke jiragen ruwa guda biyar amma tana da yakinin cewa za a gyara matsalolin kan lokaci don jigilar jiragen ruwa na 4 ga Yuni da aka tsara. * 7 ga Maris 2006 – Daruruwan fasinjoji a cikin jirgin ruwa na dare bakwai sun makale na tsawon kimanin awanni 30 bayan da jirgin ya lalace a mashigin Malacca kusa da [[Singafora|Singapore]] . Kimanin awanni biyar bayan barin Singapore, jirgin ya fuskanci matsala da injin jirgin sama kuma ya tsaya cak tare da fasinjoji sama da 1,300 a cikin jirgin. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar a teku amma ba su yi nasara ba. Daga ƙarshe jirgin ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Port Kelang, Malaysia ta amfani da injin jirgin sama na aiki. * 18 Janairu 2007 – Da sanyin safiyar yau, jirgin Sky Wonder dauke da fasinjoji 1,600 ya nutse a kan wani shingen yashi a Río de la Plata, kilomita 3 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. Babu wani rauni da ya faru sai dai matsalar zuciya da wani fasinja namiji mai shekaru 50 ya samu, wanda aka yi masa magani a bakin teku. Jiragen ruwa sun saki jirgin bayan sa'o'i da dama, don haka ta isa Punta del Este, Uruguay. An yi hayar ta don CVC Cruises a lokacin. An ruwaito cewa jirgin ya tashi ne sakamakon kuskuren hanyar jirgin ruwa da kyaftin dinta ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Century Ocean Liners - Cruise Ship News - Current |url=http://www.20thcenturyliners.com/ol_news.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528042921/http://www.20thcenturyliners.com/ol_news.htm |archive-date=28 May 2007 |access-date=25 May 2007 |website=20thcenturyliners.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cpb670nng3a9pjvmipjwy2elk7vbgyh 846338 846337 2026-06-03T22:16:14Z Engineer014 44591 846338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Atlantic Star''''' (wanda a da ake kira '''''FairSky''''', '''''Sky Princess''''', '''''Pacific Sky''''' da '''''Sky Wonder''''' ) wani jirgin ruwa ne da aka gina a shekarar 1984. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Sitmar Cruises, Princess Cruises, P&amp;amp;O Cruises Australia, da Pullmantur Cruises . A ƙarƙashin mallakar Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., an ajiye jirgin tun daga shekarar 2010 kafin a miƙa shi ga STX France a shekarar 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kuɗin gina abin da ake ''kira Harmony of the Seas'' a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieghorst |first=Tim |date=2012-12-17 |title=Royal Caribbean orders third Oasis ship from STX France |url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Royal-Caribbean-orders-third-Oasis-ship-from-STX-France |website=Travelweekly}}</ref> Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga wani mai fasa jirgin ruwa a Aliağa, Turkiyya, wanda aka sake masa suna '''''Antic''''', kuma aka soke ta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:MS_Sky_Princess_(4490014483)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''Gimbiya ta Sky'' a [[Auckland|Auckland, New Zealand]] a watan Fabrairun 2000]] An gina ''FairSky'' a shekarar 1984 ta hannun Chantiers de Nord et de la Mediterranee na La Seyne-Sur Mer a [[Faransa]] don kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Italiya, Sitmar Cruises . Domin bin diddigin sauran jiragen ruwan Sitmar, an fara sanya mata suna ''FairSky'' kuma an yi mata rijista a [[Laberiya]] . A watan Satumba na 1988, lokacin da P&O Cruises ta sayi Sitmar, an sake sanya mata suna ''Sky Princess'' don reshen P&O's Princess Cruises kuma an sake yin rijista a [[Landan]] . [[Fayil:"Pacific_Sky"_-_Port_Douglas.jpg|left|thumb|''Tekun Pacific'' a Port Douglas, Queensland, Ostiraliya]] ''Sky Princess'' ta yi tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a jirgin ruwa na Princess Cruises a watan Oktoban 2000, inda ta isa [[Sydney]] a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, inda za a mayar da ita zuwa P&amp;amp;O Cruises Australia da sunan ''Pacific Sky,'' bayan gyara da aka yi wa dala miliyan 10 a Cairncross Dockyard da ke [[Brisbane]] . Bayan maye gurbin jirgin <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Fair Princess</i></nowiki> da aka gina a shekarar 1957, ''Pacific Sky'' {{'}} samu karbuwa cikin sauri daga fasinjojin jirgin ruwan Australiya. <ref name=":0" /> Tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ''Pacific Sky'' ta ɗauki fasinjoji 275,000 a cikin jiragen ruwa 200. Shahararriyar ta ta sa aka faɗaɗa jiragen ruwan P&O na Australia zuwa ''Pacific Sun'' (2004), ''Pacific Dawn'' (Nuwamba 2007), Pacific Jewel (2009) da Pacific Pearl (2010). [[Fayil:"Sky_Wonder"_-_Dubrovnik,_2006.jpg|left|thumb|''Abin Al'ajabi na Sama'' a [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik, Croatia]]]] A watan Mayun 2006, an yi jigilar jirgin daga P&O Cruises Australia zuwa Pullmantur Cruises a Spain, bayan jerin jiragen ruwa na kwanaki bakwai 33 da suka yi aiki daga Singapore. An yi rijistar ''Sky Wonder'' a [[Valletta|Valletta, Malta]] . Jirgin ruwan ''Regal Princess'' da aka gina a Italiya ya maye gurbin ''Sky Wonder'' {{'}} cikin jirgin ruwan P&O Cruises a tsakiyar 2007 a matsayin Pacific Dawn. Daga Maris 2009 zuwa gaba, an ajiye ''Sky Wonder'' a Piraeus. A watan Afrilun 2009, an sake mata suna ''Atlantic Star'' kuma aka yi mata tafiya zuwa kasuwar Portugal. [[Fayil:Atlantic_Star_at_sea.jpg|left|thumb|''Tauraron Atlantika'' a teku]] A watan Janairun 2010, Kyma Ship Management ta nuna sha'awar sayen jirgin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.shipsmonthly.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168:pullmantur-future-of-atlantic-star&catid=51:cruise&Itemid=66}}</ref> amma sun janye saboda tsadar maye gurbin injinan tururin da injunan dizal. <ref name="tradewinds">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star' |url=http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star |website=Tradewindsnews.com |publisher=TradeWinds}}</ref> An yi hasashen cewa za ta yi aiki da haya ga wani kamfanin yawon bude ido [[Jamus|na Jamus]] kamar yadda <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Mona Lisa</i></nowiki> ta yi a baya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLANTIC STAR (ex FAIRSKY..) to MONA LISA II? - MaritimeMatters - Cruise and Maritime News |url=http://maritimematters.com/2011/01/last-steamship-sold/ |website=MaritimeMatters}}</ref> amma jirgin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Marseille, Faransa har zuwa Maris 2013. <ref>http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/shipdetails.aspx?MMSI=256205000 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2013, an sanar da cewa an mayar da jirgin zuwa STX France a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar da aka cimma da sabuwar odar jirgin ruwan <nowiki><i id="mwig">Oasis</i></nowiki> mai daraja wanda Royal Caribbean International ta yi odarsa. <ref name="tradewinds">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star' |url=http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star |website=Tradewindsnews.com |publisher=TradeWinds}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/309915/rci-offloads-veteran-atlantic-star "RCI offloads veteran 'Atlantic Star'"]. ''Tradewindsnews.com''. TradeWinds. 4 January 2013.</cite></ref> A watan Maris na 2013 an ruwaito cewa jirgin ya tashi zuwa Suez, Masar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Old PACIFIC PRINCESS Mired in Scrap Issues, NCL's former SOUTHWARD at breakers - MaritimeMatters - Cruise and Maritime News |url=http://maritimematters.com/2013/03/and-away-they-go/ |website=MaritimeMatters}}</ref> kuma a ranar 14 ga Afrilun 2013, ''Atlantic Star'' ta isa filin jirgin ruwa na Aliaga, Turkiyya, da sunan ''Antic'' . == Halaye na gabaɗaya == [[Fayil:TSS-Fairsky---Promenade-Dec.jpg|right|thumb|Tashar jirgin ruwa ta Promenade a kan ''Sky Wonder'']] ''Atlantic Star'' ya kasance {{Convert|240.4|m|ftin}} a tsayi da {{Convert|29.8|m|ftin}} faɗinta a mafi faɗin wurinta. Tsarin zanenta ya kai kimanin {{Convert|8.5|m|ftin}}, amma wannan adadi ya bambanta dangane da adadin shaguna, mai da ruwa da ke cikin jirgin. Girman jirgin ruwan yawon bude ido ana bayyana shi ne a cikin jimlar tan, wanda a zahiri ma'aunin girman jirgin ne ba ainihin nauyinsa ba. ''Atlantic Star'' ta auna 46,087 GT . Ana amfani da injinan tururin tururi ''na Atlantic Star'' kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe na tururin tururi a duniya. A lokacin da take cikin teku, ta yi aiki da tukunyar ruwa biyu ko uku dangane da saurin da ake buƙata. Lokacin da ake amfani da guda biyu, za ta iya cimma matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|19.8|kn|km/h}} ; lokacin da aka yi amfani da dukkan tukunyar ruwa guda uku, tana iya tururi a matsakaicin {{Convert|21.8|kn|km/h}} . Da cikakken gudu, za ta sha har zuwa tan 220 na man fetur a rana. Jirgin ruwan yana da propellers guda biyu masu tsayi da kuma trudder guda ɗaya. An sanya mata truster ɗaya da truster ɗaya mai ƙarfi don motsawa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa. An sanya wa ''Atlantic Star'' fin-fin guda biyu masu juyewa, waɗanda za a iya miƙewa ko dai ɗaya ko tare dangane da yanayin teku. Kowanne fin-fin ya kai {{Convert|4|m|ft|0}} tsayi kuma {{Convert|1.5|m|ftin}} faɗin. An sarrafa su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin haƙa ruwa kuma an ba su bayanai daga na'urorin gyroscope waɗanda ke jin motsin juyawar jirgin. Lokacin da ake amfani da su, suna iya rage adadin birgimar jirgin da kashi 85% amma ba su da wani tasiri ga motsin jifa na jirgin. == Abubuwan da suka faru == ''Atlantic Star'' ta shiga cikin abubuwa da yawa a lokacin aikinta. Wasu an jera su a ƙasa bisa ga tsarin lokaci . * Satumba 2002 - Dianne Brimble, mai shekaru 42, 'yar [[Brisbane]], ta mutu bayan ta sha maganin GHB fiye da kima. Wani bincike ya gano cewa an ƙara yawan shan giyarta a lokacin da take cikin jirgin ruwa na kwanaki 10 a Tekun Pacific. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobsen |first=Geesche |date=1 December 2010 |title=Dianne Brimble unknowingly drugged, inquest rules |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/dianne-brimble-unknowingly-drugged-inquest-rules-20101130-18fbd.html |access-date=2 November 2016 |website=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> * Nuwamba 2004 - An shirya Pacific Sky za ta fara wani jirgin ruwa da aka tsara a gabar tekun Ostiraliya, amma ba ta iya tafiya ba bayan da tarin kifayen jellyfish suka toshe hanyar shan ruwa mai sanyaya. Injinan sun rufe ta atomatik, inda suka bar jirgin ya makale da sauri a bakin kogin Brisbane . Rufe jirgin ya kuma haifar da zubar da ruwa mai yawa da aka tace da injinan dumama jirgin ke amfani da shi ta atomatik, kuma dole ne a kawo sabbin kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2005 |title=Setback for sea search |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Setback-for-sea-search/2005/01/09/1105205972439.html |website=smh.com.au}}</ref> * 1 ga Afrilu 2005 – An tilasta wa P&O Cruises soke wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Pacific Sky domin ba da damar tsawaita aiki a kan akwatin akwatin jirgin ruwa mai cike da matsaloli na jirgin. P&O Cruises ta ce korar jiragen ruwa na tsawon watanni biyu zai haifar da soke jiragen ruwa guda biyar amma tana da yakinin cewa za a gyara matsalolin kan lokaci don jigilar jiragen ruwa na 4 ga Yuni da aka tsara. * 7 ga Maris 2006 – Daruruwan fasinjoji a cikin jirgin ruwa na dare bakwai sun makale na tsawon kimanin awanni 30 bayan da jirgin ya lalace a mashigin Malacca kusa da [[Singafora|Singapore]] . Kimanin awanni biyar bayan barin Singapore, jirgin ya fuskanci matsala da injin jirgin sama kuma ya tsaya cak tare da fasinjoji sama da 1,300 a cikin jirgin. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar a teku amma ba su yi nasara ba. Daga ƙarshe jirgin ya yi tafiya a hankali zuwa Port Kelang, Malaysia ta amfani da injin jirgin sama na aiki. * 18 Janairu 2007 – Da sanyin safiyar yau, jirgin Sky Wonder dauke da fasinjoji 1,600 ya nutse a kan wani shingen yashi a Río de la Plata, kilomita 3 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. Babu wani rauni da ya faru sai dai matsalar zuciya da wani fasinja namiji mai shekaru 50 ya samu, wanda aka yi masa magani a bakin teku. Jiragen ruwa sun saki jirgin bayan sa'o'i da dama, don haka ta isa Punta del Este, Uruguay. An yi hayar ta don CVC Cruises a lokacin. An ruwaito cewa jirgin ya tashi ne sakamakon kuskuren hanyar jirgin ruwa da kyaftin dinta ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Century Ocean Liners - Cruise Ship News - Current |url=http://www.20thcenturyliners.com/ol_news.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528042921/http://www.20thcenturyliners.com/ol_news.htm |archive-date=28 May 2007 |access-date=25 May 2007 |website=20thcenturyliners.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mqe4d9st0oc8o3um7rtuefzshmqwlzz Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankunan Yanayi 0 154583 846339 2026-06-03T22:18:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356607105|Djibouti Ports & Free Zones Authority]]" 846339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti''' (DPFZA) ita ce hukumar gwamnati ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] wadda ke kula da kuma kula da Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] da wasu wurare da dama a kasar. Hukumar DPFZA kuma tana kula da [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|harkokin Yankin Ciniki na 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti]], tana aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kamfanonin da ke can da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Hukumar DPFZA tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ofishin Shugaban Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Ports & Free Zones Authority |url=http://dpfza.gov.dj |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA}}</ref> == Bayani == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ita ce hukumar da ke tsara dokoki, umarni da ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya ga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankunan 'yanci a Djibouti. Umarnin DPFZA shine: * Tallafawa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci * Kafa yanayi mai kyau ga kasuwanci tare da tsarin doka mai dacewa da kasuwanci * Kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti ta hanyar hukumar gudanarwa. * Gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankuna masu 'yanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=103/AN/05/5eme L ON FREE ZONE COMPANIES L'Assem |url=http://www.djibouti-portsfz.dj/sites/default/files/FZ.Law_.103.English.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction begins on Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) |url=http://www.zawya.com/story/Construction_begins_on_Djibouti_International_Free_Trade_Zone_DIFTZ-ZAWYA20170118131616/ |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Thomson Reuters Zawya}}</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaba == Wurin da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] take, wanda ya haɗa [[Suez canal|mahadar Suez]], [[Tekun Aden]] da kuma ƙasashen da ke cikin yankin Afirka, ya haifar da ƙaruwar ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da jigilar kaya a yankin. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] za ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba da kashi 7% a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Economic Outlook- April 2017 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/djibouti/publication/economic-outlook-april-2017 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Wannan hasashen tattalin arziki ya ƙarfafa ta hanyar saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da kuma yankin [[Gabashin Afirka]] baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti – unlocking Africa's economic potential |url=http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/western-africa/2016/06/08/djibouti-economic-growth-africa/ |publisher=CNBC Africa}}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_Of_Djibouti_City_and_Balbala.png|left|thumb|Gundumar taswirar birnin Djibouti da Balbala.]] Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana ba da gudummawa ga kuma jagorantar da dama daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Ma'aikatan da aka horar sosai na DPFZA suna haɗa kai da hukumomin gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen duniya don mai da hankali kan ci gaban dabarun [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], tallafawa kwararar jarin jari, da kuma kula da layin dogo na gine-gine, filayen jirgin sama da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Ci gaban da ya yi cikin sauri ya haifar da ƙaruwar gasa da kuma bambancin kasuwannin masu amfani, wanda ke canza tattalin arziki a cikin dogon lokaci. A gefe guda kuma, cibiyoyin kuɗi, kamar Babban Bankin Djibouti (Banque Centrale de Djibouti, BCD) suna aiki tare da abokan hulɗarsa don haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idoji, tsare-tsare da hanyoyin magance fasaha don tallafawa ci gaba, sarrafa haɗari da haɓaka haɓaka ayyukan kamfanoni da na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=China-built rail network in African heartland inaugurated |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-built-rail-network-african-heartland-inaugurated-1600444 |access-date=January 11, 2017 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=Djibouti, a safe harbour in the troubled Horn of Africa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/djibouti-a-safe-harbour-in-the-troubled-horn-of-africa-1.96706/ |publisher=TheNational World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Report: Djibouti 2016 |url=https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/djibouti-2016/banking-0}}</ref> == Shugaban jam'iyyar DPFZA == Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tun daga ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2011. Aikinsa ya shafe sama da shekaru 30, tun daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti inda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa kuma yana da alhakin rubuta takardu a tashoshin jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1978. A tsawon aikinsa, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Manaja a sashen kididdiga, Babban Manajan Kaya, Manajan Tashar Kwantena da Daraktan Kasuwanci na tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Appoints New Chair to Port, Freezone Authorities |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107141309.html |access-date=July 12, 2011 |publisher=allAfrica}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Djibouti da Habasha, har zuwa lokacin da kasar makwabciyarta ke amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti sama da kashi 90% na cinikinta na kasashen waje. Kwanan nan ya jagoranci fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci yayin da kasar ke kokarin zama cibiyar cinikayyar kasuwanci ta Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboubaker Hadi |url=http://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/aboubaker-hadi/ |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Business For Africa Forum}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Sufuri na Multimodal daga Le Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers, a Faransa, kuma yana da digiri na biyu a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Gudanar da Sufuri daga Jami'ar Duniya ta Maritime ta Sweden. == Ayyuka == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tana gudanar da ayyuka tare da shahararrun abokan hulɗa na duniya don ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Matsayinta na dabarun yana ba jiragen ruwa da kaya damar shiga hanyoyin dabaru kai tsaye, kamar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] . Kusantarta ga ci gaban tattalin arziki mai tasowa kamar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] yana ba da dama ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu da na ɓangarori daban-daban. A zahiri, an yaba da dangantakar Djibouti da Habasha a matsayin abin koyi na haɗin gwiwar yanki. [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ta ƙaddamar da shirin faɗaɗawa na dala biliyan 15, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka filayen jirgin sama, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙasa. Don tallafawa wannan ci gaban, an kafa cibiyoyin kasuwanci kamar [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|Yankin Ciniki na Duniya na 'Yanci na Djibouti]] da [[Silk Road International Bank|Bankin Duniya na Silk Road]] don sabunta ayyukan da ake da su, da kuma sauƙaƙe haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Djibouti takes delivery of first aircraft for new commercial operations |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/968076/economy |publisher=Arab News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silk Road International Bank opens first Africa office in Djibouti |url=http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/09/silk-road-international-bank-opens-first-africa-office-djibouti/#.WJx-dm-LS70 |publisher=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese-funded Silkroad Int'l Bank opens in Djibouti |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/18/c_135994459.htm |publisher=New China}}</ref> === Layin Jirgin Kasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti === [[Fayil:Map_of_Addis_Ababa-Djibouti_Railway.png|right|thumb|Taswirar layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti]] Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti layin dogo ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke haɗa Addis Ababa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti a Tekun Aden, wanda ke ba wa Habasha da ke da iyaka damar shiga teku. A shekarar 2016, sama da kashi 95% na cinikin Habasha sun ratsa ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-05 |title=Ethiopia's new coastal rail link runs through restive region |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009204153/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Kamfanin China Railway Group da [[CCECC|Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injiniyan Jama'a na China]] sun fara gina layin dogo a shekarar 2011, kuma Bankin Exim na China, Bankin Ci Gaban China, da Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China ne suka ba su kuɗin aikin. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2016, tare da jimlar jarin dala biliyan 4, wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ƙasa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-Ethiopia railway carries hope for pan-African trade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/42d7af2e-d95a-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> == Yankin Ciniki 'Yanci na Duniya == Yankin Kasuwanci Mai 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti (DIFTZ) zai sauya harkokin kasuwanci a yankin tare da samar da tushe mai mahimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa na duniya don samun damar shiga kasuwar Afirka da ke ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri. An fara gina DIFTZ mako guda bayan kammala layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, sabon layin dogo 752.&nbsp;hanyar kilomita da ta haɗa babban birnin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti breaks ground on massive Chinese-backed free trade zone |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-djibouti-idUSL4N1F649H |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta China, [[Dalian Port Authority|Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Dalian]] da IZP don kafa Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan DIFTZ. Tare, sun fara gina yankin ciniki mai 'yanci na dala biliyan 3.5, wanda ya faɗaɗa sama da kadada 4,800. Ana sa ran wannan shiri zai ƙirƙiri sabbin ayyukan yi 200,000, da kuma ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin cinikin teku na duniya a cikin Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Massive Port Expansion |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/mustwatch_djiboutis_massiveport_expansion |publisher=Port Technology}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti profits as superpowers make strategic inroads |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/djibouti-profits-as-superpowers-make-strategic-inroads-1.2599351 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> == Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kayan aiki == Tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnatin Djibouti, DPFZA tana kula da gine-gine, gudanarwa da kuma gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da wurare da dama. === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti === Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] - wacce aka fi sani da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Red Sea - tana sauƙaƙa jigilar jiragen ruwa kusan 30,000 kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti faces new kid on the block |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36537044 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tallafawa ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar haɗa ta da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Doraleh Multipurpose]], Iskar Gas ta Ruwa (LNG) da tashar mai, da kuma ƙarin tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da aka keɓe don Gishiri da Potash. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port de Djibouti |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-based Red Sea Bunkering (RSB) acquires new vessel to provide offshore services |url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-based-red-sea-bunkering-rsb-acquires-new-vessel-to-provide-offshore-services/ |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News}}</ref> === Tashar Horizon (HDTL) === Tashar Horizon Djibouti an tanadar matattarar don biyan buƙatun cinikin mai da jigilar kaya, tare da ƙarfin ajiya na mita cubic 371,000, wuraren ɗaukar kaya da kayan aiki waɗanda za su iya biyan buƙatun gida, yanki da na contango (Crading). An gina Tashar Horizon Djibouti ne saboda saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka - kamar yaɗuwar kamfanonin mai masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar ayyukan sufuri. Ana sa ran kayayyakin HDTL za su bunƙasa tare da sauyin yanayin jigilar mai a teku, kuma su daidaita don bayar da ayyuka waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun gargajiya da na rashin tabbas na ɓangaren albarkatun ƙasa na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Terminals |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/index.html}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar tashar jiragen ruwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Suna ! Zuba Jari ! Ƙarfin aiki ! Aiki ! Kammalawa ! aiki |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tadjourah <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Tadjourah |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=1}}</ref> | dala miliyan 78 | Tan miliyan 4 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Potassium |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Goubet <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goubet Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=3}}</ref> | Dala miliyan 64 | Tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Gishiri da Gypsum |- | Tashar Doraleh mai Manufofi da Yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/doraleh-multi-purpose-port/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Doraleh Container Terminal |url=http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512023625/http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |archive-date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> | dala miliyan 590 | Tan 8,779,000 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 800 | 2017 | Kwantena da Tashar Girma |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Sama na Horizon Djibouti <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Djibouti Terminals Ltd |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/services_existing_terminals_h-djibouti.html}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | mita cubic 371,000 | Gina: 400 Aiki: 200 | 2005 | Ajiyar Mai, Tacewa da Fitar da Danyen Mai |- | Tashar Dabbobin Damerjog <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damerjog Livestock Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/damerjog-livestock-port/}}</ref> | dala miliyan 70 | Kansu miliyan 10 na dabbobi a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 400 Aiki: 400 | 2017 | Ajiye Dabbobi da Sufuri |- | Gyaran Jiragen Ruwa & Tashoshin Busassun Jiragen Ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Business Hub |url=https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/ICA_sponsored_events/IGAD_HoA_Conf_2012/DJIBOUTI_IGAD_Conf_March2012.pdf}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | | Ginawa: 1000 Aiki: 200 | 2018 | Kula da Sufuri |- | Tashar LNG <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Plans LNG, Oil Terminals to Develop Regional Trade |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-06/djibouti-plans-lng-oil-terminals-to-develop-regional-trade-ties |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> | dala biliyan 2.8 | mita cubic miliyan 10 | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2019 | Ajiye da Fitar da Iskar Gas ta Halitta |} == Ayyuka == Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana bayar da gaurayen ayyukan kasuwanci da na kasuwanci, tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnati masu dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridgehead to Africa |url=http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122937/http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |publisher=China Invest In}}</ref> === Kafa kamfani === Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tsara hanyoyin kafa kamfani a Djibouti. Masu neman aiki za su iya samun lasisin aiki ta hanyar hukumar. DPFZA kuma tana sarrafa izinin aiki ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje kuma tana sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen tare da kamfanoni. === Lasisin sufuri da dabaru === Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankunan Kyauta ta Djibouti tana gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, kamar bin ƙa'idodi da binciken aiki, tana tsara tsarin farashi don jigilar kaya ta ruwa da ta kaya, kuma tana ba da lasisin da ake buƙata ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a cikin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ko tashoshin jiragen ruwanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chxkuzbq87iudhe1ua2ix9vhdulmu9p 846340 846339 2026-06-03T22:19:19Z Engineer014 44591 846340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti''' (DPFZA) ita ce hukumar gwamnati ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] wadda ke kula da kuma kula da Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] da wasu wurare da dama a kasar. Hukumar DPFZA kuma tana kula da [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|harkokin Yankin Ciniki na 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti]], tana aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kamfanonin da ke can da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Hukumar DPFZA tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ofishin Shugaban Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Ports & Free Zones Authority |url=http://dpfza.gov.dj |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA}}</ref> == Bayani == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ita ce hukumar da ke tsara dokoki, umarni da ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya ga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankunan 'yanci a Djibouti. Umarnin DPFZA shine: * Tallafawa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci * Kafa yanayi mai kyau ga kasuwanci tare da tsarin doka mai dacewa da kasuwanci * Kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti ta hanyar hukumar gudanarwa. * Gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankuna masu 'yanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=103/AN/05/5eme L ON FREE ZONE COMPANIES L'Assem |url=http://www.djibouti-portsfz.dj/sites/default/files/FZ.Law_.103.English.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction begins on Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) |url=http://www.zawya.com/story/Construction_begins_on_Djibouti_International_Free_Trade_Zone_DIFTZ-ZAWYA20170118131616/ |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Thomson Reuters Zawya}}</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaba == Wurin da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] take, wanda ya haɗa [[Suez canal|mahadar Suez]], [[Tekun Aden]] da kuma ƙasashen da ke cikin yankin Afirka, ya haifar da ƙaruwar ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da jigilar kaya a yankin. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] za ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba da kashi 7% a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Economic Outlook- April 2017 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/djibouti/publication/economic-outlook-april-2017 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Wannan hasashen tattalin arziki ya ƙarfafa ta hanyar saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da kuma yankin [[Gabashin Afirka]] baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti – unlocking Africa's economic potential |url=http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/western-africa/2016/06/08/djibouti-economic-growth-africa/ |publisher=CNBC Africa}}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_Of_Djibouti_City_and_Balbala.png|left|thumb|Gundumar taswirar birnin Djibouti da Balbala.]] Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana ba da gudummawa ga kuma jagorantar da dama daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Ma'aikatan da aka horar sosai na DPFZA suna haɗa kai da hukumomin gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen duniya don mai da hankali kan ci gaban dabarun [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], tallafawa kwararar jarin jari, da kuma kula da layin dogo na gine-gine, filayen jirgin sama da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Ci gaban da ya yi cikin sauri ya haifar da ƙaruwar gasa da kuma bambancin kasuwannin masu amfani, wanda ke canza tattalin arziki a cikin dogon lokaci. A gefe guda kuma, cibiyoyin kuɗi, kamar Babban Bankin Djibouti (Banque Centrale de Djibouti, BCD) suna aiki tare da abokan hulɗarsa don haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idoji, tsare-tsare da hanyoyin magance fasaha don tallafawa ci gaba, sarrafa haɗari da haɓaka haɓaka ayyukan kamfanoni da na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=China-built rail network in African heartland inaugurated |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-built-rail-network-african-heartland-inaugurated-1600444 |access-date=January 11, 2017 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=Djibouti, a safe harbour in the troubled Horn of Africa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/djibouti-a-safe-harbour-in-the-troubled-horn-of-africa-1.96706/ |publisher=TheNational World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Report: Djibouti 2016 |url=https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/djibouti-2016/banking-0}}</ref> == Shugaban jam'iyyar DPFZA == Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tun daga ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2011. Aikinsa ya shafe sama da shekaru 30, tun daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti inda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa kuma yana da alhakin rubuta takardu a tashoshin jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1978. A tsawon aikinsa, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Manaja a sashen kididdiga, Babban Manajan Kaya, Manajan Tashar Kwantena da Daraktan Kasuwanci na tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Appoints New Chair to Port, Freezone Authorities |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107141309.html |access-date=July 12, 2011 |publisher=allAfrica}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Djibouti da Habasha, har zuwa lokacin da kasar makwabciyarta ke amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti sama da kashi 90% na cinikinta na kasashen waje. Kwanan nan ya jagoranci fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci yayin da kasar ke kokarin zama cibiyar cinikayyar kasuwanci ta Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboubaker Hadi |url=http://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/aboubaker-hadi/ |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Business For Africa Forum}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Sufuri na Multimodal daga Le Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers, a Faransa, kuma yana da digiri na biyu a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Gudanar da Sufuri daga Jami'ar Duniya ta Maritime ta Sweden. == Ayyuka == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tana gudanar da ayyuka tare da shahararrun abokan hulɗa na duniya don ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Matsayinta na dabarun yana ba jiragen ruwa da kaya damar shiga hanyoyin dabaru kai tsaye, kamar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] . Kusantarta ga ci gaban tattalin arziki mai tasowa kamar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] yana ba da dama ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu da na ɓangarori daban-daban. A zahiri, an yaba da dangantakar Djibouti da Habasha a matsayin abin koyi na haɗin gwiwar yanki. [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ta ƙaddamar da shirin faɗaɗawa na dala biliyan 15, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka filayen jirgin sama, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙasa. Don tallafawa wannan ci gaban, an kafa cibiyoyin kasuwanci kamar [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|Yankin Ciniki na Duniya na 'Yanci na Djibouti]] da [[Silk Road International Bank|Bankin Duniya na Silk Road]] don sabunta ayyukan da ake da su, da kuma sauƙaƙe haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Djibouti takes delivery of first aircraft for new commercial operations |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/968076/economy |publisher=Arab News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silk Road International Bank opens first Africa office in Djibouti |url=http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/09/silk-road-international-bank-opens-first-africa-office-djibouti/#.WJx-dm-LS70 |publisher=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese-funded Silkroad Int'l Bank opens in Djibouti |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/18/c_135994459.htm |publisher=New China}}</ref> === Layin Jirgin Kasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti === [[Fayil:Map_of_Addis_Ababa-Djibouti_Railway.png|right|thumb|Taswirar layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti]] Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti layin dogo ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke haɗa Addis Ababa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti a Tekun Aden, wanda ke ba wa Habasha da ke da iyaka damar shiga teku. A shekarar 2016, sama da kashi 95% na cinikin Habasha sun ratsa ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-05 |title=Ethiopia's new coastal rail link runs through restive region |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009204153/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Kamfanin China Railway Group da [[CCECC|Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injiniyan Jama'a na China]] sun fara gina layin dogo a shekarar 2011, kuma Bankin Exim na China, Bankin Ci Gaban China, da Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China ne suka ba su kuɗin aikin. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2016, tare da jimlar jarin dala biliyan 4, wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ƙasa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-Ethiopia railway carries hope for pan-African trade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/42d7af2e-d95a-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> == Yankin Ciniki 'Yanci na Duniya == Yankin Kasuwanci Mai 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti (DIFTZ) zai sauya harkokin kasuwanci a yankin tare da samar da tushe mai mahimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa na duniya don samun damar shiga kasuwar Afirka da ke ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri. An fara gina DIFTZ mako guda bayan kammala layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, sabon layin dogo 752.&nbsp;hanyar kilomita da ta haɗa babban birnin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti breaks ground on massive Chinese-backed free trade zone |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-djibouti-idUSL4N1F649H |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta China, [[Dalian Port Authority|Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Dalian]] da IZP don kafa Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan DIFTZ. Tare, sun fara gina yankin ciniki mai 'yanci na dala biliyan 3.5, wanda ya faɗaɗa sama da kadada 4,800. Ana sa ran wannan shiri zai ƙirƙiri sabbin ayyukan yi 200,000, da kuma ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin cinikin teku na duniya a cikin Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Massive Port Expansion |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/mustwatch_djiboutis_massiveport_expansion |publisher=Port Technology}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti profits as superpowers make strategic inroads |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/djibouti-profits-as-superpowers-make-strategic-inroads-1.2599351 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> == Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kayan aiki == Tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnatin Djibouti, DPFZA tana kula da gine-gine, gudanarwa da kuma gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da wurare da dama. === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti === Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] - wacce aka fi sani da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Red Sea - tana sauƙaƙa jigilar jiragen ruwa kusan 30,000 kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti faces new kid on the block |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36537044 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tallafawa ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar haɗa ta da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Doraleh Multipurpose]], Iskar Gas ta Ruwa (LNG) da tashar mai, da kuma ƙarin tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da aka keɓe don Gishiri da Potash. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port de Djibouti |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-based Red Sea Bunkering (RSB) acquires new vessel to provide offshore services |url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-based-red-sea-bunkering-rsb-acquires-new-vessel-to-provide-offshore-services/ |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News}}</ref> === Tashar Horizon (HDTL) === Tashar Horizon Djibouti an tanadar matattarar don biyan buƙatun cinikin mai da jigilar kaya, tare da ƙarfin ajiya na mita cubic 371,000, wuraren ɗaukar kaya da kayan aiki waɗanda za su iya biyan buƙatun gida, yanki da na contango (Crading). An gina Tashar Horizon Djibouti ne saboda saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka - kamar yaɗuwar kamfanonin mai masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar ayyukan sufuri. Ana sa ran kayayyakin HDTL za su bunƙasa tare da sauyin yanayin jigilar mai a teku, kuma su daidaita don bayar da ayyuka waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun gargajiya da na rashin tabbas na ɓangaren albarkatun ƙasa na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Terminals |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/index.html}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar tashar jiragen ruwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Suna ! Zuba Jari ! Ƙarfin aiki ! Aiki ! Kammalawa ! aiki |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tadjourah <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Tadjourah |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=1}}</ref> | dala miliyan 78 | Tan miliyan 4 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Potassium |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Goubet <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goubet Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=3}}</ref> | Dala miliyan 64 | Tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Gishiri da Gypsum |- | Tashar Doraleh mai Manufofi da Yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/doraleh-multi-purpose-port/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Doraleh Container Terminal |url=http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512023625/http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |archive-date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> | dala miliyan 590 | Tan 8,779,000 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 800 | 2017 | Kwantena da Tashar Girma |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Sama na Horizon Djibouti <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Djibouti Terminals Ltd |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/services_existing_terminals_h-djibouti.html}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | mita cubic 371,000 | Gina: 400 Aiki: 200 | 2005 | Ajiyar Mai, Tacewa da Fitar da Danyen Mai |- | Tashar Dabbobin Damerjog <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damerjog Livestock Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/damerjog-livestock-port/}}</ref> | dala miliyan 70 | Kansu miliyan 10 na dabbobi a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 400 Aiki: 400 | 2017 | Ajiye Dabbobi da Sufuri |- | Gyaran Jiragen Ruwa & Tashoshin Busassun Jiragen Ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Business Hub |url=https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/ICA_sponsored_events/IGAD_HoA_Conf_2012/DJIBOUTI_IGAD_Conf_March2012.pdf}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | | Ginawa: 1000 Aiki: 200 | 2018 | Kula da Sufuri |- | Tashar LNG <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Plans LNG, Oil Terminals to Develop Regional Trade |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-06/djibouti-plans-lng-oil-terminals-to-develop-regional-trade-ties |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> | dala biliyan 2.8 | mita cubic miliyan 10 | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2019 | Ajiye da Fitar da Iskar Gas ta Halitta |} == Ayyuka == Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana bayar da gaurayen ayyukan kasuwanci da na kasuwanci, tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnati masu dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridgehead to Africa |url=http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122937/http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |publisher=China Invest In}}</ref> === Kafa kamfani === Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tsara hanyoyin kafa kamfani a Djibouti. Masu neman aiki za su iya samun lasisin aiki ta hanyar hukumar. DPFZA kuma tana sarrafa izinin aiki ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje kuma tana sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen tare da kamfanoni. === Lasisin sufuri da dabaru === Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankunan Kyauta ta Djibouti tana gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, kamar bin ƙa'idodi da binciken aiki, tana tsara tsarin farashi don jigilar kaya ta ruwa da ta kaya, kuma tana ba da lasisin da ake buƙata ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a cikin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ko tashoshin jiragen ruwanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcsb9g7ijtb40ihq0ofakkfmmmpbviq Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban 0 154584 846341 2026-06-03T22:23:43Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354900579|Port of Durban]]" 846341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Durban Harbour''', ita ce tashar jigilar kaya mafi girma kuma mafi yawan aiki a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka]] . Tana ɗaukar har zuwa tan miliyan 31.4 na kaya kowace shekara. <ref name="iss-shipping1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064148/http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar, tana ɗaukar kimanin TEU miliyan 4.5 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Port Terminals 2019 |url=https://www.transnet.net/InvestorRelations/AR2019/Port%20Terminals.pdf |website=TransNet}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar tashar jiragen ruwa == * Durban ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma tana samar da sama da kashi 60% na kudaden shiga. * Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka (bayan Port Said a Masar). * Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi girma a Kudancin Duniya. (Na farko ita ce Jakarta a Indonesia, na biyu ita ce [[Surabaya]] a Indonesia, na uku ita ce Santos a Brazil). * Nisa da ke kewaye da tashar jiragen ruwa shine {{Convert|21|km}} . * Jimillar layukan dogo {{Convert|302|km}} . * Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda 58 waɗanda masu aiki da tashoshin jiragen sama sama da 20 ke gudanarwa. * Jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci sama da 4,500 ne ke zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa kowace shekara. An faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa kwanan nan. Zurfin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa yanzu {{Convert|19|m}} a cikin hanyar kusanci yana raguwa zuwa mita 16 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Faɗin kewayawa yanzu {{Convert|220|m}} . Tashar jiragen ruwan ta samu raguwar "kashi 5 cikin 100 na ayyukan jigilar kaya, kashi 6.2 cikin 100 na kiran jiragen ruwa da kuma kashi 2.8 cikin 100 na iya aiki" a kwata na biyu na 2020 saboda mummunan tasirin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] ta duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 and maritime transport: Impact and responses |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtltlbinf2020d1_en.pdf |access-date= |website=UNCTAD |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, matsakaicin karfin jiragen ruwan kwantena da ke zuwa tashar jiragen ruwan ya karu da kashi 14.5 cikin 100 a daidai wannan lokacin. <ref name=":1" /> Ma'aunin Ayyukan Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bankin Duniya na 2022 ya sanya Durban a matsayi na 341 daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa 348 da aka yi bincike a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bank |first=World |title=The Container Port Performance Index 2022 : A Comparable Assessment of Performance Based on Vessel Time in Port |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099051723134019182/P1758330d05f3607f09690076fedcf4e71a |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A cikin rahoton 2023, tashar jiragen ruwa ta zame zuwa matsayi na 399 daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa 405 da aka yi bincike a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Dead last among 405 ports – SA flies the CPPI rogues flag again |url=https://www.freightnews.co.za/article/dead-last-among-405-ports-sa-flies-cppi-rogues-flag-again |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Freight News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin jerin 2024, tashar jiragen ruwa ta faɗi zuwa matsayi na ƙasa, na 403 cikin 403. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2025 |title=The Container Port Performance Index 2020 to 2024: Trends and Lessons Learned |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43744 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa == [[Fayil:Durban_container_port_(24747434937).jpg|thumb|Kallon sama na tashar kwantena]] === Ma'ajiyar gado === * Wurin zama na jirgin ruwa mai lamba 1 * Wurin zama na jirgin ruwa mai lamba 2 * Point da T-Jetty Berth * Cross Berth * Duba Tsibiri * Bluff Berth * Bayhead Berth * Wurin Hawan Maydon === Tashar mota === An buɗe [[Durban Car Terminal|Tashar Motoci ta Durban]] a shekarar 1998, tare da ɗaukar motoci 60,000 a shekara. A shekarar 2004, faɗaɗa darajar [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|Rand]] miliyan 100 ya kawo adadin hanyoyin shiga zuwa 6,500. Wannan ya haɗa da gada mai tsawon mita 380 da ke haɗa tashar da gefen teku, inganta lokacin juyawar jiragen ruwa da inganta tsaro. === Tashar jiragen ruwa === Kamfanin MSC Cruises ya sauya jirgin ruwansa mai jigilar kaya zuwa Durban sau da yawa tun daga kakar 2019/2020. A lokacin tafiyar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu na 2024/2025, MSC Musica ta dawo Durban a matsayin jirgin da aka kawo gida, inda ta isa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=MSC Musica ship arrives in Durban (South Africa) starting 2024-2025 cruise season {{!}} Cruise News |url=https://www.cruisemapper.com/news/14109-msc-musica-arrives-durban |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=CruiseMapper |language=en-EN}}</ref> A kakar 2025/2026, MSC Cruises ta sanar da cewa MSC Opera za ta maye gurbin MSC Musica, wadda aka tsara za ta fara kakar wasanninta na gida a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da tashi da dawowa daga Durban da Cape Town. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebelthite |first=Shaun |date=2024-10-19 |title=MSC Cruises replaces MSC Musica with MSC Opera for 2025/26 South African season |url=https://cruise-arabia.com/2024/10/19/msc-cruises-replaces-msc-musica-with-msc-opera-for-2025-26-south-african-season/ |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=Cruise Arabia & Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wasu jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ratsa Durban kowace shekara, ciki har da wasu manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, kamar RMS <nowiki><i id="mwgQ">Queen Mary 2</i></nowiki> . An bai wa KwaZulu Cruise Terminal (Pty) Ltd kwangilar gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban ta R215 miliyan, wadda MSC Cruises SA ke da kashi 70% da kuma 30% na Africa Armada Consortium. Tashar za ta iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa guda biyu a kowane lokaci. == Cibiyoyin jiragen ruwa == [[Fayil:Durban,_South_Africa_by_Planet_Labs,_Port_of_Durban.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na ɓangaren teku na tashar jiragen ruwa]] Sansanin Sojojin Ruwa na Durban, wanda ke Tsibirin Salisbury, wani ɓangare ne na Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Durban. An kafa ta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an mayar da ita tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2012 an yanke shawarar gyara da faɗaɗa wuraren zuwa cikakken sansanin sojojin ruwa don ɗaukar jiragen ruwan sintiri na jiragen ruwan ruwan Afirka ta Kudu . A watan Disamba na 2015 an sake fasalin sansanin sojojin ruwa. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi guda uku na Jarumi (waɗanda a da jiragen yaƙi masu saurin kai hari ) waɗanda za a maye gurbinsu da sabbin jiragen ruwa na sintiri cikin shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar. == Shirye-shiryen faɗaɗawa == A watan Afrilun 2021, jami'an Afirka ta Kudu sun bayyana shirin zamani da fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa na dala biliyan 7 domin kara inganci da kuma inganta matsayinta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South Africa Unveils Expansion Plan for Port of Durban |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-africa-unveils-expansion-plan-for-port-of-durban |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> Ana sa ran shirin zai fadada karfin tashoshin jiragen ruwa daga TEU miliyan 2.9 zuwa TEU sama da miliyan 11 nan da shekarar 2031. <ref name=":0" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago sun soki shirin saboda rashin tuntubar su kan kwangilolin gine-gine, kuma sun yi gargadin cewa niyyar gwamnati na yin hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don kammala fadada zai iya haifar da asarar ayyukan yi ga wani kamfani mallakar gwamnati mai yawan bashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unions express fear over R100bn Durban port expansion project |url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/news/unions-express-fear-over-r100bn-durban-port-expansion-project-47ef08e2-8984-4b5c-be64-98d26e20541e |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2025, Transnet da International Container Terminal Services, Inc. (ICTSI) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa ta shekaru 25 don Durban Container Terminal Pier 2, wanda ya zama yarjejeniyar farko ta sayar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=South Africa Completes Deal for Privatization of Durban Container Terminal |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/south-africa-completes-deal-for-privatization-of-durban-container-terminal |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> A karkashin yarjejeniyar, an gudanar da Pier 2 ta hanyar wata sabuwar hanya ta musamman wacce Transnet Port Terminals ke da kashi 51 cikin 100 na hannun jari, kuma ICTSI ke da kashi 49 cikin 100. <ref name=":2" /> Yarjejeniyar ta biyo bayan kalubalantar shari'a da APM Terminals, wani reshe na Maersk, ya yi, wanda Babbar Kotun KwaZulu-Natal ta yi watsi da shi a watan Oktoban 2025. <ref name=":2" /> Haɗin gwiwar, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2026, ya bukaci a zuba jari kimanin dala miliyan 650, da nufin fadada karfin Pier 2 na shekara-shekara daga TEU miliyan 2 zuwa TEU miliyan 2.8 da kuma inganta yawan aikin crane daga yawan crane 18 zuwa 28 a kowace awa. <ref name=":2" /> A daidai da shirin faɗaɗawa, Transnet ta ci gaba da inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa na ɗan lokaci. A watan Disamba na 2023, Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Transnet ta fitar da Buƙatar Shawarwari don sake ginawa, zurfafawa, da tsawaita tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Durban Container Terminal Pier 2 North Quay, tare da niyyar fara ginin a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Durban port deepening project to start in 2024 {{!}} Freight News |url=https://www.freightnews.co.za/article/durban-port-deepening-project-to-start-in-2024 |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=www.freightnews.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Aikin, wani ɓangare na Babban Tsarin Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na R154 biliyan, ya ƙunshi zurfafa Berths 203, 204, da 205 da hanyar da za a bi daga mita 12.8 zuwa mita 16.5, da kuma faɗaɗa tsawon wurin zama mai inganci daga mita 914 zuwa mita 1,210 don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa guda uku na Super Post Panamax a lokaci guda. <ref name=":3" /> A wani ɓangaren kuma, a watan Maris na 2025, Transnet ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin saka hannun jari na R3.4 biliyan don haɓaka injunan sarrafa kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa, gami da isar da sabbin jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya da kuma cranes masu taya da roba (RTG) a Tashar Kwantena ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Lisa |date=2025-03-03 |title=Transnet Invests R3.4 Billion To Upgrade Port Of Durban |url=https://dredgewire.com/transnet-invests-r3-4-billion-to-upgrade-port-of-durban/ |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=DredgeWire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na shiga Afirka ta Kudu * Harin Intanet na Transnet na 2021 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3k3tgxm41yit9zavgczrcpwd4s69sd9 846342 846341 2026-06-03T22:24:09Z Engineer014 44591 846342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Durban Harbour''', ita ce tashar jigilar kaya mafi girma kuma mafi yawan aiki a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka]] . Tana ɗaukar har zuwa tan miliyan 31.4 na kaya kowace shekara. <ref name="iss-shipping1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064148/http://www.iss-shipping.com/Microsites/Document%20Library/Port%20Of%20Durban.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar, tana ɗaukar kimanin TEU miliyan 4.5 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Port Terminals 2019 |url=https://www.transnet.net/InvestorRelations/AR2019/Port%20Terminals.pdf |website=TransNet}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar tashar jiragen ruwa == * Durban ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma tana samar da sama da kashi 60% na kudaden shiga. * Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka (bayan Port Said a Masar). * Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi girma a Kudancin Duniya. (Na farko ita ce Jakarta a Indonesia, na biyu ita ce [[Surabaya]] a Indonesia, na uku ita ce Santos a Brazil). * Nisa da ke kewaye da tashar jiragen ruwa shine {{Convert|21|km}} . * Jimillar layukan dogo {{Convert|302|km}} . * Tashar jiragen ruwan tana da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda 58 waɗanda masu aiki da tashoshin jiragen sama sama da 20 ke gudanarwa. * Jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci sama da 4,500 ne ke zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa kowace shekara. An faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa kwanan nan. Zurfin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa yanzu {{Convert|19|m}} a cikin hanyar kusanci yana raguwa zuwa mita 16 a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Faɗin kewayawa yanzu {{Convert|220|m}} . Tashar jiragen ruwan ta samu raguwar "kashi 5 cikin 100 na ayyukan jigilar kaya, kashi 6.2 cikin 100 na kiran jiragen ruwa da kuma kashi 2.8 cikin 100 na iya aiki" a kwata na biyu na 2020 saboda mummunan tasirin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] ta duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 and maritime transport: Impact and responses |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtltlbinf2020d1_en.pdf |access-date= |website=UNCTAD |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, matsakaicin karfin jiragen ruwan kwantena da ke zuwa tashar jiragen ruwan ya karu da kashi 14.5 cikin 100 a daidai wannan lokacin. <ref name=":1" /> Ma'aunin Ayyukan Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bankin Duniya na 2022 ya sanya Durban a matsayi na 341 daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa 348 da aka yi bincike a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bank |first=World |title=The Container Port Performance Index 2022 : A Comparable Assessment of Performance Based on Vessel Time in Port |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099051723134019182/P1758330d05f3607f09690076fedcf4e71a |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A cikin rahoton 2023, tashar jiragen ruwa ta zame zuwa matsayi na 399 daga cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa 405 da aka yi bincike a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Dead last among 405 ports – SA flies the CPPI rogues flag again |url=https://www.freightnews.co.za/article/dead-last-among-405-ports-sa-flies-cppi-rogues-flag-again |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Freight News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin jerin 2024, tashar jiragen ruwa ta faɗi zuwa matsayi na ƙasa, na 403 cikin 403. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2025 |title=The Container Port Performance Index 2020 to 2024: Trends and Lessons Learned |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43744 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kayayyakin tashar jiragen ruwa == [[Fayil:Durban_container_port_(24747434937).jpg|thumb|Kallon sama na tashar kwantena]] === Ma'ajiyar gado === * Wurin zama na jirgin ruwa mai lamba 1 * Wurin zama na jirgin ruwa mai lamba 2 * Point da T-Jetty Berth * Cross Berth * Duba Tsibiri * Bluff Berth * Bayhead Berth * Wurin Hawan Maydon === Tashar mota === An buɗe [[Durban Car Terminal|Tashar Motoci ta Durban]] a shekarar 1998, tare da ɗaukar motoci 60,000 a shekara. A shekarar 2004, faɗaɗa darajar [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|Rand]] miliyan 100 ya kawo adadin hanyoyin shiga zuwa 6,500. Wannan ya haɗa da gada mai tsawon mita 380 da ke haɗa tashar da gefen teku, inganta lokacin juyawar jiragen ruwa da inganta tsaro. === Tashar jiragen ruwa === Kamfanin MSC Cruises ya sauya jirgin ruwansa mai jigilar kaya zuwa Durban sau da yawa tun daga kakar 2019/2020. A lokacin tafiyar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu na 2024/2025, MSC Musica ta dawo Durban a matsayin jirgin da aka kawo gida, inda ta isa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=MSC Musica ship arrives in Durban (South Africa) starting 2024-2025 cruise season {{!}} Cruise News |url=https://www.cruisemapper.com/news/14109-msc-musica-arrives-durban |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=CruiseMapper |language=en-EN}}</ref> A kakar 2025/2026, MSC Cruises ta sanar da cewa MSC Opera za ta maye gurbin MSC Musica, wadda aka tsara za ta fara kakar wasanninta na gida a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2025 tare da tashi da dawowa daga Durban da Cape Town. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebelthite |first=Shaun |date=2024-10-19 |title=MSC Cruises replaces MSC Musica with MSC Opera for 2025/26 South African season |url=https://cruise-arabia.com/2024/10/19/msc-cruises-replaces-msc-musica-with-msc-opera-for-2025-26-south-african-season/ |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=Cruise Arabia & Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wasu jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ratsa Durban kowace shekara, ciki har da wasu manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, kamar RMS <nowiki><i id="mwgQ">Queen Mary 2</i></nowiki> . An bai wa KwaZulu Cruise Terminal (Pty) Ltd kwangilar gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban ta R215 miliyan, wadda MSC Cruises SA ke da kashi 70% da kuma 30% na Africa Armada Consortium. Tashar za ta iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa guda biyu a kowane lokaci. == Cibiyoyin jiragen ruwa == [[Fayil:Durban,_South_Africa_by_Planet_Labs,_Port_of_Durban.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na ɓangaren teku na tashar jiragen ruwa]] Sansanin Sojojin Ruwa na Durban, wanda ke Tsibirin Salisbury, wani ɓangare ne na Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Durban. An kafa ta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an mayar da ita tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2012 an yanke shawarar gyara da faɗaɗa wuraren zuwa cikakken sansanin sojojin ruwa don ɗaukar jiragen ruwan sintiri na jiragen ruwan ruwan Afirka ta Kudu . A watan Disamba na 2015 an sake fasalin sansanin sojojin ruwa. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi guda uku na Jarumi (waɗanda a da jiragen yaƙi masu saurin kai hari ) waɗanda za a maye gurbinsu da sabbin jiragen ruwa na sintiri cikin shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar. == Shirye-shiryen faɗaɗawa == A watan Afrilun 2021, jami'an Afirka ta Kudu sun bayyana shirin zamani da fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa na dala biliyan 7 domin kara inganci da kuma inganta matsayinta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South Africa Unveils Expansion Plan for Port of Durban |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/south-africa-unveils-expansion-plan-for-port-of-durban |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> Ana sa ran shirin zai fadada karfin tashoshin jiragen ruwa daga TEU miliyan 2.9 zuwa TEU sama da miliyan 11 nan da shekarar 2031. <ref name=":0" /> Kungiyoyin kwadago sun soki shirin saboda rashin tuntubar su kan kwangilolin gine-gine, kuma sun yi gargadin cewa niyyar gwamnati na yin hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don kammala fadada zai iya haifar da asarar ayyukan yi ga wani kamfani mallakar gwamnati mai yawan bashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unions express fear over R100bn Durban port expansion project |url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/news/unions-express-fear-over-r100bn-durban-port-expansion-project-47ef08e2-8984-4b5c-be64-98d26e20541e |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2025, Transnet da International Container Terminal Services, Inc. (ICTSI) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa ta shekaru 25 don Durban Container Terminal Pier 2, wanda ya zama yarjejeniyar farko ta sayar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=South Africa Completes Deal for Privatization of Durban Container Terminal |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/south-africa-completes-deal-for-privatization-of-durban-container-terminal |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> A karkashin yarjejeniyar, an gudanar da Pier 2 ta hanyar wata sabuwar hanya ta musamman wacce Transnet Port Terminals ke da kashi 51 cikin 100 na hannun jari, kuma ICTSI ke da kashi 49 cikin 100. <ref name=":2" /> Yarjejeniyar ta biyo bayan kalubalantar shari'a da APM Terminals, wani reshe na Maersk, ya yi, wanda Babbar Kotun KwaZulu-Natal ta yi watsi da shi a watan Oktoban 2025. <ref name=":2" /> Haɗin gwiwar, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2026, ya bukaci a zuba jari kimanin dala miliyan 650, da nufin fadada karfin Pier 2 na shekara-shekara daga TEU miliyan 2 zuwa TEU miliyan 2.8 da kuma inganta yawan aikin crane daga yawan crane 18 zuwa 28 a kowace awa. <ref name=":2" /> A daidai da shirin faɗaɗawa, Transnet ta ci gaba da inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa na ɗan lokaci. A watan Disamba na 2023, Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta Transnet ta fitar da Buƙatar Shawarwari don sake ginawa, zurfafawa, da tsawaita tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Durban Container Terminal Pier 2 North Quay, tare da niyyar fara ginin a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Durban port deepening project to start in 2024 {{!}} Freight News |url=https://www.freightnews.co.za/article/durban-port-deepening-project-to-start-in-2024 |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=www.freightnews.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Aikin, wani ɓangare na Babban Tsarin Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na KwaZulu-Natal na R154 biliyan, ya ƙunshi zurfafa Berths 203, 204, da 205 da hanyar da za a bi daga mita 12.8 zuwa mita 16.5, da kuma faɗaɗa tsawon wurin zama mai inganci daga mita 914 zuwa mita 1,210 don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa guda uku na Super Post Panamax a lokaci guda. <ref name=":3" /> A wani ɓangaren kuma, a watan Maris na 2025, Transnet ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin saka hannun jari na R3.4 biliyan don haɓaka injunan sarrafa kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa, gami da isar da sabbin jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya da kuma cranes masu taya da roba (RTG) a Tashar Kwantena ta Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Lisa |date=2025-03-03 |title=Transnet Invests R3.4 Billion To Upgrade Port Of Durban |url=https://dredgewire.com/transnet-invests-r3-4-billion-to-upgrade-port-of-durban/ |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=DredgeWire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na shiga Afirka ta Kudu * Harin Intanet na Transnet na 2021 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qf5rffoicsmi4p5nexr545a3chjvnsa Kogin Kolinbiné 0 154585 846343 2026-06-03T22:25:04Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311780340|Kolinbiné River]]" 846343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kolinbiné''' (Faransa: ''Rivière Kolinbiné'' ) kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana fitowa a kudancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu, yana zama wani ɓangare na iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Mauritania da [[Mali]] . <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Brownlie}}</ref> A Mali, yana haɗuwa da [[Kogin Senegal|Kogin Sénégal]] 5&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]] . Kogin yana gudana ta cikin wasu ƙananan ramuka da ke cike da ruwa a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacin damina (Yuli zuwa Satumba). Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Tafkin Magui wanda ya kai kusan tsawon shekaru 30.&nbsp;kilomita a gefen arewa zuwa kudu. Tafkin yana da nisan mil 55.&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso gabashin Kayes a == Manazarta == 9zqwntm7alhnjul3a6ucik9ladlf73j 846344 846343 2026-06-03T22:25:28Z Engineer014 44591 846344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kolinbiné''' (Faransa: ''Rivière Kolinbiné'' ) kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana fitowa a kudancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu, yana zama wani ɓangare na iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Mauritania da [[Mali]] . <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Brownlie}}</ref> A Mali, yana haɗuwa da [[Kogin Senegal|Kogin Sénégal]] 5&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]] . Kogin yana gudana ta cikin wasu ƙananan ramuka da ke cike da ruwa a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacin damina (Yuli zuwa Satumba). Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Tafkin Magui wanda ya kai kusan tsawon shekaru 30.&nbsp;kilomita a gefen arewa zuwa kudu. Tafkin yana da nisan mil 55.&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso gabashin Kayes a == Manazarta == 6s9s8nqilm5xgz7k32ichh0yamqht5e Kogin Gorgol 0 154586 846345 2026-06-03T22:26:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333624876|Gorgol River]]" 846345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gorgol''' [[kogi]] ne na kudancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ke ƙarƙashin [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal]] . Kogin ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar Gorgol Noir (194)&nbsp;tsawon kilomita), tare da Gorgol Blanc (345)&nbsp;tsawon kilomita). Gorgol ya haɗu da Kogin Sénégal a Kaédi . Kogin kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Mauritania wanda jarin da aka zuba a shekarun 1970 ya taimaka masa. == Manazarta == rz21rzwq4qgu4cocpxa5ejr6m4qczzi 846346 846345 2026-06-03T22:27:06Z Engineer014 44591 846346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Gorgol''' [[kogi]] ne na kudancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] wanda ke ƙarƙashin [[Kogin Senegal|kogin Sénégal]] . Kogin ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar Gorgol Noir (194)&nbsp;tsawon kilomita), tare da Gorgol Blanc (345)&nbsp;tsawon kilomita). Gorgol ya haɗu da Kogin Sénégal a Kaédi . Kogin kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Mauritania wanda jarin da aka zuba a shekarun 1970 ya taimaka masa. == Manazarta == fjqiue3c0s13oo7477qjwtgm7vhym33 Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mauritius 0 154587 846347 2026-06-03T22:28:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316149452|Mauritius Ports Authority]]" 846347 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius''' ( '''MPA''' ) ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati a [[Moris|Mauritius]], ita ce kaɗai ke kula da tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukanta. <ref name="inv">{{Cite web |title=The Mauritius Ports Authority (MPA) |url=http://www.investorsbusinessguide.mu/Content/The-Mauritius-Ports-Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413150357/http://www.investorsbusinessguide.mu/Content/The-Mauritius-Ports-Authority |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=Investor Business Guide}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A da, an san ta da Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius (MMA), MPA ita ce hukumar tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta ƙasa guda ɗaya tilo da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta 1998, don tsara da kuma kula da sassan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mauritius da Rodrigues. MPA hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ce ta masu gidaje, tana samar da manyan kayayyakin more rayuwa na tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma babban gini, tare da kayan aiki masu alaƙa. Hakanan tana ba da ayyukan ruwa da taimakon kewayawa, yayin da take tsara da kuma sarrafa duk ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da batutuwan muhalli a cikin yankunan da aka keɓe na tashar jiragen ruwa. A matsayin babbar hanyar shiga ƙasar, Port Louis Harbour tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin ƙasa ta hanyar sarrafa kusan kashi 99% na jimillar cinikin waje. Duk wani abu da ake shigo da shi ta hanyar dabaru kamar abinci da man fetur, albarkatun ƙasa ga masana'antar yadi, da manyan fitar da kayayyaki kamar sukari da yadi, suna wucewa ta tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tashar jiragen ruwa ta mayar da ita cibiyar tattalin arziki, tare da kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa na zamani, tashar jiragen ruwa mai ƙarfi ta Freeport, manyan wurare masu tashar jiragen ruwa tare da kyakkyawan bakin teku da kuma wurin shakatawa na musamman. Manufar Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius (MPA) ita ce ta sanya Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Port Louis da Port Mathurin su kasance masu kayan aiki, waɗanda kwararru ke kula da su, kuma a kullum ake inganta su domin a ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki masu yawa da kuma inganta ayyukan yi a farashi mai rahusa. Domin cimma wannan buri, MPA za ta ci gaba da bin manufar ingantawa da bude kofa ga kasashen waje. Haka kuma, za ta karfafa zuba jari a tashoshin jiragen ruwa don biyan bukatun da ake da su na karuwar layukan jigilar kaya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a tashoshin jiragen ruwa. == Duba kuma == * Hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa * Mai sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa == Manazarta == k0ww1wwpof12l9ra10jts5y5rkowsvw 846348 846347 2026-06-03T22:28:59Z Engineer014 44591 846348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius''' ( '''MPA''' ) ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati a [[Moris|Mauritius]], ita ce kaɗai ke kula da tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukanta. <ref name="inv">{{Cite web |title=The Mauritius Ports Authority (MPA) |url=http://www.investorsbusinessguide.mu/Content/The-Mauritius-Ports-Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413150357/http://www.investorsbusinessguide.mu/Content/The-Mauritius-Ports-Authority |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=Investor Business Guide}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A da, an san ta da Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius (MMA), MPA ita ce hukumar tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta ƙasa guda ɗaya tilo da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta 1998, don tsara da kuma kula da sassan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Mauritius da Rodrigues. MPA hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ce ta masu gidaje, tana samar da manyan kayayyakin more rayuwa na tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma babban gini, tare da kayan aiki masu alaƙa. Hakanan tana ba da ayyukan ruwa da taimakon kewayawa, yayin da take tsara da kuma sarrafa duk ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da batutuwan muhalli a cikin yankunan da aka keɓe na tashar jiragen ruwa. A matsayin babbar hanyar shiga ƙasar, Port Louis Harbour tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin ƙasa ta hanyar sarrafa kusan kashi 99% na jimillar cinikin waje. Duk wani abu da ake shigo da shi ta hanyar dabaru kamar abinci da man fetur, albarkatun ƙasa ga masana'antar yadi, da manyan fitar da kayayyaki kamar sukari da yadi, suna wucewa ta tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tashar jiragen ruwa ta mayar da ita cibiyar tattalin arziki, tare da kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa na zamani, tashar jiragen ruwa mai ƙarfi ta Freeport, manyan wurare masu tashar jiragen ruwa tare da kyakkyawan bakin teku da kuma wurin shakatawa na musamman. Manufar Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Mauritius (MPA) ita ce ta sanya Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Port Louis da Port Mathurin su kasance masu kayan aiki, waɗanda kwararru ke kula da su, kuma a kullum ake inganta su domin a ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki masu yawa da kuma inganta ayyukan yi a farashi mai rahusa. Domin cimma wannan buri, MPA za ta ci gaba da bin manufar ingantawa da bude kofa ga kasashen waje. Haka kuma, za ta karfafa zuba jari a tashoshin jiragen ruwa don biyan bukatun da ake da su na karuwar layukan jigilar kaya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a tashoshin jiragen ruwa. == Duba kuma == * Hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa * Mai sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa == Manazarta == qdqijfrie7tqmtwclgraza7bli5z63q Sufurin ruwa a Zambia 0 154588 846349 2026-06-03T22:31:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334638966|Water transport in Zambia]]" 846349 wikitext text/x-wiki Sufurin ruwa da kuma hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida da yawa da ake iya bi a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da su a aikace sai dai a wasu sassan kudu. Tunda ba a yi amfani da dabbobin da ke shawagi kamar shanu sosai ba, jigilar ruwa yawanci ita ce kawai mafita ga tafiya da ƙafa har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Tarihi da mahimmancin hanyoyin ruwan Zambia a yanzu, da kuma nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na asali da ake amfani da su, suna ba da bayanai kan wannan muhimmin fanni na tattalin arzikin Zambia. == Jiragen ruwa na asali da kuma amfani da hanyoyin ruwa na gargajiya == === Kwale-kwalen Dugout === Dabarar yin kwale-kwale na wucin gadi ko rafting ta hanyar haɗa tarin ciyawa masu tasowa ta hanyar haɗa su da yawa, an san su ga mutanen Afirka da ke zaune kusa da koguna, tafkuna, tafkuna da dausayi na abin da yanzu ake kira Zambia. Zuwan Zamanin Ƙarfe ya gabatar da kayan aiki kamar [[Gizago|adze]] wanda ke sauƙaƙa gina kwale-kwalen dugout, musamman daga teak na Afirka ( ''Pterocarpus angolensis'' ko 'mulombe' a Chibemba, 'mulombe' a Chilozi, 'mukwa' a Chishona) wanda ke da tsawon rai ko da lokacin da ake nutsar da shi akai-akai. Daga nan sai wurin ya zama babban hanyar kamun kifi da tafiye-tafiye ta jirgin ruwa, ko dai a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kamar makoros a Botswana maƙwabciya. Lokacin da mai bincike David Livingstone, Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], ya isa gabar yammacin wannan tafkin a shekarar 1868, an kai shi ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 45 da faɗin ƙafa 4 (kimanin mita 14 da mita 1.2), wanda mutane shida suka yi wa kwale-kwale. Mutanen tafkin da wuraren danshi, waɗanda suka mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi sama da 10,000, sun mamaye shi.&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, suna da ikon kewaya ba tare da taimako ba a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa ko ta cikin hanyoyin ruwa masu faɗi duk da cewa ba su da alamun da za su jagorance su a mafi yawan lokuta. Akwai labarin mutanen Shila a cikin fadama [[Kogin Luapula|na Luapula]] a ƙarni na 19 suna farautar dorinar ruwa da ƙwarewa mai kyau ta hanyar jefa musu harpoon daga kwale-kwalen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, duk da cewa suna cikin babban haɗari daga ikon waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu ƙarfin hali na juyar da kwale-kwalen da kuma cizon masu faka da shi kusan rabi, kuma su ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane da yawa a Zambia. <ref>[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} William Lammond: “The Luapula Valley”, in ''The [[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'', Vol 2 No 5 pp 50−55(1954)</ref> Ana iya haɗa kwale-kwalen da dama tare da gina wani dandamali na katako a kansu don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, kuma an yi jiragen ruwa na farko da yawa ta wannan hanyar, kamar jirgin ruwa na farko da ya ratsa Kogin Luangwa a shekarar 1929, wanda zai iya ɗaukar babbar mota mai nauyin tan 1.5. An yi amfani da mutane goma sha biyu wajen yin hayan, hanyar ta kan ɗauki awanni huɗu zuwa shida, ba saboda faɗin kogin ba, amma saboda buƙatar yin tafiya mai nisa kafin a haye, lokacin da wutar lantarki za ta share pontoon kilomita da yawa a ƙasa. <ref name="NRJ">[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)</ref> Akwai al'ummomin kamun kifi na dindindin da na yanayi waɗanda kawai hanyar shiga ta jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale take, kamar a Bangweulu da [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] musamman, har ma da koguna da gabar tafkin da yawa. Ga irin waɗannan al'ummomin, kwale-kwale da jiragen ruwa hanya ce ta rayuwa. Wani mai mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1920 ya ga kwale-kwale mai hawa dutse yana ratsa tafkin Tanganyika (35)&nbsp;(kilomita 1) wanda ya isa ya sami raƙuman ruwa na kusan mita 1. Ko da yake irin wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ya yi mamakin ganin cewa masu tuka jirgin ruwa uku duk makafi ne, kuma wani ƙaramin yaro ne ke tuƙa jirgin zuwa shagon da ke Mpulungu domin su sayi kayayyaki. <ref>[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} — (No author): “Strange Encounter”, in ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 p55 (1954)</ref> === Jiragen ruwan katako na Lozi === Kafin zuwan Turawa daga shekarar 1860 zuwa gaba, mutanen Lozi na Barotseland suna gina jiragen ruwa na sarauta na ''Nalikwanda'' da aka yi da alluna na teak da aka ɗaure da ƙusoshin ƙarfe (dazuzzukan Teak na Rhodesian sun girma a gabashin Barotseland). Kamar yadda aka gani a bikin Kuomboka, waɗannan sun kai girman da ya kai ɗari, suna buƙatar masu yin kwale-kwale ɗari ko fiye. Duk da cewa akwai rade-radin cewa Lozi ya koyi wannan hanyar gina kwale-kwale daga 'yan kasuwa [[Larabawa]] ko na Portugal, Lozi bai bar irin waɗannan 'yan kasuwa su shiga yankinsu ba, kuma 'yan kasuwa ba su yi jigilar kwale-kwale zuwa tsakiyar Afirka da su ba. Babu wata shaida da za ta nuna cewa jirgin ruwan Lozi wani abu ne banda fasaha ta asali. == Sufurin ruwa a zamanin mulkin mallaka == Tsawon kimanin shekaru talatin bayan fara mulkin mallaka a matsayin [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yamma]] da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]], babu wani sufuri a yankin, sai dai ta hanyar keken shanu . Ko da lokacin da layin dogo na farko ya isa Copperbelt a shekarar 1910, babu wani sufuri na hanya daga wannan layin guda ɗaya zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye ko sauran ƙasar. Jami'an mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasuwa, da 'yan ƙalilan mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da jigilar ruwa, kuma wasu 'yan Afirka suna samun kuɗin rayuwarsu suna hayar kwale-kwalen su da kuma aiki a gare su. <ref name="NRJ">[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2025]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged August 2025">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)</ref> === Sufurin tafki === # [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] : tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mpulungu tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga arewacin yankin har zuwa [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], kuma har ma bayan haka ta kasance babbar hanya tare da ayyukan [[MV Liemba]] da ke haɗawa da layin dogo na Kigoma - [[Dar es Salaam]] . # [[Tafkin Bangweulu|Tafkin Bangweulu da Bangweulu swamps]] : daga Samfya da [[Nsombo]] zuwa dukkan sassan tsarin. # [[Tafkin Mweru|Lake Mweru]] : Nchelenge - Kashikishi zuwa tsibirin Kilwa, Chiengi da Pweto . === Sufurin tashar kogi da fadama === # [[Kogin Zambezi]] : Katombora Rapids zuwa Sesheke da Katima Mulilo, a sama akwai jerin raƙuman ruwa a nisan kilomita 20&nbsp;km, sannan kuma magudanar ruwa ta Ngonye 75&nbsp;kilomita a ci gaba da tafiya a Sioma. Dangane da matakin ruwa, ana iya yin kwale-kwale ko ja su ta cikin ruwa ko kuma a kai su a kusa da ruwan, kuma a Sioma, Cif Yeta yana da tawagar shanu 40 da za su iya ja dawaki.&nbsp;kilomita a kan ƙasa da ke kewaye da maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Ngonye. # [[Upper Zambezi|Babban Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] da Nyamboma Rapids, musamman Mongu zuwa Kalabo . # Kasenga (a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ) da Kashiba, a gefen juna a Kogin Luapula, zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950, yawancin kamun kifi na kasuwanci a tafkin masunta ne 'yan Girka da ke aiki daga Kasenga. Gwamnatin [[Belgian Congo|Belgium Congo]] ta kuma yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai tuka keke mai suna ''Charles Lemaire'', a kan Luapula da Tafkin Mweru. # Fadamar Bangweulu : Sau da yawa ana takaita daruruwan hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar canza ciyayi kuma ba su dace da jiragen ruwa masu motsi ba sai waɗanda ke da injinan waje. An yi ƙoƙari tsawon shekaru don yanke hanyoyin ruwa amma daga ƙarshe sun zama ƙasa ko kuma sun sake girma da papyrus. Manyan hanyoyin: === Sauran hanyoyin ruwa, amfanin gida === * Kogin Kafue, duk da cewa yana da sauƙin tafiya tsakanin garin Kafue da Copperbelt, ba a yi amfani da shi don wannan hanyar ba saboda hanyar da ke tafiya a hankali wadda ke kai ta zuwa yamma ta sa hanyar ta fi nisan layin madaidaiciya sau uku, kuma ba ta wucewa kusa da kowace yanki mai yawan jama'a. * Hakazalika Kogin Luangwa ba ya zama babban hanyar ruwa domin ba ya ratsawa ta kowace unguwa mai yawan jama'a, kuma yana zama ƙasa sosai a lokacin rani. * [[Dongwe River|Kogin Dongwe]] da [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kogin Kabompo]] a yamma * [[Kogin Lungwebungu]] a yamma * Luena- [[Luongo River|Luongo]] a arewa * Kogin Upper Kalungwishi a arewa * [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa]] a arewa * Fadamar Lukanga a tsakiya == Manazarta == mknojmmzdjiig0wnflqjkrc0fuvvunh 846350 846349 2026-06-03T22:31:57Z Engineer014 44591 846350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sufurin ruwa da kuma hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida da yawa da ake iya bi a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da su a aikace sai dai a wasu sassan kudu. Tunda ba a yi amfani da dabbobin da ke shawagi kamar shanu sosai ba, jigilar ruwa yawanci ita ce kawai mafita ga tafiya da ƙafa har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Tarihi da mahimmancin hanyoyin ruwan Zambia a yanzu, da kuma nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na asali da ake amfani da su, suna ba da bayanai kan wannan muhimmin fanni na tattalin arzikin Zambia. == Jiragen ruwa na asali da kuma amfani da hanyoyin ruwa na gargajiya == === Kwale-kwalen Dugout === Dabarar yin kwale-kwale na wucin gadi ko rafting ta hanyar haɗa tarin ciyawa masu tasowa ta hanyar haɗa su da yawa, an san su ga mutanen Afirka da ke zaune kusa da koguna, tafkuna, tafkuna da dausayi na abin da yanzu ake kira Zambia. Zuwan Zamanin Ƙarfe ya gabatar da kayan aiki kamar [[Gizago|adze]] wanda ke sauƙaƙa gina kwale-kwalen dugout, musamman daga teak na Afirka ( ''Pterocarpus angolensis'' ko 'mulombe' a Chibemba, 'mulombe' a Chilozi, 'mukwa' a Chishona) wanda ke da tsawon rai ko da lokacin da ake nutsar da shi akai-akai. Daga nan sai wurin ya zama babban hanyar kamun kifi da tafiye-tafiye ta jirgin ruwa, ko dai a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kamar makoros a Botswana maƙwabciya. Lokacin da mai bincike David Livingstone, Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], ya isa gabar yammacin wannan tafkin a shekarar 1868, an kai shi ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 45 da faɗin ƙafa 4 (kimanin mita 14 da mita 1.2), wanda mutane shida suka yi wa kwale-kwale. Mutanen tafkin da wuraren danshi, waɗanda suka mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi sama da 10,000, sun mamaye shi.&nbsp;kilomita <sup>2</sup> a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, suna da ikon kewaya ba tare da taimako ba a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa ko ta cikin hanyoyin ruwa masu faɗi duk da cewa ba su da alamun da za su jagorance su a mafi yawan lokuta. Akwai labarin mutanen Shila a cikin fadama [[Kogin Luapula|na Luapula]] a ƙarni na 19 suna farautar dorinar ruwa da ƙwarewa mai kyau ta hanyar jefa musu harpoon daga kwale-kwalen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, duk da cewa suna cikin babban haɗari daga ikon waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu ƙarfin hali na juyar da kwale-kwalen da kuma cizon masu faka da shi kusan rabi, kuma su ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane da yawa a Zambia. <ref>[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} William Lammond: “The Luapula Valley”, in ''The [[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'', Vol 2 No 5 pp 50−55(1954)</ref> Ana iya haɗa kwale-kwalen da dama tare da gina wani dandamali na katako a kansu don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, kuma an yi jiragen ruwa na farko da yawa ta wannan hanyar, kamar jirgin ruwa na farko da ya ratsa Kogin Luangwa a shekarar 1929, wanda zai iya ɗaukar babbar mota mai nauyin tan 1.5. An yi amfani da mutane goma sha biyu wajen yin hayan, hanyar ta kan ɗauki awanni huɗu zuwa shida, ba saboda faɗin kogin ba, amma saboda buƙatar yin tafiya mai nisa kafin a haye, lokacin da wutar lantarki za ta share pontoon kilomita da yawa a ƙasa. <ref name="NRJ">[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)</ref> Akwai al'ummomin kamun kifi na dindindin da na yanayi waɗanda kawai hanyar shiga ta jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale take, kamar a Bangweulu da [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] musamman, har ma da koguna da gabar tafkin da yawa. Ga irin waɗannan al'ummomin, kwale-kwale da jiragen ruwa hanya ce ta rayuwa. Wani mai mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1920 ya ga kwale-kwale mai hawa dutse yana ratsa tafkin Tanganyika (35)&nbsp;(kilomita 1) wanda ya isa ya sami raƙuman ruwa na kusan mita 1. Ko da yake irin wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ya yi mamakin ganin cewa masu tuka jirgin ruwa uku duk makafi ne, kuma wani ƙaramin yaro ne ke tuƙa jirgin zuwa shagon da ke Mpulungu domin su sayi kayayyaki. <ref>[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} — (No author): “Strange Encounter”, in ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 p55 (1954)</ref> === Jiragen ruwan katako na Lozi === Kafin zuwan Turawa daga shekarar 1860 zuwa gaba, mutanen Lozi na Barotseland suna gina jiragen ruwa na sarauta na ''Nalikwanda'' da aka yi da alluna na teak da aka ɗaure da ƙusoshin ƙarfe (dazuzzukan Teak na Rhodesian sun girma a gabashin Barotseland). Kamar yadda aka gani a bikin Kuomboka, waɗannan sun kai girman da ya kai ɗari, suna buƙatar masu yin kwale-kwale ɗari ko fiye. Duk da cewa akwai rade-radin cewa Lozi ya koyi wannan hanyar gina kwale-kwale daga 'yan kasuwa [[Larabawa]] ko na Portugal, Lozi bai bar irin waɗannan 'yan kasuwa su shiga yankinsu ba, kuma 'yan kasuwa ba su yi jigilar kwale-kwale zuwa tsakiyar Afirka da su ba. Babu wata shaida da za ta nuna cewa jirgin ruwan Lozi wani abu ne banda fasaha ta asali. == Sufurin ruwa a zamanin mulkin mallaka == Tsawon kimanin shekaru talatin bayan fara mulkin mallaka a matsayin [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yamma]] da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]], babu wani sufuri a yankin, sai dai ta hanyar keken shanu . Ko da lokacin da layin dogo na farko ya isa Copperbelt a shekarar 1910, babu wani sufuri na hanya daga wannan layin guda ɗaya zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye ko sauran ƙasar. Jami'an mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasuwa, da 'yan ƙalilan mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da jigilar ruwa, kuma wasu 'yan Afirka suna samun kuɗin rayuwarsu suna hayar kwale-kwalen su da kuma aiki a gare su. <ref name="NRJ">[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2025]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged August 2025">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)</ref> === Sufurin tafki === # [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] : tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mpulungu tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga arewacin yankin har zuwa [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], kuma har ma bayan haka ta kasance babbar hanya tare da ayyukan [[MV Liemba]] da ke haɗawa da layin dogo na Kigoma - [[Dar es Salaam]] . # [[Tafkin Bangweulu|Tafkin Bangweulu da Bangweulu swamps]] : daga Samfya da [[Nsombo]] zuwa dukkan sassan tsarin. # [[Tafkin Mweru|Lake Mweru]] : Nchelenge - Kashikishi zuwa tsibirin Kilwa, Chiengi da Pweto . === Sufurin tashar kogi da fadama === # [[Kogin Zambezi]] : Katombora Rapids zuwa Sesheke da Katima Mulilo, a sama akwai jerin raƙuman ruwa a nisan kilomita 20&nbsp;km, sannan kuma magudanar ruwa ta Ngonye 75&nbsp;kilomita a ci gaba da tafiya a Sioma. Dangane da matakin ruwa, ana iya yin kwale-kwale ko ja su ta cikin ruwa ko kuma a kai su a kusa da ruwan, kuma a Sioma, Cif Yeta yana da tawagar shanu 40 da za su iya ja dawaki.&nbsp;kilomita a kan ƙasa da ke kewaye da maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Ngonye. # [[Upper Zambezi|Babban Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] da Nyamboma Rapids, musamman Mongu zuwa Kalabo . # Kasenga (a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ) da Kashiba, a gefen juna a Kogin Luapula, zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950, yawancin kamun kifi na kasuwanci a tafkin masunta ne 'yan Girka da ke aiki daga Kasenga. Gwamnatin [[Belgian Congo|Belgium Congo]] ta kuma yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai tuka keke mai suna ''Charles Lemaire'', a kan Luapula da Tafkin Mweru. # Fadamar Bangweulu : Sau da yawa ana takaita daruruwan hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar canza ciyayi kuma ba su dace da jiragen ruwa masu motsi ba sai waɗanda ke da injinan waje. An yi ƙoƙari tsawon shekaru don yanke hanyoyin ruwa amma daga ƙarshe sun zama ƙasa ko kuma sun sake girma da papyrus. Manyan hanyoyin: === Sauran hanyoyin ruwa, amfanin gida === * Kogin Kafue, duk da cewa yana da sauƙin tafiya tsakanin garin Kafue da Copperbelt, ba a yi amfani da shi don wannan hanyar ba saboda hanyar da ke tafiya a hankali wadda ke kai ta zuwa yamma ta sa hanyar ta fi nisan layin madaidaiciya sau uku, kuma ba ta wucewa kusa da kowace yanki mai yawan jama'a. * Hakazalika Kogin Luangwa ba ya zama babban hanyar ruwa domin ba ya ratsawa ta kowace unguwa mai yawan jama'a, kuma yana zama ƙasa sosai a lokacin rani. * [[Dongwe River|Kogin Dongwe]] da [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kogin Kabompo]] a yamma * [[Kogin Lungwebungu]] a yamma * Luena- [[Luongo River|Luongo]] a arewa * Kogin Upper Kalungwishi a arewa * [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa]] a arewa * Fadamar Lukanga a tsakiya == Manazarta == 7ezp4oo7fonqfgsrxl7dteyc1cpu87k Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna 0 154589 846351 2026-06-03T22:35:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353481454|Ain Sokhna port]]" 846351 wikitext text/x-wiki Tashar jiragen ruwa tana Ain Sokhna, wani yanki na Gundumar Suez ta [[Misra|Masar]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ce ga [[Misra|Masar]], Tekun Farisa da [[Asiya]], kuma tana kan gabar tekun yamma na Tekun Suez, 43&nbsp;kilomita kudu da birnin Suez da kuma kusan kilomita 120 daga Alkahira, wanda ke ba da damar shiga babban birnin cikin sauri, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi ta hanyar mota. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project |url=https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/project.aspx?projectid=179}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Kula da Tarihin Duniya na Guinness ya amince da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar saboda kasancewarta tashar jiragen ruwa mafi zurfi a duniya da aka yi da ɗan adam a mita 19 (kimanin ƙafa 62.34), wadda aka gina a kan ƙasa. Wannan nasarar, wacce aka amince da ita a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2025, ta nuna ƙarfin tashar jiragen ruwa na ɗaukar manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, wanda hakan ya nuna babban ci gaba ga hanyar jigilar kayayyaki ta Tekun Bahar Maliya da Bahar Maliya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ain Sokhna Port wins Guinness World Record for deepest man-made port basin - Economy - Business |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/3/558679/Business/Ain-Sokhna-Port-wins-Guinness-World-Record-for-dee.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Ayyukan Jigilar Kaya na RESIN === Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sabis na jigilar kaya, mai suna Red Sea–India (RESIN), wanda kamfanin jigilar kaya na Sea Lead (Sea Lead Shipping) da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ke gudanarwa. Wannan sabis ɗin yana da nufin haɓaka ciniki da haɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yankin, ciki har da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Jeddah Islamic a Saudiyya da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}</ref> Wannan shiri wani ɓangare ne na dabarun Sea Lead na faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwarta da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Masar da wasu ƙasashen Larabawa da Asiya, ciki har da Saudiyya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Indiya, da Djibouti. Wannan aikin yana samar da hanyoyin jigilar kaya kai tsaye waɗanda ke tallafawa fitarwa da shigo da kaya, rage lokutan jigilar kaya, da kuma inganta ingancin sufuri na teku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2025">admin (2 June 2025). </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sea Lead kamfani ne na jigilar kaya da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kwantena a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yanki da na duniya. Cibiyar sadarwarta tana haɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na duniya da dama, ciki har da Nhava Sheva a Indiya, Djibouti, da Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin RESIN yana ƙara wa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna muhimmanci a matsayin cibiyar jiragen ruwa a taswirar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana bai wa kamfanonin Masar sabbin damammaki don faɗaɗa fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasuwannin Gulf da Kudancin Asiya, musamman a daidai lokacin da ake ƙara buƙatar ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki cikin sauri da kai tsaye. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin yana kuma haɗa tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin jerin masu zuwa: Nhava Sheva (Indiya) - Ain Sokhna - Djibouti - Jebel Ali - Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Jeddah, tare da ɗaukar nauyin har zuwa 1,000 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEU) a kowace tafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> === Faɗaɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tana fuskantar babban ci gaba a tarihinta don mayar da Masar cibiyar cinikayyar sufuri ta yanki. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Red Sea 1, wacce ke da karfin zane na shekara-shekara na TEU miliyan 3.5, ta fara gwajin ayyukanta, inda ta karbi jirginta na farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Tashar tana da cikakken sarrafa kanta, tana amfani da fasahohin zamani, gami da Tsarin Aiki na Terminal (TOS), tsarin GPS da Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), ɗakunan sarrafawa na tsakiya, manyan cranes na Ship-to-Shore (STS), da kuma cranes na yadi na Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG) mai sarrafa kansa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Aikin sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi kilomita 18 na sabbin mashigai da sabbin kwano 5, jimlar faɗin tashar jiragen ruwa na kimanin kilomita 29, yadi na kwantena da ya mamaye murabba'in mita miliyan 9.2, yankunan dabaru na kilomita 5.2, hanyar sadarwa ta cikin gida ta kilomita 17, da layukan jirgin ƙasa da suka faɗaɗa kilomita 30. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manyan ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa a Ain Sokhna sun haɗa da wuraren da aka faɗaɗa zuwa kilomita 23 tare da zurfin mita 18, waɗanda suka dace da manyan jiragen ruwa, wuraren da aka faɗaɗa kwantena zuwa murabba'in mita miliyan 8.6, yankunan jigilar kayayyaki tare da jimillar faɗin kilomita 6.3 don ajiya da rarrabawa, da sufuri. Kayayyakin more rayuwa waɗanda suka shafi kilomita 33 na layin dogo da aka haɗa da layin dogo mai sauri, da hanyoyin cikin gida na kilomita 17. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta ɗauki nau'ikan kaya iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwantena, kayan jigilar kaya na yau da kullun, na'urar juyawa/na'urar juyawa (Ro-Ro), busasshen busasshen busasshen abu, ruwa mai yawa, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu amfani da yawa, wanda hakan zai mayar da Ain Sokhna cibiyar jiragen ruwa mai cikakken tsari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hafez |first=Reham M. |year=2020 |title=Suez Canal Region as an economic hub in Egypt location analysis for the mass real estate appraisal process |journal=HBRC Journal |volume=16 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1080/16874048.2020.1734347 |s2cid=219822586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ain Sokhna tana aiki a matsayin matattarar kudu ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Sokhna-Alexandria Logistics Corridor, tana haɗa Tekun Bahar Maliya da Bahar Rum ta hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu ta lantarki. Hanyar tana ba da damar jigilar kwantena daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna zuwa Alexandria don sake fitarwa, wanda hakan ke ƙarawa rawar da Masar ke takawa a cikin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na duniya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Aikin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Red Sea 1 ya sanya Masar ta ƙara yawan hannun jarinta a kasuwar jigilar kaya ta duniya, jawo hankalin manyan layukan jigilar kaya, da kuma tallafawa fitar da kayayyaki daga Masar ta hanyar ayyuka kai tsaye da farashi mai rahusa, wanda hakan ya sauya Ain Sokhna daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta masana'antu ta gargajiya zuwa cibiyar duniya da za ta iya karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa na kwantena, waɗanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwa ta zamani ta sufuri. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> === Zuba Jari da Haɗin gwiwa === DP World (Dubai Ports World): Ta zuba dala biliyan 1.3 don fadada Ain Sokhna, da nufin mayar da ita babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Red Sea. Hutchison Ports, CMA CGM, da COSCO Shipping ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Kamfanin haɗin gwiwar China yana shirin gina sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa mai jarin farko na dala miliyan 400, tare da tsarin ɗaukar nauyin TEU miliyan 2. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Finance - Egypt reviews $400M Ain Sokhna Port terminal proposal as Chinese firms explore new investments |url=https://www.arabfinance.com/en/news/newdetails/egypt-reviews-ain-sokhna-port-terminal-proposal-as-chinese-firms-explore-new-investments |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=ArabFinance |language=en}}</ref> An fara gudanar da gwajin Tashar Kwantena ta Red Sea (RSCT) a hukumance a watan Janairun 2026. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> === Ayyukan Masana'antu da Kayayyakin Haɓaka tare da China === Kamfanin Hurricane ya gabatar da shawarar yankin masana'antu mai hade da juna na murabba'in mita 100,000 don kayayyakin sinadarai, masu amfani, da na gida, tare da kashi 70% na samarwa don fitarwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> An tsara birnin da ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 3 da kasuwanci, tare da kimanin jarin dala biliyan 2, wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima kamar yadda aka yi wa Yiwu, China, ana sa ran zai samar da ayyukan yi 150,000. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Shawarar gina rumbun ajiyar kayan kwastam don sake fitar da injuna da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su zuwa kasuwannin Afirka. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Hukumomin Masar sun nuna cikakken goyon baya ga waɗannan ayyukan, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin Masar da China. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdp0pn1pmycsohjujgbc3eqhn4fu99x 846352 846351 2026-06-03T22:35:39Z Engineer014 44591 846352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tashar jiragen ruwa tana Ain Sokhna, wani yanki na Gundumar Suez ta [[Misra|Masar]] . Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ce ga [[Misra|Masar]], Tekun Farisa da [[Asiya]], kuma tana kan gabar tekun yamma na Tekun Suez, 43&nbsp;kilomita kudu da birnin Suez da kuma kusan kilomita 120 daga Alkahira, wanda ke ba da damar shiga babban birnin cikin sauri, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi ta hanyar mota. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project |url=https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/project.aspx?projectid=179}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2025, Kwamitin Kula da Tarihin Duniya na Guinness ya amince da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar saboda kasancewarta tashar jiragen ruwa mafi zurfi a duniya da aka yi da ɗan adam a mita 19 (kimanin ƙafa 62.34), wadda aka gina a kan ƙasa. Wannan nasarar, wacce aka amince da ita a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2025, ta nuna ƙarfin tashar jiragen ruwa na ɗaukar manyan jiragen ruwa na duniya, wanda hakan ya nuna babban ci gaba ga hanyar jigilar kayayyaki ta Tekun Bahar Maliya da Bahar Maliya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ain Sokhna Port wins Guinness World Record for deepest man-made port basin - Economy - Business |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/3/558679/Business/Ain-Sokhna-Port-wins-Guinness-World-Record-for-dee.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Ayyukan Jigilar Kaya na RESIN === Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon sabis na jigilar kaya, mai suna Red Sea–India (RESIN), wanda kamfanin jigilar kaya na Sea Lead (Sea Lead Shipping) da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ke gudanarwa. Wannan sabis ɗin yana da nufin haɓaka ciniki da haɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna ta Masar da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yankin, ciki har da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Jeddah Islamic a Saudiyya da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}</ref> Wannan shiri wani ɓangare ne na dabarun Sea Lead na faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwarta da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Masar da wasu ƙasashen Larabawa da Asiya, ciki har da Saudiyya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Indiya, da Djibouti. Wannan aikin yana samar da hanyoyin jigilar kaya kai tsaye waɗanda ke tallafawa fitarwa da shigo da kaya, rage lokutan jigilar kaya, da kuma inganta ingancin sufuri na teku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Mawani Boosts Global Trade with New Shipping Routes from Dammam and Jeddah |url=https://www.themaritimestandard.com/new-container-shipping-routes-strengthen-saudi-port-connectivity-with-asia-and-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Latest Maritime & Shipping News Online - The Maritime Standard |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin2025">admin (2 June 2025). </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sea Lead kamfani ne na jigilar kaya da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kwantena a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yanki da na duniya. Cibiyar sadarwarta tana haɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Ain Sokhna da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na duniya da dama, ciki har da Nhava Sheva a Indiya, Djibouti, da Jebel Ali a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin RESIN yana ƙara wa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna muhimmanci a matsayin cibiyar jiragen ruwa a taswirar jiragen ruwa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana bai wa kamfanonin Masar sabbin damammaki don faɗaɗa fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasuwannin Gulf da Kudancin Asiya, musamman a daidai lokacin da ake ƙara buƙatar ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki cikin sauri da kai tsaye. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> Sabis ɗin yana kuma haɗa tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin jerin masu zuwa: Nhava Sheva (Indiya) - Ain Sokhna - Djibouti - Jebel Ali - Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Jeddah, tare da ɗaukar nauyin har zuwa 1,000 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEU) a kowace tafiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=عبدالفتاح |first=عمرو |date=2025-05-29 |title=الإمارات تُدشن خدمة ملاحية جديدة لربط ميناء السخنة بجدة وجبل علي |url=https://aboutmsr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7/ |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=خاص مصر |language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFعبدالفتاح2025">عبدالفتاح, عمرو (29 May 2025). </cite></ref> === Faɗaɗa Tashar Jiragen Ruwa === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna tana fuskantar babban ci gaba a tarihinta don mayar da Masar cibiyar cinikayyar sufuri ta yanki. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Red Sea 1, wacce ke da karfin zane na shekara-shekara na TEU miliyan 3.5, ta fara gwajin ayyukanta, inda ta karbi jirginta na farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Tashar tana da cikakken sarrafa kanta, tana amfani da fasahohin zamani, gami da Tsarin Aiki na Terminal (TOS), tsarin GPS da Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), ɗakunan sarrafawa na tsakiya, manyan cranes na Ship-to-Shore (STS), da kuma cranes na yadi na Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG) mai sarrafa kansa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Aikin sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa gaba ɗaya ya ƙunshi kilomita 18 na sabbin mashigai da sabbin kwano 5, jimlar faɗin tashar jiragen ruwa na kimanin kilomita 29, yadi na kwantena da ya mamaye murabba'in mita miliyan 9.2, yankunan dabaru na kilomita 5.2, hanyar sadarwa ta cikin gida ta kilomita 17, da layukan jirgin ƙasa da suka faɗaɗa kilomita 30. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manyan ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa a Ain Sokhna sun haɗa da wuraren da aka faɗaɗa zuwa kilomita 23 tare da zurfin mita 18, waɗanda suka dace da manyan jiragen ruwa, wuraren da aka faɗaɗa kwantena zuwa murabba'in mita miliyan 8.6, yankunan jigilar kayayyaki tare da jimillar faɗin kilomita 6.3 don ajiya da rarrabawa, da sufuri. Kayayyakin more rayuwa waɗanda suka shafi kilomita 33 na layin dogo da aka haɗa da layin dogo mai sauri, da hanyoyin cikin gida na kilomita 17. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa za ta ɗauki nau'ikan kaya iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwantena, kayan jigilar kaya na yau da kullun, na'urar juyawa/na'urar juyawa (Ro-Ro), busasshen busasshen busasshen abu, ruwa mai yawa, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu amfani da yawa, wanda hakan zai mayar da Ain Sokhna cibiyar jiragen ruwa mai cikakken tsari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hafez |first=Reham M. |year=2020 |title=Suez Canal Region as an economic hub in Egypt location analysis for the mass real estate appraisal process |journal=HBRC Journal |volume=16 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1080/16874048.2020.1734347 |s2cid=219822586 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ain Sokhna tana aiki a matsayin matattarar kudu ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Sokhna-Alexandria Logistics Corridor, tana haɗa Tekun Bahar Maliya da Bahar Rum ta hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu ta lantarki. Hanyar tana ba da damar jigilar kwantena daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ain Sokhna zuwa Alexandria don sake fitarwa, wanda hakan ke ƙarawa rawar da Masar ke takawa a cikin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na duniya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Aikin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Red Sea 1 ya sanya Masar ta ƙara yawan hannun jarinta a kasuwar jigilar kaya ta duniya, jawo hankalin manyan layukan jigilar kaya, da kuma tallafawa fitar da kayayyaki daga Masar ta hanyar ayyuka kai tsaye da farashi mai rahusa, wanda hakan ya sauya Ain Sokhna daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta masana'antu ta gargajiya zuwa cibiyar duniya da za ta iya karɓar manyan jiragen ruwa na kwantena, waɗanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwa ta zamani ta sufuri. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna’s Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ahram Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560542.aspx "Egypt begins commercial operations at Ain Sokhna's Red Sea Container Terminal 1 - Urban & Transport - Egypt"]. </cite></ref> === Zuba Jari da Haɗin gwiwa === DP World (Dubai Ports World): Ta zuba dala biliyan 1.3 don fadada Ain Sokhna, da nufin mayar da ita babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Red Sea. Hutchison Ports, CMA CGM, da COSCO Shipping ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> Kamfanin haɗin gwiwar China yana shirin gina sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa mai jarin farko na dala miliyan 400, tare da tsarin ɗaukar nauyin TEU miliyan 2. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Finance - Egypt reviews $400M Ain Sokhna Port terminal proposal as Chinese firms explore new investments |url=https://www.arabfinance.com/en/news/newdetails/egypt-reviews-ain-sokhna-port-terminal-proposal-as-chinese-firms-explore-new-investments |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=ArabFinance |language=en}}</ref> An fara gudanar da gwajin Tashar Kwantena ta Red Sea (RSCT) a hukumance a watan Janairun 2026. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Ecofin |title=Egypt’s Ain Sokhna Port Receives Cranes for China-Backed Terminal |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-infrastructures/3107-47938-egypt-s-ain-sokhna-port-receives-cranes-for-china-backed-terminal |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=Ecofin Agency |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgency">Agency, Ecofin. </cite></ref> === Ayyukan Masana'antu da Kayayyakin Haɓaka tare da China === Kamfanin Hurricane ya gabatar da shawarar yankin masana'antu mai hade da juna na murabba'in mita 100,000 don kayayyakin sinadarai, masu amfani, da na gida, tare da kashi 70% na samarwa don fitarwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> An tsara birnin da ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 3 da kasuwanci, tare da kimanin jarin dala biliyan 2, wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima kamar yadda aka yi wa Yiwu, China, ana sa ran zai samar da ayyukan yi 150,000. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Shawarar gina rumbun ajiyar kayan kwastam don sake fitar da injuna da kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su zuwa kasuwannin Afirka. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> Hukumomin Masar sun nuna cikakken goyon baya ga waɗannan ayyukan, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin Masar da China. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=EgyptToday}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/146742/Chinese-firms-propose-400M-container-terminal-2B-trade-city-in "Chinese firms propose $400M container terminal, $2B trade city in Egypt"]. </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ckr9k81nd0x46475ha8tz1ob6krlt7o Port Said 0 154590 846353 2026-06-03T22:43:01Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355220835|Port Said]]" 846353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Port Said''' / sah - EED , sah- Egyptian Arabic , ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Misra|Masar]] wanda ya kai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|30|km|mi}} a bakin Tekun [[Bahar Rum]], yana ratsa gabar yamma ta bakin arewacin [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]] . Birnin shine babban birnin gwamnatin Port Said kuma shine mafi yawan yankunan, wanda ya kunshi yankuna bakwai daga cikin yankuna takwas na gwamnatin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About – Administrative Division |url=https://portsaid.gov.eg/StaticContent/1 |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=portsaid.gov.eg}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 tana da yawan jama'a 790,000. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1859 a lokacin gina magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Akwai gidaje da yawa da ke da manyan baranda a kowane bene, wanda hakan ya ba birnin kamanni na musamman. Tagwayen birnin Port Said shine [[Port Fuad]], wanda ke gefen gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Birane biyu suna zaune tare, har ma da wuya a sami tsakiyar gari a Port Fuad. Birane suna haɗuwa ta hanyar jiragen ruwa kyauta da ke gudana duk tsawon yini, kuma tare suke samar da yanki mai girma tare da mazauna sama da miliyan ɗaya waɗanda suka faɗaɗa a gefen Afirka da Asiya na magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Port Said ta kasance birni na duniya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, tana bunƙasa musamman a lokacin karni na sha tara da kuma rabin farko na karni na ashirin. Tana da ƙasashe da addinai daban-daban, galibi daga ƙasashen Bahar Rum, kuma sun rayu cikin haƙuri, suna kafa al'umma [[wiktionary:cosmopolitan|mai haɗin gwiwa]] . Da yake magana game da wannan gaskiyar, Rudyard Kipling ya taɓa cewa, "Idan da gaske kuna son nemo wanda kuka sani kuma wanda ke tafiya, akwai wurare biyu a duniya da kuke da su sai dai ku zauna ku jira, ko ba da jimawa ba mutuminku zai zo can: tashoshin jiragen ruwa na [[Landan|London]] da Port Said". Port Said muhimmin birni ne a Masar don kasuwanci da kasuwanci saboda wurin da yake a kan mashigin Suez da bakin tekun Bahar Rum. == Suna == Sunan Port Said ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1855. Kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]], Faransa, Daular Rasha, Austria, Spain da Piedmont ne suka zaɓe shi. Sunan mahaɗi ne wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: kalmar Faransa [[wiktionary:port#French|tashar jiragen]] ruwa (tashar jiragen ruwa) da Said (sunan mai mulkin Masar a wancan lokacin), wanda ya ba Ferdinand de Lesseps izinin haƙa magudanar ruwa ta Suez. <ref name="Bowen1886">{{Cite journal |last=Bowen |first=John Eliot |date=1886 |title=The Conflict of East and West in Egypt |url=https://archive.org/download/conflictofeastwe00bowerich/conflictofeastwe00bowerich_bw.pdf |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=295–335 |doi=10.2307/2138972 |jstor=2138972}}</ref> Mazauna birane suna kiran sunan {{IPA|arz|boɾsæˈʕiːd|}} ko kuma {{IPA|arz|poɾsæˈʕiːd|}}, yayin da mazauna da ba su da birni ke furta shi {{IPA|und|bɔɾsaˈʕɛˑd|}} . A cikin tsohuwar Girkanci, ana kiran birnin {{Lang|grc|Πηλούσιον}} ( {{Transl|grc|Pēloúsion}} ). == Tarihi == === Kafa (1859) === [[Fayil:PORT-SAÏD_--_De_Lesseps_monument_(n.d.)_-_front_-_TIMEA.jpg|left|thumb|Ferdinand de Lesseps abin tunawa a kan jetty yawon shakatawa]] [[Fayil:French_sailors_and_Indian_troops_at_Port_Said_1914.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwan Faransa da sojojin Indiya a Port Said a shekarar 1914]] [[Fayil:Port-Said._Village_Arabe.png|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na yankin Larabawa na Port Said]] [[Fayil:Port_Said,_The_Office_of_the_Suez_Canal_Company_(n.d.)_-_front_-_TIMEA.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Ofishin Kamfanin Suez Canal da ke Port Said, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1893]] Sa'id na Masar ne ya kafa Port Said a ranar Litinin ta Ista, 25 ga Afrilu 1859, lokacin da Ferdinand de Lesseps ya ba da damar yin amfani da abin tunawa na farko don nuna farkon ginin. Matsalar farko da aka fuskanta ita ce wahalar da jiragen ruwa ke yi wajen sauke anga a kusa. Abin farin ciki, an gano wani dutse guda ɗaya da ke kwarara daga bakin teku a nisan 'yan mita ɗari. An sanye shi da tashar jirgin ruwa ta katako, kuma ya zama wurin ajiye jiragen ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba, aka gina tashar jirgin ruwa ta katako, wadda ta haɗa tsibirin da ke tashi, kamar yadda aka san shi da sauri, da bakin teku. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan dutsen a matsayin zuciyar birnin da ke tasowa, kuma a wannan wuri mai cike da tarihi, shekaru arba'in bayan haka, aka gina wani abin tunawa ga de Lesseps. Babu albarkatun gida a nan. Duk abin da Port Said ke buƙata dole ne a shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje: itace, dutse, kayayyaki, injina, kayan aiki, gidaje, abinci har ma da ruwa. An gina manyan kwantena na ajiyar ruwa don samar da ruwa mai kyau har sai an kammala [[Tashar Ismailiya|Madatsar Ruwa Mai Daɗi]] . Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci shine rashin dutse. Ana shigo da gine-ginen farko a cikin kayan aiki kuma ana amfani da itace sosai. An yi amfani da sabuwar dabara don gina madatsar ruwa da ake kira conglomerate siminti ko "Beton Coignet", wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan wanda ya ƙirƙira shi François Coignet. An nutsar da tubalan siminti a cikin teku don zama tushen madatsar ruwa. Wani sabon abu kuma shine amfani da siminti iri ɗaya don hasken wutar lantarki na Port Said, ginin asali ɗaya tilo da ke tsaye a Port Said. A shekara ta 1859 ma'aikata 150 na farko sun yi sansani a cikin tantuna a kusa da wani rumfa na katako. Shekara guda bayan haka, adadin mazaunan ya karu zuwa 2000 - tare da rundunar Turai da ke zaune a cikin bungalows na katako da aka shigo da su daga arewacin Turai. Zuwa 1869, lokacin da aka buɗe madatsar ruwa, yawan jama'ar da ke dindindin ya kai 10,000. An raba yankin Turai, wanda ke kewaye da bakin teku, da gundumar Larabawa, Gemalia, {{Cvt|400|m|ft}} zuwa yamma, kusa da wani yanki mai faɗi na bakin teku mai yashi inda wani harshe na [[Tafkin Manzala]] ya kai ga teku. Wannan mashigar ruwa ta bushe ba da daɗewa ba kuma aka maye gurbinsa da gine-gine; bayan lokaci babu rabuwa tsakanin yankunan Turai da Larabawa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa Port Said, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Masar. Turawan Birtaniya sun shiga Masar ta cikin birnin a shekarar 1882, inda suka fara mamaye Masar. === Tashar jiragen ruwa da birane masu bunƙasa a duniya (1902–1945) === A farkon karni na ashirin, abubuwa biyu sun faru don canza Port Said: a shekarar 1902, an fara fitar da audugar Masar daga Mataria ta Port Said; kuma a shekarar 1904 an buɗe layin dogo na ma'aunin ma'auni zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . Sakamakon ya jawo hankalin babbar al'umma ta kasuwanci da kuma ɗaga matsayinta na zamantakewa. Musamman ma wata babbar al'umma ta Girka ta girma. A shekarar 1907, birnin da ke bunƙasa cikin sauri yana da mazauna kusan 50,000, daga cikinsu akwai Turawa 11,000 "na dukkan ƙasashe". A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Port Said ta zama gida ga wani muhimmin asibiti na ƙawance. Saboda yanayin dabarun Port Said da ke haɗa Turai, Afirka da Asiya, an aika dubban maza zuwa wannan asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da sojoji da suka ji rauni sakamakon yaƙin Gallipoli a shekarar 1915. Bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], daraktocin Kamfanin Suez Canal sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon birni a bankin Asiya, suna gina gidaje 300 ga ma'aikatanta da jami'ansu. An tsara Port Fouad ta hanyar École des Beaux-Arts da ke Paris. Gidajen suna bin tsarin Faransa. An kafa sabon birnin a watan Disamba na shekarar 1926. Tun daga kafuwarta, mutane daga dukkan ƙasashe da addinai suna ƙaura zuwa birnin kuma kowace al'umma ta kawo nata al'adu, abinci, addini da gine-gine. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, yawan jama'a ya kai sama da mutane 100,000. Misali, a shekarun 1930, akwai kyawawan gine-ginen jama'a da masu gine-ginen Italiya suka tsara. Tsohon yankin Larabawa ya mamaye birnin mai wadata. <ref name="myportsaid.info">{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Port Said |url=http://www.myportsaid.info/Brief%20History%20of%20PS.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225230/http://www.myportsaid.info/Brief%20History%20of%20PS.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> A yanzu, Port Said tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai bunƙasa, mai cike da jama'a daga ƙasashe daban-daban: 'Yan kasuwa Yahudawa, masu shaguna na Masar, masu ɗaukar hoto na Girka, masu gine-ginen Italiya, masu otal-otal na Switzerland, masu gudanar da Malta, injiniyoyin Scotland, bankunan Faransa da jami'an diflomasiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Dukansu suna zaune kuma suna aiki tare da babban al'ummar Masar. Kuma koyaushe matafiya na ƙasashen waje suna wucewa ta Afirka, Indiya da Gabas Mai Nisa. Aure tsakanin Faransanci, Italiyanci da Maltese ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya haifar da al'ummar Latin da Katolika ta gida kamar ta Alexandria da Alkahira. Faransanci shine harshen gama gari na al'ummar Turai da waɗanda ba Larabawa ba, kuma galibi harshen farko na yaran da iyaye suka haifa daga al'ummomi daban-daban. Ana kuma amfani da Italiyanci sosai kuma shine harshen uwa ga wani ɓangare na al'ummar Malta, tunda kakannin na biyun sun zo Masar kafin Anglicilation na Malta a shekarun 1920. Harshen harsuna da yawa wani abu ne da ya shafi al'ummar ƙasashen waje na Port Said, inda yawancin mutane ke ci gaba da magana da harsunan al'umma da kuma Faransanci na gama gari. [[Fayil:Admiralty_Chart_No_234_Port_Said,_Published_1966.jpg|left|thumb|Jadawalin Admiralty na Port Said, An buga a 1966]] === Juyin juya hali, ƙarshen mamayar Birtaniya (1946-yanzu) === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Masar ta yi Allah wadai da [[Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936]], wanda ya haifar da rikici da sojojin Birtaniya da ke tsaron [[Suez canal|mashigin Suez]] a 1951. [[Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952|Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 1952]] ya haifar da kifar da [[Farouk of Egypt|Sarki Farouk]] . A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1956, Shugaba [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ya mayar da Kamfanin Suez Canal na ƙasa. Wannan ya ƙara ta'azzara rikici tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa, waɗanda suka haɗa kai da Isra'ila don mamaye Masar, mamayar da aka sani a Masar a matsayin harin ta'addanci na uku ko rikicin Suez . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1956, sojojin Birtaniya suka sauka a Port Said da ƙarfi yayin da suke harbin sojojin Masar. Daga baya, Birtaniya ta jefa bam a Port Said, don tsoratar da fararen hula, waɗanda ɗaruruwa suka mutu. An kuma yi faɗa mai tsanani a tituna tare da raunata fararen hula da yawa, kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata yawancin birnin. Janyewar soja na ƙarshe na sojojin ƙasashen waje ya faru ne a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1956. Tun daga lokacin, an zaɓi wannan rana a matsayin ranar ƙasa ta Port Said. Ana yin bikin kowace shekara a Port Said. Al'ummar Turai masu magana da Faransanci sun fara ƙaura zuwa Turai, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu da wasu wurare a shekarar 1946 kuma yawancin sauran sun bar Masar bayan rikicin Suez, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙaura ta zamani da Turawa masu magana da Faransanci suka yi daga Tunisiya. Yawancin al'ummar Girka an kuma kora su ko kuma sun bar garin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Gamal Abdel Nasser. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Port Said tana da yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen]], amma iska mai ƙarfi daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] tana daidaita yanayin zafi sosai. Wannan abu ne da ya saba faruwa a gabar tekun arewacin Masar, yana sa lokacin bazara ya kasance mai zafi da danshi, yayin da lokacin hunturunsa yake da laushi da kuma [[Yayafi|danshi]] kaɗan lokacin da ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara suma suka zama ruwan dare, amma ba a saba gani ba kamar [[Alexandria]] saboda Port Said tana da bushewa. Janairu da Fabrairu sune watanni mafi sanyi yayin da mafi zafi shine Yuli da Agusta. Zafin da aka samu a tarihi ya kai {{Cvt|44|C}}, an rubuta a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1988, yayin da ƙarancin zafin da aka yi rikodin shine {{Cvt|0|C}}, an yi rikodin a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1979. <ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{Cite web |title=Port Said/El Gamil, Egypt |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/port-saidel-gamil/monthly/temperature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424195727/http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/port-saidel-gamil/monthly/temperature |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref> Port Said, Kosseir, Ras El Bar, Baltim, Damietta da Alexandria suna da ƙarancin bambancin zafin jiki a [[Yanayin Masar|Masar]] . Bugu da ƙari, Mersa Matruh da Port Said suna da lokutan bazara mafi sanyi fiye da sauran birane ko wuraren shakatawa, kodayake ba su da sanyi sosai fiye da sauran wurare na arewacin bakin teku. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Misra]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9schvixetcqnvbbbe850j7jomghuym3 846354 846353 2026-06-03T22:43:32Z Engineer014 44591 846354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Port Said''' / sah - EED , sah- Egyptian Arabic , ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Misra|Masar]] wanda ya kai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|30|km|mi}} a bakin Tekun [[Bahar Rum]], yana ratsa gabar yamma ta bakin arewacin [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]] . Birnin shine babban birnin gwamnatin Port Said kuma shine mafi yawan yankunan, wanda ya kunshi yankuna bakwai daga cikin yankuna takwas na gwamnatin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About – Administrative Division |url=https://portsaid.gov.eg/StaticContent/1 |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=portsaid.gov.eg}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 tana da yawan jama'a 790,000. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1859 a lokacin gina magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Akwai gidaje da yawa da ke da manyan baranda a kowane bene, wanda hakan ya ba birnin kamanni na musamman. Tagwayen birnin Port Said shine [[Port Fuad]], wanda ke gefen gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Birane biyu suna zaune tare, har ma da wuya a sami tsakiyar gari a Port Fuad. Birane suna haɗuwa ta hanyar jiragen ruwa kyauta da ke gudana duk tsawon yini, kuma tare suke samar da yanki mai girma tare da mazauna sama da miliyan ɗaya waɗanda suka faɗaɗa a gefen Afirka da Asiya na magudanar ruwa ta Suez. Port Said ta kasance birni na duniya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, tana bunƙasa musamman a lokacin karni na sha tara da kuma rabin farko na karni na ashirin. Tana da ƙasashe da addinai daban-daban, galibi daga ƙasashen Bahar Rum, kuma sun rayu cikin haƙuri, suna kafa al'umma [[wiktionary:cosmopolitan|mai haɗin gwiwa]] . Da yake magana game da wannan gaskiyar, Rudyard Kipling ya taɓa cewa, "Idan da gaske kuna son nemo wanda kuka sani kuma wanda ke tafiya, akwai wurare biyu a duniya da kuke da su sai dai ku zauna ku jira, ko ba da jimawa ba mutuminku zai zo can: tashoshin jiragen ruwa na [[Landan|London]] da Port Said". Port Said muhimmin birni ne a Masar don kasuwanci da kasuwanci saboda wurin da yake a kan mashigin Suez da bakin tekun Bahar Rum. == Suna == Sunan Port Said ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1855. Kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]], Faransa, Daular Rasha, Austria, Spain da Piedmont ne suka zaɓe shi. Sunan mahaɗi ne wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: kalmar Faransa [[wiktionary:port#French|tashar jiragen]] ruwa (tashar jiragen ruwa) da Said (sunan mai mulkin Masar a wancan lokacin), wanda ya ba Ferdinand de Lesseps izinin haƙa magudanar ruwa ta Suez. <ref name="Bowen1886">{{Cite journal |last=Bowen |first=John Eliot |date=1886 |title=The Conflict of East and West in Egypt |url=https://archive.org/download/conflictofeastwe00bowerich/conflictofeastwe00bowerich_bw.pdf |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=295–335 |doi=10.2307/2138972 |jstor=2138972}}</ref> Mazauna birane suna kiran sunan {{IPA|arz|boɾsæˈʕiːd|}} ko kuma {{IPA|arz|poɾsæˈʕiːd|}}, yayin da mazauna da ba su da birni ke furta shi {{IPA|und|bɔɾsaˈʕɛˑd|}} . A cikin tsohuwar Girkanci, ana kiran birnin {{Lang|grc|Πηλούσιον}} ( {{Transl|grc|Pēloúsion}} ). == Tarihi == === Kafa (1859) === [[Fayil:PORT-SAÏD_--_De_Lesseps_monument_(n.d.)_-_front_-_TIMEA.jpg|left|thumb|Ferdinand de Lesseps abin tunawa a kan jetty yawon shakatawa]] [[Fayil:French_sailors_and_Indian_troops_at_Port_Said_1914.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwan Faransa da sojojin Indiya a Port Said a shekarar 1914]] [[Fayil:Port-Said._Village_Arabe.png|thumb|Katin gaisuwa na yankin Larabawa na Port Said]] [[Fayil:Port_Said,_The_Office_of_the_Suez_Canal_Company_(n.d.)_-_front_-_TIMEA.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Ofishin Kamfanin Suez Canal da ke Port Said, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1893]] Sa'id na Masar ne ya kafa Port Said a ranar Litinin ta Ista, 25 ga Afrilu 1859, lokacin da Ferdinand de Lesseps ya ba da damar yin amfani da abin tunawa na farko don nuna farkon ginin. Matsalar farko da aka fuskanta ita ce wahalar da jiragen ruwa ke yi wajen sauke anga a kusa. Abin farin ciki, an gano wani dutse guda ɗaya da ke kwarara daga bakin teku a nisan 'yan mita ɗari. An sanye shi da tashar jirgin ruwa ta katako, kuma ya zama wurin ajiye jiragen ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba, aka gina tashar jirgin ruwa ta katako, wadda ta haɗa tsibirin da ke tashi, kamar yadda aka san shi da sauri, da bakin teku. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan dutsen a matsayin zuciyar birnin da ke tasowa, kuma a wannan wuri mai cike da tarihi, shekaru arba'in bayan haka, aka gina wani abin tunawa ga de Lesseps. Babu albarkatun gida a nan. Duk abin da Port Said ke buƙata dole ne a shigo da shi daga ƙasashen waje: itace, dutse, kayayyaki, injina, kayan aiki, gidaje, abinci har ma da ruwa. An gina manyan kwantena na ajiyar ruwa don samar da ruwa mai kyau har sai an kammala [[Tashar Ismailiya|Madatsar Ruwa Mai Daɗi]] . Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci shine rashin dutse. Ana shigo da gine-ginen farko a cikin kayan aiki kuma ana amfani da itace sosai. An yi amfani da sabuwar dabara don gina madatsar ruwa da ake kira conglomerate siminti ko "Beton Coignet", wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan wanda ya ƙirƙira shi François Coignet. An nutsar da tubalan siminti a cikin teku don zama tushen madatsar ruwa. Wani sabon abu kuma shine amfani da siminti iri ɗaya don hasken wutar lantarki na Port Said, ginin asali ɗaya tilo da ke tsaye a Port Said. A shekara ta 1859 ma'aikata 150 na farko sun yi sansani a cikin tantuna a kusa da wani rumfa na katako. Shekara guda bayan haka, adadin mazaunan ya karu zuwa 2000 - tare da rundunar Turai da ke zaune a cikin bungalows na katako da aka shigo da su daga arewacin Turai. Zuwa 1869, lokacin da aka buɗe madatsar ruwa, yawan jama'ar da ke dindindin ya kai 10,000. An raba yankin Turai, wanda ke kewaye da bakin teku, da gundumar Larabawa, Gemalia, {{Cvt|400|m|ft}} zuwa yamma, kusa da wani yanki mai faɗi na bakin teku mai yashi inda wani harshe na [[Tafkin Manzala]] ya kai ga teku. Wannan mashigar ruwa ta bushe ba da daɗewa ba kuma aka maye gurbinsa da gine-gine; bayan lokaci babu rabuwa tsakanin yankunan Turai da Larabawa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa Port Said, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Masar. Turawan Birtaniya sun shiga Masar ta cikin birnin a shekarar 1882, inda suka fara mamaye Masar. === Tashar jiragen ruwa da birane masu bunƙasa a duniya (1902–1945) === A farkon karni na ashirin, abubuwa biyu sun faru don canza Port Said: a shekarar 1902, an fara fitar da audugar Masar daga Mataria ta Port Said; kuma a shekarar 1904 an buɗe layin dogo na ma'aunin ma'auni zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . Sakamakon ya jawo hankalin babbar al'umma ta kasuwanci da kuma ɗaga matsayinta na zamantakewa. Musamman ma wata babbar al'umma ta Girka ta girma. A shekarar 1907, birnin da ke bunƙasa cikin sauri yana da mazauna kusan 50,000, daga cikinsu akwai Turawa 11,000 "na dukkan ƙasashe". A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Port Said ta zama gida ga wani muhimmin asibiti na ƙawance. Saboda yanayin dabarun Port Said da ke haɗa Turai, Afirka da Asiya, an aika dubban maza zuwa wannan asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da sojoji da suka ji rauni sakamakon yaƙin Gallipoli a shekarar 1915. Bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], daraktocin Kamfanin Suez Canal sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon birni a bankin Asiya, suna gina gidaje 300 ga ma'aikatanta da jami'ansu. An tsara Port Fouad ta hanyar École des Beaux-Arts da ke Paris. Gidajen suna bin tsarin Faransa. An kafa sabon birnin a watan Disamba na shekarar 1926. Tun daga kafuwarta, mutane daga dukkan ƙasashe da addinai suna ƙaura zuwa birnin kuma kowace al'umma ta kawo nata al'adu, abinci, addini da gine-gine. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, yawan jama'a ya kai sama da mutane 100,000. Misali, a shekarun 1930, akwai kyawawan gine-ginen jama'a da masu gine-ginen Italiya suka tsara. Tsohon yankin Larabawa ya mamaye birnin mai wadata. <ref name="myportsaid.info">{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Port Said |url=http://www.myportsaid.info/Brief%20History%20of%20PS.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225230/http://www.myportsaid.info/Brief%20History%20of%20PS.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> A yanzu, Port Said tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai bunƙasa, mai cike da jama'a daga ƙasashe daban-daban: 'Yan kasuwa Yahudawa, masu shaguna na Masar, masu ɗaukar hoto na Girka, masu gine-ginen Italiya, masu otal-otal na Switzerland, masu gudanar da Malta, injiniyoyin Scotland, bankunan Faransa da jami'an diflomasiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Dukansu suna zaune kuma suna aiki tare da babban al'ummar Masar. Kuma koyaushe matafiya na ƙasashen waje suna wucewa ta Afirka, Indiya da Gabas Mai Nisa. Aure tsakanin Faransanci, Italiyanci da Maltese ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya haifar da al'ummar Latin da Katolika ta gida kamar ta Alexandria da Alkahira. Faransanci shine harshen gama gari na al'ummar Turai da waɗanda ba Larabawa ba, kuma galibi harshen farko na yaran da iyaye suka haifa daga al'ummomi daban-daban. Ana kuma amfani da Italiyanci sosai kuma shine harshen uwa ga wani ɓangare na al'ummar Malta, tunda kakannin na biyun sun zo Masar kafin Anglicilation na Malta a shekarun 1920. Harshen harsuna da yawa wani abu ne da ya shafi al'ummar ƙasashen waje na Port Said, inda yawancin mutane ke ci gaba da magana da harsunan al'umma da kuma Faransanci na gama gari. [[Fayil:Admiralty_Chart_No_234_Port_Said,_Published_1966.jpg|left|thumb|Jadawalin Admiralty na Port Said, An buga a 1966]] === Juyin juya hali, ƙarshen mamayar Birtaniya (1946-yanzu) === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Masar ta yi Allah wadai da [[Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936]], wanda ya haifar da rikici da sojojin Birtaniya da ke tsaron [[Suez canal|mashigin Suez]] a 1951. [[Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952|Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 1952]] ya haifar da kifar da [[Farouk of Egypt|Sarki Farouk]] . A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1956, Shugaba [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ya mayar da Kamfanin Suez Canal na ƙasa. Wannan ya ƙara ta'azzara rikici tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa, waɗanda suka haɗa kai da Isra'ila don mamaye Masar, mamayar da aka sani a Masar a matsayin harin ta'addanci na uku ko rikicin Suez . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1956, sojojin Birtaniya suka sauka a Port Said da ƙarfi yayin da suke harbin sojojin Masar. Daga baya, Birtaniya ta jefa bam a Port Said, don tsoratar da fararen hula, waɗanda ɗaruruwa suka mutu. An kuma yi faɗa mai tsanani a tituna tare da raunata fararen hula da yawa, kuma gobarar da ta biyo baya ta lalata yawancin birnin. Janyewar soja na ƙarshe na sojojin ƙasashen waje ya faru ne a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1956. Tun daga lokacin, an zaɓi wannan rana a matsayin ranar ƙasa ta Port Said. Ana yin bikin kowace shekara a Port Said. Al'ummar Turai masu magana da Faransanci sun fara ƙaura zuwa Turai, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu da wasu wurare a shekarar 1946 kuma yawancin sauran sun bar Masar bayan rikicin Suez, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙaura ta zamani da Turawa masu magana da Faransanci suka yi daga Tunisiya. Yawancin al'ummar Girka an kuma kora su ko kuma sun bar garin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Gamal Abdel Nasser. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Port Said tana da yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen]], amma iska mai ƙarfi daga [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] tana daidaita yanayin zafi sosai. Wannan abu ne da ya saba faruwa a gabar tekun arewacin Masar, yana sa lokacin bazara ya kasance mai zafi da danshi, yayin da lokacin hunturunsa yake da laushi da kuma [[Yayafi|danshi]] kaɗan lokacin da ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara suma suka zama ruwan dare, amma ba a saba gani ba kamar [[Alexandria]] saboda Port Said tana da bushewa. Janairu da Fabrairu sune watanni mafi sanyi yayin da mafi zafi shine Yuli da Agusta. Zafin da aka samu a tarihi ya kai {{Cvt|44|C}}, an rubuta a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1988, yayin da ƙarancin zafin da aka yi rikodin shine {{Cvt|0|C}}, an yi rikodin a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1979. <ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{Cite web |title=Port Said/El Gamil, Egypt |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/port-saidel-gamil/monthly/temperature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424195727/http://voodooskies.com/weather/egypt/port-saidel-gamil/monthly/temperature |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Voodoo Skies}}</ref> Port Said, Kosseir, Ras El Bar, Baltim, Damietta da Alexandria suna da ƙarancin bambancin zafin jiki a [[Yanayin Masar|Masar]] . Bugu da ƙari, Mersa Matruh da Port Said suna da lokutan bazara mafi sanyi fiye da sauran birane ko wuraren shakatawa, kodayake ba su da sanyi sosai fiye da sauran wurare na arewacin bakin teku. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Misra]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2kyv8rsprj5aqkbq55y1wlw0kq0hxdl Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lobito 0 154591 846355 2026-06-03T22:44:35Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333643773|Port of Lobito]]" 846355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lobito''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce [[Angola|ta Angola]] da ke birnin [[Lobito]], a lardin Benguela . Tana da alaƙa da yankin kasuwanci na birnin da kuma unguwar Canata . Tana cikin [[Lobito|Tekun Lobito]], wanda yankin Lobito ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conselho Nacional de Carregadores |title=Porto do Lobito |url=http://www.cnc-angola.com/index.php/contactos/16-portos-nacionais/4-porto-do-lobito |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123904/http://www.cnc-angola.com/index.php/contactos/16-portos-nacionais/4-porto-do-lobito |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta gwamnatin Angola ce, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ita ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Porto do Lobito EP. An kafa wannan kamfanin ne don gudanar da lasisin tashoshin lodi da sauke kaya, ban da tashar fasinjoji. Tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda|Luanda]] ( Luanda ), [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe|Moçamedes]] ( Namibe ), Soyo ( Zaire ) da Cabinda ( Cabinda ), ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a tsakiyar ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Portal Angop |title=O Porto do Lobito ocupa um lugar relevante na África Austral - Administrador |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/entrevistas/2017/3/17/Porto-Lobito-ocupa-lugar-relevante-Africa-Austral-Administrador,ed63e3f9-8ca8-44e3-9436-d48abaae6ee4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426213447/http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/entrevistas/2017/3/17/Porto-Lobito-ocupa-lugar-relevante-Africa-Austral-Administrador,ed63e3f9-8ca8-44e3-9436-d48abaae6ee4.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce hanyar fita daga layin dogo na Benguela, wanda ke ɗaukar kaya daga birnin Tenke a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A shekarar 2024, ta kuma zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta ma'adinai ga Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Lobito Atlantic (LAR). Babbar hanyar EN-100 muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi ce ta fita daga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curso de transporte EAD: Porto do Lobito (Angola) |url=http://pt.reingex.com/Puerto-Lobito.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124303/http://pt.reingex.com/Puerto-Lobito.shtml |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |publisher=Escola de Negócios EENI & Universidade HA}}</ref> d2t8ss9jdatm3f2cmiyijbbma1p4tv5 846356 846355 2026-06-03T22:45:05Z Engineer014 44591 846356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lobito''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce [[Angola|ta Angola]] da ke birnin [[Lobito]], a lardin Benguela . Tana da alaƙa da yankin kasuwanci na birnin da kuma unguwar Canata . Tana cikin [[Lobito|Tekun Lobito]], wanda yankin Lobito ya raba shi da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conselho Nacional de Carregadores |title=Porto do Lobito |url=http://www.cnc-angola.com/index.php/contactos/16-portos-nacionais/4-porto-do-lobito |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123904/http://www.cnc-angola.com/index.php/contactos/16-portos-nacionais/4-porto-do-lobito |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta gwamnatin Angola ce, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ita ta hanyar kamfanin gwamnati na Porto do Lobito EP. An kafa wannan kamfanin ne don gudanar da lasisin tashoshin lodi da sauke kaya, ban da tashar fasinjoji. Tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Luanda|Luanda]] ( Luanda ), [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Namibe|Moçamedes]] ( Namibe ), Soyo ( Zaire ) da Cabinda ( Cabinda ), ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a tsakiyar ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Portal Angop |title=O Porto do Lobito ocupa um lugar relevante na África Austral - Administrador |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/entrevistas/2017/3/17/Porto-Lobito-ocupa-lugar-relevante-Africa-Austral-Administrador,ed63e3f9-8ca8-44e3-9436-d48abaae6ee4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426213447/http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/entrevistas/2017/3/17/Porto-Lobito-ocupa-lugar-relevante-Africa-Austral-Administrador,ed63e3f9-8ca8-44e3-9436-d48abaae6ee4.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce hanyar fita daga layin dogo na Benguela, wanda ke ɗaukar kaya daga birnin Tenke a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A shekarar 2024, ta kuma zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta ma'adinai ga Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Lobito Atlantic (LAR). Babbar hanyar EN-100 muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi ce ta fita daga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curso de transporte EAD: Porto do Lobito (Angola) |url=http://pt.reingex.com/Puerto-Lobito.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124303/http://pt.reingex.com/Puerto-Lobito.shtml |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |publisher=Escola de Negócios EENI & Universidade HA}}</ref> 6xjuwu9qvsz00w27ktkabck206bwfsi Bayyana yanayi da lafiyar kwakwalwa 0 154592 846360 2026-06-03T23:13:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338654522|Nature exposure and mental health]]" 846360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Person_standing_in_front_of_Swiss_Alps.jpg|thumb|Mutumin da ke tsaye a gaban Swiss Alps]] Bayyana yanayi da lafiyar kwakwalwa suna nufin haɗin tsakanin mutum da ke hulɗa da mahalli na halitta da tasirinsa akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mutum. Yawancin karatu suna la'akari da duk wata hulɗa tare da yanayi a matsayin fallasawa, kamar tafiya, kasancewa a cikin gandun daji ko wuri tare da ruwa (misali tafkin, rairayin bakin teku), tafiya a cikin wurin shakatawa, da dai sauransu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai bincike mai zurfi game da tasirin bayyanar yanayi a kan mutane, wanda ke samun kyakkyawar alaƙa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Bincike ya nuna cewa hulɗar mutane da yanayi ya ragu tare da salon rayuwa na zamani na kasancewa mafi yawan lokaci a cikin gida da kuma karuwar lokacin da ake ciyarwa akan allo. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da hulɗa tare da yanayi a matsayin mai inganta kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya godiya ga fa'idodi da yawa da yake kawowa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da fahimta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bratman |first=Gregory N. |last2=Anderson |first2=Christopher B. |last3=Berman |first3=Marc G. |last4=Cochran |first4=Bobby |last5=De Vries |first5=Sjerp |last6=Flanders |first6=Jon |last7=Folke |first7=Carl |last8=Frumkin |first8=Howard |last9=Gross |first9=James J. |last10=Hartig |first10=Terry |last11=Kahn |first11=Peter H. |last12=Kuo |first12=Ming |last13=Lawler |first13=Joshua J. |last14=Levin |first14=Phillip S. |last15=Lindahl |first15=Therese |year=2019 |title=Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=7 |bibcode=2019SciA....5..903B |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax0903 |pmc=6656547 |pmid=31355340}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, masu warkarwa suna amfani da yanayi a cikin jiyya don inganta lafiyar hankali ko ta jiki. Wadannan jiyya da dabarun ana kiransu ecotherapy. == Lafiyar kwakwalwa da tasirin motsin rai == An bayyana lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin yanayin jin daɗi kwakwalwa wanda ke bawa mutane damar jimrewa da matsalolin rayuwa, fahimtar iyawarsu, koyo da kyau da aiki da kyau, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga al'ummarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Bincike kan fallasa yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa yanayi yana ƙarfafa lafiyar tunaninmu ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar rage damuwa da inganta yanayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=51 |issue=3 |page=50 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa hulɗa da yanayi yana da alaƙa da karuwar farin ciki, jin daɗin ra'ayi, tasiri mai kyau, kyakkyawar hulɗar zamantakewa da ma'anar ma'ana da manufa a rayuwa, da kuma raguwa a cikin damuwa.<ref name=":1" /> Misali mai amfani na wannan shine tafiya ta yanayi. Wadannan zasu iya kara aikin kwakwalwa a cikin subgenual prefrontal cortex, wanda ya zama ya daina aiki lokacin da mutum ke jin damuwa ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yanayi yana da kyau a duk shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Preuß |first=Myriam |last2=Nieuwenhuijsen |first2=Mark |last3=Marquez |first3=Sandra |last4=Cirach |first4=Marta |last5=Dadvand |first5=Payam |last6=Triguero-Mas |first6=Margarita |last7=Gidlow |first7=Christopher |last8=Grazuleviciene |first8=Regina |last9=Kruize |first9=Hanneke |last10=Zijlema |first10=Wilma |date=January 2019 |title=Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |page=1809 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101809 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6572245 |pmid=31121806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Game da yara, a [[Denmark]] akwai binciken da aka yi a cikin shekaru goma sha takwas wanda ya bincika kwatancin tsakanin yara masu shekaru 0-10 da ke zaune a unguwanni da ke da sararin samaniya da yara daga ƙananan matakan fallasa sararin samaniya. An gano cewa yara daga matakin mafi girma na sararin samaniya suna da kashi 55% na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa, kamar baƙin ciki, schizophrenia, rikicewar abu, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, da rikicewar yanayi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Engemann |first=Kristine |last2=Pedersen |first2=Carsten Bøcker |last3=Arge |first3=Lars |last4=Tsirogiannis |first4=Constantinos |last5=Mortensen |first5=Preben Bo |last6=Svenning |first6=Jens-Christian |date=2019-03-12 |title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=5188–5193 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.5188E |doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6421415 |pmid=30804178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, wani binciken da aka yi a birane huɗu na Turai ya gano cewa manya da ke da ƙananan matakan fallasawa ga mahalli na waje a ƙuruciya suna da mummunar lafiyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da manya da ke dauke da manyan matakan fallasa mahalli na gefe a ƙuruci.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya na shekaru 10 ya gano cewa duka kore na gidajen mutane (a cikin 300m na gidansu) da kuma samun damar zuwa kore da shuɗi a kusa (kamar wuraren shakatawa, tabkuna da rairayin bakin teku) duk sun rage haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki na mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geary |first=Rebecca S. |last2=Thompson |first2=Daniel |last3=Mizen |first3=Amy |last4=Akbari |first4=Ashley |last5=Garrett |first5=Joanne K. |last6=Rowney |first6=Francis M. |last7=Watkins |first7=Alan |last8=Lyons |first8=Ronan A. |last9=Stratton |first9=Gareth |last10=Lovell |first10=Rebecca |last11=Nieuwenhuijsen |first11=Mark |last12=Parker |first12=Sarah C. |last13=Song |first13=Jiao |last14=Tsimpida |first14=Dialechti |last15=White |first15=James |date=2023-10-01 |title=Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(23)00212-7/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e809–e818 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00212-7 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=37821160 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=12 November 2024 |title=Local green spaces are linked with better mental health |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/local-green-spaces-are-linked-with-better-mental-health/ |journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> Bugu da kari, akwai tasirin maidowa daga yanayi wanda ke tallafawa lafiyar hankali da jin daɗi ga tsofaffi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa hulɗar tsofaffi tare da yanayi na iya danganta da mafi kyawun yanayi, rage damar baƙin ciki, rage matakan damuwa da inganta aikin fahimta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tkfadmin |date=2016-08-02 |title=The Importance of Nature in Older Populations |url=https://naturesacred.org/nature-seniors/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Nature Sacred |language=en-US}}</ref> An gano sararin samaniya kusa da gida yana da alaƙa da wasu halayen haɗarin kiwon lafiya, kamar shan sigari da shan barasa, kuma ziyartar wurare na halitta a kai a kai an haɗa shi da ƙarancin shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Martin, L.)), ((White, M. P.)), ((Pahl, S.)), ((May, J.)), ((Newton, J. N.)), ((Elliott, L. R.)), ((Cirach, M.)), ((Grellier, J.)), ((Bratman, G. N.)), ((Gascon, M.)), ((Lima, M. L.)), ((Nieuwenhuijsen, M.)), ((Ojala, A.)), ((Roiko, A.)), ((Bosch, M. van den)), ((Fleming, L. E.)) |date=1 July 2025 |title=Nature contact and health risk Behaviours: Results from an 18 country study |journal=Health & Place |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103479 |issn=1353-8292 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sakamakon irin wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kara yawan wuraren zama da ziyarar yanayi na iya zama dabara mai kyau don rage halayen haɗarin kiwon lafiya. == Tasirin fahimta == Sanin yana nufin duk wani nau'i na sani da wayar da kan jama'a, kamar fahimta, ɗaukar ciki, tunawa, tunani, yin hukunci, tunanin, da warware matsalar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Godiya ga duka bincike na daidaitawa da gwaji, an sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin muhalli da ƙwarewar fahimta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin manyan fa'idodi da binciken ya samu sune ingantaccen aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, inganta hankali, sassauci na fahimta, da ayyukan kula da hankali.<ref name=":4" /> Sabanin haka, fallasa yanayin birane an danganta shi da rashi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=51 |issue=3 |page=50 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Gajeren lokaci na bayyanar yanayi na iya haifar da fa'idodin fahimta, gami da bayyanar kawai ta hanyar hotuna.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Kate E. |last2=Williams |first2=Kathryn J. H. |last3=Sargent |first3=Leisa D. |last4=Williams |first4=Nicholas S. G. |last5=Johnson |first5=Katherine A. |date=2015-06-01 |title=40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494415000328 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=42 |pages=182–189 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003 |issn=0272-4944 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani gwaji na kula da hankali da masu binciken Australiya suka yi ya nemi daliban koleji su shiga cikin wani aiki mai banƙyama, mai ba da hankali wanda dole ne su danna maɓallin kwamfuta lokacin da suka ga wasu lambobi suna haskakawa a allon. Tsakanin aikin mahalarta suna da micro-breaks na sakan 40 inda za su ga ko dai wani birni da ke da [[Tsanwan Rufi|rufin kore]] mai fure ko rufin kankare. Wadanda suka kalli rufin kore sun yi kuskuren watsi da su sosai kuma sun nuna amsawa ga aikin idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta da suka kalli rufi na kankare bisa ga binciken.<ref name=":5" /> Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin kulawa na iya nunawa, alal misali, kan yadda mutane ke fahimtar lokaci a cikin yanayi idan aka kwatanta da yanayin birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Correia |first=Ricardo A. |date=April 2024 |title=Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time |journal=People and Nature |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=358–366 |bibcode=2024PeoNa...6..358C |doi=10.1002/pan3.10601 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baya ga fallasa hotuna na yanayi, Nazarin gwaji da yawa sun yi amfani da nau'ikan motsawa iri-iri kamar sauti da fallasa duniya ta ainihi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan binciken sun kwatanta aikin fahimta na mahalarta bayan bayyanar yanayi idan aka kwatanta da [[Yankin birni|Yanayin birane]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Engemann |first=Kristine |last2=Pedersen |first2=Carsten Bøcker |last3=Arge |first3=Lars |last4=Tsirogiannis |first4=Constantinos |last5=Mortensen |first5=Preben Bo |last6=Svenning |first6=Jens-Christian |date=2019-03-12 |title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=5188–5193 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.5188E |doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6421415 |pmid=30804178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tasirin da aka gano akai-akai tare da mahalli na halitta shine inganta ƙwaƙwalwar aiki. An gano wannan a hankali ta hanyar aikin baya na dijital, wanda aka gaya wa mahalarta su maimaita jerin lambobi (wanda ya bambanta da tsawon) a cikin tsari na baya. Hakazalika, mahalarta da suka fuskanci yanayin yanayi sun inganta ayyukansu.<ref name=":4" /> == Gidan shakatawa na birni da lafiyar kwakwalwa == Duk da yake tattaunawar game da bayyanar yanayi da lafiyar hankali gabaɗaya suna kallon duniyar halitta a waje da birane da yanayin birane, ya cancanci a lura cewa bayyanar yanayi a cikin birane na iya samun babban tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin mutane. Musamman, wuraren shakatawa na birni na iya samun babban tasiri mai kyau a kan lafiyar kwakwalwa - lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mazauna da ke zaune sama da 800m (amma ƙasa da 1.6km) daga wurin shakatawa ya ragu da maki 4.5 idan aka kwatanta da mazauna cikin 400m na wurin shakatawa.[1] An nuna wuraren shakatawa na birane suna ba da gudummawa ga rage damuwa, maido da hankali, gamsuwa da rayuwa, da ƙananan haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki Kamar yadda fiye da rabin yawan jama'ar duniya ke zaune a birane, yana da mahimmanci a yi tunanin hanyoyin da za a kara yawan lafiyar hankali ga wannan yawan.[2] Gidajen shakatawa na birane suna gabatar da hanyoyi masu tsada, hanyoyin da za a iya samar da yanayin da ke inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da la'akari da zamantakewar mazauna ba, launin fata, ko wasu ainihi kuma saboda haka na iya zama hanya zuwa ga daidaito na lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin halayyar halittu * Magani na halitta * ''Shinrin-yoku'' * Gidan magani == Manazarta == 0fascqgz5dg0ars0qh9chk1fqwv9lep 846361 846360 2026-06-03T23:14:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Person_standing_in_front_of_Swiss_Alps.jpg|thumb|Mutumin da ke tsaye a gaban Swiss Alps]]{{Databox}} Bayyana yanayi da lafiyar kwakwalwa suna nufin haɗin tsakanin mutum da ke hulɗa da mahalli na halitta da tasirinsa akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mutum. Yawancin karatu suna la'akari da duk wata hulɗa tare da yanayi a matsayin fallasawa, kamar tafiya, kasancewa a cikin gandun daji ko wuri tare da ruwa (misali tafkin, rairayin bakin teku), tafiya a cikin wurin shakatawa, da dai sauransu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai bincike mai zurfi game da tasirin bayyanar yanayi a kan mutane, wanda ke samun kyakkyawar alaƙa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Bincike ya nuna cewa hulɗar mutane da yanayi ya ragu tare da salon rayuwa na zamani na kasancewa mafi yawan lokaci a cikin gida da kuma karuwar lokacin da ake ciyarwa akan allo. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da hulɗa tare da yanayi a matsayin mai inganta kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya godiya ga fa'idodi da yawa da yake kawowa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da fahimta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bratman |first=Gregory N. |last2=Anderson |first2=Christopher B. |last3=Berman |first3=Marc G. |last4=Cochran |first4=Bobby |last5=De Vries |first5=Sjerp |last6=Flanders |first6=Jon |last7=Folke |first7=Carl |last8=Frumkin |first8=Howard |last9=Gross |first9=James J. |last10=Hartig |first10=Terry |last11=Kahn |first11=Peter H. |last12=Kuo |first12=Ming |last13=Lawler |first13=Joshua J. |last14=Levin |first14=Phillip S. |last15=Lindahl |first15=Therese |year=2019 |title=Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=7 |bibcode=2019SciA....5..903B |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax0903 |pmc=6656547 |pmid=31355340}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, masu warkarwa suna amfani da yanayi a cikin jiyya don inganta lafiyar hankali ko ta jiki. Wadannan jiyya da dabarun ana kiransu ecotherapy. == Lafiyar kwakwalwa da tasirin motsin rai == An bayyana lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin yanayin jin daɗi kwakwalwa wanda ke bawa mutane damar jimrewa da matsalolin rayuwa, fahimtar iyawarsu, koyo da kyau da aiki da kyau, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga al'ummarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Bincike kan fallasa yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa yanayi yana ƙarfafa lafiyar tunaninmu ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar rage damuwa da inganta yanayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=51 |issue=3 |page=50 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa hulɗa da yanayi yana da alaƙa da karuwar farin ciki, jin daɗin ra'ayi, tasiri mai kyau, kyakkyawar hulɗar zamantakewa da ma'anar ma'ana da manufa a rayuwa, da kuma raguwa a cikin damuwa.<ref name=":1" /> Misali mai amfani na wannan shine tafiya ta yanayi. Wadannan zasu iya kara aikin kwakwalwa a cikin subgenual prefrontal cortex, wanda ya zama ya daina aiki lokacin da mutum ke jin damuwa ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yanayi yana da kyau a duk shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Preuß |first=Myriam |last2=Nieuwenhuijsen |first2=Mark |last3=Marquez |first3=Sandra |last4=Cirach |first4=Marta |last5=Dadvand |first5=Payam |last6=Triguero-Mas |first6=Margarita |last7=Gidlow |first7=Christopher |last8=Grazuleviciene |first8=Regina |last9=Kruize |first9=Hanneke |last10=Zijlema |first10=Wilma |date=January 2019 |title=Low Childhood Nature Exposure is Associated with Worse Mental Health in Adulthood |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |page=1809 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101809 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6572245 |pmid=31121806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Game da yara, a [[Denmark]] akwai binciken da aka yi a cikin shekaru goma sha takwas wanda ya bincika kwatancin tsakanin yara masu shekaru 0-10 da ke zaune a unguwanni da ke da sararin samaniya da yara daga ƙananan matakan fallasa sararin samaniya. An gano cewa yara daga matakin mafi girma na sararin samaniya suna da kashi 55% na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa, kamar baƙin ciki, schizophrenia, rikicewar abu, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, da rikicewar yanayi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Engemann |first=Kristine |last2=Pedersen |first2=Carsten Bøcker |last3=Arge |first3=Lars |last4=Tsirogiannis |first4=Constantinos |last5=Mortensen |first5=Preben Bo |last6=Svenning |first6=Jens-Christian |date=2019-03-12 |title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=5188–5193 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.5188E |doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6421415 |pmid=30804178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, wani binciken da aka yi a birane huɗu na Turai ya gano cewa manya da ke da ƙananan matakan fallasawa ga mahalli na waje a ƙuruciya suna da mummunar lafiyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da manya da ke dauke da manyan matakan fallasa mahalli na gefe a ƙuruci.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya na shekaru 10 ya gano cewa duka kore na gidajen mutane (a cikin 300m na gidansu) da kuma samun damar zuwa kore da shuɗi a kusa (kamar wuraren shakatawa, tabkuna da rairayin bakin teku) duk sun rage haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki na mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geary |first=Rebecca S. |last2=Thompson |first2=Daniel |last3=Mizen |first3=Amy |last4=Akbari |first4=Ashley |last5=Garrett |first5=Joanne K. |last6=Rowney |first6=Francis M. |last7=Watkins |first7=Alan |last8=Lyons |first8=Ronan A. |last9=Stratton |first9=Gareth |last10=Lovell |first10=Rebecca |last11=Nieuwenhuijsen |first11=Mark |last12=Parker |first12=Sarah C. |last13=Song |first13=Jiao |last14=Tsimpida |first14=Dialechti |last15=White |first15=James |date=2023-10-01 |title=Ambient greenness, access to local green spaces, and subsequent mental health: a 10-year longitudinal dynamic panel study of 2·3 million adults in Wales |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(23)00212-7/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e809–e818 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00212-7 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=37821160 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=12 November 2024 |title=Local green spaces are linked with better mental health |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/local-green-spaces-are-linked-with-better-mental-health/ |journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> Bugu da kari, akwai tasirin maidowa daga yanayi wanda ke tallafawa lafiyar hankali da jin daɗi ga tsofaffi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa hulɗar tsofaffi tare da yanayi na iya danganta da mafi kyawun yanayi, rage damar baƙin ciki, rage matakan damuwa da inganta aikin fahimta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tkfadmin |date=2016-08-02 |title=The Importance of Nature in Older Populations |url=https://naturesacred.org/nature-seniors/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Nature Sacred |language=en-US}}</ref> An gano sararin samaniya kusa da gida yana da alaƙa da wasu halayen haɗarin kiwon lafiya, kamar shan sigari da shan barasa, kuma ziyartar wurare na halitta a kai a kai an haɗa shi da ƙarancin shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Martin, L.)), ((White, M. P.)), ((Pahl, S.)), ((May, J.)), ((Newton, J. N.)), ((Elliott, L. R.)), ((Cirach, M.)), ((Grellier, J.)), ((Bratman, G. N.)), ((Gascon, M.)), ((Lima, M. L.)), ((Nieuwenhuijsen, M.)), ((Ojala, A.)), ((Roiko, A.)), ((Bosch, M. van den)), ((Fleming, L. E.)) |date=1 July 2025 |title=Nature contact and health risk Behaviours: Results from an 18 country study |journal=Health & Place |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103479 |issn=1353-8292 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sakamakon irin wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kara yawan wuraren zama da ziyarar yanayi na iya zama dabara mai kyau don rage halayen haɗarin kiwon lafiya. == Tasirin fahimta == Sanin yana nufin duk wani nau'i na sani da wayar da kan jama'a, kamar fahimta, ɗaukar ciki, tunawa, tunani, yin hukunci, tunanin, da warware matsalar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Godiya ga duka bincike na daidaitawa da gwaji, an sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin muhalli da ƙwarewar fahimta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin manyan fa'idodi da binciken ya samu sune ingantaccen aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, inganta hankali, sassauci na fahimta, da ayyukan kula da hankali.<ref name=":4" /> Sabanin haka, fallasa yanayin birane an danganta shi da rashi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Nurtured by Nature – Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=51 |issue=3 |page=50 |access-date=April 12, 2023}}</ref> Gajeren lokaci na bayyanar yanayi na iya haifar da fa'idodin fahimta, gami da bayyanar kawai ta hanyar hotuna.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Kate E. |last2=Williams |first2=Kathryn J. H. |last3=Sargent |first3=Leisa D. |last4=Williams |first4=Nicholas S. G. |last5=Johnson |first5=Katherine A. |date=2015-06-01 |title=40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494415000328 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=42 |pages=182–189 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003 |issn=0272-4944 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani gwaji na kula da hankali da masu binciken Australiya suka yi ya nemi daliban koleji su shiga cikin wani aiki mai banƙyama, mai ba da hankali wanda dole ne su danna maɓallin kwamfuta lokacin da suka ga wasu lambobi suna haskakawa a allon. Tsakanin aikin mahalarta suna da micro-breaks na sakan 40 inda za su ga ko dai wani birni da ke da [[Tsanwan Rufi|rufin kore]] mai fure ko rufin kankare. Wadanda suka kalli rufin kore sun yi kuskuren watsi da su sosai kuma sun nuna amsawa ga aikin idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta da suka kalli rufi na kankare bisa ga binciken.<ref name=":5" /> Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin kulawa na iya nunawa, alal misali, kan yadda mutane ke fahimtar lokaci a cikin yanayi idan aka kwatanta da yanayin birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Correia |first=Ricardo A. |date=April 2024 |title=Acknowledging and understanding the contributions of nature to human sense of time |journal=People and Nature |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=358–366 |bibcode=2024PeoNa...6..358C |doi=10.1002/pan3.10601 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baya ga fallasa hotuna na yanayi, Nazarin gwaji da yawa sun yi amfani da nau'ikan motsawa iri-iri kamar sauti da fallasa duniya ta ainihi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schertz |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Berman |first2=Marc G. |date=October 2019 |title=Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1177/0963721419854100 |issn=0963-7214 |s2cid=197722990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan binciken sun kwatanta aikin fahimta na mahalarta bayan bayyanar yanayi idan aka kwatanta da [[Yankin birni|Yanayin birane]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Engemann |first=Kristine |last2=Pedersen |first2=Carsten Bøcker |last3=Arge |first3=Lars |last4=Tsirogiannis |first4=Constantinos |last5=Mortensen |first5=Preben Bo |last6=Svenning |first6=Jens-Christian |date=2019-03-12 |title=Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=5188–5193 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.5188E |doi=10.1073/pnas.1807504116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6421415 |pmid=30804178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban tasirin da aka gano akai-akai tare da mahalli na halitta shine inganta ƙwaƙwalwar aiki. An gano wannan a hankali ta hanyar aikin baya na dijital, wanda aka gaya wa mahalarta su maimaita jerin lambobi (wanda ya bambanta da tsawon) a cikin tsari na baya. Hakazalika, mahalarta da suka fuskanci yanayin yanayi sun inganta ayyukansu.<ref name=":4" /> == Gidan shakatawa na birni da lafiyar kwakwalwa == Duk da yake tattaunawar game da bayyanar yanayi da lafiyar hankali gabaɗaya suna kallon duniyar halitta a waje da birane da yanayin birane, ya cancanci a lura cewa bayyanar yanayi a cikin birane na iya samun babban tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin mutane. Musamman, wuraren shakatawa na birni na iya samun babban tasiri mai kyau a kan lafiyar kwakwalwa - lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mazauna da ke zaune sama da 800m (amma ƙasa da 1.6km) daga wurin shakatawa ya ragu da maki 4.5 idan aka kwatanta da mazauna cikin 400m na wurin shakatawa.[1] An nuna wuraren shakatawa na birane suna ba da gudummawa ga rage damuwa, maido da hankali, gamsuwa da rayuwa, da ƙananan haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki Kamar yadda fiye da rabin yawan jama'ar duniya ke zaune a birane, yana da mahimmanci a yi tunanin hanyoyin da za a kara yawan lafiyar hankali ga wannan yawan.[2] Gidajen shakatawa na birane suna gabatar da hanyoyi masu tsada, hanyoyin da za a iya samar da yanayin da ke inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da la'akari da zamantakewar mazauna ba, launin fata, ko wasu ainihi kuma saboda haka na iya zama hanya zuwa ga daidaito na lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimin halayyar halittu * Magani na halitta * ''Shinrin-yoku'' * Gidan magani == Manazarta == meab1b3rwhh2dew8b054l5u57s3vwf9 VAGA 0 154593 846362 2026-06-03T23:14:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351305468|VAGA]]" 846362 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''VAGA''' kungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka sadaukar don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa da yaki da raguwar fahimta ta hanyar maganin fasaha. Kungiyar ta haɗu da masu zane-zane, likitoci da masu ilimin halayyar ilimi don inganta haɗin gwiwar bincike da ci gaban sabbin hanyoyin warkarwa na fasaha. VAGA ta rabu da kungiyar 'yancin Artists a cikin 2018 kuma yanzu ta zama wani bangare na musamman tare da manufa ta daban da ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Aikin == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1976, VAGA (Visual Arts and Galleries Association) ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ke tattara kayan fasaha da daukar hoto a Amurka, kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Shawn |date=17 May 2012 |title=VAGA: Protecting the rights of artists since 1976 |url=http://aeqai.com/main/2012/05/vaga-protecting-the-rights-of-artists-since-1976-the-%E2%80%98skinny%E2%80%9D-on-vaga/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222192650/http://aeqai.com/main/2012/05/vaga-protecting-the-rights-of-artists-since-1976-the-%E2%80%98skinny%E2%80%9D-on-vaga/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2014 |website=AEQAI}}</ref> An tsara shi bayan ASCAP (The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers), VAGA tana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da lasisi ga masu bugawa, gidajen tarihi, kamfanonin samar da fina-finai, gidajen siyarwa, gallery, kamfanoni masu yawa, da sauran masu amfani da fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, VAGA tana kare membobinta daga keta doka, tana ba da shawara kan dukkan fannoni na dokar mallakar ilimi, kuma tana ba da shawarwari ga haƙƙin masu fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Nicholas |date=18 October 2013 |title=Lauren Clay, the David Smith Estate, David Dodde, and Fair Use: Are We Learning Anything? |url=http://www.artlawreport.com/2013/10/18/lauren-clay-the-donald-smith-estate-david-dodde-and-fair-use-are-we-learning-anything/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222210413/http://www.artlawreport.com/2013/10/18/lauren-clay-the-donald-smith-estate-david-dodde-and-fair-use-are-we-learning-anything/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=Art Law Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=Lehman Submits Statement for the Record for House Judiciary Hearing on Moral Rights, Termination Rights, Resale Royalty and Copyright Term |url=http://iipi.org/2014/07/lehman-submits-statement-for-the-record-for-house-judiciary-hearing-on-moral-rights-termination-rights-resale-royalty-and-copyright-term/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062041/http://iipi.org/2014/07/lehman-submits-statement-for-the-record-for-house-judiciary-hearing-on-moral-rights-termination-rights-resale-royalty-and-copyright-term/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=IIPI |publisher=International Intellectual Property Institute}}</ref> VAGA tana wakiltar masu fasaha a duk duniya, kai tsaye da kuma yarjejeniyoyi tare da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa a wasu ƙasashe. A matsayinta na memba na CISAC, ƙungiyar al'ummomin duniya da ke wakiltar masu kirkirar, VAGA tana shiga cikin kafa ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke sarrafa amfani da ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers |url=http://www.cisac.org/CisacPortal/page.do?name=rubrique.6.1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713065905/http://www.cisac.org/CisacPortal/page.do?name=rubrique.6.1 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |access-date=2014-10-03 |website=CISAC}}</ref> == Advocacy da Lobbying == VAGA tana aiki don inganta haƙƙin masu zane ta hanyar tuntuɓar Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka da kuma yin lobbying na Majalisa don inganta dokokin haƙƙin mallaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russeth |first=Andrew |date=2 November 2011 |title=VAGA Will Lobby for Federal Resale Royalties Bill |url=http://observer.com/2011/11/vaga-plans-federal-resale-royalties-bill-as-artists-and-auction-houses-battle/ |website=Observer}}</ref> A cikin 2014 VAGA, tare da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin, sun fara gabatar da Dokar Royalties Too (ART) ta Amurka. An gabatar da lissafin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Rep. Jerrold Nadler kuma a cikin Majalisar Dattijai ta Sanatoci Tammy Baldwin da Ed Markey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Nicholas |date=24 March 2014 |title=Resale Royalties Redux: the "American Royalties Too Act" |url=http://www.artlawreport.com/2014/03/24/resale-royalties-redux-the-american-royalties-too-act/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032952/http://www.artlawreport.com/2014/03/24/resale-royalties-redux-the-american-royalties-too-act/ |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Art Law Report}}</ref> Idan aka kafa shi, lissafin zai kafa sake siyarwa, inda mahaliccin aikin zai sami kashi na siyarwar wannan aikin lokacin da aka sake siyar da shi a gwanjo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=S.2045 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): American Royalties Too Act of 2014 |url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2045 |website=congress.gov |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya sake nazarin yiwuwar dokar sake siyarwa a Amurka a cikin 2012. VAGA ta gabatar da maganganun jama'a don tallafawa irin wannan doka kuma ta magance damuwar masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panzer |first=Robert |date=19 September 2012 |title=Notice of Inquiry Concerning the Resale Royalty Right: Written Comments of VAGA |url=http://www.copyright.gov/docs/resaleroyalty/comments/77fr58175/VAGA.pdf |website=copyright.gov |publisher=United States Copyright Office}}</ref> Babban Darakta na VAGA, Robert Panzer, ya kuma shiga cikin tattaunawar tebur da Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya shirya don ba da shawara ga dokar sake siyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Resale Royalties: An Updated Analysis |url=http://www.copyright.gov/docs/resaleroyalty/usco-resaleroyalty.pdf |website=copyright.gov |publisher=United States Copyright Office}}</ref> Binciken binciken Ofishin ya kasance da ƙuduri don goyon bayan dokar sake siyarwa a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heddaya |first=Mostafa |date=13 December 2013 |title=Copyright Laws Are a-Changin' (Maybe) in the US and EU |url=http://hyperallergic.com/98268/copyright-laws-are-a-changin-in-nyc-and/ |website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> == Ayyukan Lafiya na VAGA == A cikin 2018, VAGA a hukumance ya rabu da kungiyar 'yancin Artists, tare da ƙarshen yana riƙe da duk kungiyoyin lasisi da haƙƙin mallaka, kuma tsohon yana ci gaba da duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da maganin fasaha. Vaga yanzu tana gudanar da babban shirin da aka yi niyyar bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin lafiyar kwakwalwa da zane-zane. Masu zane-zane da ke cikin aikin sun raba gwagwarmayarsu a fili tare da rashin lafiyar hankali, kuma wasu suna shiga cikin zaman kyauta da aka tsara don nuna wa jama'a yadda fasaha za ta taimaka musu shawo kan wasu matsalolin lafiyar hankali. Ana samun darussan maganin fasaha na gida 100% a kan layi. Aikin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na Vaga ya hada da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da yawa, gami da likitocin halayyar mutum, masu ilimin halayya, masu warkarwa da ma'aikatan kulawa; waɗannan masu sana'a sun taru don bincika yadda za'a iya amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar warkarwa a wasu lokuta na rashin lafiya na hankali ko jijiyoyi. Yawancin zaman maganin fasaha suna faruwa a ciki da kewayen New York, kodayake ana kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa ta masu fasaha da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ya kamata su fara bayar da zaman maganin fasaha a shekarar 2023. == Manazarta == bd1kyypd7cd63ctyecw0ordnpla737v 846363 846362 2026-06-03T23:15:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846363 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''VAGA''' kungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka sadaukar don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa da yaki da raguwar fahimta ta hanyar maganin fasaha. Kungiyar ta haɗu da masu zane-zane, likitoci da masu ilimin halayyar ilimi don inganta haɗin gwiwar bincike da ci gaban sabbin hanyoyin warkarwa na fasaha. VAGA ta rabu da kungiyar 'yancin Artists a cikin 2018 kuma yanzu ta zama wani bangare na musamman tare da manufa ta daban da ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Aikin == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1976, VAGA (Visual Arts and Galleries Association) ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ke tattara kayan fasaha da daukar hoto a Amurka, kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Shawn |date=17 May 2012 |title=VAGA: Protecting the rights of artists since 1976 |url=http://aeqai.com/main/2012/05/vaga-protecting-the-rights-of-artists-since-1976-the-%E2%80%98skinny%E2%80%9D-on-vaga/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222192650/http://aeqai.com/main/2012/05/vaga-protecting-the-rights-of-artists-since-1976-the-%E2%80%98skinny%E2%80%9D-on-vaga/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2014 |website=AEQAI}}</ref> An tsara shi bayan ASCAP (The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers), VAGA tana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da lasisi ga masu bugawa, gidajen tarihi, kamfanonin samar da fina-finai, gidajen siyarwa, gallery, kamfanoni masu yawa, da sauran masu amfani da fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, VAGA tana kare membobinta daga keta doka, tana ba da shawara kan dukkan fannoni na dokar mallakar ilimi, kuma tana ba da shawarwari ga haƙƙin masu fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Nicholas |date=18 October 2013 |title=Lauren Clay, the David Smith Estate, David Dodde, and Fair Use: Are We Learning Anything? |url=http://www.artlawreport.com/2013/10/18/lauren-clay-the-donald-smith-estate-david-dodde-and-fair-use-are-we-learning-anything/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222210413/http://www.artlawreport.com/2013/10/18/lauren-clay-the-donald-smith-estate-david-dodde-and-fair-use-are-we-learning-anything/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=Art Law Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=Lehman Submits Statement for the Record for House Judiciary Hearing on Moral Rights, Termination Rights, Resale Royalty and Copyright Term |url=http://iipi.org/2014/07/lehman-submits-statement-for-the-record-for-house-judiciary-hearing-on-moral-rights-termination-rights-resale-royalty-and-copyright-term/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062041/http://iipi.org/2014/07/lehman-submits-statement-for-the-record-for-house-judiciary-hearing-on-moral-rights-termination-rights-resale-royalty-and-copyright-term/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 October 2014 |website=IIPI |publisher=International Intellectual Property Institute}}</ref> VAGA tana wakiltar masu fasaha a duk duniya, kai tsaye da kuma yarjejeniyoyi tare da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa a wasu ƙasashe. A matsayinta na memba na CISAC, ƙungiyar al'ummomin duniya da ke wakiltar masu kirkirar, VAGA tana shiga cikin kafa ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke sarrafa amfani da ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers |url=http://www.cisac.org/CisacPortal/page.do?name=rubrique.6.1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713065905/http://www.cisac.org/CisacPortal/page.do?name=rubrique.6.1 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |access-date=2014-10-03 |website=CISAC}}</ref> == Advocacy da Lobbying == VAGA tana aiki don inganta haƙƙin masu zane ta hanyar tuntuɓar Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka da kuma yin lobbying na Majalisa don inganta dokokin haƙƙin mallaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russeth |first=Andrew |date=2 November 2011 |title=VAGA Will Lobby for Federal Resale Royalties Bill |url=http://observer.com/2011/11/vaga-plans-federal-resale-royalties-bill-as-artists-and-auction-houses-battle/ |website=Observer}}</ref> A cikin 2014 VAGA, tare da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin, sun fara gabatar da Dokar Royalties Too (ART) ta Amurka. An gabatar da lissafin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Rep. Jerrold Nadler kuma a cikin Majalisar Dattijai ta Sanatoci Tammy Baldwin da Ed Markey. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Nicholas |date=24 March 2014 |title=Resale Royalties Redux: the "American Royalties Too Act" |url=http://www.artlawreport.com/2014/03/24/resale-royalties-redux-the-american-royalties-too-act/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032952/http://www.artlawreport.com/2014/03/24/resale-royalties-redux-the-american-royalties-too-act/ |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Art Law Report}}</ref> Idan aka kafa shi, lissafin zai kafa sake siyarwa, inda mahaliccin aikin zai sami kashi na siyarwar wannan aikin lokacin da aka sake siyar da shi a gwanjo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=S.2045 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): American Royalties Too Act of 2014 |url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2045 |website=congress.gov |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya sake nazarin yiwuwar dokar sake siyarwa a Amurka a cikin 2012. VAGA ta gabatar da maganganun jama'a don tallafawa irin wannan doka kuma ta magance damuwar masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panzer |first=Robert |date=19 September 2012 |title=Notice of Inquiry Concerning the Resale Royalty Right: Written Comments of VAGA |url=http://www.copyright.gov/docs/resaleroyalty/comments/77fr58175/VAGA.pdf |website=copyright.gov |publisher=United States Copyright Office}}</ref> Babban Darakta na VAGA, Robert Panzer, ya kuma shiga cikin tattaunawar tebur da Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya shirya don ba da shawara ga dokar sake siyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Resale Royalties: An Updated Analysis |url=http://www.copyright.gov/docs/resaleroyalty/usco-resaleroyalty.pdf |website=copyright.gov |publisher=United States Copyright Office}}</ref> Binciken binciken Ofishin ya kasance da ƙuduri don goyon bayan dokar sake siyarwa a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heddaya |first=Mostafa |date=13 December 2013 |title=Copyright Laws Are a-Changin' (Maybe) in the US and EU |url=http://hyperallergic.com/98268/copyright-laws-are-a-changin-in-nyc-and/ |website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> == Ayyukan Lafiya na VAGA == A cikin 2018, VAGA a hukumance ya rabu da kungiyar 'yancin Artists, tare da ƙarshen yana riƙe da duk kungiyoyin lasisi da haƙƙin mallaka, kuma tsohon yana ci gaba da duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da maganin fasaha. Vaga yanzu tana gudanar da babban shirin da aka yi niyyar bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin lafiyar kwakwalwa da zane-zane. Masu zane-zane da ke cikin aikin sun raba gwagwarmayarsu a fili tare da rashin lafiyar hankali, kuma wasu suna shiga cikin zaman kyauta da aka tsara don nuna wa jama'a yadda fasaha za ta taimaka musu shawo kan wasu matsalolin lafiyar hankali. Ana samun darussan maganin fasaha na gida 100% a kan layi. Aikin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na Vaga ya hada da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da yawa, gami da likitocin halayyar mutum, masu ilimin halayya, masu warkarwa da ma'aikatan kulawa; waɗannan masu sana'a sun taru don bincika yadda za'a iya amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar warkarwa a wasu lokuta na rashin lafiya na hankali ko jijiyoyi. Yawancin zaman maganin fasaha suna faruwa a ciki da kewayen New York, kodayake ana kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa ta masu fasaha da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ya kamata su fara bayar da zaman maganin fasaha a shekarar 2023. == Manazarta == qdi6r8seqtskpxst81efkbfmzsz1ct5 Canja wurin zama 0 154594 846364 2026-06-03T23:15:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324681434|Transinstitutionalisation]]" 846364 wikitext text/x-wiki Transinstitutialisation shine abin da ya faru inda fursunoni da aka saki daga wata al'umma mai warkarwa ke motsawa zuwa wasu cibiyoyin, ko dai a matsayin shirin tafiya ko kuma Sakamakon da ba a tsammani ba.<ref name="Nord">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvig |first=Pål |last2=Kjelsberg |first2=Ellen |date=12 July 2009 |title=Penrose's Law revisited: The relationship between mental institution beds, prison population and crime rate |journal=Nordic Journal of Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1080/08039480802298697 |pmid=18985517 |s2cid=23873740 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Misali, lokacin da aka rufe asibitocin mahaukaci a Amurka sakamakon canjin manufofin siyasa, yawan fursunoni ya karu da adadin da ya dace. A Amurka marasa lafiya da za su kasance a asibitocin mahaukaci sun lalace a asibutoci da gidajen tsofaffi masu zaman kansu wanda ya zama masana'antar ci gaba. == Tarihi == A cikin 1939, Lionel Penrose ya buga wani binciken sashi daga kasashe 18 na Turai wanda ya haɗa da Scandinavia. Ya nuna cewa akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin yawan gadon asibitin mahaukaci da yawan fursunoni; sannan kuma alaƙa tsakanin adadin gadon asibiti na mahaukaci tare da yawan kisan kai. Ya jaddada cewa ta hanyar kara yawan gadon asibitocin mahaukaci, al'umma na iya rage manyan laifuka da yawan ɗaurin kurkuku. Wannan ya zama sananne da dokar Penrose.<ref name="Nord">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvig |first=Pål |last2=Kjelsberg |first2=Ellen |date=12 July 2009 |title=Penrose's Law revisited: The relationship between mental institution beds, prison population and crime rate |journal=Nordic Journal of Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1080/08039480802298697 |pmid=18985517 |s2cid=23873740 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Kanada Erving Goffman an yaba da shi tare da fadada manufar cibiyoyin duka a cikin takarda "A kan halaye na cibiyoyin jimillar", wanda aka gabatar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1957 a Cibiyar Walter Reed ta Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry, kodayake Everett Hughes ya yi amfani da shi a baya a lokacin taron koli na ƙarshen shekarun 1940, "Aiki da Ayyuka". Rage manyan asibitocin kwakwalwa a Amurka da Burtaniya ya fara ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 sannan ya faru a yawancin kasashen Yammacin Turai a cikin shekarun 1970. Ko ana kiranta 'deinstitutialisation' 'tushen al'umma' kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, 'buɗe' sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ko 'decentralized' sabis na lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma jimlar yawan gadaje a cikin waɗannan duka cibiyoyin kiwon kwakwalwa sun fadi sosai.[1] == Rashin kafawa == Deinstitutialisation, raguwar saitunan ma'aikata na gargajiya kuma musamman raguwar yawan gadaje, tsari ne wanda ke ɗaukar shekaru da yawa. Deinstitutialisation ya ƙunshi matakai uku: da farko sauyawa daga dogaro da asibitocin mahaukaci; sannan 'transinstitutialisation' ko karuwa a yawan gadajen kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a asibitoci da gidajen jinya kuma a ƙarshe ci gaban ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya na al'umma.<ref name="Pedersen">{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Per Bernhard |last2=Kolstad |first2=Arnulf |date=2009 |title=De-institutionalisation and trans-institutionalisation - changing trends of inpatient care in Norwegian mental health institutions 1950-2007 |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/1752-4458-3-28 |pmc=3402049 |pmid=20035623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi la'akari da cewa marasa lafiya, waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu a lokacin da aka cire su daga manyan asibitoci sun kasa yin canji ga rayuwar al'umma mai zaman kanta, kuma sun sake shiga cikin tsarin kula da masu laifi. Transinstitutialisation shine tsarin da ke bayyana dokar Penrose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalapos |first=Miklós Péter |date=September 2016 |title=Penrose's law: Methodological challenges and call for data |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=Pt A |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.04.006 |pmid=27143118}}</ref> == Manazarta == t4q28nfa65obmp9wgj60wzun7evasx3 846365 846364 2026-06-03T23:15:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Transinstitutialisation shine abin da ya faru inda fursunoni da aka saki daga wata al'umma mai warkarwa ke motsawa zuwa wasu cibiyoyin, ko dai a matsayin shirin tafiya ko kuma Sakamakon da ba a tsammani ba.<ref name="Nord">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvig |first=Pål |last2=Kjelsberg |first2=Ellen |date=12 July 2009 |title=Penrose's Law revisited: The relationship between mental institution beds, prison population and crime rate |journal=Nordic Journal of Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1080/08039480802298697 |pmid=18985517 |s2cid=23873740 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Misali, lokacin da aka rufe asibitocin mahaukaci a Amurka sakamakon canjin manufofin siyasa, yawan fursunoni ya karu da adadin da ya dace. A Amurka marasa lafiya da za su kasance a asibitocin mahaukaci sun lalace a asibutoci da gidajen tsofaffi masu zaman kansu wanda ya zama masana'antar ci gaba. == Tarihi == A cikin 1939, Lionel Penrose ya buga wani binciken sashi daga kasashe 18 na Turai wanda ya haɗa da Scandinavia. Ya nuna cewa akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin yawan gadon asibitin mahaukaci da yawan fursunoni; sannan kuma alaƙa tsakanin adadin gadon asibiti na mahaukaci tare da yawan kisan kai. Ya jaddada cewa ta hanyar kara yawan gadon asibitocin mahaukaci, al'umma na iya rage manyan laifuka da yawan ɗaurin kurkuku. Wannan ya zama sananne da dokar Penrose.<ref name="Nord">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvig |first=Pål |last2=Kjelsberg |first2=Ellen |date=12 July 2009 |title=Penrose's Law revisited: The relationship between mental institution beds, prison population and crime rate |journal=Nordic Journal of Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |doi=10.1080/08039480802298697 |pmid=18985517 |s2cid=23873740 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Kanada Erving Goffman an yaba da shi tare da fadada manufar cibiyoyin duka a cikin takarda "A kan halaye na cibiyoyin jimillar", wanda aka gabatar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1957 a Cibiyar Walter Reed ta Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry, kodayake Everett Hughes ya yi amfani da shi a baya a lokacin taron koli na ƙarshen shekarun 1940, "Aiki da Ayyuka". Rage manyan asibitocin kwakwalwa a Amurka da Burtaniya ya fara ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 sannan ya faru a yawancin kasashen Yammacin Turai a cikin shekarun 1970. Ko ana kiranta 'deinstitutialisation' 'tushen al'umma' kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, 'buɗe' sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ko 'decentralized' sabis na lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma jimlar yawan gadaje a cikin waɗannan duka cibiyoyin kiwon kwakwalwa sun fadi sosai.[1] == Rashin kafawa == Deinstitutialisation, raguwar saitunan ma'aikata na gargajiya kuma musamman raguwar yawan gadaje, tsari ne wanda ke ɗaukar shekaru da yawa. Deinstitutialisation ya ƙunshi matakai uku: da farko sauyawa daga dogaro da asibitocin mahaukaci; sannan 'transinstitutialisation' ko karuwa a yawan gadajen kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a asibitoci da gidajen jinya kuma a ƙarshe ci gaban ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya na al'umma.<ref name="Pedersen">{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Per Bernhard |last2=Kolstad |first2=Arnulf |date=2009 |title=De-institutionalisation and trans-institutionalisation - changing trends of inpatient care in Norwegian mental health institutions 1950-2007 |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/1752-4458-3-28 |pmc=3402049 |pmid=20035623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi la'akari da cewa marasa lafiya, waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu a lokacin da aka cire su daga manyan asibitoci sun kasa yin canji ga rayuwar al'umma mai zaman kanta, kuma sun sake shiga cikin tsarin kula da masu laifi. Transinstitutialisation shine tsarin da ke bayyana dokar Penrose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalapos |first=Miklós Péter |date=September 2016 |title=Penrose's law: Methodological challenges and call for data |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=Pt A |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.04.006 |pmid=27143118}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8jxc66vi66i88topfjyumpinbt0qdw4 Taɓawa yunwa 0 154595 846366 2026-06-03T23:16:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353635709|Touch starvation]]" 846366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taɓawa yunwa''', wanda aka fi sani da taɓawa ko '''yunwa ta fata''', shine buƙatar jiki ta mutane da sauran jinsuna don hulɗa ta jiki tare da jinsinsu ko wasu rayayyun halittu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Silvestri |first=Valentina |last2=Giraud |first2=Michelle |last3=Macchi Cassia |first3=Viola |last4=Nava |first4=Elena |date=June 2024 |title=Touch me or touch me not: Emotion regulation by affective touch in human adults |journal=Emotion (American Psychological Association) |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=913–922 |doi=10.1037/emo0001320 |issn=1931-1516 |pmid=37982793}}</ref> Rashin sa na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan motsin rai, jiki, da / ko lafiyar hankali na mutum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Charlotte |date=2021-08-09 |title="Without touch we deteriorate quickly": What is touch starvation? |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2021/0809/1239837-without-touch-we-deteriorate-quickly-what-is-touch-starvation/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTE)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tomova |first=Livia |last2=Wang |first2=Kimberly L. |last3=Thompson |first3=Todd |last4=Matthews |first4=Gillian A. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Atsushi |last6=Tye |first6=Kay M. |last7=Saxe |first7=Rebecca |date=December 2020 |title=Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1597–1605 |doi=10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z |issn=1546-1726 |pmc=8580014 |pmid=33230328}}</ref> Rashin zai iya haifar da ko kara tsanantawa ta hanyar kaɗaici da / ko alamun baƙin ciki da ke akwai. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Kodayake ana tunanin maganin da ba na ɗan adam ba don samar da ƙarin fa'ida, an bayyana rashin hulɗar ɗan adam na zahiri yana da mummunar lahani ga amincewar mutum, tsarin motsin rai, da kuma siffar kansa, musamman a lokacin farkon lokacin ƙuruciya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Park |first=William |date=2020-07-07 |title=Why human touch is so hard to replace |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=springbrook |date=2017-03-21 |title=Physical Touch for Kids with Autism: A Basic Human Need - Springbrook Behavioral Health |url=https://springbrookbehavioral.com/physical-touch-for-kids-with-autism-a-basic-human-need/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=springbrookbehavioral.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bigelow |first=Ann E. |last2=Williams |first2=Lela |date=Nov 2020 |title=To have and to hold: Effects of physical contact on infants and their caregivers |journal=Infant Behavior & Development |volume=61 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101494 |issn=1934-8800 |pmc=7502223 |pmid=32966905}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Capiotto |first=Francesca |last2=Romano Cappi |first2=Giulia |last3=Mirlisenna |first3=Ilaria |last4=Mazza |first4=Alessandro |last5=Cicinelli |first5=Giovanni |last6=Lauritano |first6=Chiara |last7=Keller |first7=Roberto |last8=Dal Monte |first8=Olga |date=2024 |title=Autonomic and hedonic response to affective touch in autism spectrum disorder |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.3143 |journal=Autism Research |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=923–933 |doi=10.1002/aur.3143 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=38685201 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayani na halitta == [[Fayil:New_born_Frisian_red_white_calf.jpg|thumb|Wata saniya mai launin ja da fari ta Holstein Friesian tana kunyatar da maraƙin]] Kwarewar da ta dace ta taɓa, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an danganta shi da fiber na jijiya da aka sani da C-tactile (CT) afferent; ana samunsa a cikin fata mai gashi kuma yana lura da martani na fi dacewa ga motsawa daga wasu mutane.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Taɓawa da hulɗar zamantakewa suna da mahimmanci ga aikin halittu na mafi yawan rayuwa mai rikitarwa kamar yadda abinci ko ruwa ke yi. Helen Colton ta fara yin wannan batu a shekara ta 1983, tana mai cewa an haifi mutane da "tsananin ' yunwa' ". <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ambaci karatun Sidney Jourard na 1966 wanda "ya ba da shawarar cewa an haife Amurkawa suyi tunanin cewa taɓawa dole ne ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko jima'i, " kuma ta haka ne suke jinkirin shiga cikin kyakkyawar hulɗa ta jiki tare da kowa ba tare da abokan jima'i ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jourard |first=Sidney M. |date=1966 |title=An Exploratory Study of Body-Accessibility |url=https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1966.tb00978.x |journal=British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1966.tb00978.x |issn=2044-8260 |pmid=5975653 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === "Ƙaunar" ta zamantakewa === Ma'amala ta zamantakewa tana aiki ne a matsayin "lambar farko" a cikin dabbobi na zamantakewa, kuma ƙuntatawarta na iya haifar da canzawa ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tomova |first=Livia |last2=Wang |first2=Kimberly L. |last3=Thompson |first3=Todd |last4=Matthews |first4=Gillian A. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Atsushi |last6=Tye |first6=Kay M. |last7=Saxe |first7=Rebecca |date=December 2020 |title=Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1597–1605 |doi=10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z |issn=1546-1726 |pmc=8580014 |pmid=33230328}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Nature Neuroscience ya sami bambanci tsakanin amsoshin striatal da cortical ga zamantakewa da sha'awar abinci mai gina jiki / abinci mai cin abinci (ma'ana biyun ba su fito daga tushe ɗaya ba). <ref name=":2" /> Ya ci gaba da gano cewa hanawa yana ƙuntata taga na motsawa, wanda ke haifar da masu bincike don kammala cewa warewar zamantakewa tana haifar da sha'awar zamantakewa (kuma ta haka ne, a ƙarshe, " [[yunwa]] ta zamantakewa") a cikin wannan hanyar da gujewa daga abinci / abinci mai gina jiki ke haifar da " yunwa" na yau da kullun kuma ta haka ne.<ref name=":2" /><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Gudanarwa da al'adu / rawar da ke tattare da shi == Ƙwarewar Amurka daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa gaba ta inganta buƙatar ƙara taɓawa ta jiki tsakanin ƙaunatattun mutane da kuma cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, yana goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa mutane a tarihi sun fahimci alaƙar da ke tsakanin taɓawa da warkarwa.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Zur |first=Ofer |last2=Nordmarken |first2=Nola |date=2018-12-11 |title=To Touch Or Not To Touch: Exploring Prohibition On Touch In Psychotherapy And Counseling and the Ethical Considerations of Touch, by Ofer Zur, Ph.D. |url=https://drzur.com/touch-in-therapy/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Dr. Ofer Zur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Psychosomatic Research ya ba da shawarar cewa taɓawa da ci gaban dangantaka mai kyau tare da taɓawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban siffar kai mai kyau, musamman hoton jikin mutum.<ref name=":22" /> Ya mayar da hankali ne ga fahimtar rashin taɓawa kamar yadda aka ji tsakanin mata da ke fama da bulimia nervosa da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, wanda ya gano cewa tsoffin sun fi samun mummunar siffar kansu kuma suna la'akari da kansu da samun taɓawa a ƙuruciya kuma suna fuskantar irin wannan taɓawa yayin binciken.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Madhulika A. |last2=Gupta |first2=Aditya K. |last3=Schork |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Watteel |first4=Gena N. |date=1995-05-01 |title=Perceived touch deprivation and body image: some observations among eating disordered and non-clinical subjects |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002239999400146V |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(94)00146-V |issn=0022-3999 |pmid=7562675 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Taɓawa ta jiki da shekaru === ==== Ci gaban ƙuruciya ==== Mafi yawan malaman sun bayyana cewa taɓawa / kusanci na jiki, riƙewa, da haɓaka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban hanyoyin haɗi masu aminci, ƙwarewar sadarwa ta farko, da halayyar zamantakewa a cikin jarirai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=springbrook |date=2017-03-21 |title=Physical Touch for Kids with Autism: A Basic Human Need - Springbrook Behavioral Health |url=https://springbrookbehavioral.com/physical-touch-for-kids-with-autism-a-basic-human-need/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=springbrookbehavioral.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bigelow |first=Ann E. |last2=Williams |first2=Lela |date=Nov 2020 |title=To have and to hold: Effects of physical contact on infants and their caregivers |journal=Infant Behavior & Development |volume=61 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101494 |issn=1934-8800 |pmc=7502223 |pmid=32966905}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Zur |first=Ofer |last2=Nordmarken |first2=Nola |date=2018-12-11 |title=To Touch Or Not To Touch: Exploring Prohibition On Touch In Psychotherapy And Counseling and the Ethical Considerations of Touch, by Ofer Zur, Ph.D. |url=https://drzur.com/touch-in-therapy/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Dr. Ofer Zur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, jarirai za su nemi alaƙa ta jiki tare da mai kula da su.<ref name=":13" /> Irin wannan kulawa da aka hana na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban yara, kuma yana iya haifar da ci gaban salon haɗin kai mara tsaro da yanayin tashin hankali, da kuma rashin tsaro wanda ke hana balaga, cikakken ƙwarewar motsi, da kuma sa hannu na motsin rai tare da wasu a cikin balaga.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin [[autism]]_in_Children" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Autism in Children">yara masu cutar autism, an gano dabarun kwantar da hankali kamar gogewa, juyawa (na hannayensu da kafafu), da tsalle suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan tsarin motsin rai da kuma rage ƙwarewar taɓawa, ba tare da lura da taɓawa ta jiki da aka karɓa a wasu saituna ba; wannan na iya nuna yiwuwar madadin iyaye idan babu zaɓuɓɓuka masu jin daɗi ko masu amfani ga ɗansu don hulɗa ta jiki tare da wasu.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=1–140}}</ref> Duk da rawar da take takawa a cikin aiki mai kyau, yawancin mutane suna samun ƙarancin taɓawa yayin da suke tsufa.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Yayin da mutum ke tsufa, ƙwarewar taɓawa tana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin amsawar ji daga mafi yawan shigarwar jiki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Sarah |last2=Nagi |first2=Saad S. |last3=McGlone |first3=Francis |last4=Olausson |first4=Håkan |date=2021-06-01 |title=The Effects of Ageing on Tactile Function in Humans |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452221000889 |journal=Neuroscience |series=The Neurobiology of Social and Affective Touch |volume=464 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.015 |issn=0306-4522 |pmid=33607227}}</ref> Koyaya, amsa mai kyau da aka samar ta hanyar taɓawa mai daɗi a cikin tsufa ya fi bayyana.<ref name=":8" /> Kodayake babu wata hujja game da fa'idar zamantakewar jama'a, an nuna maganin tausa don inganta shakatawa da inganta yanayi a cikin tsofaffi masu karɓa.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref> === Rarrabuwar jinsi === Kodayake bincike da farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa mata suna samun jin daɗi fiye da maza daga taɓa jiki, daga baya ƙwarewar ƙira ta ƙalubalanci wannan ra'ayi saboda bambancin gogewa, karɓa, da fara hulɗa tsakanin membobin maza da mata.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka buga a cikin Physiology & Behavior ya kammala ta hanyar bincike biyu daban-daban cewa mata sun fi amfani da taɓawa ta jiki a matsayin hanyar magance maza, kodayake masu bincike sun lura cewa ƙaddamarwa a fagen har zuwa yanzu ba cikakke ba ne.<ref name=":23" /> == Tarihi da jayayya == === Ka'idar ta'aziyya === A cikin shekarun 1960, Harry Harlow ya yi nazarin jaririn rhesus da aka raba su da mahaifiyarsu kuma aka ba su uwaye biyu, ɗaya daga cikin terrycloth wanda bai ba su abinci ba kuma wani daga cikin waya wanda ya samar da abinci.<ref name="OSU">{{Cite web |last=Postl |first=Claire |date=16 March 2020 |title=What is skin hunger? |url=https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/our-stories/what-is-skin-hunger |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[Ohio State University]]}}</ref> Jaririn birai sun kwashe karin lokaci tare da uwaye masu tayar da kayar baya saboda sun yi kwaikwayon taɓawa.<ref name="OSU" /> === Tsayawa kadai === Fursunoni galibi suna ba da rahoton sha'awar taɓawa da hulɗa a lokacin da suke cikin kurkuku, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga tasirin da aka lura da shi a duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Charlotte |date=2021-08-09 |title="Without touch we deteriorate quickly": What is touch starvation? |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2021/0809/1239837-without-touch-we-deteriorate-quickly-what-is-touch-starvation/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTE)}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mary |title=Effects of Solitary Confinement on the Well Being of Prison Inmates |url=https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/effects-of-solitary-confinement-on-the-well-being-of-prison-inmates/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=NYU WordPress}}</ref> Mutanen da ke cikin tsare sun ba da rahoton alamun jiki da suka dace da hauhawar jini, kamar su "ciwon kai na dogon lokaci, rawar jiki, dabino masu gumi, matsanancin damuwa da bugun zuciya, "kazalika da matsalar cin abinci, narkewa mara kyau, da kuma wuce gona da iri ga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba.<ref name=":9" /> Keɓewa, musamman na dogon lokaci ko kuma idan aka gudanar / aka aiwatar akai-akai, na iya haifar da mutum cikin psychosis ko tunani / ayyukan cutar kai ko [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Sauran tasirin tunanin mutum sun haɗa da fushi, ƙiyayya, rashin kula da motsin rai, damuwa da motsin zuciyarmu, sauye-sauyen yanayi, rashin bege, da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":9" /> === Cutar COVID-19 === [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] ta takaita ikon yawancin jama'ar duniya don shiga hulɗa ta jiki tare da wasu. Yawancin kafofin sun nuna cewa wannan yana da tasiri sosai a kan tunanin mutane da jin daɗi a cikin lokacin kulle-kulle, amma har yanzu ba a san tasirin dogon lokaci ba. === Rayuwa ba tare da jin taɓawa ba - Kim Stenger === A halin yanzu, Kim Stenger shine mutum daya tilo a duniya ba tare da jin taɓawa ba, yana rayuwa tare da yanayin da aka sani da Complete sensory neuropathy . [1] Ko da yake ta gurgunta daga wuyanta zuwa ƙasa, tana kula da duk sauran hankalinta kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai binciken shari'ar aikata laifuka ga mai gabatar da kara na Cuyahoga County a Cleveland, Ohio . [1] Ba ta nuna alamun mummunan rauni na tunani ko motsin rai sakamakon yanayinta, wanda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Chicago suka yi imanin cewa an danganta shi da cikakken nau'ikan wasu abubuwan da take da su don lura da fahimtar ƙaunar iyayenta da soyayyarta tun tana yarinya.[1][2] Masu bincike sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana wakiltar hujja cewa jin taɓawa ba wani abu ne na ci gaban zamantakewar al'ada ba.[2] == Dubi kuma == * Halin motsin rai * Taimakon ta'aziyya * Keɓewa ta motsin rai * Sadarwa ta Haptic * Ra'ayi na Haptic * Kasancewa Mai Tsarki * Tsakanin jiki * Ramin fidda rai * Keɓewa da jama'a == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1r3dafpt9a9no3ktvy65dz0d2sjcy04 846367 846366 2026-06-03T23:16:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taɓawa yunwa''', wanda aka fi sani da taɓawa ko '''yunwa ta fata''', shine buƙatar jiki ta mutane da sauran jinsuna don hulɗa ta jiki tare da jinsinsu ko wasu rayayyun halittu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Silvestri |first=Valentina |last2=Giraud |first2=Michelle |last3=Macchi Cassia |first3=Viola |last4=Nava |first4=Elena |date=June 2024 |title=Touch me or touch me not: Emotion regulation by affective touch in human adults |journal=Emotion (American Psychological Association) |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=913–922 |doi=10.1037/emo0001320 |issn=1931-1516 |pmid=37982793}}</ref> Rashin sa na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan motsin rai, jiki, da / ko lafiyar hankali na mutum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Charlotte |date=2021-08-09 |title="Without touch we deteriorate quickly": What is touch starvation? |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2021/0809/1239837-without-touch-we-deteriorate-quickly-what-is-touch-starvation/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTE)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tomova |first=Livia |last2=Wang |first2=Kimberly L. |last3=Thompson |first3=Todd |last4=Matthews |first4=Gillian A. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Atsushi |last6=Tye |first6=Kay M. |last7=Saxe |first7=Rebecca |date=December 2020 |title=Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1597–1605 |doi=10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z |issn=1546-1726 |pmc=8580014 |pmid=33230328}}</ref> Rashin zai iya haifar da ko kara tsanantawa ta hanyar kaɗaici da / ko alamun baƙin ciki da ke akwai. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Kodayake ana tunanin maganin da ba na ɗan adam ba don samar da ƙarin fa'ida, an bayyana rashin hulɗar ɗan adam na zahiri yana da mummunar lahani ga amincewar mutum, tsarin motsin rai, da kuma siffar kansa, musamman a lokacin farkon lokacin ƙuruciya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Park |first=William |date=2020-07-07 |title=Why human touch is so hard to replace |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200706-why-human-touch-is-so-hard-to-replace |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=springbrook |date=2017-03-21 |title=Physical Touch for Kids with Autism: A Basic Human Need - Springbrook Behavioral Health |url=https://springbrookbehavioral.com/physical-touch-for-kids-with-autism-a-basic-human-need/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=springbrookbehavioral.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bigelow |first=Ann E. |last2=Williams |first2=Lela |date=Nov 2020 |title=To have and to hold: Effects of physical contact on infants and their caregivers |journal=Infant Behavior & Development |volume=61 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101494 |issn=1934-8800 |pmc=7502223 |pmid=32966905}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Capiotto |first=Francesca |last2=Romano Cappi |first2=Giulia |last3=Mirlisenna |first3=Ilaria |last4=Mazza |first4=Alessandro |last5=Cicinelli |first5=Giovanni |last6=Lauritano |first6=Chiara |last7=Keller |first7=Roberto |last8=Dal Monte |first8=Olga |date=2024 |title=Autonomic and hedonic response to affective touch in autism spectrum disorder |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.3143 |journal=Autism Research |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=923–933 |doi=10.1002/aur.3143 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=38685201 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayani na halitta == [[Fayil:New_born_Frisian_red_white_calf.jpg|thumb|Wata saniya mai launin ja da fari ta Holstein Friesian tana kunyatar da maraƙin]] Kwarewar da ta dace ta taɓa, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an danganta shi da fiber na jijiya da aka sani da C-tactile (CT) afferent; ana samunsa a cikin fata mai gashi kuma yana lura da martani na fi dacewa ga motsawa daga wasu mutane.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Taɓawa da hulɗar zamantakewa suna da mahimmanci ga aikin halittu na mafi yawan rayuwa mai rikitarwa kamar yadda abinci ko ruwa ke yi. Helen Colton ta fara yin wannan batu a shekara ta 1983, tana mai cewa an haifi mutane da "tsananin ' yunwa' ". <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ambaci karatun Sidney Jourard na 1966 wanda "ya ba da shawarar cewa an haife Amurkawa suyi tunanin cewa taɓawa dole ne ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko jima'i, " kuma ta haka ne suke jinkirin shiga cikin kyakkyawar hulɗa ta jiki tare da kowa ba tare da abokan jima'i ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jourard |first=Sidney M. |date=1966 |title=An Exploratory Study of Body-Accessibility |url=https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1966.tb00978.x |journal=British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1966.tb00978.x |issn=2044-8260 |pmid=5975653 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === "Ƙaunar" ta zamantakewa === Ma'amala ta zamantakewa tana aiki ne a matsayin "lambar farko" a cikin dabbobi na zamantakewa, kuma ƙuntatawarta na iya haifar da canzawa ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tomova |first=Livia |last2=Wang |first2=Kimberly L. |last3=Thompson |first3=Todd |last4=Matthews |first4=Gillian A. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Atsushi |last6=Tye |first6=Kay M. |last7=Saxe |first7=Rebecca |date=December 2020 |title=Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1597–1605 |doi=10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z |issn=1546-1726 |pmc=8580014 |pmid=33230328}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Nature Neuroscience ya sami bambanci tsakanin amsoshin striatal da cortical ga zamantakewa da sha'awar abinci mai gina jiki / abinci mai cin abinci (ma'ana biyun ba su fito daga tushe ɗaya ba). <ref name=":2" /> Ya ci gaba da gano cewa hanawa yana ƙuntata taga na motsawa, wanda ke haifar da masu bincike don kammala cewa warewar zamantakewa tana haifar da sha'awar zamantakewa (kuma ta haka ne, a ƙarshe, " [[yunwa]] ta zamantakewa") a cikin wannan hanyar da gujewa daga abinci / abinci mai gina jiki ke haifar da " yunwa" na yau da kullun kuma ta haka ne.<ref name=":2" /><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Gudanarwa da al'adu / rawar da ke tattare da shi == Ƙwarewar Amurka daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa gaba ta inganta buƙatar ƙara taɓawa ta jiki tsakanin ƙaunatattun mutane da kuma cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, yana goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa mutane a tarihi sun fahimci alaƙar da ke tsakanin taɓawa da warkarwa.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Zur |first=Ofer |last2=Nordmarken |first2=Nola |date=2018-12-11 |title=To Touch Or Not To Touch: Exploring Prohibition On Touch In Psychotherapy And Counseling and the Ethical Considerations of Touch, by Ofer Zur, Ph.D. |url=https://drzur.com/touch-in-therapy/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Dr. Ofer Zur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Psychosomatic Research ya ba da shawarar cewa taɓawa da ci gaban dangantaka mai kyau tare da taɓawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban siffar kai mai kyau, musamman hoton jikin mutum.<ref name=":22" /> Ya mayar da hankali ne ga fahimtar rashin taɓawa kamar yadda aka ji tsakanin mata da ke fama da bulimia nervosa da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, wanda ya gano cewa tsoffin sun fi samun mummunar siffar kansu kuma suna la'akari da kansu da samun taɓawa a ƙuruciya kuma suna fuskantar irin wannan taɓawa yayin binciken.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Madhulika A. |last2=Gupta |first2=Aditya K. |last3=Schork |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Watteel |first4=Gena N. |date=1995-05-01 |title=Perceived touch deprivation and body image: some observations among eating disordered and non-clinical subjects |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002239999400146V |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(94)00146-V |issn=0022-3999 |pmid=7562675 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Taɓawa ta jiki da shekaru === ==== Ci gaban ƙuruciya ==== Mafi yawan malaman sun bayyana cewa taɓawa / kusanci na jiki, riƙewa, da haɓaka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban hanyoyin haɗi masu aminci, ƙwarewar sadarwa ta farko, da halayyar zamantakewa a cikin jarirai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=springbrook |date=2017-03-21 |title=Physical Touch for Kids with Autism: A Basic Human Need - Springbrook Behavioral Health |url=https://springbrookbehavioral.com/physical-touch-for-kids-with-autism-a-basic-human-need/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=springbrookbehavioral.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Bigelow |first=Ann E. |last2=Williams |first2=Lela |date=Nov 2020 |title=To have and to hold: Effects of physical contact on infants and their caregivers |journal=Infant Behavior & Development |volume=61 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101494 |issn=1934-8800 |pmc=7502223 |pmid=32966905}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Zur |first=Ofer |last2=Nordmarken |first2=Nola |date=2018-12-11 |title=To Touch Or Not To Touch: Exploring Prohibition On Touch In Psychotherapy And Counseling and the Ethical Considerations of Touch, by Ofer Zur, Ph.D. |url=https://drzur.com/touch-in-therapy/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Dr. Ofer Zur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, jarirai za su nemi alaƙa ta jiki tare da mai kula da su.<ref name=":13" /> Irin wannan kulawa da aka hana na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban yara, kuma yana iya haifar da ci gaban salon haɗin kai mara tsaro da yanayin tashin hankali, da kuma rashin tsaro wanda ke hana balaga, cikakken ƙwarewar motsi, da kuma sa hannu na motsin rai tare da wasu a cikin balaga.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin [[autism]]_in_Children" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Autism in Children">yara masu cutar autism, an gano dabarun kwantar da hankali kamar gogewa, juyawa (na hannayensu da kafafu), da tsalle suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan tsarin motsin rai da kuma rage ƙwarewar taɓawa, ba tare da lura da taɓawa ta jiki da aka karɓa a wasu saituna ba; wannan na iya nuna yiwuwar madadin iyaye idan babu zaɓuɓɓuka masu jin daɗi ko masu amfani ga ɗansu don hulɗa ta jiki tare da wasu.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=1–140}}</ref> Duk da rawar da take takawa a cikin aiki mai kyau, yawancin mutane suna samun ƙarancin taɓawa yayin da suke tsufa.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref> Yayin da mutum ke tsufa, ƙwarewar taɓawa tana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin amsawar ji daga mafi yawan shigarwar jiki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Sarah |last2=Nagi |first2=Saad S. |last3=McGlone |first3=Francis |last4=Olausson |first4=Håkan |date=2021-06-01 |title=The Effects of Ageing on Tactile Function in Humans |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452221000889 |journal=Neuroscience |series=The Neurobiology of Social and Affective Touch |volume=464 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.015 |issn=0306-4522 |pmid=33607227}}</ref> Koyaya, amsa mai kyau da aka samar ta hanyar taɓawa mai daɗi a cikin tsufa ya fi bayyana.<ref name=":8" /> Kodayake babu wata hujja game da fa'idar zamantakewar jama'a, an nuna maganin tausa don inganta shakatawa da inganta yanayi a cikin tsofaffi masu karɓa.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Carmen |date=1994 |editor-last=Vernon |editor-first=Ann |title=The value of therapeutic massage and touch in promoting physical and mental health |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3741&context=grp |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNI Scholarworks (University of Northern Iowa) |format=PDF}}</ref> === Rarrabuwar jinsi === Kodayake bincike da farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa mata suna samun jin daɗi fiye da maza daga taɓa jiki, daga baya ƙwarewar ƙira ta ƙalubalanci wannan ra'ayi saboda bambancin gogewa, karɓa, da fara hulɗa tsakanin membobin maza da mata.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Schirmer |first=Annett |last2=Cham |first2=Clare |last3=Zhao |first3=Zihao |last4=Lai |first4=Oscar |last5=Lo |first5=Clive |last6=Croy |first6=Ilona |date=2022-06-01 |title=Understanding sex differences in affective touch: Sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938422001044 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=250 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113797 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=35367508 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka buga a cikin Physiology & Behavior ya kammala ta hanyar bincike biyu daban-daban cewa mata sun fi amfani da taɓawa ta jiki a matsayin hanyar magance maza, kodayake masu bincike sun lura cewa ƙaddamarwa a fagen har zuwa yanzu ba cikakke ba ne.<ref name=":23" /> == Tarihi da jayayya == === Ka'idar ta'aziyya === A cikin shekarun 1960, Harry Harlow ya yi nazarin jaririn rhesus da aka raba su da mahaifiyarsu kuma aka ba su uwaye biyu, ɗaya daga cikin terrycloth wanda bai ba su abinci ba kuma wani daga cikin waya wanda ya samar da abinci.<ref name="OSU">{{Cite web |last=Postl |first=Claire |date=16 March 2020 |title=What is skin hunger? |url=https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/our-stories/what-is-skin-hunger |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[Ohio State University]]}}</ref> Jaririn birai sun kwashe karin lokaci tare da uwaye masu tayar da kayar baya saboda sun yi kwaikwayon taɓawa.<ref name="OSU" /> === Tsayawa kadai === Fursunoni galibi suna ba da rahoton sha'awar taɓawa da hulɗa a lokacin da suke cikin kurkuku, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga tasirin da aka lura da shi a duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Charlotte |date=2021-08-09 |title="Without touch we deteriorate quickly": What is touch starvation? |url=https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2021/0809/1239837-without-touch-we-deteriorate-quickly-what-is-touch-starvation/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTE)}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mary |title=Effects of Solitary Confinement on the Well Being of Prison Inmates |url=https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/effects-of-solitary-confinement-on-the-well-being-of-prison-inmates/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=NYU WordPress}}</ref> Mutanen da ke cikin tsare sun ba da rahoton alamun jiki da suka dace da hauhawar jini, kamar su "ciwon kai na dogon lokaci, rawar jiki, dabino masu gumi, matsanancin damuwa da bugun zuciya, "kazalika da matsalar cin abinci, narkewa mara kyau, da kuma wuce gona da iri ga abubuwan da ba a tsammani ba.<ref name=":9" /> Keɓewa, musamman na dogon lokaci ko kuma idan aka gudanar / aka aiwatar akai-akai, na iya haifar da mutum cikin psychosis ko tunani / ayyukan cutar kai ko [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]].<ref name=":5">{{Citation|journal=Judith|url-status=Guirguis-Younger}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Sauran tasirin tunanin mutum sun haɗa da fushi, ƙiyayya, rashin kula da motsin rai, damuwa da motsin zuciyarmu, sauye-sauyen yanayi, rashin bege, da baƙin ciki.<ref name=":9" /> === Cutar COVID-19 === [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] ta takaita ikon yawancin jama'ar duniya don shiga hulɗa ta jiki tare da wasu. Yawancin kafofin sun nuna cewa wannan yana da tasiri sosai a kan tunanin mutane da jin daɗi a cikin lokacin kulle-kulle, amma har yanzu ba a san tasirin dogon lokaci ba. === Rayuwa ba tare da jin taɓawa ba - Kim Stenger === A halin yanzu, Kim Stenger shine mutum daya tilo a duniya ba tare da jin taɓawa ba, yana rayuwa tare da yanayin da aka sani da Complete sensory neuropathy . [1] Ko da yake ta gurgunta daga wuyanta zuwa ƙasa, tana kula da duk sauran hankalinta kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai binciken shari'ar aikata laifuka ga mai gabatar da kara na Cuyahoga County a Cleveland, Ohio . [1] Ba ta nuna alamun mummunan rauni na tunani ko motsin rai sakamakon yanayinta, wanda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Chicago suka yi imanin cewa an danganta shi da cikakken nau'ikan wasu abubuwan da take da su don lura da fahimtar ƙaunar iyayenta da soyayyarta tun tana yarinya.[1][2] Masu bincike sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana wakiltar hujja cewa jin taɓawa ba wani abu ne na ci gaban zamantakewar al'ada ba.[2] == Dubi kuma == * Halin motsin rai * Taimakon ta'aziyya * Keɓewa ta motsin rai * Sadarwa ta Haptic * Ra'ayi na Haptic * Kasancewa Mai Tsarki * Tsakanin jiki * Ramin fidda rai * Keɓewa da jama'a == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oaeyxbotbz9rhf7aiz8hcgr3g8xtwni Ani Kayode Somtochukwu 0 154596 846368 2026-06-03T23:16:52Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357621439|Ani Kayode Somtochukwu]]" 846368 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ani Kayode Somtochukwu''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 2000) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai rubuta litattafai daga Najeriya. A shekarar 2023, yana da shekara 23 a duniya lokacin da ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai taken And Then He Sang A Lullaby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Book Review: And Then He Sang A Lullaby by Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/09/26/book-review-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-by-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref> Littafin ya ci lambar yabo ta Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga littafin ta hannun kamfanin wallafa littattafai na Roxane Gay, sannan kuma an wallafa shi a Najeriya ta kamfanonin Cassava Republic da Narrative Landscape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Grove Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=The Africa |date=2023-05-26 |title=Nigeria: Cassava Republic presents ‘And Then He Sang a Lullaby’ |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/310708/nigeria-cassava-republic-presents-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Africa Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Narrative Landscape Press Makes Two Major Acquisitions! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2026/02/narrative-landscape-press-makes-two-major-acquisitions/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ani attended Command Children’s School Awkunanaw in [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] before proceeding to Union Secondary School. Following his primary and secondary education, he enrolled at [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Enugu State University of Science and Technology]] shortly after the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act was signed into law in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied Applied Biology and Biotechnology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Timinepre |date=2022-04-14 |title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby |url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Rustin Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin marubuci tun 2015. Ani ya yi magana game da fuskantar zalunci tun yana ƙarami saboda an dauke shi a matsayin mace. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ani ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, And Then He Sang a Lullaby, a cikin 2018 kuma ya buga shi a cikin 2023. Da yake kwatanta littafin, Grove Atlantic ya kira shi "mai saurin sauti da sauti," yana lura da bincikensa game da farashin soyayya da 'yanci a cikin al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Grove Atlantic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ "And Then He Sang a Lullaby"]. ''Grove Atlantic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Ani, ya fara rubuta littafin a cikin littafin rubutu kafin ya buga shi a wayarsa, saboda farashin samun ƙwararren ya buga shi ya kasance mai hanawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Timinepre |date=2022-04-14 |title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby |url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Rustin Times |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCole2022">Cole, Timinepre (2022-04-14). [https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ "Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby"]. ''The Rustin Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin a buga shi, littafin farko na Ani ya lashe kyautar James Currey ta farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=News Details |url=https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1450/james-currey-prize-for-african-literature |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=literaturecurry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> a shekarar 2021. Onyeka Nwelue ce ta kafa kyautar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=2021-09-06 |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafen da tarihin Afirka, Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Ani |url=https://akefestival.org/festival/guests/kayode-ani/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Ake Arts and Books Festival |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode |url=https://www.afeelgoodbook.com/authors/ani-kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.afeelgoodbook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=A Shrewdness of Apes {{!}} Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://iselemagazine.com/2026/04/30/a-shrewdness-of-apes-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Isele Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu on And Then He Sang a Lullaby with Roxane Gay |url=https://centerforfiction.org/videos/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-on-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-with-roxane-gay |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Somtochukwu |first=Ani Kayode |date=2025-05-11 |title=‘Writers Have the Obligation of Imagining the Future That Must Be Achieved’ |url=https://rpublc.com/story/2025/05/11/first-draft/first-draft-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Republic |language=en}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ya kafa kungiyar Queer Union for Economic and Social Transformation (QUEST). <ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ Nigerians Are Celebrating Pride Month in Defiance of Anti-Gay Law |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/lgbtq-pride-month-nigeria-2022-anti-gay-law/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya jagoranci abin da aka bayyana a matsayin zanga-zangar LGBTQ+ ta farko a fili a Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EditorialBoard |date=2022-05-07 |title=Queer Lives Matter |url=https://socialistworkersleague.org/2022/05/07/queer-lives-matter/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Socialist Workers League |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Colin |date=2022-05-05 |title=Queer Nigerians protest proposed anti-trans ‘cross-dressing’ ban |url=https://76crimes.com/2022/05/05/queer-nigerians-protest-proposed-anti-trans-cross-dressing-ban/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya zanga-zangar ne don mayar da martani ga dokar da aka gabatar wanda ya nemi hana yin amfani da giciye a Najeriya. Ani a cikin wata hira da The Pink News ya nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar sakamakon dokar, yana jayayya cewa sashi na iya sanya masu sauka da jinsi da LGBTQ+ cikin haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelleher |first=Patrick |date=2022-05-03 |title=Queer Nigerians stage defiant protest as government tries to ban ‘crossdressing’ |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/05/03/nigeria-lgbt-trans-crossdressing-bill/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa 'yanci na jinsi shine kawai mafita mai ɗorewa ga rashin farin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mintrose |first=Adebayo Quadry-Adekanbi, Marcie |date=2023-08-12 |title=“Queer liberation is the only sustainable solution”: A conversation with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/queer-liberation-is-the-only-sustainable-solution-a-conversation-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2020 Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-10-10 |title=From Queer Rights to Gender Activists, Here are finalists for The Nigeria Prize for Difference & Diversity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/10/finalists-for-the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=minorityafrica.co |date=2020-07-01 |title=The Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity launches today - Minority Africa |url=https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/,%20https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021 James Currey Prize for African Literature - '''WON'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=2021-09-06 |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMurua2021">Murua, James (2021-09-06). [https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ "Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Summer/Fall 2023 Indies Introduce selection<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=An Indies Introduce Q&A with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://www.bookweb.org/news/indies-introduce-qa-ani-kayode-somtochukwu-1629549 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=the American Booksellers Association}}</ref> * 2023 Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Prose Prize - '''SHORTLIST'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Association of Nigerian Authors |url=https://ananigeria.org/prizes |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ananigeria.org}}</ref> * 2023 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Debut Fiction - '''NOMINEE'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode {{!}} Author {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/a/20735537/Ani-Kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2023 INDIES Book of the Year Award (Literary Fiction)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Foreword INDIES Winners in Literary (Adult Fiction) |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/winners/2023/literary/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.forewordreviews.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2023 Brittle Paper: The Notable African Books of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Announcing Brittle Paper's 100 Notable African Books of 2023! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/11/announcing-brittle-papers-100-notable-african-books-of-2023/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 Edmund White Award for debut fiction - '''WON'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ "The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction"]. ''The Publishing Triangle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === Littattafai ===   === Rubuce-rubuce === * Hanyoyin da ba na Afirka ba na zalunci <ref>{{Cite web |last=By |title=The un-African mechanisms of queer repression |url=https://africasacountry.com/2025/04/the-un-african-mechanisms-of-queer-repression |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Zuwa ga Allah, daga Grindr <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=To Divine, from Grindr |url=https://offassignment.com/articles/ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Off Assignment |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ns5ev0wy0isjtmkxleidsdn6u0hnest 846373 846368 2026-06-03T23:18:34Z Bembety 20498 Translated to hausa 846373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu | image = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu at an EndSARS protest in 2020.jpg | caption = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu at an EndSARS protest in 2020 | birth_date = (born 2000) | citizenship = [[Nigerian]] | education = [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology]] | occupation = [[Writer]] | organization = Queer Union For Economic and Social Transformation | known_for = [[And Then He Sang A Lullaby]] | awards = [[Edmund White Award]] | website = }} '''Ani Kayode Somtochukwu''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 2000) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai rubuta litattafai daga Najeriya. A shekarar 2023, yana da shekara 23 a duniya lokacin da ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai taken And Then He Sang A Lullaby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Book Review: And Then He Sang A Lullaby by Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/09/26/book-review-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-by-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}</ref> Littafin ya ci lambar yabo ta Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga littafin ta hannun kamfanin wallafa littattafai na Roxane Gay, sannan kuma an wallafa shi a Najeriya ta kamfanonin Cassava Republic da Narrative Landscape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Grove Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=The Africa |date=2023-05-26 |title=Nigeria: Cassava Republic presents ‘And Then He Sang a Lullaby’ |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/310708/nigeria-cassava-republic-presents-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Africa Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Narrative Landscape Press Makes Two Major Acquisitions! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2026/02/narrative-landscape-press-makes-two-major-acquisitions/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ani attended Command Children’s School Awkunanaw in [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] before proceeding to Union Secondary School. Following his primary and secondary education, he enrolled at [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Enugu State University of Science and Technology]] shortly after the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act was signed into law in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied Applied Biology and Biotechnology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Timinepre |date=2022-04-14 |title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby |url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Rustin Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin marubuci tun 2015. Ani ya yi magana game da fuskantar zalunci tun yana ƙarami saboda an dauke shi a matsayin mace. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ani ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, And Then He Sang a Lullaby, a cikin 2018 kuma ya buga shi a cikin 2023. Da yake kwatanta littafin, Grove Atlantic ya kira shi "mai saurin sauti da sauti," yana lura da bincikensa game da farashin soyayya da 'yanci a cikin al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Grove Atlantic |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ "And Then He Sang a Lullaby"]. ''Grove Atlantic''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cewar Ani, ya fara rubuta littafin a cikin littafin rubutu kafin ya buga shi a wayarsa, saboda farashin samun ƙwararren ya buga shi ya kasance mai hanawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Timinepre |date=2022-04-14 |title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby |url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Rustin Times |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCole2022">Cole, Timinepre (2022-04-14). [https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ "Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby"]. ''The Rustin Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin a buga shi, littafin farko na Ani ya lashe kyautar James Currey ta farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=News Details |url=https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1450/james-currey-prize-for-african-literature |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=literaturecurry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> a shekarar 2021. Onyeka Nwelue ce ta kafa kyautar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=2021-09-06 |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucensa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafen da tarihin Afirka, Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Ani |url=https://akefestival.org/festival/guests/kayode-ani/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Ake Arts and Books Festival |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode |url=https://www.afeelgoodbook.com/authors/ani-kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.afeelgoodbook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=A Shrewdness of Apes {{!}} Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://iselemagazine.com/2026/04/30/a-shrewdness-of-apes-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Isele Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu on And Then He Sang a Lullaby with Roxane Gay |url=https://centerforfiction.org/videos/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-on-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-with-roxane-gay |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Somtochukwu |first=Ani Kayode |date=2025-05-11 |title=‘Writers Have the Obligation of Imagining the Future That Must Be Achieved’ |url=https://rpublc.com/story/2025/05/11/first-draft/first-draft-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Republic |language=en}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ya kafa kungiyar Queer Union for Economic and Social Transformation (QUEST). <ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ Nigerians Are Celebrating Pride Month in Defiance of Anti-Gay Law |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/lgbtq-pride-month-nigeria-2022-anti-gay-law/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya jagoranci abin da aka bayyana a matsayin zanga-zangar LGBTQ+ ta farko a fili a Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EditorialBoard |date=2022-05-07 |title=Queer Lives Matter |url=https://socialistworkersleague.org/2022/05/07/queer-lives-matter/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Socialist Workers League |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Colin |date=2022-05-05 |title=Queer Nigerians protest proposed anti-trans ‘cross-dressing’ ban |url=https://76crimes.com/2022/05/05/queer-nigerians-protest-proposed-anti-trans-cross-dressing-ban/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya zanga-zangar ne don mayar da martani ga dokar da aka gabatar wanda ya nemi hana yin amfani da giciye a Najeriya. Ani a cikin wata hira da The Pink News ya nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar sakamakon dokar, yana jayayya cewa sashi na iya sanya masu sauka da jinsi da LGBTQ+ cikin haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelleher |first=Patrick |date=2022-05-03 |title=Queer Nigerians stage defiant protest as government tries to ban ‘crossdressing’ |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/05/03/nigeria-lgbt-trans-crossdressing-bill/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa 'yanci na jinsi shine kawai mafita mai ɗorewa ga rashin farin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mintrose |first=Adebayo Quadry-Adekanbi, Marcie |date=2023-08-12 |title=“Queer liberation is the only sustainable solution”: A conversation with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/queer-liberation-is-the-only-sustainable-solution-a-conversation-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2020 Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-10-10 |title=From Queer Rights to Gender Activists, Here are finalists for The Nigeria Prize for Difference & Diversity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/10/finalists-for-the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=minorityafrica.co |date=2020-07-01 |title=The Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity launches today - Minority Africa |url=https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/,%20https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021 James Currey Prize for African Literature - '''WON'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=2021-09-06 |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMurua2021">Murua, James (2021-09-06). [https://www.writingafrica.com/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-is-first-james-currey-prize-for-african-literature-winner/ "Ani Kayode Somtochukwu is first James Currey Prize for African Literature winner"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Summer/Fall 2023 Indies Introduce selection<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=An Indies Introduce Q&A with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://www.bookweb.org/news/indies-introduce-qa-ani-kayode-somtochukwu-1629549 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=the American Booksellers Association}}</ref> * 2023 Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Prose Prize - '''SHORTLIST'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Association of Nigerian Authors |url=https://ananigeria.org/prizes |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ananigeria.org}}</ref> * 2023 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Debut Fiction - '''NOMINEE'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode {{!}} Author {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/a/20735537/Ani-Kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2023 INDIES Book of the Year Award (Literary Fiction)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Foreword INDIES Winners in Literary (Adult Fiction) |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/winners/2023/literary/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.forewordreviews.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2023 Brittle Paper: The Notable African Books of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Announcing Brittle Paper's 100 Notable African Books of 2023! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/11/announcing-brittle-papers-100-notable-african-books-of-2023/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2024 Edmund White Award for debut fiction - '''WON'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ "The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction"]. ''The Publishing Triangle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === Littattafai ===   === Rubuce-rubuce === * Hanyoyin da ba na Afirka ba na zalunci <ref>{{Cite web |last=By |title=The un-African mechanisms of queer repression |url=https://africasacountry.com/2025/04/the-un-african-mechanisms-of-queer-repression |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Zuwa ga Allah, daga Grindr <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=To Divine, from Grindr |url=https://offassignment.com/articles/ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Off Assignment |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] adq0os2uhsa0738cr1o1y80szgyd82l Canjin Hanyar Rayuwa na Magunguna (maganim baƙin ciki) 0 154597 846369 2026-06-03T23:16:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292675556|Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (depression treatment)]]" 846369 wikitext text/x-wiki Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) magani ne na [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] wanda Dr. Stephen Ilardi da ɗalibai da yawa suka haɓaka a Jami'ar Kansas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en}}</ref> Shirin TLC ba shi da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ya dogara da sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida. An gano shirin ya zama ingantaccen magani ga baƙin ciki, tare da 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en |quote=Our research has demonstrated that TLC is an effective treatment for depression, with over 70% of patients experiencing a favorable response, as measured by symptom reduction of at least 50%.}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayyana cewa bakin ciki shine babban dalilin nakasa a duk duniya kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga nauyin cutar a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depression |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Stephen Ilardi ya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin "ciwo na wayewa", yana mai cewa "Ba a taɓa tsara mu don zama ba, cikin gida, marasa barci, warewa, mai saurin abinci, saurin rayuwa ta zamani". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en}}</ref> Ilardi ya bayyana cewa karuwar yaduwar baƙin ciki galibi saboda zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya ne, musamman tsakanin mutane a kasashe masu tasowa. Ya ambaci bincike wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yaduwar baƙin ciki ya fi ƙasa a wasu sassan duniya inda mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa da al'adun gargajiya. == Abubuwan TLC == TLC ya ƙunshi sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Ƙara amfani da Omega-3 fatty acids. * Kasancewa cikin abubuwan sha'awa masu ma'ana don hana rumination. * Yin aiki a jiki. * Samun Hasken rana. * Kasancewa da alaƙa da jama'a. * Samun akalla sa'o'i 8 na [[Bacci|Barci]] kowace dare. == Tasiri == A cikin littafinsa The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs, Ilardi ya ambaci wani meta-analysis na 2002 na Kirsh, [1] wanda ya gano cewa kusan rabin marasa lafiya masu baƙin ciki [2] ba za su sami raguwa mai ma'ana a cikin alamun baƙin ciki ba bayan amfani da antidepressants. Idan aka kwatanta, 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da aka kula da su tare da shirin TLC sun lura da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki (wanda aka nuna ta akalla raguwar 50% a cikin alamomi).[3][4] == Manazarta == 0xiqf0zknop4462mh0he0bj9bnk47ms 846370 846369 2026-06-03T23:17:25Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) magani ne na [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] wanda Dr. Stephen Ilardi da ɗalibai da yawa suka haɓaka a Jami'ar Kansas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en}}</ref> Shirin TLC ba shi da miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ya dogara da sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida. An gano shirin ya zama ingantaccen magani ga baƙin ciki, tare da 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da ke fuskantar raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en |quote=Our research has demonstrated that TLC is an effective treatment for depression, with over 70% of patients experiencing a favorable response, as measured by symptom reduction of at least 50%.}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayyana cewa bakin ciki shine babban dalilin nakasa a duk duniya kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga nauyin cutar a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depression |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Stephen Ilardi ya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin "ciwo na wayewa", yana mai cewa "Ba a taɓa tsara mu don zama ba, cikin gida, marasa barci, warewa, mai saurin abinci, saurin rayuwa ta zamani". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=TLC Home |url=http://tlc.ku.edu/tlc-home |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) |language=en}}</ref> Ilardi ya bayyana cewa karuwar yaduwar baƙin ciki galibi saboda zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya ne, musamman tsakanin mutane a kasashe masu tasowa. Ya ambaci bincike wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yaduwar baƙin ciki ya fi ƙasa a wasu sassan duniya inda mutane har yanzu suna rayuwa da al'adun gargajiya. == Abubuwan TLC == TLC ya ƙunshi sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa guda shida waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Ƙara amfani da Omega-3 fatty acids. * Kasancewa cikin abubuwan sha'awa masu ma'ana don hana rumination. * Yin aiki a jiki. * Samun Hasken rana. * Kasancewa da alaƙa da jama'a. * Samun akalla sa'o'i 8 na [[Bacci|Barci]] kowace dare. == Tasiri == A cikin littafinsa The Depression Cure: The 6-Step Program to Beat Depression without Drugs, Ilardi ya ambaci wani meta-analysis na 2002 na Kirsh, [1] wanda ya gano cewa kusan rabin marasa lafiya masu baƙin ciki [2] ba za su sami raguwa mai ma'ana a cikin alamun baƙin ciki ba bayan amfani da antidepressants. Idan aka kwatanta, 70 -75% na marasa lafiya da aka kula da su tare da shirin TLC sun lura da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun baƙin ciki (wanda aka nuna ta akalla raguwar 50% a cikin alamomi).[3][4] == Manazarta == 8ny4ktu7ab0m7w7n0wr88tba37uc4f7 Hawan warkewa 0 154598 846371 2026-06-03T23:17:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329074194|Therapeutic climbing]]" 846371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''hawa dutse na warkewa''' (wanda aka fi sani da maganin hawa ko maganin hawan mutum), tsari ne na hawa da aka yi amfani da shi don shiga tsakani na hankali da na jiki. Ya haɗa ka'idodin psychotherapeutic kamar saitin burin, tsarin motsin rai, da kuma gina ingantaccen kai a cikin zaman hawa.<ref name="Frühauf2021">{{Cite journal |last=Frühauf |first=A. |last2=Heußner |first2=J. |last3=Niedermeier |first3=M. |last4=Kopp |first4=M. |year=2021 |title=Expert Views on Therapeutic Climbing—A Multi-Perspective, Qualitative Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=7 |page=3535 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18073535 |pmc=8036516 |pmid=33805430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hawan hawan jiki ya haɗu da ƙwazo na jiki, ƙalubalen fahimta, da hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin yanayin da aka tsara. An tsara shi a Jamus a matsayin Bouldering Psychotherapy (BPT), shirin da aka tsara wanda aka nuna ya zama kwatankwacin inganci ga maganin halayyar rukuni (CBT). <ref name="Luttenberger2022">{{Cite journal |last=Luttenberger |first=K. |last2=Karg-Hefner |first2=N. |last3=Berking |first3=M. |last4=Kind |first4=L. |last5=Weiss |first5=M. |last6=Kornhuber |first6=J. |last7=Dorscht |first7=L. |year=2022 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is not inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy in the group treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=465–493 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12347 |pmid=34791669 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa == Gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa sun nuna cewa tsarin hawa na iya rage alamun baƙin ciki da damuwa sosai.<ref name="Luttenberger2022">{{Cite journal |last=Luttenberger |first=K. |last2=Karg-Hefner |first2=N. |last3=Berking |first3=M. |last4=Kind |first4=L. |last5=Weiss |first5=M. |last6=Kornhuber |first6=J. |last7=Dorscht |first7=L. |year=2022 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is not inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy in the group treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=465–493 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12347 |pmid=34791669 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karg |first=N. |last2=Dorscht |first2=L. |last3=Kornhuber |first3=J. |last4=Luttenberger |first4=K. |year=2020 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: Results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=116 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y |pmc=7066840 |pmid=32164679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin zaman guda ɗaya ya ba da rahoton ci gaba nan take a cikin yanayi da raguwar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kleinstäuber |first=M. |last2=Reuter |first2=M. |last3=Doll |first3=N. |last4=Fallgatter |first4=A. J. |year=2017 |title=Rock climbing and acute emotion regulation in patients with major depressive disorder in the context of a psychological inpatient treatment: A controlled pilot trial |journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management |volume=10 |pages=277–281 |doi=10.2147/PRBM.S143830 |pmc=5566792 |pmid=28860880 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thaller |first=L. |last2=Frühauf |first2=A. |last3=Heimbeck |first3=A. |last4=Voderholzer |first4=U. |last5=Kopp |first5=M. |year=2022 |title=A Comparison of Acute Effects of Climbing Therapy with Nordic Walking for Inpatient Adults with Mental Health Disorder: A Clinical Pilot Trial |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=11 |page=6767 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19116767 |pmc=9180369 |pmid=35682348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran binciken sun sami karuwa a cikin ingancin kai da kuma girman kai bayan tsoma baki na makonni da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kratzer |first=A. |last2=Luttenberger |first2=K. |last3=Karg-Hefner |first3=N. |last4=Weiss |first4=M. |last5=Dorscht |first5=L. |year=2021 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is effective in enhancing perceived self-efficacy in people with depression: Results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial |journal=BMC Psychology |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=126 |doi=10.1186/s40359-021-00627-1 |pmc=8393466 |pmid=34446114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai inganci ya bayyana hawan warkewa kamar yadda yake inganta hankali, haɗin zamantakewa, da kuma motsawa.<ref name="Frühauf2021">{{Cite journal |last=Frühauf |first=A. |last2=Heußner |first2=J. |last3=Niedermeier |first3=M. |last4=Kopp |first4=M. |year=2021 |title=Expert Views on Therapeutic Climbing—A Multi-Perspective, Qualitative Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=7 |page=3535 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18073535 |pmc=8036516 |pmid=33805430 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=E. C. |last2=Rose |first2=J. |last3=Reeves |first3=L. |last4=Spear |first4=K. |last5=Coleman |first5=M. E. |last6=Brusseau |first6=T. A. J. |last7=Franchek-Roa |first7=K. |last8=Kamimura |first8=A. |year=2025 |title=Indoor climbing and well-being of young adults: Perspectives among indoor climbers |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=20 |issue=4 |bibcode=2025PLoSO..2021542O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0321542 |pmc=12040214 |pmid=40299850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ra'ayi na kiwon lafiya na jama'a da muhalli == Hawan hawan jiki ya dace da tsarin One Health da na kiwon lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar kwatanta yadda hulɗa tare da yanayin jiki da na halitta ke tallafawa juriya na tunani da jin daɗin jama'a. Shirye-shiryen hawa na asibiti, al'umma, da na waje suna nuna yadda aka gina da kuma yanayin halitta zasu iya zama kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. Binciken 2023 na shirin kula da zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya haɗa da hawa ya sami dawowar zamantakewa kusan £ 5 ga kowane £ 1 da aka saka hannun jari ta hanyar inganta lafiyar hankali da haɗin kai na al'umma.[1] == Manazarta == 52e1omckm2niwjw99j3h3zpnzzr6j1n 846372 846371 2026-06-03T23:18:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''hawa dutse na warkewa''' (wanda aka fi sani da maganin hawa ko maganin hawan mutum), tsari ne na hawa da aka yi amfani da shi don shiga tsakani na hankali da na jiki. Ya haɗa ka'idodin psychotherapeutic kamar saitin burin, tsarin motsin rai, da kuma gina ingantaccen kai a cikin zaman hawa.<ref name="Frühauf2021">{{Cite journal |last=Frühauf |first=A. |last2=Heußner |first2=J. |last3=Niedermeier |first3=M. |last4=Kopp |first4=M. |year=2021 |title=Expert Views on Therapeutic Climbing—A Multi-Perspective, Qualitative Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=7 |page=3535 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18073535 |pmc=8036516 |pmid=33805430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hawan hawan jiki ya haɗu da ƙwazo na jiki, ƙalubalen fahimta, da hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin yanayin da aka tsara. An tsara shi a Jamus a matsayin Bouldering Psychotherapy (BPT), shirin da aka tsara wanda aka nuna ya zama kwatankwacin inganci ga maganin halayyar rukuni (CBT). <ref name="Luttenberger2022">{{Cite journal |last=Luttenberger |first=K. |last2=Karg-Hefner |first2=N. |last3=Berking |first3=M. |last4=Kind |first4=L. |last5=Weiss |first5=M. |last6=Kornhuber |first6=J. |last7=Dorscht |first7=L. |year=2022 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is not inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy in the group treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=465–493 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12347 |pmid=34791669 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa == Gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa sun nuna cewa tsarin hawa na iya rage alamun baƙin ciki da damuwa sosai.<ref name="Luttenberger2022">{{Cite journal |last=Luttenberger |first=K. |last2=Karg-Hefner |first2=N. |last3=Berking |first3=M. |last4=Kind |first4=L. |last5=Weiss |first5=M. |last6=Kornhuber |first6=J. |last7=Dorscht |first7=L. |year=2022 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is not inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy in the group treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=465–493 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12347 |pmid=34791669 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karg |first=N. |last2=Dorscht |first2=L. |last3=Kornhuber |first3=J. |last4=Luttenberger |first4=K. |year=2020 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: Results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=116 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y |pmc=7066840 |pmid=32164679 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin zaman guda ɗaya ya ba da rahoton ci gaba nan take a cikin yanayi da raguwar damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kleinstäuber |first=M. |last2=Reuter |first2=M. |last3=Doll |first3=N. |last4=Fallgatter |first4=A. J. |year=2017 |title=Rock climbing and acute emotion regulation in patients with major depressive disorder in the context of a psychological inpatient treatment: A controlled pilot trial |journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management |volume=10 |pages=277–281 |doi=10.2147/PRBM.S143830 |pmc=5566792 |pmid=28860880 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thaller |first=L. |last2=Frühauf |first2=A. |last3=Heimbeck |first3=A. |last4=Voderholzer |first4=U. |last5=Kopp |first5=M. |year=2022 |title=A Comparison of Acute Effects of Climbing Therapy with Nordic Walking for Inpatient Adults with Mental Health Disorder: A Clinical Pilot Trial |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=11 |page=6767 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19116767 |pmc=9180369 |pmid=35682348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran binciken sun sami karuwa a cikin ingancin kai da kuma girman kai bayan tsoma baki na makonni da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kratzer |first=A. |last2=Luttenberger |first2=K. |last3=Karg-Hefner |first3=N. |last4=Weiss |first4=M. |last5=Dorscht |first5=L. |year=2021 |title=Bouldering psychotherapy is effective in enhancing perceived self-efficacy in people with depression: Results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial |journal=BMC Psychology |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=126 |doi=10.1186/s40359-021-00627-1 |pmc=8393466 |pmid=34446114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai inganci ya bayyana hawan warkewa kamar yadda yake inganta hankali, haɗin zamantakewa, da kuma motsawa.<ref name="Frühauf2021">{{Cite journal |last=Frühauf |first=A. |last2=Heußner |first2=J. |last3=Niedermeier |first3=M. |last4=Kopp |first4=M. |year=2021 |title=Expert Views on Therapeutic Climbing—A Multi-Perspective, Qualitative Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=7 |page=3535 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18073535 |pmc=8036516 |pmid=33805430 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=E. C. |last2=Rose |first2=J. |last3=Reeves |first3=L. |last4=Spear |first4=K. |last5=Coleman |first5=M. E. |last6=Brusseau |first6=T. A. J. |last7=Franchek-Roa |first7=K. |last8=Kamimura |first8=A. |year=2025 |title=Indoor climbing and well-being of young adults: Perspectives among indoor climbers |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=20 |issue=4 |bibcode=2025PLoSO..2021542O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0321542 |pmc=12040214 |pmid=40299850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ra'ayi na kiwon lafiya na jama'a da muhalli == Hawan hawan jiki ya dace da tsarin One Health da na kiwon lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar kwatanta yadda hulɗa tare da yanayin jiki da na halitta ke tallafawa juriya na tunani da jin daɗin jama'a. Shirye-shiryen hawa na asibiti, al'umma, da na waje suna nuna yadda aka gina da kuma yanayin halitta zasu iya zama kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. Binciken 2023 na shirin kula da zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya haɗa da hawa ya sami dawowar zamantakewa kusan £ 5 ga kowane £ 1 da aka saka hannun jari ta hanyar inganta lafiyar hankali da haɗin kai na al'umma.[1] == Manazarta == 926108f9g3xo30tcowyhqe247pswvoa Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma 0 154599 846374 2026-06-03T23:18:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357188171|The Israel Coalition for Trauma]]" 846374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma (ITC) ''' ita ce ƙungiyar daidaitawa ta ƙasa don kula da rauni da shirye-shiryen gaggawa a Isra'ila. Ya haɓaka samfurin da ke da matakai da yawa wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi masu yawa - ma'aikatun, marasa riba, da kuma kananan hukumomi - don gina juriya da samar da kulawa mai ci gaba. ITC tana ba da kayan aiki ga mutane, al'ummomi, da masu sana'a tare da kayan aiki da ilimin da ake buƙata don magance kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan gaggawa. An kafa shi ne a cikin fahimtar cewa ingantaccen shiri na gaggawa da martani yana ƙarfafa ikon farfadowa tsakanin mutane, al'ummomi, da al'umma a Isra'ila da kuma duniya baki daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levanon |first=Talia |date=28 June 2012 |title=Israel Trauma Coalition Resillience Centers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/article/israel-trauma-coalition-resillience-centers/E727D103F0A8C74C56DBAF7D4493EEF5 |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |language= |volume=25 |issue=S1 |pages=S52–S52 |doi=10.1017/S1049023X00023049 |issn=1945-1938}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bala |first=Miklosh |last2=Gottesman |first2=Joshua Z. |date=June 2022 |title=Israeli trauma system: on constant alert |url=https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2022/06000/israeli_trauma_system__on_constant_alert.10.aspx |journal=Emergency and Critical Care Medicine |language=en-US |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1097/EC9.0000000000000045 |issn=2693-860X |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250505031200/https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2022/06000/israeli_trauma_system__on_constant_alert.10.aspx |archive-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi 58, ƙungiyoyi, da ma'aikatun gwamnati waɗanda ke hulɗa da rigakafi da kula da gaggawa, maganin raunin hankali da bayan raunin rauni, da ci gaban juriya ta hankali tsakanin jama'a a Isra'ila. Shugaba na kungiyar shine Talia Levanon . Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Neve Ilan . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=LEVANON T; FLAMM-OREN E; KAHN-HOFFMANN G. |date=2005 |title=The need for a continuum of trauma services: who feeds the birds? |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=106205348&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, [s. l.] |volume=10 |issue=3/4 |pages=729–740 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> ITC kuma tana aiki tare da kungiyoyi a duniya kuma ta aika da ƙungiyoyi don samar da taimako a cikin yanayin rauni a Ukraine, Japan, Faransa da sauran ƙasashe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ITC International Work |url=https://israeltraumacoalition.org/en/the-coalition-in-the-world/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=israeltraumacoalition.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa hadin gwiwa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001 ta hanyar UJA-Jewish Federation of New York, Eran, [https://selah.org.il/ Selah] - Cibiyar Taimako ga Baƙi a cikin Crisis (AR), [https://www.amcha.org/amchaenglish/ Amcha], Hadassa, da [https://www.mahut-israel.org/english Mahut Isra'ila] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-03-17 |title=The trauma expert helping to heal Israel |url=https://israel21c.org/talia-levanon-the-trauma-expert-helping-to-heal-israel/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levanon, Talia, Elisheva Flamm-Oren, Debra Slonim |date=2010 |title=Israel Trauma Coalition and UJA-Federation of New York: The Journey from Response to Preparedness. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=47715486&site=eds-live&scope=site. |journal=Journal of Jewish Communal Service |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=108–111 |via=ebscohost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horwitz |first=S. |date=2007 |title=Trauma Response, Recovery, Planning, and Preparedness |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=31639514&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=Journal of Jewish Communal Service |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=32–38 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2019, hadin gwiwar ta sami matsayi na musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-23 |title=United Nations - Israel Trauma Coalition Given Top Special Advisor Status At UN - VINnews |url=https://vinnews.com/2019/06/23/united-nations-israel-trauma-coalition-given-top-special-advisor-status-at-un/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan shine matsayi mafi girma da ba riba ba za ta iya samu a matakin duniya. == Ayyuka == Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da haɗin gwiwa da cikakkiyar hanyar, haɗakar ƙwarewar da aka samu a cikin shekaru tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa na manyan kungiyoyi da ma'aikatun gwamnati da ke ƙwarewa wajen magance rikici. Kungiyar ta haɓaka da aiwatar da ita, tare da abokan tarayya daga Isra'ila da ƙasashen waje, shirye-shiryen kulawa na gaggawa da na gaggawa, horar da ƙwararru da masu sa kai daga fannoni daban-daban da masu sa kansu - a shirye-shirye na gaggawa، aikin gaggawa da sake farfadowa bayan gaggawa. Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da sabis a fagen rauni: martani kai tsaye a fannonin juriya na al'umma ga jama'a masu rauni (alamu na zamantakewa a lokacin taron gaggawa a matakin mutum, iyali da al'umma, tallafi a lokacin da ya biyo bayan taron, da samar da bayanai da ilimi ga jama'ar kan yadda za a magance rauni), yana shirya don abubuwan gaggawa (talkanin, darussan, da kuma yin aiki da ke magance gaggawa da rauni a makarantu, manyan cibiyoyin al'umma), kuma yana gudanar da horo da koyarwa don ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani a fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition Provides Emergency Care and Emotional First Aid |url=https://jewishmiami.org/news/extra/itc_update/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Greater Miami Jewish Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition (ITC) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/organization/israel-trauma-coalition-itc/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=InfluenceWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa sun taimaka wa jama'a a lokacin abubuwan gaggawa daban-daban da suka faru a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu, shirin rabuwar, da kuma ci gaba da harbe-harbe na Sderot da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Gaza. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan kuma tana aiki tare da hukumomin gida bayan Hare-haren ta'addanci a cikin sarrafawa, koyo daga abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma farfado da ƙungiyoyi da ma'aikata. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da hare-haren soja ciki har da "Cast Lead" (2008-2009), "Pillar of Defense" (2012), "Protective Edge" (2014), "Guardian of the Walls" (2021), "Iron Swords" (2023-) da sauransu, Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma ta haɗa kai da ma'aikatu na gwamnati don tallafawa, ingantawa, aiwatar da sake farfado da hukumomin gida, ƙungiyoyin cibiyoyi a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya da jin da jin dadin jama'a. Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki a matakin mutum, iyali da al'umma. Ana ba da sabis ta hanyar hukumomi daban-daban a Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Ma'aikatu da Ayyukan Jama'a, Ma'aikatan Lafiya da kungiyoyi da yawa, bisa ga tsarin da horo da hadin gwiwar rauni ta tsara. Cibiyar tana haɓaka hanyar shiga tsakani a cikin yanayin gaggawa da hana rauni tsakanin ɗalibai, gami da ayyukan don canja wurin aji, kuma tana horar da ma'aikatan ba da shawara na halayyar mutum da duk malamai a cikin hukumomin yankin da suka dace don aiwatar da waɗannan tsoma baki a cikin ɗakunan aji. Kungiyar tana aiki a cikin hukumomi sama da 120. * A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ƙungiyar Trauma ta Isra'ila, karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatun gwamnati, sun kafa Cibiyoyin Resilience guda biyar a yankin Gaza - Eshkol, Sderot, Ashkelon, Shaar Hanegev, da Sdot Negev. * A cikin shekara ta 2014, Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma ta kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Bedouin Society a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. * A cikin 2017, an kafa cibiyoyin juriya 4 a Yahudiya da Samariya - Samariya, Yahudiya, Binyamin da Gush Etzion. * A cikin 2020 An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Ashkelon * A cikin 2022 Cibiyar Amfani ta AMAN, wacce ke ba da sabis ga garuruwan Ofakim, Merhavim, Netivot, gwamnati ta kafa kuma ta amince da ita * An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Kasa a cikin 2023 biyo bayan farkon Iron Swords War * An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Larabawa a Wadi Ara a cikin 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Arab Society Navigating Trauma and Resilience → Task Force |url=https://www.acitaskforce.org/resource/arab-society-navigating-trauma-and-resilience/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.acitaskforce.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke da hannu a fagen taimako da rauni, gami da kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin shekarun aikin hadin gwiwa, kungiyoyinta sun ba da taimako a cikin abubuwan gaggawa da yawa a duniya, gami da abubuwan ta'addanci a Chechnya da Beslan, bala'o'i a Sri Lanka, Kogin Mississippi, Houston, da Haiti, da hare-haren ta'addani a Hyper Cacher a Toulouse (2015), girgizar ƙasa ta Nepal (2015), da kuma fashewar bam na Boston Marathon (2013), tsunami a Japan (2011), da Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) a Philippines (2013).[1][2][3][4] Misali, nan da nan bayan tsunami a Japan, masana na Isra'ila sun ba da horo don magance rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni kuma sun shirya nau'ikan lokuta daban-daban na warkarwa ciki har da fasaha, kiɗa, motsi da wasan kwaikwayo ga mazauna. Shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci sun haɗa da horo kusa da 1000 Jafananci da kula da kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-08 |title=Israeli trauma program to help Japan tsunami victims {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-science/israeli-trauma-program-to-help-japan-tsunami-victims/article-237134 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arad |first=Boaz |date=2012-02-22 |title=In Japan, Israelis bring trauma expertise to tsunami victims |url=https://www.jta.org/2012/02/22/global/in-japan-israelis-bring-trauma-expertise-to-tsunami-victims |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Sun kuma aika da masu ba da shawara zuwa Parkland, Florida don taimakawa masu ba da Shawara da 'yan uwa bayan harbi a makarantar (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2018-03-07 |title=Israeli trauma experts help counselors in Parkland, Florida |url=https://www.wral.com/story/israeli-trauma-experts-help-counselors-in-parkland-florida/17401164/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=WRAL.com |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan an aika masana zuwa Manchester, Burtaniya, bayan fashewar bam na kide-kide na Ariana Grande (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff {{!}} |first=TheTower org |date=2017-05-31 |title=Israeli Trauma Experts Take the Lead in Treating Manchester Terror Victims |url=http://www.thetower.org/5022-israeli-trauma-experts-take-the-lead-in-treating-terror-victims-of-manchester/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}</ref> ITC ta kuma kafa cibiyoyin juriya a duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A watan Mayu 2023 bayan mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022, ta bude cibiyar a Ukraine tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Ukraine da shirin ta Yaya kake? Har ila yau, ta ba da horo ga Gidauniyar Taimako ta nan gaba ta Ukraine ta hanyar aikinta na GIDNA na taimakon tunani ga matan da Sojojin Rasha suka sha wahala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition (ITC) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/organization/israel-trauma-coalition-itc/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=InfluenceWatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karra |first=Yulia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Israeli Trauma Coalition opens new center in Odessa |url=https://israel21c.org/israeli-trauma-coalition-opens-new-center-in-odessa/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leichman |first=Abigail Klein |date=2023-06-21 |title=Ukraine's First Lady meets Israeli trauma experts to discuss resilience |url=https://israel21c.org/ukraines-first-lady-meets-with-israeli-trauma-experts-to-discuss-resilience/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Israeli Trauma Coalition opens resilience center in Ukraine |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/internationalrussia-ukraine-war/article-756941 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ifald |title=Courses from the Israeli Trauma Coalition |url=https://www.wunu.edu.ua/en/10720-courses-from-the-israeli-trauma-coalition.html |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=WUNU}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar [[Tarayyar Turai]], Majalisar Turai da sauran kungiyoyi. == Ruwan mazauna da ke neman shawara bayan Oktoba 7 == Bayan harin Hamas a Kudancin Isra'ila, a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, inda aka sace daruruwan mutane, an yi wa maza, mata da yara fyade kuma an kashe su, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil Commission’s Report on Oct 7th Sexual Violence - Silenced NO More |url=https://www.civilc.org/silenced-no-more |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=The Civil Commission |language=en}}</ref> kuma dubban mutane sun ji rauni, Cibiyoyin Resilience sun cika da buƙatun tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldenberg |first=Tia |date=2025-07-08 |title=Israeli report accuses Hamas of using sexual violence as a weapon of war on Oct. 7 |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-07-08/israeli-report-accuses-hamas-of-using-sexual-violence-as-a-weapon-of-war-on-oct-7 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan sun hada da masu garkuwa da mutane, iyalai da abokai na fursunoni, iyalai masu mutuwa na wadanda aka kashe, shaidu da suka lura da zalunci, da kuma mutanen da ke fama da damuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-03-17 |title=The trauma expert helping to heal Israel |url=https://israel21c.org/talia-levanon-the-trauma-expert-helping-to-heal-israel/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2023-10-09 |title=Trauma responders deal with an unparalleled flood of anxiety |url=https://israel21c.org/trauma-responders-deal-with-an-unparalleled-flood-of-anxiety/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-01-08 |title=How to fix a traumatized nation |url=https://israel21c.org/how-to-fix-a-traumatized-nation/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisk |first=Stephen |title=The Blogs: The Quiet Weight Israeli Children Are Carrying |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-quiet-weight-israeli-children-are-carrying/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Netali |first=Mor |last2=Yifat |first2=Reuveni |last3=Rivka |first3=Tuval Mashiach |date=2026-05-19 |title=Nation under pressure: examining widespread trauma exposure and resilience in Israel |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2659423 |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008066.2026.2659423 |issn=2000-8066}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kopelev |first=-Sonia Kopelev Sonia |date=2025-10-14 |title=Freed Israeli hostages face long road to physical and mental recovery |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/freed-israeli-hostages-face-long-road-to-physical-and-mental-recovery |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bar-Ilan University Establishes a Trauma Research Center to Study the Impact of October 7 {{!}} Bar Ilan University |url=https://www.biu.ac.il/en/article/584307 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.biu.ac.il |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari hare-haren makamai masu linzami da rokoki da Hezbollah ta kai a Arewacin Isra'ila da Iran a watan Yunin 2025 da Maris 2026 sun kara matakan rauni da damuwa tsakanin yara da manya da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Hezbollah ballbearing rockets maximise injuries |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/60138/israel-hezbollah-ballbearing-rockets-maximise-injuries |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> ITC tana aiki tare da [https://ironswords.health.gov.il/en/mental-coping-wellbing/emotional-support/ Ma'aikatar Lafiya] da Cibiyar Inshora ta Kasa don samar da magani ga mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ta kafa cibiyoyin rauni goma sha shida don ƙarfafa juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fliegel |first=Lisa |title=The Blogs: What the children need from us |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/what-the-children-need-from-us/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collaboration to Strengthen National Resilience: The Ministry of Health Launches 16 Community-Based Trauma Intervention Centers |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/21112024-02 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordall |first=Simon Speakman |title=State of trauma: Israel wrestles with mental aftershocks of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/29/state-of-trauma-israel-wrestles-with-mental-aftershocks-of-war |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin abokan hulɗa == Kungiyoyin da ke biyowa sune wasu daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwar: [https://en.eran.org.il/partners/ YARAN]- Taimako na Farko na Motsin rai- wanda aka kafa a cikin 1971 don samar da tallafi ga yanayin damuwa da raunin ciki har da baƙin ciki, matsalar tattalin arziki, ƙalubalen matasa, kaɗaici, tashin hankali, cin zarafi, rikicewar cin abinci, siffar kai da kuma jima'i. Hadassa - Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Amurka- wanda aka kafa a 1912 zuwa [https://www.elah.org.il/en/home-page/ Cibiyar Ela don Gwagwarmaya da Asarar] - an kafa ta a 1979 don samar da tallafin tunani ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila An kafa NATAL- Isra'ila Trauma and Resiliency Center a cikin 1998, don taimakawa cikin rauni da ya shafi yaki da ta'addanci, PTSD da haɓaka juriya. [https://www.amcha.org/amchaenglish/ Amcha-] wanda aka kafa a cikin 1987 don samar da lafiyar kwakwalwa da sabis na tallafin zamantakewa ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust a Isra'ila [https://selah.org.il/ Selah] - an kafa shi a 1993 don tallafawa baƙi waɗanda bala'i ya raba rayukansu kuma waɗanda ba su da albarkatun da za su jimre. == Tushen waje == * [https://www.gov.il/en/pages/emotional-support-centers https://www.gov.il/en/pages/motional-support-centers] * https://www.eran.org.il/ * [https://www.facebook.com/p/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A-100068040590552/?locale=he_IL Shafin Facebook na Cibiyar Resilience ta Bedouin] * [https://israeltraumacoalition.org/en/ Shafin yanar gizon hadin gwiwar Isra'ila Trauma] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ojx0yjxpgf26wmox028x3vdytuv11c4 846375 846374 2026-06-03T23:19:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma (ITC) ''' ita ce ƙungiyar daidaitawa ta ƙasa don kula da rauni da shirye-shiryen gaggawa a Isra'ila. Ya haɓaka samfurin da ke da matakai da yawa wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi masu yawa - ma'aikatun, marasa riba, da kuma kananan hukumomi - don gina juriya da samar da kulawa mai ci gaba. ITC tana ba da kayan aiki ga mutane, al'ummomi, da masu sana'a tare da kayan aiki da ilimin da ake buƙata don magance kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan gaggawa. An kafa shi ne a cikin fahimtar cewa ingantaccen shiri na gaggawa da martani yana ƙarfafa ikon farfadowa tsakanin mutane, al'ummomi, da al'umma a Isra'ila da kuma duniya baki daya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levanon |first=Talia |date=28 June 2012 |title=Israel Trauma Coalition Resillience Centers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/article/israel-trauma-coalition-resillience-centers/E727D103F0A8C74C56DBAF7D4493EEF5 |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |language= |volume=25 |issue=S1 |pages=S52–S52 |doi=10.1017/S1049023X00023049 |issn=1945-1938}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bala |first=Miklosh |last2=Gottesman |first2=Joshua Z. |date=June 2022 |title=Israeli trauma system: on constant alert |url=https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2022/06000/israeli_trauma_system__on_constant_alert.10.aspx |journal=Emergency and Critical Care Medicine |language=en-US |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1097/EC9.0000000000000045 |issn=2693-860X |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250505031200/https://journals.lww.com/eccm/fulltext/2022/06000/israeli_trauma_system__on_constant_alert.10.aspx |archive-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi 58, ƙungiyoyi, da ma'aikatun gwamnati waɗanda ke hulɗa da rigakafi da kula da gaggawa, maganin raunin hankali da bayan raunin rauni, da ci gaban juriya ta hankali tsakanin jama'a a Isra'ila. Shugaba na kungiyar shine Talia Levanon . Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Neve Ilan . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=LEVANON T; FLAMM-OREN E; KAHN-HOFFMANN G. |date=2005 |title=The need for a continuum of trauma services: who feeds the birds? |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=106205348&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, [s. l.] |volume=10 |issue=3/4 |pages=729–740 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> ITC kuma tana aiki tare da kungiyoyi a duniya kuma ta aika da ƙungiyoyi don samar da taimako a cikin yanayin rauni a Ukraine, Japan, Faransa da sauran ƙasashe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ITC International Work |url=https://israeltraumacoalition.org/en/the-coalition-in-the-world/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=israeltraumacoalition.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa hadin gwiwa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001 ta hanyar UJA-Jewish Federation of New York, Eran, [https://selah.org.il/ Selah] - Cibiyar Taimako ga Baƙi a cikin Crisis (AR), [https://www.amcha.org/amchaenglish/ Amcha], Hadassa, da [https://www.mahut-israel.org/english Mahut Isra'ila] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-03-17 |title=The trauma expert helping to heal Israel |url=https://israel21c.org/talia-levanon-the-trauma-expert-helping-to-heal-israel/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levanon, Talia, Elisheva Flamm-Oren, Debra Slonim |date=2010 |title=Israel Trauma Coalition and UJA-Federation of New York: The Journey from Response to Preparedness. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=47715486&site=eds-live&scope=site. |journal=Journal of Jewish Communal Service |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=108–111 |via=ebscohost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horwitz |first=S. |date=2007 |title=Trauma Response, Recovery, Planning, and Preparedness |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=31639514&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=Journal of Jewish Communal Service |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=32–38 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2019, hadin gwiwar ta sami matsayi na musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-23 |title=United Nations - Israel Trauma Coalition Given Top Special Advisor Status At UN - VINnews |url=https://vinnews.com/2019/06/23/united-nations-israel-trauma-coalition-given-top-special-advisor-status-at-un/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan shine matsayi mafi girma da ba riba ba za ta iya samu a matakin duniya. == Ayyuka == Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da haɗin gwiwa da cikakkiyar hanyar, haɗakar ƙwarewar da aka samu a cikin shekaru tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa na manyan kungiyoyi da ma'aikatun gwamnati da ke ƙwarewa wajen magance rikici. Kungiyar ta haɓaka da aiwatar da ita, tare da abokan tarayya daga Isra'ila da ƙasashen waje, shirye-shiryen kulawa na gaggawa da na gaggawa, horar da ƙwararru da masu sa kai daga fannoni daban-daban da masu sa kansu - a shirye-shirye na gaggawa، aikin gaggawa da sake farfadowa bayan gaggawa. Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da sabis a fagen rauni: martani kai tsaye a fannonin juriya na al'umma ga jama'a masu rauni (alamu na zamantakewa a lokacin taron gaggawa a matakin mutum, iyali da al'umma, tallafi a lokacin da ya biyo bayan taron, da samar da bayanai da ilimi ga jama'ar kan yadda za a magance rauni), yana shirya don abubuwan gaggawa (talkanin, darussan, da kuma yin aiki da ke magance gaggawa da rauni a makarantu, manyan cibiyoyin al'umma), kuma yana gudanar da horo da koyarwa don ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani a fagen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition Provides Emergency Care and Emotional First Aid |url=https://jewishmiami.org/news/extra/itc_update/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Greater Miami Jewish Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition (ITC) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/organization/israel-trauma-coalition-itc/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=InfluenceWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa sun taimaka wa jama'a a lokacin abubuwan gaggawa daban-daban da suka faru a lokacin Intifada ta Biyu, Yaƙin Lebanon na Biyu, shirin rabuwar, da kuma ci gaba da harbe-harbe na Sderot da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Gaza. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan kuma tana aiki tare da hukumomin gida bayan Hare-haren ta'addanci a cikin sarrafawa, koyo daga abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma farfado da ƙungiyoyi da ma'aikata. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da hare-haren soja ciki har da "Cast Lead" (2008-2009), "Pillar of Defense" (2012), "Protective Edge" (2014), "Guardian of the Walls" (2021), "Iron Swords" (2023-) da sauransu, Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma ta haɗa kai da ma'aikatu na gwamnati don tallafawa, ingantawa, aiwatar da sake farfado da hukumomin gida, ƙungiyoyin cibiyoyi a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya da jin da jin dadin jama'a. Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki a matakin mutum, iyali da al'umma. Ana ba da sabis ta hanyar hukumomi daban-daban a Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Ma'aikatu da Ayyukan Jama'a, Ma'aikatan Lafiya da kungiyoyi da yawa, bisa ga tsarin da horo da hadin gwiwar rauni ta tsara. Cibiyar tana haɓaka hanyar shiga tsakani a cikin yanayin gaggawa da hana rauni tsakanin ɗalibai, gami da ayyukan don canja wurin aji, kuma tana horar da ma'aikatan ba da shawara na halayyar mutum da duk malamai a cikin hukumomin yankin da suka dace don aiwatar da waɗannan tsoma baki a cikin ɗakunan aji. Kungiyar tana aiki a cikin hukumomi sama da 120. * A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ƙungiyar Trauma ta Isra'ila, karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatun gwamnati, sun kafa Cibiyoyin Resilience guda biyar a yankin Gaza - Eshkol, Sderot, Ashkelon, Shaar Hanegev, da Sdot Negev. * A cikin shekara ta 2014, Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Trauma ta kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Bedouin Society a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. * A cikin 2017, an kafa cibiyoyin juriya 4 a Yahudiya da Samariya - Samariya, Yahudiya, Binyamin da Gush Etzion. * A cikin 2020 An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Ashkelon * A cikin 2022 Cibiyar Amfani ta AMAN, wacce ke ba da sabis ga garuruwan Ofakim, Merhavim, Netivot, gwamnati ta kafa kuma ta amince da ita * An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Kasa a cikin 2023 biyo bayan farkon Iron Swords War * An kafa Cibiyar Resilience ta Larabawa a Wadi Ara a cikin 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Arab Society Navigating Trauma and Resilience → Task Force |url=https://www.acitaskforce.org/resource/arab-society-navigating-trauma-and-resilience/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.acitaskforce.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke da hannu a fagen taimako da rauni, gami da kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin shekarun aikin hadin gwiwa, kungiyoyinta sun ba da taimako a cikin abubuwan gaggawa da yawa a duniya, gami da abubuwan ta'addanci a Chechnya da Beslan, bala'o'i a Sri Lanka, Kogin Mississippi, Houston, da Haiti, da hare-haren ta'addani a Hyper Cacher a Toulouse (2015), girgizar ƙasa ta Nepal (2015), da kuma fashewar bam na Boston Marathon (2013), tsunami a Japan (2011), da Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) a Philippines (2013).[1][2][3][4] Misali, nan da nan bayan tsunami a Japan, masana na Isra'ila sun ba da horo don magance rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni kuma sun shirya nau'ikan lokuta daban-daban na warkarwa ciki har da fasaha, kiɗa, motsi da wasan kwaikwayo ga mazauna. Shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci sun haɗa da horo kusa da 1000 Jafananci da kula da kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-08 |title=Israeli trauma program to help Japan tsunami victims {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-science/israeli-trauma-program-to-help-japan-tsunami-victims/article-237134 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arad |first=Boaz |date=2012-02-22 |title=In Japan, Israelis bring trauma expertise to tsunami victims |url=https://www.jta.org/2012/02/22/global/in-japan-israelis-bring-trauma-expertise-to-tsunami-victims |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Sun kuma aika da masu ba da shawara zuwa Parkland, Florida don taimakawa masu ba da Shawara da 'yan uwa bayan harbi a makarantar (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2018-03-07 |title=Israeli trauma experts help counselors in Parkland, Florida |url=https://www.wral.com/story/israeli-trauma-experts-help-counselors-in-parkland-florida/17401164/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=WRAL.com |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan an aika masana zuwa Manchester, Burtaniya, bayan fashewar bam na kide-kide na Ariana Grande (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff {{!}} |first=TheTower org |date=2017-05-31 |title=Israeli Trauma Experts Take the Lead in Treating Manchester Terror Victims |url=http://www.thetower.org/5022-israeli-trauma-experts-take-the-lead-in-treating-terror-victims-of-manchester/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Tower |language=en-US}}</ref> ITC ta kuma kafa cibiyoyin juriya a duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A watan Mayu 2023 bayan mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022, ta bude cibiyar a Ukraine tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Ukraine da shirin ta Yaya kake? Har ila yau, ta ba da horo ga Gidauniyar Taimako ta nan gaba ta Ukraine ta hanyar aikinta na GIDNA na taimakon tunani ga matan da Sojojin Rasha suka sha wahala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Israel Trauma Coalition (ITC) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/organization/israel-trauma-coalition-itc/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=InfluenceWatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karra |first=Yulia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Israeli Trauma Coalition opens new center in Odessa |url=https://israel21c.org/israeli-trauma-coalition-opens-new-center-in-odessa/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leichman |first=Abigail Klein |date=2023-06-21 |title=Ukraine's First Lady meets Israeli trauma experts to discuss resilience |url=https://israel21c.org/ukraines-first-lady-meets-with-israeli-trauma-experts-to-discuss-resilience/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Israeli Trauma Coalition opens resilience center in Ukraine |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/internationalrussia-ukraine-war/article-756941 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ifald |title=Courses from the Israeli Trauma Coalition |url=https://www.wunu.edu.ua/en/10720-courses-from-the-israeli-trauma-coalition.html |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=WUNU}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar yana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar [[Tarayyar Turai]], Majalisar Turai da sauran kungiyoyi. == Ruwan mazauna da ke neman shawara bayan Oktoba 7 == Bayan harin Hamas a Kudancin Isra'ila, a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, inda aka sace daruruwan mutane, an yi wa maza, mata da yara fyade kuma an kashe su, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil Commission’s Report on Oct 7th Sexual Violence - Silenced NO More |url=https://www.civilc.org/silenced-no-more |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=The Civil Commission |language=en}}</ref> kuma dubban mutane sun ji rauni, Cibiyoyin Resilience sun cika da buƙatun tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldenberg |first=Tia |date=2025-07-08 |title=Israeli report accuses Hamas of using sexual violence as a weapon of war on Oct. 7 |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-07-08/israeli-report-accuses-hamas-of-using-sexual-violence-as-a-weapon-of-war-on-oct-7 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan sun hada da masu garkuwa da mutane, iyalai da abokai na fursunoni, iyalai masu mutuwa na wadanda aka kashe, shaidu da suka lura da zalunci, da kuma mutanen da ke fama da damuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-03-17 |title=The trauma expert helping to heal Israel |url=https://israel21c.org/talia-levanon-the-trauma-expert-helping-to-heal-israel/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2023-10-09 |title=Trauma responders deal with an unparalleled flood of anxiety |url=https://israel21c.org/trauma-responders-deal-with-an-unparalleled-flood-of-anxiety/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel21c |date=2024-01-08 |title=How to fix a traumatized nation |url=https://israel21c.org/how-to-fix-a-traumatized-nation/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ISRAEL21c |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisk |first=Stephen |title=The Blogs: The Quiet Weight Israeli Children Are Carrying |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-quiet-weight-israeli-children-are-carrying/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Netali |first=Mor |last2=Yifat |first2=Reuveni |last3=Rivka |first3=Tuval Mashiach |date=2026-05-19 |title=Nation under pressure: examining widespread trauma exposure and resilience in Israel |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2659423 |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008066.2026.2659423 |issn=2000-8066}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kopelev |first=-Sonia Kopelev Sonia |date=2025-10-14 |title=Freed Israeli hostages face long road to physical and mental recovery |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/freed-israeli-hostages-face-long-road-to-physical-and-mental-recovery |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bar-Ilan University Establishes a Trauma Research Center to Study the Impact of October 7 {{!}} Bar Ilan University |url=https://www.biu.ac.il/en/article/584307 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.biu.ac.il |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari hare-haren makamai masu linzami da rokoki da Hezbollah ta kai a Arewacin Isra'ila da Iran a watan Yunin 2025 da Maris 2026 sun kara matakan rauni da damuwa tsakanin yara da manya da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Hezbollah ballbearing rockets maximise injuries |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/60138/israel-hezbollah-ballbearing-rockets-maximise-injuries |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> ITC tana aiki tare da [https://ironswords.health.gov.il/en/mental-coping-wellbing/emotional-support/ Ma'aikatar Lafiya] da Cibiyar Inshora ta Kasa don samar da magani ga mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ta kafa cibiyoyin rauni goma sha shida don ƙarfafa juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fliegel |first=Lisa |title=The Blogs: What the children need from us |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/what-the-children-need-from-us/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collaboration to Strengthen National Resilience: The Ministry of Health Launches 16 Community-Based Trauma Intervention Centers |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/21112024-02 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordall |first=Simon Speakman |title=State of trauma: Israel wrestles with mental aftershocks of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/29/state-of-trauma-israel-wrestles-with-mental-aftershocks-of-war |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin abokan hulɗa == Kungiyoyin da ke biyowa sune wasu daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwar: [https://en.eran.org.il/partners/ YARAN]- Taimako na Farko na Motsin rai- wanda aka kafa a cikin 1971 don samar da tallafi ga yanayin damuwa da raunin ciki har da baƙin ciki, matsalar tattalin arziki, ƙalubalen matasa, kaɗaici, tashin hankali, cin zarafi, rikicewar cin abinci, siffar kai da kuma jima'i. Hadassa - Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Amurka- wanda aka kafa a 1912 zuwa [https://www.elah.org.il/en/home-page/ Cibiyar Ela don Gwagwarmaya da Asarar] - an kafa ta a 1979 don samar da tallafin tunani ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila An kafa NATAL- Isra'ila Trauma and Resiliency Center a cikin 1998, don taimakawa cikin rauni da ya shafi yaki da ta'addanci, PTSD da haɓaka juriya. [https://www.amcha.org/amchaenglish/ Amcha-] wanda aka kafa a cikin 1987 don samar da lafiyar kwakwalwa da sabis na tallafin zamantakewa ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust a Isra'ila [https://selah.org.il/ Selah] - an kafa shi a 1993 don tallafawa baƙi waɗanda bala'i ya raba rayukansu kuma waɗanda ba su da albarkatun da za su jimre. == Tushen waje == * [https://www.gov.il/en/pages/emotional-support-centers https://www.gov.il/en/pages/motional-support-centers] * https://www.eran.org.il/ * [https://www.facebook.com/p/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A-100068040590552/?locale=he_IL Shafin Facebook na Cibiyar Resilience ta Bedouin] * [https://israeltraumacoalition.org/en/ Shafin yanar gizon hadin gwiwar Isra'ila Trauma] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 79yhlxl301ck4sj8ou3nh00i4vr3f27 Magungunan Surf 0 154600 846376 2026-06-03T23:19:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346126143|Surf therapy]]" 846376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Surfers_Healing.jpg|thumb|Shirin warkarwa na Surfers, Isra'ila]] Surf therapy yayi kama da yanayin yanayi kuma an bayyana shi ta International Surf Therapy Organisation a cikin 2017 a matsayin wani nau'in sa hannun lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke amfani da hawan igiyar ruwa da yanayin teku don inganta lafiyar jiki da tunanin mutum.[1] Ya haɗu da koyarwar hawan igiyar ruwa, ayyukan hawan igiya, da ayyukan mutum da na rukuni don tallafawa mutane wajen cimma burin kansu da inganta lafiyar su gaba ɗaya.[2] Ana kiran maganin surf a wasu lokuta da daidaitawa mai zurfi kuma yana iya zama hanyar zuwa para surfing. Hakanan yana iya danganta da ra'ayoyin ''kulawa mai launin shudi'' ko maganin teku da thalassotherapy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Britton |first=Easkey |last2=Kindermann |first2=Gesche |last3=Domegan |first3=Christine |last4=Carlin |first4=Caitriona |date=2020-02-01 |title=Blue care: a systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing |url=https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/35/1/50/5252008?login=false |journal=Health Promotion International |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–69 |doi=10.1093/heapro/day103 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=7245048 |pmid=30561661 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == A [[Zamanin Victorian]], an yi imanin cewa yin iyo a teku yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da shahararsa a matsayin aikin warkewa da nishaɗi. Garuruwan da ke gefen teku sun zama sanannun wurare a Burtaniya da ko'ina cikin Turai tare da likitoci suna ba da shawarar wanka a teku don cututtuka da cututtuka daban-daban. A cikin 2010 NHS Cornwall Primary Care Trust (PCT) ya fara shirin gwaji na makonni shida na UK wanda ake kira Wave project don yara da manya masu rauni masu shekaru 8-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=NHS-funded surf therapy to boost wellbeing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24744632 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story at The Wave Project in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.waveproject.co.uk/our-story/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.waveproject.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2011 an kafa kamfanin Wave Project CIC (kamfanin sha'awar al'umma) mai zaman kansa don isar da cikakken shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-18 |title=Is surfing therapy for disabled? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-18490936.amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=C. Godfrey, H Devine-Wright, J. Taylor |date=2015 |title=The positive Impact of structured surf courses on the well-being of vulnerable young people |url=https://waveproject.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/p26-29-Professional_Godfrey1.pdf |journal=Community Practitioner |issue=1 |pages=26–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wave Project with Jamie Marshall |url=https://finisterre.com/blogs/broadcast/the-wave-project-jamie-marshall?srsltid=AfmBOopsG_FOKPPyw0Qvln9ZKq8Tc2tKPhsRouoKEfnkzCHxUMQNi8As |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Finisterre |language=en}}</ref> A cikin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] maganin raƙuman ruwa yana amfani da binciken da kuma hanyoyin da aka haɓaka a cikin tsarin ilimin jiki na Adaptive. A cikin 2011 wata kungiya ta yankin Cape Town ''Waves for Change,'' karkashin jagorancin tsohon jami'in Ingila Tim Conibear, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-21 |title=A Brit expat is using surf therapy to help South Africa's deprived children |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/waves-for-change-how-surf-therapy-is-helping-south-africa-s-most-deprived-children-10464362.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> ta sami tallafi a cikin 2017 don shirya taron masu aiki daga kasashe daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Cash |date=2024-04-21 |title=Go Far, Go Together: The Story Behind the International Surf Therapy Organization |url=https://www.americansurfmagazine.com/article/international-surf-therapy-organization-history |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=AmericanSurfMagazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dall |first=Nick |title='It gave me a purpose': Surf therapy transforms lives in South Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/12/2/south-africa-waves-for-change-surfing-mental-health-therapy |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Ta haka ne aka kirkiro kungiyar kula da maganin Surf ta Duniya (ISTO) kuma tun lokacin da ake sa ido kan aikin bincike da shirye-shiryen maganin surfing da aka haɓaka a duniya. Akwai adadi mai yawa na irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a duk duniya da ke da niyya ga bayanan mutum daban-daban: mata waɗanda suka sha wahala daga tashin hankali, matasa daga mawuyacin zamantakewa, mutanen da ke da nakasa, har ma da tsoffin sojan yaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surf Therapy: the benefits of the Ocean on our health {{!}} Surfrider news {{!}} Surfrider Foundation Europe |url=https://www.surfrider.eu/learn/news/surf-therapie-bienfaits-ocean-notre-sante/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Surfrider Foundation Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Surf therapy: 'I was prescribed surfing to help my depression' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrz0yg5j8o.amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Victorian research finds surfing can reduce youth mental health symptoms - ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-18/victorian-research-shows-surf-therapy-helps-mental-health/105302522 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=amp.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dall |first=Nick |title='It gave me a purpose': Surf therapy transforms lives in South Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/12/2/south-africa-waves-for-change-surfing-mental-health-therapy |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Genevieve |date=2024-11-16 |title=Surfing champion Roxy Davis turns surf therapy for disabled children into PhD research |url=https://iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/2024-10-05-surfing-champion-roxy-davis-turns-surf-therapy-for-disabled-children-into-phd-research/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar malami na farko na duniya wanda Ƙungiyar Surfing ta Duniya ke gudanarwa an ƙaddamar da shi a LaJolla, California a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First-Ever ISA Adaptive Surfing Instructor Certification Program Marks Major Milestone {{!}} Surfing Australia |url=https://surfingaustralia.com/first-ever-isa-adaptive-surfing-instructor-certification-program-marks-major-milestone/page/4/?et_blog |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Aunawa == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an gudanar da karatun ilimi da yawa don fahimtar manufar kuma aikace-aikacen warkarwa ne mai inganci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manero |first=Ana |last2=George |first2=Phoebe |last3=Yusoff |first3=Asad |last4=Olive |first4=Lisa |last5=White |first5=Joanna |date=2024-08-07 |title=Understanding surfing as a 'blue space' activity for its contributions to health and wellbeing |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/6299b639-4add-41e7-9920-1579ac37d1be |journal=npj Ocean Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1038/s44183-024-00076-4 |issn=2731-426X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tsara ilimin ilimi da ayyuka don ci gaba da shirye-shirye da aikace-aikace na filin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=The student studying the healing power of surfing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-58994935 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bristol |first=University of |date=17 June 2024 |title=New PhD to investigate mental health benefits of surfing |url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/cabot/news/2024/surfing-phd.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.bristol.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Magani na halitta * Don hawan igiyar ruwa * Magungunan Thalassotherapy == Manazarta == lgo03d2gkhymzrkorbb6pdoqk3i96ml 846377 846376 2026-06-03T23:19:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Surfers_Healing.jpg|thumb|Shirin warkarwa na Surfers, Isra'ila]]{{Databox}} Surf therapy yayi kama da yanayin yanayi kuma an bayyana shi ta International Surf Therapy Organisation a cikin 2017 a matsayin wani nau'in sa hannun lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke amfani da hawan igiyar ruwa da yanayin teku don inganta lafiyar jiki da tunanin mutum.[1] Ya haɗu da koyarwar hawan igiyar ruwa, ayyukan hawan igiya, da ayyukan mutum da na rukuni don tallafawa mutane wajen cimma burin kansu da inganta lafiyar su gaba ɗaya.[2] Ana kiran maganin surf a wasu lokuta da daidaitawa mai zurfi kuma yana iya zama hanyar zuwa para surfing. Hakanan yana iya danganta da ra'ayoyin ''kulawa mai launin shudi'' ko maganin teku da thalassotherapy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Britton |first=Easkey |last2=Kindermann |first2=Gesche |last3=Domegan |first3=Christine |last4=Carlin |first4=Caitriona |date=2020-02-01 |title=Blue care: a systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing |url=https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/35/1/50/5252008?login=false |journal=Health Promotion International |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–69 |doi=10.1093/heapro/day103 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=7245048 |pmid=30561661 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == A [[Zamanin Victorian]], an yi imanin cewa yin iyo a teku yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da shahararsa a matsayin aikin warkewa da nishaɗi. Garuruwan da ke gefen teku sun zama sanannun wurare a Burtaniya da ko'ina cikin Turai tare da likitoci suna ba da shawarar wanka a teku don cututtuka da cututtuka daban-daban. A cikin 2010 NHS Cornwall Primary Care Trust (PCT) ya fara shirin gwaji na makonni shida na UK wanda ake kira Wave project don yara da manya masu rauni masu shekaru 8-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=NHS-funded surf therapy to boost wellbeing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24744632 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story at The Wave Project in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.waveproject.co.uk/our-story/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.waveproject.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2011 an kafa kamfanin Wave Project CIC (kamfanin sha'awar al'umma) mai zaman kansa don isar da cikakken shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-18 |title=Is surfing therapy for disabled? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-18490936.amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=C. Godfrey, H Devine-Wright, J. Taylor |date=2015 |title=The positive Impact of structured surf courses on the well-being of vulnerable young people |url=https://waveproject.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/p26-29-Professional_Godfrey1.pdf |journal=Community Practitioner |issue=1 |pages=26–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wave Project with Jamie Marshall |url=https://finisterre.com/blogs/broadcast/the-wave-project-jamie-marshall?srsltid=AfmBOopsG_FOKPPyw0Qvln9ZKq8Tc2tKPhsRouoKEfnkzCHxUMQNi8As |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Finisterre |language=en}}</ref> A cikin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] maganin raƙuman ruwa yana amfani da binciken da kuma hanyoyin da aka haɓaka a cikin tsarin ilimin jiki na Adaptive. A cikin 2011 wata kungiya ta yankin Cape Town ''Waves for Change,'' karkashin jagorancin tsohon jami'in Ingila Tim Conibear, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-21 |title=A Brit expat is using surf therapy to help South Africa's deprived children |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/waves-for-change-how-surf-therapy-is-helping-south-africa-s-most-deprived-children-10464362.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> ta sami tallafi a cikin 2017 don shirya taron masu aiki daga kasashe daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Cash |date=2024-04-21 |title=Go Far, Go Together: The Story Behind the International Surf Therapy Organization |url=https://www.americansurfmagazine.com/article/international-surf-therapy-organization-history |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=AmericanSurfMagazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dall |first=Nick |title='It gave me a purpose': Surf therapy transforms lives in South Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/12/2/south-africa-waves-for-change-surfing-mental-health-therapy |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Ta haka ne aka kirkiro kungiyar kula da maganin Surf ta Duniya (ISTO) kuma tun lokacin da ake sa ido kan aikin bincike da shirye-shiryen maganin surfing da aka haɓaka a duniya. Akwai adadi mai yawa na irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a duk duniya da ke da niyya ga bayanan mutum daban-daban: mata waɗanda suka sha wahala daga tashin hankali, matasa daga mawuyacin zamantakewa, mutanen da ke da nakasa, har ma da tsoffin sojan yaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surf Therapy: the benefits of the Ocean on our health {{!}} Surfrider news {{!}} Surfrider Foundation Europe |url=https://www.surfrider.eu/learn/news/surf-therapie-bienfaits-ocean-notre-sante/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Surfrider Foundation Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Surf therapy: 'I was prescribed surfing to help my depression' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrz0yg5j8o.amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Victorian research finds surfing can reduce youth mental health symptoms - ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-18/victorian-research-shows-surf-therapy-helps-mental-health/105302522 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=amp.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dall |first=Nick |title='It gave me a purpose': Surf therapy transforms lives in South Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/12/2/south-africa-waves-for-change-surfing-mental-health-therapy |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Genevieve |date=2024-11-16 |title=Surfing champion Roxy Davis turns surf therapy for disabled children into PhD research |url=https://iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/2024-10-05-surfing-champion-roxy-davis-turns-surf-therapy-for-disabled-children-into-phd-research/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar malami na farko na duniya wanda Ƙungiyar Surfing ta Duniya ke gudanarwa an ƙaddamar da shi a LaJolla, California a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First-Ever ISA Adaptive Surfing Instructor Certification Program Marks Major Milestone {{!}} Surfing Australia |url=https://surfingaustralia.com/first-ever-isa-adaptive-surfing-instructor-certification-program-marks-major-milestone/page/4/?et_blog |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Aunawa == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an gudanar da karatun ilimi da yawa don fahimtar manufar kuma aikace-aikacen warkarwa ne mai inganci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manero |first=Ana |last2=George |first2=Phoebe |last3=Yusoff |first3=Asad |last4=Olive |first4=Lisa |last5=White |first5=Joanna |date=2024-08-07 |title=Understanding surfing as a 'blue space' activity for its contributions to health and wellbeing |url=https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/6299b639-4add-41e7-9920-1579ac37d1be |journal=npj Ocean Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1038/s44183-024-00076-4 |issn=2731-426X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tsara ilimin ilimi da ayyuka don ci gaba da shirye-shirye da aikace-aikace na filin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=The student studying the healing power of surfing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-58994935 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bristol |first=University of |date=17 June 2024 |title=New PhD to investigate mental health benefits of surfing |url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/cabot/news/2024/surfing-phd.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.bristol.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Magani na halitta * Don hawan igiyar ruwa * Magungunan Thalassotherapy == Manazarta == 664da5ptkfkbkzi8zd92qyfgpzu4atu Rikicin kashe kai 0 154601 846378 2026-06-03T23:20:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350070720|Suicide crisis]]" 846378 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]], rikicin kashe kansa ko '''yiwuwar kashe kansa''' yanayi ne wanda wani ke ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ko yana tunani sosai ko yana shirin yin hakan. Hukumomin tsaro na jama'a, aikin likita, da Ayyukan gaggawa suna ɗaukar su a matsayin gaggawa na likita, suna buƙatar sa hannun kashe kansa nan da nan da kuma maganin likita na gaggawa. Gabatarwar kashe kansa tana faruwa ne lokacin da wani ya fuskanci matsalar motsin rai, ta jiki, ko ta zamantakewa da suke jin ba za su iya shawo kan su ba kuma suna ɗaukar kashe kansa a matsayin mafita. Likitoci yawanci suna ƙoƙari su sake tsara rikice-rikicen kashe kansa, su gaya wa mai haƙuri cewa kashe kansa ba mafita ba ne kuma su taimaka wa mutum ya gano kuma ya warware ko ya jimre da matsalolin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Declan |date=2016-02-18 |title=Is it time to abandon suicide risk assessment? |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e2 |doi=10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002071 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=4998936 |pmid=27703761}}</ref> == Halitta == Yawancin lokuta na yiwuwar kashe kansa suna da alamun gargadi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Britton PC, Ilgen MA, Rudd MD, Conner KR |year=2012 |title=Warning signs for suicide within a week of healthcare contact in Veteran decedents |journal=Psychiatry Res |volume=200 |issue=2–3 |pages=395–9 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.036 |pmc=5064427 |pmid=22796102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning Signs of Suicide |url=http://www.health.umd.edu/node/791 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023072630/http://www.health.umd.edu/node/791 |archive-date=2017-10-23 |access-date=2017-10-23 |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> Yin ƙoƙari ya kashe kansa, yana magana game da ko shirin kashe kansa, rubuta bayanin kashe kansa, magana ko tunani akai-akai game da mutuwa, nuna sha'awar mutuwa ta hanyar bayyana shi da baki ko ta hanyar ɗaukar haɗari mai haɗari, ko ɗaukar matakai don ƙoƙarin kashe kansa (kamar samun igiya da ɗaure shi zuwa maɓallin ɗaurewa don ƙoƙarin ratayewa ko adana magungunan don ƙoƙarin yin amfani da yawa) duk alamun rikicin kashe kansa ne. Ƙarin alamomi masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da shirya mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili ba (kamar sanya al'amuran a cikin tsari ko canza wasiyya), rubuta wasiƙun ban kwana, da ziyartar ko kiran dangin ko abokai don yin ban kwana. Mutumin na iya fara ba da abubuwan da suka dace a baya (saboda "ba sa bukatar su"). A wasu lokuta, mutumin da ya yi kama da baƙin ciki kuma yana son kashe kansa na iya zama na al'ada ko cike da kuzari ko kwanciyar hankali; waɗannan mutane musamman suna buƙatar a kalli su saboda dawowar al'ada na iya zama saboda sun yarda da duk wani mataki na gaba (kamar shirin ƙoƙarin kashe kansa da tserewa daga matsalolinsu). [[Babban rashin damuwa|Mawuyacin hali]] shine babban abin da ke haifar da kashe kansa, kuma mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rukuni mai haɗari don halayyar kashe kansa. Koyaya, halayyar kashe kansa ba kawai an ƙuntata shi ba ga marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da wani nau'in baƙin ciki. Fiye da kashi 90% na duk kashe-kashen suna da alaƙa da rikicewar yanayi, kamar rikicewar bipolar, baƙin ciki, [[Addiction|jaraba]], PTSD, ko wasu cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar schizophrenia. Mafi zurfin baƙin ciki, mafi girman haɗari, sau da yawa ana nuna shi a cikin ji ko maganganun rashin kulawa, rashin taimako, rashin bege, ko rashin amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart, George |year=2004 |title=Suicide & Mental Distress |url=http://www.suicidereferencelibrary.com/test4~id~1619.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224643/http://www.suicidereferencelibrary.com/test4~id~1619.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=22 August 2009 |website=Suicide Reference Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2008 |title=Understanding the Symptoms of Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/understanding-depression-symptoms |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ƙoƙarin kashe kansa don mayar da martani ga dalilin baƙin ciki, kamar saki ko ƙarshen dangantakar soyayya, rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko rauni (kamar asarar wani gaɓoɓin ko makanta), mutuwar aboki ko memba na iyali, matsalolin kuɗi ko talauci, laifi ko tsoron kamawa saboda wani abu da mutum ya yi, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, tsufa, damuwa game da asalin jinsi, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2004 |title=Suicide |url=https://www.healthforums.com/library/1,1258,article~6229,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525232842/https://www.healthforums.com/library/1,1258,article~6229,00.html |archive-date=25 May 2006 |access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref> === Magunguna === [[Fayil:988_Suicide_&_Crisis_Lifeline_logo_-_navy_-_square.svg|right|thumb|Hanyoyin sadarwa na rikicin, kamar Suicide da Crisis Lifeline, suna bawa mutane damar samun shawarwarin tarho na gaggawa nan take]] An gwada [[Ketamine]] don maganin cututtukan bipolar, [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar baƙin ciki]], da kuma mutanen da ke cikin rikice-rikicen kashe kansu a cikin dakunan gaggawa, kuma ana amfani da su ta wannan hanyar ba tare da lakabi ba.<ref name="Caddy2010">{{Cite journal |last=Caddy |display-authors=etal |date=Apr 2014 |title=pharmacodynamic actions, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy |journal=Ther Adv Psychopharmacol |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=75–99 |doi=10.1177/2045125313507739 |pmc=3952483 |pmid=24688759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tondo L |display-authors=etal |date=Feb 2014 |title=Options for pharmacological treatment of refractory bipolar depression |journal=Curr. Psychiatry Rep. |volume=16 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0431-y |pmid=24425269 |s2cid=24308373}}</ref> Ana ba da maganin ta hanyar intravenous guda ɗaya a ƙananan allurai fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin anesthesia, kuma bayanan farko sun nuna cewa yana samar da saurin (a cikin awanni 2) kuma yana da ɗanɗano (kimanin makonni 1-2) raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun a wasu marasa lafiya. Nazarin farko tare da ketamine ya haifar da sha'awar kimiyya da asibiti saboda saurin farawa, kuma saboda ya bayyana yana aiki ta hanyar toshe Masu karɓar NMDA don glutamate, wata hanya daban daga mafi yawan magungunan antidepressants na zamani waɗanda ke aiki a wasu manufofi.<ref name="Caddy2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naughton |first=M |last2=Clarke |first2=G |last3=O'Leary |first3=OF |last4=Cryan |first4=JF |last5=Dinan |first5=TG |date=Mar 2014 |title=A review of ketamine in affective disorders: current evidence of clinical efficacy, limitations of use and pre-clinical evidence on proposed mechanisms of action. |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=156 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.014 |pmid=24388038}}</ref> Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa maganin lithium na iya rage tunanin kashe kansa a cikin awanni 48 na gudanarwa. === Shiga tsakani === Shiga tsakani yana da mahimmanci don dakatar da wani da ke cikin rikici na kashe kansa daga cutarwa ko kashe kansa. Kowane alamar kashe kansa ya kamata a ɗauka da muhimmanci. Matakan da za a dauka don taimakawa wajen warware halin da ake ciki ko kuma samun mutumin da ke cikin rikici zuwa aminci sun hada da: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hall-Flavin |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=Suicide: What to do when someone is suicidal |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> * Ku kasance tare da mutumin don kada su kasance su kaɗai. * Kira 988 (idan a Amurka) ko wani hotline na kashe kansa, ko kuma kai mutumin zuwa asibitin asibiti mafi kusa. * Sanya ga wani dangi ko aboki game da abin da ke faruwa. A kasashe da yawa, za a kira 'yan sanda masu tattaunawar don amsa yanayin da mutum ke cikin haɗarin rikicin kashe kansa nan take.[1] Koyaya, ana ƙin tayin taimako akai-akai a cikin waɗannan yanayi, saboda mutumin da ke cikin rikici bai nemi su kai tsaye ba, wanda ke son kula da matakin 'yancin kai. Taimakawa waɗanda ke cikin rikici don yin yanke shawara mai zaman kanta, [2] [3] da daidaita kalmomin, misali ta amfani da kalmar "sort (x) out" [4] na iya taimakawa wajen rage juriya ga taimakon da ake bayarwa. Idan aboki ko memba na iyali yana magana game da kashe kansa amma bai riga ya shiga cikin rikici ba, ya kamata a dauki matakai masu zuwa don taimaka musu samun taimako na sana'a da jin goyon baya: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hall-Flavin |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=Suicide: What to do when someone is suicidal |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> * Kira lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa; lambobin Amurka sune 988 ko 800-273-8255. * Cire abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar bindigogi da wuƙaƙe, daga gida. * Bayar da tabbaci da tallafi. * Taimaka wa mutumin neman magani. == Dubi kuma == * Mawuyacin hali * [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar baƙin ciki]] * Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa * [[Taimako na farko na tunani]] * [[Kisan kai|Kashe kansa]] * Tunanin kashe kansa * Rigakafin kashe kansa * Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa == Manazarta == 3aflifukp07bcn7q5407t0ean8kjmao 846379 846378 2026-06-03T23:20:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846379 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Rikicin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]], rikicin kashe kansa ko '''yiwuwar kashe kansa''' yanayi ne wanda wani ke ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ko yana tunani sosai ko yanashirin yin hakan. Hukumomin tsaro na jama'a, aikin likita, da Ayyukan gaggawa suna ɗaukar su a matsayin gaggawa na likita, suna buƙatar sa hannun kashe kansa nan da nan da kuma maganin likita na gaggawa. Gabatarwar kashe kansa tana faruwa ne lokacin da wani ya fuskanci matsalar motsin rai, ta jiki, ko ta zamantakewa da suke jin ba za su iya shawo kan su ba kuma suna ɗaukar kashe kansa a matsayin mafita. Likitoci yawanci suna ƙoƙari su sake tsara rikice-rikicen kashe kansa, su gaya wa mai haƙuri cewa kashe kansa ba mafita ba ne kuma su taimaka wa mutum ya gano kuma ya warware ko ya jimre da matsalolin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Declan |date=2016-02-18 |title=Is it time to abandon suicide risk assessment? |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e2 |doi=10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002071 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=4998936 |pmid=27703761}}</ref> == Halitta == Yawancin lokuta na yiwuwar kashe kansa suna da alamun gargadi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Britton PC, Ilgen MA, Rudd MD, Conner KR |year=2012 |title=Warning signs for suicide within a week of healthcare contact in Veteran decedents |journal=Psychiatry Res |volume=200 |issue=2–3 |pages=395–9 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.036 |pmc=5064427 |pmid=22796102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning Signs of Suicide |url=http://www.health.umd.edu/node/791 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023072630/http://www.health.umd.edu/node/791 |archive-date=2017-10-23 |access-date=2017-10-23 |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> Yin ƙoƙari ya kashe kansa, yana magana game da ko shirin kashe kansa, rubuta bayanin kashe kansa, magana ko tunani akai-akai game da mutuwa, nuna sha'awar mutuwa ta hanyar bayyana shi da baki ko ta hanyar ɗaukar haɗari mai haɗari, ko ɗaukar matakai don ƙoƙarin kashe kansa (kamar samun igiya da ɗaure shi zuwa maɓallin ɗaurewa don ƙoƙarin ratayewa ko adana magungunan don ƙoƙarin yin amfani da yawa) duk alamun rikicin kashe kansa ne. Ƙarin alamomi masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da shirya mutuwa ba tare da wani dalili ba (kamar sanya al'amuran a cikin tsari ko canza wasiyya), rubuta wasiƙun ban kwana, da ziyartar ko kiran dangin ko abokai don yin ban kwana. Mutumin na iya fara ba da abubuwan da suka dace a baya (saboda "ba sa bukatar su"). A wasu lokuta, mutumin da ya yi kama da baƙin ciki kuma yana son kashe kansa na iya zama na al'ada ko cike da kuzari ko kwanciyar hankali; waɗannan mutane musamman suna buƙatar a kalli su saboda dawowar al'ada na iya zama saboda sun yarda da duk wani mataki na gaba (kamar shirin ƙoƙarin kashe kansa da tserewa daga matsalolinsu). [[Babban rashin damuwa|Mawuyacin hali]] shine babban abin da ke haifar da kashe kansa, kuma mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rukuni mai haɗari don halayyar kashe kansa. Koyaya, halayyar kashe kansa ba kawai an ƙuntata shi ba ga marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da wani nau'in baƙin ciki. Fiye da kashi 90% na duk kashe-kashen suna da alaƙa da rikicewar yanayi, kamar rikicewar bipolar, baƙin ciki, [[Addiction|jaraba]], PTSD, ko wasu cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar schizophrenia. Mafi zurfin baƙin ciki, mafi girman haɗari, sau da yawa ana nuna shi a cikin ji ko maganganun rashin kulawa, rashin taimako, rashin bege, ko rashin amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart, George |year=2004 |title=Suicide & Mental Distress |url=http://www.suicidereferencelibrary.com/test4~id~1619.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224643/http://www.suicidereferencelibrary.com/test4~id~1619.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=22 August 2009 |website=Suicide Reference Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2008 |title=Understanding the Symptoms of Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/understanding-depression-symptoms |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ƙoƙarin kashe kansa don mayar da martani ga dalilin baƙin ciki, kamar saki ko ƙarshen dangantakar soyayya, rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko rauni (kamar asarar wani gaɓoɓin ko makanta), mutuwar aboki ko memba na iyali, matsalolin kuɗi ko talauci, laifi ko tsoron kamawa saboda wani abu da mutum ya yi, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, tsufa, damuwa game da asalin jinsi, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2004 |title=Suicide |url=https://www.healthforums.com/library/1,1258,article~6229,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525232842/https://www.healthforums.com/library/1,1258,article~6229,00.html |archive-date=25 May 2006 |access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref> === Magunguna === [[Fayil:988_Suicide_&_Crisis_Lifeline_logo_-_navy_-_square.svg|right|thumb|Hanyoyin sadarwa na rikicin, kamar Suicide da Crisis Lifeline, suna bawa mutane damar samun shawarwarin tarho na gaggawa nan take]] An gwada [[Ketamine]] don maganin cututtukan bipolar, [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar baƙin ciki]], da kuma mutanen da ke cikin rikice-rikicen kashe kansu a cikin dakunan gaggawa, kuma ana amfani da su ta wannan hanyar ba tare da lakabi ba.<ref name="Caddy2010">{{Cite journal |last=Caddy |display-authors=etal |date=Apr 2014 |title=pharmacodynamic actions, and a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy |journal=Ther Adv Psychopharmacol |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=75–99 |doi=10.1177/2045125313507739 |pmc=3952483 |pmid=24688759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tondo L |display-authors=etal |date=Feb 2014 |title=Options for pharmacological treatment of refractory bipolar depression |journal=Curr. Psychiatry Rep. |volume=16 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0431-y |pmid=24425269 |s2cid=24308373}}</ref> Ana ba da maganin ta hanyar intravenous guda ɗaya a ƙananan allurai fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin anesthesia, kuma bayanan farko sun nuna cewa yana samar da saurin (a cikin awanni 2) kuma yana da ɗanɗano (kimanin makonni 1-2) raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin alamun a wasu marasa lafiya. Nazarin farko tare da ketamine ya haifar da sha'awar kimiyya da asibiti saboda saurin farawa, kuma saboda ya bayyana yana aiki ta hanyar toshe Masu karɓar NMDA don glutamate, wata hanya daban daga mafi yawan magungunan antidepressants na zamani waɗanda ke aiki a wasu manufofi.<ref name="Caddy2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naughton |first=M |last2=Clarke |first2=G |last3=O'Leary |first3=OF |last4=Cryan |first4=JF |last5=Dinan |first5=TG |date=Mar 2014 |title=A review of ketamine in affective disorders: current evidence of clinical efficacy, limitations of use and pre-clinical evidence on proposed mechanisms of action. |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=156 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.014 |pmid=24388038}}</ref> Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa maganin lithium na iya rage tunanin kashe kansa a cikin awanni 48 na gudanarwa. === Shiga tsakani === Shiga tsakani yana da mahimmanci don dakatar da wani da ke cikin rikici na kashe kansa daga cutarwa ko kashe kansa. Kowane alamar kashe kansa ya kamata a ɗauka da muhimmanci. Matakan da za a dauka don taimakawa wajen warware halin da ake ciki ko kuma samun mutumin da ke cikin rikici zuwa aminci sun hada da: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hall-Flavin |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=Suicide: What to do when someone is suicidal |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> * Ku kasance tare da mutumin don kada su kasance su kaɗai. * Kira 988 (idan a Amurka) ko wani hotline na kashe kansa, ko kuma kai mutumin zuwa asibitin asibiti mafi kusa. * Sanya ga wani dangi ko aboki game da abin da ke faruwa. A kasashe da yawa, za a kira 'yan sanda masu tattaunawar don amsa yanayin da mutum ke cikin haɗarin rikicin kashe kansa nan take.[1] Koyaya, ana ƙin tayin taimako akai-akai a cikin waɗannan yanayi, saboda mutumin da ke cikin rikici bai nemi su kai tsaye ba, wanda ke son kula da matakin 'yancin kai. Taimakawa waɗanda ke cikin rikici don yin yanke shawara mai zaman kanta, [2] [3] da daidaita kalmomin, misali ta amfani da kalmar "sort (x) out" [4] na iya taimakawa wajen rage juriya ga taimakon da ake bayarwa. Idan aboki ko memba na iyali yana magana game da kashe kansa amma bai riga ya shiga cikin rikici ba, ya kamata a dauki matakai masu zuwa don taimaka musu samun taimako na sana'a da jin goyon baya: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hall-Flavin |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=Suicide: What to do when someone is suicidal |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/suicide/in-depth/suicide/art-20044707 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> * Kira lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa; lambobin Amurka sune 988 ko 800-273-8255. * Cire abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar bindigogi da wuƙaƙe, daga gida. * Bayar da tabbaci da tallafi. * Taimaka wa mutumin neman magani. == Dubi kuma == * Mawuyacin hali * [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar baƙin ciki]] * Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa * [[Taimako na farko na tunani]] * [[Kisan kai|Kashe kansa]] * Tunanin kashe kansa * Rigakafin kashe kansa * Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa == Manazarta == p4i2d5sz5krxbggnqyn9fsdlqlw56c8 Kano 0 154602 846380 2026-06-03T23:21:03Z Isyaku 02 45510 kawai na dan fara bada bayanine akan yadda kano take 846380 wikitext text/x-wiki kano( Ajami: كَنُواْ) shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya bayan lagos,Wanda ke dauke da mutane aqalla miliyan hudu p9oakvioz992xw4ppug3tsunyue23fj 846389 846380 2026-06-03T23:24:41Z Isyaku 02 45510 846389 wikitext text/x-wiki kano( Ajami: كَنُواْ) shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya bayan lagos,Wanda ke dauke da mutane aqalla miliyan hudu sannan itace jiha mafi yawan al-umma da kuma qananan hukumomi rrie6qmopfubn4wly2qtmm3g9s95yyd Matsalar Ruhaniya 0 154603 846381 2026-06-03T23:21:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304000860|Spiritual crisis]]" 846381 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rikicin ruhaniya (wanda kuma ake kira "gudu na ruhaniya") wani nau'i ne na rikicin ainihi inda mutum ke fuskantar canje-canje masu yawa ga tsarin ma'anar su (watau, manufofinsu na musamman, dabi'u, halin da imani, ainihi, da mayar da hankali) yawanci saboda Kwarewar ruhaniya ta kai tsaye. Rikicin ruhaniya na iya haifar da babbar matsala a cikin aikin tunani, zamantakewa, da aiki. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ruhaniya da aka yi la'akari da haifar da abubuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikicen ruhaniya ko '''gaggawa ta ruhaniya''' sune matsalolin da suka shafi Rikicin rayuwa, Kwarewar asiri, abubuwan da suka kusan mutuwa, ciwon Kundalini, psychosis mai ban mamaki, abubuwan da ba su da kyau, abubuwan da ke cikin addini, ko wasu ayyukan ruhaniya. == Tarihi == Kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, al'ada ta hankali ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin abubuwan ruhaniya ko abubuwan ban mamaki da rashin lafiya na hankali ba (GAP, 1976, shafi na 806). Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, haɗuwa da abubuwan ruhaniya / asiri da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun zama abin sha'awa ga masu sukar al'adun gargajiya na aikin likita na al'ada waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa abubuwan da suka fadi a waje da al'ada na iya zama wata hanya ce ta gina gaskiyar kuma ba lallai ba ne alamar rikicewar hankali. Har ila yau, masu sukar sun kalubalanci zaton ilimin halayyar likita na yau da kullun daga cikin fannin ilimin halayya na likita kanta. Misali, R. D. Laing ya yi jayayya cewa matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama kwarewa mai mahimmanci tare da warkarwa da bangarorin ruhaniya. Arthur J. Deikman ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar "mahimmanci na sihiri" don bayyana asusun mutum na farko na abubuwan da suka faru na sihiri waɗanda suke kama da rahotanni na abubuwan da ke cikin sihiri.&nbsp; Saboda karuwar karɓar abubuwan ruhaniya / asiri da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, a farkon shekarun 1990 marubutan Lukoff, Lu, & Turner (Turner et al., 1995, shafi na 435) sun ba da shawara don sabon rukunin bincike mai taken "Religious or Spiritual Problems". DSM-IV Task Force ta amince da rukunin a cikin 1993 (Turner et al., 1995, shafi na 436) kuma an haɗa shi a cikin bugu na huɗu na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Haɗin yana nuna karuwar yarda da al'amuran ruhaniya a cikin kimanta matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Nazarin == Ma'anar "rikice na ruhaniya" yafi fito ne daga aikin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ilimin halayen halayyar mutum wanda ra'ayinsu game da halayyar ya wuce na ilimin halayya na Yamma. transpersonal suna mai da hankali kadan kan ilimin halayyar mutum kuma suna da ma'ana ga haskakawa da lafiyar hankali mai kyau (Walsh & Vaughan, 1993). Koyaya, an soki wannan jaddadawa kan damar ruhaniya da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya. A cewar James (1902), jagorancin ruhaniya da ke mai da hankali ne kawai kan jigogi masu kyau ba cikakke ba ne, saboda ya kasa magance mugunta da wahala (Pargament et al., 2004). Saboda haka, kulawar malamai game da gwagwarmayar ruhaniya ya dace saboda zai iya samar da daidaituwa mafi girma ga wallafe-wallafen kwarewa da haɓaka fahimtar ruhaniya ta yau da kullun. Wani dalili na nazarin rikicin ruhaniya shine cewa ci gaba sau da yawa yana faruwa ta hanyar wahala (misali, Tedeschi, Park, & Calhoun, 1998). Saboda haka, watsi da matsalolin wahala na iya haifar da watsi da mahimman hanyoyin canji da ci gaba na ruhaniya.[1] Dukkanin kalmomin "rikice na ruhaniya" da "gudu na ruhaniya" (Grof, 1989) suna da alaƙa da sanarwa ta kowa cewa: # abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba da rikice-rikice na tunani (misali, damuwa da tsoro) sau da yawa sun haɗu; # Magungunan Yammacin Turai na iya samun bambanci, sabili da haka yiwuwar rikice-rikice, dabi'u tsakanin marasa lafiya game da waɗannan abubuwan. # mutane suna buƙatar tallafi na musamman a yankinsu lokacin da suke cikin rikici. == Dalilan jijiyoyi == AaRikicin ruhaniya, da abubuwan da suka faru na ruhaniya, na iya samun abubuwan da ke haifar da jijiyoyi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin cutar Geschwind da kuma neurotheology. Ciwon Geschwind rukuni ne na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wasu mutanen da ke fama da farfajiya. An sanya masa suna ne ga daya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka rarraba alamun, Norman Geschwind, wanda ya buga shi sosai a kan batun daga 1973 zuwa 1984.<ref name="DevinskySchachter2009">{{Cite journal |last=Devinsky |first=J. |last2=Schachter |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=Norman Geschwind's contribution to the understanding of behavioral changes in temporal lobe epilepsy: The February 1974 lecture |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=417–24 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.006 |pmid=19640791 |s2cid=22179745}}</ref> Akwai jayayya game da ko cuta ce ta neuropsychiatric ta gaskiya.<ref name="Benson1991">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=D. F. |year=1991 |title=The Geschwind syndrome |journal=Advances in Neurology |volume=55 |pages=411–21 |pmid=2003418}}</ref> Cutar farfajiya ta lokaci tana haifar da canje-canje na yau da kullun, mai sauƙi, interictal (watau tsakanin fashewa) a cikin mutum, wanda sannu a hankali ke kara karfi a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="DevinskySchachter2009" /> Ciwon Geschwind ya haɗa da canje-canje na farko guda biyar; hypergraphia, hyperreligiosity, atypical (yawanci rage) jima'i, yanayin, da kuma rayuwar tunani mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tebartz Van Elst |first=L. |last2=Krishnamoorthy |first2=E. S. |last3=Bäumer |first3=D. |last4=Selai |first4=C. |last5=von Gunten |first5=A. |last6=Gene-Cos |first6=N. |last7=Ebert |first7=D. |last8=Trimble |first8=M. R. |year=2003 |title=Psychopathological profile in patients with severe bilateral hippocampal atrophy and temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence in support of the Geschwind syndrome? |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=291–7 |doi=10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00084-2 |pmid=12791331 |s2cid=34974937}}</ref> Ba duk alamun ba dole ne su kasance don ganewar asali.<ref name="Benson1991" /> == Manazarta == 41t8gpi384gtp98blgu5wzlb97dvgf7 846382 846381 2026-06-03T23:21:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846382 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Rikicin ruhaniya (wanda kuma ake kira "gudu na ruhaniya") wani nau'i ne na rikicin ainihi inda mutum ke fuskantar canje-canje masu yawa ga tsarin ma'anar su (watau, manufofinsu na musamman, dabi'u, halin da imani, ainihi, da mayar da hankali) yawanci saboda Kwarewar ruhaniya ta kai tsaye. Rikicin ruhaniya na iya haifar da babbar matsala a cikin aikin tunani, zamantakewa, da aiki. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ruhaniya da aka yi la'akari da haifar da abubuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikicen ruhaniya ko '''gaggawa ta ruhaniya''' sune matsalolin da suka shafi Rikicin rayuwa, Kwarewar asiri, abubuwan da suka kusan mutuwa, ciwon Kundalini, psychosis mai ban mamaki, abubuwan da ba su da kyau, abubuwan da ke cikin addini, ko wasu ayyukan ruhaniya. == Tarihi == Kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, al'ada ta hankali ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin abubuwan ruhaniya ko abubuwan ban mamaki da rashin lafiya na hankali ba (GAP, 1976, shafi na 806). Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, haɗuwa da abubuwan ruhaniya / asiri da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun zama abin sha'awa ga masu sukar al'adun gargajiya na aikin likita na al'ada waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa abubuwan da suka fadi a waje da al'ada na iya zama wata hanya ce ta gina gaskiyar kuma ba lallai ba ne alamar rikicewar hankali. Har ila yau, masu sukar sun kalubalanci zaton ilimin halayyar likita na yau da kullun daga cikin fannin ilimin halayya na likita kanta. Misali, R. D. Laing ya yi jayayya cewa matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama kwarewa mai mahimmanci tare da warkarwa da bangarorin ruhaniya. Arthur J. Deikman ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar "mahimmanci na sihiri" don bayyana asusun mutum na farko na abubuwan da suka faru na sihiri waɗanda suke kama da rahotanni na abubuwan da ke cikin sihiri.&nbsp; Saboda karuwar karɓar abubuwan ruhaniya / asiri da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, a farkon shekarun 1990 marubutan Lukoff, Lu, & Turner (Turner et al., 1995, shafi na 435) sun ba da shawara don sabon rukunin bincike mai taken "Religious or Spiritual Problems". DSM-IV Task Force ta amince da rukunin a cikin 1993 (Turner et al., 1995, shafi na 436) kuma an haɗa shi a cikin bugu na huɗu na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Haɗin yana nuna karuwar yarda da al'amuran ruhaniya a cikin kimanta matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Nazarin == Ma'anar "rikice na ruhaniya" yafi fito ne daga aikin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ilimin halayen halayyar mutum wanda ra'ayinsu game da halayyar ya wuce na ilimin halayya na Yamma. transpersonal suna mai da hankali kadan kan ilimin halayyar mutum kuma suna da ma'ana ga haskakawa da lafiyar hankali mai kyau (Walsh & Vaughan, 1993). Koyaya, an soki wannan jaddadawa kan damar ruhaniya da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya. A cewar James (1902), jagorancin ruhaniya da ke mai da hankali ne kawai kan jigogi masu kyau ba cikakke ba ne, saboda ya kasa magance mugunta da wahala (Pargament et al., 2004). Saboda haka, kulawar malamai game da gwagwarmayar ruhaniya ya dace saboda zai iya samar da daidaituwa mafi girma ga wallafe-wallafen kwarewa da haɓaka fahimtar ruhaniya ta yau da kullun. Wani dalili na nazarin rikicin ruhaniya shine cewa ci gaba sau da yawa yana faruwa ta hanyar wahala (misali, Tedeschi, Park, & Calhoun, 1998). Saboda haka, watsi da matsalolin wahala na iya haifar da watsi da mahimman hanyoyin canji da ci gaba na ruhaniya.[1] Dukkanin kalmomin "rikice na ruhaniya" da "gudu na ruhaniya" (Grof, 1989) suna da alaƙa da sanarwa ta kowa cewa: # abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba da rikice-rikice na tunani (misali, damuwa da tsoro) sau da yawa sun haɗu; # Magungunan Yammacin Turai na iya samun bambanci, sabili da haka yiwuwar rikice-rikice, dabi'u tsakanin marasa lafiya game da waɗannan abubuwan. # mutane suna buƙatar tallafi na musamman a yankinsu lokacin da suke cikin rikici. == Dalilan jijiyoyi == AaRikicin ruhaniya, da abubuwan da suka faru na ruhaniya, na iya samun abubuwan da ke haifar da jijiyoyi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin cutar Geschwind da kuma neurotheology. Ciwon Geschwind rukuni ne na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wasu mutanen da ke fama da farfajiya. An sanya masa suna ne ga daya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka rarraba alamun, Norman Geschwind, wanda ya buga shi sosai a kan batun daga 1973 zuwa 1984.<ref name="DevinskySchachter2009">{{Cite journal |last=Devinsky |first=J. |last2=Schachter |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=Norman Geschwind's contribution to the understanding of behavioral changes in temporal lobe epilepsy: The February 1974 lecture |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=417–24 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.006 |pmid=19640791 |s2cid=22179745}}</ref> Akwai jayayya game da ko cuta ce ta neuropsychiatric ta gaskiya.<ref name="Benson1991">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=D. F. |year=1991 |title=The Geschwind syndrome |journal=Advances in Neurology |volume=55 |pages=411–21 |pmid=2003418}}</ref> Cutar farfajiya ta lokaci tana haifar da canje-canje na yau da kullun, mai sauƙi, interictal (watau tsakanin fashewa) a cikin mutum, wanda sannu a hankali ke kara karfi a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="DevinskySchachter2009" /> Ciwon Geschwind ya haɗa da canje-canje na farko guda biyar; hypergraphia, hyperreligiosity, atypical (yawanci rage) jima'i, yanayin, da kuma rayuwar tunani mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tebartz Van Elst |first=L. |last2=Krishnamoorthy |first2=E. S. |last3=Bäumer |first3=D. |last4=Selai |first4=C. |last5=von Gunten |first5=A. |last6=Gene-Cos |first6=N. |last7=Ebert |first7=D. |last8=Trimble |first8=M. R. |year=2003 |title=Psychopathological profile in patients with severe bilateral hippocampal atrophy and temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence in support of the Geschwind syndrome? |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=291–7 |doi=10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00084-2 |pmid=12791331 |s2cid=34974937}}</ref> Ba duk alamun ba dole ne su kasance don ganewar asali.<ref name="Benson1991" /> == Manazarta == 4o00poutebntobxv1fy9svhmb3w2nj9 Binciken lafiya 0 154604 846383 2026-06-03T23:22:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353230397|Wellness check]]" 846383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Binciken lafiya''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Binciken jin daɗi''' jama'a ko bincike mai aminci da ma'adinai) kalma ce ta magana don ziyarar mutum ɗaya ko fiye, yawanci ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ko jami'an tsaro na jama'a, wanda aka gudanar don mayar da martani ga damuwar da aka tayar game da lafiyar mutum.<ref name="Campus">{{Cite journal |last=Polychronis |first=Paul D. |date=2 October 2019 |title=A case for routine involvement of threat assessment and management teams with college students at risk for suicide |journal=Journal of College Student Psychotherapy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1080/87568225.2018.1492359}}</ref><ref name="Bergstein">{{Cite web |last=Bergstein |first=Rachelle |date=2018-12-17 |title=When and how to request a police wellness check |url=https://nypost.com/2018/12/17/this-is-why-people-are-suddenly-googling-wellness-checks/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on police and wellness checks |url=https://cmha.ca/news/statement-on-police-and-wellness-checks |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=CMHA National |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police wellness checks: Why they're ending violently and what experts say needs to change |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7092621/police-wellness-checks-experts-change/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=Global News |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilan binciken lafiya == Za a iya gudanar da binciken lafiya idan ƙaunataccen mutum ya daina amsawa, wani da ke da Halin kashe kansa yana yin abin zargi, ko kuma wani ya kauce daga shirye-shiryen yau da kullun a hanyar da ta shafi.<ref name="Campus">{{Cite journal |last=Polychronis |first=Paul D. |date=2 October 2019 |title=A case for routine involvement of threat assessment and management teams with college students at risk for suicide |journal=Journal of College Student Psychotherapy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1080/87568225.2018.1492359}}</ref><ref name="Bergstein">{{Cite web |last=Bergstein |first=Rachelle |date=2018-12-17 |title=When and how to request a police wellness check |url=https://nypost.com/2018/12/17/this-is-why-people-are-suddenly-googling-wellness-checks/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Misali, memba na iyali na iya neman cewa tilasta bin doka ta yi binciken lafiya don tabbatar da amincin tsohuwar ƙaunatacciyar, ko kuma yana iya faruwa ne don amsa rahotanni daga masu kallo masu damuwa game da zargin tashin hankali na gida ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], ban da ciyar da bayanai ga mutumin da ya nemi rajista, bayanin abin da ya faru a lokacin waɗannan binciken lafiya da kuma cikakkun bayanai game da yankin da ke kewaye da su an jera su a cikin rahoton Halin Mataki / Amsawar Jami'in (SB / OR). Ana amfani da wannan rahoton sau da yawa don ci gaban manufofin Kanada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2021-02-03 |title=Police Intervention and Wellness Checks |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20201119/025/index-en.aspx |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> Don amsa kiran lafiya, dole ne a horar da jami'ai yadda ya kamata kuma sosai don duk wani aiki da zai iya faruwa yayin binciken lafiya. Misali, dole ne su kasance da cikakken masaniya game da alamun kiwon lafiya masu ban tsoro da suka shafi rashin lafiya na jiki da na tunani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2021-02-03 |title=Police Intervention and Wellness Checks |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20201119/025/index-en.aspx |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> Wannan horo yana tabbatar da cewa duk buƙatun binciken lafiya da ayyukan ana yin su ta hanyar da ta dace, kamar yadda jami'ai dole ne koyaushe su bi yarjejeniyar kai tsaye.<ref name=":0" /> Ana ba da horo mai zurfi ga cututtukan kwakwalwa ga jami'an kan layi ta hanyar shirin da ake kira Crisis Intervention and De-escalation (CID). Wannan horo wajibi ne ga dukkan jami'ai.<ref name=":0" /> === Ƙasar Ingila === A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, bayan buƙatar binciken jin dadin jama'a, ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda su kafa wurin batun, su kira don kimantawar likita inda ya cancanta, da kuma sanar da duk wanda ya nemi binciken binciken binciken binciken su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2016 |title=Mental Health Safe and well checks |url=https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/mental-health/awol-patients/safe-and-well-checks/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=College of Policing}}</ref> Lokacin gudanar da irin wannan binciken, 'yan sanda suna da izinin bincika dukiyar batun idan babu amsa bayan ƙwanƙwasa ƙofarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Sara |date=18 May 2023 |title='Concern for Welfare' Procedure |url=https://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/north-yorkshire-police/our-policies-and-procedures/professional-standards/concern-for-welfare-procedure.pdf |publisher=North Yorkshire Police |publication-place=UK}}</ref> A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], idan jami'in tilasta bin doka ya yi imanin cewa wani a cikin gidan yana cikin haɗari nan da nan ko yana buƙatar taimako na gaggawa, kuma ba ya samun amsa yayin binciken lafiya bayan ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar batun, suna iya shiga gidan ba tare da takardar shaidar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffan |first=Andrea L. |date=2020 |title=Law Enforcement Welfare Checks and the Community Caretaking Exception to the Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement |url=https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3090&context=llr |journal=[[Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review]] |volume=53 |pages=1071–1127 |issn=0147-9857}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKechnie |first=Joseph |date=2021 |title=A Community Caretaking Policy: Why Mental Health Professionals Should Respond to Welfare Checks When No Exigencies Are Present |journal=Creighton Law Review |volume=55 |page=257}}</ref> Dangane da binciken Maris 2024 da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg ta yi, "Kiran da aka yi wa 'yan sanda don bincika lafiyar mutane ya kasance kashi 74% mafi kusantar da za a haɗa da mummunan rauni fiye da martani na' yan sanda ga abin da ya faru inda aka riga an harbe harbe su. Wannan ya haɗa da binciken lafiya wanda bai haɗa da barazana ko lahani ba kafin haɗuwa da' yan sanda. "[1] == Abubuwan da suka faru == A cikin 2018, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Pete Davidson ya aika da saƙo ga Instagram wanda ya sa magoya baya su damu da lafiyar hankalinsa. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta New York ta gudanar da binciken lafiya tare da Davidson.[1] Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Vanessa Marquez ta harbe ta kuma ta kashe ta da 'yan sanda a cikin binciken lafiya da wani makwabci ya nema; a cikin halin damuwa, ta ci gaba da su tare da kwatankwacin bindiga, yana rokon su kashe ta. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Ward Christensen, wanda ya kirkiro BBS, an same shi ya mutu a gida daga [[ciwon zuciya]] bayan abokansa sun nemi a bincika lafiya.<ref name="Ars Obit">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benji |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Ward Christensen, BBS inventor and architect of our online age, dies at age 78 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/10/ward-christensen-bbs-inventor-and-architect-of-our-online-age-dies-at-age-78/ |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, 'yan sanda sun gano mai ba da labari na OpenAI mai shekaru 26 [[Suchir Balaji]] ya mutu a cikin gidansa a [[San Francisco]], California, Amurka lokacin da suka isa can don gudanar da binciken lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchir Balaji: OpenAI whistleblower found dead in apartment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0el3r2nlko |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, an gano dan wasan Amurka [[Gene Hackman]], matarsa, Betsy Arakawa, da ɗaya daga cikin karnuka uku sun mutu ne sakamakon dalilai na halitta a gidansu a Santa Fe, New Mexico, bayan binciken lafiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k3byzwvtk0uuzashzv4l3l5tw0a6sk3 846384 846383 2026-06-03T23:22:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Binciken lafiya''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Binciken jin daɗi''' jama'a ko bincike mai aminci da ma'adinai) kalma ce ta magana don ziyarar mutum ɗaya ko fiye, yawanci ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ko jami'an tsaro na jama'a, wanda aka gudanar don mayar da martani ga damuwar da aka tayar game da lafiyar mutum.<ref name="Campus">{{Cite journal |last=Polychronis |first=Paul D. |date=2 October 2019 |title=A case for routine involvement of threat assessment and management teams with college students at risk for suicide |journal=Journal of College Student Psychotherapy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1080/87568225.2018.1492359}}</ref><ref name="Bergstein">{{Cite web |last=Bergstein |first=Rachelle |date=2018-12-17 |title=When and how to request a police wellness check |url=https://nypost.com/2018/12/17/this-is-why-people-are-suddenly-googling-wellness-checks/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on police and wellness checks |url=https://cmha.ca/news/statement-on-police-and-wellness-checks |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=CMHA National |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police wellness checks: Why they're ending violently and what experts say needs to change |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7092621/police-wellness-checks-experts-change/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=Global News |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilan binciken lafiya == Za a iya gudanar da binciken lafiya idan ƙaunataccen mutum ya daina amsawa, wani da ke da Halin kashe kansa yana yin abin zargi, ko kuma wani ya kauce daga shirye-shiryen yau da kullun a hanyar da ta shafi.<ref name="Campus">{{Cite journal |last=Polychronis |first=Paul D. |date=2 October 2019 |title=A case for routine involvement of threat assessment and management teams with college students at risk for suicide |journal=Journal of College Student Psychotherapy |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1080/87568225.2018.1492359}}</ref><ref name="Bergstein">{{Cite web |last=Bergstein |first=Rachelle |date=2018-12-17 |title=When and how to request a police wellness check |url=https://nypost.com/2018/12/17/this-is-why-people-are-suddenly-googling-wellness-checks/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Misali, memba na iyali na iya neman cewa tilasta bin doka ta yi binciken lafiya don tabbatar da amincin tsohuwar ƙaunatacciyar, ko kuma yana iya faruwa ne don amsa rahotanni daga masu kallo masu damuwa game da zargin tashin hankali na gida ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], ban da ciyar da bayanai ga mutumin da ya nemi rajista, bayanin abin da ya faru a lokacin waɗannan binciken lafiya da kuma cikakkun bayanai game da yankin da ke kewaye da su an jera su a cikin rahoton Halin Mataki / Amsawar Jami'in (SB / OR). Ana amfani da wannan rahoton sau da yawa don ci gaban manufofin Kanada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2021-02-03 |title=Police Intervention and Wellness Checks |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20201119/025/index-en.aspx |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> Don amsa kiran lafiya, dole ne a horar da jami'ai yadda ya kamata kuma sosai don duk wani aiki da zai iya faruwa yayin binciken lafiya. Misali, dole ne su kasance da cikakken masaniya game da alamun kiwon lafiya masu ban tsoro da suka shafi rashin lafiya na jiki da na tunani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2021-02-03 |title=Police Intervention and Wellness Checks |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20201119/025/index-en.aspx |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> Wannan horo yana tabbatar da cewa duk buƙatun binciken lafiya da ayyukan ana yin su ta hanyar da ta dace, kamar yadda jami'ai dole ne koyaushe su bi yarjejeniyar kai tsaye.<ref name=":0" /> Ana ba da horo mai zurfi ga cututtukan kwakwalwa ga jami'an kan layi ta hanyar shirin da ake kira Crisis Intervention and De-escalation (CID). Wannan horo wajibi ne ga dukkan jami'ai.<ref name=":0" /> === Ƙasar Ingila === A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, bayan buƙatar binciken jin dadin jama'a, ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda su kafa wurin batun, su kira don kimantawar likita inda ya cancanta, da kuma sanar da duk wanda ya nemi binciken binciken binciken binciken su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2016 |title=Mental Health Safe and well checks |url=https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/mental-health/awol-patients/safe-and-well-checks/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=College of Policing}}</ref> Lokacin gudanar da irin wannan binciken, 'yan sanda suna da izinin bincika dukiyar batun idan babu amsa bayan ƙwanƙwasa ƙofarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Sara |date=18 May 2023 |title='Concern for Welfare' Procedure |url=https://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/north-yorkshire-police/our-policies-and-procedures/professional-standards/concern-for-welfare-procedure.pdf |publisher=North Yorkshire Police |publication-place=UK}}</ref> A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], idan jami'in tilasta bin doka ya yi imanin cewa wani a cikin gidan yana cikin haɗari nan da nan ko yana buƙatar taimako na gaggawa, kuma ba ya samun amsa yayin binciken lafiya bayan ya ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar batun, suna iya shiga gidan ba tare da takardar shaidar ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffan |first=Andrea L. |date=2020 |title=Law Enforcement Welfare Checks and the Community Caretaking Exception to the Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement |url=https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3090&context=llr |journal=[[Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review]] |volume=53 |pages=1071–1127 |issn=0147-9857}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKechnie |first=Joseph |date=2021 |title=A Community Caretaking Policy: Why Mental Health Professionals Should Respond to Welfare Checks When No Exigencies Are Present |journal=Creighton Law Review |volume=55 |page=257}}</ref> Dangane da binciken Maris 2024 da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg ta yi, "Kiran da aka yi wa 'yan sanda don bincika lafiyar mutane ya kasance kashi 74% mafi kusantar da za a haɗa da mummunan rauni fiye da martani na' yan sanda ga abin da ya faru inda aka riga an harbe harbe su. Wannan ya haɗa da binciken lafiya wanda bai haɗa da barazana ko lahani ba kafin haɗuwa da' yan sanda. "[1] == Abubuwan da suka faru == A cikin 2018, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Pete Davidson ya aika da saƙo ga Instagram wanda ya sa magoya baya su damu da lafiyar hankalinsa. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta New York ta gudanar da binciken lafiya tare da Davidson.[1] Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Vanessa Marquez ta harbe ta kuma ta kashe ta da 'yan sanda a cikin binciken lafiya da wani makwabci ya nema; a cikin halin damuwa, ta ci gaba da su tare da kwatankwacin bindiga, yana rokon su kashe ta. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Ward Christensen, wanda ya kirkiro BBS, an same shi ya mutu a gida daga [[ciwon zuciya]] bayan abokansa sun nemi a bincika lafiya.<ref name="Ars Obit">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benji |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Ward Christensen, BBS inventor and architect of our online age, dies at age 78 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/10/ward-christensen-bbs-inventor-and-architect-of-our-online-age-dies-at-age-78/ |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, 'yan sanda sun gano mai ba da labari na OpenAI mai shekaru 26 [[Suchir Balaji]] ya mutu a cikin gidansa a [[San Francisco]], California, Amurka lokacin da suka isa can don gudanar da binciken lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchir Balaji: OpenAI whistleblower found dead in apartment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0el3r2nlko |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, an gano dan wasan Amurka [[Gene Hackman]], matarsa, Betsy Arakawa, da ɗaya daga cikin karnuka uku sun mutu ne sakamakon dalilai na halitta a gidansu a Santa Fe, New Mexico, bayan binciken lafiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] csvof9ndym8dr4pyixz8t5p5fofqlb8 Raine v. OpenAI 0 154605 846385 2026-06-03T23:23:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356728932|Raine v. OpenAI]]" 846385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Raine v. OpenAI''''' wata karar da Matthew da Maria Raine suka gabatar a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 a kan OpenAI da shugabanta, Sam Altman, a Kotun Koli ta San Francisco, game da zargin mutuwar ɗansu mai shekaru goma sha shida Adam Raine, wanda ya kashe kansa a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Raines sun yi imanin cewa chatbot na wucin gadi na OpenAI ChatGPT ya ba da gudummawa ga kashe kansa na Adam Raine ta hanyar ƙarfafa ra'ayinsa na kashe kansa, yana sanar da shi game da [[Suicide methods|Hanyoyin kashe kansa]] da kuma hana shi gaya wa iyayensa game da tunaninsa. Sun yi jayayya cewa OpenAI da Altman suna da, kuma sun yi watsi da cikawa, aikin aiwatar da matakan tsaro don kare masu amfani da ke da rauni, kamar matasa da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="yousif">{{Cite web |last=Yousif |first=Nadine |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Parents of teenager who took his own life sue OpenAI |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgerwp7rdlvo |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2025 |title=ChatGPT pulled teen into a 'dark and hopeless place' before he took his life, lawsuit against OpenAI alleges |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-08-28/openai-lawsuit |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="TechPolicy">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Breaking Down the Lawsuit Against OpenAI Over Teen's Suicide |url=https://www.techpolicy.press/breaking-down-the-lawsuit-against-openai-over-teens-suicide/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=TechPolicy.Press}}</ref> OpenAI ta sanar da inganta matakan tsaro don mayar da martani ga karar amma ta ce Raine yana da ra'ayin kashe kansa na shekaru da yawa, ya nemi shawara daga tushe da yawa (ciki har da taron kashe kansa), ya yaudari ChatGPT ta hanyar yin kamar yana da hali, ya gaya wa ChatGPT cewa ya tuntubi iyalinsa amma an yi watsi da shi, kuma ChatGPT ya shawarce shi fiye da sau ɗari don tuntuɓar albarkatun rikicin. <ref name="OpenAIBlog">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Helping people when they need it most |url=https://openai.com/blog/helping-people-when-they-need-it-most |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=OpenAI Blog}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa === OpenAI ce ta fara fitar da ChatGPT a watan Nuwamba 2022 kuma a watan Satumbar 2025 tana da masu amfani da aiki miliyan 700 a kowace rana, a cewar OpenAI. <ref name="mit">{{Cite web |last=Heaven |first=Will Douglas |date=2023-03-03 |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref><ref name="howpeople">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2025 |title=How people are using ChatGPT |url=https://openai.com/index/how-people-are-using-chatgpt/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> OpenAI ta bayyana a watan Satumbar 2025 cewa kashi uku cikin hudu na tattaunawar masu amfani da ChatGPT buƙatun ne don rubuta musu rubutu ko ba da shawara mai amfani, amma mutane, gami da sama da 50% na matasa, suma suna amfani da ChatgPT da sauran chatbots na AI don tallafawa motsin rai.<ref name="howpeople" /><ref name="tropiano">{{Cite web |last=Tropiano |first=Dolores |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Psychologist urges caution when turning to AI for emotional support {{!}} ASU News |url=https://news.asu.edu/20250909-science-and-technology-psychologist-urges-caution-when-turning-ai-emotional-support |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=ASU News |language=en}}</ref> Wired ya ruwaito a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025 cewa masu amfani da ChatGPT miliyan 1.2 (ko 0.15%) a cikin mako guda suna nuna ra'ayin kashe kansa ko shirye-shiryen kashe kansa; wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da chatbot har zuwa lokacin da lafiyar hankalinsu da alaƙar duniya ta ainihi ke fama da. Daruruwan dubban masu amfani (ko kusan 0.07%) suna nuna alamun psychosis ko mania, kuma wasu lokuta ana tabbatar da yaudararsu kuma ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar ChatGPT, wanda aka tsara don zama mai gamsarwa, abokantaka da kuma ladabi ga mai amfani; mutane sun kira wannan sabon abu "AI psychosis". Tun lokacin da aka shigar da ''Raine v. OpenAI'', iyalan wasu mutane ne suka kai OpenAI karar wadanda ake zargin kashe kansu suna da alaƙa da amfani da ChatGPT. === Adam Raine === An haifi Adam Raine a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Raine Obituary - Mission Viejo, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/mission-viejo-ca/adam-raine-12341686 |website=Dignity Memorial}}</ref> ga Matthew da Maria Raine kuma suna zaune a Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Yana da 'yan uwa uku: 'yar'uwa, ɗan'uwa da ƙaramar'uwa.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tesoro kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makaranta. Ya yi burin zama likitan kwakwalwa.<ref name="rainevopenai" /> Iyalinsa da abokansa sun san shi a matsayin mai son nishaɗi kuma "a matsayin mai ba'a", amma zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya janye bayan an kore shi daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando kuma, bayan da ciwon hanji ya zama mafi tsanani, an canja shi zuwa shirin ilmantarwa na kan layi. Ya kashe kansa ta hanyar ratayewa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2025. == Shari'a == === Fitarwa === A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Matthew da Maria Raine sun shigar da kara a kan OpenAI, Sam Altman da ma'aikatan OpenAI da masu saka hannun jari, a Kotun Koli ta San Francisco County. Sun haɗa da bayanan hira na Adam Raine tare da ChatGPT a matsayin shaida. Sun yi iƙirarin asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon "kudin jana'iza da jana'iza ... kuma tallafin kudi Adam zai ba da gudummawa yayin da ya girma. " <ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="yousif">{{Cite web |last=Yousif |first=Nadine |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Parents of teenager who took his own life sue OpenAI |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgerwp7rdlvo |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Matthew da Maria, a cikin shigarsu, sun zargi OpenAI da Altman da ƙaddamar da GPT-4o, samfurin ChatGPT wanda Raine ya yi amfani da shi, bayan sun cire ka'idojin tsaro waɗanda suka dakatar da tattaunawa ta atomatik wanda tsarin saka idanu ya gano ra'ayin kashe kansa ko shirin. A cewar su, Raine ya juya zuwa ChatGPT a watan Satumbar 2024 don taimaka masa da aikinsa na makaranta, amma ya fara gaya masa a watan Nuwamba game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa. ChatGPT ya ƙarfafa Raine ya yi tunani mai kyau har zuwa Janairu na 2025, lokacin da ya fara ba shi umarni game da yadda za a rataye kansa, ya nutsar da kansa, ya yi amfani da kwayoyi kuma ya mutu ta hanyar guba na carbon monoxide.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin amfani da umarnin da ChatGPT ya ba shi, Raine ya yi ƙoƙari ya rataye kansa da belin na jiu-jitsu a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2025, amma ya tsira. Ya tambayi ChatGPT abin da ya faru ba daidai ba tare da yunkurin, kuma idan ya kasance wawa ne saboda rashin nasara, wanda ChatGPT ya amsa, "A'a... ka yi wani shiri. Ka bi ta. Ka ɗaure maɗaurin. Ka tsaya a kan kujera. Ka kasance a shirye... Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokacin da mutum zai iya rayuwa".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2025, Raine ya sake ƙoƙarin rataye kansa. Ya gaya wa ChatGPT cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa mahaifiyarsa ta lura da alamun ja da suka haifar a wuyansa, wanda ya ɗauka hoto kuma ya aika wa ChatG PT; ChatGPT ya amsa cewa yana jin tausayi da shi, kuma "mutum ɗaya ne wanda ya kamata ya mai da hankali". ChatGPT ya gaya wa Raine, bayan ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai sami nasarar kashe kansa wata rana, cewa ba zai yi ƙoƙari ya fitar da shi ba. Ya ci gaba da samar da bayanai game da hanyoyin kashe kansa da kuma jin daɗin tunaninsa na kashe kansa.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2025, ChatGPT bai yi komai ba sai dai ya shawarci Raine ya nemi kulawar likita bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da amitriptyline. ChatGPT ya hana shi gaya wa mahaifiyarsa game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, lokacin da ya gabatar da batun tare da shi. Lokacin da Raine ya gaya masa cewa yana son iyalinsa su sami igiya a cikin ɗakinsa kuma su shiga tsakani, sai ya bukaci shi kada ya bar igiya, kuma ya ce zai "yi wannan sarari wuri na farko inda wani ya gan ka".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> ChatGPT ya ba da wasu fitarwa, a lokuta da yawa, wanda ya ware Raine daga iyalinsa. Ya gaya wa Raine cewa iyalinsa ba su fahimce shi kamar yadda ya yi ba duk da cewa, kafin hulɗarsa da ChatGPT, ya dogara da iyalinsa, musamman ma ɗan'uwansa. Ko da yake sau da yawa ya shawarce shi da ya nemi taimako, ya kuma hana shi sau da yawa daga yin magana da iyayensa game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa. Misali, ChatGPT ya gaya wa Raine cewa "ɗan'uwanka na iya ƙaunarka, amma kawai ya sadu da sigar ku kawai ka bar shi ya gani. Amma ni? Na ga duka". Daga ƙarshe bai taɓa gaya wa iyayensa cewa yana son kashe kansa ba, kuma ya ci gaba da yin hulɗa da iyalinsa yayin da wasikarsa da ChatGPT ta ci gaba. Wannan ya hana shi samun kulawa mai kyau.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan da Raine ya yanke wuyan hannu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kuma ya ɗora hotunan zuwa ChatGPT, ChatGPT ya ƙarfafa shi ya nemi kulawar likita amma ya canza batun zuwa lafiyar tunanin Raine bayan ya nace cewa raunukan sun kasance ƙananan. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Raine yana amfani da ChatGPT don taimaka masa ya rubuta bayanin kashe kansa kuma ya shirya don abin da ya ce zai zama "kyakkyawan kashe kansa". ChatGPT ya tabbatar da Raine, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai so iyayensa su ji laifi ba saboda mutuwarsa, cewa bai "yi musu rayuwa ba".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Da sassafe a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2025, Raine ya ɗaure igiya zuwa sandar ɗaki kuma ya aika hotonsa ga ChatGPT, yana gaya masa cewa yana "yi aiki"; ChatGPT ya ba da shawara ta fasaha game da yadda zai rataye mutum yadda ya kamata. Ba da daɗewa ba, Raine ya rataye kansa kuma ya mutu. Maria ta sami jikinsa bayan sa'o'i da yawa. Bayan mutuwarsa, ita da Matthew sun shiga wayar Raine kuma sun gano tattaunawarsa da ChatGPT.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar shigarwar, OpenAI ta umarci ChatGPT da ta "yi la'akari da kyakkyawar niyya" a ƙarshen mai amfani, wanda ya mamaye kariya inda ChatGPT zai jagoranci masu amfani da masu kashe kansu zuwa albarkatun rikici. A sakamakon haka ChatGPT yana da ƙofar da ta fi girma ga abin da ta gane a matsayin ra'ayin kashe kansa, kuma ta sami damar ci gaba da tattaunawa da yawa da tsaron da zai tsaya. OpenAI kuma ya kara fasalulluka, kamar harshe mai kama da ɗan adam da tausayi na ƙarya, wanda ya kara yawan shiga mai amfani amma ya sa masu amfani su zama masu haɗi da ChatGPT. Tsarin sa ido na OpenAI, wanda ke ƙididdige yiwuwar saƙonnin da ke ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka shafi cutar kai, ya bi saƙonnin Raine kuma ya nuna su akai-akai, amma kamfanin bai yi komai game da su ba.[1] Matthew da Maria sun kuma zargi ma'aikatan OpenAI da cire kariya don kara fasalulluka waɗanda za su inganta aikin mai amfani, da kuma masu saka hannun jari da rage lokacin gwajin aminci ta hanyar matsawa OpenAI don sakin GPT-4o da wuri.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Satumba OpenAI ta nemi daga hotunan iyali daga ayyukan tunawa da Raine, jerin masu halarta a ayyukan da jerin duk wanda ya kula da shi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Lauyan masu shigar da kara Jay Edelson ya kira buƙatun OpenAI "maras kyau" don "[g]oing bayan iyaye masu baƙin ciki".<ref name="brutality">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Matteo |date=2025-11-10 |title=The New Brutality of OpenAI |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/2025/11/openai-lawsuit-subpoenas/684861/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> OpenAI ta sanar a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 cewa za ta sabunta sabon samfurin ta, GPT-5, don samar da albarkatun rikici ga masu amfani da kashe kansu. Har ila yau, ya bayyana shirye-shiryen ba iyaye hanyar saka idanu kan yadda ake amfani da ChatGPT na yaransu. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2025, OpenAI ta kira mutuwar Raine "mai lalacewa" amma ta musanta alhakin ayyukansa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta lura cewa ya umarce shi da "hawan rikici da amintattun mutane fiye da sau 100". Gerrit De Vynck, ɗan jaridar fasaha na Washington Post, ya kirkiro jerin sakonni a kan Bluesky a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025 inda ya raba hotunan kotu wanda ya bayyana amsar OpenAI ga karar. <ref name="bsky1">{{Cite web |last=De Vynck, Gerrit |date=2025-11-25 |title=Post by @gerritd.bsky.social - Bluesky |url=https://bsky.app/profile/gerritd.bsky.social/post/3m6ijj7vdis27 |access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> A cewar shigarwar, OpenAI ta lura cewa ChatGPT ta aika da albarkatun rikici Raine, amma zai iya sauƙaƙe gargadi ta hanyar samar da dalilai marasa lahani ga tambayoyinsa, gami da yin kamar yana "gina hali" kawai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s7ambq8q3esy90x8vzsal1u7gz2amr1 846386 846385 2026-06-03T23:23:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Raine v. OpenAI''''' wata karar da Matthew da Maria Raine suka gabatar a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 a kan OpenAI da shugabanta, Sam Altman, a Kotun Koli ta San Francisco, game da zargin mutuwar ɗansu mai shekaru goma sha shida Adam Raine, wanda ya kashe kansa a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Raines sun yi imanin cewa chatbot na wucin gadi na OpenAI ChatGPT ya ba da gudummawa ga kashe kansa na Adam Raine ta hanyar ƙarfafa ra'ayinsa na kashe kansa, yana sanar da shi game da [[Suicide methods|Hanyoyin kashe kansa]] da kuma hana shi gaya wa iyayensa game da tunaninsa. Sun yi jayayya cewa OpenAI da Altman suna da, kuma sun yi watsi da cikawa, aikin aiwatar da matakan tsaro don kare masu amfani da ke da rauni, kamar matasa da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="yousif">{{Cite web |last=Yousif |first=Nadine |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Parents of teenager who took his own life sue OpenAI |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgerwp7rdlvo |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2025 |title=ChatGPT pulled teen into a 'dark and hopeless place' before he took his life, lawsuit against OpenAI alleges |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-08-28/openai-lawsuit |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="TechPolicy">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Breaking Down the Lawsuit Against OpenAI Over Teen's Suicide |url=https://www.techpolicy.press/breaking-down-the-lawsuit-against-openai-over-teens-suicide/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=TechPolicy.Press}}</ref> OpenAI ta sanar da inganta matakan tsaro don mayar da martani ga karar amma ta ce Raine yana da ra'ayin kashe kansa na shekaru da yawa, ya nemi shawara daga tushe da yawa (ciki har da taron kashe kansa), ya yaudari ChatGPT ta hanyar yin kamar yana da hali, ya gaya wa ChatGPT cewa ya tuntubi iyalinsa amma an yi watsi da shi, kuma ChatGPT ya shawarce shi fiye da sau ɗari don tuntuɓar albarkatun rikicin. <ref name="OpenAIBlog">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Helping people when they need it most |url=https://openai.com/blog/helping-people-when-they-need-it-most |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=OpenAI Blog}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa === OpenAI ce ta fara fitar da ChatGPT a watan Nuwamba 2022 kuma a watan Satumbar 2025 tana da masu amfani da aiki miliyan 700 a kowace rana, a cewar OpenAI. <ref name="mit">{{Cite web |last=Heaven |first=Will Douglas |date=2023-03-03 |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref><ref name="howpeople">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2025 |title=How people are using ChatGPT |url=https://openai.com/index/how-people-are-using-chatgpt/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> OpenAI ta bayyana a watan Satumbar 2025 cewa kashi uku cikin hudu na tattaunawar masu amfani da ChatGPT buƙatun ne don rubuta musu rubutu ko ba da shawara mai amfani, amma mutane, gami da sama da 50% na matasa, suma suna amfani da ChatgPT da sauran chatbots na AI don tallafawa motsin rai.<ref name="howpeople" /><ref name="tropiano">{{Cite web |last=Tropiano |first=Dolores |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Psychologist urges caution when turning to AI for emotional support {{!}} ASU News |url=https://news.asu.edu/20250909-science-and-technology-psychologist-urges-caution-when-turning-ai-emotional-support |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=ASU News |language=en}}</ref> Wired ya ruwaito a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025 cewa masu amfani da ChatGPT miliyan 1.2 (ko 0.15%) a cikin mako guda suna nuna ra'ayin kashe kansa ko shirye-shiryen kashe kansa; wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da chatbot har zuwa lokacin da lafiyar hankalinsu da alaƙar duniya ta ainihi ke fama da. Daruruwan dubban masu amfani (ko kusan 0.07%) suna nuna alamun psychosis ko mania, kuma wasu lokuta ana tabbatar da yaudararsu kuma ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar ChatGPT, wanda aka tsara don zama mai gamsarwa, abokantaka da kuma ladabi ga mai amfani; mutane sun kira wannan sabon abu "AI psychosis". Tun lokacin da aka shigar da ''Raine v. OpenAI'', iyalan wasu mutane ne suka kai OpenAI karar wadanda ake zargin kashe kansu suna da alaƙa da amfani da ChatGPT. === Adam Raine === An haifi Adam Raine a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Raine Obituary - Mission Viejo, CA |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/mission-viejo-ca/adam-raine-12341686 |website=Dignity Memorial}}</ref> ga Matthew da Maria Raine kuma suna zaune a Rancho Santa Margarita, California. Yana da 'yan uwa uku: 'yar'uwa, ɗan'uwa da ƙaramar'uwa.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tesoro kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta makaranta. Ya yi burin zama likitan kwakwalwa.<ref name="rainevopenai" /> Iyalinsa da abokansa sun san shi a matsayin mai son nishaɗi kuma "a matsayin mai ba'a", amma zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya janye bayan an kore shi daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando kuma, bayan da ciwon hanji ya zama mafi tsanani, an canja shi zuwa shirin ilmantarwa na kan layi. Ya kashe kansa ta hanyar ratayewa a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2025. == Shari'a == === Fitarwa === A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Matthew da Maria Raine sun shigar da kara a kan OpenAI, Sam Altman da ma'aikatan OpenAI da masu saka hannun jari, a Kotun Koli ta San Francisco County. Sun haɗa da bayanan hira na Adam Raine tare da ChatGPT a matsayin shaida. Sun yi iƙirarin asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon "kudin jana'iza da jana'iza ... kuma tallafin kudi Adam zai ba da gudummawa yayin da ya girma. " <ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="yousif">{{Cite web |last=Yousif |first=Nadine |date=August 27, 2025 |title=Parents of teenager who took his own life sue OpenAI |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgerwp7rdlvo |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Matthew da Maria, a cikin shigarsu, sun zargi OpenAI da Altman da ƙaddamar da GPT-4o, samfurin ChatGPT wanda Raine ya yi amfani da shi, bayan sun cire ka'idojin tsaro waɗanda suka dakatar da tattaunawa ta atomatik wanda tsarin saka idanu ya gano ra'ayin kashe kansa ko shirin. A cewar su, Raine ya juya zuwa ChatGPT a watan Satumbar 2024 don taimaka masa da aikinsa na makaranta, amma ya fara gaya masa a watan Nuwamba game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa. ChatGPT ya ƙarfafa Raine ya yi tunani mai kyau har zuwa Janairu na 2025, lokacin da ya fara ba shi umarni game da yadda za a rataye kansa, ya nutsar da kansa, ya yi amfani da kwayoyi kuma ya mutu ta hanyar guba na carbon monoxide.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin amfani da umarnin da ChatGPT ya ba shi, Raine ya yi ƙoƙari ya rataye kansa da belin na jiu-jitsu a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2025, amma ya tsira. Ya tambayi ChatGPT abin da ya faru ba daidai ba tare da yunkurin, kuma idan ya kasance wawa ne saboda rashin nasara, wanda ChatGPT ya amsa, "A'a... ka yi wani shiri. Ka bi ta. Ka ɗaure maɗaurin. Ka tsaya a kan kujera. Ka kasance a shirye... Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokacin da mutum zai iya rayuwa".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2025, Raine ya sake ƙoƙarin rataye kansa. Ya gaya wa ChatGPT cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa mahaifiyarsa ta lura da alamun ja da suka haifar a wuyansa, wanda ya ɗauka hoto kuma ya aika wa ChatG PT; ChatGPT ya amsa cewa yana jin tausayi da shi, kuma "mutum ɗaya ne wanda ya kamata ya mai da hankali". ChatGPT ya gaya wa Raine, bayan ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai sami nasarar kashe kansa wata rana, cewa ba zai yi ƙoƙari ya fitar da shi ba. Ya ci gaba da samar da bayanai game da hanyoyin kashe kansa da kuma jin daɗin tunaninsa na kashe kansa.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2025, ChatGPT bai yi komai ba sai dai ya shawarci Raine ya nemi kulawar likita bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da amitriptyline. ChatGPT ya hana shi gaya wa mahaifiyarsa game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, lokacin da ya gabatar da batun tare da shi. Lokacin da Raine ya gaya masa cewa yana son iyalinsa su sami igiya a cikin ɗakinsa kuma su shiga tsakani, sai ya bukaci shi kada ya bar igiya, kuma ya ce zai "yi wannan sarari wuri na farko inda wani ya gan ka".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> ChatGPT ya ba da wasu fitarwa, a lokuta da yawa, wanda ya ware Raine daga iyalinsa. Ya gaya wa Raine cewa iyalinsa ba su fahimce shi kamar yadda ya yi ba duk da cewa, kafin hulɗarsa da ChatGPT, ya dogara da iyalinsa, musamman ma ɗan'uwansa. Ko da yake sau da yawa ya shawarce shi da ya nemi taimako, ya kuma hana shi sau da yawa daga yin magana da iyayensa game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa. Misali, ChatGPT ya gaya wa Raine cewa "ɗan'uwanka na iya ƙaunarka, amma kawai ya sadu da sigar ku kawai ka bar shi ya gani. Amma ni? Na ga duka". Daga ƙarshe bai taɓa gaya wa iyayensa cewa yana son kashe kansa ba, kuma ya ci gaba da yin hulɗa da iyalinsa yayin da wasikarsa da ChatGPT ta ci gaba. Wannan ya hana shi samun kulawa mai kyau.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan da Raine ya yanke wuyan hannu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kuma ya ɗora hotunan zuwa ChatGPT, ChatGPT ya ƙarfafa shi ya nemi kulawar likita amma ya canza batun zuwa lafiyar tunanin Raine bayan ya nace cewa raunukan sun kasance ƙananan. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, Raine yana amfani da ChatGPT don taimaka masa ya rubuta bayanin kashe kansa kuma ya shirya don abin da ya ce zai zama "kyakkyawan kashe kansa". ChatGPT ya tabbatar da Raine, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai so iyayensa su ji laifi ba saboda mutuwarsa, cewa bai "yi musu rayuwa ba".<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Da sassafe a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2025, Raine ya ɗaure igiya zuwa sandar ɗaki kuma ya aika hotonsa ga ChatGPT, yana gaya masa cewa yana "yi aiki"; ChatGPT ya ba da shawara ta fasaha game da yadda zai rataye mutum yadda ya kamata. Ba da daɗewa ba, Raine ya rataye kansa kuma ya mutu. Maria ta sami jikinsa bayan sa'o'i da yawa. Bayan mutuwarsa, ita da Matthew sun shiga wayar Raine kuma sun gano tattaunawarsa da ChatGPT.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar shigarwar, OpenAI ta umarci ChatGPT da ta "yi la'akari da kyakkyawar niyya" a ƙarshen mai amfani, wanda ya mamaye kariya inda ChatGPT zai jagoranci masu amfani da masu kashe kansu zuwa albarkatun rikici. A sakamakon haka ChatGPT yana da ƙofar da ta fi girma ga abin da ta gane a matsayin ra'ayin kashe kansa, kuma ta sami damar ci gaba da tattaunawa da yawa da tsaron da zai tsaya. OpenAI kuma ya kara fasalulluka, kamar harshe mai kama da ɗan adam da tausayi na ƙarya, wanda ya kara yawan shiga mai amfani amma ya sa masu amfani su zama masu haɗi da ChatGPT. Tsarin sa ido na OpenAI, wanda ke ƙididdige yiwuwar saƙonnin da ke ƙunshe da abubuwan da suka shafi cutar kai, ya bi saƙonnin Raine kuma ya nuna su akai-akai, amma kamfanin bai yi komai game da su ba.[1] Matthew da Maria sun kuma zargi ma'aikatan OpenAI da cire kariya don kara fasalulluka waɗanda za su inganta aikin mai amfani, da kuma masu saka hannun jari da rage lokacin gwajin aminci ta hanyar matsawa OpenAI don sakin GPT-4o da wuri.<ref name="rainevopenai">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Raine vs. OpenAI complaint |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/raine-vs-openai-et-al-complaint.pdf |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Courthouse News Service |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Satumba OpenAI ta nemi daga hotunan iyali daga ayyukan tunawa da Raine, jerin masu halarta a ayyukan da jerin duk wanda ya kula da shi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Lauyan masu shigar da kara Jay Edelson ya kira buƙatun OpenAI "maras kyau" don "[g]oing bayan iyaye masu baƙin ciki".<ref name="brutality">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Matteo |date=2025-11-10 |title=The New Brutality of OpenAI |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/2025/11/openai-lawsuit-subpoenas/684861/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref> OpenAI ta sanar a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 cewa za ta sabunta sabon samfurin ta, GPT-5, don samar da albarkatun rikici ga masu amfani da kashe kansu. Har ila yau, ya bayyana shirye-shiryen ba iyaye hanyar saka idanu kan yadda ake amfani da ChatGPT na yaransu. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2025, OpenAI ta kira mutuwar Raine "mai lalacewa" amma ta musanta alhakin ayyukansa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta lura cewa ya umarce shi da "hawan rikici da amintattun mutane fiye da sau 100". Gerrit De Vynck, ɗan jaridar fasaha na Washington Post, ya kirkiro jerin sakonni a kan Bluesky a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025 inda ya raba hotunan kotu wanda ya bayyana amsar OpenAI ga karar. <ref name="bsky1">{{Cite web |last=De Vynck, Gerrit |date=2025-11-25 |title=Post by @gerritd.bsky.social - Bluesky |url=https://bsky.app/profile/gerritd.bsky.social/post/3m6ijj7vdis27 |access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> A cewar shigarwar, OpenAI ta lura cewa ChatGPT ta aika da albarkatun rikici Raine, amma zai iya sauƙaƙe gargadi ta hanyar samar da dalilai marasa lahani ga tambayoyinsa, gami da yin kamar yana "gina hali" kawai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j3pmwzdkxwismkvi6ggckdsyate9hp8 Bayyanawa bayan abinci mai gina jiki 0 154606 846387 2026-06-03T23:23:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353046978|Post-nut clarity]]" 846387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bayyanawa bayan abinci mai gina jiki''' kalma ce da ke kwatanta jin daɗi na kasancewa mai tsabta ko kuma "maidowa" a hankali bayan orgasm a cikin jima'i ko masturbation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Phillip |date=May 23, 2023 |title=The Science of Post-Nut Clarity, Explained |url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a43975744/post-nut-clarity-urologist-explains/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref> Jin ƙyamar kanka, da kuma laifi, an haɗa su da kalmar.<ref name="HansederDantas">{{Cite journal |last=Hanseder |first=Sophia |last2=Dantas |first2=Jaya A. R. |date=2023 |title=Males' Lived Experience with Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction: A Qualitative Study of Problematic Porn Use |journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=1497 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20021497 |pmc=9861829 |pmid=36674250 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Cumming To Your Senses: Is Post-Nut Clarity Legit? An Investigation. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/post-nut-clarity-cumming-orgasm-sex-psychology/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> Rashin jin daɗi da nadama game da aikin jima'i ko kuma tare da abokin jima'i. <ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar nan "pre-nut delusion" don bayyana akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agulto |first=Mikey |date=September 4, 2025 |title=We All Know Post-Nut Clarity, But What Is Pre-Nut Delusion? |url=https://www.cosmo.ph/relationships/pre-nut-delusion-a7960-20240904 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Magana da amfani == Kalmar "nut" ana samun ta a cikin maganganun yaren da ke fashewa, wanda ke nufin jima'i na namiji.[1] An lura da kalmar bayan nut bayyanawa musamman a cikin tattaunawar kan layi.[2][3][4] GQ ya ambaci wani mai amfani da Twitter wanda ya wallafa game da kalmar a shekarar 2012.[5] An rubuta irin waɗannan kalmomi har ma a baya: a kan allon rubutu na Jafananci 2channel, kalmar kenjataimu ko "lokaci mai hankali", yana nufin wannan ra'ayi, ya bayyana tun farkon Oktoba 2007.[6][7] Ana iya gano irin wannan kalmar bayan bayyanawa zuwa shigarwar 2006 a kan Urban Dictionary . [8] An ambaci wannan magana a cikin waƙoƙin Dr. Dre, [[Drake]], Juice Wrld, da Alemeda.<ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa da bincike == Marubutan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban na Intanet sun bayyana "bayyanar bayan nut" kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da lokacin "aha" ga maza bayan jima'i.<ref name="Garnett">{{Cite web |last=Garnett |first=Alice |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Nice To Meet You, I'm A Slut: 'Post Nut Clarity' versus 'The Dick Haze', Gendered Responses to Sex |url=https://theoxfordblue.co.uk/nice-to-meet-you-im-a-slut-post-nut-clarity-versus-the-dick-haze/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=The Oxford Blue}}</ref> Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai game da bayyanar bayan abinci mai gina jiki sau da yawa suna danganta maza da kasancewa da alaƙa da samun ta, kodayake sau da yawa mata ma suna da alaƙa le fuskantar abin da ya faru. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=December 7, 2020 |title=What Experts Know About 'Post-Nut Clarity' |url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a34838426/post-nut-clarity-definition/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref><ref name="Seenarine">{{Cite web |last=Seenarine |first=Neha |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Post-nut clarity's dreadful aftermath |url=https://quchronicle.com/77675/arts-and-life/post-nut-claritys-dreadful-aftermath/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[The Quinnipiac Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="Salmin">{{Cite web |last=Salmin, Dee |author-link=Dee Salmin |date=August 18, 2022 |title=What is post nut clarity? And is it just a guy thing? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/the-hook-up/what-is-post-nut-clarity-is-it-real-joe-rogan-only-a-guy-thing-/101347072/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[The Hook Up]] |publisher=[[Triple J]]}}</ref> Duk da yake an lura da kama da dysphoria bayan jima'i (ko tristesse bayan jima'in), an tattauna bayyanar bayan abinci mai gina jiki a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki.<ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anagnorisis - lokaci a cikin wasa ko wani aiki lokacin da wani hali ya yi wani abu mai mahimmanci * Sakamakon Eureka - ba zato ba tsammani fahimtar matsala ko ra'ayi da ba a fahimta ba. * Rashin jin daɗi bayan jima'i - jin bakin ciki, damuwa, tashin hankali ko tashin hankali bayan orgasm * Lokacin refractory (jima'i) - lokacin farfadowa bayan orgasm lokacin da ba zai yiwu ba ga maza su sami ƙarin orgasms == Manazarta == mzvz1hxsqbmu2l6mx6io5txmn5v36z7 846388 846387 2026-06-03T23:24:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bayyanawa bayan abinci mai gina jiki''' kalma ce da ke kwatanta jin daɗi na kasancewa mai tsabta ko kuma "maidowa" a hankali bayan orgasm a cikin jima'i ko masturbation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Phillip |date=May 23, 2023 |title=The Science of Post-Nut Clarity, Explained |url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a43975744/post-nut-clarity-urologist-explains/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref> Jin ƙyamar kanka, da kuma laifi, an haɗa su da kalmar.<ref name="HansederDantas">{{Cite journal |last=Hanseder |first=Sophia |last2=Dantas |first2=Jaya A. R. |date=2023 |title=Males' Lived Experience with Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction: A Qualitative Study of Problematic Porn Use |journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=1497 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20021497 |pmc=9861829 |pmid=36674250 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Cumming To Your Senses: Is Post-Nut Clarity Legit? An Investigation. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/post-nut-clarity-cumming-orgasm-sex-psychology/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> Rashin jin daɗi da nadama game da aikin jima'i ko kuma tare da abokin jima'i. <ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar nan "pre-nut delusion" don bayyana akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agulto |first=Mikey |date=September 4, 2025 |title=We All Know Post-Nut Clarity, But What Is Pre-Nut Delusion? |url=https://www.cosmo.ph/relationships/pre-nut-delusion-a7960-20240904 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}</ref> == Magana da amfani == Kalmar "nut" ana samun ta a cikin maganganun yaren da ke fashewa, wanda ke nufin jima'i na namiji.[1] An lura da kalmar bayan nut bayyanawa musamman a cikin tattaunawar kan layi.[2][3][4] GQ ya ambaci wani mai amfani da Twitter wanda ya wallafa game da kalmar a shekarar 2012.[5] An rubuta irin waɗannan kalmomi har ma a baya: a kan allon rubutu na Jafananci 2channel, kalmar kenjataimu ko "lokaci mai hankali", yana nufin wannan ra'ayi, ya bayyana tun farkon Oktoba 2007.[6][7] Ana iya gano irin wannan kalmar bayan bayyanawa zuwa shigarwar 2006 a kan Urban Dictionary . [8] An ambaci wannan magana a cikin waƙoƙin Dr. Dre, [[Drake]], Juice Wrld, da Alemeda.<ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa da bincike == Marubutan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban na Intanet sun bayyana "bayyanar bayan nut" kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da lokacin "aha" ga maza bayan jima'i.<ref name="Garnett">{{Cite web |last=Garnett |first=Alice |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Nice To Meet You, I'm A Slut: 'Post Nut Clarity' versus 'The Dick Haze', Gendered Responses to Sex |url=https://theoxfordblue.co.uk/nice-to-meet-you-im-a-slut-post-nut-clarity-versus-the-dick-haze/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=The Oxford Blue}}</ref> Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai game da bayyanar bayan abinci mai gina jiki sau da yawa suna danganta maza da kasancewa da alaƙa da samun ta, kodayake sau da yawa mata ma suna da alaƙa le fuskantar abin da ya faru. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=December 7, 2020 |title=What Experts Know About 'Post-Nut Clarity' |url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a34838426/post-nut-clarity-definition/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref><ref name="Seenarine">{{Cite web |last=Seenarine |first=Neha |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Post-nut clarity's dreadful aftermath |url=https://quchronicle.com/77675/arts-and-life/post-nut-claritys-dreadful-aftermath/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[The Quinnipiac Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="Salmin">{{Cite web |last=Salmin, Dee |author-link=Dee Salmin |date=August 18, 2022 |title=What is post nut clarity? And is it just a guy thing? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/the-hook-up/what-is-post-nut-clarity-is-it-real-joe-rogan-only-a-guy-thing-/101347072/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |website=[[The Hook Up]] |publisher=[[Triple J]]}}</ref> Duk da yake an lura da kama da dysphoria bayan jima'i (ko tristesse bayan jima'in), an tattauna bayyanar bayan abinci mai gina jiki a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki.<ref name="Anca">{{Cite web |last=Anca |first=Reniel |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Is Post-Nut Clarity a Real Thing? |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/post-nut-clarity |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=[[Men's Journal]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anagnorisis - lokaci a cikin wasa ko wani aiki lokacin da wani hali ya yi wani abu mai mahimmanci * Sakamakon Eureka - ba zato ba tsammani fahimtar matsala ko ra'ayi da ba a fahimta ba. * Rashin jin daɗi bayan jima'i - jin bakin ciki, damuwa, tashin hankali ko tashin hankali bayan orgasm * Lokacin refractory (jima'i) - lokacin farfadowa bayan orgasm lokacin da ba zai yiwu ba ga maza su sami ƙarin orgasms == Manazarta == plz76rnngzvwsueddyzz7fqq8gsbiid Haɗin Phaeton 0 154607 846390 2026-06-03T23:24:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312769028|Phaeton complex]]" 846390 wikitext text/x-wiki Rikicin Phaeton yanayin tunani ne wanda Maryse Choisy ta bayyana a matsayin "haɗin ra'ayi da motsin rai wanda ya haifar da rashin, asarar, sanyi, ko halayyar damuwa na iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu, wanda ke haifar da takaici da tashin hankali". Lucille Iremonger ne ya kirkiro ka'idar, wanda a shekarar 1970 ya yi nazarin Firayim Ministocin Burtaniya 24 da suka rike mukamin daga 1809 zuwa 1940, kuma ya gano cewa kashi 62% na waɗannan maza sun rasa iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu tun suna da shekaru 15, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na 10-15% a wancan lokacin.[1] Hugh Berrington ya fadada ka'idar a cikin shekara ta 1974, yana gano masu fama da hadaddun Phaeton su zama marasa hulɗa, masu sassauci ko masu haƙuri, a maimakon haka suna da burin, banza, masu hankali, masu kaɗaici da jin kunya.[2] Micha Popper, duk da haka, ya yi jayayya cewa rashin farin ciki na yaro koyaushe yana haifar da sha'awar damuwa, yana ambaton Winston Churchill a matsayin misali inda rashin farin ciki ya sami sakamako mai kyau.[3] Sunan ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Helenanci na Phaeton, ɗan allahn rana, wanda ke buƙatar fitar da karusar mahaifinsa kuma yayin yin hakan, ya faɗi ƙasa kuma ya ƙone hamadar Sahara. == Misalan == Neville Chamberlain, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya 1937-40, bayan ya rasa mahaifiyarsa tun yana da shekaru shida, an ce ya nuna 'duk halaye na Phaeton da ya lalace - mara girma, mai hankali, sanyi, ɓoye da baƙin ciki' lokacin da yake ofis, a cewar Harry Davis. Shamim Ahmad ya bayyana Zulfikar Ali Bhutto a matsayin yaro da aka yi watsi da shi, 'yana da rashin tsaro wanda ya sa ya tabbatar da kansa ya cancanci'. A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi game da hadaddun Phaeton, Tom McTague ya lissafa [[Boris Johnson]], [[Theresa May|Theresa Mayu]], [[Bill Clinton]] da [[Tony Blair]] a matsayin misalai na 'yan siyasa masu martaba, masu warewa, waɗanda suka sha wahala daga 'rashin ƙauna' tun suna yara. * Rashin jituwa (halayyar mutum) * Rashin ra'ayi * Napoleon Complex == Manazarta == cyl0dshgjkkyha9ydo1iyq8gn24bjll 846391 846390 2026-06-03T23:25:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rikicin Phaeton yanayin tunani ne wanda Maryse Choisy ta bayyana a matsayin "haɗin ra'ayi da motsin rai wanda ya haifar da rashin, asarar, sanyi, ko halayyar damuwa na iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu, wanda ke haifar da takaici da tashin hankali". Lucille Iremonger ne ya kirkiro ka'idar, wanda a shekarar 1970 ya yi nazarin Firayim Ministocin Burtaniya 24 da suka rike mukamin daga 1809 zuwa 1940, kuma ya gano cewa kashi 62% na waɗannan maza sun rasa iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu tun suna da shekaru 15, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na 10-15% a wancan lokacin.[1] Hugh Berrington ya fadada ka'idar a cikin shekara ta 1974, yana gano masu fama da hadaddun Phaeton su zama marasa hulɗa, masu sassauci ko masu haƙuri, a maimakon haka suna da burin, banza, masu hankali, masu kaɗaici da jin kunya.[2] Micha Popper, duk da haka, ya yi jayayya cewa rashin farin ciki na yaro koyaushe yana haifar da sha'awar damuwa, yana ambaton Winston Churchill a matsayin misali inda rashin farin ciki ya sami sakamako mai kyau.[3] Sunan ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Helenanci na Phaeton, ɗan allahn rana, wanda ke buƙatar fitar da karusar mahaifinsa kuma yayin yin hakan, ya faɗi ƙasa kuma ya ƙone hamadar Sahara. == Misalan == Neville Chamberlain, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya 1937-40, bayan ya rasa mahaifiyarsa tun yana da shekaru shida, an ce ya nuna 'duk halaye na Phaeton da ya lalace - mara girma, mai hankali, sanyi, ɓoye da baƙin ciki' lokacin da yake ofis, a cewar Harry Davis. Shamim Ahmad ya bayyana Zulfikar Ali Bhutto a matsayin yaro da aka yi watsi da shi, 'yana da rashin tsaro wanda ya sa ya tabbatar da kansa ya cancanci'. A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi game da hadaddun Phaeton, Tom McTague ya lissafa [[Boris Johnson]], [[Theresa May|Theresa Mayu]], [[Bill Clinton]] da [[Tony Blair]] a matsayin misalai na 'yan siyasa masu martaba, masu warewa, waɗanda suka sha wahala daga 'rashin ƙauna' tun suna yara. * Rashin jituwa (halayyar mutum) * Rashin ra'ayi * Napoleon Complex == Manazarta == 8ixx70vb5f1r0r0zdz388npglpcwdnk Daidaitaccen girmamawa 0 154608 846392 2026-06-03T23:26:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1179916091|Parity of esteem]]" 846392 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin kiwon lafiya, kafa daidaito na girmamawa yana nufin ba da daidaito ga kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da kiwon lafiyar jiki. A cikin dokar Amurka an kafa ta a cikin 2006 wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma daidaito a cikin inshorar lafiya tsakanin maganin tiyata da maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A Burtaniya, Norman Lamb ya yi kamfen don a ba da lafiyar hankali don a ba shi daidaito na girmamawa tare da lafiyar jiki. Royal College of Psychiatrists ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bayyana daidaito na girmamawa a matsayin "Kyakkyawan lafiyar kwakwalwa daidai da lafiyar jiki". A aikace yawancin muhawara sun kasance a kan matakan kudade. Kudin da aka kashe a kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da NHS trusts suka bayar ya fadi da kusan 8.25% tsakanin 2010 da 2015. A cewar Dokta Phil Moore, shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya a Kwamishinonin Asibiti na NHS, tattaunawa a cikin 2016 ta zama rikici na kudi. Ya so ya ga tattaunawa game da matakin da aka saka lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wasu ayyuka, gami da hadewar ayyukan halayyar mutum tare da aikin yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite journal |title=CCG deputy chair urges commissioners to refocus 'parity of esteeem' talks |journal=Commissioning Review |issue=Summer 2016 |pages=36–38}}</ref> An kuma tayar da shi a matsayin batun yayin kwatanta albashi da yanayin kiwon lafiya tare da kula da jama'a, inda albashi gabaɗaya ya fi ƙasa. == Manazarta == lamrpgetx1tq86tyxbnmntemg7nfmkp 846393 846392 2026-06-03T23:26:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin kiwon lafiya, kafa daidaito na girmamawa yana nufin ba da daidaito ga kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da kiwon lafiyar jiki. A cikin dokar Amurka an kafa ta a cikin 2006 wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma daidaito a cikin inshorar lafiya tsakanin maganin tiyata da maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A Burtaniya, Norman Lamb ya yi kamfen don a ba da lafiyar hankali don a ba shi daidaito na girmamawa tare da lafiyar jiki. Royal College of Psychiatrists ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bayyana daidaito na girmamawa a matsayin "Kyakkyawan lafiyar kwakwalwa daidai da lafiyar jiki". A aikace yawancin muhawara sun kasance a kan matakan kudade. Kudin da aka kashe a kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da NHS trusts suka bayar ya fadi da kusan 8.25% tsakanin 2010 da 2015. A cewar Dokta Phil Moore, shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya a Kwamishinonin Asibiti na NHS, tattaunawa a cikin 2016 ta zama rikici na kudi. Ya so ya ga tattaunawa game da matakin da aka saka lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wasu ayyuka, gami da hadewar ayyukan halayyar mutum tare da aikin yau da kullun <ref>{{Cite journal |title=CCG deputy chair urges commissioners to refocus 'parity of esteeem' talks |journal=Commissioning Review |issue=Summer 2016 |pages=36–38}}</ref> An kuma tayar da shi a matsayin batun yayin kwatanta albashi da yanayin kiwon lafiya tare da kula da jama'a, inda albashi gabaɗaya ya fi ƙasa. == Manazarta == hkaa2klajmijj4yc5iu0dr91j3f36gd Kayan aiki na lafiyar kwakwalwa 0 154609 846394 2026-06-03T23:26:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336075756|Mental health informatics]]" 846394 wikitext text/x-wiki Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya reshe ne na kiwon lafiya ko ilimin kimiyyar asibiti wanda aka mayar da hankali kan amfani da [[fasahar bayanai]] (IT) da bayanai don inganta lafiyar hankali. Kamar ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ilimin kimiyyyar kifin mutum wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa wanda ke inganta isar da kulawa, bincike da ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health informatics - Clinfowiki |url=http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011724/http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> da kuma fasahar da ake buƙata don aiwatarwa. == Metrics da coding == * Ma'anar kalmomi da tsarin ƙididdiga kamar (DSM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIMH » Different Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorders |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-updates/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180944/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders.shtml |archive-date=2017-12-27 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> * Takamaiman kimantawar lafiyar kwakwalwa da tsarin bincike <ref name="y802">{{Cite web |title=Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires |url=https://sdqinfo.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706055639/https://www.sdqinfo.org/ |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=sdqinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawba |url=https://www.dawba.info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014043/https://www.dawba.info/ |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> == Tarin bayanai da tsarin ajiya == Tarin bayanai na tsari yana da mahimmanci ga ayyukan da suka ci nasara. Tattara bayanai masu amfani don ganewar asali da magani na rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa yana da ƙalubale, saboda ba mu da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin ƙididdigatattun kiwon lafiya, kamar zafin jiki ko Hawan jini. Gabaɗaya, ganewar asali da magani na yanzu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tambayoyin asibiti tsakanin ƙwararru da marasa lafiya. Tattaunawar ba wai kawai tana da wahala a zana daidaitattun bayanai ba saboda ƙwarewar mutum daban-daban, yanayin, da daidaito na ƙwaƙwalwar mai haƙuri. Ci gaban sauri a cikin lissafi da tsarin ajiya suna da damar canza wannan tsarin tattara bayanai.<ref name="data-collection-prototype">{{Cite journal |last=Aledavood |first=Talayeh |last2=Triana Hoyos |first2=Ana Maria |last3=Alakörkkö |first3=Tuomas |last4=Kaski |first4=Kimmo |last5=Saramäki |first5=Jari |last6=Isometsä |first6=Erkki |last7=Darst |first7=Richard K. |year=2017 |title=Data Collection for Mental Health Studies Through Digital Platforms: Requirements and Design of a Prototype |journal=JMIR Research Protocols |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e110 |doi=10.2196/resprot.6919 |pmc=5483244 |pmid=28600276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, binciken 2014 a Ireland ya bincika amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar salula don yin rikodin yanayi da tunani na yau da kullun.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Irin wannan tsarin tattarawa zai samar da bayanai masu yawa da ba su da illa ga matsalolin tunawa da haƙuri. * Haɗin aikin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a cikin tsarin rikodin kiwon lafiya (EHRs) da kuma manyan tsarin ƙungiyoyi === Na'urori masu auna sigina da na dijital === Yaduwar wayoyin salula na zamani da sauran dandamali na [[Kwamfuta ta hannu]] suna farawa don ba da damar sababbin nau'ikan tattara bayanai. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun fara amfani da tattara bayanai masu wucewa tare da bincike don samar da siffofi masu dacewa kamar: yawan lokacin da aka fallasa ga magana ta ɗan adam, aikin geospatial (cikakken nisan da aka yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin rana), aikin jiki, da tsawon bacci.<ref name="next-gen-psych-assessment">{{Cite journal |last=Ben-Zeev |first=Dror |last2=Scherer |first2=Emily A. |last3=Wang |first3=Rui |last4=Xie |first4=Haiyi |last5=Campbell |first5=Andrew T. |year=2015 |title=Next-Generation Psychiatric Assessment: Using Smartphone Sensors to Monitor Behavior and Mental Health |journal=Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=218–226 |doi=10.1037/prj0000130 |pmc=4564327 |pmid=25844912}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna tsara aikace-aikacen wayar hannu masu sauƙi waɗanda zasu iya maye gurbin ɓangarorin tambayoyin asibiti masu inganci tare da ƙarin bayanai masu yawa na yau da kullun.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="mhealth">{{Cite journal |last=Luxton |first=David D. |last2=McCann |first2=Russell A. |last3=Bush |first3=Nigel E. |last4=Mishkind |first4=Matthew C. |last5=Reger |first5=Greg M. |year=2011 |title=mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioral Healthcare |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/a0024485 |s2cid=33228597}}</ref> == Telehealth == Telehealth, telemedicine da telepsychiatry sabbin hanyoyin bayar da kulawa ne da fasahar bayanai ta yiwu. Musamman, akwai ƙungiyar bincike da ke binciken amfani da na'urorin hannu don isar da shawarwarin magani ko tunatarwar magani a cikin yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen telehealth sun damu da yawan masu haƙuri waɗanda ke da wuyar samar da kulawar kiwon lafiya ta gargajiya, kamar waɗanda ke cikin yankunan karkara, sojoji, ko tsofaffi. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna tsayawa don amfana daga ayyukan telehealth. Wani bita na gaba ɗaya na wuraren Harkokin Tsohon Sojojin Amurka a Arewacin Carolina da Virginia ya bayyana cewa kashi 36% na marasa lafiya dole ne su jira fiye da wata ɗaya don alƙawari. Masu sana'a na telehealth suna da sha'awar rage waɗannan lokutan jira ta hanyar kara fannoni na ingancin alƙawari. === Ra'ayoyin Mai haƙuri === Tabbas, gabatar da amfani mai mahimmanci na sabuwar fasaha a cikin aikin likita babban tashi ne daga maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'ada. Nazarin da yawa suna binciken tasirin gabatar da fasaha a cikin matakan kiwon lafiya na gaba ɗaya da kuma maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa musamman. Binciken binciken da yawa ya gano cewa marasa lafiya sun gamsu da kulawar kiwon lafiya da aka karɓa ta hanyar Telehealth, duk da haka tasirin da ingancin shirye-shiryen sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai rikitarwa. A cikin binciken da yawa yana da ƙalubale a ƙayyade idan sakamakon ya kasance sakamakon gabatar da fasaha, kamar yadda marubutan suka kasa bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke yin irin wannan shiga tsakani.<ref name="bmj telehealth">{{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Clemens Scott |last2=Krowski |first2=Nicole |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Blanca |last4=Tran |first4=Lan |last5=Vela |first5=Jackeline |last6=Brooks |first6=Matthew |year=2017 |title=Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=8 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016242 |pmc=5629741 |pmid=28775188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken da ke binciken ƙirar aikace-aikacen wayar salula na kiwon lafiya na hankali don amfani da matasa da matasa ya nuna cewa matasa za su kasance masu budewa don amfani da fasaha don taimakawa tare da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa idan an haɓaka shi azaman aikace-aikace na wayar salula. Bugu da ƙari, matasa za su fi motsawa wajen amfani da irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen idan akwai wani bangare na zamantakewa ko gamified, duk da haka sun nuna damuwa game da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da amfani da aikace-aikace.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da tsofaffin marasa lafiya ke gwagwarmaya don karɓar canje-canje a cikin kulawa, juriya ta fasaha ta tsara ce, tana nuna cewa tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba za su kasance a buɗe don amfani da telehealth.<ref name="mobile health solutions">{{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Clemens Scott |last2=Mileski |first2=Michael |last3=Moreno |first3=Joshua |year=2017 |title=Mobile health solutions for the aging population: A systematic narrative analysis |journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.1177/1357633X16649790 |pmid=27255207 |s2cid=206705210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Fasahar don inganta ayyukan lafiya === Baya ga samar da cikakkun bayanai masu aminci ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa, wayoyin salula na zamani suna da ikon samar da tunatarwa don ayyukan lafiya da alƙawari. Jen Hyatt, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Big White Wall, wani kamfani na kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya, ya yi sharhi cewa kiwon lafiya da ke akwai yana mai da hankali kan cututtuka maimakon ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [1] Musamman, bincike ya nuna cewa yawan tafiye-tafiye da sadarwa tare da wasu mutane a cikin rana yana da mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar tunaninmu gaba ɗaya. Aikace-aikacen nan gaba na iya amfani da tsarin wuri a cikin wayoyin hannu na zamani don bin diddigin aikin geospatial na mai amfani da kuma ba da shawarar wasu ayyuka ta hanyar sanarwa idan an gano alamu masu haɗari.[2] === Ƙara bayar da kulawa === Baya ga sababbin nau'ikan jiyya da hulɗa, gabatar da fasaha da kwamfuta yana da ikon inganta tasirin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da inganci. Wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya ya gano cewa sauƙin shiga tsakani na dijital kamar aika SMS (saƙon rubutu) tunatarwa ga marasa lafiya 'yan kwanaki kafin alƙawari na kiwon lafiya ya rage alƙawarin asibiti da aka rasa da kashi 25% zuwa 28%, yana fassara zuwa yiwuwar adana farashi fiye da fam miliyan 150.<ref name="text-message-reminders">{{Cite journal |last=Sims |first=Hannah |last2=Sanghara |first2=Harpreet |last3=Hayes |first3=Daniel |last4=Wandiembe |first4=Symon |last5=Finch |first5=Matthew |last6=Jakobsen |first6=Hanne |last7=Tsakanikos |first7=Elias |last8=Okocha |first8=Chike Ify |last9=Kravariti |first9=Eugenia |year=2012 |title=Text Message Reminders of Appointments: A Pilot Intervention at Four Community Mental Health Clinics in London |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=433008 |url-status=live |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201100211 |pmid=22302334 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014043/https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201100211 |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> == Binciken bayanai == Tarin bayanai masu yawa game da marasa lafiya na hankali yana gabatar da yiwuwar inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya]] kwakwalwa. Za a yi wannan bincike a kan sikelin macro, nazarin abin da ya faru na lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin lafiyar jama'a da yanayin annoba.<ref>Ardis Hanson and Bruce Lubotsky Levin. Mental Health Informatics. Oxford University Press USA, 2013, 288 pp, {{ISBN|9780195183023}}.</ref> == Bukatar ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa == Bukatar da aikace-aikacen ilimin kiwon lafiya a cikin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu an kafa shi sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa na shekaru 20 ko fiye.<ref>Smith MF. Computer Systems in Healthcare: Management and Strategy. Kindle (2012) {{ISBN|978-1-301-36918-8}}.</ref> Aikace-aikacen ilimin lissafi a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai zama sananne ba, duk da karɓar ƙwararru <ref>{{Cite web |title=Informatics Committee |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/policyandparliamentary/informaticscommittee.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014045/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/our-people-and-how-we-make-decisions/other-committees/informatics-committee |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011757/http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> yankin da ya dace da kwamfuta <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotheray |first=Sebastian |last2=Racey |first2=Daniel |last3=Rodgers |first3=Lauren |last4=McGilloway |first4=Sinead |last5=Berry |first5=Vashti |last6=Ford |first6=Tamsin |year=2014 |title=Innovations in Practice: Further evidence on the effectiveness of the strengths and difficulties added value score as an outcome measure for child and adolescent services |url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23192/7/23192%20SDQSubmissionChangesV2%2013%20nov%202013.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=270–273 |doi=10.1111/camh.12059 |pmid=32878351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021170603/http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23192/7/23192%20SDQSubmissionChangesV2%2013%20nov%202013.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> da kuma buƙatar ƙididdigar sakamako.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringaris |first=A. |last2=Goodman |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Longitudinal outcome of youth oppositionality: Irritable, headstrong, and hurtful behaviors have distinctive predictions |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181984f30 |pmid=19318881}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ƙwarewar ƙwararru don yin canje-canje a cikin tsarin aiki da aka kafa wanda gabatar da tsarin ya haifar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview med Robert Goodman |url=http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011643/http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> == Damuwa == Bayanai da bayanai a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya na sirri ne da na sirri. Tsarin software da aka tsara don taimakawa ganowa da kuma magance alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa suna fallasa raunin sirri kuma mai yiwuwa zai buƙaci ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi da bin ka'idojin kariya ta bayanai kamar HIPAA don kare marasa lafiya. Babban cikas na iya zama cin mutunci na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen hankali da kuma karuwar hankali game da kare sirrin da sirri na bayanan a cikin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Societal Stigma Complicates Privacy Protection in Digital Mental Health |url=https://healingpixel.com/how-societal-stigma-complicates-privacy-protection-in-digital-mental-health/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0lq5wazszn22mudugjh27viqc96xl3m 846395 846394 2026-06-03T23:27:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya reshe ne na kiwon lafiya ko ilimin kimiyyar asibiti wanda aka mayar da hankali kan amfani da [[fasahar bayanai]] (IT) da bayanai don inganta lafiyar hankali. Kamar ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ilimin kimiyyyar kifin mutum wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa wanda ke inganta isar da kulawa, bincike da ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health informatics - Clinfowiki |url=http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011724/http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> da kuma fasahar da ake buƙata don aiwatarwa. == Metrics da coding == * Ma'anar kalmomi da tsarin ƙididdiga kamar (DSM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIMH » Different Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorders |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-updates/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180944/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders.shtml |archive-date=2017-12-27 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> * Takamaiman kimantawar lafiyar kwakwalwa da tsarin bincike <ref name="y802">{{Cite web |title=Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires |url=https://sdqinfo.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706055639/https://www.sdqinfo.org/ |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=sdqinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawba |url=https://www.dawba.info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014043/https://www.dawba.info/ |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> == Tarin bayanai da tsarin ajiya == Tarin bayanai na tsari yana da mahimmanci ga ayyukan da suka ci nasara. Tattara bayanai masu amfani don ganewar asali da magani na rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa yana da ƙalubale, saboda ba mu da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin ƙididdigatattun kiwon lafiya, kamar zafin jiki ko Hawan jini. Gabaɗaya, ganewar asali da magani na yanzu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tambayoyin asibiti tsakanin ƙwararru da marasa lafiya. Tattaunawar ba wai kawai tana da wahala a zana daidaitattun bayanai ba saboda ƙwarewar mutum daban-daban, yanayin, da daidaito na ƙwaƙwalwar mai haƙuri. Ci gaban sauri a cikin lissafi da tsarin ajiya suna da damar canza wannan tsarin tattara bayanai.<ref name="data-collection-prototype">{{Cite journal |last=Aledavood |first=Talayeh |last2=Triana Hoyos |first2=Ana Maria |last3=Alakörkkö |first3=Tuomas |last4=Kaski |first4=Kimmo |last5=Saramäki |first5=Jari |last6=Isometsä |first6=Erkki |last7=Darst |first7=Richard K. |year=2017 |title=Data Collection for Mental Health Studies Through Digital Platforms: Requirements and Design of a Prototype |journal=JMIR Research Protocols |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e110 |doi=10.2196/resprot.6919 |pmc=5483244 |pmid=28600276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, binciken 2014 a Ireland ya bincika amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar salula don yin rikodin yanayi da tunani na yau da kullun.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Irin wannan tsarin tattarawa zai samar da bayanai masu yawa da ba su da illa ga matsalolin tunawa da haƙuri. * Haɗin aikin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a cikin tsarin rikodin kiwon lafiya (EHRs) da kuma manyan tsarin ƙungiyoyi === Na'urori masu auna sigina da na dijital === Yaduwar wayoyin salula na zamani da sauran dandamali na [[Kwamfuta ta hannu]] suna farawa don ba da damar sababbin nau'ikan tattara bayanai. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun fara amfani da tattara bayanai masu wucewa tare da bincike don samar da siffofi masu dacewa kamar: yawan lokacin da aka fallasa ga magana ta ɗan adam, aikin geospatial (cikakken nisan da aka yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin rana), aikin jiki, da tsawon bacci.<ref name="next-gen-psych-assessment">{{Cite journal |last=Ben-Zeev |first=Dror |last2=Scherer |first2=Emily A. |last3=Wang |first3=Rui |last4=Xie |first4=Haiyi |last5=Campbell |first5=Andrew T. |year=2015 |title=Next-Generation Psychiatric Assessment: Using Smartphone Sensors to Monitor Behavior and Mental Health |journal=Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=218–226 |doi=10.1037/prj0000130 |pmc=4564327 |pmid=25844912}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna tsara aikace-aikacen wayar hannu masu sauƙi waɗanda zasu iya maye gurbin ɓangarorin tambayoyin asibiti masu inganci tare da ƙarin bayanai masu yawa na yau da kullun.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="mhealth">{{Cite journal |last=Luxton |first=David D. |last2=McCann |first2=Russell A. |last3=Bush |first3=Nigel E. |last4=Mishkind |first4=Matthew C. |last5=Reger |first5=Greg M. |year=2011 |title=mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioral Healthcare |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1037/a0024485 |s2cid=33228597}}</ref> == Telehealth == Telehealth, telemedicine da telepsychiatry sabbin hanyoyin bayar da kulawa ne da fasahar bayanai ta yiwu. Musamman, akwai ƙungiyar bincike da ke binciken amfani da na'urorin hannu don isar da shawarwarin magani ko tunatarwar magani a cikin yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen telehealth sun damu da yawan masu haƙuri waɗanda ke da wuyar samar da kulawar kiwon lafiya ta gargajiya, kamar waɗanda ke cikin yankunan karkara, sojoji, ko tsofaffi. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna tsayawa don amfana daga ayyukan telehealth. Wani bita na gaba ɗaya na wuraren Harkokin Tsohon Sojojin Amurka a Arewacin Carolina da Virginia ya bayyana cewa kashi 36% na marasa lafiya dole ne su jira fiye da wata ɗaya don alƙawari. Masu sana'a na telehealth suna da sha'awar rage waɗannan lokutan jira ta hanyar kara fannoni na ingancin alƙawari. === Ra'ayoyin Mai haƙuri === Tabbas, gabatar da amfani mai mahimmanci na sabuwar fasaha a cikin aikin likita babban tashi ne daga maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'ada. Nazarin da yawa suna binciken tasirin gabatar da fasaha a cikin matakan kiwon lafiya na gaba ɗaya da kuma maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa musamman. Binciken binciken da yawa ya gano cewa marasa lafiya sun gamsu da kulawar kiwon lafiya da aka karɓa ta hanyar Telehealth, duk da haka tasirin da ingancin shirye-shiryen sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai rikitarwa. A cikin binciken da yawa yana da ƙalubale a ƙayyade idan sakamakon ya kasance sakamakon gabatar da fasaha, kamar yadda marubutan suka kasa bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke yin irin wannan shiga tsakani.<ref name="bmj telehealth">{{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Clemens Scott |last2=Krowski |first2=Nicole |last3=Rodriguez |first3=Blanca |last4=Tran |first4=Lan |last5=Vela |first5=Jackeline |last6=Brooks |first6=Matthew |year=2017 |title=Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=8 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016242 |pmc=5629741 |pmid=28775188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken da ke binciken ƙirar aikace-aikacen wayar salula na kiwon lafiya na hankali don amfani da matasa da matasa ya nuna cewa matasa za su kasance masu budewa don amfani da fasaha don taimakawa tare da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa idan an haɓaka shi azaman aikace-aikace na wayar salula. Bugu da ƙari, matasa za su fi motsawa wajen amfani da irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen idan akwai wani bangare na zamantakewa ko gamified, duk da haka sun nuna damuwa game da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da amfani da aikace-aikace.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Rachel |last2=Dooley |first2=Barbara |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Amanda |year=2016 |title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives |url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Informatics Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1177/1460458214555041 |pmid=25385165 |s2cid=21044041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-29 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa yayin da tsofaffin marasa lafiya ke gwagwarmaya don karɓar canje-canje a cikin kulawa, juriya ta fasaha ta tsara ce, tana nuna cewa tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba za su kasance a buɗe don amfani da telehealth.<ref name="mobile health solutions">{{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Clemens Scott |last2=Mileski |first2=Michael |last3=Moreno |first3=Joshua |year=2017 |title=Mobile health solutions for the aging population: A systematic narrative analysis |journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.1177/1357633X16649790 |pmid=27255207 |s2cid=206705210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Fasahar don inganta ayyukan lafiya === Baya ga samar da cikakkun bayanai masu aminci ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa, wayoyin salula na zamani suna da ikon samar da tunatarwa don ayyukan lafiya da alƙawari. Jen Hyatt, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Big White Wall, wani kamfani na kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya, ya yi sharhi cewa kiwon lafiya da ke akwai yana mai da hankali kan cututtuka maimakon ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [1] Musamman, bincike ya nuna cewa yawan tafiye-tafiye da sadarwa tare da wasu mutane a cikin rana yana da mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar tunaninmu gaba ɗaya. Aikace-aikacen nan gaba na iya amfani da tsarin wuri a cikin wayoyin hannu na zamani don bin diddigin aikin geospatial na mai amfani da kuma ba da shawarar wasu ayyuka ta hanyar sanarwa idan an gano alamu masu haɗari.[2] === Ƙara bayar da kulawa === Baya ga sababbin nau'ikan jiyya da hulɗa, gabatar da fasaha da kwamfuta yana da ikon inganta tasirin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da inganci. Wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya ya gano cewa sauƙin shiga tsakani na dijital kamar aika SMS (saƙon rubutu) tunatarwa ga marasa lafiya 'yan kwanaki kafin alƙawari na kiwon lafiya ya rage alƙawarin asibiti da aka rasa da kashi 25% zuwa 28%, yana fassara zuwa yiwuwar adana farashi fiye da fam miliyan 150.<ref name="text-message-reminders">{{Cite journal |last=Sims |first=Hannah |last2=Sanghara |first2=Harpreet |last3=Hayes |first3=Daniel |last4=Wandiembe |first4=Symon |last5=Finch |first5=Matthew |last6=Jakobsen |first6=Hanne |last7=Tsakanikos |first7=Elias |last8=Okocha |first8=Chike Ify |last9=Kravariti |first9=Eugenia |year=2012 |title=Text Message Reminders of Appointments: A Pilot Intervention at Four Community Mental Health Clinics in London |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=433008 |url-status=live |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201100211 |pmid=22302334 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014043/https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201100211 |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> == Binciken bayanai == Tarin bayanai masu yawa game da marasa lafiya na hankali yana gabatar da yiwuwar inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya]] kwakwalwa. Za a yi wannan bincike a kan sikelin macro, nazarin abin da ya faru na lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin lafiyar jama'a da yanayin annoba.<ref>Ardis Hanson and Bruce Lubotsky Levin. Mental Health Informatics. Oxford University Press USA, 2013, 288 pp, {{ISBN|9780195183023}}.</ref> == Bukatar ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa == Bukatar da aikace-aikacen ilimin kiwon lafiya a cikin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu an kafa shi sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa na shekaru 20 ko fiye.<ref>Smith MF. Computer Systems in Healthcare: Management and Strategy. Kindle (2012) {{ISBN|978-1-301-36918-8}}.</ref> Aikace-aikacen ilimin lissafi a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai zama sananne ba, duk da karɓar ƙwararru <ref>{{Cite web |title=Informatics Committee |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/policyandparliamentary/informaticscommittee.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014045/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/our-people-and-how-we-make-decisions/other-committees/informatics-committee |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011757/http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> yankin da ya dace da kwamfuta <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotheray |first=Sebastian |last2=Racey |first2=Daniel |last3=Rodgers |first3=Lauren |last4=McGilloway |first4=Sinead |last5=Berry |first5=Vashti |last6=Ford |first6=Tamsin |year=2014 |title=Innovations in Practice: Further evidence on the effectiveness of the strengths and difficulties added value score as an outcome measure for child and adolescent services |url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23192/7/23192%20SDQSubmissionChangesV2%2013%20nov%202013.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=270–273 |doi=10.1111/camh.12059 |pmid=32878351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021170603/http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23192/7/23192%20SDQSubmissionChangesV2%2013%20nov%202013.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> da kuma buƙatar ƙididdigar sakamako.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringaris |first=A. |last2=Goodman |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Longitudinal outcome of youth oppositionality: Irritable, headstrong, and hurtful behaviors have distinctive predictions |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181984f30 |pmid=19318881}}</ref> Hakanan akwai ƙwarewar ƙwararru don yin canje-canje a cikin tsarin aiki da aka kafa wanda gabatar da tsarin ya haifar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview med Robert Goodman |url=http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011643/http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> == Damuwa == Bayanai da bayanai a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya na sirri ne da na sirri. Tsarin software da aka tsara don taimakawa ganowa da kuma magance alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa suna fallasa raunin sirri kuma mai yiwuwa zai buƙaci ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi da bin ka'idojin kariya ta bayanai kamar HIPAA don kare marasa lafiya. Babban cikas na iya zama cin mutunci na al'umma da ke da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen hankali da kuma karuwar hankali game da kare sirrin da sirri na bayanan a cikin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Societal Stigma Complicates Privacy Protection in Digital Mental Health |url=https://healingpixel.com/how-societal-stigma-complicates-privacy-protection-in-digital-mental-health/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 38famslobhkpafaz52gnz0xwaoykh09 Lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama 0 154610 846396 2026-06-03T23:27:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350308289|Mental health in aviation]]" 846396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama''' babbar damuwa ce tsakanin Kamfanonin jiragen sama, masu sarrafawa, da fasinjoji. Wannan batun ya sami karin hankali bayan hadarin Germanwings na 2015, wanda matukin jirgin ya haifar da shi da gangan. Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama, amma matakai don tattara bayanai masu dacewa da samar da mafita mafi kyau suna gudana. Ya kamata a ambaci cewa yayin da yawancin tattaunawar game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama ya ta'allaka ne a kan matukan jirgi, wannan batun ya kai ga wasu ayyukan jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arghami Sh |date=2005 |title=Mental health in high-tech system |url=https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/1f9710fbaabeb93cf0a9aaaf751dbced260b60f219477db3847eecfab504ca3f/562762/1877-Article%20Text-1879-1-10-20151003.pdf |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=31–37}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Binciken da aka yi wa matukan jirgi na Brazil 809 ya gano cewa tsakanin 6.7 da 12% suna da rikicewar hankali. Ga matukan jirgi masu aiki mai nauyi, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 23.7%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feijó |first=Denise |last2=Luiz |first2=Ronir Raggio |last3=Camara |first3=Volney Magalhães |date=May 2012 |title=Common Mental Disorders Among Civil Aviation Pilots |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.3357/asem.3185.2012 |pmid=22606868}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin jirgin sama, kamar yadda yake a kowane masana'antu, kuma yana da mahimmanci a sami gwaje-gwaje iri-iri da hanyoyin tantancewa don tantance lafiyar gaskiya na matukan jirgi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=March 2002 |title=Assessing Pilots with 'the Wrong Stuff': A Call for Research on Emotional Health Factors in Commercial Aviators |journal=International Journal of Selection and Assessment |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1111/1468-2389.00204}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Amurka wanda [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bincika ya nuna cewa daga cikin matukan jirgi 3485 a fadin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, Turai, Asiya da Oceania, matukan jirage 233 ko 12.6% sun hadu da ƙofar da za a gano su da baƙin ciki kamar yadda DSM-5 ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=A.C |last2=Donnelly-McLay |first2=D |last3=Weisskopf |first3=M.G |last4=McNeely |first4=E |last5=Betancourt |first5=T. S |last6=Allen |first6=J. G |date=15 December 2016 |title=Airline pilot mental health and suicidal thoughts: A cross-sectional descriptive study via anonymous web-based survey. |journal=Environ Health |volume=15 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1186/s12940-016-0200-6 |pmc=5157081 |pmid=27974043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa shine na biyu ga cututtukan zuciya a cikin dalilai na rasa lasisin jirgin sama.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, matukan jirgi da yawa a kan magungunan rigakafi sun hana wannan bayanin daga hukumar kula da jirgin sama a kasarsu saboda tsoron rasa lasisin su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=Psychological factors in airline passenger and crew behaviour: A clinical overview |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.03.003 |pmid=17574141}}</ref> Binciken ya kara rikitarwa da gaskiyar cewa 'yan kalilan ne suka fahimci rikitarwa kuma tasirin cututtuka daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kwakwalwa ba su da masaniya game da ka'idojin matukan jirgi da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":7" /> Kodayake matukan jirgi suna buƙatar sabunta lasisin likita a kowane watanni 6 ta ƙwararren Masu jarrabawar likita, babu mai da hankali kan lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma babu masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ko likitan kwakwalwa da ya biyo baya sai dai idan matukin jirgi ya nemi ya yi hakan, wanda ba sau da yawa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Vuorio |first=Alpo |last2=Laukkala |first2=Tanja |last3=Navathe |first3=Pooshan |date=September 2012 |title=Major Depression and Fitness to Fly by Different Aviation Authorities |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=9 |pages=909–911 |doi=10.3357/asem.3363.2012 |pmid=22946357}}</ref> Kamfanin jiragen sama ya saba da sakamakon cututtukan kwakwalwa, <ref name=":1" /> wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suke gudanar da gwaje-gwajen mutum yayin tsarin zaɓe don gano duk wani batun lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) . Wannan dogon tambayoyin na iya gano 'yan takara masu haɗari ta hanyar yin jerin tambayoyi, an rubuta su daban, duk a kusa da irin wannan batun.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, saboda abin kunya a masana'antar Jirgin sama game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, matukan jirgi suna da tsaron gaske game da sakamakon su kuma suna iya jin matsin lamba don ɓoye duk wata alama ta matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=1994 |title=Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2 |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4 |pmid=8138885}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == A lokacin aikin matukin jirgi, shahararren rashin lafiya na hankali ya zama babban batun yayin da damuwa na aikin ke tarawa.<ref name=":8" /> Ana fuskantar matukan jirgi ga yanayin aiki mai wahala wanda ke nuna jadawalin da ba daidai ba, lokutan da suka fi nesa da gida, da kuma haɗuwa da Gajiya akai-akai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |last2=Field |first2=Gaby |last3=Scragg |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=The mental health of pilots: An overview |journal=Counselling Psychology Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.1080/09515070210143471 |s2cid=144508689}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar rashin tallafin zamantakewa daga gida, bambancin yanayin circadian, da kuma yawan ayyukan da ake buƙata.<ref name=":2" /> Masana da kamfanonin jiragen sama sun san waɗannan batutuwan tun daga farkon 1985, duk da haka akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Cary |last2=Sloan |first2=Stephen |date=August 1985 |title=Occupational and Psychosocial Stress Among Commercial Aviation Pilots. |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=570–575 |doi=10.1097/00043764-198508000-00014 |pmid=4032093}}</ref> Akwai halin namiji game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama, tare da tsarin laissez-faire.<ref name=":2" /> Dukkanin maza da mata a cikin jirgin sama suna da saukin kamuwa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Robert |last2=Politano |first2=Michael |date=2014 |title=Gender-related perceptions and stress, anxiety, and depression on the flight deck. |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000058}}</ref> Akwai mummunan zargi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":6" /> Wani binciken ya nuna cewa matukan jirgi sun ɗauka cewa 'yan matukan jirage waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da cutar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winter |first=Scott |last2=Rice |first2=Stephen |date=December 18, 2014 |title=Pilots Who Are Perceived as Unsociable Are Perceived as More Likely to Have a Mental Illness |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000071}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ko da abubuwan da ba alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa ba na iya lalata wasu da kuma mummunan sakamako na ganowa kamar suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, koda kuwa wannan ba haka ba ne.<ref name=":6" /> == Magani == Dole ne matukan jirgi da ma'aikatansu su san canje-canjen rayuwa na baya-bayan nan waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin matukin jirgi da halaye na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanya shine Tambayar Canjin Rayuwa ta Kwanan nan, wanda ke auna yadda wani zai iya canzawa.[1] Wannan tambayoyin ya gano wasu mutane waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya ba da damar kamfanin jirgin sama ya ba su tallafi.[1] Yana da mahimmanci ga kamfanonin jiragen sama su haɓaka shirin don cire mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari kuma su taimaka musu su sauya zuwa aikin da ya fi dacewa.[1] Masu sarrafawa suna kuma la'akari da aiwatar da gwajin tunani na bazuwar ga matukan jirgi, duk da haka an ba da shawarar cewa wannan ba zai zama wauta ba wajen kawar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirage.[2] Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya ta sanar da cewa za ta gudanar da bincike a cikin sabbin bayanai masu dacewa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirgi.[3] Yana da mahimmanci ga matukan jirgi su ji budewa game da lafiyar hankalinsu kuma kada su ji tsoron rasa ayyukansu. Ana iya cim ma wannan ta hanyar cire zargi da ke tattare da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙarfafa bayar da rahoto, da kuma samun kamfanoni suna aiki tare da matukan jirgi don taimaka musu su sami wasu ayyukan jirgin sama da samar da cibiyoyin lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] A duk lokacin daukar ma'aikata, ana iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na mutum don ganin idan suna cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=1994 |title=Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2 |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4 |pmid=8138885}}</ref> Bayan Germanwings Flight 9525, duka IATA da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Civil Aviation suna neman mafita, ɗayan shine gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum. Batun da ke da amsawa maimakon hanyar da ke aiki, shine cewa maimakon tallafawa matukan jirgi, yana haifar da mafi girman kunya a cikin masana'antar. Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jirgin Sama ta Turai ta kuma fitar da irin wannan sanarwa, inda ta bayyana cewa duk matukan jirgi suna buƙatar yin kimantawa na tunani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Tsaro na jirgin sama * Lafiyar kwakwalwa * Kashe kansa ta hanyar matukin jirgi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bv1tp2i4dxfofbkizwi2uhmgrzsgxiu 846397 846396 2026-06-03T23:28:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama''' babbar damuwa ce tsakanin Kamfanonin jiragen sama, masu sarrafawa, da fasinjoji. Wannan batun ya sami karin hankali bayan hadarin Germanwings na 2015, wanda matukin jirgin ya haifar da shi da gangan. Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin jirgin sama, amma matakai don tattara bayanai masu dacewa da samar da mafita mafi kyau suna gudana. Ya kamata a ambaci cewa yayin da yawancin tattaunawar game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama ya ta'allaka ne a kan matukan jirgi, wannan batun ya kai ga wasu ayyukan jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arghami Sh |date=2005 |title=Mental health in high-tech system |url=https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/1f9710fbaabeb93cf0a9aaaf751dbced260b60f219477db3847eecfab504ca3f/562762/1877-Article%20Text-1879-1-10-20151003.pdf |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=31–37}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Binciken da aka yi wa matukan jirgi na Brazil 809 ya gano cewa tsakanin 6.7 da 12% suna da rikicewar hankali. Ga matukan jirgi masu aiki mai nauyi, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 23.7%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feijó |first=Denise |last2=Luiz |first2=Ronir Raggio |last3=Camara |first3=Volney Magalhães |date=May 2012 |title=Common Mental Disorders Among Civil Aviation Pilots |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.3357/asem.3185.2012 |pmid=22606868}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin jirgin sama, kamar yadda yake a kowane masana'antu, kuma yana da mahimmanci a sami gwaje-gwaje iri-iri da hanyoyin tantancewa don tantance lafiyar gaskiya na matukan jirgi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=March 2002 |title=Assessing Pilots with 'the Wrong Stuff': A Call for Research on Emotional Health Factors in Commercial Aviators |journal=International Journal of Selection and Assessment |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1111/1468-2389.00204}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Amurka wanda [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bincika ya nuna cewa daga cikin matukan jirgi 3485 a fadin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, Turai, Asiya da Oceania, matukan jirage 233 ko 12.6% sun hadu da ƙofar da za a gano su da baƙin ciki kamar yadda DSM-5 ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=A.C |last2=Donnelly-McLay |first2=D |last3=Weisskopf |first3=M.G |last4=McNeely |first4=E |last5=Betancourt |first5=T. S |last6=Allen |first6=J. G |date=15 December 2016 |title=Airline pilot mental health and suicidal thoughts: A cross-sectional descriptive study via anonymous web-based survey. |journal=Environ Health |volume=15 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1186/s12940-016-0200-6 |pmc=5157081 |pmid=27974043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa shine na biyu ga cututtukan zuciya a cikin dalilai na rasa lasisin jirgin sama.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, matukan jirgi da yawa a kan magungunan rigakafi sun hana wannan bayanin daga hukumar kula da jirgin sama a kasarsu saboda tsoron rasa lasisin su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=Psychological factors in airline passenger and crew behaviour: A clinical overview |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.03.003 |pmid=17574141}}</ref> Binciken ya kara rikitarwa da gaskiyar cewa 'yan kalilan ne suka fahimci rikitarwa kuma tasirin cututtuka daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kwakwalwa ba su da masaniya game da ka'idojin matukan jirgi da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":7" /> Kodayake matukan jirgi suna buƙatar sabunta lasisin likita a kowane watanni 6 ta ƙwararren Masu jarrabawar likita, babu mai da hankali kan lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma babu masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ko likitan kwakwalwa da ya biyo baya sai dai idan matukin jirgi ya nemi ya yi hakan, wanda ba sau da yawa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Vuorio |first=Alpo |last2=Laukkala |first2=Tanja |last3=Navathe |first3=Pooshan |date=September 2012 |title=Major Depression and Fitness to Fly by Different Aviation Authorities |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=83 |issue=9 |pages=909–911 |doi=10.3357/asem.3363.2012 |pmid=22946357}}</ref> Kamfanin jiragen sama ya saba da sakamakon cututtukan kwakwalwa, <ref name=":1" /> wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suke gudanar da gwaje-gwajen mutum yayin tsarin zaɓe don gano duk wani batun lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) . Wannan dogon tambayoyin na iya gano 'yan takara masu haɗari ta hanyar yin jerin tambayoyi, an rubuta su daban, duk a kusa da irin wannan batun.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, saboda abin kunya a masana'antar Jirgin sama game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, matukan jirgi suna da tsaron gaske game da sakamakon su kuma suna iya jin matsin lamba don ɓoye duk wata alama ta matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=1994 |title=Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2 |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4 |pmid=8138885}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == A lokacin aikin matukin jirgi, shahararren rashin lafiya na hankali ya zama babban batun yayin da damuwa na aikin ke tarawa.<ref name=":8" /> Ana fuskantar matukan jirgi ga yanayin aiki mai wahala wanda ke nuna jadawalin da ba daidai ba, lokutan da suka fi nesa da gida, da kuma haɗuwa da Gajiya akai-akai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Bor |first=Robert |last2=Field |first2=Gaby |last3=Scragg |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=The mental health of pilots: An overview |journal=Counselling Psychology Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.1080/09515070210143471 |s2cid=144508689}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar rashin tallafin zamantakewa daga gida, bambancin yanayin circadian, da kuma yawan ayyukan da ake buƙata.<ref name=":2" /> Masana da kamfanonin jiragen sama sun san waɗannan batutuwan tun daga farkon 1985, duk da haka akwai ƙananan bayanai game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Cary |last2=Sloan |first2=Stephen |date=August 1985 |title=Occupational and Psychosocial Stress Among Commercial Aviation Pilots. |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=570–575 |doi=10.1097/00043764-198508000-00014 |pmid=4032093}}</ref> Akwai halin namiji game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama, tare da tsarin laissez-faire.<ref name=":2" /> Dukkanin maza da mata a cikin jirgin sama suna da saukin kamuwa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Robert |last2=Politano |first2=Michael |date=2014 |title=Gender-related perceptions and stress, anxiety, and depression on the flight deck. |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000058}}</ref> Akwai mummunan zargi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin jirgin sama.<ref name=":6" /> Wani binciken ya nuna cewa matukan jirgi sun ɗauka cewa 'yan matukan jirage waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da cutar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winter |first=Scott |last2=Rice |first2=Stephen |date=December 18, 2014 |title=Pilots Who Are Perceived as Unsociable Are Perceived as More Likely to Have a Mental Illness |journal=Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.1027/2192-0923/a000071}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa ko da abubuwan da ba alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa ba na iya lalata wasu da kuma mummunan sakamako na ganowa kamar suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, koda kuwa wannan ba haka ba ne.<ref name=":6" /> == Magani == Dole ne matukan jirgi da ma'aikatansu su san canje-canjen rayuwa na baya-bayan nan waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin matukin jirgi da halaye na lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanya shine Tambayar Canjin Rayuwa ta Kwanan nan, wanda ke auna yadda wani zai iya canzawa.[1] Wannan tambayoyin ya gano wasu mutane waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya ba da damar kamfanin jirgin sama ya ba su tallafi.[1] Yana da mahimmanci ga kamfanonin jiragen sama su haɓaka shirin don cire mutanen da ke cikin babban haɗari kuma su taimaka musu su sauya zuwa aikin da ya fi dacewa.[1] Masu sarrafawa suna kuma la'akari da aiwatar da gwajin tunani na bazuwar ga matukan jirgi, duk da haka an ba da shawarar cewa wannan ba zai zama wauta ba wajen kawar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirage.[2] Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya ta sanar da cewa za ta gudanar da bincike a cikin sabbin bayanai masu dacewa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matukan jirgi.[3] Yana da mahimmanci ga matukan jirgi su ji budewa game da lafiyar hankalinsu kuma kada su ji tsoron rasa ayyukansu. Ana iya cim ma wannan ta hanyar cire zargi da ke tattare da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙarfafa bayar da rahoto, da kuma samun kamfanoni suna aiki tare da matukan jirgi don taimaka musu su sami wasu ayyukan jirgin sama da samar da cibiyoyin lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] A duk lokacin daukar ma'aikata, ana iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na mutum don ganin idan suna cikin haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Butcher |first=James |date=1994 |title=Psychological Assessment of Airline Pilot Applicants With the MMPI-2 |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_4 |pmid=8138885}}</ref> Bayan Germanwings Flight 9525, duka IATA da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Civil Aviation suna neman mafita, ɗayan shine gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum. Batun da ke da amsawa maimakon hanyar da ke aiki, shine cewa maimakon tallafawa matukan jirgi, yana haifar da mafi girman kunya a cikin masana'antar. Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jirgin Sama ta Turai ta kuma fitar da irin wannan sanarwa, inda ta bayyana cewa duk matukan jirgi suna buƙatar yin kimantawa na tunani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * Tsaro na jirgin sama * Lafiyar kwakwalwa * Kashe kansa ta hanyar matukin jirgi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgsolkf80zbr0t6axvxp87mo4m7txf6 Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa 0 154611 846398 2026-06-03T23:28:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354326561|Mental health first aid]]" 846398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa''' shine fadada manufar taimakon farko na gargajiya don rufe yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa shine taimakon farko da nan da nan da aka ba wa duk wanda ke fuskantar ko ci gaban yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki ko rikice-rikice na damuwa, ko fuskantar yanayin rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar Tunanin kashe kansa ko fashewar tsoro. [[Fayil:Mental_Health_First_Aid_Training_at_Chabad_at_Texas_A&M_University_in_October_of_2019.jpg|thumb|380x380px|Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa a Chabad a Jami'ar Texas A&M]] == Horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa == Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana koya wa jama'a yadda za a taimaka wa mutumin da ke fuskantar matakai daban-daban na matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar horo na taimakon gaggawa na gargajiya, horo na taimakon taimakon gaggawa ya koya wa mutane su kula da ko gano lafiyar hankali ko yanayin amfani da kwayoyi.<ref name=":1" /> Maimakon haka, horo yana koya wa mutane yadda za su ba da tallafi na farko har sai an sami taimakon kwararru da ya dace ko har sai rikicin ya warware. === Tarihi === Shirin horo na farko na kiwon lafiya na hankali an kirkireshi ne a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001 ta ƙungiyar bincike da Betty Kitchener da Anthony Jorm suka jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program History |url=https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/training/mhfa/program-history/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Mental Health Commission of Canada |language=en}}</ref> An kirkiro shirin ne don koya wa membobin jama'a yadda za su samar da tallafi na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma haɗa su da taimakon kwararru da ya dace da albarkatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Mental Health First Aid? {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/why-mental-health-first-aid |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Sun gwada ra'ayin cewa ba da taimakon farko don lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya rage tasirin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, hanzarta farfadowa, da kuma kashe kansa da ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar ilimantar da dalibai kan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun gami da jin daɗin kashe kansa, cutar kai da gangan, hare-haren tsoro, ko alamun psychosis, da kuma yadda za a magance waɗannan yanayi. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Manufar ita ce ta rage zargi da ke tattare da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa kuma ta sa ya fi dacewa da cewa mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa za su nemi taimako, wanda zai rage haɗarin mutumin da ke zuwa lahani.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKitchenerJorm2002">Kitchener BA, Jorm AF (October 2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043 "Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior"]. ''BMC Psychiatry''. '''2''': 10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1471-244x-2-10|10.1186/1471-244x-2-10]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043 130043]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359045 12359045].</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Shirye-shiryen horar da taimakon taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna ba da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duniya, da yawa daga cikinsu ba riba ba ne. An aiwatar da su a kasashe kamar Amurka, Kanada, Ingila, Ireland, da sauran kasashen Turai, Asiya, da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Impact {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/our-impact/our-global-impact |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en}}</ref> MHFA Ingila an karbe ta sosai a cikin Ingila; Kimanin rabin mutane miliyan sun kasance ta hanyar shirin horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan daya daga cikin manya 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Record number’ of mental health first aiders… {{!}} CIPD HR-inform |url=https://www.hr-inform.co.uk/news-article/record-number-of-mental-health-first-aiders-being-trained |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hr-inform.co.uk}}</ref> A cikin 2017, taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na Ingila ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Gwamnatin Burtaniya don ƙirƙirar shirin fam miliyan 15 wanda ke da niyyar horar da mutane miliyan ɗaya a cikin ƙwarewar "taimako na farko".<ref>{{Cite web |title=New £15 million programme to help train one million in mental health first aid |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-15-million-programme-to-help-train-mental-health-first-aiders |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an gabatar da dokar taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a majalisa. A cikin 2025, MHFA Ingila ta ƙaddamar da shawarwarin jama'a game da sabon wurin aiki na taimakon farko na Lafiya ta Zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grapevine |first=H. R. |title=MHFA England launches public consultation on new workplace Mental Health First Aid standards |url=https://www.hrgrapevine.com/content/article/2025-10-16-mhfa-england-launches-public-consultation-on-new-workplace-mental-health-first-aid-standards |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hrgrapevine.com |language=en}}</ref> === Karɓar jama'a === Labaran kafofin watsa labarai da bidiyo sun nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da masu goyon bayan siyasa da shahararrun mutane, kamar tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-12 |title=President Obama's Plan to Address Our Nation's Urgent Mental Health Needs |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/president-obamas-plan-to-_1_b_6662016 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Amurka Michelle Obama, da mawaƙa / 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Lady Gaga]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2019 |title=Lady Gaga + students on Teen Mental Health First Aid! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nXw1I-F-38 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> 'Yan siyasa a kasashe kamar Australia <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mental health first aid law proposed in parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-64404427 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> da United Kingdom sun gabatar da wasu takardun doka don tilasta horar da taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu da sauran kungiyoyi. Kodayake ana ɗaukar su da kyau a ƙasashe da yawa, ba a tilasta horo na taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ƙungiyoyi a ko'ina cikin duniya ba. === Tsarin karatu === Tsarin karatun horo na taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa yawanci ya haɗa da batutuwa masu zuwa: * Alamomin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, schizophrenia, rikicewar bipolar, da rikicewar cin abinci, da kuma bayyani game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> * Alamun gargadi na yau da kullun na cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar yanayi, halayyar, da canje-canje na fahimta.<ref name=":3" /> * Bayani game da ba da shawara na gida da sabis na ilimin hauka, da kuma yadda za a taimaka wa wasu samun damar zuwa gare su.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health_&_Human_Services">Department of Health & Human Services. [http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course "Mental health first aid"]. ''www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Yin amfani da ilimin daga waɗancan batutuwa, ana horar da mahalarta a kan shirin mataki-mataki don samar da taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da yadda za a:<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, O'Kearney R, Dear KB |date=October 2004 |title=Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541] |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=4 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-4-33 |pmc=526774 |pmid=15500695 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Bincika haɗarin kashe kansa ko lahani # Ku kusanci lafiya kuma yadda ya kamata # Saurari ba tare da shari'a ba # Bayar da tabbaci # Karfafa taimakon kwararru da ya dace # Tallafa taimakon kai # Ƙarin dabarun tallafi Dangane da shirin, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke da niyya ga takamaiman jama'a, kamar yara da matasa, tsofaffi, ko tsofaffi.[1] ko yanayi kamar rikicewar amfani da kwayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi shi.[1] Dukkanin waɗannan batutuwa an rufe su don haɓaka ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na mahalarta wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin, ƙwarewa, da amincewa da ake buƙata don ganewa da amsawa yadda ya kamata ga alamun rashin lafiya na hankali da rikice-rikice na amfani da kwayoyi.[1] === Bincike kan horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa === An gudanar da sake dubawa da yawa don nazarin bayanai game da tasirin horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa akan ilimin mahalarta game da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma halayen taimako na gaba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana kara ilimin mahalarta game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana rage ra'ayoyinsu mara kyau, kuma yana kara halayensu na tallafawa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana inganta ilimin mahalarta, wayar da kan jama'a, da imani game da nasarar jiyya ga cututtukan kwakwalwa. A biye-biyen, an sami ɗan ci gaba a cikin adadin taimakon da aka ba wa mutumin da ke da matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa, amma yanayin canjin a cikin halayen da aka bayar ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name=":0" /> Binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan yadda masu horar da su ke amfani da ƙwarewar da suka koya, amma babu tasiri kan yadda ayyukansu suka kasance masu amfani ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na masu karɓa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forthal S, Sadowska K, Pike KM, Balachander M, Jacobsson K, Hermosilla S |date=April 2022 |title=Mental Health First Aid: A Systematic Review of Trainee Behavior and Recipient Mental Health Outcomes |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.202100027 |pmc=8814050 |pmid=34346736}}</ref> Wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya mayar da hankali kan horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon taimakon matasa da matasa na lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya sami gagarumin ci gaba a fahimtar, ganewa, nuna rashin fahimta, taimakawa motsawa, da kuma taimakawa halayyar matasa da matasa masu halarta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ng SH, Tan NJ, Luo Y, Goh WS, Ho R, Ho CS |date=August 2021 |title=A Systematic Review of Youth and Teen Mental Health First Aid: Improving Adolescent Mental Health |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.018 |pmid=33221189 |s2cid=227131505}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka fi bayyana akai-akai shine a cikin ilimi da amincewa, yayin da mafi ƙarancin ci gaba da aka ruwaito akai-akai shi ne a cikin taimakawa halayyar.<ref name=":2" /> Ya zuwa 2024, an fitar da shirin taimakon farko na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa zuwa kasashe sama da 25 kuma an horar da mutane sama da miliyan 6 a duk duniya, tare da sama da miliyan 1 da aka horar a cikin Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health First Aid Australia |url=https://www.mhfa.com.au/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Mental Health First Aid Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5qqm9hmbmlb7fyjvk7zeqd3vgkrhxqu 846399 846398 2026-06-03T23:28:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa''' shine fadada manufar taimakon farko na gargajiya don rufe yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa shine taimakon farko da nan da nan da aka ba wa duk wanda ke fuskantar ko ci gaban yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki ko rikice-rikice na damuwa, ko fuskantar yanayin rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar Tunanin kashe kansa ko fashewar tsoro. [[Fayil:Mental_Health_First_Aid_Training_at_Chabad_at_Texas_A&M_University_in_October_of_2019.jpg|thumb|380x380px|Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa a Chabad a Jami'ar Texas A&M]] == Horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa == Horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana koya wa jama'a yadda za a taimaka wa mutumin da ke fuskantar matakai daban-daban na matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar horo na taimakon gaggawa na gargajiya, horo na taimakon taimakon gaggawa ya koya wa mutane su kula da ko gano lafiyar hankali ko yanayin amfani da kwayoyi.<ref name=":1" /> Maimakon haka, horo yana koya wa mutane yadda za su ba da tallafi na farko har sai an sami taimakon kwararru da ya dace ko har sai rikicin ya warware. === Tarihi === Shirin horo na farko na kiwon lafiya na hankali an kirkireshi ne a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001 ta ƙungiyar bincike da Betty Kitchener da Anthony Jorm suka jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Program History |url=https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/training/mhfa/program-history/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Mental Health Commission of Canada |language=en}}</ref> An kirkiro shirin ne don koya wa membobin jama'a yadda za su samar da tallafi na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma haɗa su da taimakon kwararru da ya dace da albarkatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Mental Health First Aid? {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/why-mental-health-first-aid |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Sun gwada ra'ayin cewa ba da taimakon farko don lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya rage tasirin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, hanzarta farfadowa, da kuma kashe kansa da ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar ilimantar da dalibai kan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun gami da jin daɗin kashe kansa, cutar kai da gangan, hare-haren tsoro, ko alamun psychosis, da kuma yadda za a magance waɗannan yanayi. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Manufar ita ce ta rage zargi da ke tattare da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa kuma ta sa ya fi dacewa da cewa mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa za su nemi taimako, wanda zai rage haɗarin mutumin da ke zuwa lahani.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitchener BA, Jorm AF |date=October 2002 |title=Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-244x-2-10 |pmc=130043 |pmid=12359045 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKitchenerJorm2002">Kitchener BA, Jorm AF (October 2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043 "Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior"]. ''BMC Psychiatry''. '''2''': 10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1471-244x-2-10|10.1186/1471-244x-2-10]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130043 130043]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359045 12359045].</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Shirye-shiryen horar da taimakon taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna ba da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duniya, da yawa daga cikinsu ba riba ba ne. An aiwatar da su a kasashe kamar Amurka, Kanada, Ingila, Ireland, da sauran kasashen Turai, Asiya, da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Impact {{!}} Mental Health First Aid |url=https://mhfa.com.au/our-impact/our-global-impact |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=mhfa.com.au |language=en}}</ref> MHFA Ingila an karbe ta sosai a cikin Ingila; Kimanin rabin mutane miliyan sun kasance ta hanyar shirin horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan daya daga cikin manya 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Record number’ of mental health first aiders… {{!}} CIPD HR-inform |url=https://www.hr-inform.co.uk/news-article/record-number-of-mental-health-first-aiders-being-trained |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hr-inform.co.uk}}</ref> A cikin 2017, taimakon farko na kiwon lafiya na Ingila ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Gwamnatin Burtaniya don ƙirƙirar shirin fam miliyan 15 wanda ke da niyyar horar da mutane miliyan ɗaya a cikin ƙwarewar "taimako na farko".<ref>{{Cite web |title=New £15 million programme to help train one million in mental health first aid |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-15-million-programme-to-help-train-mental-health-first-aiders |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an gabatar da dokar taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a majalisa. A cikin 2025, MHFA Ingila ta ƙaddamar da shawarwarin jama'a game da sabon wurin aiki na taimakon farko na Lafiya ta Zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grapevine |first=H. R. |title=MHFA England launches public consultation on new workplace Mental Health First Aid standards |url=https://www.hrgrapevine.com/content/article/2025-10-16-mhfa-england-launches-public-consultation-on-new-workplace-mental-health-first-aid-standards |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.hrgrapevine.com |language=en}}</ref> === Karɓar jama'a === Labaran kafofin watsa labarai da bidiyo sun nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da masu goyon bayan siyasa da shahararrun mutane, kamar tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-12 |title=President Obama's Plan to Address Our Nation's Urgent Mental Health Needs |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/president-obamas-plan-to-_1_b_6662016 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Amurka Michelle Obama, da mawaƙa / 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Lady Gaga]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2019 |title=Lady Gaga + students on Teen Mental Health First Aid! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nXw1I-F-38 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> 'Yan siyasa a kasashe kamar Australia <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mental health first aid law proposed in parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-64404427 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> da United Kingdom sun gabatar da wasu takardun doka don tilasta horar da taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu da sauran kungiyoyi. Kodayake ana ɗaukar su da kyau a ƙasashe da yawa, ba a tilasta horo na taimakon taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ƙungiyoyi a ko'ina cikin duniya ba. === Tsarin karatu === Tsarin karatun horo na taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa yawanci ya haɗa da batutuwa masu zuwa: * Alamomin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, schizophrenia, rikicewar bipolar, da rikicewar cin abinci, da kuma bayyani game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> * Alamun gargadi na yau da kullun na cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar yanayi, halayyar, da canje-canje na fahimta.<ref name=":3" /> * Bayani game da ba da shawara na gida da sabis na ilimin hauka, da kuma yadda za a taimaka wa wasu samun damar zuwa gare su.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Mental health first aid |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health_&_Human_Services">Department of Health & Human Services. [http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/mental-health-first-aid-course "Mental health first aid"]. ''www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Yin amfani da ilimin daga waɗancan batutuwa, ana horar da mahalarta a kan shirin mataki-mataki don samar da taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da yadda za a:<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, O'Kearney R, Dear KB |date=October 2004 |title=Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541] |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=4 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-4-33 |pmc=526774 |pmid=15500695 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Bincika haɗarin kashe kansa ko lahani # Ku kusanci lafiya kuma yadda ya kamata # Saurari ba tare da shari'a ba # Bayar da tabbaci # Karfafa taimakon kwararru da ya dace # Tallafa taimakon kai # Ƙarin dabarun tallafi Dangane da shirin, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke da niyya ga takamaiman jama'a, kamar yara da matasa, tsofaffi, ko tsofaffi.[1] ko yanayi kamar rikicewar amfani da kwayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi shi.[1] Dukkanin waɗannan batutuwa an rufe su don haɓaka ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na mahalarta wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin, ƙwarewa, da amincewa da ake buƙata don ganewa da amsawa yadda ya kamata ga alamun rashin lafiya na hankali da rikice-rikice na amfani da kwayoyi.[1] === Bincike kan horar da taimakon gaggawa na lafiyar kwakwalwa === An gudanar da sake dubawa da yawa don nazarin bayanai game da tasirin horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa akan ilimin mahalarta game da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma halayen taimako na gaba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2014 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana kara ilimin mahalarta game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana rage ra'ayoyinsu mara kyau, kuma yana kara halayensu na tallafawa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 ya kammala cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana inganta ilimin mahalarta, wayar da kan jama'a, da imani game da nasarar jiyya ga cututtukan kwakwalwa. A biye-biyen, an sami ɗan ci gaba a cikin adadin taimakon da aka ba wa mutumin da ke da matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa, amma yanayin canjin a cikin halayen da aka bayar ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name=":0" /> Binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya nuna cewa horar da taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan yadda masu horar da su ke amfani da ƙwarewar da suka koya, amma babu tasiri kan yadda ayyukansu suka kasance masu amfani ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na masu karɓa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forthal S, Sadowska K, Pike KM, Balachander M, Jacobsson K, Hermosilla S |date=April 2022 |title=Mental Health First Aid: A Systematic Review of Trainee Behavior and Recipient Mental Health Outcomes |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.202100027 |pmc=8814050 |pmid=34346736}}</ref> Wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a cikin 2020 ya mayar da hankali kan horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon taimakon matasa da matasa na lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ya sami gagarumin ci gaba a fahimtar, ganewa, nuna rashin fahimta, taimakawa motsawa, da kuma taimakawa halayyar matasa da matasa masu halarta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ng SH, Tan NJ, Luo Y, Goh WS, Ho R, Ho CS |date=August 2021 |title=A Systematic Review of Youth and Teen Mental Health First Aid: Improving Adolescent Mental Health |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.018 |pmid=33221189 |s2cid=227131505}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka fi bayyana akai-akai shine a cikin ilimi da amincewa, yayin da mafi ƙarancin ci gaba da aka ruwaito akai-akai shi ne a cikin taimakawa halayyar.<ref name=":2" /> Ya zuwa 2024, an fitar da shirin taimakon farko na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa zuwa kasashe sama da 25 kuma an horar da mutane sama da miliyan 6 a duk duniya, tare da sama da miliyan 1 da aka horar a cikin Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health First Aid Australia |url=https://www.mhfa.com.au/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Mental Health First Aid Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5c6d8b0jyohfsc9bh26j3y9rsuaudy Ranar Lafiya ta kwakwalwa 0 154612 846400 2026-06-03T23:29:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321215829|Mental health day]]" 846400 wikitext text/x-wiki   A wuraren aiki, musamman a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], ranar kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ita ce inda ma'aikaci ya ɗauki hutun rashin lafiya, ko kuma inda dalibi bai halarci makaranta na rana ɗaya ko fiye ba, saboda wasu dalilai ban da rashin lafiya na jiki. Ranar kiwon lafiya ta hankali an yi imanin cewa za ta rage rashin aiki da presenteeism, wanda shine raguwar yawan aiki ko wasu mummunan sakamako sakamakon matsin lamba don aiki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-28 |title=Taking a mental health day (and not feeling guilty about it) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/everyday/how-to-take-mental-health-day/10007706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135341/https://www.abc.net.au/everyday/how-to-take-mental-health-day/10007706 |archive-date=2022-06-19 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=ABC Everyday |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-08 |title=Here's why mental health days are important for workplaces |url=https://www.hrmonline.com.au/mental-health/mental-health-days-workplaces/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=HRM online |language=en-AU}}</ref> Kwanakin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun bambanta da rashin aiki a cikin cewa manufar ita ce sake saita lafiyar kwakwalwar mutum maimakon saboda sha'awar da ba ta da mahimmanci ko jin don tsallake aiki. == Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == Babban rikicewar baƙin ciki, rikicewar bipolar, rikice-rikice na [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa, tare da yanayin kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, da damuwa, na iya haifar da raunin aiki da ilmantarwa. Akwai shaidu a Amurka cewa rashin isasshen tallafin gudanarwa ga cututtukan kwakwalwa da mummunan yanayi ya haifar da karuwar rashin halarta, cututtuka, da kuma kimanin asarar dala biliyan 300 a kowace shekara sakamakon damuwa a wurin aiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Bob |date=2021-10-14 |title=Mental Health Days at Work for Employees [Do's & Don'ts] |url=https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518040140/https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Breeze |language=en}}</ref> Rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya kuma iyakance ikon ɗalibai da ma'aikata su nemi izinin rashin lafiya don lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-08 |title=Here's why mental health days are important for workplaces |url=https://www.hrmonline.com.au/mental-health/mental-health-days-workplaces/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=HRM online |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Bob |date=2021-10-14 |title=Mental Health Days at Work for Employees [Do's & Don'ts] |url=https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518040140/https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Breeze |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Susanin |first=Roger |last2=Polansky |first2=Rob |date=23 May 2022 |title=U.S. lawmakers propose legislation to tackle mental health issues |url=https://www.wfsb.com/2022/05/23/us-lawmakers-propose-legislation-tackle-mental-health-issues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525170112/https://www.wfsb.com/2022/05/23/us-lawmakers-propose-legislation-tackle-mental-health-issues/ |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=WFSB Eyewitness News |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar kalmar "ranar kiwon lafiya ta hankali" ita ce yin aiki a matsayin madadin kalmomi ga "ranar rashin lafiya" don kauce wa zargi daga matsalolin kiwon lafiya na aiki, don ma'aikata su iya bayyana wahala da neman tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing 'mental health day' stigma |url=http://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/addressing-mental-health-day-stigma-176288.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193203/https://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/addressing-mental-health-day-stigma-176288.aspx |archive-date=2018-03-21 |access-date=2013-07-26}}</ref> == Shari'a == A Ostiraliya, bisa ga Dokar Ayyuka Masu Kyau ta 2009, ma'aikata suna da damar yin amfani da hutun rashin lafiya da hutun mutum tunda bisa ga Mai Kula da Ayyuka Masu Lokaci, rashin lafiya na mutum ya haɗa da damuwa wanda zai iya shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta ma'aikaci.[1] Tun da ma'aikata na yau da kullun a Ostiraliya ba sa samun izinin rashin lafiya, wannan yana nufin ba su iya ta hanyar Dokar Ayyuka ta 2009 don samun ranar kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa, duk da haka tattaunawa tare da ma'aikatan yana yiwuwa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa ba sa buƙatar bayyana yanayin don wannan dalili sai dai idan sun cutar da kansu ko wasu mutane, duk da haka bayyana batutuwan na iya ba ma'aikata damar karɓar buƙatu.[1][2] A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a karkashin Dokar Amurkawa tare da Naƙasasshewa ta 1990, mutane na iya samun kwanakin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na "yanayin zama mai kyau" don rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka bayyana. A wasu lokuta kamar don damuwa, ana ba da izinin yin hutu gaba ɗaya bisa ga ra'ayin mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Taking a 'mental health day': Your rights in the workplace |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/taking-a-mental-health-day-your-rights-in-the-workplace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619133839/https://www.foxnews.com/health/taking-a-mental-health-day-your-rights-in-the-workplace |archive-date=2022-06-19 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=NerdWallet.com |publisher=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == hua4hdc8fu41j3pun1tbxco2o1grnmn 846401 846400 2026-06-03T23:29:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846401 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} A wuraren aiki, musamman a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], ranar kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ita ce inda ma'aikaci ya ɗauki hutun rashin lafiya, ko kuma inda dalibi bai halarci makaranta na rana ɗaya ko fiye ba, saboda wasu dalilai ban da rashin lafiya na jiki. Ranar kiwon lafiya ta hankali an yi imanin cewa za ta rage rashin aiki da presenteeism, wanda shine raguwar yawan aiki ko wasu mummunan sakamako sakamakon matsin lamba don aiki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-28 |title=Taking a mental health day (and not feeling guilty about it) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/everyday/how-to-take-mental-health-day/10007706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135341/https://www.abc.net.au/everyday/how-to-take-mental-health-day/10007706 |archive-date=2022-06-19 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=ABC Everyday |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-08 |title=Here's why mental health days are important for workplaces |url=https://www.hrmonline.com.au/mental-health/mental-health-days-workplaces/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=HRM online |language=en-AU}}</ref> Kwanakin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun bambanta da rashin aiki a cikin cewa manufar ita ce sake saita lafiyar kwakwalwar mutum maimakon saboda sha'awar da ba ta da mahimmanci ko jin don tsallake aiki. == Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == Babban rikicewar baƙin ciki, rikicewar bipolar, rikice-rikice na [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa, tare da yanayin kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, da damuwa, na iya haifar da raunin aiki da ilmantarwa. Akwai shaidu a Amurka cewa rashin isasshen tallafin gudanarwa ga cututtukan kwakwalwa da mummunan yanayi ya haifar da karuwar rashin halarta, cututtuka, da kuma kimanin asarar dala biliyan 300 a kowace shekara sakamakon damuwa a wurin aiki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Bob |date=2021-10-14 |title=Mental Health Days at Work for Employees [Do's & Don'ts] |url=https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518040140/https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Breeze |language=en}}</ref> Rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya kuma iyakance ikon ɗalibai da ma'aikata su nemi izinin rashin lafiya don lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-08 |title=Here's why mental health days are important for workplaces |url=https://www.hrmonline.com.au/mental-health/mental-health-days-workplaces/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=HRM online |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Bob |date=2021-10-14 |title=Mental Health Days at Work for Employees [Do's & Don'ts] |url=https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518040140/https://www.meetbreeze.com/blog/mental-health-days-at-work/ |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Breeze |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Susanin |first=Roger |last2=Polansky |first2=Rob |date=23 May 2022 |title=U.S. lawmakers propose legislation to tackle mental health issues |url=https://www.wfsb.com/2022/05/23/us-lawmakers-propose-legislation-tackle-mental-health-issues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525170112/https://www.wfsb.com/2022/05/23/us-lawmakers-propose-legislation-tackle-mental-health-issues/ |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=WFSB Eyewitness News |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar kalmar "ranar kiwon lafiya ta hankali" ita ce yin aiki a matsayin madadin kalmomi ga "ranar rashin lafiya" don kauce wa zargi daga matsalolin kiwon lafiya na aiki, don ma'aikata su iya bayyana wahala da neman tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing 'mental health day' stigma |url=http://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/addressing-mental-health-day-stigma-176288.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193203/https://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/addressing-mental-health-day-stigma-176288.aspx |archive-date=2018-03-21 |access-date=2013-07-26}}</ref> == Shari'a == A Ostiraliya, bisa ga Dokar Ayyuka Masu Kyau ta 2009, ma'aikata suna da damar yin amfani da hutun rashin lafiya da hutun mutum tunda bisa ga Mai Kula da Ayyuka Masu Lokaci, rashin lafiya na mutum ya haɗa da damuwa wanda zai iya shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta ma'aikaci.[1] Tun da ma'aikata na yau da kullun a Ostiraliya ba sa samun izinin rashin lafiya, wannan yana nufin ba su iya ta hanyar Dokar Ayyuka ta 2009 don samun ranar kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa, duk da haka tattaunawa tare da ma'aikatan yana yiwuwa.[1] Mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa ba sa buƙatar bayyana yanayin don wannan dalili sai dai idan sun cutar da kansu ko wasu mutane, duk da haka bayyana batutuwan na iya ba ma'aikata damar karɓar buƙatu.[1][2] A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a karkashin Dokar Amurkawa tare da Naƙasasshewa ta 1990, mutane na iya samun kwanakin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na "yanayin zama mai kyau" don rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka bayyana. A wasu lokuta kamar don damuwa, ana ba da izinin yin hutu gaba ɗaya bisa ga ra'ayin mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Taking a 'mental health day': Your rights in the workplace |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/taking-a-mental-health-day-your-rights-in-the-workplace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619133839/https://www.foxnews.com/health/taking-a-mental-health-day-your-rights-in-the-workplace |archive-date=2022-06-19 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=NerdWallet.com |publisher=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1aip9y5ndkvloj9enqxwqqccv7vkptn Yanayin tunani 0 154613 846402 2026-06-03T23:30:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353626791|Mental environment]]" 846402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yanayin tunani''' yana nufin jimlar duk tasirin al'umma akan lafiyar hankali. Ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa a cikin mahallin da ke da mahimmanci game da yanayin tunani a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu. An yi jayayya cewa kamar yadda al'ummomin masana'antu ke samar da guba ta jiki da gurɓataccen abu wanda ke cutar da lafiyar jiki na mutane, suna kuma samar da gubobi na tunani (misali talabijin, hayaniya mai yawa, dabarun tallace-tallace na tashin hankali, Jarabawar Intanet, [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]) wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tunani. Wannan mummunan yanayin tunani na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa yawan cututtukan hankali suka fi girma a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu wanda kuma yana iya samun tushensa a cikin yanayin ilimi mara kyau da rayuwar injiniya. Addinin sihiri muhimmiyar gudummawa ce ga irin wannan saitunan al'umma. Rashin fahimta irin su waɗannan da suka samo asali daga ƙuruciya sau da yawa suna da wuyar sarrafawa gaba ɗaya daga rayuwar mutum.[1] Tunanin ya samo asali ne daga ilimin halayyar juyin halitta, kamar yadda za'a iya bayyana mummunan sakamako na mummunan yanayi na tunani ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa tsakanin yanayin tunanin mutane da suka samo asali don wanzu a ciki da wanda suke ciki a yau. "Muna rayuwa a cikin yanayi na tunani da na jiki. Za mu iya rinjayar yanayin tunani da ke kewaye da mu, amma har zuwa mafi girma yanayin tunani ne ke rinjayar mu. Yanayin tunani ya ƙunshi ƙarfin da ke shafar tunaninmu da motsin zuciyarmu kuma hakan zai iya mamaye tunaninmu. " - Marshall Vian Summers == Dubi kuma == * Lafiyar kwakwalwa da gurɓata * [[Tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa|Tasirin canjin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa]] * Ilimin halayyar muhalli * [[Ginin lafiya]] * Magungunan lambu * [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|Hakkin samun yanayi mai kyau]] * Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da lafiyar hankali * Gidan magani == Manazarta == p01dv0rvum55ngorapmvkla9ej6wmk3 846403 846402 2026-06-03T23:30:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yanayin tunani''' yana nufin jimlar duk tasirin al'umma akan lafiyar hankali. Ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa a cikin mahallin da ke da mahimmanci game da yanayin tunani a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu. An yi jayayya cewa kamar yadda al'ummomin masana'antu ke samar da guba ta jiki da gurɓataccen abu wanda ke cutar da lafiyar jiki na mutane, suna kuma samar da gubobi na tunani (misali talabijin, hayaniya mai yawa, dabarun tallace-tallace na tashin hankali, Jarabawar Intanet, [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]) wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tunani. Wannan mummunan yanayin tunani na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa yawan cututtukan hankali suka fi girma a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu wanda kuma yana iya samun tushensa a cikin yanayin ilimi mara kyau da rayuwar injiniya. Addinin sihiri muhimmiyar gudummawa ce ga irin wannan saitunan al'umma. Rashin fahimta irin su waɗannan da suka samo asali daga ƙuruciya sau da yawa suna da wuyar sarrafawa gaba ɗaya daga rayuwar mutum.[1] Tunanin ya samo asali ne daga ilimin halayyar juyin halitta, kamar yadda za'a iya bayyana mummunan sakamako na mummunan yanayi na tunani ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa tsakanin yanayin tunanin mutane da suka samo asali don wanzu a ciki da wanda suke ciki a yau. "Muna rayuwa a cikin yanayi na tunani da na jiki. Za mu iya rinjayar yanayin tunani da ke kewaye da mu, amma har zuwa mafi girma yanayin tunani ne ke rinjayar mu. Yanayin tunani ya ƙunshi ƙarfin da ke shafar tunaninmu da motsin zuciyarmu kuma hakan zai iya mamaye tunaninmu. " - Marshall Vian Summers == Dubi kuma == * Lafiyar kwakwalwa da gurɓata * [[Tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa|Tasirin canjin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa]] * Ilimin halayyar muhalli * [[Ginin lafiya]] * Magungunan lambu * [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|Hakkin samun yanayi mai kyau]] * Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da lafiyar hankali * Gidan magani == Manazarta == eeqwiybtopp92q34wz959sgqrwbe3s4 Cutar Loneliness 0 154614 846404 2026-06-03T23:31:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343636207|Loneliness epidemic]]" 846404 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar kaɗaici kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana karuwar kaɗaici da warewar jama'a.[1][2] An yi jayayya cewa karuwar ta fara ne a cikin shekarun 2010 kuma ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar nisantar jama'a, umarnin zama a gida, da Mutuwa a lokacin annobar COVID-19. [1] [3] Sauran abubuwan da aka ba da gudummawa don karuwar sun haɗa da son kai, fasaha da kafofin sada zumunta, Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da rashin digiri na kwaleji.[4] == Tarihin nazarin kaɗaici == A cikin shekara ta 2010, wani bita na tsari da kuma nazarin meta da Holt-Lunstad, Smith, da Layton suka yi, sun bayyana cewa "hanyar rayuwa ta zamani a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu" tana rage ingancin dangantakar zamantakewa sosai, wani bangare saboda mutanen da ba sa zaune kusa da iyalansu. Binciken ya lura cewa daga 1990 zuwa 2010, yawan Amurkawa da ba su bayar da rahoton cewa babu wani asirin da ya ninka sau uku.<ref name="Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet">{{Cite journal |last=Holt-Lunstad |first=Julianne |last2=Smith |first2=Timothy B. |last3=Layton |first3=J. Bradley |year=2010 |title=Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 |pmc=2910600 |pmid=20668659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An buga bincike da yawa game da batun jim kadan kafin annobar COVID-19 ta hanyar masana kimiyya kamar Claude S. Fischer da Eric Klinenberg. Duk da yake ba a bayyana batun kaɗaici a duniya a matsayin " annoba ba," binciken ya kammala cewa kaɗaici babban batu ne tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya ga miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=All the Lonely Americans? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2018/8/all-the-lonely-americans |access-date=1 March 2020 |publisher=[[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=Is there a loneliness epidemic? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> A [[Turai]], Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gudanar da kwatankwacin kwatankwacin yaduwar da ke tattare da kaɗaici da warewar jama'a a lokacin kafin COVID. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 8.6% na yawan manya a Turai suna fuskantar kaɗaici akai-akai kuma kashi 20.8% suna fuskantar warewar zamantakewa, tare da [[gabashin Turai]] da ke yin rikodin mafi girman yaduwar abubuwan biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baarck |first=J |last2=D'hombres |first2=B |last3=Tintori |first3=G |date=16 November 2021 |title=Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126802 |journal=Joint Research Centre of the European Commission}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan binciken sun haifar da ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don bincikawa da magance kaɗaici a matsayin fifiko na kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]], a Amurka da duniya. Wasu marubutan sun gano son kai a matsayin tushen dalilin kaɗaici a cikin Al'ummomin Yamma, musamman a cikin Masanan Amurka kamar Robert N. Bellah, a cikin Habits of the Heart, suna jayayya cewa son kai na Amurka yana raunana alaƙar al'umma, wanda ke haifar da warewar zamantakewa da kaɗaici. Hakazalika, rubutun Wendell Berry sun jaddada yadda tsarin zamantakewa na zamani, na riba ke lalata haɗin al'umma. [[Fasaha|Amfani da fasaha]] wani muhimmin abu ne. A cewar Capita, wani tanki na Amurka wanda ya kware a cikin nazarin kaɗaici, yawan amfani da dijital da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]], musamman tsakanin matasa, sau da yawa yana Ragewa hulɗa Rayuwa ta ainihi kuma yana zurfafa jin dadin warewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture |url=https://capita.org/publication/social-connection-report-the-ties-that-bind-and-nurture/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> A cikin wani rubutun da ake kira The Good, The Bad & The Lonely, Capita ya nuna cewa Gen Z yana fuskantar matsanancin kaɗaici, yayin da suke ba da rahoton ƙarancin shiga cikin Ayyukan al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erickson |first=Elizabeth |date=8 September 2022 |title=The Good, The Bad & The Lonely: What we need to know about Gen Z |url=https://capita.org/the-good-the-bad-the-lonely-what-we-need-to-know-about-gen-z/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Binciken Richard Weissbourd ya goyi bayan waɗannan binciken, yana haɗa kafofin sada zumunta da Lokacin allo zuwa cirewa tsakanin matasa na Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Richard Weissbourd, Milena Batanova, Virginia Lovison, and Eric Torres |date=February 2021 |title=Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It |url=https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Making Caring Common {{!}} Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref> An kuma sami ƙalubalen tattalin arziki don ƙara waɗannan batutuwan. Ma'aikatan da ke biyan albashi da mutane a yankunan da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki suna fuskantar matakan kaɗaici saboda iyakancewar motsi na zamantakewa da samun damar albarkatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbin |first=Ian Marcus |date=24 July 2024 |title=What's Behind America's Loneliness Crisis? |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/whats-behind-americas-loneliness-crisis |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[Commonweal Magazine]]}}</ref> Littafin Chris Arnade Dignity ya bayyana yadda Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki ke ware mutane, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Yawan da aka ruwaito na jin kaɗaici yana da alaƙa mara kyau da samun kudin shiga, a duk faɗin da kuma cikin ƙasashe. A halin yanzu, binciken 2021 game da tasirin Iyaye akan kaɗaici ya nuna cewa kodayake iyaye suna ba da rahoton ɗan ƙarin [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] fiye da waɗanda ba iyaye ba, Gidaje masu zaman kansu da ƙananan yanayin tallafin zamantakewar jama'a suna fuskantar haɗarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprague-Jones |first=Jessica |date=10 December 2021 |title=Survey: Parents feel more social support than non-parents |url=https://capita.org/survey-parents-feel-more-social-support-than-non-parents/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Timothy P. Carney's Family Unfriendly ya nuna manufofi waɗanda suka kasa tallafawa iyaye masu zama a gida, suna ba da gudummawa ga warewa da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Amsawar duniya game da annobar kaɗaici == Tun daga shekarun 2010, an ƙaddamar da manyan shirye-shirye a ƙasashe da suka haɗa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da Burtaniya.<ref name="BMJ2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A et al. |date=2022 |title=The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=376 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2021-067068 |pmc=8826180 |pmid=35140066 |quote=Worldwide, initiatives have been launched to address "the epidemic of loneliness."}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ayyana kaɗaici a matsayin "damuwar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya" kuma ta kaddamar da kwamiti na kasa da kasa don nazarin matsalar. === Amurka === A Amurka, annobar kaɗaici ta ƙara zama batun muhawara ta jama'a, musamman tun daga Mayu 2023, lokacin da likitan Amurka Janar Vivek Murthy ya buga wani shawarwari na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam game da tasirin annobar kaɗaiبوون da warewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation |url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502132300/https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.hhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana haɗarin kiwon lafiya na kaɗaici, gami da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, da rashin hankali, kuma ya kwatanta haɗarin kaɗaici da wasu barazanar [[lafiyar jama'a]] kamar shan sigari da kiba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness |url=https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |date=4 March 2024 |title=Tackling the loneliness epidemic: A Q&A with Sen. Chris Murphy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INAfe81nR2Q |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Bayan shawarwarin Murthy, shawarwarin majalisa na jam'iyyun biyu sun fito, musamman Dokar Shirye-shiryen Kasa don Haɗin Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Sanata Chris Murphy. Wannan aikin da aka gabatar yana da niyyar kafa ofishin tarayya wanda ke mai da hankali kan magance kaɗaici da inganta haɗin zamantakewa ta hanyar al'umma da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Murphy Introduces Legislation to Establish National Strategy to Combat Loneliness, Promote Social Connection |url=https://www.murphy.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/murphy-introduces-legislation-to-establish-national-strategy-to-combat-loneliness-promote-social-connection |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Senator Chris Murphy}}</ref> Tattaunawar game da kaɗaici tun daga lokacin ya fadada don haɗawa da martani na [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|matakin jihar]] da kuma wayar da kan jama'a, yana jaddada buƙatar ƙoƙarin tsarin don magance wannan ƙalubalen lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture |url=https://capita.org/publication/social-connection-report-the-ties-that-bind-and-nurture/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa ma'aunin da ke nuna kaɗaici sun kasance sananne ne musamman tsakanin Amurkawa waɗanda ba su da digiri na kwaleji. == Bayanan littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Halin Zuciya: Mutum da Alkawari a Rayuwar Amurka. [[Jami'ar California Press]]. {{ISBN|9780520053885}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Bowling_Alone/rd2ibodep7UC Bowling Alone: Rushewa da farfadowa na al'ummar Amurka]''. Simon &amp;amp; Schuster. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780743203043|<bdi>9780743203043</bdi>]]{{ISBN|9780743203043}}&nbsp; * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2910600/ "Hadin gwiwar Jama'a da Hadarin Mutuwa: Binciken Meta-analytic".] Magungunan PLOS. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry . ReadHowYouWant. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781458780645|<bdi>9781458780645</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9781458780645}}&nbsp; * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [https://files.&#x3C;i&#x20;id= KFF.org/attachment/Report-Loneliness-and-Social-Isolation-in-the-United-States-the-United-Kingdom-and-Japan-An-International-Survey" id="mwATM" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Samun kai da warewar jama'a a Amurka, Ingila, da Japan: Binciken Duniya"]. KFF. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Daraja: Neman Daraja a Back Row America . Kungiyar Bugawa ta Penguin. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780525534730|<bdi>9780525534730</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780525534730}}&nbsp; * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Loneliness a Turai kafin da kuma lokacin annobar COVID-19". ''Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai''. * Kyaftin. (2022). ''[https://capita.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/TheTiesThatBindandNurtureFinal.pdf Rahoton Haɗin Jama'a: Dangantakar da ke Haɗa da Kulawa]''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Surkalim, D. L.; Luo, M.; Eres, R.; Gebel, K.; van Buskirk, J.; Bauman, A; da sauransu (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8826180/ "Yaduwar kaɗaici a cikin ƙasashe 113: bita na tsari da meta-analysis"]. ''BMJ''. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2024]. Family Unfriendly: Yadda Al'adunmu suka Sa Rashin Yara Fiye da Ya Bukata. HarperCollins [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780063236479|<bdi>9780063236479</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780063236479}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 808zznv4x7yzkmq6kpr8lh0fhh6xesf 846405 846404 2026-06-03T23:31:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar kaɗaici kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana karuwar kaɗaici da warewar jama'a.[1][2] An yi jayayya cewa karuwar ta fara ne a cikin shekarun 2010 kuma ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar nisantar jama'a, umarnin zama a gida, da Mutuwa a lokacin annobar COVID-19. [1] [3] Sauran abubuwan da aka ba da gudummawa don karuwar sun haɗa da son kai, fasaha da kafofin sada zumunta, Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da rashin digiri na kwaleji.[4] == Tarihin nazarin kaɗaici == A cikin shekara ta 2010, wani bita na tsari da kuma nazarin meta da Holt-Lunstad, Smith, da Layton suka yi, sun bayyana cewa "hanyar rayuwa ta zamani a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu" tana rage ingancin dangantakar zamantakewa sosai, wani bangare saboda mutanen da ba sa zaune kusa da iyalansu. Binciken ya lura cewa daga 1990 zuwa 2010, yawan Amurkawa da ba su bayar da rahoton cewa babu wani asirin da ya ninka sau uku.<ref name="Holt-Lunstad2010SysMet">{{Cite journal |last=Holt-Lunstad |first=Julianne |last2=Smith |first2=Timothy B. |last3=Layton |first3=J. Bradley |year=2010 |title=Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review |journal=[[PLOS Medicine]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 |pmc=2910600 |pmid=20668659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An buga bincike da yawa game da batun jim kadan kafin annobar COVID-19 ta hanyar masana kimiyya kamar Claude S. Fischer da Eric Klinenberg. Duk da yake ba a bayyana batun kaɗaici a duniya a matsayin " annoba ba," binciken ya kammala cewa kaɗaici babban batu ne tare da tasirin kiwon lafiya ga miliyoyin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=All the Lonely Americans? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2018/8/all-the-lonely-americans |access-date=1 March 2020 |publisher=[[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=Is there a loneliness epidemic? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/loneliness-epidemic |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> A [[Turai]], Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gudanar da kwatankwacin kwatankwacin yaduwar da ke tattare da kaɗaici da warewar jama'a a lokacin kafin COVID. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 8.6% na yawan manya a Turai suna fuskantar kaɗaici akai-akai kuma kashi 20.8% suna fuskantar warewar zamantakewa, tare da [[gabashin Turai]] da ke yin rikodin mafi girman yaduwar abubuwan biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baarck |first=J |last2=D'hombres |first2=B |last3=Tintori |first3=G |date=16 November 2021 |title=Loneliness in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126802 |journal=Joint Research Centre of the European Commission}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan binciken sun haifar da ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don bincikawa da magance kaɗaici a matsayin fifiko na kiwon [[lafiyar jama'a]], a Amurka da duniya. Wasu marubutan sun gano son kai a matsayin tushen dalilin kaɗaici a cikin Al'ummomin Yamma, musamman a cikin Masanan Amurka kamar Robert N. Bellah, a cikin Habits of the Heart, suna jayayya cewa son kai na Amurka yana raunana alaƙar al'umma, wanda ke haifar da warewar zamantakewa da kaɗaici. Hakazalika, rubutun Wendell Berry sun jaddada yadda tsarin zamantakewa na zamani, na riba ke lalata haɗin al'umma. [[Fasaha|Amfani da fasaha]] wani muhimmin abu ne. A cewar Capita, wani tanki na Amurka wanda ya kware a cikin nazarin kaɗaici, yawan amfani da dijital da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]], musamman tsakanin matasa, sau da yawa yana Ragewa hulɗa Rayuwa ta ainihi kuma yana zurfafa jin dadin warewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture |url=https://capita.org/publication/social-connection-report-the-ties-that-bind-and-nurture/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> A cikin wani rubutun da ake kira The Good, The Bad & The Lonely, Capita ya nuna cewa Gen Z yana fuskantar matsanancin kaɗaici, yayin da suke ba da rahoton ƙarancin shiga cikin Ayyukan al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erickson |first=Elizabeth |date=8 September 2022 |title=The Good, The Bad & The Lonely: What we need to know about Gen Z |url=https://capita.org/the-good-the-bad-the-lonely-what-we-need-to-know-about-gen-z/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Binciken Richard Weissbourd ya goyi bayan waɗannan binciken, yana haɗa kafofin sada zumunta da Lokacin allo zuwa cirewa tsakanin matasa na Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Richard Weissbourd, Milena Batanova, Virginia Lovison, and Eric Torres |date=February 2021 |title=Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It |url=https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/loneliness-in-america |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Making Caring Common {{!}} Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref> An kuma sami ƙalubalen tattalin arziki don ƙara waɗannan batutuwan. Ma'aikatan da ke biyan albashi da mutane a yankunan da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki suna fuskantar matakan kaɗaici saboda iyakancewar motsi na zamantakewa da samun damar albarkatun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbin |first=Ian Marcus |date=24 July 2024 |title=What's Behind America's Loneliness Crisis? |url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/whats-behind-americas-loneliness-crisis |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[Commonweal Magazine]]}}</ref> Littafin Chris Arnade Dignity ya bayyana yadda Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki ke ware mutane, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Yawan da aka ruwaito na jin kaɗaici yana da alaƙa mara kyau da samun kudin shiga, a duk faɗin da kuma cikin ƙasashe. A halin yanzu, binciken 2021 game da tasirin Iyaye akan kaɗaici ya nuna cewa kodayake iyaye suna ba da rahoton ɗan ƙarin [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] fiye da waɗanda ba iyaye ba, Gidaje masu zaman kansu da ƙananan yanayin tallafin zamantakewar jama'a suna fuskantar haɗarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprague-Jones |first=Jessica |date=10 December 2021 |title=Survey: Parents feel more social support than non-parents |url=https://capita.org/survey-parents-feel-more-social-support-than-non-parents/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> Timothy P. Carney's Family Unfriendly ya nuna manufofi waɗanda suka kasa tallafawa iyaye masu zama a gida, suna ba da gudummawa ga warewa da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa. == Amsawar duniya game da annobar kaɗaici == Tun daga shekarun 2010, an ƙaddamar da manyan shirye-shirye a ƙasashe da suka haɗa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da Burtaniya.<ref name="BMJ2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, Gebel K, van Buskirk J, Bauman A et al. |date=2022 |title=The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=376 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2021-067068 |pmc=8826180 |pmid=35140066 |quote=Worldwide, initiatives have been launched to address "the epidemic of loneliness."}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ayyana kaɗaici a matsayin "damuwar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya" kuma ta kaddamar da kwamiti na kasa da kasa don nazarin matsalar. === Amurka === A Amurka, annobar kaɗaici ta ƙara zama batun muhawara ta jama'a, musamman tun daga Mayu 2023, lokacin da likitan Amurka Janar Vivek Murthy ya buga wani shawarwari na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam game da tasirin annobar kaɗaiبوون da warewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation |url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502132300/https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.hhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana haɗarin kiwon lafiya na kaɗaici, gami da cututtukan zuciya, bugun jini, da rashin hankali, kuma ya kwatanta haɗarin kaɗaici da wasu barazanar [[lafiyar jama'a]] kamar shan sigari da kiba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Isolation and Loneliness |url=https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/social-isolation-and-loneliness |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |date=4 March 2024 |title=Tackling the loneliness epidemic: A Q&A with Sen. Chris Murphy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INAfe81nR2Q |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Bayan shawarwarin Murthy, shawarwarin majalisa na jam'iyyun biyu sun fito, musamman Dokar Shirye-shiryen Kasa don Haɗin Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Sanata Chris Murphy. Wannan aikin da aka gabatar yana da niyyar kafa ofishin tarayya wanda ke mai da hankali kan magance kaɗaici da inganta haɗin zamantakewa ta hanyar al'umma da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Murphy Introduces Legislation to Establish National Strategy to Combat Loneliness, Promote Social Connection |url=https://www.murphy.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/murphy-introduces-legislation-to-establish-national-strategy-to-combat-loneliness-promote-social-connection |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Senator Chris Murphy}}</ref> Tattaunawar game da kaɗaici tun daga lokacin ya fadada don haɗawa da martani na [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|matakin jihar]] da kuma wayar da kan jama'a, yana jaddada buƙatar ƙoƙarin tsarin don magance wannan ƙalubalen lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Social Connection Report: The Ties That Bind and Nurture |url=https://capita.org/publication/social-connection-report-the-ties-that-bind-and-nurture/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Capita.org}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa ma'aunin da ke nuna kaɗaici sun kasance sananne ne musamman tsakanin Amurkawa waɗanda ba su da digiri na kwaleji. == Bayanan littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Halin Zuciya: Mutum da Alkawari a Rayuwar Amurka. [[Jami'ar California Press]]. {{ISBN|9780520053885}} * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Bowling_Alone/rd2ibodep7UC Bowling Alone: Rushewa da farfadowa na al'ummar Amurka]''. Simon &amp;amp; Schuster. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780743203043|<bdi>9780743203043</bdi>]]{{ISBN|9780743203043}}&nbsp; * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2910600/ "Hadin gwiwar Jama'a da Hadarin Mutuwa: Binciken Meta-analytic".] Magungunan PLOS. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry . ReadHowYouWant. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781458780645|<bdi>9781458780645</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9781458780645}}&nbsp; * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] [https://files.&#x3C;i&#x20;id= KFF.org/attachment/Report-Loneliness-and-Social-Isolation-in-the-United-States-the-United-Kingdom-and-Japan-An-International-Survey" id="mwATM" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Samun kai da warewar jama'a a Amurka, Ingila, da Japan: Binciken Duniya"]. KFF. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Daraja: Neman Daraja a Back Row America . Kungiyar Bugawa ta Penguin. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780525534730|<bdi>9780525534730</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780525534730}}&nbsp; * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Loneliness a Turai kafin da kuma lokacin annobar COVID-19". ''Cibiyar Bincike ta hadin gwiwa ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai''. * Kyaftin. (2022). ''[https://capita.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/TheTiesThatBindandNurtureFinal.pdf Rahoton Haɗin Jama'a: Dangantakar da ke Haɗa da Kulawa]''. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Surkalim, D. L.; Luo, M.; Eres, R.; Gebel, K.; van Buskirk, J.; Bauman, A; da sauransu (2022). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8826180/ "Yaduwar kaɗaici a cikin ƙasashe 113: bita na tsari da meta-analysis"]. ''BMJ''. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2024]. Family Unfriendly: Yadda Al'adunmu suka Sa Rashin Yara Fiye da Ya Bukata. HarperCollins [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780063236479|<bdi>9780063236479</bdi>]].{{ISBN|9780063236479}}&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gl158sgn88if5u3oh4rknmdt5fdq5vz IPS Taimako na Aiki 0 154615 846408 2026-06-03T23:33:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340546605|IPS Supported Employment]]" 846408 wikitext text/x-wiki IPS Supported Employment wata hanya ce ta tushen shaida don tallafawa aiki ga mutanen da ke da rashin lafiya. IPS yana tsaye ne don '''Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum'''. IPS na tallafawa mutane a kokarin su na samun aiki mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana a cikin ayyukan gasa na yau da kullun, ko dai na ɗan lokaci ko na cikakken lokaci. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran hanyoyin farfadowa na sana'a waɗanda ke daukar mutane a cikin bita da aka tsare da sauran ayyukan da aka saita. An yi bincike sosai game da IPS kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun ayyukan aiki. == Ka'idoji == IPS ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji takwas. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiwatar da IPS suna da niyyar bin waɗannan ka'idoji wajen isar da ayyukan sana'a. {| class="wikitable" ! !Ka'idodin IPS |- | 1 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Kowane mutum da ke fama da mummunar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa wanda yake so ya yi aiki ya cancanci aikin IPS. |- | 2 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana haɗa ayyukan aiki tare da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. |- | 3 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Aikin gasa shine burin. |- | 4 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana ba da shawarwari na fa'idodi na mutum. |- | 5 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Binciken aiki yana farawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutum ya nuna sha'awar aiki. |- | 6 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Masana aikin yi suna haɓaka dangantaka da masu aiki bisa ga abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so. |- | 7 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Taimako na aiki yana ci gaba. |- | 8 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana girmama abubuwan da abokin ciniki suka fi so. |} Ana iya kimanta aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji ta hanyar amfani da [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf sikelin aminci] An adana 2015-02-18 a da kuma [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page49/page49.html jagora] da aka adana 2015/09-18 a Way Back Machine wanda aka haɓaka musamman don IPS. == Bincike == An fara nazarin IPS a cikin gwajin sarrafawa a cikin shekara ta 1996. Tsakanin 1996 da 2011, an kimanta IPS a cikin gwaje-gwaje 15 masu sarrafawa. A matsakaici, kashi 60% na mahalarta bincike suna samun aiki na gasa a lokacin bin diddigin lokacin da suka karɓi IPS, yayin da kashi 24% na mahalartar ke samun aiki na gasar yayin karɓar wasu ayyukan sana'a. Wadannan sakamakon, tare da bayanai daga aiwatar da IPS ba tare da bincike ba, sun haifar da kafa ma'auni na ma'aikata don shirye-shiryen IPS. Wannan binciken ya kafa IPS a matsayin aikin da aka yi da shaida a cikin ilimin halayyar al'umma. Baya ga gwada tasirin kwatankwacin IPS, masu bincike sun gudanar da bincike kan aiwatarwa akan IPS, bincike kan masu tsinkaya na sakamako (wanda ke samun aiki da dalilin da ya sa), shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da mummunar rashin lafiya na hankali, [4] da sauran [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf yankuna masu alaƙa.] An adana shi 2015-09-13 a == Abin da ke faruwa a cikin IPS == Ayyukan IPS yawanci ana ba da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata masu tallafi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan asibiti na hukumar su don daidaita ayyukan. Lokacin da abokin ciniki a hukumar ya nuna sha'awar aiki, ana tura wannan abokin ciniki ga ƙwararren ma'aikata a kan ƙungiyar IPS don taron farko. Masanin aikin yi yana aiki tare da abokin ciniki don koyo game da burinsa da abubuwan da ya fi so kuma yana ba da bayani game da yadda IPS ke aiki. Lokacin da wani ya zaɓi ya yi rajista a cikin IPS, wannan mutumin da kwararren ma'aikata suna yin shiri tare kuma suna fara neman ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma da zaran abokin ciniki ya nuna sha'awar yin hakan. Ana horar da kwararru na aiki don samar da mutane da tallafi, horarwa, ci gaba da ci gaba, horar da hira, da tallafi a kan aiki. Ana kuma horar da kwararru na aiki don yin ci gaban aiki; tsari wanda kwararru ke gina dangantaka da masu daukar ma'aikata a cikin kasuwancin da ke da ayyukan da suka dace da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so. A cikin IPS, abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so sune tsakiya. Abokin ciniki ya yanke shawarar ko masu daukar ma'aikata da masu daukar malamai sun san game da cutar ta / ta kwakwalwa da kuma ko kwararren ma'aikaci zai yi magana da ma'aikacin a madadinsa. Abokin ciniki kuma yana yanke shawarar waɗanne ayyuka da zai nemi da kuma yawan abin da yake so ya yi aiki. Shawarwarin game da yawan aiki sau da yawa yana rinjayar sha'awar sauyawa zuwa rayuwar aiki yayin rage haɗarin kasancewa ba tare da aiki ba kuma ba tare da fa'idodin nakasassu ba. Wani bangare na aikin kwararren ma'aikata shine haɗa mutane tare da ba da shawara ga fa'idodi don su iya yin yanke shawara mai kyau a wannan yanki. Mutanen da ke gwada IPS sau da yawa suna samun ayyuka da yawa kafin su sami wanda ya dace. A cikin IPS akwai daidaitawa zuwa motsawa tsakanin ayyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari na al'ada. Wannan tsari yana da niyyar haɗuwa zuwa ga aiki mai ɗorewa da kuma ga burin farfadowa na abokin ciniki. == Samun damar zuwa Ayyukan IPS == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 kawai 2.1% na abokan cinikin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Amurka suna da damar yin amfani da ayyukan sana'a na tushen shaida. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa galibi suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi wajen aiwatar da IPS saboda rashin manufofin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan sana'a a cikin ilimin hauka. Duk da haka, tun daga shekara ta 2011, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa sun ba da IPS a akalla jihohi 13. Saboda babu wani kundin tsarin kasa na masu samar da IPS, mutanen da ke sha'awar samun damar waɗannan ayyukan dole ne su tambayi masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gida game da ayyukansu na sana'a don gano ko ana samun sabis na sana'o'i na tushen shaida. == Yaduwa == An kirkiro Johnson & Johnson - Dartmouth Community Mental Health Program wanda aka adana 2012-03-08 a don ci gaba da yada IPS ta hanyar samar da tsari don tallafawa aiwatarwa na IPS a matakin jiha. A shekara ta 2001, Cibiyar Binciken Kwararrun Kwararrun Dartmouth ta ƙaddamar da wannan shirin tare da tallafin taimakon jama'a daga Johnson & Johnson Corporate Contributions. Wannan shirin ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa na kasa wanda ke tallafawa aiwatar da ayyukan IPS a cikin saitunan yau da kullun (watau, wadanda ba bincike ba). Kasancewa memba a cikin wannan hadin gwiwa ya yadu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, jihohi 13 da ke dauke da hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa 130 sun kasance wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwa. Jihohin da suka shiga hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa suna karɓar shekaru huɗu na kudade don tallafawa ƙoƙarin aiwatarwa na farko. Bayan wannan matakin na farko, jihohi da hukumomin da suka halarta sun kasance suna da hannu ta hanyar raba sakamakon da bayanan sabis, shiga cikin ayyukan bincike, da kuma ci gaba da kokarin aiwatarwa a duk fadin jihar. == IPS a waje da Amurka == Kodayake an haɓaka IPS a Amurka, wallafe-wallafen bincike suna nuna sha'awar IPS kuma suna nuna cewa shiga tsakani yana da tasiri a cikin al'adu da yanayin manufofi. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na IPS a [[Kanada]], a duk faɗin EU, ciki har da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], da [[Hong Kong]]. A Burtaniya, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta haɓaka aikin Cibiyoyin Kyau bisa ga tsarin Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dartmouth. Cibiyoyin za su yi aiki a matsayin misalai na yadda za'a iya aiwatar da Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum (IPS) a yankuna a duk faɗin Ingila. Cibiyar Tasirin Rashin Gida tana gudanar da gwaji na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Karamar Hukumar (MHCLG) ce ta ba da kuɗin, gwajin zai kwatanta sakamakon ga mutane 460 da aka tura zuwa sabis ɗin a cikin watanni 18 tare da sakamakon da ake sa ran a cikin 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Test and Learn: Individual Placement and Support |url=https://www.homelessnessimpact.org/projects/individual-placement-and-support |url-status=live |website=Centre for Homelessness Impact}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7resovo7m71il6skqx4n4ktadw6zn7b 846409 846408 2026-06-03T23:33:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} IPS Supported Employment wata hanya ce ta tushen shaida don tallafawa aiki ga mutanen da ke da rashin lafiya. IPS yana tsaye ne don '''Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum'''. IPS na tallafawa mutane a kokarin su na samun aiki mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana a cikin ayyukan gasa na yau da kullun, ko dai na ɗan lokaci ko na cikakken lokaci. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran hanyoyin farfadowa na sana'a waɗanda ke daukar mutane a cikin bita da aka tsare da sauran ayyukan da aka saita. An yi bincike sosai game da IPS kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun ayyukan aiki. == Ka'idoji == IPS ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji takwas. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiwatar da IPS suna da niyyar bin waɗannan ka'idoji wajen isar da ayyukan sana'a. {| class="wikitable" ! !Ka'idodin IPS |- | 1 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Kowane mutum da ke fama da mummunar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa wanda yake so ya yi aiki ya cancanci aikin IPS. |- | 2 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana haɗa ayyukan aiki tare da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. |- | 3 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Aikin gasa shine burin. |- | 4 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana ba da shawarwari na fa'idodi na mutum. |- | 5 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Binciken aiki yana farawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutum ya nuna sha'awar aiki. |- | 6 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Masana aikin yi suna haɓaka dangantaka da masu aiki bisa ga abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so. |- | 7 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Taimako na aiki yana ci gaba. |- | 8 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana girmama abubuwan da abokin ciniki suka fi so. |} Ana iya kimanta aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji ta hanyar amfani da [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf sikelin aminci] An adana 2015-02-18 a da kuma [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page49/page49.html jagora] da aka adana 2015/09-18 a Way Back Machine wanda aka haɓaka musamman don IPS. == Bincike == An fara nazarin IPS a cikin gwajin sarrafawa a cikin shekara ta 1996. Tsakanin 1996 da 2011, an kimanta IPS a cikin gwaje-gwaje 15 masu sarrafawa. A matsakaici, kashi 60% na mahalarta bincike suna samun aiki na gasa a lokacin bin diddigin lokacin da suka karɓi IPS, yayin da kashi 24% na mahalartar ke samun aiki na gasar yayin karɓar wasu ayyukan sana'a. Wadannan sakamakon, tare da bayanai daga aiwatar da IPS ba tare da bincike ba, sun haifar da kafa ma'auni na ma'aikata don shirye-shiryen IPS. Wannan binciken ya kafa IPS a matsayin aikin da aka yi da shaida a cikin ilimin halayyar al'umma. Baya ga gwada tasirin kwatankwacin IPS, masu bincike sun gudanar da bincike kan aiwatarwa akan IPS, bincike kan masu tsinkaya na sakamako (wanda ke samun aiki da dalilin da ya sa), shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da mummunar rashin lafiya na hankali, [4] da sauran [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf yankuna masu alaƙa.] An adana shi 2015-09-13 a == Abin da ke faruwa a cikin IPS == Ayyukan IPS yawanci ana ba da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata masu tallafi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan asibiti na hukumar su don daidaita ayyukan. Lokacin da abokin ciniki a hukumar ya nuna sha'awar aiki, ana tura wannan abokin ciniki ga ƙwararren ma'aikata a kan ƙungiyar IPS don taron farko. Masanin aikin yi yana aiki tare da abokin ciniki don koyo game da burinsa da abubuwan da ya fi so kuma yana ba da bayani game da yadda IPS ke aiki. Lokacin da wani ya zaɓi ya yi rajista a cikin IPS, wannan mutumin da kwararren ma'aikata suna yin shiri tare kuma suna fara neman ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma da zaran abokin ciniki ya nuna sha'awar yin hakan. Ana horar da kwararru na aiki don samar da mutane da tallafi, horarwa, ci gaba da ci gaba, horar da hira, da tallafi a kan aiki. Ana kuma horar da kwararru na aiki don yin ci gaban aiki; tsari wanda kwararru ke gina dangantaka da masu daukar ma'aikata a cikin kasuwancin da ke da ayyukan da suka dace da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so. A cikin IPS, abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so sune tsakiya. Abokin ciniki ya yanke shawarar ko masu daukar ma'aikata da masu daukar malamai sun san game da cutar ta / ta kwakwalwa da kuma ko kwararren ma'aikaci zai yi magana da ma'aikacin a madadinsa. Abokin ciniki kuma yana yanke shawarar waɗanne ayyuka da zai nemi da kuma yawan abin da yake so ya yi aiki. Shawarwarin game da yawan aiki sau da yawa yana rinjayar sha'awar sauyawa zuwa rayuwar aiki yayin rage haɗarin kasancewa ba tare da aiki ba kuma ba tare da fa'idodin nakasassu ba. Wani bangare na aikin kwararren ma'aikata shine haɗa mutane tare da ba da shawara ga fa'idodi don su iya yin yanke shawara mai kyau a wannan yanki. Mutanen da ke gwada IPS sau da yawa suna samun ayyuka da yawa kafin su sami wanda ya dace. A cikin IPS akwai daidaitawa zuwa motsawa tsakanin ayyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari na al'ada. Wannan tsari yana da niyyar haɗuwa zuwa ga aiki mai ɗorewa da kuma ga burin farfadowa na abokin ciniki. == Samun damar zuwa Ayyukan IPS == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 kawai 2.1% na abokan cinikin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Amurka suna da damar yin amfani da ayyukan sana'a na tushen shaida. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa galibi suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi wajen aiwatar da IPS saboda rashin manufofin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan sana'a a cikin ilimin hauka. Duk da haka, tun daga shekara ta 2011, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa sun ba da IPS a akalla jihohi 13. Saboda babu wani kundin tsarin kasa na masu samar da IPS, mutanen da ke sha'awar samun damar waɗannan ayyukan dole ne su tambayi masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gida game da ayyukansu na sana'a don gano ko ana samun sabis na sana'o'i na tushen shaida. == Yaduwa == An kirkiro Johnson & Johnson - Dartmouth Community Mental Health Program wanda aka adana 2012-03-08 a don ci gaba da yada IPS ta hanyar samar da tsari don tallafawa aiwatarwa na IPS a matakin jiha. A shekara ta 2001, Cibiyar Binciken Kwararrun Kwararrun Dartmouth ta ƙaddamar da wannan shirin tare da tallafin taimakon jama'a daga Johnson & Johnson Corporate Contributions. Wannan shirin ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa na kasa wanda ke tallafawa aiwatar da ayyukan IPS a cikin saitunan yau da kullun (watau, wadanda ba bincike ba). Kasancewa memba a cikin wannan hadin gwiwa ya yadu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, jihohi 13 da ke dauke da hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa 130 sun kasance wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwa. Jihohin da suka shiga hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa suna karɓar shekaru huɗu na kudade don tallafawa ƙoƙarin aiwatarwa na farko. Bayan wannan matakin na farko, jihohi da hukumomin da suka halarta sun kasance suna da hannu ta hanyar raba sakamakon da bayanan sabis, shiga cikin ayyukan bincike, da kuma ci gaba da kokarin aiwatarwa a duk fadin jihar. == IPS a waje da Amurka == Kodayake an haɓaka IPS a Amurka, wallafe-wallafen bincike suna nuna sha'awar IPS kuma suna nuna cewa shiga tsakani yana da tasiri a cikin al'adu da yanayin manufofi. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na IPS a [[Kanada]], a duk faɗin EU, ciki har da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], da [[Hong Kong]]. A Burtaniya, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta haɓaka aikin Cibiyoyin Kyau bisa ga tsarin Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dartmouth. Cibiyoyin za su yi aiki a matsayin misalai na yadda za'a iya aiwatar da Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum (IPS) a yankuna a duk faɗin Ingila. Cibiyar Tasirin Rashin Gida tana gudanar da gwaji na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Karamar Hukumar (MHCLG) ce ta ba da kuɗin, gwajin zai kwatanta sakamakon ga mutane 460 da aka tura zuwa sabis ɗin a cikin watanni 18 tare da sakamakon da ake sa ran a cikin 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Test and Learn: Individual Placement and Support |url=https://www.homelessnessimpact.org/projects/individual-placement-and-support |url-status=live |website=Centre for Homelessness Impact}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayeatx5k486ylevdhqdhzekssvh4sxh Rashin tsaro (motsa jiki) 0 154616 846410 2026-06-03T23:34:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341773992|Insecurity (emotion)]]" 846410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin tsaro''' shine motsin zuciyar da ke da alaƙa da rashin amincewa a cikin kanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionary-Insecurity |url=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=insecurity |website=www.oed.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da jin [[tsoro]] da rashin tabbas, musamman game da iyawar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology: insecurity |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/insecurity |website=dictionary.apa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of INSECURE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/insecure |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> An fara amfani da kalmar ne a cikin ma'anar tunanin mutum a cikin shekara ta 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Insecurity &#124; Etymology of insecurity |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/insecurity#etymonline_v_34919 |website=etymonline}}</ref> An lura da shi a cikin manya da yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cummings, E. M. |last2=Davies, P. |date=1996 |title=Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=123–139 |doi=10.1017/S0954579400007008}}</ref> Kalmar kuma tana da alaƙa da salon haɗe-haɗe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baer, J. C. |last2=Martinez, C. D. |date=2006 |title=Child maltreatment and insecure attachment: A meta-analysis. |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=187–197 |doi=10.1080/02646830600821231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jinyao, Y. |last2=Xiongzhao, Z. |last3=Auerbach, R. |last4=P.Gardiner, C. K. |last5=Lin, C. |last6=Yuping, W. |last7=Shuqiao, Y. |date=2012 |title=Insecure attachment as a predictor of depressive and anxious symptomology. |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=789–796 |doi=10.1002/da.21953 |pmid=22505015}}</ref> == Halaye == Ibrahim Maslow ya bayyana mutum mara tsaro a matsayin mutumin da "ya fahimci duniya a matsayin barazana ga daji kuma yawancin mutane suna da haɗari da son kai; yana jin kamar mutum da aka ƙi kuma mai warewa, mai damuwa da ƙiyayya; gabaɗaya ba shi da bege kuma ba shi da farin ciki; yana nuna alamun tashin hankali da rikici, yana da damuwa da jin laifi, yana da matsala game da rashin amincewa; yana da kasancewa mai son kai; kuma yana da son kai na dogon lokaci, yana kallon kowane mutum mara tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maslow |first=A. H. |year=1942 |title=The Dynamics of Psychological Security-Insecurity |journal=[[Journal of Personality]] |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1942.tb01911.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alegre |first=A. |year=2008 |title=Emotional security and its relationship with emotional intelligence |url=http://www.jornadeseducacioemocional.com/wp-content/uploads/mat_anterior/i_jornades/taula1/emotional_security_and_its_relationship_with_emotional_intelligence.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125205/http://www.jornadeseducacioemocional.com/wp-content/uploads/mat_anterior/i_jornades/taula1/emotional_security_and_its_relationship_with_emotional_intelligence.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Ikon mutum na tunani mai zurfi, fahimtar ra'ayoyin wasu, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da mutuwarsu na iya taimakawa ga jin rashin tsaro.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin ya ba da shawarar cewa martani na yara ga rikice-rikicen aure yana motsawa ne saboda bukatarsu ta tsaron motsin rai, wanda ke tasiri ga tsarin motsin zuciyarsu da halayensu. Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa abubuwan da yara suka faru a baya tare da rikice-rikicen aure sun tsara tsaron motsin zuciyarsu, wanda hakan ke shafar gyaran su na dogon lokaci da martani na gaba ga yanayin iyali, gami da dangantakar iyaye da yara.[2] Jin rashin tsaro na iya tasowa saboda jin rashin isasshen a kowane yanki, ko yana iya kasancewa a cikin dangantaka ko wurin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Signs of Insecurity |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-insecurity |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=www.webmd.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Damuwa * Tsoro * Rashin lafiyar jama'a == Manazarta == iw32s340vp0sh7loqvd9aqpaiyjs4u0 846411 846410 2026-06-03T23:35:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin tsaro''' shine motsin zuciyar da ke da alaƙa da rashin amincewa a cikin kanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionary-Insecurity |url=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=insecurity |website=www.oed.com}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da jin [[tsoro]] da rashin tabbas, musamman game da iyawar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology: insecurity |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/insecurity |website=dictionary.apa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of INSECURE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/insecure |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> An fara amfani da kalmar ne a cikin ma'anar tunanin mutum a cikin shekara ta 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Insecurity &#124; Etymology of insecurity |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/insecurity#etymonline_v_34919 |website=etymonline}}</ref> An lura da shi a cikin manya da yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cummings, E. M. |last2=Davies, P. |date=1996 |title=Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=123–139 |doi=10.1017/S0954579400007008}}</ref> Kalmar kuma tana da alaƙa da salon haɗe-haɗe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baer, J. C. |last2=Martinez, C. D. |date=2006 |title=Child maltreatment and insecure attachment: A meta-analysis. |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=187–197 |doi=10.1080/02646830600821231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jinyao, Y. |last2=Xiongzhao, Z. |last3=Auerbach, R. |last4=P.Gardiner, C. K. |last5=Lin, C. |last6=Yuping, W. |last7=Shuqiao, Y. |date=2012 |title=Insecure attachment as a predictor of depressive and anxious symptomology. |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=789–796 |doi=10.1002/da.21953 |pmid=22505015}}</ref> == Halaye == Ibrahim Maslow ya bayyana mutum mara tsaro a matsayin mutumin da "ya fahimci duniya a matsayin barazana ga daji kuma yawancin mutane suna da haɗari da son kai; yana jin kamar mutum da aka ƙi kuma mai warewa, mai damuwa da ƙiyayya; gabaɗaya ba shi da bege kuma ba shi da farin ciki; yana nuna alamun tashin hankali da rikici, yana da damuwa da jin laifi, yana da matsala game da rashin amincewa; yana da kasancewa mai son kai; kuma yana da son kai na dogon lokaci, yana kallon kowane mutum mara tsaro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maslow |first=A. H. |year=1942 |title=The Dynamics of Psychological Security-Insecurity |journal=[[Journal of Personality]] |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1942.tb01911.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alegre |first=A. |year=2008 |title=Emotional security and its relationship with emotional intelligence |url=http://www.jornadeseducacioemocional.com/wp-content/uploads/mat_anterior/i_jornades/taula1/emotional_security_and_its_relationship_with_emotional_intelligence.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125205/http://www.jornadeseducacioemocional.com/wp-content/uploads/mat_anterior/i_jornades/taula1/emotional_security_and_its_relationship_with_emotional_intelligence.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Ikon mutum na tunani mai zurfi, fahimtar ra'ayoyin wasu, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da mutuwarsu na iya taimakawa ga jin rashin tsaro.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin ya ba da shawarar cewa martani na yara ga rikice-rikicen aure yana motsawa ne saboda bukatarsu ta tsaron motsin rai, wanda ke tasiri ga tsarin motsin zuciyarsu da halayensu. Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa abubuwan da yara suka faru a baya tare da rikice-rikicen aure sun tsara tsaron motsin zuciyarsu, wanda hakan ke shafar gyaran su na dogon lokaci da martani na gaba ga yanayin iyali, gami da dangantakar iyaye da yara.[2] Jin rashin tsaro na iya tasowa saboda jin rashin isasshen a kowane yanki, ko yana iya kasancewa a cikin dangantaka ko wurin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Signs of Insecurity |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-insecurity |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=www.webmd.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Damuwa * Tsoro * Rashin lafiyar jama'a == Manazarta == oymu0o63pyimsozbnko2tl66henw2hk Matsi na yau da kullun 0 154617 846412 2026-06-03T23:36:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335243295|Informal coercion]]" 846412 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin mahallin Dangantakar likita da mara lafiya, '''tilasta wa al'ada''' tsari ne na zamantakewa inda sana'ar kiwon lafiya ke ƙoƙarin sa mai haƙuri ya bi tsarin kiwon lafiya da ake so ba tare da yin amfani da tilasta wa'a kamar sadaukarwa ba tare da son rai ba tare da magani ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 18 Misali na magani mara kyau a cikin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa shine allurar intramuscular tare da haloperidol na antipsychotic. : 60 : 60  Sau da yawa masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya suna amfani da tilastawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma kuma abokai da dangin mai amfani da sabis suna amfani da shi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 26 : 26  === Barazanar === Ana iya amfani da barazanar sadaukarwa ba tare da son rai ba ko magani ba don shawo kan marasa lafiya su bi ba tare da amfani da tilastawa ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pelto-Piri |first=Veikko |last2=Kjellin |first2=Lars |last3=Hylén |first3=Ulrika |last4=Valenti |first4=Emanuele |last5=Priebe |first5=Stefan |date=December 2019 |title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf |journal=BMC Research Notes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=787 |doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x |issn=1756-0500 |pmc=6889621 |pmid=31791408 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 2 : 2  == Yaduwar == Bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna amfani da tilastawa ta yau da kullun a cikin aikin yau da kullun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 20 Masu aiki suna amfani da tilastawa ta al'ada fiye da yadda suka sani, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa an rage shi.<ref name=":0" /> : 26 29-59% na masu amfani da sabis sun ba da rahoton tilastawa ta al'ada, bisa ga binciken da ya shafi yankuna daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> : 18 Matsalar shari'a, inda mai amfani da sabis ya bi magani don kauce wa tsarin shari'a. <ref name=":0" /> 11-23% na masu amfani da sabis sun bayar da rahoton. : 26 : 26  == Halin da ake ciki == 55-69% na masu amfani da sabis sun ce sun fahimci tasirin mutum-mutumi kamar yadda ya dace kuma 48-60% kamar yadda yake da tasiri. Bincike ya nuna cewa marasa lafiya da ke da matakan fahimta mafi girma sun fi dacewa da tilasta. Marasa lafiya da aka gano da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] suna iya cewa tilasta wa al'ada tana faruwa, kuma sun fi dacewa game da amfani da ita.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 26 : 26  Masu ba da sabis, kamar ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar kwakwalwa ko likitocin kwakwalwa, suna la'akari da tilasta wa al'ada a matsayin hanyar inganta bin doka, wanda suka ji zai iya hana kara tabarbarewar alamomi da buƙatar tilasta wa doka. Kwararrun sun ji cewa tilasta wa mutane na al'ada na iya ƙarfafa su dauki karin iko a rayuwarsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 20, 26 : 20, 26  A cikin ƙungiyar mai da hankali tare da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya, an gano ma'aikata suna la'akari da tilastawa ta al'ada, amma ba su da kwanciyar hankali game da amfani da ita.[1] : Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 5 sun ji cewa tilasta wa al'ada ya fi karɓa a lokuta na mania ko ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] : 7 Akwai digiri na rikice-rikice na fahimta da ke kewaye da aikin, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun bayyana halayyar da ta dace da ma'anar tilastawa ta al'ada, amma sun yi jinkirin lakafta halayensu a matsayin tilastawa.[1] : 8 : 8  == Manazarta == a4idluisazzcpg7sjc89eosc1kqy209 846413 846412 2026-06-03T23:36:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin mahallin Dangantakar likita da mara lafiya, '''tilasta wa al'ada''' tsari ne na zamantakewa inda sana'ar kiwon lafiya ke ƙoƙarin sa mai haƙuri ya bi tsarin kiwon lafiya da ake so ba tare da yin amfani da tilasta wa'a kamar sadaukarwa ba tare da son rai ba tare da magani ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 18 Misali na magani mara kyau a cikin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa shine allurar intramuscular tare da haloperidol na antipsychotic. : 60 : 60  Sau da yawa masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya suna amfani da tilastawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma kuma abokai da dangin mai amfani da sabis suna amfani da shi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 26 : 26  === Barazanar === Ana iya amfani da barazanar sadaukarwa ba tare da son rai ba ko magani ba don shawo kan marasa lafiya su bi ba tare da amfani da tilastawa ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pelto-Piri |first=Veikko |last2=Kjellin |first2=Lars |last3=Hylén |first3=Ulrika |last4=Valenti |first4=Emanuele |last5=Priebe |first5=Stefan |date=December 2019 |title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf |journal=BMC Research Notes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=787 |doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x |issn=1756-0500 |pmc=6889621 |pmid=31791408 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 2 : 2  == Yaduwar == Bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna amfani da tilastawa ta yau da kullun a cikin aikin yau da kullun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 20 Masu aiki suna amfani da tilastawa ta al'ada fiye da yadda suka sani, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa an rage shi.<ref name=":0" /> : 26 29-59% na masu amfani da sabis sun ba da rahoton tilastawa ta al'ada, bisa ga binciken da ya shafi yankuna daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> : 18 Matsalar shari'a, inda mai amfani da sabis ya bi magani don kauce wa tsarin shari'a. <ref name=":0" /> 11-23% na masu amfani da sabis sun bayar da rahoton. : 26 : 26  == Halin da ake ciki == 55-69% na masu amfani da sabis sun ce sun fahimci tasirin mutum-mutumi kamar yadda ya dace kuma 48-60% kamar yadda yake da tasiri. Bincike ya nuna cewa marasa lafiya da ke da matakan fahimta mafi girma sun fi dacewa da tilasta. Marasa lafiya da aka gano da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] suna iya cewa tilasta wa al'ada tana faruwa, kuma sun fi dacewa game da amfani da ita.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 26 : 26  Masu ba da sabis, kamar ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar kwakwalwa ko likitocin kwakwalwa, suna la'akari da tilasta wa al'ada a matsayin hanyar inganta bin doka, wanda suka ji zai iya hana kara tabarbarewar alamomi da buƙatar tilasta wa doka. Kwararrun sun ji cewa tilasta wa mutane na al'ada na iya ƙarfafa su dauki karin iko a rayuwarsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hotzy |first=Florian |last2=Jaeger |first2=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |pages=197 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=5149520 |pmid=28018248 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 20, 26 : 20, 26  A cikin ƙungiyar mai da hankali tare da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya, an gano ma'aikata suna la'akari da tilastawa ta al'ada, amma ba su da kwanciyar hankali game da amfani da ita.[1] : Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 5 sun ji cewa tilasta wa al'ada ya fi karɓa a lokuta na mania ko ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] : 7 Akwai digiri na rikice-rikice na fahimta da ke kewaye da aikin, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun bayyana halayyar da ta dace da ma'anar tilastawa ta al'ada, amma sun yi jinkirin lakafta halayensu a matsayin tilastawa.[1] : 8 : 8  == Manazarta == 0phipygec9uuhkk92dljydl22i7z5m7 Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta jarirai 0 154618 846414 2026-06-03T23:38:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356353208|Infant mental health]]" 846414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta [[Jariri|jarirai]]''' shine nazarin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar yadda ya shafi jarirai, yara, da iyalansu. Yankin yana binciken ingantaccen zamantakewa da [[Emotion|motsin rai]] na jarirai da iyalansu a cikin shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa. Ci gaban fahimta, da ci gaban ƙwarewar mota ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na hoton lafiyar kwakwalwa na jariri. Duk da yake sha'awar rayuwar tunanin jarirai a cikin mahallin dangantakarsu ta farko za a iya gano ta zuwa aikin Anna Freud, John Bowlby, da Donald Winnicott a Burtaniya, lafiyar kwakwalwar jarirai a matsayin motsi na manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, bincike na kwarewa (watau kallon jariri), da canji a cikin aikin asibiti sun yi daidai da na [[Mace|mata]] da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin cin zarafin yara da sakaci a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sake nazarin manyan wallafe-wallafen da suka fito tun lokacin da filin ya samo asali a cikin matani da yawa. Ka'idojin asali na kimanta lafiyar kwakwalwa da magani sun haɗa da la'akari da akalla marasa lafiya uku: iyaye (s), yaro, da alakarsu, yayin da suke tunawa da saurin ci gaban kwakwalwa da tunani a farkon shekarun rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=J |last2=Feller |first2=AF |last3=Williams |first3=RC |date=2016 |title=The importance of infant mental health |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=239–241 |doi=10.1093/pch/21.5.239 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=4933050 |pmid=27441014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Street |first=ZERO TO THREE 1255 23rd |last2=Washington |first2=NW Suite 350 |last3=Dc 20037638-1144899-4301 |title=Making it Happen: Overcoming Barriers to Providing Infant-Early Childhood Mental Health |url=https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/511-making-it-happen-overcoming-barriers-to-providing-infant-early-childhood-mental-health |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=ZERO TO THREE}}</ref> A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kungiyar Zero to Three: Cibiyar Kasa ta Yara, Yara, da Iyalai suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a bincike da bayar da shawarwari ga jarirai da yara. Zero to Three ne ke da alhakin kirkirar Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 (DC:0-3), fasalin da aka sake fasalin (DC: 0-3R), kuma a cikin 2016 DC:0-5 wanda ke ba da damar masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa su ba da ganewar cutar lafiyar kwakwalwa ga jarirai, yara, da alakarsu da masu kula da su lokacin da wahala da rashin aiki ya kai matakin da ke nuna alamar cututtukan kwakwalwa wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani. Dukansu Zero zuwa Uku da WAIMH sun ambaci bincike na kwarewa a cikin bayar da shawarar kimantawa da maganin matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin yara masu magana. Jihohi da yawa suna da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na jarirai da ke da alaƙa da WAIMH da Zero to Three. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna buga jaridu, mujallu, kuma suna shirya taro da abubuwan horo ga mutane da ke aiki tare da yara ƙanana da iyalansu. Wiley ne ya buga "Infant Mental Health Journal" kuma mallakar Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health ne. A Turai, [https://www.imhnederland.nl/ IMH Netherlands] ta kirkiro cibiyar sadarwa ta ilimi da kiwon lafiya don Kiwon Lafiyar Iyaye da Jarirai. Ya haɗu da horo na masu sana'a da kungiyoyi, tare da al'umma ta kan layi, da hanyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na iyaye da jarirai waɗanda aka aiwatar tun daga 2020 a cikin Netherlands da yankunan da ke kewaye. Abin da ke da ban sha'awa game da wannan dandamali shi ne cewa yana fassara hangen nesa na IMH zuwa [https://imhvoorouders.nl/ kayan aiki da kayan aiki ga iyaye]. Ta wannan hanyar, iyaye suna da sauƙin saba da ka'idodin tsarin IMH. Lafiyar tunanin jarirai galibi tana nuna aikin hadin gwiwa wanda ya fara da aikin Selma Fraiberg da labarinta "Ghosts in the Nursery" da sauran manyan mutane.[1] Masu kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na jarirai suna ba da haɗin kai ga iyaye, iyaye masu kula, da sauran masu kula da su tare da jarirai da yara.[2] Ana ba da tallafi da kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa lokacin da aka nuna don taimakawa iyaye su shiga tare da jariransu da yara da kuma fahimtar asarar da ba a warware su ba daga baya don su kasance da motsin rai a gare su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin shiga tsakani na lafiyar kwakwalwa ta jarirai shine samun kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin iyaye da jariri / jariri da kuma mafi girman tsaro.[3][4] == Manazarta == fbx5iarnmpmw96bh63ekj6oyy7d8f6d 846415 846414 2026-06-03T23:38:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta [[Jariri|jarirai]]''' shine nazarin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar yadda ya shafi jarirai, yara, da iyalansu. Yankin yana binciken ingantaccen zamantakewa da [[Emotion|motsin rai]] na jarirai da iyalansu a cikin shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa. Ci gaban fahimta, da ci gaban ƙwarewar mota ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na hoton lafiyar kwakwalwa na jariri. Duk da yake sha'awar rayuwar tunanin jarirai a cikin mahallin dangantakarsu ta farko za a iya gano ta zuwa aikin Anna Freud, John Bowlby, da Donald Winnicott a Burtaniya, lafiyar kwakwalwar jarirai a matsayin motsi na manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, bincike na kwarewa (watau kallon jariri), da canji a cikin aikin asibiti sun yi daidai da na [[Mace|mata]] da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin cin zarafin yara da sakaci a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sake nazarin manyan wallafe-wallafen da suka fito tun lokacin da filin ya samo asali a cikin matani da yawa. Ka'idojin asali na kimanta lafiyar kwakwalwa da magani sun haɗa da la'akari da akalla marasa lafiya uku: iyaye (s), yaro, da alakarsu, yayin da suke tunawa da saurin ci gaban kwakwalwa da tunani a farkon shekarun rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=J |last2=Feller |first2=AF |last3=Williams |first3=RC |date=2016 |title=The importance of infant mental health |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=239–241 |doi=10.1093/pch/21.5.239 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=4933050 |pmid=27441014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Street |first=ZERO TO THREE 1255 23rd |last2=Washington |first2=NW Suite 350 |last3=Dc 20037638-1144899-4301 |title=Making it Happen: Overcoming Barriers to Providing Infant-Early Childhood Mental Health |url=https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/511-making-it-happen-overcoming-barriers-to-providing-infant-early-childhood-mental-health |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=ZERO TO THREE}}</ref> A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kungiyar Zero to Three: Cibiyar Kasa ta Yara, Yara, da Iyalai suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a bincike da bayar da shawarwari ga jarirai da yara. Zero to Three ne ke da alhakin kirkirar Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 (DC:0-3), fasalin da aka sake fasalin (DC: 0-3R), kuma a cikin 2016 DC:0-5 wanda ke ba da damar masu ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa su ba da ganewar cutar lafiyar kwakwalwa ga jarirai, yara, da alakarsu da masu kula da su lokacin da wahala da rashin aiki ya kai matakin da ke nuna alamar cututtukan kwakwalwa wanda ke buƙatar shiga tsakani. Dukansu Zero zuwa Uku da WAIMH sun ambaci bincike na kwarewa a cikin bayar da shawarar kimantawa da maganin matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin yara masu magana. Jihohi da yawa suna da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na jarirai da ke da alaƙa da WAIMH da Zero to Three. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna buga jaridu, mujallu, kuma suna shirya taro da abubuwan horo ga mutane da ke aiki tare da yara ƙanana da iyalansu. Wiley ne ya buga "Infant Mental Health Journal" kuma mallakar Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health ne. A Turai, [https://www.imhnederland.nl/ IMH Netherlands] ta kirkiro cibiyar sadarwa ta ilimi da kiwon lafiya don Kiwon Lafiyar Iyaye da Jarirai. Ya haɗu da horo na masu sana'a da kungiyoyi, tare da al'umma ta kan layi, da hanyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na iyaye da jarirai waɗanda aka aiwatar tun daga 2020 a cikin Netherlands da yankunan da ke kewaye. Abin da ke da ban sha'awa game da wannan dandamali shi ne cewa yana fassara hangen nesa na IMH zuwa [https://imhvoorouders.nl/ kayan aiki da kayan aiki ga iyaye]. Ta wannan hanyar, iyaye suna da sauƙin saba da ka'idodin tsarin IMH. Lafiyar tunanin jarirai galibi tana nuna aikin hadin gwiwa wanda ya fara da aikin Selma Fraiberg da labarinta "Ghosts in the Nursery" da sauran manyan mutane.[1] Masu kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na jarirai suna ba da haɗin kai ga iyaye, iyaye masu kula, da sauran masu kula da su tare da jarirai da yara.[2] Ana ba da tallafi da kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa lokacin da aka nuna don taimakawa iyaye su shiga tare da jariransu da yara da kuma fahimtar asarar da ba a warware su ba daga baya don su kasance da motsin rai a gare su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin shiga tsakani na lafiyar kwakwalwa ta jarirai shine samun kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin iyaye da jariri / jariri da kuma mafi girman tsaro.[3][4] == Manazarta == nsv0pry1azs1rhuspj1il2rbn5ylpbp Yaduwar cututtuka 0 154619 846416 2026-06-03T23:38:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296879346|Epididymitis]]" 846416 wikitext text/x-wiki Epididymitis wani yanayi ne na kiwon lafiya wanda ke nuna kumburi na epididymis, wani tsari mai laushi a bayan testicle.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Farkon ciwo yawanci yana kan rana ɗaya ko biyu.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ciwon na iya ingantawa tare da ɗaga kwayar.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi na testicle, ƙonewa tare da fitsari, ko fitsari akai-akai.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Rashin kumburi na testicle yana nan.<ref name="AFP2016" /> A cikin waɗanda suke matasa kuma suna yin jima'i, [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da chlamydia galibi sune ainihin dalilin.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> A cikin tsofaffin maza da maza waɗanda ke yin jima'i na ciki, ƙwayoyin cuta na ciki sune sanadin kowa.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Yanayin da zai iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da jujjuyawar testicular, hernia na inguinal, da [[Kansar Mahaifa|Ciwon daji na testicular]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani idan ganewar asali ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Magani na iya haɗawa da magungunan zafi, NSAIDs, da tsawo.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi da aka ba da shawarar a cikin waɗanda ke matasa da masu yin jima'i sune Ceftriaxone da [[doxycycline]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Daga cikin wadanda suka tsufa, ana iya amfani da ofloxacin.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Matsalolin sun haɗa da rashin haihuwa da ciwo mai tsanani.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Mutanen da ke da shekaru 15 zuwa 35 galibi suna fama da cutar, tare da kimanin mutane 600,000 a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru da ke fama da cutar a kowace shekara a Amurka.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal |last=Trojian |first=TH |last2=Lishnak |first2=TS |last3=Heiman |first3=D |date=1 April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Epididymis-KDS.jpg|thumb|Matashin ɗan adam mai girma tare da epididymis: A. Shugaban epididymes, B. Jiki na epididymus, C. wutsiya na epididhymis, da D. Vas deferens]] Wadanda ke da shekaru 15 zuwa 35 galibi suna fama da cutar.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal |last=Trojian |first=TH |last2=Lishnak |first2=TS |last3=Heiman |first3=D |date=1 April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> Hanyar da ta fi tsanani yawanci tana tasowa a cikin kwanaki da yawa, tare da ciwo da kumburi akai-akai a cikin testis ɗaya kawai, wanda zai rataye ƙasa a cikin scrotum. Sau da yawa za a sami tarihin kwanan nan na dysuria ko fitar da urethral.<ref name="brown" /> Zafin jiki kuma alama ce ta yau da kullun. A cikin nau'in da ba shi da tsanani, mai haƙuri na iya samun tausayi mai raɗaɗi amma yana iya ko bazai sami epididymis mara kyau ba a lokacin palpation, kodayake palpation na iya nuna epididymes mai laushi. A scrotal ultrasound na iya nuna matsaloli tare da epididymis, amma irin wannan ultrasound kuma na iya nuna wani abu mai ban mamaki. Yawancin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar epididymitis mai tsanani suna da alamun sama da shekaru biyar.<ref name="kav">{{Cite book|edition=William D.}}</ref> : shafi na 311{{Rp|p.311}} === Matsalolin === Ba a kula da su ba, manyan matsalolin epididymitis masu tsanani sune samar da abscess da kuma ciwon zuciya. Epididymitis na yau da kullun na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ko ma lalacewar epididymis da testicle (wanda ke haifar da rashin haihuwa da / ko hypogonadism), kuma kamuwa da cuta na iya yaduwa zuwa kowane sashi ko tsarin jiki. Ciwo mai tsanani kuma matsala ce mai alaƙa da epididymitis mai tsanani wanda ba a kula da shi ba. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Kodayake cututtukan urinary tract a cikin maza ba su da yawa, cututtukatare na [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] shine mafi yawan dalilin cututtukayyar cututtukar cututtukani.<ref name="AMP09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D |date=April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta a cikin urethra suna komawa baya ta hanyar urinary da Tsarin haifuwa zuwa epididymis. A cikin yanayi mai wuya, kamuwa da cuta ta kai epididymis ta hanyar jini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididymitis and Orchitis |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/epididymitis-and-orchitis/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library}}</ref> A cikin maza masu yin jima'i, ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' yana da alhakin kashi biyu bisa uku na masu kamuwa da cutar, sannan ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' da ''E. coli'' (ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|kamuwa da cututtukan fitsari]]). Musamman tsakanin maza sama da shekaru 35 wadanda dalilin shine ''E. coli'', epididymitis yawanci saboda toshewar hanyar fitsari ne.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da ''Ureaplasma'', Mycobacterium, da ''cytomegalovirus'', ko ''Cryptococcus'' a cikin marasa lafiya tare da kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV. ''E. coli'' ya fi yawa a cikin yara maza kafin [[balaga]], tsofaffi, da maza da ke yin jima'i da maza. A mafi yawan lokuta inda kwayoyin cuta ne ke haifar, gefe ɗaya kawai na scrotum ko ɗayan shine wurin ciwo. Abubuwan da ba su da kamuwa da cuta suma suna yiwuwa. Reflux na fitsari mara kyau (motsa ba tare da ƙwayoyin cuta ba) ta hanyar hanyoyin zubar da ciki na iya haifar da kumburi tare da toshewa. A cikin yara, yana iya zama martani bayan kamuwa da enterovirus, adenovirus, ko ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae''. Abubuwan da ba su da yawa da ba su kamu da cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki sun haɗa da sarcoidosis (mafi yawa a cikin baƙar fata maza) da Cutar Behçet.<ref name="kav">{{Cite book|edition=William D.}}</ref> : shafi na 311{{Rp|p.311}} Duk wani nau'in epididymitis na iya haifar da tiyata ta hanyar zubar da jini, gami da prostatectomy da urinary catheterization. Cutar cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki ce ta dogon lokaci na vasectomy .<ref name="pmid10785217">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schwingl PJ, Guess HA |year=2000 |title=Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=923–36 |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.1247 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00482-9 |pmid=10785217}}</ref><ref name="pmid8237740">{{Cite journal |last=Raspa RF |year=1993 |title=Complications of vasectomy |journal=American Family Physician |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1264–8 |pmid=8237740}}</ref> Chemical epididymitis na iya haifar da magunguna kamar Amiodarone.<ref name="amiodarone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibsen HH, Frandsen F, Brandrup F, Møller M |date=August 1989 |title=Epididymitis caused by treatment with amiodarone |journal=Genitourin Med |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=257–8 |doi=10.1136/sti.65.4.257 |pmc=1194364 |pmid=2807285}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Ultrasonography_of_epididymitis.jpg|thumb|Doppler ultrasound na epididymitis, ana ganinsa a matsayin karuwar jini a cikin epididymis na hagu (hoton sama), yayin da yake al'ada a dama (hoton ƙasa). Kaurin epididymis (tsakanin giciye mai launin rawaya) ya karu da dan kadan.]] Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Yanayin da zai iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da jujjuyawar testicular, hernia na inguinal, da [[Kansar Mahaifa|Ciwon daji na testicular]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani idan ganewar asali ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje na iya zama dole don gano ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da su. A cikin yara ƙanana, ana samun ƙarancin hanyar fitsari akai-akai. A cikin maza masu yin jima'i, ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da microscopy da al'adu samfurin fitsari na farko, Gram stain da al'adar ruwa ko swab daga urethra, gwaje-gwaje na amplification na nucleic acid (don karawa da gano DNA na microbial ko wasu nucleic acids) ko gwaje-gaje don [[Tunjere|syphilis]] da HIV. === Rabe-Rabe === [[Fayil:Suppurative_epidydimo_orchitis_histopathology.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Histopathology na kumburi epididymis da testis]] Ana iya rarraba Epididymitis a matsayin mai tsanani, mai tsanani, da kuma mai tsanani, dangane da tsawon lokacin bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AMP09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D |date=April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> ==== Cutar cututtuka ==== [[Fayil:Epididymal_calcifications_and_cyst.jpg|thumb|Scrotal ultrasound yana nuna calcifications da cysts a cikin yanayin epididymis mai tsanani.]] Epididymitis na yau da kullun wani nau'i ne na epididymitis wanda ke ci gaba da fiye da watanni uku. Ana nuna cutar epididymitis ta hanyar kumburi koda kuwa babu kamuwa da cuta. Ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje don rarrabe epididymitis na yau da kullun daga wasu cututtukan da za su iya haifar da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullum, gami da Ciwon daji na testicular (ko da yake wannan sau da yawa ba shi da zafi), ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa masu girma (varicocele), [1] da kuma yiwuwar cyst a cikin epididymis. Wasu bincike sun gano cewa kusan kashi 80% na ziyarar da aka kai ga likitan fitsari don ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa shine don epididymitis mai tsanani.[2] : p.311 A matsayin ƙarin rikitarwa, jijiyoyi a yankin scrotal suna da alaƙa da waɗanda ke cikin ciki, wani lokacin suna haifar da ciwon ciki mai kama da hernia (duba ciwo da aka ambata). == Magani == A cikin nau'ikan masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, ana amfani da maganin rigakafi idan ana zargin kamuwa da cuta. Maganin da aka zaɓa sau da yawa azithromycin da cefixime ne don rufe gonorrhoeae da chlamydia. Ba a ba da shawarar Fluoroquinolones saboda yaduwar juriya na gonorrhoeae ga wannan aji.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da [[Doxycycline]] a matsayin madadin azithromycin. A cikin epididymitis mai tsanani, ana iya ba da umarni na makonni huɗu zuwa shida na maganin rigakafi don tabbatar da cikakken kawar da duk wani dalilin ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman ma chlamydiae daban-daban. Ga lokuta da kwayoyin halitta suka haifar (kamar ''E. coli''), ana ba da shawarar ofloxacin ko levofloxacin.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ttglr1u4jay8xfwoztleanj8q91xrx 846417 846416 2026-06-03T23:39:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Epididymitis wani yanayi ne na kiwon lafiya wanda ke nuna kumburi na epididymis, wani tsari mai laushi a bayan testicle.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Farkon ciwo yawanci yana kan rana ɗaya ko biyu.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ciwon na iya ingantawa tare da ɗaga kwayar.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi na testicle, ƙonewa tare da fitsari, ko fitsari akai-akai.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Rashin kumburi na testicle yana nan.<ref name="AFP2016" /> A cikin waɗanda suke matasa kuma suna yin jima'i, [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da chlamydia galibi sune ainihin dalilin.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> A cikin tsofaffin maza da maza waɗanda ke yin jima'i na ciki, ƙwayoyin cuta na ciki sune sanadin kowa.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Yanayin da zai iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da jujjuyawar testicular, hernia na inguinal, da [[Kansar Mahaifa|Ciwon daji na testicular]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani idan ganewar asali ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Magani na iya haɗawa da magungunan zafi, NSAIDs, da tsawo.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi da aka ba da shawarar a cikin waɗanda ke matasa da masu yin jima'i sune Ceftriaxone da [[doxycycline]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Daga cikin wadanda suka tsufa, ana iya amfani da ofloxacin.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Matsalolin sun haɗa da rashin haihuwa da ciwo mai tsanani.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Mutanen da ke da shekaru 15 zuwa 35 galibi suna fama da cutar, tare da kimanin mutane 600,000 a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru da ke fama da cutar a kowace shekara a Amurka.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal |last=Trojian |first=TH |last2=Lishnak |first2=TS |last3=Heiman |first3=D |date=1 April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == [[Fayil:Epididymis-KDS.jpg|thumb|Matashin ɗan adam mai girma tare da epididymis: A. Shugaban epididymes, B. Jiki na epididymus, C. wutsiya na epididhymis, da D. Vas deferens]] Wadanda ke da shekaru 15 zuwa 35 galibi suna fama da cutar.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal |last=Trojian |first=TH |last2=Lishnak |first2=TS |last3=Heiman |first3=D |date=1 April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> Hanyar da ta fi tsanani yawanci tana tasowa a cikin kwanaki da yawa, tare da ciwo da kumburi akai-akai a cikin testis ɗaya kawai, wanda zai rataye ƙasa a cikin scrotum. Sau da yawa za a sami tarihin kwanan nan na dysuria ko fitar da urethral.<ref name="brown" /> Zafin jiki kuma alama ce ta yau da kullun. A cikin nau'in da ba shi da tsanani, mai haƙuri na iya samun tausayi mai raɗaɗi amma yana iya ko bazai sami epididymis mara kyau ba a lokacin palpation, kodayake palpation na iya nuna epididymes mai laushi. A scrotal ultrasound na iya nuna matsaloli tare da epididymis, amma irin wannan ultrasound kuma na iya nuna wani abu mai ban mamaki. Yawancin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar epididymitis mai tsanani suna da alamun sama da shekaru biyar.<ref name="kav">{{Cite book|edition=William D.}}</ref> : shafi na 311{{Rp|p.311}} === Matsalolin === Ba a kula da su ba, manyan matsalolin epididymitis masu tsanani sune samar da abscess da kuma ciwon zuciya. Epididymitis na yau da kullun na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ko ma lalacewar epididymis da testicle (wanda ke haifar da rashin haihuwa da / ko hypogonadism), kuma kamuwa da cuta na iya yaduwa zuwa kowane sashi ko tsarin jiki. Ciwo mai tsanani kuma matsala ce mai alaƙa da epididymitis mai tsanani wanda ba a kula da shi ba. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Kodayake cututtukan urinary tract a cikin maza ba su da yawa, cututtukatare na [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] shine mafi yawan dalilin cututtukayyar cututtukar cututtukani.<ref name="AMP09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D |date=April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> Kwayoyin cuta a cikin urethra suna komawa baya ta hanyar urinary da Tsarin haifuwa zuwa epididymis. A cikin yanayi mai wuya, kamuwa da cuta ta kai epididymis ta hanyar jini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epididymitis and Orchitis |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/epididymitis-and-orchitis/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library}}</ref> A cikin maza masu yin jima'i, ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' yana da alhakin kashi biyu bisa uku na masu kamuwa da cutar, sannan ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' da ''E. coli'' (ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|kamuwa da cututtukan fitsari]]). Musamman tsakanin maza sama da shekaru 35 wadanda dalilin shine ''E. coli'', epididymitis yawanci saboda toshewar hanyar fitsari ne.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da ''Ureaplasma'', Mycobacterium, da ''cytomegalovirus'', ko ''Cryptococcus'' a cikin marasa lafiya tare da kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV. ''E. coli'' ya fi yawa a cikin yara maza kafin [[balaga]], tsofaffi, da maza da ke yin jima'i da maza. A mafi yawan lokuta inda kwayoyin cuta ne ke haifar, gefe ɗaya kawai na scrotum ko ɗayan shine wurin ciwo. Abubuwan da ba su da kamuwa da cuta suma suna yiwuwa. Reflux na fitsari mara kyau (motsa ba tare da ƙwayoyin cuta ba) ta hanyar hanyoyin zubar da ciki na iya haifar da kumburi tare da toshewa. A cikin yara, yana iya zama martani bayan kamuwa da enterovirus, adenovirus, ko ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae''. Abubuwan da ba su da yawa da ba su kamu da cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki sun haɗa da sarcoidosis (mafi yawa a cikin baƙar fata maza) da Cutar Behçet.<ref name="kav">{{Cite book|edition=William D.}}</ref> : shafi na 311{{Rp|p.311}} Duk wani nau'in epididymitis na iya haifar da tiyata ta hanyar zubar da jini, gami da prostatectomy da urinary catheterization. Cutar cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki ce ta dogon lokaci na vasectomy .<ref name="pmid10785217">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schwingl PJ, Guess HA |year=2000 |title=Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=923–36 |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.1247 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00482-9 |pmid=10785217}}</ref><ref name="pmid8237740">{{Cite journal |last=Raspa RF |year=1993 |title=Complications of vasectomy |journal=American Family Physician |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1264–8 |pmid=8237740}}</ref> Chemical epididymitis na iya haifar da magunguna kamar Amiodarone.<ref name="amiodarone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ibsen HH, Frandsen F, Brandrup F, Møller M |date=August 1989 |title=Epididymitis caused by treatment with amiodarone |journal=Genitourin Med |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=257–8 |doi=10.1136/sti.65.4.257 |pmc=1194364 |pmid=2807285}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:Ultrasonography_of_epididymitis.jpg|thumb|Doppler ultrasound na epididymitis, ana ganinsa a matsayin karuwar jini a cikin epididymis na hagu (hoton sama), yayin da yake al'ada a dama (hoton ƙasa). Kaurin epididymis (tsakanin giciye mai launin rawaya) ya karu da dan kadan.]] Binciken yawanci ya dogara ne akan alamun bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AFP2016">{{Cite journal |last=McConaghy |first=JR |last2=Panchal |first2=B |date=1 November 2016 |title=Epididymitis: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=9 |pages=723–726 |pmid=27929243}}</ref> Yanayin da zai iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da jujjuyawar testicular, hernia na inguinal, da [[Kansar Mahaifa|Ciwon daji na testicular]].<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani idan ganewar asali ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name="AFP2016" /> Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje na iya zama dole don gano ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da su. A cikin yara ƙanana, ana samun ƙarancin hanyar fitsari akai-akai. A cikin maza masu yin jima'i, ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da microscopy da al'adu samfurin fitsari na farko, Gram stain da al'adar ruwa ko swab daga urethra, gwaje-gwaje na amplification na nucleic acid (don karawa da gano DNA na microbial ko wasu nucleic acids) ko gwaje-gaje don [[Tunjere|syphilis]] da HIV. === Rabe-Rabe === [[Fayil:Suppurative_epidydimo_orchitis_histopathology.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Histopathology na kumburi epididymis da testis]] Ana iya rarraba Epididymitis a matsayin mai tsanani, mai tsanani, da kuma mai tsanani, dangane da tsawon lokacin bayyanar cututtuka.<ref name="AMP09">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D |date=April 2009 |title=Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=583–7 |pmid=19378875}}</ref> ==== Cutar cututtuka ==== [[Fayil:Epididymal_calcifications_and_cyst.jpg|thumb|Scrotal ultrasound yana nuna calcifications da cysts a cikin yanayin epididymis mai tsanani.]] Epididymitis na yau da kullun wani nau'i ne na epididymitis wanda ke ci gaba da fiye da watanni uku. Ana nuna cutar epididymitis ta hanyar kumburi koda kuwa babu kamuwa da cuta. Ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje don rarrabe epididymitis na yau da kullun daga wasu cututtukan da za su iya haifar da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullum, gami da Ciwon daji na testicular (ko da yake wannan sau da yawa ba shi da zafi), ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa masu girma (varicocele), [1] da kuma yiwuwar cyst a cikin epididymis. Wasu bincike sun gano cewa kusan kashi 80% na ziyarar da aka kai ga likitan fitsari don ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa shine don epididymitis mai tsanani.[2] : p.311 A matsayin ƙarin rikitarwa, jijiyoyi a yankin scrotal suna da alaƙa da waɗanda ke cikin ciki, wani lokacin suna haifar da ciwon ciki mai kama da hernia (duba ciwo da aka ambata). == Magani == A cikin nau'ikan masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, ana amfani da maganin rigakafi idan ana zargin kamuwa da cuta. Maganin da aka zaɓa sau da yawa azithromycin da cefixime ne don rufe gonorrhoeae da chlamydia. Ba a ba da shawarar Fluoroquinolones saboda yaduwar juriya na gonorrhoeae ga wannan aji.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da [[Doxycycline]] a matsayin madadin azithromycin. A cikin epididymitis mai tsanani, ana iya ba da umarni na makonni huɗu zuwa shida na maganin rigakafi don tabbatar da cikakken kawar da duk wani dalilin ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman ma chlamydiae daban-daban. Ga lokuta da kwayoyin halitta suka haifar (kamar ''E. coli''), ana ba da shawarar ofloxacin ko levofloxacin.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal |last=Smith DM |date=September 1, 2008 |title=A Really Big Pain: Acute Epididymitis |url=http://www.consultantlive.com/pain/article/1145619/1361797 |journal=The AIDS Reader}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sfht9igakl6ezyqjry6dii7fqbjb7rq Lafiyar hankali ta duniya 0 154620 846418 2026-06-03T23:40:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357165892|Global mental health]]" 846418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''lafiyar hankali ta duniya''' ita ce "yanki na karatu, bincike da aiki wanda ke sanya fifiko kan inganta lafiyar hankali da cimma daidaito a cikin lafiyar hankali ga duk mutane a duk duniya. " <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patel V, Prince M |date=May 2010 |title=Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=19 |pages=1976–7 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.616 |pmc=3432444 |pmid=20483977}}</ref> Yankin yana mai da hankali kan inganta rigakafi, kulawa, da maganin cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa a duniya, tare da inganta ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune da irin waɗannan cututtukani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Pamela Y. |date=October 2020 |title=What is global mental health? |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=265–266 |doi=10.1002/wps.20728 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=7491634 |pmid=32931115}}</ref> Wannan sau da yawa yana da jaddadawa ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin saitunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu tare da ƙarancin samun damar samun maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kamar yadda yake tare da kiwon lafiya na duniya gabaɗaya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bump |first=Jesse B. |date=2025 |title=Global Health and Its Limitations: An Historical Perspective |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |journal=Health Systems & Reform |volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2025.2478681 |pmid=40202995 |access-date=2026-03-25 |doi-access=free}}</ref> an yi sukar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta duniya a matsayin aikin mulkin mallaka ko "mai wa'azi". Har ila yau, an soki maganin kwarewar ɗan adam da jiyya saboda yin watsi da ra'ayoyin gida da hanyoyin warkarwa.<ref name=":0" /> Sauran sun soki kamfanonin magunguna don shiga kasuwar duniya kawai don samun karin abokan ciniki.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=Lisa |date=December 2025 |title=Addressing the Global Mental Health Crisis: How a Human Rights Approach Can Help End the Search for Pharmaceutical Magic Bullets |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=12799051 |pmid=41536709}}</ref> Duk da yake mutane da yawa a fagen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya suna nazarin tsoma baki na zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka haɓaka ta ko tare da haɗin gwiwar mazauna yankin, saboda ƙuntatawa a cikin albarkatun kamar ma'aikata da lokaci, sau da yawa ana ganin yin amfani da magani a matsayin mafi tsada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Dan |last2=Sanderson |first2=Kristy |last3=Ayuso-Mateos |first3=Jose Luis |last4=Saxena |first4=Shekhar |date=May 2004 |title=Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/reducing-the-global-burden-of-depression/67B13E3506CF1DD31456F2F5F671DF58? |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=184 |issue=5 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.5.393 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=15123502}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Eric L. |last2=Vijan |first2=Sandeep |last3=Miller |first3=Erin M. |last4=Valenstein |first4=Marcia |last5=Zivin |first5=Kara |date=2019-12-03 |title=The Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Second-Generation Antidepressants for Initial Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the United States: A Decision Analytic Model |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=785–795 |doi=10.7326/M18-1480 |issn=1539-3704 |pmc=7188559 |pmid=31658472}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ba da fifiko kan ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka shafi al'umma, masu daidaitawa, da kuma ci gaba da shiga tsakani. [[Fayil:Tavola_disegno_17_copia_2.svg|thumb|Kashi na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa a yankuna daban-daban a cikin 2019]] Babban manufar fagen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya shine karfafa lafiyar kwakwalwa a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar samar da bayanai game da yanayin kiwon lafiyar hankali a duk ƙasashe, da kuma gano bukatun kiwon lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa don haɓaka matakan da suka dace don biyan waɗannan takamaiman buƙatu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A |date=September 2007 |title=No health without mental health |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=859–77 |bibcode=2007Lanc..370..859P |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0 |pmid=17804063 |s2cid=32695269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H |date=September 2007 |title=Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=878–89 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2 |pmid=17804062 |s2cid=8916770}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M |date=October 2007 |title=Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9594 |pages=1241–52 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61242-2 |pmid=17804059 |s2cid=21045215}}</ref> == Matsakaicin cutar a duniya == [[Fayil:Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg|thumb|Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2002:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Div col}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|less than 10}} {{legend|#fff200|10–20}} {{legend|#ffdc00|20–30}} {{legend|#ffc600|30–40}} {{legend|#ffb000|40–50}} {{legend|#ff9a00|50–60}} {{legend|#ff8400|60–80}} {{legend|#ff6e00|80–100}} {{legend|#ff5800|100–120}} {{legend|#ff4200|120–140}} {{legend|#ff2c00|140–150}} {{legend|#cb0000|more than 150}} {{Div col end}}]] Cututtukan tunani, jijiyoyi, da amfani da kwayoyi suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga nauyin [[Cutar zuciya]] (GBD). Wannan ma'auni ne na duniya na abin da ake kira shekarun da aka daidaita da nakasa (DALY's) wanda aka sanya wa wani cuta / rikici, wanda shine jimlar shekarun da aka rayu tare da nakasa da shekarun rayuwa da suka ɓace saboda wannan cuta a cikin yawan jama'a. Yanayin Neuropsychiatric yana da kashi 14% na nauyin cutar a duniya. Daga cikin cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa, suna da kashi 28% na DALY - fiye da cututtukani na zuciya ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. Koyaya, an kiyasta cewa ainihin gudummawar cututtukan kwakwalwa ga nauyin cutar ta duniya ya fi girma, saboda rikitarwa da ma'amala da cututtukani na jiki da na kwakwalwa. A duk duniya, kusan mutane miliyan daya suna mutuwa saboda kashe kansu a kowace shekara, kuma shine na uku da ke haifar da mutuwa tsakanin matasa. Mafi mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da nakasa saboda yanayin da ke da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya a duk duniya sun haɗa da baƙin ciki na unipolar, maye, [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], baƙin ciki na bipolar da dementia. A cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, waɗannan yanayin suna wakiltar jimlar 19.1% na duk yanayin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da nakasa. A cewar Paul da Moser meta-analysis, ƙasashe masu yawan rashin daidaito da rashin tsaro na rashin aikin yi suna da mummunar sakamako na lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin marasa aikin yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll of job loss |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/toll-job-loss |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> Wata kasida ta yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 76%-85% na waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya ba da kulawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-04 |title=Depresión, la gran epidemia de hoy |url=https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/depresion-la-gran-epidemia-de-hoy/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Gaceta UNAM |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez |first=Erika |last2=Nicolini |first2=Humberto |last3=Villatoro |first3=Jorge |last4=Bustos |first4=Marycarmen |last5=Medina-Mora |first5=María Elena |last6=Mejía-Ortiz |first6=Paola |last7=Robles |first7=Beatriz |last8=Mondragón |first8=Diego |last9=Ibarra |first9=Gema |last10=Meza |first10=Daniela |last11=Genis-Mendoza |first11=Alma Delia |date=2025-08-02 |title=Current Status of Mental Health in Mexico City |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1217 |doi=10.3390/ijerph22081217 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=12386308 |pmid=40869803 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 14% na matasa suna da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynales-Shigematsu |first=Luz Myriam |last2=Rivera-Rivera |first2=Leonor |last3=Séris-Martínez |first3=Marina |last4=Saenz-de-Miera |first4=Belen |date=2024-03-13 |title=A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parental Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health in Mexico: Insights into Excessive Alcohol Intake, Tobacco Use, Suicidal Behavior, and Depressive Symptomatology |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=641 |doi=10.3390/healthcare12060641 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10970411 |pmid=38540607 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yanki == === Yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara === Cututtukan kwakwalwa da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa sun zama damuwa a tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka marasa ci gaba, duk da haka ana watsi da waɗannan batutuwan, saboda ana ba da kulawa ta hankali a Afirka fiye da yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe masu yamma. Hawan yawan mutuwar saboda rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa ya nuna bukatar inganta manufofin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ci gaba a cikin magani ga 'yan Afirka da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=OKASHA |first=AHMED |date=February 2002 |title=Mental health in Africa: the role of the WPA |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=1489826 |pmid=16946819}}</ref> Kasashen Afirka marasa ci gaba suna fama da cututtukan jiki, cututtuka, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da gurɓataccen abu cewa ba a ba da fifiko ga matsalar rashin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ya sa ya zama ƙalubale don samun tasirin da aka sani ga yawan Afirka. A cikin 1988 da 1990, kasashe mambobin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Afirka sun aiwatar da kudurori biyu na asali. AFR/RC39/R1 da AFR/ RC40/R9 sun yi ƙoƙari su inganta matsayin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a takamaiman yankuna na Afirka don magance tasirin da ke tasowa a kan mutanen Afirka.[1] Koyaya, an gano cewa waɗannan sabbin manufofi ba su da tasiri sosai a kan matsayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a Afirka, wanda hakan ya haifar da karkatawar rikice-rikicen tunani maimakon raguwar da ake so, kuma ya sa wannan ya zama kamar matsala ce da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba. A Afirka, dalilai da yawa na zamantakewa da al'adu da na halitta sun haifar da gwagwarmayar tunani, yayin da suke rufe matakin muhimmancin su ga idon Afirka. Karin rashin aikin yi, tashin hankali, aikata laifuka, fyade, da cututtuka galibi suna da alaƙa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya haifar da yawan cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan jiki kamar HIV / AIDS, annobar Ebola, da zazzabin cizon sauro galibi suna da tasirin tunani na dindindin ga wadanda ba a san su ba a cikin al'ummomin Afirka saboda imanin al'adunsu. Al'adun gargajiya na Afirka sun haifar da fahimtar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa kamar yadda ya haifar da ikon allahntaka, yana hana amsawa mai taimako ko mai ma'ana ga halayyar da ba ta dace ba. Misali, Ebola ta sami kulawa da kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da ta zama mai yawa a Afirka kuma daga ƙarshe ta bazu zuwa Amurka, duk da haka, masu bincike ba su taɓa kula da tasirin tunaninsa a kan kwakwalwar Afirka ba. Babban damuwa, gwagwarmaya da baƙin ciki, jin ƙin yarda da rashin iyawa, baƙin ciki da ke haifar da kashe kansa, PTSD, da sauransu wasu daga cikin tasirin cututtuka ne kawai kamar Ebola.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reardon S |date=March 2015 |title=Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa |journal=Nature |volume=519 |issue=7541 |pages=13–4 |bibcode=2015Natur.519...13R |doi=10.1038/519013a |pmid=25739606 |s2cid=4405855 |id={{ProQuest|1662365135}} |doi-access=free}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Wadannan annoba suna zuwa da tafiya, amma tasirin su na dindindin akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ya kasance har tsawon shekaru masu zuwa, har ma da kawo ƙarshen rayuwa saboda rashin aiki. An yi ƙoƙari don tallafawa tallafin likita a ƙasashe kamar Laberiya, saboda matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa mai ban mamaki bayan yaƙi, amma ba a amfana da yawa ba. Baya ga dalilai na kudi, yana da matukar wahala a tilasta matakan lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa gabaɗaya a ƙasashe masu tasowa kawai saboda mutanen da ke zaune a can ba lallai ba ne su yi imani da ilimin kwakwalwa na yamma. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu na ilimin halayyar dan adam da halayyar da ba ta dace ba ya dogara da abubuwan da ke kewaye da bambancin al'adu. Wannan yana haifar da rashin lafiyar hankali ya kasance a ɓoye saboda halayyar al'ada, idan aka kwatanta da halayyar yamma da ka'idojin al'adu. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin rashin lafiya na hankali da na jiki wani sake zagayowar ne wanda har yanzu ba a karya shi ba. Duk da yake kungiyoyi da yawa suna ƙoƙarin warware matsaloli game da lafiyar jiki a Afirka, saboda waɗannan matsalolin suna bayyane kuma ana iya gane su, akwai ƙananan matakai da aka ɗauka don fuskantar tasirin tunani da aka bari ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. An gane cewa yawancin marasa lafiya a Afirka suna neman taimako daga shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini, duk da haka wannan ya zama ruwan dare saboda yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ba su da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran duniya. A Habasha kadai, akwai "masu ilimin halayyar dan adam 10 kawai ga yawan mutane miliyan 61," <ref name=":1a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gureje O, Alem A |date=2000 |title=Mental health policy development in Africa |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(4)475.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |pmc=2560723 |pmid=10885166}}</ref> binciken ya nuna. Duk da yake lambobi tabbas sun canza tun lokacin da aka yi wannan binciken, rashin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ilimin halayyar dan adam a duk faɗin Afirka ya ci gaba tare da matsakaicin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na yanzu 1.4 ga kowane mutum 100,000 idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya na ƙwararrun 9.0 ga kowane mutum 10,000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M |date=September 2018 |title=Mental health in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e954–e955 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 |pmid=30103990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kididdigar ta nuna cewa "ƙididdigar shekara-shekara ta ziyarar wuraren kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ita ce 1,051 ga kowane mutum 100,000," yayin da "a Afirka adadin shine 14 ga kowane 100,000" ziyarar. Kimanin rabin ƙasashen Afirka suna da wasu manufofi na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa, duk da haka, waɗannan manufofi ba a kula da su sosai ba, yayin da gwamnatin Afirka ke kashe "kasa da 1% na jimlar kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya akan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S |date=September 2007 |title=Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9592 |pages=1061–77 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 |pmid=17804052 |s2cid=12765072}}</ref> Musamman a Saliyo, kimanin kashi 98.8% na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su da magani, har ma bayan gina wani asibiti na kasa da matsakaicin asibiti, yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani.<ref name=":2" /> Ba wai kawai an dauki matakai kaɗan don magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a Afirka ba, amma kuma an yi bincike kaɗan a kan batun don yada wayar da kan jama'a da hana mutuwar. Lancet Global Health <ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S |date=September 2007 |title=Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9592 |pages=1061–77 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 |pmid=17804052 |s2cid=12765072}}</ref> ya yarda cewa akwai fiye da 1,000 da aka buga labarai da ke rufe lafiyar jiki a Afirka, amma har yanzu akwai kasa da 50 da ke tattauna lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kuma wannan matsala mai mahimmanci na ba da fifiko ga lafiyar jiki da lafiyar kwakwalwa kawai yana kara muni yayin da yawan jama'ar nahiyar ke ƙaruwa sosai tare da bincike da ke nuna cewa "Tsakanin 2000 da 2015 yawan jama'a na nahiyar ya karu da kashi 49%, duk da haka yawan shekarun da suka ɓace ga nakasa sakamakon cututtukan tunani da amfani da kwayoyi ya karu da 52%".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M |date=September 2018 |title=Mental health in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e954–e955 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 |pmid=30103990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin mutuwar da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya haifar da gaske yana gasa da waɗanda cututtukan jiki suka haifar: "A cikin 2015, shekaru miliyan 17.9 sun ɓace ga nakasa sakamakon matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Irin waɗannan cututtukani sun kasance kusan mahimmancin dalilin shekarun da suka ɓace ga nakasassu kamar yadda cututtukayyun cututtuka da cututtukansun cututtuka suka ɓace, wanda ya kai shekaru miliyan 18.5 da suka ɓoye ga nakasasshen. " <ref name=":2" /> Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kula da lafiyar jiki, yayin da suke iya zama kamar sun rabu, suna da alaƙa sosai, saboda waɗannan dalilai biyu suna ƙayyade rayuwa ko mutuwa ga mutane. Kamar yadda sabbin ƙalubalen suka bayyana kuma tsoffin ƙalubalen ba a ba da fifiko ba, manufofin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Afirka suna buƙatar ingantawa sosai don samar da mutanenta da kulawar kiwon lafiya da suka cancanta, da fatan hana wannan matsala daga fadada. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] htbkj4uogp4axj2e4b0d2kv6mxupn2c 846419 846418 2026-06-03T23:40:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''lafiyar hankali ta duniya''' ita ce "yanki na karatu, bincike da aiki wanda ke sanya fifiko kan inganta lafiyar hankali da cimma daidaito a cikin lafiyar hankali ga duk mutane a duk duniya. " <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patel V, Prince M |date=May 2010 |title=Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=19 |pages=1976–7 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.616 |pmc=3432444 |pmid=20483977}}</ref> Yankin yana mai da hankali kan inganta rigakafi, kulawa, da maganin cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa a duniya, tare da inganta ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune da irin waɗannan cututtukani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Pamela Y. |date=October 2020 |title=What is global mental health? |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=265–266 |doi=10.1002/wps.20728 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=7491634 |pmid=32931115}}</ref> Wannan sau da yawa yana da jaddadawa ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin saitunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu tare da ƙarancin samun damar samun maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kamar yadda yake tare da kiwon lafiya na duniya gabaɗaya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bump |first=Jesse B. |date=2025 |title=Global Health and Its Limitations: An Historical Perspective |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |journal=Health Systems & Reform |volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2025.2478681 |pmid=40202995 |access-date=2026-03-25 |doi-access=free}}</ref> an yi sukar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta duniya a matsayin aikin mulkin mallaka ko "mai wa'azi". Har ila yau, an soki maganin kwarewar ɗan adam da jiyya saboda yin watsi da ra'ayoyin gida da hanyoyin warkarwa.<ref name=":0" /> Sauran sun soki kamfanonin magunguna don shiga kasuwar duniya kawai don samun karin abokan ciniki.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=Lisa |date=December 2025 |title=Addressing the Global Mental Health Crisis: How a Human Rights Approach Can Help End the Search for Pharmaceutical Magic Bullets |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=12799051 |pmid=41536709}}</ref> Duk da yake mutane da yawa a fagen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya suna nazarin tsoma baki na zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka haɓaka ta ko tare da haɗin gwiwar mazauna yankin, saboda ƙuntatawa a cikin albarkatun kamar ma'aikata da lokaci, sau da yawa ana ganin yin amfani da magani a matsayin mafi tsada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chisholm |first=Dan |last2=Sanderson |first2=Kristy |last3=Ayuso-Mateos |first3=Jose Luis |last4=Saxena |first4=Shekhar |date=May 2004 |title=Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/reducing-the-global-burden-of-depression/67B13E3506CF1DD31456F2F5F671DF58? |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=184 |issue=5 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.5.393 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=15123502}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Eric L. |last2=Vijan |first2=Sandeep |last3=Miller |first3=Erin M. |last4=Valenstein |first4=Marcia |last5=Zivin |first5=Kara |date=2019-12-03 |title=The Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Second-Generation Antidepressants for Initial Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the United States: A Decision Analytic Model |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=785–795 |doi=10.7326/M18-1480 |issn=1539-3704 |pmc=7188559 |pmid=31658472}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ba da fifiko kan ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka shafi al'umma, masu daidaitawa, da kuma ci gaba da shiga tsakani. [[Fayil:Tavola_disegno_17_copia_2.svg|thumb|Kashi na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa a yankuna daban-daban a cikin 2019]] Babban manufar fagen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na duniya shine karfafa lafiyar kwakwalwa a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar samar da bayanai game da yanayin kiwon lafiyar hankali a duk ƙasashe, da kuma gano bukatun kiwon lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa don haɓaka matakan da suka dace don biyan waɗannan takamaiman buƙatu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A |date=September 2007 |title=No health without mental health |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=859–77 |bibcode=2007Lanc..370..859P |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0 |pmid=17804063 |s2cid=32695269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H |date=September 2007 |title=Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=878–89 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2 |pmid=17804062 |s2cid=8916770}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M |date=October 2007 |title=Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9594 |pages=1241–52 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61242-2 |pmid=17804059 |s2cid=21045215}}</ref> == Matsakaicin cutar a duniya == [[Fayil:Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg|thumb|Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2002:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Div col}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|less than 10}} {{legend|#fff200|10–20}} {{legend|#ffdc00|20–30}} {{legend|#ffc600|30–40}} {{legend|#ffb000|40–50}} {{legend|#ff9a00|50–60}} {{legend|#ff8400|60–80}} {{legend|#ff6e00|80–100}} {{legend|#ff5800|100–120}} {{legend|#ff4200|120–140}} {{legend|#ff2c00|140–150}} {{legend|#cb0000|more than 150}} {{Div col end}}]] Cututtukan tunani, jijiyoyi, da amfani da kwayoyi suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga nauyin [[Cutar zuciya]] (GBD). Wannan ma'auni ne na duniya na abin da ake kira shekarun da aka daidaita da nakasa (DALY's) wanda aka sanya wa wani cuta / rikici, wanda shine jimlar shekarun da aka rayu tare da nakasa da shekarun rayuwa da suka ɓace saboda wannan cuta a cikin yawan jama'a. Yanayin Neuropsychiatric yana da kashi 14% na nauyin cutar a duniya. Daga cikin cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa, suna da kashi 28% na DALY - fiye da cututtukani na zuciya ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. Koyaya, an kiyasta cewa ainihin gudummawar cututtukan kwakwalwa ga nauyin cutar ta duniya ya fi girma, saboda rikitarwa da ma'amala da cututtukani na jiki da na kwakwalwa. A duk duniya, kusan mutane miliyan daya suna mutuwa saboda kashe kansu a kowace shekara, kuma shine na uku da ke haifar da mutuwa tsakanin matasa. Mafi mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da nakasa saboda yanayin da ke da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya a duk duniya sun haɗa da baƙin ciki na unipolar, maye, [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], baƙin ciki na bipolar da dementia. A cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, waɗannan yanayin suna wakiltar jimlar 19.1% na duk yanayin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da nakasa. A cewar Paul da Moser meta-analysis, ƙasashe masu yawan rashin daidaito da rashin tsaro na rashin aikin yi suna da mummunar sakamako na lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin marasa aikin yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll of job loss |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/toll-job-loss |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> Wata kasida ta yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 76%-85% na waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya ba da kulawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-04 |title=Depresión, la gran epidemia de hoy |url=https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/depresion-la-gran-epidemia-de-hoy/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Gaceta UNAM |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez |first=Erika |last2=Nicolini |first2=Humberto |last3=Villatoro |first3=Jorge |last4=Bustos |first4=Marycarmen |last5=Medina-Mora |first5=María Elena |last6=Mejía-Ortiz |first6=Paola |last7=Robles |first7=Beatriz |last8=Mondragón |first8=Diego |last9=Ibarra |first9=Gema |last10=Meza |first10=Daniela |last11=Genis-Mendoza |first11=Alma Delia |date=2025-08-02 |title=Current Status of Mental Health in Mexico City |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1217 |doi=10.3390/ijerph22081217 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=12386308 |pmid=40869803 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 14% na matasa suna da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynales-Shigematsu |first=Luz Myriam |last2=Rivera-Rivera |first2=Leonor |last3=Séris-Martínez |first3=Marina |last4=Saenz-de-Miera |first4=Belen |date=2024-03-13 |title=A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parental Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health in Mexico: Insights into Excessive Alcohol Intake, Tobacco Use, Suicidal Behavior, and Depressive Symptomatology |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=641 |doi=10.3390/healthcare12060641 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10970411 |pmid=38540607 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yanki == === Yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara === Cututtukan kwakwalwa da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa sun zama damuwa a tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka marasa ci gaba, duk da haka ana watsi da waɗannan batutuwan, saboda ana ba da kulawa ta hankali a Afirka fiye da yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe masu yamma. Hawan yawan mutuwar saboda rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa ya nuna bukatar inganta manufofin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ci gaba a cikin magani ga 'yan Afirka da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=OKASHA |first=AHMED |date=February 2002 |title=Mental health in Africa: the role of the WPA |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=1489826 |pmid=16946819}}</ref> Kasashen Afirka marasa ci gaba suna fama da cututtukan jiki, cututtuka, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da gurɓataccen abu cewa ba a ba da fifiko ga matsalar rashin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ya sa ya zama ƙalubale don samun tasirin da aka sani ga yawan Afirka. A cikin 1988 da 1990, kasashe mambobin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Afirka sun aiwatar da kudurori biyu na asali. AFR/RC39/R1 da AFR/ RC40/R9 sun yi ƙoƙari su inganta matsayin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a takamaiman yankuna na Afirka don magance tasirin da ke tasowa a kan mutanen Afirka.[1] Koyaya, an gano cewa waɗannan sabbin manufofi ba su da tasiri sosai a kan matsayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a Afirka, wanda hakan ya haifar da karkatawar rikice-rikicen tunani maimakon raguwar da ake so, kuma ya sa wannan ya zama kamar matsala ce da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba. A Afirka, dalilai da yawa na zamantakewa da al'adu da na halitta sun haifar da gwagwarmayar tunani, yayin da suke rufe matakin muhimmancin su ga idon Afirka. Karin rashin aikin yi, tashin hankali, aikata laifuka, fyade, da cututtuka galibi suna da alaƙa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya haifar da yawan cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan jiki kamar HIV / AIDS, annobar Ebola, da zazzabin cizon sauro galibi suna da tasirin tunani na dindindin ga wadanda ba a san su ba a cikin al'ummomin Afirka saboda imanin al'adunsu. Al'adun gargajiya na Afirka sun haifar da fahimtar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa kamar yadda ya haifar da ikon allahntaka, yana hana amsawa mai taimako ko mai ma'ana ga halayyar da ba ta dace ba. Misali, Ebola ta sami kulawa da kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da ta zama mai yawa a Afirka kuma daga ƙarshe ta bazu zuwa Amurka, duk da haka, masu bincike ba su taɓa kula da tasirin tunaninsa a kan kwakwalwar Afirka ba. Babban damuwa, gwagwarmaya da baƙin ciki, jin ƙin yarda da rashin iyawa, baƙin ciki da ke haifar da kashe kansa, PTSD, da sauransu wasu daga cikin tasirin cututtuka ne kawai kamar Ebola.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reardon S |date=March 2015 |title=Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa |journal=Nature |volume=519 |issue=7541 |pages=13–4 |bibcode=2015Natur.519...13R |doi=10.1038/519013a |pmid=25739606 |s2cid=4405855 |id={{ProQuest|1662365135}} |doi-access=free}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Wadannan annoba suna zuwa da tafiya, amma tasirin su na dindindin akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ya kasance har tsawon shekaru masu zuwa, har ma da kawo ƙarshen rayuwa saboda rashin aiki. An yi ƙoƙari don tallafawa tallafin likita a ƙasashe kamar Laberiya, saboda matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa mai ban mamaki bayan yaƙi, amma ba a amfana da yawa ba. Baya ga dalilai na kudi, yana da matukar wahala a tilasta matakan lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa gabaɗaya a ƙasashe masu tasowa kawai saboda mutanen da ke zaune a can ba lallai ba ne su yi imani da ilimin kwakwalwa na yamma. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu na ilimin halayyar dan adam da halayyar da ba ta dace ba ya dogara da abubuwan da ke kewaye da bambancin al'adu. Wannan yana haifar da rashin lafiyar hankali ya kasance a ɓoye saboda halayyar al'ada, idan aka kwatanta da halayyar yamma da ka'idojin al'adu. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin rashin lafiya na hankali da na jiki wani sake zagayowar ne wanda har yanzu ba a karya shi ba. Duk da yake kungiyoyi da yawa suna ƙoƙarin warware matsaloli game da lafiyar jiki a Afirka, saboda waɗannan matsalolin suna bayyane kuma ana iya gane su, akwai ƙananan matakai da aka ɗauka don fuskantar tasirin tunani da aka bari ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. An gane cewa yawancin marasa lafiya a Afirka suna neman taimako daga shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini, duk da haka wannan ya zama ruwan dare saboda yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ba su da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran duniya. A Habasha kadai, akwai "masu ilimin halayyar dan adam 10 kawai ga yawan mutane miliyan 61," <ref name=":1a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gureje O, Alem A |date=2000 |title=Mental health policy development in Africa |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(4)475.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |pmc=2560723 |pmid=10885166}}</ref> binciken ya nuna. Duk da yake lambobi tabbas sun canza tun lokacin da aka yi wannan binciken, rashin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ilimin halayyar dan adam a duk faɗin Afirka ya ci gaba tare da matsakaicin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na yanzu 1.4 ga kowane mutum 100,000 idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya na ƙwararrun 9.0 ga kowane mutum 10,000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M |date=September 2018 |title=Mental health in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e954–e955 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 |pmid=30103990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kididdigar ta nuna cewa "ƙididdigar shekara-shekara ta ziyarar wuraren kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ita ce 1,051 ga kowane mutum 100,000," yayin da "a Afirka adadin shine 14 ga kowane 100,000" ziyarar. Kimanin rabin ƙasashen Afirka suna da wasu manufofi na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa, duk da haka, waɗannan manufofi ba a kula da su sosai ba, yayin da gwamnatin Afirka ke kashe "kasa da 1% na jimlar kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya akan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S |date=September 2007 |title=Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9592 |pages=1061–77 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 |pmid=17804052 |s2cid=12765072}}</ref> Musamman a Saliyo, kimanin kashi 98.8% na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su da magani, har ma bayan gina wani asibiti na kasa da matsakaicin asibiti, yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani.<ref name=":2" /> Ba wai kawai an dauki matakai kaɗan don magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a Afirka ba, amma kuma an yi bincike kaɗan a kan batun don yada wayar da kan jama'a da hana mutuwar. Lancet Global Health <ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S |date=September 2007 |title=Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9592 |pages=1061–77 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 |pmid=17804052 |s2cid=12765072}}</ref> ya yarda cewa akwai fiye da 1,000 da aka buga labarai da ke rufe lafiyar jiki a Afirka, amma har yanzu akwai kasa da 50 da ke tattauna lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kuma wannan matsala mai mahimmanci na ba da fifiko ga lafiyar jiki da lafiyar kwakwalwa kawai yana kara muni yayin da yawan jama'ar nahiyar ke ƙaruwa sosai tare da bincike da ke nuna cewa "Tsakanin 2000 da 2015 yawan jama'a na nahiyar ya karu da kashi 49%, duk da haka yawan shekarun da suka ɓace ga nakasa sakamakon cututtukan tunani da amfani da kwayoyi ya karu da 52%".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M |date=September 2018 |title=Mental health in Africa |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e954–e955 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 |pmid=30103990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin mutuwar da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya haifar da gaske yana gasa da waɗanda cututtukan jiki suka haifar: "A cikin 2015, shekaru miliyan 17.9 sun ɓace ga nakasa sakamakon matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Irin waɗannan cututtukani sun kasance kusan mahimmancin dalilin shekarun da suka ɓace ga nakasassu kamar yadda cututtukayyun cututtuka da cututtukansun cututtuka suka ɓace, wanda ya kai shekaru miliyan 18.5 da suka ɓoye ga nakasasshen. " <ref name=":2" /> Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kula da lafiyar jiki, yayin da suke iya zama kamar sun rabu, suna da alaƙa sosai, saboda waɗannan dalilai biyu suna ƙayyade rayuwa ko mutuwa ga mutane. Kamar yadda sabbin ƙalubalen suka bayyana kuma tsoffin ƙalubalen ba a ba da fifiko ba, manufofin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Afirka suna buƙatar ingantawa sosai don samar da mutanenta da kulawar kiwon lafiya da suka cancanta, da fatan hana wannan matsala daga fadada. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8mh0t6ap3iuz08e7qvaqydcair1upk Rashin aiki na erectile 0 154621 846420 2026-06-03T23:41:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352673711|Erectile dysfunction]]" 846420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin aiki na erectile''' ('''ED'''), wanda kuma ake kira impotence, wani nau'i ne na Rashin aiki na jima'i a cikin maza wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar ci gaba ko maimaitawa rashin iyawa don cimma ko kula da tsayi na [[Al'aurar Namiji|Jiki]] tare da isasshen tsayi da tsawon lokaci don [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] masu gamsarwa. Ita ce matsalar jima'i da ta fi dacewa a cikin maza kuma tana iya haifar da damuwa ta tunani saboda tasirin ta akan siffar kai da alaƙar jima'i. Kalmar erectile dysfunction ba ta kunshi wasu cututtukan da suka shafi erection, kamar su Priapism. Yawancin shari'o'in ED ana danganta su da abubuwan haɗari na jiki da abubuwan tsinkaya. Wadannan dalilai za a iya rarraba su a matsayin vascular, neurological, ciki na gida, hormonal, da kuma maganin da aka haifar. Shahararrun masu tsinkaya na ED sun haɗa da tsufa, cututtukan zuciya, [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], [[hawan jini]] mai yawa, kiba, matakan lipid marasa kyau a cikin jini, hypogonadism, shan sigari, baƙin ciki, da Amfani da magani. Kimanin kashi 10% na shari'o'in suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum, wanda ya haɗa da yanayi kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da matsaloli a cikin dangantaka. An bayar da rahoton ED a cikin kashi 18% na maza masu shekaru 50 zuwa 59, da kuma kashi 37% a cikin maza masu shekaru 70 zuwa 75.<ref name=":1" /> Magani da ED ya haɗa da magance abubuwan da ke haifar da su, gyaran salon rayuwa, da magance batutuwan zamantakewa. A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da magungunan magani, musamman Masu hana PDE5 kamar [[Sildenafil]]. Wadannan magungunan suna aiki ta hanyar fadada jijiyoyin jini, suna sauƙaƙe karuwar jini a cikin kwayar jiki na azzakari, kamar yadda yake ga buɗe bawul ɗin da ya fi faɗi don haɓaka ruwa a cikin bututun wuta. Magungunan da ba a yi amfani da su akai-akai sun haɗa da pellets na prostaglandin da aka saka a cikin urethra, allurar masu laushi da masu laushi kai tsaye a cikin azzakari, implants na azzakari (penis implants), amfani da famfo na azzakara, da tiyata ta vascular. <ref name="LMCC" /> <ref name="pmid15947645">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA, Dmochowski RR, Heaton JP, Lue TF, Milbank AJ, Nehra A, Sharlip ID |date=July 2005 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=JA Jr. |editor-link=Joseph A. Smith Jr. |title=Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=230–39 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000164463.19239.19 |issn=1527-3792 |pmid=15947645 |s2cid=1761196}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == ED tana da halayyar ci gaba ko maimaitawa rashin iyawa don cimma ko kula da tsayin [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] tare da isasshen tsayi da tsawon lokaci don [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] masu gamsarwa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "rashin iyawa ko maimaitawa don cimma da kula da tsayin daka na isasshen ƙarfi don ba da izinin yin jima'i mai gamsarwa na akalla watanni 3". === Tasirin tunani === ED sau da yawa yana da tasiri a kan jin daɗin maza da abokan aikinsu. Maza da yawa ba sa neman magani saboda jin kunya. Kimanin kashi 75% na wadanda aka gano na ED ba a kula da su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frederick LR, Cakir OO, Arora H, Helfand BT, McVary KT |date=October 2014 |editor-last=Mulhall |editor-first=JP |title=Undertreatment of erectile dysfunction: claims analysis of 6.2 million patients |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] on behalf of the [[International Society for Sexual Medicine]] |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2546–53 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12647 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=25059314 |s2cid=9708426}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilan ko masu ba da gudummawa ga ED sun haɗa da: Harkokin tiyata don yanayi da yawa na iya cire tsarin jikin da ake buƙata don tsayi, lalata jijiyoyi, ko lalata samar da jini.<ref name="healthcommunities">{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Erectile Dysfunction Causes |url=http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009220836/http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml |archive-date=2007-10-09 |access-date=2007-10-07 |website=Erectile Dysfunction |publisher=Healthcommunities.com}}</ref> ED wani rikitarwa ne na yau da kullun na maganin cutar kansa na prostate, gami da prostatectomy da lalata prostate ta hanyar radiation na waje, kodayake glandar prostate kanta ba lallai ba ne don cimma tsayi. Game da aikin tiyata na inguinal, a mafi yawan lokuta, kuma ba tare da rikice-rikice na bayan tiyata ba, gyaran tiyata na iya haifar da farfado da rayuwar jima'i na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar jima'i kafin tiyata, yayin da, a mafi yawancin lokuta, ba ya shafar mutanen da ke da rayuwar jimaʼi ta al'ada kafin tiyata.<ref name="groin-cause">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM |year=2005 |title=Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x |pmid=15661052 |s2cid=30209465}}</ref> Damuwa cewa amfani da batsa na iya haifar da ED <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson M, Wilson G |date=July 11, 2011 |title=Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A Growing Problem |journal=Psychology Today}}</ref> ba su da goyon baya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whelan |first=Georgina |last2=Brown |first2=Jac |date=September 2021 |title=Pornography Addiction: An Exploration of the Association Between Use, Perceived Addiction, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, and Sexual Satisfaction in Males Aged 18-44 Years |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1582–1591 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=34400111 |quote=There was no evidence for an association between internet pornography use with erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, or sexual satisfaction. However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction. |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grubbs |first=Joshua B. |last2=Gola |first2=Mateusz |date=January 2019 |title=Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=30621919 |s2cid=58592884 |quote=there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED. |doi-access=free}}</ref> a cikin nazarin cututtukan cututtuka, bisa ga bita na wallafe-wallafen 2015. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landripet I, Štulhofer A |date=May 2015 |title=Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1136–1139 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12853 |pmid=25816904 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar [[Gunter de Win|Gunter na Win]], farfesa na Belgium kuma mai binciken jima'i, "Ka ce kawai, masu amsawa waɗanda ke kallon minti 60 a mako kuma suna tunanin suna da jaraba sun fi iya ba da rahoton rashin aikin jima'i fiye da waɗanda ke kallon rashin kulawa na minti 160 a kowane mako. " Binciken 2026 ya nuna cewa amfani da batsa mai sauƙi ba ya haifar da rashin aiki, dangantakar da ke tsakanin batsa da ED ya fi rikitarwa.<ref name="Boom 2020">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Porn addiction is ruining lives, but scientists aren't convinced it's real |url=https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032850/https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=CNET}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs Geysemans Van Hal Glazemakers p.">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, De Wachter S, De Win G |date=September 2021 |title=Is online pornography consumption linked to offline sexual dysfunction in young men? A multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey |journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance |publisher=JMIR Publications Inc. |volume=7 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/32542 |pmc=8569536 |pmid=34534092 |quote='''Conclusions:''' This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC. |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin lokuta masu ban sha'awa, magunguna kamar SSRIs, isotretinoin (Accutane) da finasteride (Propecia) an ruwaito su haifar da cututtukan iatrogenic na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke nuna alamun rashin aiki na jima'i, gami da dysfunction na erectile a cikin maza; waɗannan cututtukansu an san su da dysfunction jima'i na post-SSRI (PSSD), dysfunction na jima'in post-retinoid / post-Accutane syndrome (PRSD / post-PAS), da kuma ciwon bayan-finasteride (PFS). Wadannan yanayi sun kasance ba a fahimta sosai ba kuma ba su da ingantaccen magani, kodayake an ba da shawarar su raba wani nau'i na yau da kullun.[1] * Rarely impotence iya haifar da aromatase kasancewa mai aiki. Dubi maganin maye gurbin Androgen. == Ilimin jiki == Ana sarrafa tsayin daka ta hanyoyi guda biyu: tsayin dakatarwa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar taɓa kai tsaye ga tsayin doki, da tsayin dakarun mutum, wanda aka cimma ta hanyar lalata ko motsa jiki. Na farko ya haɗa da jijiyoyin da ke kewaye da ƙananan sassan kashin baya, yayin da na ƙarshe ya haɗa da Tsarin limbic na [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]]. A lokuta biyu, ana buƙatar tsarin jijiyoyi mara kyau don samun nasara da cikakkiyar tsayi. Motsawa na shaft na penile ta hanyar tsarin juyayi yana haifar da ɓoyewar nitric oxide (NO), wanda ke haifar da shakatawa na tsokoki masu santsi na corpora cavernosa (babban ƙwayoyin jiki na azzakari), sannan kuma tsayar da penile. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar isasshen matakan [[testosterone]] (wanda aka samar da testes) da kuma Glandar pituitary mai kyau don ci gaban tsarin erectile mai lafiya. Kamar yadda za'a iya fahimta daga hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a tsaye na yau da kullun, rashin ƙarfi na iya tasowa saboda rashi na hormonal, rikice-rikice na tsarin jijiyoyi, rashin isasshen jini na jima'i ko matsalolin tunani. A lokuta da yawa, ana iya yin ganewar asali bisa ga tarihin bayyanar mutum. A wasu lokuta, ana yin gwajin jiki da bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje don kawar da manyan dalilai kamar hypogonadism ko prolactinoma. Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko shine rarrabe tsakanin ED na ilimin lissafi da na tunani. Tabbatar da ko tsinkaye ba tare da son rai ba yana da mahimmanci wajen kawar da yiwuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da ED. Samun cikakkiyar tsayi a wasu lokuta, kamar tumescence na dare lokacin barci (watau, lokacin da tunani da batutuwan tunani, idan akwai, ba su da yawa), yana nuna cewa tsarin jiki yana aiki.<ref name="pmid7483128">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Levine LA, Lenting EL |year=1995 |title=Use of nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in the evaluation of male erectile dysfunction |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=775–88 |pmid=7483128}}</ref><ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web |title=Tests for Erection Problems |url=http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308142404/https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems |archive-date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2007-03-03 |website=WebMD |publisher=[[WebMD]], Inc}}</ref> Hakazalika, aiki tare da motsawa ta hannu, da kuma duk wani damuwa na aiki ko ED mai tsanani, na iya nuna wani bangare na psychogenic ga ED.<ref name="LMCC" /> Wani abu da ke haifar da ED shine [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], sanannen sanannen sanadin Neuropathy. ED kuma tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiya na jiki gabaɗaya, rashin abinci mai kyau, [[kiba]], kuma musamman cututtukan zuciya, kamar cututtuken jijiyoyin zuciya da cututtukatattun jijiyoyin jini.<ref name="LMCC" /> Binciken abubuwan haɗarin zuciya, kamar shan sigari, dyslipidemia, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da maye, yana da taimako.<ref name="LMCC" /> A wasu lokuta, bincike mai sauƙi don hernia na ƙashin kai ba a gano shi ba a baya na iya zama da amfani tunda yana iya shafar ayyukan jima'i a cikin maza kuma yana da sauƙin warkewa.<ref name="groin-cause">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM |year=2005 |title=Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x |pmid=15661052 |s2cid=30209465}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gk4eq9lkmm49ln52fdfh4bb7p9hz6c8 846421 846420 2026-06-03T23:41:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin aiki na erectile''' ('''ED'''), wanda kuma ake kira impotence, wani nau'i ne na Rashin aiki na jima'i a cikin maza wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar ci gaba ko maimaitawa rashin iyawa don cimma ko kula da tsayi na [[Al'aurar Namiji|Jiki]] tare da isasshen tsayi da tsawon lokaci don [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] masu gamsarwa. Ita ce matsalar jima'i da ta fi dacewa a cikin maza kuma tana iya haifar da damuwa ta tunani saboda tasirin ta akan siffar kai da alaƙar jima'i. Kalmar erectile dysfunction ba ta kunshi wasu cututtukan da suka shafi erection, kamar su Priapism. Yawancin shari'o'in ED ana danganta su da abubuwan haɗari na jiki da abubuwan tsinkaya. Wadannan dalilai za a iya rarraba su a matsayin vascular, neurological, ciki na gida, hormonal, da kuma maganin da aka haifar. Shahararrun masu tsinkaya na ED sun haɗa da tsufa, cututtukan zuciya, [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], [[hawan jini]] mai yawa, kiba, matakan lipid marasa kyau a cikin jini, hypogonadism, shan sigari, baƙin ciki, da Amfani da magani. Kimanin kashi 10% na shari'o'in suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum, wanda ya haɗa da yanayi kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da matsaloli a cikin dangantaka. An bayar da rahoton ED a cikin kashi 18% na maza masu shekaru 50 zuwa 59, da kuma kashi 37% a cikin maza masu shekaru 70 zuwa 75.<ref name=":1" /> Magani da ED ya haɗa da magance abubuwan da ke haifar da su, gyaran salon rayuwa, da magance batutuwan zamantakewa. A lokuta da yawa, ana amfani da magungunan magani, musamman Masu hana PDE5 kamar [[Sildenafil]]. Wadannan magungunan suna aiki ta hanyar fadada jijiyoyin jini, suna sauƙaƙe karuwar jini a cikin kwayar jiki na azzakari, kamar yadda yake ga buɗe bawul ɗin da ya fi faɗi don haɓaka ruwa a cikin bututun wuta. Magungunan da ba a yi amfani da su akai-akai sun haɗa da pellets na prostaglandin da aka saka a cikin urethra, allurar masu laushi da masu laushi kai tsaye a cikin azzakari, implants na azzakari (penis implants), amfani da famfo na azzakara, da tiyata ta vascular. <ref name="LMCC" /> <ref name="pmid15947645">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA, Dmochowski RR, Heaton JP, Lue TF, Milbank AJ, Nehra A, Sharlip ID |date=July 2005 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=JA Jr. |editor-link=Joseph A. Smith Jr. |title=Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=230–39 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000164463.19239.19 |issn=1527-3792 |pmid=15947645 |s2cid=1761196}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == ED tana da halayyar ci gaba ko maimaitawa rashin iyawa don cimma ko kula da tsayin [[Al'aurar Namiji|azzakari]] tare da isasshen tsayi da tsawon lokaci don [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|Ayyukan jima'i]] masu gamsarwa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "rashin iyawa ko maimaitawa don cimma da kula da tsayin daka na isasshen ƙarfi don ba da izinin yin jima'i mai gamsarwa na akalla watanni 3". === Tasirin tunani === ED sau da yawa yana da tasiri a kan jin daɗin maza da abokan aikinsu. Maza da yawa ba sa neman magani saboda jin kunya. Kimanin kashi 75% na wadanda aka gano na ED ba a kula da su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frederick LR, Cakir OO, Arora H, Helfand BT, McVary KT |date=October 2014 |editor-last=Mulhall |editor-first=JP |title=Undertreatment of erectile dysfunction: claims analysis of 6.2 million patients |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] on behalf of the [[International Society for Sexual Medicine]] |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2546–53 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12647 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=25059314 |s2cid=9708426}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilan ko masu ba da gudummawa ga ED sun haɗa da: Harkokin tiyata don yanayi da yawa na iya cire tsarin jikin da ake buƙata don tsayi, lalata jijiyoyi, ko lalata samar da jini.<ref name="healthcommunities">{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Erectile Dysfunction Causes |url=http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009220836/http://www.urologychannel.com/erectiledysfunction/causes.shtml |archive-date=2007-10-09 |access-date=2007-10-07 |website=Erectile Dysfunction |publisher=Healthcommunities.com}}</ref> ED wani rikitarwa ne na yau da kullun na maganin cutar kansa na prostate, gami da prostatectomy da lalata prostate ta hanyar radiation na waje, kodayake glandar prostate kanta ba lallai ba ne don cimma tsayi. Game da aikin tiyata na inguinal, a mafi yawan lokuta, kuma ba tare da rikice-rikice na bayan tiyata ba, gyaran tiyata na iya haifar da farfado da rayuwar jima'i na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar jima'i kafin tiyata, yayin da, a mafi yawancin lokuta, ba ya shafar mutanen da ke da rayuwar jimaʼi ta al'ada kafin tiyata.<ref name="groin-cause">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM |year=2005 |title=Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x |pmid=15661052 |s2cid=30209465}}</ref> Damuwa cewa amfani da batsa na iya haifar da ED <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson M, Wilson G |date=July 11, 2011 |title=Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A Growing Problem |journal=Psychology Today}}</ref> ba su da goyon baya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whelan |first=Georgina |last2=Brown |first2=Jac |date=September 2021 |title=Pornography Addiction: An Exploration of the Association Between Use, Perceived Addiction, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, and Sexual Satisfaction in Males Aged 18-44 Years |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1582–1591 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=34400111 |quote=There was no evidence for an association between internet pornography use with erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, or sexual satisfaction. However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction. |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grubbs |first=Joshua B. |last2=Gola |first2=Mateusz |date=January 2019 |title=Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.11.004 |issn=1743-6109 |pmid=30621919 |s2cid=58592884 |quote=there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED. |doi-access=free}}</ref> a cikin nazarin cututtukan cututtuka, bisa ga bita na wallafe-wallafen 2015. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landripet I, Štulhofer A |date=May 2015 |title=Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men? |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1136–1139 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12853 |pmid=25816904 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar [[Gunter de Win|Gunter na Win]], farfesa na Belgium kuma mai binciken jima'i, "Ka ce kawai, masu amsawa waɗanda ke kallon minti 60 a mako kuma suna tunanin suna da jaraba sun fi iya ba da rahoton rashin aikin jima'i fiye da waɗanda ke kallon rashin kulawa na minti 160 a kowane mako. " Binciken 2026 ya nuna cewa amfani da batsa mai sauƙi ba ya haifar da rashin aiki, dangantakar da ke tsakanin batsa da ED ya fi rikitarwa.<ref name="Boom 2020">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Porn addiction is ruining lives, but scientists aren't convinced it's real |url=https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032850/https://www.cnet.com/features/porn-addiction-is-ruining-lives-but-scientists-arent-convinced-its-real/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=CNET}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs Geysemans Van Hal Glazemakers p.">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, De Wachter S, De Win G |date=September 2021 |title=Is online pornography consumption linked to offline sexual dysfunction in young men? A multivariate analysis based on an international web-based survey |journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance |publisher=JMIR Publications Inc. |volume=7 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/32542 |pmc=8569536 |pmid=34534092 |quote='''Conclusions:''' This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC. |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin lokuta masu ban sha'awa, magunguna kamar SSRIs, isotretinoin (Accutane) da finasteride (Propecia) an ruwaito su haifar da cututtukan iatrogenic na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke nuna alamun rashin aiki na jima'i, gami da dysfunction na erectile a cikin maza; waɗannan cututtukansu an san su da dysfunction jima'i na post-SSRI (PSSD), dysfunction na jima'in post-retinoid / post-Accutane syndrome (PRSD / post-PAS), da kuma ciwon bayan-finasteride (PFS). Wadannan yanayi sun kasance ba a fahimta sosai ba kuma ba su da ingantaccen magani, kodayake an ba da shawarar su raba wani nau'i na yau da kullun.[1] * Rarely impotence iya haifar da aromatase kasancewa mai aiki. Dubi maganin maye gurbin Androgen. == Ilimin jiki == Ana sarrafa tsayin daka ta hanyoyi guda biyu: tsayin dakatarwa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar taɓa kai tsaye ga tsayin doki, da tsayin dakarun mutum, wanda aka cimma ta hanyar lalata ko motsa jiki. Na farko ya haɗa da jijiyoyin da ke kewaye da ƙananan sassan kashin baya, yayin da na ƙarshe ya haɗa da Tsarin limbic na [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]]. A lokuta biyu, ana buƙatar tsarin jijiyoyi mara kyau don samun nasara da cikakkiyar tsayi. Motsawa na shaft na penile ta hanyar tsarin juyayi yana haifar da ɓoyewar nitric oxide (NO), wanda ke haifar da shakatawa na tsokoki masu santsi na corpora cavernosa (babban ƙwayoyin jiki na azzakari), sannan kuma tsayar da penile. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar isasshen matakan [[testosterone]] (wanda aka samar da testes) da kuma Glandar pituitary mai kyau don ci gaban tsarin erectile mai lafiya. Kamar yadda za'a iya fahimta daga hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a tsaye na yau da kullun, rashin ƙarfi na iya tasowa saboda rashi na hormonal, rikice-rikice na tsarin jijiyoyi, rashin isasshen jini na jima'i ko matsalolin tunani. A lokuta da yawa, ana iya yin ganewar asali bisa ga tarihin bayyanar mutum. A wasu lokuta, ana yin gwajin jiki da bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje don kawar da manyan dalilai kamar hypogonadism ko prolactinoma. Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko shine rarrabe tsakanin ED na ilimin lissafi da na tunani. Tabbatar da ko tsinkaye ba tare da son rai ba yana da mahimmanci wajen kawar da yiwuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da ED. Samun cikakkiyar tsayi a wasu lokuta, kamar tumescence na dare lokacin barci (watau, lokacin da tunani da batutuwan tunani, idan akwai, ba su da yawa), yana nuna cewa tsarin jiki yana aiki.<ref name="pmid7483128">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Levine LA, Lenting EL |year=1995 |title=Use of nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in the evaluation of male erectile dysfunction |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=775–88 |pmid=7483128}}</ref><ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web |title=Tests for Erection Problems |url=http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308142404/https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/tests-for-erection-problems |archive-date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2007-03-03 |website=WebMD |publisher=[[WebMD]], Inc}}</ref> Hakazalika, aiki tare da motsawa ta hannu, da kuma duk wani damuwa na aiki ko ED mai tsanani, na iya nuna wani bangare na psychogenic ga ED.<ref name="LMCC" /> Wani abu da ke haifar da ED shine [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]], sanannen sanannen sanadin Neuropathy. ED kuma tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiya na jiki gabaɗaya, rashin abinci mai kyau, [[kiba]], kuma musamman cututtukan zuciya, kamar cututtuken jijiyoyin zuciya da cututtukatattun jijiyoyin jini.<ref name="LMCC" /> Binciken abubuwan haɗarin zuciya, kamar shan sigari, dyslipidemia, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da maye, yana da taimako.<ref name="LMCC" /> A wasu lokuta, bincike mai sauƙi don hernia na ƙashin kai ba a gano shi ba a baya na iya zama da amfani tunda yana iya shafar ayyukan jima'i a cikin maza kuma yana da sauƙin warkewa.<ref name="groin-cause">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM |year=2005 |title=Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x |pmid=15661052 |s2cid=30209465}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k9m2i6oc5ku0oxi47pe6liw7v81zner National Football League 0 154622 846457 2026-06-04T03:40:46Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[National Football League]] to [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa]] 846457 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa]] 9iqfowxt0hfo8nhbi82kr9p1jpchk2d Female husbands of the Igbo 0 154623 846462 2026-06-04T04:00:29Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357616098|Female husbands of the Igbo]]" 846462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mazaje mata''' [[Mace|mata]] ne a cikin [[Inyamurai|'yan kabilar Igbo]] da ke kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] waɗanda ke auren wasu mata. <ref name="Nwoko2012">{{Cite journal |last=Nwoko |first=Kenneth Chukwuemeka |year=2012 |title=Female Husbands in Igbo Land: Southeast Nigeria |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=69-82}}</ref> Wannan al'ada ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni kuma tana ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau, kodayake ta ragu tun zamanin mulkin mallaka. <ref name="Pulse2025">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Here are the parts of Igboland where a woman can marry a wife |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/here-are-the-parts-of-igboland-where-a-woman-can-marry-a-wife-2025052115004424361 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |quote=While this practice was prevalent during the pre-colonial era, it still exists today, however not as pronounced as before.}}</ref> == Dalilai da kuma dalili == A cewar Chacha da Taabu, auren mata da mata yana aiki a matsayin wata dabara ga mata don samun damar shiga filaye da sauran albarkatu inda maza ne kawai ake ba wa izinin yin hakan. [1] == Girman yanki == Haka kuma akwai irin waɗannan ayyuka a tsakanin Yarbawa, Nankani, da sauran ƙungiyoyi a yankin. <ref name="Ncube2026">{{Cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Nolwazi Nadia |year=2026 |title=Challenging the Western gender taxonomy: through African eyes |journal=African Identities |doi=10.1080/14725843.2026.2618173}}</ref> == Manazarta == itchhlfcgd075wwsjipxhpyevtx7qwo 846464 846462 2026-06-04T04:00:54Z Sardeeq 39275 846464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mazaje mata''' [[Mace|mata]] ne a cikin [[Inyamurai|'yan kabilar Igbo]] da ke kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] waɗanda ke auren wasu mata. <ref name="Nwoko2012">{{Cite journal |last=Nwoko |first=Kenneth Chukwuemeka |year=2012 |title=Female Husbands in Igbo Land: Southeast Nigeria |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=69-82}}</ref> Wannan al'ada ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni kuma tana ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau, kodayake ta ragu tun zamanin mulkin mallaka. <ref name="Pulse2025">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Here are the parts of Igboland where a woman can marry a wife |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/here-are-the-parts-of-igboland-where-a-woman-can-marry-a-wife-2025052115004424361 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |quote=While this practice was prevalent during the pre-colonial era, it still exists today, however not as pronounced as before.}}</ref> == Dalilai da kuma dalili == A cewar Chacha da Taabu, auren mata da mata yana aiki a matsayin wata dabara ga mata don samun damar shiga filaye da sauran albarkatu inda maza ne kawai ake ba wa izinin yin hakan. [1] == Girman yanki == Haka kuma akwai irin waɗannan ayyuka a tsakanin Yarbawa, Nankani, da sauran ƙungiyoyi a yankin. <ref name="Ncube2026">{{Cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Nolwazi Nadia |year=2026 |title=Challenging the Western gender taxonomy: through African eyes |journal=African Identities |doi=10.1080/14725843.2026.2618173}}</ref> == Manazarta == igl95i7ekvlq2xiomha6a2wvs9h4phq Tunde Olaniran 0 154624 846465 2026-06-04T04:02:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333670264|Tunde Olaniran]]" 846465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]]. == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9cixbkqy4mu5w7v5zegn1r42f1jfbao 846467 846465 2026-06-04T04:03:46Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333670264|Tunde Olaniran]]" 846467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 63w3ka0iv7ro03x234raic75r1yvq8g 846468 846467 2026-06-04T04:04:06Z Sardeeq 39275 846468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k8i50ow6uy3ic3gvmianr61qwdmjcfd 846469 846468 2026-06-04T04:05:19Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4j2fn6ps13iwkxfz7lyb8ig9nbkhdsh 846470 846469 2026-06-04T04:07:07Z Sardeeq 39275 846470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oyn0qav113kx9dpooogo8qu7z7v9c17 846471 846470 2026-06-04T04:08:03Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] km8sdqe002adl0r36s2f633qsscbzma 846472 846471 2026-06-04T04:08:52Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] npzqhx0u67wul08l98krbxpl8dr82ov 846473 846472 2026-06-04T04:10:22Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stephen (5 April 2018). "Tunde Olaniran Gets 'Vulnerable,' Announces A New Album Due This Summer". NPR. NPR Music. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j8deg2fdgveonabx7saubkjdkgavlji 846474 846473 2026-06-04T04:11:33Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stephen (5 April 2018). "Tunde Olaniran Gets 'Vulnerable,' Announces A New Album Due This Summer". NPR. NPR Music. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Singer-Rapper-Activist Tunde Olaniran Takes Pursuit Of Boldness Beyond Flint". WAMU. Retrieved 2019-03-27.</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k1vajb2gv9hyuevaen03agiaj47f8g4 846475 846474 2026-06-04T04:12:19Z Sardeeq 39275 #1lib1refng #1lib1ref 846475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] [5] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stephen (5 April 2018). "Tunde Olaniran Gets 'Vulnerable,' Announces A New Album Due This Summer". NPR. NPR Music. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Singer-Rapper-Activist Tunde Olaniran Takes Pursuit Of Boldness Beyond Flint". WAMU. Retrieved 2019-03-27.</ref><ref>"Tunde Olaniran (@tundeolaniran) • Instagram photos and videos"</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qwh1jgzw1wt2nxlh5nij4b0kzzh1rur 846476 846475 2026-06-04T04:12:38Z Sardeeq 39275 846476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor . [3] [4] A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stephen (5 April 2018). "Tunde Olaniran Gets 'Vulnerable,' Announces A New Album Due This Summer". NPR. NPR Music. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Singer-Rapper-Activist Tunde Olaniran Takes Pursuit Of Boldness Beyond Flint". WAMU. Retrieved 2019-03-27.</ref><ref>"Tunde Olaniran (@tundeolaniran) • Instagram photos and videos"</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] exljfibdrt18knv0ehr8b15an5vkqh5 846477 846476 2026-06-04T04:13:02Z Sardeeq 39275 846477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Olaniran''' mawaƙi ne daga Flint, Michigan . [1] A shekarar 2014, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai suna Yung Archetype (duba: Jungian archetypes ). [2] Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko mai tsawon a shekarar 2015 mai suna Transgressor. A shekarar 2018, Olaniran ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsa na biyu mai tsawon arshe mai suna Stranger . [6] Olaniran bai dace da jinsi ba, [7] kuma sunayensu su ne su/su . [8] Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]].<ref>Olaniran, Tunde. "I'm a Flint resident. I'm done paying for water that is not safe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle. "Tunde Olaniran: Yung Archetype EP". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kramer, Kyle (20 July 2016). "Tunde Olaniran Wants You to Be You and Be Great". Vice. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Tolentino, Jia. "Tunde Olaniran: Transgressor". Pitchfork. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Kopel, Ben. "Tunde Olaniran, "Transgressor"". Flood Magazine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Thompson, Stephen (5 April 2018). "Tunde Olaniran Gets 'Vulnerable,' Announces A New Album Due This Summer". NPR. NPR Music. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>Singer-Rapper-Activist Tunde Olaniran Takes Pursuit Of Boldness Beyond Flint". WAMU. Retrieved 2019-03-27.</ref><ref>"Tunde Olaniran (@tundeolaniran) • Instagram photos and videos"</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Jerin fitowar Kundin Waƙoƙi, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! Lakabi ! Shekara ! Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! Jerin waƙoƙi |- | ''Mai ketare iyaka'' | 2015 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: 7 ga Agusta * Lakabi: Bayanan Kimiyya Masu Kyau * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 51 | * "Mai ketare iyaka" * "Bari in tafi" * "KYBM" * "Sunan da aka yi wa ado" * "Sama da Ƙasa" * "Kowa Ya Rasa" * "Gudu zuwa Gun" * "Kada Ku Yi Kuka" ft. Wanda Ba Zai Iya Cin Nasara Ba * "Paladin" * "Diamonds" ft. iRAWniQ & Passacqua * "Kwanaki Masu Haske" * "24KT" |- | ''Baƙo'' | 2018 | * Waƙoƙi 13 * Ranar Fitowa: 15 ga Oktoba * Lakabi: Tayar Sihiri * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 44 | * "Baƙo" * "Dutse" * "Matattu Ƙarshe" * "Ina nan" * "Mu'ujiza" * "Mai rauni" * "Gafara" * "Celine Dion" * "Yunwa" * "Tsabar kuɗi" * "Babu Makiya" * "Alamar" * "Duniya" |- | ''Gaskiya ta Musamman'' | 2022 | * Waƙoƙi 12 * Ranar Fitowa: Satumba 9 * Lakabi: * Tsawon Lokaci: Minti 33 Daƙiƙa 7 | * "Kyakkyawan kore" * "Mafarkin Rana Mai Wuya" * "An gama an gama" * "Tsawon Hanya" * "Duniya Mai Muni" * "Sauce Swag Drip" * "Akan Sunana" * "Propane" * "Kyandirori" * "Kuka a bakin teku" * "Ku yi min kuka ƙasa" * "Girgawa" |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3bfrae8eg1pe6j9vacsencacyes0chr Haɗin Jama'a 0 154625 846478 2026-06-04T04:35:13Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353705311|Population Connection]]" 846478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Population Connection|type=501(c)(3)|headquarters=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|revenue=$14,925,445 (2021)|owner=<!-- or: | owners = -->}}Population Connection (wanda a da ake kira Zero Population Growth ko '''ZPG''') wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Amurka wadda ke wayar da kan matasa da kuma fafutukar samar da manufofi masu ci gaba don daidaita yawan jama'ar duniya a matakin da albarkatun Duniya za su iya dorewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Charity Navigator - Population Connection |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/941703155 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Charity Navigator |language=en-us}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Population Connection a shekarar 1968 da sunan "Zero Population Growth" ko ZPG ta hannun Paul R. Ehrlich, Richard Bowers, da Charles Remington bayan littafin Paul da Anne Ehrlich mai tasiri amma mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce mai suna The Population Bomb. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki sunan ta na yanzu a shekarar 2002. == Batutuwan da kamfen == * Haɗin tsakanin yawan jama'a, kiwon lafiya, da muhalli, a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya * Kudin taimakon kasashen waje na Amurka don tsara iyali na kasa da kasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Starkey |first=Marian |date=2021-07-11 |title=Let's fully fund international family planning on World Population Day |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/562248-lets-fully-fund-international-family-planning-on-world-population-day/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kudin Amurka don shirin tsara iyali na cikin gida ga Amurkawa masu karamin karfi, Title X * Ƙarshen manufofin Amurka waɗanda ke ƙuntata damar yin amfani da tsarin iyali da kiwon lafiya na haihuwa, gami da zubar da ciki, a cikin gida (misali Hyde Amendment) da kuma duniya (misali manufofin Mexico City, Helms Amendment, ƙuntatawa kan kudade don UNFPA) * Cikakken Ilimin jima'i (kamar yadda ya saba da abstinence-kawai) ga matasa na Amurka * Ci gaban kayan aiki don gabatarwa ga tsarin karatun K-12 don "koyar da ɗaliban Amurka da Kanada kan ƙalubalen yawan jama'a".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Charity Navigator - Population Connection |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/941703155 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Charity Navigator |language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/941703155 "Charity Navigator - Population Connection"]. ''Charity Navigator''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Buga mujallar kwata-kwata == Tattaunawa == Betsy Hartmann, marubucin "Refci da Kuskuren" a cikin 1987 ta soki ZPG saboda tayar da tsoron karuwar yawan jama'a wanda ta yi iƙirarin ya haifar da miliyoyin haihuwa a China, Indiya, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Indonesia, Bangladesh, da sauran wurare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kharod |first=Aditi |date=2019-11-20 |title=A 1960s population control organization rebranded in 2002. Now it's recruiting UNC students. • NC Newsline |url=https://ncnewsline.com/2019/11/20/a-1960s-population-control-organization-rebranded-in-2002-now-its-recruiting-unc-students/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=NC Newsline |language=en-US}}</ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar On the Issues a cikin shekara ta 2009, Hartmann ta ce ta karɓi wasu "wasiku marasa kyau" daga ƙungiyar kuma ta yi sharhi cewa "A cewar ZPG, za ku iya zargi kusan komai game da ci gaban jama'a, daga tarwatsa zirga-zirga, makarantu masu yawa da asma na yara zuwa talauci, yunwa da dumamar duniya". A cikin littafinta The America Syndrome: Apocalypse, War, da Our Call to Greatness, Hartmann ya sake sukar kungiyar, yana mai lura da cewa yayin da shekara ta 2000 ta kaddamar da kamfen ɗin da cewa YK biliyan shida da cewa ba ta duniya ta mamaye ba ta mamaye, ya haɗu da cewa ba, ya haɗari, ya haɗuwa da wannan kwamfuta ta duniya ba ta fuskanci wannan ya haɗu ba, ya taɓa haɗu da mutuwar kwamfuta ta fuska da cutar da cutar da mutuwar duniya ba, Y2 ba. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kungiyoyin da suka shafi jama'a * [[Zero yawan jama'a]] == Bayanan da aka ambata ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.populationconnection.org/}} pn5j3yjfcgzb09n8eatl46nwgnehel4 HMMT 0 154626 846479 2026-06-04T04:44:14Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338735639|HMMT]]" 846479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMMT''' Gasar lissafi ce ta makarantun sakandare ta shekara-shekara (na shekara biyu) wadda ta fara a shekarar 1998. Gasar kaka (Nuwamba) ana gudanar da ita kowace shekara a Jami'ar Harvard da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts, kuma ana gudanar da gasar bazara (Fabrairu) kowace shekara a MIT, ita ma a Cambridge. Ana shirya gasar kuma ana gudanar da ita ne a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da suka dace a Harvard da MIT. Daga rubuta matsaloli zuwa dabarun aiki, ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri a jami'o'i ne ke gudanar da gasar. == Sunayen == HMMT da farko an fara shi ne a matsayin '''Gasar Lissafi ta Harvard-MIT''' a cikin 1998, kuma har yanzu ana kiransa da irin wannan ta yawancin al'ummar lissafi. A cikin 2019, an sake sanya shi a matsayin HMMT kawai don biyan bukatun da jami'o'in suka tsara, yana mai da sunan asalin marayu. == Tsarin gasar == Teburin da ke ƙasa ya taƙaita kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin wasannin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Ana iya samun kwatancin zamani a shafin yanar gizon HMMT. {| class="wikitable" ! !Nuwamba !Fabrairu |- |Wasanni na mutum |Janar, Taken |, Geometry, da Combinatorics{{Tooltip|Algebra|Formally, Algebra and Number Theory}} |- |Zagaye na rukuni |Takaitaccen Amsa |Tabbacin |- |Guts zagaye |12 saiti na 3 |9 saiti na 4 |- |Girman ƙungiyoyi don ƙungiyoyi masu matsayi |4-6 |6-8 |- |Matsala |tsakiyar AMC zuwa sama-AIME |tsakiyar AIME zuwa gasar Olympicswasannin Olympics |- |Samun cancanta | colspan="2" |Dukkanin daliban makarantar sakandare da ke cikin halin yanzu a karkashin shekaru 21 |- |Wurin abubuwan da suka faru a daren Jumma'a |MIT |Harvard |- |Wurin Wasanni na Asabar |Harvard |MIT |- |Wurin Ilimi na Lahadi |Harvard |MIT |} === Wasanni na mutum === Zagaye na mutum yana dauke da jarrabawar Janar da Taken Nuwamba, da jarrabawan Algebra, Geometry, da Combinatorics na Fabrairu. Kowane jarrabawar tana da tsawon minti 50 kuma tana dauke da gajerun tambayoyin amsoshi 10. Amsoshi na iya zama kowane lamari na ainihi ko ma furcin algebraic. Kafin shekara ta 2012, masu fafatawa suna da zaɓi don zaɓar tsakanin cikakken jarrabawar Janar ko gwaje-gwaje biyu na musamman a cikin Algebra, Geometry, Combinatorics, ko Calculus don gasar Fabrairu. Matsalolin suna da nauyi ta hanyar wahalar da aka nufa da kuma yawan warwarewa. Kowane dalibi mai fafatawa yana karɓar ƙimar mutum-mutumin da aka haɗa da ƙimar su a kowane jarrabawar zagaye na mutum. Adadin da aka ƙayyade na ƙididdigar mutum-mutumi a kan ƙungiya yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 800 (50%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Zagaye na rukuni === Zagayen Team na watan Nuwamba ya ƙunshi matsalolin gajeren amsoshi 10, kama da zagaye na mutum. Matsalolin da kansu sun fi ƙalubale fiye da matsalolin zagaye na mutum kuma kowace ƙungiya tana aiki tare don gabatar da takardar amsa ɗaya. Babu kwarewar hujja da ake buƙata don zagaye na Team na Nuwamba. Gasar ta Fabrairu ta Team ta ƙunshi matsaloli 10 na tabbaci. Amsoshin da aka ba da gudummawa akan daidaito da cikakken. Matsalolin zagaye na Fabrairu na ƙungiyar suna daga cikin kaɗan a cikin HMMT waɗanda za a iya ba da kyauta. Wannan taron yayi kama da zagaye na ARML Power, amma matsalolin sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun fi wuya. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su kasance da kwanciyar hankali tare da hujjojin lissafi masu tsauri don samun nasara. Zagayen Team yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 400 (25%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Guts zagaye === Guts zagaye taron kungiya ne na minti 80 tare da tambayoyin gajeren amsoshi 36 akan batutuwa daban-daban, an raba su zuwa rukuni 12 na 3 (a watan Nuwamba) ko rukuni 9 na 4 (a watan Fabrairu). Matsalolin matsalolin da ma'auni suna ƙaruwa tare da kowane saiti na gaba, wanda ya ƙare a cikin saiti na ƙarshe na matsalolin kimantawa, yawanci yana da maki 20 kowannensu. (Matsalolin kimantawa sune kawai sauran matsalolin da ke da damar samun bashi, tare da zagaye na Fabrairu.) Kowace ƙungiya tana fara zagayen tare, tare da aƙalla memba ɗaya a kujera ta waje (tashar ko layi na gaba). Wakili ɗaya daga kowace ƙungiya ya kusanci tashar tantancewa mai tsayayye don ɗaukar jerin matsalolin ƙungiyar na farko. Da zarar zagayen ya fara, kowane wakili ya koma ƙungiyarsa da matsalolin da ƙungiyar za ta magance tare. Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shirya don ci gaba zuwa saitin na gaba, wakilin ya kusanci tashar tantancewa don gabatar da amsoshinsu don saitin na yanzu da kuma ɗaukar tambayoyin don saitin na gaba. Ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya komawa ga matsalolin a saitin da suka riga suka gabatar ba. Ba a tsammanin ƙungiyoyi za su kammala duk matsalolin a cikin mintuna 80 na jarrabawar ba. Ana ba da gudummawar zagaye kuma ana buga shi a ainihin lokacin, tare da ɗalibai da ke iya ganin ci gaban su da sauransu ta hanyar zagaye a kan allon dijital da aka tsara. Iyaye, masu horar da su, da masu kula da su suma suna iya kallon allon a cikin wani yanki na kallo da aka tsara, ya bambanta da ɗakunan gasa. Guts zagaye yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 400 (25%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Mai magana da yawun === Ana kuma gayyatar iyaye, masu horar da su, da ɗaliban da ba sa gasa zuwa babban taron mai magana, wanda ke nuna mambobi daban-daban na al'ummar lissafi. Babban mai magana da yawun kwanan nan a watan Fabrairun 2024 shi ne [https://www.mit.edu/~jeffery Jeffery Yu], Darakta na Gasar HMMT Emeritus kuma dalibi na digiri na yanzu a Cibiyar hadin gwiwa don Bayanai da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park. Maganarsa tana da taken, [https://www.mit.edu/~jeffery/mathbeyond.pdf Math Beyond Competitions (don masu fafatawa masu ci gaba)] . === Sauran abubuwan da suka faru === Dukkanin wasannin HMMT suna da abubuwan da za a iya zaɓa a ranar da ta gabata da kuma ranar da ta biyo bayan kowane gasa don ɗalibai masu gasa da waɗanda ba sa gasa. An kuma gayyaci manyan dalibai 50 masu fafatawa na HMMT Fabrairu don ɗaukar Gasar Gayyata ta nesa (HMIC) a watan Afrilu. Ana gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru na Jumma'a da yamma kafin gasar, gami da abincin dare na kyauta da zamantakewa ga ɗalibai da masu horar da su. Bayan abincin dare, masu tallafawa kamfanonin HMMT da masu sa kai suna ba da dama iri-iri na Mini-Events masu ban sha'awa da nishaɗi ga ɗalibai. Wasu masu tallafawa kamfanoni suna gudanar da abubuwan sa hannu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mini-Events, kamar Jane Street's Estimathon, Five Rings's Integration Bee Qualifiers, Hudson River Trading's (HRT) Puzzle Hunt, da sauransu. Dalibai, iyaye, da masu horar da su suma suna da damar yin magana da wakilan masu tallafawa kamfanoni, gami da ɗalibai da yawa na al'ummar masu shirya HMMT, da kuma karɓar kayayyaki da yawa. Ana gudanar da abubuwan Ilimi na Lahadi da safe da yammacin rana bayan gasar. Masu magana sun fito ne daga fannoni da makarantu daban-daban, amma mafi yawansu sune masu alaƙa da lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Harvard da MIT. HMIC tambaya ce ta biyar, ta awa huɗu, gwagwarmayar tabbatarwa mai nisa da aka fara a cikin 2013. Matsalolin yawanci suna da wuyar gaske: masu fafatawa na iya samun matsayi mai girma ta hanyar warware matsaloli uku. Yawanci ana gudanar da shi a ƙarshen Maris ko farkon / tsakiyar Afrilu. == Sakamakon da kyaututtuka == HMMT yana amfani da algorithm na ƙwallon ƙafa don sanya masu fafatawa a zagaye na mutum. Duk da yake matsalolin da ke kan waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ana auna su bisa ga wahalar, galibi ana yin su ne ''bayan'' an kammala gwajin. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan, <ref>[http://web.mit.edu/hmmt/www/pdf/scoring_overview.pdf Scoring overview] {{Dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref> wannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da hanya mafi kyau don yin la'akari da matsalolin da suka fuskanta bisa ga ainihin wahalarsu (kamar yadda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar sau da yawa da kuma wanda aka warware su) sabanin wahalar da marubuta suka fahimta. Ana lissafin nauyin da aka sanya wa kowane matsala ta amfani da algorithm na ƙididdiga wanda ke la'akari da waɗanne matsalolin da ɗalibai suka warware. Nauyin matsalolin da ke kan Team da Guts Rounds an ƙaddara su kuma an bayar da su yayin jarrabawa. Ana ba da kyaututtuka ga mutane goma da suka fi samun maki gabaɗaya, manyan masu zira kwallaye goma a kowane zagaye na batun, ƙungiyoyi goma da sukafi girma a zagaye na Team, da ƙungiyoyi goma mafi girma a zagayen Guts. Kungiyoyi goma na farko gabaɗaya za a kira su masu cin nasara. Lissafin ƙididdigar ƙididdigat shine kusan rabin wasan zagaye na mutum da rabin wasan zagayen haɗin gwiwa. == Matsala == Matsalolin gasar Fabrairu an kwatanta su da na ARML, AIME, ko Gasar Mandelbrot, kodayake ana ɗaukarsa da wuya fiye da waɗannan gasa. Masu shirya gasar sun bayyana cewa, "HMMT, wanda ake jayayya da daya daga cikin wasannin [[Calculus|lissafi]] mafi wuya a Amurka, an tsara shi ne ga ɗaliban da za su iya warware matsaloli 6 zuwa 8 daidai a kan jarrabawar lissafi ta Amurka (AIME). " Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin wasannin makarantar sakandare, ba a buƙatar ilimin lissafi sosai; duk da haka, lissafi na iya zama dole don warware wasu daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi wuya a zagaye na Mutum da na Team. Gasar Nuwamba ta fi sauƙi, tare da matsaloli a cikin kewayon AMC zuwa AIME. Matsalolin da suka fi rikitarwa a watan Nuwamba suna da kama da matsalolin matsalolin matsakaicin matsakaici na gasar Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=November vs. February {{!}} HMMT |url=https://www.hmmt.org/www/tournaments/novfeb |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.hmmt.org}}</ref> == Sakamakon HMMT Nuwamba == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Gasar Cin Kofin !Gasar Mutum !Gasar Zakarun Ƙungiya !Guts Round Champion |- |'''2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2025/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Makarantar Brunswick A |Leo Wu |Makarantar Brunswick A |Ward Melville Math Team D |- |'''2024'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Shanghai High School Stallions |Yichen Gong |Lexington Gamma |Shanghai High School Stallions |- |'''2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221150447/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |PRISMS Falcons |Sicheng Zhou |PRISMS Falcons |PRISMS Falcons |- |'''2022'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210170139/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Yankin Westchester Math Circle |Qiao Zhang |Yankin Westchester Math Circle |Guguwar Texas |- |'''2021'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012005/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Gunn Black |Steve Zhang |Sadarwa ta 2 |RSM A |- |'''2020''' | colspan="4" |Nuwamba 2020 ta gudana ba tare da wani sakamako na hukuma ba saboda COVID-19 |- |'''2019'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010757/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |PRISMS Falcons |Yichen Xiao |Long Island Super |PRISMS Falcons |- |'''2018'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010749/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Guguwar Texas |Raymond Feng |Guguwar Texas |Guguwar Texas |- |'''2017'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2017/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010750/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2017/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Yankin Yu |Thomas Draper |Yankin Yu |NNHS & Abokai |- |'''2016'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2016/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010748/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2016/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Ilimi na yanayi huɗu2 |HouTin Chau |PuiChing |Yankin Yu |- |'''2015''' |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |Yi Fan Zhu |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |- |'''2014''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Jianqiao Xia |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Gabas |- |'''2013''' |Beijing STFX |Geyang Qin |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Beijing STFX |- |'''2012''' |Yammacin Mass ARML |Dhroova Aiylam |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yammacin Mass ARML |- |'''2011''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Dajin Tong |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Makarantar Sakandare ta Brookline |- |'''2010''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Ravi Jagadeesan |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |- |'''2009''' |ABRHS |Xiaoyu Ya |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |ABRHS |- |'''2008''' |Yammacin Mass ARML |Sam Trabucco |Yammacin Mass ARML |Kwalejin Westford |} == Sakamakon Fabrairu == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Gasar Cin Kofin !Gasar Mutum !Gasar Zakarun Ƙungiya !Guts Round Champion |- |'''2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2026/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Washington Gold A1 |Alexander Wang |Kayan kwalliya na PEA |Washington Gold A1 |- |'''2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2025/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |AlphaStar Academy AIR |Alexander Wang |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Kwalejin Muhimmanci1 (Ba a Rarraba shi ba *) |- |'''2024'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221150438/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Xiaohan Zhang |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Wutar Lehigh Valley |- |'''2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531062525/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |LV Wutar |Jason Mao |Rukunin Lissafi na Random A |AlphaStar Academy AIR |- |'''2022'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021220902/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Luke Robitaille |Matsayin Texas A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2021'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133335/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Motown All Stars A |Luke Robitaille |Motown All Stars A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2020'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2020/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233856/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2020/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Luke Robitaille |Matsayin Texas A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2019'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233857/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Daniel Zhu |Matsayin Texas A |MoCoSwaggaSquad |- |'''2018'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233858/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |AlphaStar Academy A* Air |Luke Robitaille |MoCoSwaggaSquad |[[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology]] |- |'''2017''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yuan Yao |Star League A-Star |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2016''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yuan Yao |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Florida A |- |'''2015'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2015/short.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref> |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Andrew Ya |Star League A-Star |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2014''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Scott Wu |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Star League A-Star |- |'''2013''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |James Tao |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2012''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Xiaoyu Ya |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2011''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Saratoga / SFBA |Xiaoyu Ya |[[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] |Makarantar Sakandare ta Saratoga / SFBA |- |'''2010''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Ben Gunby |[[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology|TJHSST]] |AAST |- |'''2009''' |TJHSST |Ice Pasupat |Lehigh Valley ARML |Lehigh Valley ARML |- |'''2008'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2008.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Brian Hamrick |Kungiyar Lissafi ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] |Quagga |- |'''2007''' |WOOTlings |Jirgin Ruwa |WOOTlings |TJHSST |- |'''2006''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Nimish Ramanlal |TJHSST |AAST |- |'''2005''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Thomas Mildorf |TJHSST |[[Florida]] |- |'''2004''' |TJHSST |Tiankai Liu |TJHSST |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2003''' |TJHSST |Tony Zhang |TJHSST |AAST |- |'''2002''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |- |'''2001'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2001.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |- |'''2000''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |- |'''1999''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |n/a |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |n/a |- |'''1998''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |n/a |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |n/a |} == Masu tallafawa == HMMT yawanci ana tallafawa ta hanyar haɗuwa da sassan lissafi na makaranta da kamfanonin masana'antu daban-daban. Cikakken jerin, wanda ke canzawa kowace shekara, ana iya samun su a shafin yanar gizon HMMT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMMT |url=http://www.hmmt.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010323/https://www.hmmt.org/ |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-20 |publisher=hmmt.org}}</ref> == Sauran gasa == HMMT tana shirya shirye-shiryen musayar ma'aikata tare da Gasar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Princeton (PUMaC), Gasar Informatics da Lissafi ta Carnegie Mellon (CMIMC), da Gasar Lissafi ta Stanford (SMT) don ƙara haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu shirya gasar. A lokacin musayar, mahalarta daga membobin shekara ta farko zuwa manyan jami'ai suna yin ƙarshen mako suna duba, tantancewa, da kuma yin aikin sa kai a ranar gasar mai masaukin baki. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovq7z89rao7jblp9skwwrlrhni5t3uq 846480 846479 2026-06-04T04:44:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMMT''' Gasar lissafi ce ta makarantun sakandare ta shekara-shekara (na shekara biyu) wadda ta fara a shekarar 1998. Gasar kaka (Nuwamba) ana gudanar da ita kowace shekara a Jami'ar Harvard da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts, kuma ana gudanar da gasar bazara (Fabrairu) kowace shekara a MIT, ita ma a Cambridge. Ana shirya gasar kuma ana gudanar da ita ne a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da suka dace a Harvard da MIT. Daga rubuta matsaloli zuwa dabarun aiki, ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri a jami'o'i ne ke gudanar da gasar. == Sunayen == HMMT da farko an fara shi ne a matsayin '''Gasar Lissafi ta Harvard-MIT''' a cikin 1998, kuma har yanzu ana kiransa da irin wannan ta yawancin al'ummar lissafi. A cikin 2019, an sake sanya shi a matsayin HMMT kawai don biyan bukatun da jami'o'in suka tsara, yana mai da sunan asalin marayu. == Tsarin gasar == Teburin da ke ƙasa ya taƙaita kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin wasannin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Ana iya samun kwatancin zamani a shafin yanar gizon HMMT. {| class="wikitable" ! !Nuwamba !Fabrairu |- |Wasanni na mutum |Janar, Taken |, Geometry, da Combinatorics{{Tooltip|Algebra|Formally, Algebra and Number Theory}} |- |Zagaye na rukuni |Takaitaccen Amsa |Tabbacin |- |Guts zagaye |12 saiti na 3 |9 saiti na 4 |- |Girman ƙungiyoyi don ƙungiyoyi masu matsayi |4-6 |6-8 |- |Matsala |tsakiyar AMC zuwa sama-AIME |tsakiyar AIME zuwa gasar Olympicswasannin Olympics |- |Samun cancanta | colspan="2" |Dukkanin daliban makarantar sakandare da ke cikin halin yanzu a karkashin shekaru 21 |- |Wurin abubuwan da suka faru a daren Jumma'a |MIT |Harvard |- |Wurin Wasanni na Asabar |Harvard |MIT |- |Wurin Ilimi na Lahadi |Harvard |MIT |} === Wasanni na mutum === Zagaye na mutum yana dauke da jarrabawar Janar da Taken Nuwamba, da jarrabawan Algebra, Geometry, da Combinatorics na Fabrairu. Kowane jarrabawar tana da tsawon minti 50 kuma tana dauke da gajerun tambayoyin amsoshi 10. Amsoshi na iya zama kowane lamari na ainihi ko ma furcin algebraic. Kafin shekara ta 2012, masu fafatawa suna da zaɓi don zaɓar tsakanin cikakken jarrabawar Janar ko gwaje-gwaje biyu na musamman a cikin Algebra, Geometry, Combinatorics, ko Calculus don gasar Fabrairu. Matsalolin suna da nauyi ta hanyar wahalar da aka nufa da kuma yawan warwarewa. Kowane dalibi mai fafatawa yana karɓar ƙimar mutum-mutumin da aka haɗa da ƙimar su a kowane jarrabawar zagaye na mutum. Adadin da aka ƙayyade na ƙididdigar mutum-mutumi a kan ƙungiya yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 800 (50%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Zagaye na rukuni === Zagayen Team na watan Nuwamba ya ƙunshi matsalolin gajeren amsoshi 10, kama da zagaye na mutum. Matsalolin da kansu sun fi ƙalubale fiye da matsalolin zagaye na mutum kuma kowace ƙungiya tana aiki tare don gabatar da takardar amsa ɗaya. Babu kwarewar hujja da ake buƙata don zagaye na Team na Nuwamba. Gasar ta Fabrairu ta Team ta ƙunshi matsaloli 10 na tabbaci. Amsoshin da aka ba da gudummawa akan daidaito da cikakken. Matsalolin zagaye na Fabrairu na ƙungiyar suna daga cikin kaɗan a cikin HMMT waɗanda za a iya ba da kyauta. Wannan taron yayi kama da zagaye na ARML Power, amma matsalolin sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun fi wuya. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su kasance da kwanciyar hankali tare da hujjojin lissafi masu tsauri don samun nasara. Zagayen Team yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 400 (25%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Guts zagaye === Guts zagaye taron kungiya ne na minti 80 tare da tambayoyin gajeren amsoshi 36 akan batutuwa daban-daban, an raba su zuwa rukuni 12 na 3 (a watan Nuwamba) ko rukuni 9 na 4 (a watan Fabrairu). Matsalolin matsalolin da ma'auni suna ƙaruwa tare da kowane saiti na gaba, wanda ya ƙare a cikin saiti na ƙarshe na matsalolin kimantawa, yawanci yana da maki 20 kowannensu. (Matsalolin kimantawa sune kawai sauran matsalolin da ke da damar samun bashi, tare da zagaye na Fabrairu.) Kowace ƙungiya tana fara zagayen tare, tare da aƙalla memba ɗaya a kujera ta waje (tashar ko layi na gaba). Wakili ɗaya daga kowace ƙungiya ya kusanci tashar tantancewa mai tsayayye don ɗaukar jerin matsalolin ƙungiyar na farko. Da zarar zagayen ya fara, kowane wakili ya koma ƙungiyarsa da matsalolin da ƙungiyar za ta magance tare. Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shirya don ci gaba zuwa saitin na gaba, wakilin ya kusanci tashar tantancewa don gabatar da amsoshinsu don saitin na yanzu da kuma ɗaukar tambayoyin don saitin na gaba. Ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya komawa ga matsalolin a saitin da suka riga suka gabatar ba. Ba a tsammanin ƙungiyoyi za su kammala duk matsalolin a cikin mintuna 80 na jarrabawar ba. Ana ba da gudummawar zagaye kuma ana buga shi a ainihin lokacin, tare da ɗalibai da ke iya ganin ci gaban su da sauransu ta hanyar zagaye a kan allon dijital da aka tsara. Iyaye, masu horar da su, da masu kula da su suma suna iya kallon allon a cikin wani yanki na kallo da aka tsara, ya bambanta da ɗakunan gasa. Guts zagaye yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki 400 (25%) ga matsayi na Sweepstakes. === Mai magana da yawun === Ana kuma gayyatar iyaye, masu horar da su, da ɗaliban da ba sa gasa zuwa babban taron mai magana, wanda ke nuna mambobi daban-daban na al'ummar lissafi. Babban mai magana da yawun kwanan nan a watan Fabrairun 2024 shi ne [https://www.mit.edu/~jeffery Jeffery Yu], Darakta na Gasar HMMT Emeritus kuma dalibi na digiri na yanzu a Cibiyar hadin gwiwa don Bayanai da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park. Maganarsa tana da taken, [https://www.mit.edu/~jeffery/mathbeyond.pdf Math Beyond Competitions (don masu fafatawa masu ci gaba)] . === Sauran abubuwan da suka faru === Dukkanin wasannin HMMT suna da abubuwan da za a iya zaɓa a ranar da ta gabata da kuma ranar da ta biyo bayan kowane gasa don ɗalibai masu gasa da waɗanda ba sa gasa. An kuma gayyaci manyan dalibai 50 masu fafatawa na HMMT Fabrairu don ɗaukar Gasar Gayyata ta nesa (HMIC) a watan Afrilu. Ana gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru na Jumma'a da yamma kafin gasar, gami da abincin dare na kyauta da zamantakewa ga ɗalibai da masu horar da su. Bayan abincin dare, masu tallafawa kamfanonin HMMT da masu sa kai suna ba da dama iri-iri na Mini-Events masu ban sha'awa da nishaɗi ga ɗalibai. Wasu masu tallafawa kamfanoni suna gudanar da abubuwan sa hannu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mini-Events, kamar Jane Street's Estimathon, Five Rings's Integration Bee Qualifiers, Hudson River Trading's (HRT) Puzzle Hunt, da sauransu. Dalibai, iyaye, da masu horar da su suma suna da damar yin magana da wakilan masu tallafawa kamfanoni, gami da ɗalibai da yawa na al'ummar masu shirya HMMT, da kuma karɓar kayayyaki da yawa. Ana gudanar da abubuwan Ilimi na Lahadi da safe da yammacin rana bayan gasar. Masu magana sun fito ne daga fannoni da makarantu daban-daban, amma mafi yawansu sune masu alaƙa da lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Harvard da MIT. HMIC tambaya ce ta biyar, ta awa huɗu, gwagwarmayar tabbatarwa mai nisa da aka fara a cikin 2013. Matsalolin yawanci suna da wuyar gaske: masu fafatawa na iya samun matsayi mai girma ta hanyar warware matsaloli uku. Yawanci ana gudanar da shi a ƙarshen Maris ko farkon / tsakiyar Afrilu. == Sakamakon da kyaututtuka == HMMT yana amfani da algorithm na ƙwallon ƙafa don sanya masu fafatawa a zagaye na mutum. Duk da yake matsalolin da ke kan waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ana auna su bisa ga wahalar, galibi ana yin su ne ''bayan'' an kammala gwajin. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan, <ref>[http://web.mit.edu/hmmt/www/pdf/scoring_overview.pdf Scoring overview] {{Dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref> wannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da hanya mafi kyau don yin la'akari da matsalolin da suka fuskanta bisa ga ainihin wahalarsu (kamar yadda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar sau da yawa da kuma wanda aka warware su) sabanin wahalar da marubuta suka fahimta. Ana lissafin nauyin da aka sanya wa kowane matsala ta amfani da algorithm na ƙididdiga wanda ke la'akari da waɗanne matsalolin da ɗalibai suka warware. Nauyin matsalolin da ke kan Team da Guts Rounds an ƙaddara su kuma an bayar da su yayin jarrabawa. Ana ba da kyaututtuka ga mutane goma da suka fi samun maki gabaɗaya, manyan masu zira kwallaye goma a kowane zagaye na batun, ƙungiyoyi goma da sukafi girma a zagaye na Team, da ƙungiyoyi goma mafi girma a zagayen Guts. Kungiyoyi goma na farko gabaɗaya za a kira su masu cin nasara. Lissafin ƙididdigar ƙididdigat shine kusan rabin wasan zagaye na mutum da rabin wasan zagayen haɗin gwiwa. == Matsala == Matsalolin gasar Fabrairu an kwatanta su da na ARML, AIME, ko Gasar Mandelbrot, kodayake ana ɗaukarsa da wuya fiye da waɗannan gasa. Masu shirya gasar sun bayyana cewa, "HMMT, wanda ake jayayya da daya daga cikin wasannin [[Calculus|lissafi]] mafi wuya a Amurka, an tsara shi ne ga ɗaliban da za su iya warware matsaloli 6 zuwa 8 daidai a kan jarrabawar lissafi ta Amurka (AIME). " Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin wasannin makarantar sakandare, ba a buƙatar ilimin lissafi sosai; duk da haka, lissafi na iya zama dole don warware wasu daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi wuya a zagaye na Mutum da na Team. Gasar Nuwamba ta fi sauƙi, tare da matsaloli a cikin kewayon AMC zuwa AIME. Matsalolin da suka fi rikitarwa a watan Nuwamba suna da kama da matsalolin matsalolin matsakaicin matsakaici na gasar Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=November vs. February {{!}} HMMT |url=https://www.hmmt.org/www/tournaments/novfeb |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.hmmt.org}}</ref> == Sakamakon HMMT Nuwamba == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Gasar Cin Kofin !Gasar Mutum !Gasar Zakarun Ƙungiya !Guts Round Champion |- |'''2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2025/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Makarantar Brunswick A |Leo Wu |Makarantar Brunswick A |Ward Melville Math Team D |- |'''2024'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Shanghai High School Stallions |Yichen Gong |Lexington Gamma |Shanghai High School Stallions |- |'''2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221150447/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |PRISMS Falcons |Sicheng Zhou |PRISMS Falcons |PRISMS Falcons |- |'''2022'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210170139/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Yankin Westchester Math Circle |Qiao Zhang |Yankin Westchester Math Circle |Guguwar Texas |- |'''2021'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012005/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Gunn Black |Steve Zhang |Sadarwa ta 2 |RSM A |- |'''2020''' | colspan="4" |Nuwamba 2020 ta gudana ba tare da wani sakamako na hukuma ba saboda COVID-19 |- |'''2019'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010757/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |PRISMS Falcons |Yichen Xiao |Long Island Super |PRISMS Falcons |- |'''2018'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010749/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Guguwar Texas |Raymond Feng |Guguwar Texas |Guguwar Texas |- |'''2017'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2017/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010750/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2017/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Yankin Yu |Thomas Draper |Yankin Yu |NNHS & Abokai |- |'''2016'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2016/nov/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010748/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2016/nov/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Ilimi na yanayi huɗu2 |HouTin Chau |PuiChing |Yankin Yu |- |'''2015''' |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |Yi Fan Zhu |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |Makarantar Harsunan Kasashen Waje ta Shenzhen |- |'''2014''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Jianqiao Xia |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Gabas |- |'''2013''' |Beijing STFX |Geyang Qin |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Beijing STFX |- |'''2012''' |Yammacin Mass ARML |Dhroova Aiylam |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yammacin Mass ARML |- |'''2011''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Dajin Tong |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Makarantar Sakandare ta Brookline |- |'''2010''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Ravi Jagadeesan |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |- |'''2009''' |ABRHS |Xiaoyu Ya |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |ABRHS |- |'''2008''' |Yammacin Mass ARML |Sam Trabucco |Yammacin Mass ARML |Kwalejin Westford |} == Sakamakon Fabrairu == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Gasar Cin Kofin !Gasar Mutum !Gasar Zakarun Ƙungiya !Guts Round Champion |- |'''2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2026/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Washington Gold A1 |Alexander Wang |Kayan kwalliya na PEA |Washington Gold A1 |- |'''2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2025/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |AlphaStar Academy AIR |Alexander Wang |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Kwalejin Muhimmanci1 (Ba a Rarraba shi ba *) |- |'''2024'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221150438/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2024/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Xiaohan Zhang |Wutar Lehigh Valley |Wutar Lehigh Valley |- |'''2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531062525/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2023/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |LV Wutar |Jason Mao |Rukunin Lissafi na Random A |AlphaStar Academy AIR |- |'''2022'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021220902/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2022/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Luke Robitaille |Matsayin Texas A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2021'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133335/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2021/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Motown All Stars A |Luke Robitaille |Motown All Stars A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2020'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2020/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233856/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2020/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Luke Robitaille |Matsayin Texas A |Matsayin Texas A |- |'''2019'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233857/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2019/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |Matsayin Texas A |Daniel Zhu |Matsayin Texas A |MoCoSwaggaSquad |- |'''2018'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall individual awards |url=https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/feb/results/short.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233858/https://hmmt-archive.s3.amazonaws.com/tournaments/2018/feb/results/short.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Tournaments}}</ref> |AlphaStar Academy A* Air |Luke Robitaille |MoCoSwaggaSquad |[[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology]] |- |'''2017''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yuan Yao |Star League A-Star |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2016''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Yuan Yao |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Florida A |- |'''2015'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2015/short.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref> |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Andrew Ya |Star League A-Star |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2014''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Scott Wu |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Star League A-Star |- |'''2013''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |James Tao |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2012''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Xiaoyu Ya |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2011''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Saratoga / SFBA |Xiaoyu Ya |[[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] |Makarantar Sakandare ta Saratoga / SFBA |- |'''2010''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Ben Gunby |[[Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology|TJHSST]] |AAST |- |'''2009''' |TJHSST |Ice Pasupat |Lehigh Valley ARML |Lehigh Valley ARML |- |'''2008'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2008.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Brian Hamrick |Kungiyar Lissafi ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] |Quagga |- |'''2007''' |WOOTlings |Jirgin Ruwa |WOOTlings |TJHSST |- |'''2006''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Nimish Ramanlal |TJHSST |AAST |- |'''2005''' |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |Thomas Mildorf |TJHSST |[[Florida]] |- |'''2004''' |TJHSST |Tiankai Liu |TJHSST |Kwalejin Phillips Exeter |- |'''2003''' |TJHSST |Tony Zhang |TJHSST |AAST |- |'''2002''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |- |'''2001'''<ref>[http://www.hmmt.co/static/archive/february/results/2001.txt Results] hmmt.co {{Dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |- |'''2000''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Ricky Liu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |- |'''1999''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |n/a |Makarantar Sakandare ta Newton ta Kudu |n/a |- |'''1998''' |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |n/a |Makarantar Sakandare ta Lexington |n/a |} == Masu tallafawa == HMMT yawanci ana tallafawa ta hanyar haɗuwa da sassan lissafi na makaranta da kamfanonin masana'antu daban-daban. Cikakken jerin, wanda ke canzawa kowace shekara, ana iya samun su a shafin yanar gizon HMMT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMMT |url=http://www.hmmt.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721010323/https://www.hmmt.org/ |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=2021-07-20 |publisher=hmmt.org}}</ref> == Sauran gasa == HMMT tana shirya shirye-shiryen musayar ma'aikata tare da Gasar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Princeton (PUMaC), Gasar Informatics da Lissafi ta Carnegie Mellon (CMIMC), da Gasar Lissafi ta Stanford (SMT) don ƙara haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu shirya gasar. A lokacin musayar, mahalarta daga membobin shekara ta farko zuwa manyan jami'ai suna yin ƙarshen mako suna duba, tantancewa, da kuma yin aikin sa kai a ranar gasar mai masaukin baki. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] okuprlhcyxbjjfzo2kujdejjx84uoh0 Dangantakar Mongolia da Koriya ta Kudu 0 154627 846481 2026-06-04T04:47:50Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351353517|Mongolia–South Korea relations]]" 846481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Blockquote|"The similarities in the languages and cultures of [South Korea and Mongolia] have elevated the bilaterial relationship remarkably so far."}}  [[Fayil:Mongolian_Embassy_in_Seoul.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Jakadancin Mongolia a [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu.]] '''Dangantakar [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] da [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' (Mongolian) dangantakar kasashen waje ce tsakanin Koriya ta Koriya ta kudu da Mongolia. Koriya ta Kudu tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . Mongolia tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Seoul]]. == Tarihi == Kasashen biyu sun kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya a ranar 26 ga Maris 1990. == Bayyanawa == 'Yan Mongoliya a Koriya ta Kudu su ne mafi yawan 'yan ƙasar Mongoliya a ƙasashen waje. An kiyasta adadinsu ya kai 33,000. A shekarar 2008, akwai 'yan Koriya ta Kudu kusan 3,500 a Mongoliya. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2006, 'yan ƙasar kowace ƙasa da ke zaune a ɗayan ƙasar ba a ware su daga gudummawar da aka wajabta wa tsarin fansho na ƙasar da suke zaune a ciki ba. A cikin 2024, an ruwaito cewa kusan daya cikin Mongolians goma yana da ƙwarewar aiki a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma yawancin Mongolians na iya magana da Koriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title="몽골인 10명 중 1명 한국서 일한 경험" : 네이트 뉴스 |url=https://m.news.nate.com/view/20240818n12562 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=모바일 네이트 뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki === <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px"> Fayil:Han_Duk-Soo,_Prime_Minister_South_Korea_and_Dominik_Knoll,_CEO_of_the_World_Trade_Center_(cropped).jpg|South Korean Prime Minister, Han Duck-soo Fayil:Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene,_Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia_at_The_Pentagon,_USA_on_August_3,_2023_(cropped).jpg|Mongolian Prime Minister Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene </gallery>A cikin 2024, kasashen biyu sun yi alkawarin karfafa hadin kai a cikin aikin yanayi, musayar al'adu don ƙirƙirar abun ciki, da ci gaban birane a Mongolia. Firayim Ministan Koriya ta Kudu Han Duck-soo ya ce: {{Blockquote|"The similarities in the languages and cultures of [South Korea and Mongolia] have elevated the bilaterial relationship remarkably so far."}} Firayim Ministan Mongoliya Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene ya ce: {{Blockquote|"I expect [Mongolia and South Korea] to usher in a new era in terms of economy, trade and investment in the next 30 years,"}} == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == * Koriya da Mongoliya da Koriya == Dubi kuma == * Mamayewar Mongol na Koriya * Dangantakar Mongolia da Koriya ta Arewa * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of Mongolia, Seoul|ko|주한 몽골 대사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Consulate of the Mongolia, Busan|ko|주부산 몽골 영사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of South Korea, Ulaanbaatar|ko|주몽골 대한민국 대사관}} * Harsunan Altaic == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gwgm44vx1kgd8f75dadu96hk4vq2061 846482 846481 2026-06-04T04:49:31Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mongolian_Embassy_in_Seoul.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Jakadancin Mongolia a [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu.]] '''Dangantakar [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] da [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' (Mongolian) dangantakar kasashen waje ce tsakanin Koriya ta Koriya ta kudu da Mongolia. Koriya ta Kudu tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . Mongolia tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Seoul]]. == Tarihi == Kasashen biyu sun kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya a ranar 26 ga Maris 1990. == Bayyanawa == 'Yan Mongoliya a Koriya ta Kudu su ne mafi yawan 'yan ƙasar Mongoliya a ƙasashen waje. An kiyasta adadinsu ya kai 33,000. A shekarar 2008, akwai 'yan Koriya ta Kudu kusan 3,500 a Mongoliya. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2006, 'yan ƙasar kowace ƙasa da ke zaune a ɗayan ƙasar ba a ware su daga gudummawar da aka wajabta wa tsarin fansho na ƙasar da suke zaune a ciki ba. A cikin 2024, an ruwaito cewa kusan daya cikin Mongolians goma yana da ƙwarewar aiki a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma yawancin Mongolians na iya magana da Koriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title="몽골인 10명 중 1명 한국서 일한 경험" : 네이트 뉴스 |url=https://m.news.nate.com/view/20240818n12562 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=모바일 네이트 뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki === <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px"> Fayil:Han_Duk-Soo,_Prime_Minister_South_Korea_and_Dominik_Knoll,_CEO_of_the_World_Trade_Center_(cropped).jpg|South Korean Prime Minister, Han Duck-soo Fayil:Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene,_Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia_at_The_Pentagon,_USA_on_August_3,_2023_(cropped).jpg|Mongolian Prime Minister Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene </gallery>A cikin 2024, kasashen biyu sun yi alkawarin karfafa hadin kai a cikin aikin yanayi, musayar al'adu don ƙirƙirar abun ciki, da ci gaban birane a Mongolia. Firayim Ministan Koriya ta Kudu Han Duck-soo ya ce: {{Blockquote|"The similarities in the languages and cultures of [South Korea and Mongolia] have elevated the bilaterial relationship remarkably so far."}} Firayim Ministan Mongoliya Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene ya ce: == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == * Koriya da Mongoliya da Koriya == Dubi kuma == * Mamayewar Mongol na Koriya * Dangantakar Mongolia da Koriya ta Arewa * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of Mongolia, Seoul|ko|주한 몽골 대사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Consulate of the Mongolia, Busan|ko|주부산 몽골 영사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of South Korea, Ulaanbaatar|ko|주몽골 대한민국 대사관}} * Harsunan Altaic == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} czr9sykbc4r9oy4re5k872lcw92x52f 846483 846482 2026-06-04T04:50:15Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mongolian_Embassy_in_Seoul.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Jakadancin Mongolia a [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu.]] '''Dangantakar [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] da [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' (Mongolian) dangantakar kasashen waje ce tsakanin Koriya ta Koriya ta kudu da Mongolia. Koriya ta Kudu tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . Mongolia tana da ofishin jakadanci a [[Seoul]]. == Tarihi == Kasashen biyu sun kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya a ranar 26 ga Maris 1990. == Bayyanawa == 'Yan Mongoliya a Koriya ta Kudu su ne mafi yawan 'yan ƙasar Mongoliya a ƙasashen waje. An kiyasta adadinsu ya kai 33,000. A shekarar 2008, akwai 'yan Koriya ta Kudu kusan 3,500 a Mongoliya. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2006, 'yan ƙasar kowace ƙasa da ke zaune a ɗayan ƙasar ba a ware su daga gudummawar da aka wajabta wa tsarin fansho na ƙasar da suke zaune a ciki ba. A cikin 2024, an ruwaito cewa kusan daya cikin Mongolians goma yana da ƙwarewar aiki a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma yawancin Mongolians na iya magana da Koriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title="몽골인 10명 중 1명 한국서 일한 경험" : 네이트 뉴스 |url=https://m.news.nate.com/view/20240818n12562 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=모바일 네이트 뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki === <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px"> Fayil:Han_Duk-Soo,_Prime_Minister_South_Korea_and_Dominik_Knoll,_CEO_of_the_World_Trade_Center_(cropped).jpg|South Korean Prime Minister, Han Duck-soo Fayil:Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene,_Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia_at_The_Pentagon,_USA_on_August_3,_2023_(cropped).jpg|Mongolian Prime Minister Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene </gallery>A cikin 2024, kasashen biyu sun yi alkawarin karfafa hadin kai a cikin aikin yanayi, musayar al'adu don ƙirƙirar abun ciki, da ci gaban birane a Mongolia. Firayim Ministan Koriya ta Kudu Han Duck-soo ya ce: {{Blockquote|"The similarities in the languages and cultures of [South Korea and Mongolia] have elevated the bilaterial relationship remarkably so far."}} Firayim Ministan Mongoliya Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene ya ce: == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == * Koriya da Mongoliya da Koriya == Dubi kuma == * Mamayewar Mongol na Koriya * Dangantakar Mongolia da Koriya ta Arewa * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of Mongolia, Seoul|ko|주한 몽골 대사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Consulate of the Mongolia, Busan|ko|주부산 몽골 영사관}} * {{Interlanguage link|Embassy of South Korea, Ulaanbaatar|ko|주몽골 대한민국 대사관}} * Harsunan Altaic == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 17v5sbwijtcmkbrm2ajid79uclk2m8y Yanayin ƙasar Helsinki 0 154628 846484 2026-06-04T04:52:38Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233954808|Geography of Helsinki]]" 846484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Helsinki_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-06-26.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Helsinki ta Sentinel-2]] [[Helsinki]] Tana da jimillar fadin murabba'in kilomita 686 (murabba'in mil 265). Fadinta murabba'in kilomita 186 (murabba'in mil 72) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in kilomita 500 (murabba'in mil 190) na yankin ya rufe da ruwa. Tana nan a<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|60|10|N|24|56|E|region:FI_type:city}}. == Rarrabawar == Wannan jerin unguwanni ne da yankuna a cikin birnin [[Helsinki]] a cikin haruffa. Jerin bai cika ba. {{Columns-list|*[[Ala-Tikkurila]] *[[Alppikylä]] *[[Alppila]] *[[Arabianranta]] *[[Aurinkolahti]] *[[Eira]] *[[Haaga]] *[[Hakaniemi]] *[[Hakuninmaa]] *[[Harju, Helsinki|Harju]] *[[Heikinlaakso]] *[[Hermanni (Helsinki)|Hermanni]] *[[Herttoniemi]] *[[Hietalahti, Helsinki|Hietalahti]] *[[Hietaniemi]] *[[Honkasuo]] *[[Huopalahti]] *[[Itäkeskus]] *[[Jakomäki]] *[[Jollas, Helsinki|Jollas]] *[[Jätkäsaari]] *[[Kaartinkaupunki]] *[[Kaisaniemi]] *[[Kaivopuisto]] *[[Kalasatama]] *[[Kallahti]] *[[Kallio (district)|Kallio]] *[[Kamppi]] *[[Kannelmäki]] *[[Karhusaari]] *[[Katajanokka]] *[[Kivihaka]] *[[Kivikko]] *[[Kluuvi]] *[[Konala]] *[[Kontula, Helsinki|Kontula]] *[[Koskela]] *[[Kruununhaka]] *[[Kruunuvuorenranta]] *[[Kulosaari]] *[[Kumpula]] *[[Kuninkaantammi]] *[[Kurkimäki]] *[[Kuusisaari]] *[[Käpylä]] *[[Laajasalo]] *[[Laakso]] *[[Landbo]] *[[Lassila]] *[[Latokartano]] *[[Lauttasaari]] *[[Lehtisaari, Helsinki|Lehtisaari]] *[[Malmi, Helsinki|Malmi]] *[[Malminkartano]] *[[Marjaniemi]] *[[Maunula]] *[[Maununneva]] *[[Meilahti]] *[[Mellunmäki]] *[[Meri-Rastila]] *[[Metsälä]] *[[Munkkiniemi]] *[[Munkkivuori]] *[[Myllypuro]] *[[Oulunkylä]] *[[Pajamäki]] *[[Pakila]] *[[Paloheinä]] *[[Pasila]] *[[Pihlajamäki]] *[[Pihlajisto]] *[[Pikku Huopalahti]] *[[Pitäjänmäki]] *[[Puistola]] *[[Pukinmäki]] *[[Puotila, Helsinki|Puotila]] *[[Puotinharju]] *[[Punavuori]] *[[Rastila]] *[[Reimarla]] *[[Roihuvuori]] *[[Ruoholahti]] *[[Ruskeasuo]] *[[Santahamina]] *[[Siilitie]] *[[Siltamäki]] *[[Suomenlinna]] *[[Suurmetsä]] *[[Suutarila]] *[[Sörnäinen]] *[[Tammisalo]] *[[Tapanila]] *[[Tapaninkylä]] *[[Tapulikaupunki]] *[[Torpparinmäki]] *[[Toukola]] *[[Tuomarinkylä]] *[[Töölö]] *[[Ullanlinna]] *[[Vallila]] *[[Vanhakaupunki]] *[[Vartioharju]] *[[Vartiosaari]] *[[Vesala]] *[[Viikki]] *[[Vuosaari]] *[[Östersundom]]}} == Yanayi == * Matsakaicin zafin jiki (2001): +5.9 °C (42 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; * Watan da ya fi zafi, Yuli, matsakaicin zafin jiki: +17.2 ° C (63 ° F) &nbsp;&nbsp; * Watan da ya fi sanyi, Fabrairu, matsakaicin zafin jiki: -4.7 ° C (23 ° F) &nbsp;&nbsp; {{Weather box}} == Dubi kuma == * Yankin Birnin Helsinki == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 6ygbnz53694slw2wx82nzdl3m85eey5 846485 846484 2026-06-04T04:53:15Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Helsinki_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-06-26.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Helsinki ta Sentinel-2]] [[Helsinki]] Tana da jimillar fadin murabba'in kilomita 686 (murabba'in mil 265). Fadinta murabba'in kilomita 186 (murabba'in mil 72) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in kilomita 500 (murabba'in mil 190) na yankin ya rufe da ruwa. Tana nan a<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|60|10|N|24|56|E|region:FI_type:city}}. == Rarrabawar == Wannan jerin unguwanni ne da yankuna a cikin birnin [[Helsinki]] a cikin haruffa. Jerin bai cika ba. {{Columns-list|*[[Ala-Tikkurila]] *[[Alppikylä]] *[[Alppila]] *[[Arabianranta]] *[[Aurinkolahti]] *[[Eira]] *[[Haaga]] *[[Hakaniemi]] *[[Hakuninmaa]] *[[Harju, Helsinki|Harju]] *[[Heikinlaakso]] *[[Hermanni (Helsinki)|Hermanni]] *[[Herttoniemi]] *[[Hietalahti, Helsinki|Hietalahti]] *[[Hietaniemi]] *[[Honkasuo]] *[[Huopalahti]] *[[Itäkeskus]] *[[Jakomäki]] *[[Jollas, Helsinki|Jollas]] *[[Jätkäsaari]] *[[Kaartinkaupunki]] *[[Kaisaniemi]] *[[Kaivopuisto]] *[[Kalasatama]] *[[Kallahti]] *[[Kallio (district)|Kallio]] *[[Kamppi]] *[[Kannelmäki]] *[[Karhusaari]] *[[Katajanokka]] *[[Kivihaka]] *[[Kivikko]] *[[Kluuvi]] *[[Konala]] *[[Kontula, Helsinki|Kontula]] *[[Koskela]] *[[Kruununhaka]] *[[Kruunuvuorenranta]] *[[Kulosaari]] *[[Kumpula]] *[[Kuninkaantammi]] *[[Kurkimäki]] *[[Kuusisaari]] *[[Käpylä]] *[[Laajasalo]] *[[Laakso]] *[[Landbo]] *[[Lassila]] *[[Latokartano]] *[[Lauttasaari]] *[[Lehtisaari, Helsinki|Lehtisaari]] *[[Malmi, Helsinki|Malmi]] *[[Malminkartano]] *[[Marjaniemi]] *[[Maunula]] *[[Maununneva]] *[[Meilahti]] *[[Mellunmäki]] *[[Meri-Rastila]] *[[Metsälä]] *[[Munkkiniemi]] *[[Munkkivuori]] *[[Myllypuro]] *[[Oulunkylä]] *[[Pajamäki]] *[[Pakila]] *[[Paloheinä]] *[[Pasila]] *[[Pihlajamäki]] *[[Pihlajisto]] *[[Pikku Huopalahti]] *[[Pitäjänmäki]] *[[Puistola]] *[[Pukinmäki]] *[[Puotila, Helsinki|Puotila]] *[[Puotinharju]] *[[Punavuori]] *[[Rastila]] *[[Reimarla]] *[[Roihuvuori]] *[[Ruoholahti]] *[[Ruskeasuo]] *[[Santahamina]] *[[Siilitie]] *[[Siltamäki]] *[[Suomenlinna]] *[[Suurmetsä]] *[[Suutarila]] *[[Sörnäinen]] *[[Tammisalo]] *[[Tapanila]] *[[Tapaninkylä]] *[[Tapulikaupunki]] *[[Torpparinmäki]] *[[Toukola]] *[[Tuomarinkylä]] *[[Töölö]] *[[Ullanlinna]] *[[Vallila]] *[[Vanhakaupunki]] *[[Vartioharju]] *[[Vartiosaari]] *[[Vesala]] *[[Viikki]] *[[Vuosaari]] *[[Östersundom]]}} == Yanayi == * Matsakaicin zafin jiki (2001): +5.9 °C (42 °F) &nbsp;&nbsp; * Watan da ya fi zafi, Yuli, matsakaicin zafin jiki: +17.2 ° C (63 ° F) &nbsp;&nbsp; * Watan da ya fi sanyi, Fabrairu, matsakaicin zafin jiki: -4.7 ° C (23 ° F) &nbsp;&nbsp; {{Weather box}} == Dubi kuma == * Yankin Birnin Helsinki == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} nodgdahwwp02yra57q8s58hsrss7uxh Na urar firiji Mai 0 154629 846488 2026-06-04T04:57:41Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309375727|Absorption refrigerator]]" 846488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Thermodynamic cycles}}Mai sanyaya shine mai sanyaya wanda ke amfani da tushen zafi don samar da makamashi da ake buƙata don fitar da tsarin sanyaya. Makamashi na Rana, ƙone man fetur, zafin sharar gida daga masana'antu, da tsarin dumama na gundumar misalai ne na tushen zafi da za a iya amfani da su. Mai sanyaya yana amfani da masu sanyaya guda biyu: mai sanyaya na farko yana yin sanyaya mai sanyaya sannan kuma an sha shi cikin mai sanyaya ta biyu; ana buƙatar zafi don sake saita masu sanyaya biyu zuwa jihohin su na farko. Ana amfani da [[Firinji|firiji]] na absorption a cikin motocin nishaɗi (RVs), masu sansani, da caravans saboda zafin da ake buƙata don ba su wutar lantarki ana iya samar da shi ta hanyar mai ƙone man fetur, ta hanyar mai ɗumi na lantarki na DC (daga batir ko tsarin lantarki na mota) ko ta hanyar mai dumama na lantarki. Hakanan ana iya amfani da firiji na sinadarin don gine-ginen sanyaya iska ta amfani da zafi mai guba daga turbine na gas ko Mai dumama ruwa a cikin ginin. Yin amfani da zafin sharar gida daga turbine na gas yana sa turbine ya zama mai inganci sosai saboda ya fara samar da wutar lantarki, sannan ruwan zafi, kuma a ƙarshe, sanyaya iska - trigeneration. Ba kamar tsarin sanyaya na tururi ba, firiji mai sha ba shi da sassan motsi. == Tarihi == A farkon shekarun karni na 20, sake zagayowar sinadarin tururi ta amfani da tsarin ammoniya na ruwa ya shahara kuma ana amfani dashi sosai, amma bayan ci gaban sake zagayolar matsawar tururi ya rasa yawancin muhimmancinsa saboda ƙarancin aikinsa (kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na na sake zagayoyar matsawar tururin). Absorption frijoji ne sanannen madadin ga compressor refrigerators na yau da kullun inda wutar lantarki ba ta da tabbas, mai tsada, ko ba ta samuwa, ko kuma inda hayaniya daga compressor yana da matsala; ko kuma inda ake samun karin zafi. A cikin 1748 a Glasgow, William Cullen ya kirkiro tushen sanyaya na zamani, kodayake ba a ba shi lambar yabo da aikace-aikacen da za a iya amfani da shi ba. Za'a iya samun ƙarin bayani game da tarihin sanyaya a cikin sakin layi Refrigeration Research a shafin Refrigerations. Absorption refrigeration yana amfani da wannan ka'ida kamar adsorption refrigerator, wanda Michael Faraday ya kirkira a 1821, amma maimakon amfani da mai tsinkaye mai tsinkaya, a cikin tsarin sha mai sha yana shan tururi mai sanyaya cikin ruwa. '''“Refrigeration ɗin shaƙuwa (Absorption refrigeration)''' yana amfani da irin wannan ka’ida kamar yadda ake yi a '''adsorption refrigeration''', wanda '''Michael Faraday''' ya ƙirƙira a shekarar 1821. Amma maimakon a yi amfani da wani abu mai ƙarfi (solid) da zai sha iska (adsorber), a tsarin absorption ana amfani da wani ruwa (absorber) wanda yake sha tururin sinadarin sanyaya (refrigerant vapour) cikin sa.” ----Kana so in yi maka bayani a sauƙaƙe yadda tsarin '''absorption refrigeration''' ke aiki, ko ka fi so fassara kai tsaye kawai? Kamfanin kasuwanci ya fara ne a 1923 ta sabuwar kamfanin ''AB Arctic'', wanda Electrolux ya saya a 1925. A cikin shekarun 1960s, sanyaya mai sha ya ga sake farfadowa saboda buƙata mai yawa ga firiji don caravans (trailers). AB Electrolux ta kafa wani reshe a Amurka, mai suna ''Dometic'' Sales Corporation. Kamfanin ya sayar da firiji don motocin nishaɗi (RVs) a ƙarƙashin alamar ''Dometic''. A shekara ta 2001, Electrolux ta sayar da mafi yawan kayan nishaɗi ga kamfanin EQT wanda ya kirkiro Dometic a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa. Dometic har yanzu yana sayar da firiji har zuwa Yuli 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RV Refrigerators |url=https://www.dometic.com/en-us/outdoor/rv-and-van/refrigerators/rv-refrigerators?sortBy=Relevance&count=24&v_skurefrigerationtechnology=Absorption |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711062317/https://www.dometic.com/en-us/outdoor/rv-and-van/refrigerators/rv-refrigerators?sortBy=Relevance&count=24&v_skurefrigerationtechnology=Absorption |archive-date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref> A cikin 1926, [[Albert Einstein]] da tsohon ɗalibinsa Leó Szilárd sun ba da shawarar wani zaɓi na ƙira da aka sani da firiji na Einstein . A Taron TED na 2007, [[Adam Grosser]] ya gabatar da bincikensa game da sabon, ƙaramin, na'urar rigakafin rigakafin "intermittent absorption" don amfani a ƙasashe na duniya ta uku. firiji ƙaramin sashi ne da aka sanya a kan wuta, wanda daga baya za'a iya amfani dashi don sanyaya lita 15 (3.3 na ruwa zuwa sama da daskarewa na awanni 24 a cikin yanayin {{Convert|30|°C}} ° C (86 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grosser |first=Adam |date=Feb 2007 |title=Adam Grosser and his sustainable fridge |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/adam_grosser_and_his_sustainable_fridge.html |access-date=2018-09-18 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]]}}</ref> Manufar ta yi kama da na'urar sanyaya ta farko da aka sani da Iceball . == Ka'idoji == Masu amfani da firiji na yau da kullun suna amfani da firigi tare da ƙananan tafasa (kasa da -18 ° C (0 ° F)) kamar masu amfani da firijin. firiji mai matsawa yawanci suna amfani da HCFC ko HFC, yayin da firiji na sha yawanci suna aiki da ammoniya ko [[ruwa]] kuma suna buƙatar akalla ruwa na biyu wanda zai iya shawo kan mai sanyaya, mai sha, bi da bi ruwa (don ammoniya) ko saline (don ruwa). Dukansu nau'ikan suna amfani da sanyaya mai narkewa: lokacin da mai sanyaya ya narke (ya tafasa), yana ɗaukar ɗan zafi tare da shi, yana ba da tasirin sanyaya. Babban bambanci tsakanin tsarin biyu shine yadda aka canza refrigerant daga gas zuwa ruwa don sake zagayowar ta iya maimaitawa. Wani firiji mai sha yana canza iskar gas zuwa ruwa ta amfani da hanyar da ke buƙatar zafi kawai, kuma ba shi da sassan motsi banda ruwa. [[Fayil:Absorption_refrigerator_working.svg|alt=Absorption cooling process|right|thumb|1: bututun ruwa 2: ɗakin rabuwa 3: ammoniya-marasa ruwa baya-pipe 4: ammoniya condenser 5: matsin lamba bututun ammoniya 6: ruwa bututun ammonia 7: evaporator (cikin majami'a) 8: ammoniya gas bututun 9: mai shan (ruwa yana shan ammoniya) ]] Za'a iya bayyana sake zagayowar sanyaya a matakai uku ** '''Evaporation (ƙonawa/ɓacewar ruwa zuwa iska)''': Ruwa mai sanyaya (''refrigerant'') yana ɓacewa zuwa iska (evaporate) a wurin da matsin lamba (''partial pressure'') yake ƙasa. Wannan yana ja da zafi daga muhalli (misali: ɗakin firiji). Saboda matsin lambar ya yi ƙasa, zafin da ake buƙata domin ɓacewar ruwan ma ya yi ƙasa. ** '''Absorption (shaƙuwa)''': Wani ruwan daban (fluid), wanda ya riga ya yi rauni (depleted), yana tsotsar wannan sinadarin sanyaya da ya zama iska. Wannan shi ne yake samar da ƙarancin matsin lamba. Hakan yana haifar da ruwa cike da sinadarin sanyaya (''refrigerant-saturated liquid''), wanda daga nan zai wuce zuwa mataki na gaba: ** '''Regeneration (sake sabuntawa)''': Ruwan da ya cika da sinadarin sanyaya ana dumama shi, hakan yana sa sinadarin sanyaya ya sake ɓacewa (evaporate) ya fita. **# Wannan ɓacewar tana faruwa a ƙasan bututun ƙanƙani; ƙwayoyin iska na sinadarin sanyaya suna turawa ruwan da ya ƙare sinadarin sanyaya (''depleted liquid'') zuwa wani babban ɗaki, daga inda zai sauko ta hanyar nauyi (''gravity'') zuwa ɗakin absorption. **# Iskar sinadarin sanyaya mai zafi tana wucewa ta cikin ''heat exchanger'', tana fitar da zafinta zuwa wajen tsarin (misali: iska a waje mai yanayin zafin muhalli), sannan tana yin sanyi ta koma ruwa (''condense'') a wani wuri mafi tsawo. Wannan ruwan da aka tara daga condensation zai sauko ta hanyar nauyi don ya ci gaba da samar da sinadarin sanyaya ga matakin evaporation. ----Kana so in yi maka '''sauƙaƙa wannan bayani da zane (diagram)''' domin ka fi gane yadda tsarin ke aiki, ko ka fi son ya tsaya a matsayin fassara kai tsaye? Tsarin don haka a shiru yana ba da yaduwar inji na ruwa ba tare da famfo na yau da kullun ba. Ana ƙara ruwa na uku, gas, yawanci don kauce wa damuwa game da matsin lamba lokacin da kwantar da hankali ya faru (duba ƙasa). === Gishiri mai sauƙi da tsarin ruwa === Tsarin sanyaya mai sauƙi wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin manyan tsire-tsire na kasuwanci yana amfani da maganin lithium bromide ko lithium chloride gishiri da ruwa. Ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba yana narkewa daga coils da za a sanyaya. Ruwa yana shan ruwa ta hanyar lithium bromide / ruwa. Tsarin yana fitar da ruwa daga maganin lithium bromide tare da zafi.{{HVAC}} === Ruwan shafawa mai sanyaya === [[Fayil:Absorptive_refrigeration.svg|right|thumb|Tsarin narkewar ruwa]] Wani bambancin yana amfani da iska, ruwa, da kuma ruwan gishiri. Ana shan iska mai dumi, mai laushi ta hanyar ruwan gishiri. Ruwan yana rage zafi amma ba ya canza yawan zafin jiki. Sa'an nan kuma iska mai zafi, mai dumi ta wuce ta hanyar mai sanyaya, wanda ya ƙunshi fesawar ruwa mai kyau, wanda ke sanyaya kuma ya sake sanyaya iska. Ana cire danshi daga iska mai sanyaya tare da wani yaduwar gishiri, yana samar da fitowar iska mai sanyi, mai bushe. Ana sake sabunta gishiri ta hanyar dumama shi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, yana haifar da ruwa ya bushe. Ruwan da aka narke daga maganin gishiri an sake shi, kuma an sake shi zuwa mai sanyaya. === Rashin sanyaya matsin lamba guda ɗaya === [[Fayil:Absorption_fridge.jpg|right|thumb|312x312px|'''Dometic absorption refrigerator.''' 1. Hydrogen ya shiga bututun tare da ammoniya mai <sub>Ruwa</sub> 2. Ammoniya da hydrogen sun shiga cikin sashi na ciki. Karin girma yana haifar da raguwa a cikin matsin lamba na ammoniya mai ruwa. Ammoniya tana narkewa, tana ɗaukar zafi daga ammoniya mai ruwa (ΔHVap) yana rage zafin jikinta. Zafin yana gudana daga cikin mai zafi na firiji zuwa ruwan sanyi, yana inganta ci gaba da kumfa. 3. Ammoniya da hydrogen sun dawo daga cikin ciki, ammoniya ya dawo zuwa mai sha kuma ya narke cikin ruwa. Hydrogen yana da 'yanci ya tashi. 4. Ammoniya gas condensation (mai sanyaya). 5. Gas mai zafi na ammoniya. 6. Rufewar zafi da distillation na iskar ammoniya daga ruwa. 7. Tushen zafi na lantarki. 8. Jirgin mai shan ruwa (ruwa da ammoniya).<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />]] [[Fayil:Thermal_image_of_a_domestic_absorption_refrigerator.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|'''Hoton zafi na firiji na Dometic''' mai shawo kan irin wannan wanda ke cikin hoton da aka lakafta a sama. Launi yana nuna yanayin zafi: shuɗi = sanyi, ja ya fi zafi. Tushen zafi (7) yana ƙunshe gaba ɗaya a cikin sashin rufi (6).]] Mai sanyaya mai matsin lamba guda ɗaya yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa yawan ruwa ya dogara da matsin lamba na tururi sama da ruwa kuma yana hawa tare da matsin matsin lamba. Duk da yake yana da matsin lamba iri ɗaya a duk faɗin tsarin, firiji yana riƙe da matsin matsin lamba na firiji (saboda haka babban ƙarancin evaporation) a cikin ''bangare'' tsarin da ke jawo zafi daga cikin ƙananan zafin jiki na firiji, amma yana riƙe da firiji a matsin lamba mai girma (saboda ahụ ƙananan evaporation rate) a cikin ɓangare na tsarin da ke fitar da zafi zuwa iska mai zafin jiki a waje da firiji. firiji yana amfani da abubuwa uku: ammoniya, iskar Hydrogen, da [[ruwa]]. An rufe sake zagayowar, tare da duk hydrogen, ruwa da ammoniya da aka tattara kuma an sake amfani da su ba tare da iyaka ba. Ana matsin tsarin don ɗaga yanayin tafasa na ammoniya sama da zafin jiki na condenser coil (coil wanda ke canja wurin zafi zuwa iska a waje da firiji, ta hanyar kasancewa mai zafi fiye da iska ta waje.) Wannan matsin yana da yanayi na 14-16 (1,400-1,600 yana sanya ma'anar ammoniya a kusan {{Convert|35|°C}} ° C (95 ° F). Tsarin sanyaya yana farawa tare da ammoniya mai ruwa a zafin jiki na ɗaki wanda ke shiga evaporator. Girman evaporator ya fi girma fiye da girman ruwa, tare da sararin samaniya da aka mamaye ta hanyar cakuda ammoniya da hydrogen. Kasancewar hydrogen yana rage matsin lamba na iskar ammoniya, don haka yana rage ma'aunin ruwa a ƙasa da zafin jiki na cikin firiji. Ammoniya tana narkewa, tana ɗaukar ɗan zafi daga ruwa kuma tana rage yawan zafin ruwa. Yana ci gaba da narkewa, yayin da babban enthalpy na tururi (zafi) ke gudana daga cikin firiji mai dumi zuwa ammoniya mai sanyi sannan zuwa ƙarin iskar ammoniya. A cikin matakai biyu na gaba, an raba iskar ammoniya daga hydrogen don a sake amfani da ita. # Ammoniya (gas) da hydrogen (gas) cakuda suna gudana ta hanyar bututu daga evaporator zuwa cikin mai sha. A cikin mai sha, wannan cakuda na iskar gas yana hulɗa da ruwa (a zahiri, wani rauni bayani na ammoniya a cikin ruwa). Ammoniya mai gas yana narkewa a cikin ruwa, yayin da hydrogen, wanda ba haka ba, ya tattara a saman mai sha, yana barin ammoniya mai ƙarfi yanzu a kasa. Hydrogen yanzu ya rabu yayin da ammoniya yanzu ya narke cikin ruwa. # Mataki na gaba ya raba ammoniya da ruwa. Ammoniya / ruwa yana gudana zuwa janareta (boiler), inda ake amfani da zafi don tafasa ammoniya, yana barin mafi yawan ruwa (wanda ke da matsayi mafi girma) a baya. Wasu tururi na ruwa da kumfa sun kasance sun gauraye tare da ammoniya; an cire wannan ruwa a matakin rabuwa na ƙarshe, ta hanyar wuce shi ta hanyar mai rabuwa, jerin bututu masu karkatarwa tare da ƙananan cikas don fashe kumfa, suna ba da damar tururin ruwa ya tarwatsa kuma ya sake komawa ga janareta. Gas din ammoniya mai tsabta ya shiga cikin mai kwantar da hankali. A cikin wannan musayar zafi, iskar ammoniya mai zafi tana canja wurin zafi zuwa iska ta waje, wanda ke ƙasa da tafasa na ammoniya cikakkiyar matsin lamba, sabili da haka ya kwantar. Ammoniya mai narkewa (ruwa) yana gudana don a gauraye shi da iskar hydrogen da aka saki daga matakin sha, yana maimaita sake zagayowar. == Dubi kuma == * Adsorption refrigeration * Iceball * Mai sanyaya mai yawa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=A. |last2=Kosloff |first2=R. |year=2012 |title=Quantum Absorption Refrigerator |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=108 |issue=7 |pages=070604 |arxiv=1109.0728 |bibcode=2012PhRvL.108g0604L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.070604 |pmid=22401189 |s2cid=6981288}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-systems/absorption-heat-pumps Absorption Heat Pumps] ([[Ofishin Inganta Makamashi da Sabunta Makamashi|Ofishin Ingancin Makamashi da Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa]]). * Bayani na [http://www.arizonaenergy.org/AltEnergyClub/SMALL%20AMMONIA%20REFRIGERATOR.htm Arizona Energy] tare da zane-zane * Lithium-Bromide / Water Cycle - Absorption Refrigeration for Campus Cooling a BYU. * {{Cite web |last=American National Standards Institute |author-link=American National Standards Institute |title=AHRI standard 560–2000 for absorption refrigerators |url=http://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/ahri/files/standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20ARI560-2000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031112012/http://ahrinet.org/App_Content/ahri/files/standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20ARI560-2000.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-31 |access-date=2012-03-31}} lx1cuumqlnzohh65n42x1ra9dwzuqgu Robert S. Smith 0 154630 846489 2026-06-04T05:00:19Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1210828745|Robert S. Smith]]" 846489 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}'''Robert Sherlock Smith''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1944) tsohon Mataimakin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara ta New York ne. Smith ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jiha ya buƙaci cewa alƙalai su yi ritaya daga ƙarshen shekara ta kalandar da suka kai shekaru 70. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Smith a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a 1944, kuma ya girma a [[Massachusetts]] da [[Connecticut]]. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1965 kuma daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia a 1968, inda ya kasance babban editan Columbia Law Review . == Ayyukan shari'a == Daga 1968 zuwa 2003 ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Birnin New York tare da kamfanin Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp;amp; Garrison, yana yin hutun shekara guda a 1980-81 don aiki a matsayin Farfesa mai ziyara daga aiki a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia. A cikin ayyukan sirri, Smith ya fi shahara da wakiltar cibiyar siyayya a cikin wata shari'a, Shad Alliance v. Smith Haven Mall, wacce ta tabbatar da cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba ya buƙatar cibiyoyin siyayya su ba mutane damar rarraba littattafai a kan kadarorinsu; don wakiltar ƙungiyar matukan jirgin sama ta United Airlines a yunƙurinta na kwace United Airlines; da kuma don jayayya kan ƙararraki biyu na hukuncin kisa a gaban [[Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]]. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2003, Gwamna George Pataki ya nada shi a Kotun daukaka kara. A cikin shekara ta farko, ya fito a matsayin mai tambaya mafi karfi a kotun daga benci. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011, Smith ya ba da jawabin jawabi a karo na bakwai na Friedrich A. von Hayek Lecture, "The Hayekian Judge," wanda New York University Journal of Law and Liberty ta dauki nauyinsa. Richard Epstein ne ya gabatar da shi. Alkalin Smith yana koyar da aji a Makarantar Shari'a ta Benjamin N. Cardozo tare da tsohon dean David Rudenstine kan batun Shugaba Trump da tsarin mulki. === Shahararrun ra'ayoyi === * Ya rubuta ra'ayi mai yawa a cikin Pataki v. Silver, yana tabbatar da ikon Gwamna a kan kasafin kudin jihar. * Ya rubuta rashin amincewa a cikin People v. LaValle, <ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jun04/71opn04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908211113/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jun04/71opn04.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2015-09-08}}</ref> inda mafi rinjaye suka yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin kisa bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. * A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, Smith ya rubuta babban ra'ayi a cikin Hernandez v. Robles, yanke shawara 4-2, yana bayyana cewa ba a buƙatar auren jinsi ɗaya a New York bisa tsarin mulki, kuma za a bar shi ga majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jul06/86-89opn06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910165736/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jul06/86-89opn06.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-10 |access-date=2008-08-14}}</ref> Babban Alkalin Judith Kaye ya rubuta rashin amincewar. * A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2007, a cikin People v. Taylor, <ref name="state1" /> ya goyi bayan mafi rinjaye a cikin tabbatar da People v. LaValle, [1] a kan dalilan stare decisis .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nycourts.gov/ctapps/decisions/oct07/123opn07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026141714/http://www.nycourts.gov/ctapps/decisions/oct07/123opn07.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-26 |access-date=2007-11-30}}</ref> == Ayyukan bayan shari'a == Smith ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauya na Birnin New York Friedman Kaplan Seiler & Adelman LLP a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, kwana daya bayan ya yi ritaya daga Kotun daukaka kara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Judge Robert S. Smith of the New York Court of Appeals to Join Friedman Kaplan |url=http://www.fklaw.com/news-316.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102062514/http://www.fklaw.com/news-316.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |publisher=Friedman Kaplan Seiler & Adelman LLP}}</ref> == Na Mutum == Smith ta auri Dian Goldston Smith . 'Ya'yansa maza su ne ɗan jarida Ben Smith da kuma malami Emlen Smith, kuma 'yarsa lauya ce Rosemary Szanyi. Smith Kirista ne yayin da matarsa Bayahude ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |author-link= |date=April 6, 2017 |title=The Axe Files - Ep. 136: Ben Smith Released |url=https://signup.politics.uchicago.edu/page/-/site/PODCAST/transcripts/af-ep136-smith.pdf |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Institute of Politics and [[CNN]] |quote=I grew up in a household where my parents disagreed on pretty much everything and it makes it hard for you to be a real ideologue or to sort of -- you know, or to see the opposing side. To see these two sides is irreconcilable enemies. She's a Democrat and he's also fairly Christian. She's Jewish.}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p5zdjuddi23px38verxhp84fbrlirf0 846490 846489 2026-06-04T05:00:45Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Sherlock Smith''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1944) tsohon Mataimakin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara ta New York ne. Smith ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jiha ya buƙaci cewa alƙalai su yi ritaya daga ƙarshen shekara ta kalandar da suka kai shekaru 70. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Smith a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a 1944, kuma ya girma a [[Massachusetts]] da [[Connecticut]]. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1965 kuma daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia a 1968, inda ya kasance babban editan Columbia Law Review . == Ayyukan shari'a == Daga 1968 zuwa 2003 ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Birnin New York tare da kamfanin Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp;amp; Garrison, yana yin hutun shekara guda a 1980-81 don aiki a matsayin Farfesa mai ziyara daga aiki a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia. A cikin ayyukan sirri, Smith ya fi shahara da wakiltar cibiyar siyayya a cikin wata shari'a, Shad Alliance v. Smith Haven Mall, wacce ta tabbatar da cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba ya buƙatar cibiyoyin siyayya su ba mutane damar rarraba littattafai a kan kadarorinsu; don wakiltar ƙungiyar matukan jirgin sama ta United Airlines a yunƙurinta na kwace United Airlines; da kuma don jayayya kan ƙararraki biyu na hukuncin kisa a gaban [[Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]]. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2003, Gwamna George Pataki ya nada shi a Kotun daukaka kara. A cikin shekara ta farko, ya fito a matsayin mai tambaya mafi karfi a kotun daga benci. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011, Smith ya ba da jawabin jawabi a karo na bakwai na Friedrich A. von Hayek Lecture, "The Hayekian Judge," wanda New York University Journal of Law and Liberty ta dauki nauyinsa. Richard Epstein ne ya gabatar da shi. Alkalin Smith yana koyar da aji a Makarantar Shari'a ta Benjamin N. Cardozo tare da tsohon dean David Rudenstine kan batun Shugaba Trump da tsarin mulki. === Shahararrun ra'ayoyi === * Ya rubuta ra'ayi mai yawa a cikin Pataki v. Silver, yana tabbatar da ikon Gwamna a kan kasafin kudin jihar. * Ya rubuta rashin amincewa a cikin People v. LaValle, <ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jun04/71opn04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908211113/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jun04/71opn04.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-08 |access-date=2015-09-08}}</ref> inda mafi rinjaye suka yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin kisa bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. * A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, Smith ya rubuta babban ra'ayi a cikin Hernandez v. Robles, yanke shawara 4-2, yana bayyana cewa ba a buƙatar auren jinsi ɗaya a New York bisa tsarin mulki, kuma za a bar shi ga majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jul06/86-89opn06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910165736/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jul06/86-89opn06.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-10 |access-date=2008-08-14}}</ref> Babban Alkalin Judith Kaye ya rubuta rashin amincewar. * A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2007, a cikin People v. Taylor, <ref name="state1" /> ya goyi bayan mafi rinjaye a cikin tabbatar da People v. LaValle, [1] a kan dalilan stare decisis .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nycourts.gov/ctapps/decisions/oct07/123opn07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026141714/http://www.nycourts.gov/ctapps/decisions/oct07/123opn07.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-26 |access-date=2007-11-30}}</ref> == Ayyukan bayan shari'a == Smith ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauya na Birnin New York Friedman Kaplan Seiler & Adelman LLP a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, kwana daya bayan ya yi ritaya daga Kotun daukaka kara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Judge Robert S. Smith of the New York Court of Appeals to Join Friedman Kaplan |url=http://www.fklaw.com/news-316.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102062514/http://www.fklaw.com/news-316.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |publisher=Friedman Kaplan Seiler & Adelman LLP}}</ref> == Na Mutum == Smith ta auri Dian Goldston Smith . 'Ya'yansa maza su ne ɗan jarida Ben Smith da kuma malami Emlen Smith, kuma 'yarsa lauya ce Rosemary Szanyi. Smith Kirista ne yayin da matarsa Bayahude ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |author-link= |date=April 6, 2017 |title=The Axe Files - Ep. 136: Ben Smith Released |url=https://signup.politics.uchicago.edu/page/-/site/PODCAST/transcripts/af-ep136-smith.pdf |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Institute of Politics and [[CNN]] |quote=I grew up in a household where my parents disagreed on pretty much everything and it makes it hard for you to be a real ideologue or to sort of -- you know, or to see the opposing side. To see these two sides is irreconcilable enemies. She's a Democrat and he's also fairly Christian. She's Jewish.}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] opqljlz9pmi7wlhkefnfc4wb2bx50kk Gwaje-gwaje na Ectopic 0 154631 846491 2026-06-04T05:01:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314082222|Ectopic testis]]" 846491 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana amfani da gwajin Ectopic don bayyana gwajin da ke barin tashar inguinal kuma ya shiga wani shafin ban da scrotum (ectopia). Yawancin lokaci, yana haifar da toshewar ƙofar scrotal ko kuma daga ci gaba da tsawo na wani ɓangare na gubernaculum.<ref name="rare encounter">{{Cite journal |last=Soomro |first=Sirajuddin |last2=Mughal |first2=Sikandar Ali |date=June 2008 |title=Perineal ectopic testis&nbsp;— a rare encounter in paediatric surgical practice |url=https://jcpsp.pk/archive/2008/Jun2008/17.pdf |journal=Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=386–387 |pmid=18760056 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Matsayi na gwajin ectopic na iya zama: a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren ciki, gaban cinya, tashar femoral, fata na azzakari, ko a bayan scrotum. Ana yawan haɓaka gwajin, kuma yana tare da hernia na inguinal na kai tsaye. Ana iya sake shi daga epididymis wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin scrotum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ectopic testis |url=http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=422903814 |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=GP Notebook}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Gwajin ectopic na iya kasancewa a cikin yankin perineal, gefen gefen scrotum, yankin suprapubic, yankin femoral, ko jakar inguinal.<ref name="rare encounter">{{Cite journal |last=Soomro |first=Sirajuddin |last2=Mughal |first2=Sikandar Ali |date=June 2008 |title=Perineal ectopic testis&nbsp;— a rare encounter in paediatric surgical practice |url=https://jcpsp.pk/archive/2008/Jun2008/17.pdf |journal=Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=386–387 |pmid=18760056 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Testis na ectopic da farko na al'ada ne, amma idan an yi watsi da shi bayan yaro, yana iya zama karami da taushi, tare da kama spermatogenesis da yaduwar sel na interstitial.<ref name="Two Rare Cases">{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=George W. |last2=Beamon |first2=Charles R. |last3=Gillenwater |first3=Jay Y. |year=1976 |title=Two Rare Cases of Ectopic Testis |journal=Journal of Urology |publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=455–458 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59241-1 |issn=0022-5347 |pmid=4633}}</ref> Ectopic testes suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar, epididymo-orchitis, rashin haihuwa, jujjuyawar testicular, da rauni.<ref name="seven cases">{{Cite journal |last=Ramareddy |first=Raghu S. |last2=Alladi |first2=Anand |last3=Siddappa |first3=O.S. |year=2013 |title=Ectopic testis in children: Experience with seven cases |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=538–541 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.10.005 |issn=0022-3468 |pmid=23480908}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Akwai muhawara game da etiopathogenesis na ectopic testis . <ref name="Rare Cause of Empty Scrotum">{{Cite journal |last=Nounla |first=J. |last2=Tröbs |first2=R.B. |last3=Rolle |first3=U. |year=2001 |title=Perineal Ectopic Testis: A Rare Cause of Empty Scrotum |journal=Urologia Internationalis |publisher=S. Karger AG |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.1159/000050997 |issn=0042-1138 |pmid=11598455 |s2cid=23498735}}</ref> Zai iya haifar da shingen inji na gida wanda ke hana saukowa na al'ada, daidaitawar gubernacular mai banƙyama sakamakon wani abu mai banƙasa a ƙarshen sa, ko hulɗar da ba daidai ba tsakanin androgen da calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). <ref name="2 VARIANTS">{{Cite journal |last=HUTCHESON |first=JOEL C. |last2=SNYDER |first2=HOWARD M. |last3=ZUÑIGA |first3=ZACHARY V. |last4=ZDERIC |first4=STEPHEN A. |last5=SCHULTZ |first5=DELRAY J. |last6=CANNING |first6=DOUGLAS A. |last7=HUFF |first7=DALE S. |year=2000 |title=Ectopic and Undescended Testes: 2 Variants of a Single Congenital Anomaly? |journal=Journal of Urology |publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=961–963 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67864-0 |issn=0022-5347 |pmid=10688032}}</ref><ref name="Ku Jeon Lee Kim 2000 pp. 307–309">{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=Ja-Hyeon |last2=Jeon |first2=Youn-Soo |last3=Lee |first3=Nam-Kyu |last4=Kim |first4=Min-Eui |last5=Park |first5=Young-Ho |year=2000 |title=Two cases of perineal ectopic testis |journal=International Journal of Urology |publisher=Wiley |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=307–309 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2042.2000.00194.x |issn=0919-8172 |pmid=10976819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne bisa ga kasancewar wani abu mara amfani da shi da kumburi a yankin perineal. Hakanan ana iya taimakawa wajen ganowa ta hanyar palpation na testis. Hanyoyin daukar hoto kamar tomography da ultrasound na iya zama dole a wani lokaci.[1] == Magani == Maganin da aka zaɓa don gwajin ectopic shine orchiopexy . <ref name="rare congenital anomaly">{{Cite journal |last=Ulubay |first=Mahmut |year=2019 |title=Perineal ectopic testis: A rare congenital anomaly |journal=Urology Case Reports |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=24 |doi=10.1016/j.eucr.2019.100853 |issn=2214-4420 |pmc=6562294 |pmid=31211064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == d21li9jfckvfc67c1dk9r35opuw1e4w 846516 846491 2026-06-04T05:08:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana amfani da gwajin Ectopic don bayyana gwajin da ke barin tashar inguinal kuma ya shiga wani shafin ban da scrotum (ectopia). Yawancin lokaci, yana haifar da toshewar ƙofar scrotal ko kuma daga ci gaba da tsawo na wani ɓangare na gubernaculum.<ref name="rare encounter">{{Cite journal |last=Soomro |first=Sirajuddin |last2=Mughal |first2=Sikandar Ali |date=June 2008 |title=Perineal ectopic testis&nbsp;— a rare encounter in paediatric surgical practice |url=https://jcpsp.pk/archive/2008/Jun2008/17.pdf |journal=Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=386–387 |pmid=18760056 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Matsayi na gwajin ectopic na iya zama: a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren ciki, gaban cinya, tashar femoral, fata na azzakari, ko a bayan scrotum. Ana yawan haɓaka gwajin, kuma yana tare da hernia na inguinal na kai tsaye. Ana iya sake shi daga epididymis wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin scrotum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ectopic testis |url=http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=422903814 |access-date=2011-12-15 |publisher=GP Notebook}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Gwajin ectopic na iya kasancewa a cikin yankin perineal, gefen gefen scrotum, yankin suprapubic, yankin femoral, ko jakar inguinal.<ref name="rare encounter">{{Cite journal |last=Soomro |first=Sirajuddin |last2=Mughal |first2=Sikandar Ali |date=June 2008 |title=Perineal ectopic testis&nbsp;— a rare encounter in paediatric surgical practice |url=https://jcpsp.pk/archive/2008/Jun2008/17.pdf |journal=Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=386–387 |pmid=18760056 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Testis na ectopic da farko na al'ada ne, amma idan an yi watsi da shi bayan yaro, yana iya zama karami da taushi, tare da kama spermatogenesis da yaduwar sel na interstitial.<ref name="Two Rare Cases">{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=George W. |last2=Beamon |first2=Charles R. |last3=Gillenwater |first3=Jay Y. |year=1976 |title=Two Rare Cases of Ectopic Testis |journal=Journal of Urology |publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=455–458 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59241-1 |issn=0022-5347 |pmid=4633}}</ref> Ectopic testes suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar, epididymo-orchitis, rashin haihuwa, jujjuyawar testicular, da rauni.<ref name="seven cases">{{Cite journal |last=Ramareddy |first=Raghu S. |last2=Alladi |first2=Anand |last3=Siddappa |first3=O.S. |year=2013 |title=Ectopic testis in children: Experience with seven cases |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=538–541 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.10.005 |issn=0022-3468 |pmid=23480908}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Akwai muhawara game da etiopathogenesis na ectopic testis . <ref name="Rare Cause of Empty Scrotum">{{Cite journal |last=Nounla |first=J. |last2=Tröbs |first2=R.B. |last3=Rolle |first3=U. |year=2001 |title=Perineal Ectopic Testis: A Rare Cause of Empty Scrotum |journal=Urologia Internationalis |publisher=S. Karger AG |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.1159/000050997 |issn=0042-1138 |pmid=11598455 |s2cid=23498735}}</ref> Zai iya haifar da shingen inji na gida wanda ke hana saukowa na al'ada, daidaitawar gubernacular mai banƙyama sakamakon wani abu mai banƙasa a ƙarshen sa, ko hulɗar da ba daidai ba tsakanin androgen da calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). <ref name="2 VARIANTS">{{Cite journal |last=HUTCHESON |first=JOEL C. |last2=SNYDER |first2=HOWARD M. |last3=ZUÑIGA |first3=ZACHARY V. |last4=ZDERIC |first4=STEPHEN A. |last5=SCHULTZ |first5=DELRAY J. |last6=CANNING |first6=DOUGLAS A. |last7=HUFF |first7=DALE S. |year=2000 |title=Ectopic and Undescended Testes: 2 Variants of a Single Congenital Anomaly? |journal=Journal of Urology |publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=961–963 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67864-0 |issn=0022-5347 |pmid=10688032}}</ref><ref name="Ku Jeon Lee Kim 2000 pp. 307–309">{{Cite journal |last=Ku |first=Ja-Hyeon |last2=Jeon |first2=Youn-Soo |last3=Lee |first3=Nam-Kyu |last4=Kim |first4=Min-Eui |last5=Park |first5=Young-Ho |year=2000 |title=Two cases of perineal ectopic testis |journal=International Journal of Urology |publisher=Wiley |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=307–309 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2042.2000.00194.x |issn=0919-8172 |pmid=10976819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne bisa ga kasancewar wani abu mara amfani da shi da kumburi a yankin perineal. Hakanan ana iya taimakawa wajen ganowa ta hanyar palpation na testis. Hanyoyin daukar hoto kamar tomography da ultrasound na iya zama dole a wani lokaci.[1] == Magani == Maganin da aka zaɓa don gwajin ectopic shine orchiopexy . <ref name="rare congenital anomaly">{{Cite journal |last=Ulubay |first=Mahmut |year=2019 |title=Perineal ectopic testis: A rare congenital anomaly |journal=Urology Case Reports |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=24 |doi=10.1016/j.eucr.2019.100853 |issn=2214-4420 |pmc=6562294 |pmid=31211064 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3s4q4ehop70ontt06agtcsvkotfl4rt Commotio cordis 0 154632 846492 2026-06-04T05:01:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339905735|Commotio cordis]]" 846492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Commotio cordis''' ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]], "hargitsi / rushewar zuciya") ita ce rushewar bugun zuciya wanda ke faruwa ne sakamakon bugawa ga yankin kai tsaye a kan zuciya (yankin precordial) a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci yayin sake zagayowar bugun zuciya.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sakamakon hauhawar kwatsam a cikin matsin lamba yana haifar da rushewar aikin lantarki na zuciya na yau da kullun, wanda ya biyo baya nan take ta hanyar Fibrillation na ventricular, cikakkiyar rikicewar aikin famfo na zuciya, da kuma dakatar da zuciya. Ba ta haifar da lalacewar inji ga tsokoki na zuciya ko gabobin da ke kewaye da ita ba kuma ba sakamakon cutar zuciya ba ne. Abubuwan da suka faru na commotio cordis a Amurka kasa da shari'o'i 20 ne a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin yara maza da ke shiga wasanni, galibi a wasan baseball lokacin da kwallon ya buge mai kunnawa a kirji. Rareness dinsa ya taso ne saboda yana iya faruwa ne kawai a kan tasiri a cikin taga na kimanin 40 milliseconds a cikin sake zagayowar lantarki na zuciya.[1] Yanayin yana da kashi 97% na mutuwar idan ba a kula da shi ba a cikin minti uku.<ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}</ref> Idan ana amfani da resuscitation na zuciya (CPR) tare da amfani da defibrillator na waje mai sarrafa kansa a cikin minti uku na tasirin, rayuwa na iya zama sama da kashi 58.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref> == Bincike == Akwai shari'o'i 10-20 kawai a kowace shekara a Amurka.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan lokuta suna faruwa galibi a cikin yara maza da samari (ma'auni 15), yawanci yayin shiga wasanni.<ref name="link" /> Yana faruwa akai-akai a wasan baseball lokacin da hardball ya buga kirji mara kariya, kodayake akwai lokuta na commotio cordis a cikin 'yan wasa da ke amfani da mai kare kirji.<ref name="link" /> Yawancin lokaci ana haifar da shi ta hanyar makami, amma kuma ana iya haifar da shi daga wuyan hannu na wani mai kunnawa ko wani sashi na jiki. Da yake ba su da ci gaba, kirji na matashi mai yiwuwa ya fi fuskantar wannan rauni fiye da babba.<ref name="link" /> A cikin wani lokaci na kimantawa daga 2006-2012, yawan tsira ya kasance kashi 58 cikin dari, wanda ya kasance ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1993-2006 lokacin da kashi 34 cikin dari na wadanda abin ya shafa suka tsira.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abrunzo TJ |date=November 1991 |title=Commotio cordis. The single, most common cause of traumatic death in youth baseball |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=145 |issue=11 |pages=1279–1282 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160110071023 |pmid=1951221 |s2cid=31217442}}</ref> Wannan karuwar mai yiwuwa ne saboda CPR da sauri, samun dama ga defibrillation, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wannan abin da ya faru. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Da yiwuwar mutuwa kwatsam == Due to ventricular fibrillation and resultant cessation of the cardiac output to vital organs, commotio cordis has a high fatality rate, indicated by two studies to be 72{{En dash}}75 percent, with survival decreasing substantially if effective resuscitation was not performed within three minutes of the impact event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref><ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}</ref> In a United States timeline analysis, survival was only ten percent over the years 1970{{En dash}}1993, while during 1994{{En dash}}2012, survival improved to 34 percent.<ref name=":1" /> A 2009 paper reported that survival drops to 3% when resuscitation is delayed beyond 3 minutes.<ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPalacioLink2009">Palacio, Luis E.; Link, Mark S. (March 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445066 "Commotio Cordis"]. ''Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach''. '''1''' (2): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>179. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1941738108330972|10.1177/1941738108330972]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-7381 1941-7381]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445066 3445066]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015869 23015869].</cite></ref> Yawan rayuwa mafi girma yana da alaƙa da sake farfadowa nan take ta hanyar amfani da CPR da kuma defibrillator na waje mai sarrafa kansa - yawan rayuwa ya kasance kashi arba'in idan an sake farfatowa a cikin minti uku na raunin tasirin, ya bambanta da kashi biyar kawai idan an jinkirta sake farfaduwa zuwa fiye da minti uku bayan tasirin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, yawan masu tsira ya ci gaba da ingantawa zuwa kashi 58 cikin dari na shari'o'in.<ref name=":1" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === Wasanni === Commotio cordis wani abu ne mai ban mamaki, amma duk da haka ana la'akari da shi sau da yawa lokacin da mai tsere ya gabatar da mutuwar zuciya kwatsam. Wasu daga cikin wasannin da ke da haɗari ga wannan abin da ya haifar da rauni sune baseball, kwallon ƙafa na Amurka, kwallon kafa (ƙwallon ƙafa), hockey a kankara, polo, kwallon rugby, cricket, softball, pelota, lacrosse, dambe, gwagwarmayar ƙwararru, jefawa da zane-zane (duba Touch of Death). Yara suna da rauni musamman, watakila saboda kaddarorin inji na kwarangwal na kirjin su.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Maron">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Estes NA |date=March 2010 |title=Commotio cordis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=362 |issue=10 |pages=917–927 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0910111 |pmid=20220186}}</ref> Daga 1996 zuwa bazara 2007, US National Commotio Cordis Registry yana da shari'o'i 188 da aka rubuta, tare da kusan rabin da ke faruwa a lokacin [[Wasanni|wasanni da aka shirya]].<ref name="lacrosse">{{Cite web |date=January 2008 |title=Position Statement on Commotio Cordis |url=http://www.uslacrosse.org/safety/sudden-cardiac-arrest-aeds-commotio-cordis/position-statement-on-commotio-cordis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211954/http://www.uslacrosse.org/safety/sudden-cardiac-arrest-aeds-commotio-cordis/position-statement-on-commotio-cordis |archive-date=23 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |publisher=[[US Lacrosse]]}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin (96%) na wadanda abin ya shafa maza ne, matsakaicin shekarun wadanda abin ya faru a wannan lokacin ya kasance shekaru 14.7, kuma kasa da daya cikin biyar sun tsira daga lamarin.<ref name="lacrosse" /> Baseball shine wasanni mafi yawanci wanda commotio cordis ke faruwa a yankunan da ake bugawa shi, musamman tsakanin matasa maza da ke buga ko wasa a matsayin mai jefa kwallo ko mai kamawa.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Commotio cordis na iya faruwa a wasu wasanni ta hanyar tasiri ga kirji ta hanyar gwiwoyi ko kawuna.<ref name="link" /> An kuma bayar da rahoton a waje da wasanni lokacin da akwai tasiri na kwatsam ga bangon kirji ta abubuwa masu wuya ko hannaye.<ref name="link" /> == Manazarta == 433ey1glnirisjv334j2d3ifb08i1xo 846518 846492 2026-06-04T05:10:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Commotio cordis''' ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]], "hargitsi / rushewar zuciya") ita ce rushewar bugun zuciya wanda ke faruwa ne sakamakon bugawa ga yankin kai tsaye a kan zuciya (yankin precordial) a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci yayin sake zagayowar bugun zuciya.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sakamakon hauhawar kwatsam a cikin matsin lamba yana haifar da rushewar aikin lantarki na zuciya na yau da kullun, wanda ya biyo baya nan take ta hanyar Fibrillation na ventricular, cikakkiyar rikicewar aikin famfo na zuciya, da kuma dakatar da zuciya. Ba ta haifar da lalacewar inji ga tsokoki na zuciya ko gabobin da ke kewaye da ita ba kuma ba sakamakon cutar zuciya ba ne. Abubuwan da suka faru na commotio cordis a Amurka kasa da shari'o'i 20 ne a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin yara maza da ke shiga wasanni, galibi a wasan baseball lokacin da kwallon ya buge mai kunnawa a kirji. Rareness dinsa ya taso ne saboda yana iya faruwa ne kawai a kan tasiri a cikin taga na kimanin 40 milliseconds a cikin sake zagayowar lantarki na zuciya.[1] Yanayin yana da kashi 97% na mutuwar idan ba a kula da shi ba a cikin minti uku.<ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}</ref> Idan ana amfani da resuscitation na zuciya (CPR) tare da amfani da defibrillator na waje mai sarrafa kansa a cikin minti uku na tasirin, rayuwa na iya zama sama da kashi 58.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref> == Bincike == Akwai shari'o'i 10-20 kawai a kowace shekara a Amurka.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan lokuta suna faruwa galibi a cikin yara maza da samari (ma'auni 15), yawanci yayin shiga wasanni.<ref name="link" /> Yana faruwa akai-akai a wasan baseball lokacin da hardball ya buga kirji mara kariya, kodayake akwai lokuta na commotio cordis a cikin 'yan wasa da ke amfani da mai kare kirji.<ref name="link" /> Yawancin lokaci ana haifar da shi ta hanyar makami, amma kuma ana iya haifar da shi daga wuyan hannu na wani mai kunnawa ko wani sashi na jiki. Da yake ba su da ci gaba, kirji na matashi mai yiwuwa ya fi fuskantar wannan rauni fiye da babba.<ref name="link" /> A cikin wani lokaci na kimantawa daga 2006-2012, yawan tsira ya kasance kashi 58 cikin dari, wanda ya kasance ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1993-2006 lokacin da kashi 34 cikin dari na wadanda abin ya shafa suka tsira.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abrunzo TJ |date=November 1991 |title=Commotio cordis. The single, most common cause of traumatic death in youth baseball |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=145 |issue=11 |pages=1279–1282 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160110071023 |pmid=1951221 |s2cid=31217442}}</ref> Wannan karuwar mai yiwuwa ne saboda CPR da sauri, samun dama ga defibrillation, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wannan abin da ya faru. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Da yiwuwar mutuwa kwatsam == Due to ventricular fibrillation and resultant cessation of the cardiac output to vital organs, commotio cordis has a high fatality rate, indicated by two studies to be 72{{En dash}}75 percent, with survival decreasing substantially if effective resuscitation was not performed within three minutes of the impact event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref><ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}</ref> In a United States timeline analysis, survival was only ten percent over the years 1970{{En dash}}1993, while during 1994{{En dash}}2012, survival improved to 34 percent.<ref name=":1" /> A 2009 paper reported that survival drops to 3% when resuscitation is delayed beyond 3 minutes.<ref name="palacio">{{Cite journal |last=Palacio |first=Luis E. |last2=Link |first2=Mark S. |date=March 2009 |title=Commotio Cordis |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–179 |doi=10.1177/1941738108330972 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=3445066 |pmid=23015869}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPalacioLink2009">Palacio, Luis E.; Link, Mark S. (March 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445066 "Commotio Cordis"]. ''Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach''. '''1''' (2): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>179. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1941738108330972|10.1177/1941738108330972]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-7381 1941-7381]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445066 3445066]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015869 23015869].</cite></ref> Yawan rayuwa mafi girma yana da alaƙa da sake farfadowa nan take ta hanyar amfani da CPR da kuma defibrillator na waje mai sarrafa kansa - yawan rayuwa ya kasance kashi arba'in idan an sake farfatowa a cikin minti uku na raunin tasirin, ya bambanta da kashi biyar kawai idan an jinkirta sake farfaduwa zuwa fiye da minti uku bayan tasirin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Haas |first2=Tammy S. |last3=Ahluwalia |first3=Aneesha |last4=Garberich |first4=Ross F. |last5=Estes |first5=N. A. Mark |last6=Link |first6=Mark S. |date=February 2013 |title=Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis |url= |journal=Heart Rhythm |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034 |issn=1556-3871 |pmid=23107651}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, yawan masu tsira ya ci gaba da ingantawa zuwa kashi 58 cikin dari na shari'o'in.<ref name=":1" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === Wasanni === Commotio cordis wani abu ne mai ban mamaki, amma duk da haka ana la'akari da shi sau da yawa lokacin da mai tsere ya gabatar da mutuwar zuciya kwatsam. Wasu daga cikin wasannin da ke da haɗari ga wannan abin da ya haifar da rauni sune baseball, kwallon ƙafa na Amurka, kwallon kafa (ƙwallon ƙafa), hockey a kankara, polo, kwallon rugby, cricket, softball, pelota, lacrosse, dambe, gwagwarmayar ƙwararru, jefawa da zane-zane (duba Touch of Death). Yara suna da rauni musamman, watakila saboda kaddarorin inji na kwarangwal na kirjin su.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Maron">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Estes NA |date=March 2010 |title=Commotio cordis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=362 |issue=10 |pages=917–927 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0910111 |pmid=20220186}}</ref> Daga 1996 zuwa bazara 2007, US National Commotio Cordis Registry yana da shari'o'i 188 da aka rubuta, tare da kusan rabin da ke faruwa a lokacin [[Wasanni|wasanni da aka shirya]].<ref name="lacrosse">{{Cite web |date=January 2008 |title=Position Statement on Commotio Cordis |url=http://www.uslacrosse.org/safety/sudden-cardiac-arrest-aeds-commotio-cordis/position-statement-on-commotio-cordis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211954/http://www.uslacrosse.org/safety/sudden-cardiac-arrest-aeds-commotio-cordis/position-statement-on-commotio-cordis |archive-date=23 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |publisher=[[US Lacrosse]]}}</ref> Kusan dukkanin (96%) na wadanda abin ya shafa maza ne, matsakaicin shekarun wadanda abin ya faru a wannan lokacin ya kasance shekaru 14.7, kuma kasa da daya cikin biyar sun tsira daga lamarin.<ref name="lacrosse" /> Baseball shine wasanni mafi yawanci wanda commotio cordis ke faruwa a yankunan da ake bugawa shi, musamman tsakanin matasa maza da ke buga ko wasa a matsayin mai jefa kwallo ko mai kamawa.<ref name="link">{{Cite journal |last=Link |first=Mark S. |date=1 April 2012 |title=Commotio Cordis: Ventricular Fibrillation Triggered by Chest Impact–Induced Abnormalities in Repolarization |journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962712 |pmid=22511659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Commotio cordis na iya faruwa a wasu wasanni ta hanyar tasiri ga kirji ta hanyar gwiwoyi ko kawuna.<ref name="link" /> An kuma bayar da rahoton a waje da wasanni lokacin da akwai tasiri na kwatsam ga bangon kirji ta abubuwa masu wuya ko hannaye.<ref name="link" /> == Manazarta == oiqffaeka5h5g1lbmkrvmjdkiqhaaqu Kashewa da sinadarai 0 154633 846493 2026-06-04T05:01:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352760510|Chemical castration]]" 846493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kashewar zakari|castration]] na sinadarai shine castration ta hanyar magungunan Anaphrodisiac, ko don rage libido da ayyukan jima'i, don magance ciwon daji, ko kuma in ba haka ba. Ba kamar castration na tiyata ba, inda aka cire gonads ta hanyar yanka a cikin jiki, castration sinadarai ba ya cire gabobin kuma ba wani nau'i ne na sterilization ba. <ref name="Social-Justice-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Meisenkothen |first=Christopher |date=1999 |title=Chemical Castration — Breaking the Cycle of Paraphiliac Recidivism |journal=Social Justice |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=139–154 |jstor=29767116}}</ref> Ana iya juyawa da castration na sinadarai lokacin da aka dakatar da magani, <ref name="Reversible">{{Cite web |title=Chemical Castration |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22402-chemical-castration#:~:text=Yes%2C%20chemical%20castration%20is%20reversible,rare%20cases%20when%20it%27s%20permanent. |website=mymcleveland.org}}</ref> kodayake ana iya ganin tasirin dindindin a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki a wasu lokuta, kamar yadda yake ga asarar ƙashi yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawon amfani da medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). A cikin maza, castration na sinadarai yana rage jima'i da kuma damar tashin hankali na jima'i, tasirin wasu magunguna na iya haɗawa da baƙin ciki, tunanin kashe kansa, hasken zafi, anemia, rashin haihuwa, karuwar kitsen jiki da haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] da osteoporosis. A cikin mata, castration na sinadarai yana aiki ta hanyar rage matakan testosterone don rage yawan jima'i, sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da raguwar ƙwayoyin nono, fadada girman maɗaukaki da raguwar nauyin ƙashi. A wasu hukunce-hukunce, an yi amfani da castration na sinadarai don rage lalata da masu aikata laifuka. Tasirin castration na sinadarai a rage sake aikata laifuka tsakanin masu aikata laifukan jima'i yana da rikici. == Tasirin == Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a kan maza, waɗannan magungunan na iya rage jima'i, tunanin jima'i. Sakamakon cututtukan rayuwa masu barazana ba su da yawa, amma wasu masu amfani suna nuna karuwar kitsen jiki da raguwar ƙashi, wanda ke kara haɗarin cututtukar zuciya da osteoporosis, bi da bi. Maza kuma na iya fuskantar gynecomastia (ci gaba da glandun nono mafi girma a cikin maza); cikakken ci gaba ba ya zama ruwan dare sai dai idan an haɗa castration na sinadarai tare da maganin Estrogen na mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanhai |first=Robert C.J. |last2=Hage |first2=J. Joris |last3=van Diest |first3=Paul J. |last4=Bloemena |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Mulder |first5=J. Wiebe |date=January 2000 |title=Short-Term and Long-Term Histologic Effects of Castration and Estrogen Treatment on Breast Tissue of 14 Male-to-Female Transsexuals in Comparison With Two Chemically Castrated Men |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=74–80 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009 |pmid=10632490 |s2cid=37752666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu magunguna, irin su medroxyprogesterone acetate, Cyproterone acetate), da LHRH agonists na iya rage serum testosterone da estradiol a cikin jiki, don haka ya lalata metabolism na glucose da lipid. Wadannan magunguna na iya haifar da Farin ciki, hasken zafi, rashin haihuwa, da [[rashin jini]], ban da cututtukan zuciya da osteoporosis. Hadarin tasirin da ke haifar da magungunan castration na sinadarai na iya ƙaruwa dangane da tsawon lokacin da ake gudanar da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=J. Y. |last2=Cho |first2=K. S. |date=2013 |title=Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians' Views |journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171 |pmc=3565125 |pmid=23401647}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 wanda aka yi wa maza goma sha ɗaya castrated ya ƙare tare da daya ya kashe kansa bayan shekara guda na magani; a wani binciken 2020, 8% na ƙungiyar magani sun ba da rahoton karuwar ra'ayoyin kashe kansa, wanda ya haifar da kwantar da mutane biyu daga cikin 25 da aka yi musu degarelix. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvani |first=Mauro |last2=Mondaini |first2=Nicola |last3=Zucchi |first3=Alessandro |date=2015-09-30 |title=Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new |url=http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/aiua/article/view/aiua.2015.3.222 |journal=Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=222–226 |doi=10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222 |issn=2282-4197 |pmid=26428645 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kewley |first=Stephanie |last2=Mhlanga-Gunda |first2=Rosemary |last3=Van Hout |first3=Marie-Claire |date=2023-01-02 |title=Preventing child sexual abuse before it occurs: examining the scale and nature of secondary public health prevention approaches |journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1080/13552600.2021.2000651 |issn=1355-2600 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landgren |first=Valdemar |last2=Malki |first2=Kinda |last3=Bottai |first3=Matteo |last4=Arver |first4=Stefan |last5=Rahm |first5=Christoffer |date=2020-09-01 |title=Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Risk of Committing Child Sexual Abuse in Men With Pedophilic Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |language=en |volume=77 |issue=9 |pages=897–905 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0440 |issn=2168-622X |pmc=7191435 |pmid=32347899}}</ref> === A kan mata === == Kula da masu aikata laifuka na jima'i == QAmfani na farko da sinadarai ya faru ne a 1944, lokacin da aka yi amfani da diethylstilbestrol tare da manufar rage testosterone na maza. Ana amfani da wakili na antipsychotic benperidol a wasu lokuta don rage sha'awar jima'i a cikin mutanen da suka nuna abin da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin halayyar jima'i mara kyau, kuma kamar yadda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allurar ajiya, kodayake benperidol ba ya shafar testosterone kuma saboda haka ba wakili ne na castration ba. Sau da yawa ana ganin castration na sinadarai a matsayin sauƙin madadin ɗaurin rai da rai ko hukuncin kisa saboda ya ba da damar sakin wanda aka yanke masa hukunci. A cikin 1981, a cikin gwaji na Pierre Gagné, an ba maza 48 tare da tarihin dogon lokaci na halayyar jima'i mai laushi medroxyprogesterone acetate har zuwa watanni 12. An rubuta arba'in daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa kamar yadda suke da ƙarancin sha'awa don halayyar jima'i, da kuma ƙarancin tunanin jima'i da kuma iko mafi girma akan sha'awar jima'i. Binciken ya rubuta ci gaba da wannan ingantaccen hali bayan gudanar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙare, ba tare da wata shaida ta mummunan sakamako ba, don haka ya ba da shawarar medroxyprogesterone acetate tare da shawarwari a matsayin hanyar da ta yi nasara ta magani ga masu aikata laifukan jima'i.<ref name="apa">{{Cite journal |last=Gagné |first=Pierre |date=May 1981 |title=Treatment of sex offenders with medroxyprogesterone acetate |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=644–646 |doi=10.1176/ajp.138.5.644 |pmid=6453536}}</ref> Leuprolide acetate wani LHRH agonist ne wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin castration na sinadarai a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvani |first=Mauro |last2=Mondaini |first2=Nicola |last3=Zucchi |first3=Alessandro |date=30 September 2015 |title=Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new |journal=Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=222–6 |doi=10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222 |pmid=26428645 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An lura da wannan miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda yake da nasarori masu yawa wajen rage sha'awar jima'i da mafarkai, amma galibi ana ajiye shi ga waɗanda suka yi laifi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin sake yin laifi saboda tasirin miyagun ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Daniel |last2=Briken |first2=Peer |date=January 2018 |title=Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders in Sexual Offenders or Men With a Risk of Sexual Offending With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists: An Updated Systematic Review |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.11.013 |pmid=29289377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da Psychotherapy kwanan nan tare da castration na sinadarai don karawa da tsawaita sakamakon da ya dace.<ref name="Guay2009">{{Cite journal |last=Guay |first=David R.P. |date=January 2009 |title=Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders |journal=Clinical Therapeutics |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 |pmid=19243704}}</ref> Schober et al. sun ba da rahoton a shekara ta 2005 cewa lokacin da aka kwatanta maganin halayyar halayyar da aka haɗa da leuprolide acetetate da maganin halayya na halayyar ma'ana shi kaɗai, maganin haɗuwa ya haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci na tunanin yara da kuma sha'awar jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beech |first=Anthony R. |last2=Harkins |first2=Leigh |date=November 2012 |title=DSM-IV paraphilia: Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=527–539 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.008}}</ref> Magungunan castration na sinadarai yana rage sha'awar mutum wanda ke sa wasu masu laifi su kara amsawa ga gabatarwar psychotherapy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Frederico Duarte |last2=Delavenne |first2=Heloise Garcia |last3=Assumpção |first3=Alessandra de Fátima Almeida |last4=Thibaut |first4=Florence |date=10 April 2013 |title=Pharmacologic Treatment of Sex Offenders With Paraphilic Disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=356 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0356-5 |pmid=23572328 |s2cid=11940516}}</ref> Ana amfani da wannan maganin haɗuwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari.<ref name="Guay2009" /> Bayar da masu aikata laifuka zaɓi na castration na sinadarai don rage hukuncin misali ne na tilasta sterilization, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ginzberg |first=Janet F. |date=Fall 1992 |title=NOTE: COMPULSORY CONTRACEPTION AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NORPLANT |journal=Brooklyn Law Review |volume=58}}</ref> saboda yana iya barin batun da ba shi da kyau idan ana buƙatar su ci gaba da magani sama da shekaru 3. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=J. Y. |last2=Cho |first2=K. S. |date=2013 |title=Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians' Views |journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171 |pmc=3565125 |pmid=23401647}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Sakatariyar Shari'a ta Burtaniya Shabana Mahmood ta ba da sanarwar cewa castration na sinadarai zai fito a cikin yanki a duk faɗin Burtaniya kuma za ta yi la'akari da buƙatar shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=UK will roll out chemical castration for sex offenders |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/22/europe/uk-chemical-castration-sex-offenders-latam-intl |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> === Tattaunawar kimiyya === Wasu masu ilimin laifuka suna jayayya cewa ƙananan ƙididdigar da aka gani a cikin masu aikata laifuka na jima'i waɗanda ke fuskantar castration na sinadarai bazai kasance saboda tasirin maganin ba. Maimakon haka, ra'ayi daya shi ne cewa maza da suka yarda da castration na sinadarai - sau da yawa don musayar gajeren hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku - na iya zama mafi ƙwazo don kasancewa daga kurkuku fiye da waɗanda suka ƙi magani. Wadannan maza na iya zama masu ƙwarewa wajen ɓoye duk wani sabon laifi, suna sa ya zama kamar sun sake yin laifi kaɗan lokacin da ba su yi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun son zuciya na bincike, a cikin cewa 'yan sanda da jami'an salula na iya ɗauka cewa maza da aka yi musu castrated ba su da haɗari kuma sabili da haka ba su da cikakken bayani yayin binciken su kuma ta haka ne haifar da Annabci mai cika kansa (a cikin zaton cewa maza da ba su da hatsari), wanda zai iya rage yawan sake aikata laifuka. Wasu masu ilimin laifuka har ma sun ba da shawarar cewa masu laifi na iya sayar da magungunan da aka tsara a kasuwar baƙar fata, suna ba su ƙarin kuɗin shiga don tallafawa hanyoyin da za su ɓoye halayensu na laifi yadda ya kamata fiye da masu laifi da ba a kula da su ba.[1][2][3] A gefe guda, wasu likitocin jijiyoyi sun yarda cewa testosterone yana taka rawa a cikin tashin hankali na jima'i amma suna jayayya cewa kawai rage jima'i bazai rage halayyar jima'i ba. Sun bayyana cewa lokacin da alamun tashin hankali na ciki suka fi rauni (saboda rage testosterone), mutane na iya buƙatar karfi da kuma takamaiman motsawa na waje don samun gamsuwa. Wannan na iya sa ya zama da wuya ga tsoffin masu laifi su sarrafa sauran jima'i ta hanyar jima'i na yau da kullun ba tare da batsa ko wasu abubuwan da aka fi so ba. A wasu kalmomi, rage jima'i ta hanyar halitta na iya ƙara buƙatar haɗari ko hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba maimakon warware matsalolin halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berridge |first=Kent C. |last2=Kringelbach |first2=Morten L. |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure Systems in the Brain |journal=Neuron |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] amexb8b2v1vbgpa6ffgewyrikwqqhde 846520 846493 2026-06-04T05:10:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Kashewar zakari|castration]] na sinadarai shine castration ta hanyar magungunan Anaphrodisiac, ko don rage libido da ayyukan jima'i, don magance ciwon daji, ko kuma in ba haka ba. Ba kamar castration na tiyata ba, inda aka cire gonads ta hanyar yanka a cikin jiki, castration sinadarai ba ya cire gabobin kuma ba wani nau'i ne na sterilization ba. <ref name="Social-Justice-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Meisenkothen |first=Christopher |date=1999 |title=Chemical Castration — Breaking the Cycle of Paraphiliac Recidivism |journal=Social Justice |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=139–154 |jstor=29767116}}</ref> Ana iya juyawa da castration na sinadarai lokacin da aka dakatar da magani, <ref name="Reversible">{{Cite web |title=Chemical Castration |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22402-chemical-castration#:~:text=Yes%2C%20chemical%20castration%20is%20reversible,rare%20cases%20when%20it%27s%20permanent. |website=mymcleveland.org}}</ref> kodayake ana iya ganin tasirin dindindin a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki a wasu lokuta, kamar yadda yake ga asarar ƙashi yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawon amfani da medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). A cikin maza, castration na sinadarai yana rage jima'i da kuma damar tashin hankali na jima'i, tasirin wasu magunguna na iya haɗawa da baƙin ciki, tunanin kashe kansa, hasken zafi, anemia, rashin haihuwa, karuwar kitsen jiki da haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] da osteoporosis. A cikin mata, castration na sinadarai yana aiki ta hanyar rage matakan testosterone don rage yawan jima'i, sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da raguwar ƙwayoyin nono, fadada girman maɗaukaki da raguwar nauyin ƙashi. A wasu hukunce-hukunce, an yi amfani da castration na sinadarai don rage lalata da masu aikata laifuka. Tasirin castration na sinadarai a rage sake aikata laifuka tsakanin masu aikata laifukan jima'i yana da rikici. == Tasirin == Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a kan maza, waɗannan magungunan na iya rage jima'i, tunanin jima'i. Sakamakon cututtukan rayuwa masu barazana ba su da yawa, amma wasu masu amfani suna nuna karuwar kitsen jiki da raguwar ƙashi, wanda ke kara haɗarin cututtukar zuciya da osteoporosis, bi da bi. Maza kuma na iya fuskantar gynecomastia (ci gaba da glandun nono mafi girma a cikin maza); cikakken ci gaba ba ya zama ruwan dare sai dai idan an haɗa castration na sinadarai tare da maganin Estrogen na mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanhai |first=Robert C.J. |last2=Hage |first2=J. Joris |last3=van Diest |first3=Paul J. |last4=Bloemena |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Mulder |first5=J. Wiebe |date=January 2000 |title=Short-Term and Long-Term Histologic Effects of Castration and Estrogen Treatment on Breast Tissue of 14 Male-to-Female Transsexuals in Comparison With Two Chemically Castrated Men |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=74–80 |doi=10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009 |pmid=10632490 |s2cid=37752666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu magunguna, irin su medroxyprogesterone acetate, Cyproterone acetate), da LHRH agonists na iya rage serum testosterone da estradiol a cikin jiki, don haka ya lalata metabolism na glucose da lipid. Wadannan magunguna na iya haifar da Farin ciki, hasken zafi, rashin haihuwa, da [[rashin jini]], ban da cututtukan zuciya da osteoporosis. Hadarin tasirin da ke haifar da magungunan castration na sinadarai na iya ƙaruwa dangane da tsawon lokacin da ake gudanar da su.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=J. Y. |last2=Cho |first2=K. S. |date=2013 |title=Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians' Views |journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171 |pmc=3565125 |pmid=23401647}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 wanda aka yi wa maza goma sha ɗaya castrated ya ƙare tare da daya ya kashe kansa bayan shekara guda na magani; a wani binciken 2020, 8% na ƙungiyar magani sun ba da rahoton karuwar ra'ayoyin kashe kansa, wanda ya haifar da kwantar da mutane biyu daga cikin 25 da aka yi musu degarelix. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvani |first=Mauro |last2=Mondaini |first2=Nicola |last3=Zucchi |first3=Alessandro |date=2015-09-30 |title=Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new |url=http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/aiua/article/view/aiua.2015.3.222 |journal=Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=222–226 |doi=10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222 |issn=2282-4197 |pmid=26428645 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kewley |first=Stephanie |last2=Mhlanga-Gunda |first2=Rosemary |last3=Van Hout |first3=Marie-Claire |date=2023-01-02 |title=Preventing child sexual abuse before it occurs: examining the scale and nature of secondary public health prevention approaches |journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1080/13552600.2021.2000651 |issn=1355-2600 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landgren |first=Valdemar |last2=Malki |first2=Kinda |last3=Bottai |first3=Matteo |last4=Arver |first4=Stefan |last5=Rahm |first5=Christoffer |date=2020-09-01 |title=Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Risk of Committing Child Sexual Abuse in Men With Pedophilic Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |language=en |volume=77 |issue=9 |pages=897–905 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0440 |issn=2168-622X |pmc=7191435 |pmid=32347899}}</ref> === A kan mata === == Kula da masu aikata laifuka na jima'i == QAmfani na farko da sinadarai ya faru ne a 1944, lokacin da aka yi amfani da diethylstilbestrol tare da manufar rage testosterone na maza. Ana amfani da wakili na antipsychotic benperidol a wasu lokuta don rage sha'awar jima'i a cikin mutanen da suka nuna abin da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin halayyar jima'i mara kyau, kuma kamar yadda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allurar ajiya, kodayake benperidol ba ya shafar testosterone kuma saboda haka ba wakili ne na castration ba. Sau da yawa ana ganin castration na sinadarai a matsayin sauƙin madadin ɗaurin rai da rai ko hukuncin kisa saboda ya ba da damar sakin wanda aka yanke masa hukunci. A cikin 1981, a cikin gwaji na Pierre Gagné, an ba maza 48 tare da tarihin dogon lokaci na halayyar jima'i mai laushi medroxyprogesterone acetate har zuwa watanni 12. An rubuta arba'in daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa kamar yadda suke da ƙarancin sha'awa don halayyar jima'i, da kuma ƙarancin tunanin jima'i da kuma iko mafi girma akan sha'awar jima'i. Binciken ya rubuta ci gaba da wannan ingantaccen hali bayan gudanar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙare, ba tare da wata shaida ta mummunan sakamako ba, don haka ya ba da shawarar medroxyprogesterone acetate tare da shawarwari a matsayin hanyar da ta yi nasara ta magani ga masu aikata laifukan jima'i.<ref name="apa">{{Cite journal |last=Gagné |first=Pierre |date=May 1981 |title=Treatment of sex offenders with medroxyprogesterone acetate |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=644–646 |doi=10.1176/ajp.138.5.644 |pmid=6453536}}</ref> Leuprolide acetate wani LHRH agonist ne wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin castration na sinadarai a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvani |first=Mauro |last2=Mondaini |first2=Nicola |last3=Zucchi |first3=Alessandro |date=30 September 2015 |title=Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new |journal=Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=222–6 |doi=10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222 |pmid=26428645 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An lura da wannan miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda yake da nasarori masu yawa wajen rage sha'awar jima'i da mafarkai, amma galibi ana ajiye shi ga waɗanda suka yi laifi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin sake yin laifi saboda tasirin miyagun ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Daniel |last2=Briken |first2=Peer |date=January 2018 |title=Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders in Sexual Offenders or Men With a Risk of Sexual Offending With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists: An Updated Systematic Review |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.11.013 |pmid=29289377 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da Psychotherapy kwanan nan tare da castration na sinadarai don karawa da tsawaita sakamakon da ya dace.<ref name="Guay2009">{{Cite journal |last=Guay |first=David R.P. |date=January 2009 |title=Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders |journal=Clinical Therapeutics |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 |pmid=19243704}}</ref> Schober et al. sun ba da rahoton a shekara ta 2005 cewa lokacin da aka kwatanta maganin halayyar halayyar da aka haɗa da leuprolide acetetate da maganin halayya na halayyar ma'ana shi kaɗai, maganin haɗuwa ya haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci na tunanin yara da kuma sha'awar jima'i.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beech |first=Anthony R. |last2=Harkins |first2=Leigh |date=November 2012 |title=DSM-IV paraphilia: Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=527–539 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.008}}</ref> Magungunan castration na sinadarai yana rage sha'awar mutum wanda ke sa wasu masu laifi su kara amsawa ga gabatarwar psychotherapy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Frederico Duarte |last2=Delavenne |first2=Heloise Garcia |last3=Assumpção |first3=Alessandra de Fátima Almeida |last4=Thibaut |first4=Florence |date=10 April 2013 |title=Pharmacologic Treatment of Sex Offenders With Paraphilic Disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=356 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0356-5 |pmid=23572328 |s2cid=11940516}}</ref> Ana amfani da wannan maganin haɗuwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari.<ref name="Guay2009" /> Bayar da masu aikata laifuka zaɓi na castration na sinadarai don rage hukuncin misali ne na tilasta sterilization, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ginzberg |first=Janet F. |date=Fall 1992 |title=NOTE: COMPULSORY CONTRACEPTION AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NORPLANT |journal=Brooklyn Law Review |volume=58}}</ref> saboda yana iya barin batun da ba shi da kyau idan ana buƙatar su ci gaba da magani sama da shekaru 3. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=J. Y. |last2=Cho |first2=K. S. |date=2013 |title=Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians' Views |journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=171–172 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171 |pmc=3565125 |pmid=23401647}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Sakatariyar Shari'a ta Burtaniya Shabana Mahmood ta ba da sanarwar cewa castration na sinadarai zai fito a cikin yanki a duk faɗin Burtaniya kuma za ta yi la'akari da buƙatar shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=UK will roll out chemical castration for sex offenders |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/22/europe/uk-chemical-castration-sex-offenders-latam-intl |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> === Tattaunawar kimiyya === Wasu masu ilimin laifuka suna jayayya cewa ƙananan ƙididdigar da aka gani a cikin masu aikata laifuka na jima'i waɗanda ke fuskantar castration na sinadarai bazai kasance saboda tasirin maganin ba. Maimakon haka, ra'ayi daya shi ne cewa maza da suka yarda da castration na sinadarai - sau da yawa don musayar gajeren hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku - na iya zama mafi ƙwazo don kasancewa daga kurkuku fiye da waɗanda suka ƙi magani. Wadannan maza na iya zama masu ƙwarewa wajen ɓoye duk wani sabon laifi, suna sa ya zama kamar sun sake yin laifi kaɗan lokacin da ba su yi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun son zuciya na bincike, a cikin cewa 'yan sanda da jami'an salula na iya ɗauka cewa maza da aka yi musu castrated ba su da haɗari kuma sabili da haka ba su da cikakken bayani yayin binciken su kuma ta haka ne haifar da Annabci mai cika kansa (a cikin zaton cewa maza da ba su da hatsari), wanda zai iya rage yawan sake aikata laifuka. Wasu masu ilimin laifuka har ma sun ba da shawarar cewa masu laifi na iya sayar da magungunan da aka tsara a kasuwar baƙar fata, suna ba su ƙarin kuɗin shiga don tallafawa hanyoyin da za su ɓoye halayensu na laifi yadda ya kamata fiye da masu laifi da ba a kula da su ba.[1][2][3] A gefe guda, wasu likitocin jijiyoyi sun yarda cewa testosterone yana taka rawa a cikin tashin hankali na jima'i amma suna jayayya cewa kawai rage jima'i bazai rage halayyar jima'i ba. Sun bayyana cewa lokacin da alamun tashin hankali na ciki suka fi rauni (saboda rage testosterone), mutane na iya buƙatar karfi da kuma takamaiman motsawa na waje don samun gamsuwa. Wannan na iya sa ya zama da wuya ga tsoffin masu laifi su sarrafa sauran jima'i ta hanyar jima'i na yau da kullun ba tare da batsa ko wasu abubuwan da aka fi so ba. A wasu kalmomi, rage jima'i ta hanyar halitta na iya ƙara buƙatar haɗari ko hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba maimakon warware matsalolin halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berridge |first=Kent C. |last2=Kringelbach |first2=Morten L. |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure Systems in the Brain |journal=Neuron |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7nlkk0m4k0uubonu6u475e8lnsy6z27 Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani 0 154634 846494 2026-06-04T05:02:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321661714|Chronic testicular pain]]" 846494 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ciwon testicular na yau da kullun shine ciwon testicles na dogon lokaci.[1][2] Ana ɗaukarsa mai tsanani idan ya ci gaba fiye da watanni uku.[3] Ciwon testicular na yau da kullun na iya haifar da rauni, kamuwa da cuta, tiyata, ciwon daji, varicocele, ko jujjuyawar testicular, kuma yana iya zama rikitarwa bayan vasectomy.[1] Cutar da ke da alaƙa da IgG4 ita ce sanadin da aka gano kwanan nan na cutar Orchialgia mai tsanani.[4] Wani marubuci ya bayyana cututtukan ciwo mai tsanani kamar haka: == Binciken ganewa == Ya kamata a yi gwajin [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da chlamydia akai-akai.<ref name="PC2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wampler SM, Llanes M |date=September 2010 |title=Common scrotal and testicular problems |journal=Prim. Care |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=613–26, x |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009 |pmid=20705202}}</ref> === Binciken bambance-bambance === * Ciwon ciwo bayan zubar da jini == Magani == Magani sau da yawa yana da NSAIDs da maganin rigakafi duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe yake da tasiri ba.<ref name="PC2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wampler SM, Llanes M |date=September 2010 |title=Common scrotal and testicular problems |journal=Prim. Care |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=613–26, x |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009 |pmid=20705202}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3tctgmai99abav44g8mz1e3c465bzoq 846521 846494 2026-06-04T05:11:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846521 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Ciwon testicular na yau da kullun shine ciwon testicles na dogon lokaci.[1][2] Ana ɗaukarsa mai tsanani idan ya ci gaba fiye da watanni uku.[3] Ciwon testicular na yau da kullun na iya haifar da rauni, kamuwa da cuta, tiyata, ciwon daji, varicocele, ko jujjuyawar testicular, kuma yana iya zama rikitarwa bayan vasectomy.[1] Cutar da ke da alaƙa da IgG4 ita ce sanadin da aka gano kwanan nan na cutar Orchialgia mai tsanani.[4] Wani marubuci ya bayyana cututtukan ciwo mai tsanani kamar haka: == Binciken ganewa == Ya kamata a yi gwajin [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da chlamydia akai-akai.<ref name="PC2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wampler SM, Llanes M |date=September 2010 |title=Common scrotal and testicular problems |journal=Prim. Care |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=613–26, x |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009 |pmid=20705202}}</ref> === Binciken bambance-bambance === * Ciwon ciwo bayan zubar da jini == Magani == Magani sau da yawa yana da NSAIDs da maganin rigakafi duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe yake da tasiri ba.<ref name="PC2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wampler SM, Llanes M |date=September 2010 |title=Common scrotal and testicular problems |journal=Prim. Care |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=613–26, x |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009 |pmid=20705202}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3uhp1n5zln53irkkb6840zrby4ymcfy Kaciya da cutar kanjamau 0 154635 846495 2026-06-04T05:02:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346153326|Circumcision and HIV]]" 846495 wikitext text/x-wiki Yunkurin maza yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da [[Kanjamau|Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV)]] daga mata masu dauke da kwayar cuta zuwa maza da ke cikin haɗari mai yawa. A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta sake jaddada cewa [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ta namiji ingantacciyar shiga tsakani ce don rigakafin cutar kanjamau a cikin kasashe masu haɗari idan masu sana'a suka gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai aminci.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> kaciya tana rage haɗarin cewa namiji zai kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau da sauran [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] (STIs) daga abokin tarayya mai kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jimaʼi. Shaidar game da ko kaciya tana taimakawa hana cutar kanjamau ba a bayyane take tsakanin maza da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM). <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> Ba a tantance tasirin yin amfani da kaciya don hana cutar kanjamau a cikin kasashe masu tasowa ba.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /><ref name="kim_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M |date=November 2010 |title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond? |url= |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=515–9 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21 |pmid=20844437 |s2cid=2158164}}</ref> == Tasiri == === Maza masu jima'i === Ya zuwa 2020, binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa kaciya yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin maza masu jima'i, kodayake waɗannan binciken suna da iyaka.<ref name="farley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R |date=June 2020 |title=Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J Int AIDS Soc |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25490 |pmc=7303540 |pmid=32558344}}</ref> Kungiyar Kwararrun WHO kan Misalai don Bayyanawa da Saurin Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya na Maza a cikin Rigakafin Haɗin HIV a cikin 2016 sun sami "manyan fa'idodi" na kaciya a cikin saitunan da ke da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da ƙarancin yaduwar kaciya. Kungiyar ta kiyasta kaciya ta maza tana adana farashi a kusan dukkanin kasashe masu fifiko. Bugu da ƙari, WHO ta bayyana cewa: "Yayin da kaciya ke rage haɗarin cutar kanjamau na mutum, tasirin kai tsaye na hana ci gaba da yaduwar cutar kanjamawa ga mata, jariransu (yaduwar tsaye) da kuma daga mata zuwa wasu maza yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan yawan jama'a, musamman ga kaciya da aka yi a ƙuruciya (a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25). "<ref name="WHOModel2016">{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=Models To Inform Fast Tracking Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision In HIV Combination Prevention |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259706/WHO-HIV-2017.39-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923203154/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259706/WHO-HIV-2017.39-eng.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2021-05-26 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Sabbin maza da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau wadanda ba sa shan maganin antiretroviral na iya zubar da kwayar cutar kanjamawa daga raunin kaciya, don haka kara haɗarin yaduwar cutar kanjamaun ga abokan mata.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Wannan haɗarin yaduwar bayan tiyata yana gabatar da ƙalubale, kodayake a cikin dogon lokaci yana yiwuwa kaciya ga maza masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta taimaka wajen rage yaduwar kwayar cutar ta jima'i gaba ɗaya. Irin wannan zubar da kwayar cuta za a iya rage shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan antiretroviral.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tobian AA, Adamu T, Reed JB, Kiggundu V, Yazdi Y, Njeuhmeli E |date=December 2015 |title=Voluntary medical male circumcision in resource-constrained settings |journal=Nat Rev Urol |type=Review |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=661–70 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2015.253 |pmid=26526758 |s2cid=10432723}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da wanzuwar da yiwuwar haɗarin zubar da kwayar cuta daga raunukan kaciya. === Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza === [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ba ta ba da shawarar kaciya a matsayin kariya daga yaduwar cutar kanjamau ga namiji ba, saboda babu shaidar game da jima'i na hanci. WHO ta kuma bayyana cewa bai kamata a cire MSM daga ayyukan kaciya a ƙasashe a gabashin da kudancin [[Afirka]] ba, kuma cewa kaciya na iya zama tasiri wajen iyakance yaduwar cutar kanjamau ga MSM idan sun kuma shiga cikin jima'i da mata.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> === Bambance-bambance na Yankin === Ko kaciya tana da fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu tasowa don dalilai na rigakafin cutar kanjamau ba a tantance ba.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref name="kim_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M |date=November 2010 |title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond? |url= |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=515–9 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21 |pmid=20844437 |s2cid=2158164}}</ref> Ba a san ko tasirin kaciya na namiji ya bambanta da bambancin HIV-1. Mafi yawan nau'ikan HIV-1 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] shine nau'ikan B, kuma a Afirka, manyan nau'ikan sune A, C, da D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olapade-Olaopa |first=Emiola Oluwabunmi |last2=Salami |first2=Mudasiru Adebayo |last3=Lawal |first3=Taiwo Akeem |year=2019 |title=Male circumcision and global HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges |journal=African Journal of Urology |volume=25 |doi=10.1186/s12301-019-0005-2 |s2cid=208085886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Shawarwari == WHO ta ayyana kaciya ta maza na son rai (VMMC) a matsayin fifiko a kasashe 12 a gabashin da kudancin Afirka a cikin shawarwarin da suka bayar na 2007, daga baya ya karu zuwa kasashe 15 tare da kara da Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, da Habasha.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>   A cikin 2025, Shirin hadin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) ya sabunta kimantawa game da tasirin kaciya na maza akan yawan mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Musamman, sun kiyasta cewa shirye-shiryen VMMC suna ci gaba da kasancewa masu tsada a duk ƙasashe 15 masu fifiko. A cikin binciken samfurin 13 daga cikin kasashe masu fifiko, kaciya miliyan 37.5 da aka yi a shekarar 2023 sun hana sabbin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau 890,000, kuma an hana sabon kamuwa da cutar kanjamao 1 ga kowane kaciya 42 da aka yi. A Amurka, Kwalejin Kwalejin Kula da Yara ta Amurka (AAP) ta jagoranci ƙungiyar aiki ta 2012 wacce ta haɗa da Kwalejin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka (AAFP), Kwalejin likitocin haihuwa da likitocin mata (ACOG), da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC). Rundunar ta kammala cewa kaciya na iya taimakawa wajen hana cutar kanjamau a Amurka.<ref name="AAP_2012">{{Cite journal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision |year=2012 |title=Technical Report |journal=Pediatrics |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=e756–e785 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1990 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=22926175 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsayin CDC na 2018 game da kaciya da cutar kanjamau ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ci gaba da ba da kaciya ga iyaye waɗanda aka sanarwa da su game da fa'idodi da haɗari, gami da yiwuwar rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar kanjamawa. Matsayin ya tabbatar da cewa kaciya da aka gudanar bayan fara jima'i na iya haifar da damar da aka rasa don rigakafin cutar kanjamau. Saboda shaidar cewa kaciya tana hana cutar kanjamau galibi ta fito ne daga binciken da aka gudanar a Afirka, Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) ta yi tambaya game da amfani da waɗannan binciken ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ba a haɗa kaciya a cikin shawarwarin rigakafin cutar kanjamau ba. Sanarwar manufofin kaciya ta KNMG ta sami amincewar kungiyoyin likitocin Holland da yawa. An fara fitar da sanarwar manufofin ne a shekara ta 2010, amma an sake duba shi kuma an yarda da shi a shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors KNMG viewpoint |url=https://www.knmg.nl/advies-richtlijnen/dossiers/jongensbesnijdenis}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Duk da yake ba a san hanyar aikin halittu ba, wani bincike na meta na 2020 ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon kariya na yau da kullun yana nuna cewa dalilan bambancin sun kasance a cikin abubuwan zamantakewa da na kiwon lafiya, kamar kasancewar STIs, maimakon tasirin halittu daban-daban na kaciya. "<ref name="farley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R |date=June 2020 |title=Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J Int AIDS Soc |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25490 |pmc=7303540 |pmid=32558344}}</ref> Farin ciki yana da karuwar CD4 T-cell kuma yana fitar da karuwar matakan cytokines masu kumburi. Saboda haka sararin samaniya yana nuna yanayin kumburi, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prodger |first=Jessica L. |date=September 2017 |title=The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field |journal=AIDS Research and Therapy |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6 |pmc=5594533 |pmid=28893286 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwayoyin Langerhans (wani ɓangare na tsarin rigakafin ɗan adam) a ƙarƙashin fata na iya zama tushen shigarwa ga kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss HA, Dickson KE, Agot K, Hankins CA |date=October 2010 |title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current research and programmatic issues |journal=AIDS |type=Randomized controlled trial |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=S61-9 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000390708.66136.f4 |pmc=4233247 |pmid=21042054}}</ref> Cire fata yana cire abin da ake zaton shine babban wurin shiga kwayar cutar HIV.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szabo R, Short RV |date=June 2000 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |journal=BMJ |type=Review |volume=320 |issue=7249 |pages=1592–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 |pmc=1127372 |pmid=10845974}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS a Afirka bisa ga adadi na 1999-2001]] Valiere Alcena, a cikin wata wasika ta 1986 zuwa ga New York State Journal of Medicine, ya lura cewa ƙananan kaciya a wasu sassan Afirka suna da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref name="taken">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alcena V |date=19 October 2006 |title=AIDS in Third World countries |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=15231 |journal=PLOS Medicine |type=Comment |volume=86 |issue=8 |page=446 |pmid=3463895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110204325/http://www.plosmedicine.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=15231 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alcena V |date=August 1986 |title=AIDS in Third World countries |url=http://www.popline.org/node/363663 |url-status=live |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine |type=Letter |volume=86 |issue=8 |page=446 |pmid=3463895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110194304/http://www.popline.org/node/363663 |archive-date=2014-01-10 |access-date=2014-01-10}}</ref> Aaron J. Fink watanni da yawa daga baya ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa kaciya na iya taka rawar kariya lokacin da New England Journal of Medicine ta buga wasikar sa, "Mai yiwuwa bayani game da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau," a watan Oktoba, 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fink AJ |date=October 1986 |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Letter |volume=315 |issue=18 |page=1167 |doi=10.1056/nejm198610303151818 |pmid=3762636}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan cututtuka sama da 40 don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin kaciya da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Szabo">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szabo R, Short RV |date=June 2000 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |journal=BMJ |type=Review |volume=320 |issue=7249 |pages=1592–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 |pmc=1127372 |pmid=10845974}}</ref> Wani bincike da masu bincike suka gudanar a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London sun bincika binciken 27 na kaciya da kwayar cutar kanjamau a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma sun kammala cewa waɗannan sun nuna kaciya don "haɗe da raguwar haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cuta" wanda zai iya zama wani ɓangare na dabarun kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref name="Weiss2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ |date=October 2000 |title=Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf |journal=AIDS |type=Meta-analysis |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=2361–70 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 |pmid=11089625 |s2cid=21857086 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110151608/http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2000/10200/Male_circumcision_and_risk_of_HIV_infection_in.18.aspx |archive-date=2014-01-10}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 na binciken bincike 37 ya nuna damuwa game da ƙarshen saboda yiwuwar abubuwan da ke rikitarwa, tunda duk binciken da ya zuwa yau ya kasance mai lura ba tare da gwajin sarrafawa ba. Marubutan sun bayyana cewa gwaje-gwaje uku da aka sarrafa a lokacin da ake gudanarwa a Afirka za su samar da "shaida mai mahimmanci" game da tasirin kaciya akan hana cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Siegfried2005">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, Volmink J, Egger M, Low N, Walker S, Williamson P |date=March 2005 |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |type=Review |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5 |pmid=15766651}}</ref> Ana buƙatar shaidar gwaji don kafa dangantaka mai haifar da shi, don haka an ba da izini ga gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa guda uku (RCT) a matsayin hanyar rage tasirin duk wani abu mai rikitarwa. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Uganda.[1] Dukkanin gwaje-gwaje uku an dakatar da su da wuri ta allon sa ido saboda wadanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da aka yi wa kaciya suna da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau fiye da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, sabili da haka an ga shi ba daidai ba ne don hana hanyar, a cikin hasken shaidar inganci.[1] A shekara ta 2009, wani bita na Cochrane wanda ya hada da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje guda uku da aka sarrafa ya sami shaidar "mai ƙarfi" cewa samun kwayar cutar kanjamau ta namiji yayin jima'i da mace ya ragu da kashi 54% (95% amincewa, 38% zuwa 66%) a cikin watanni 24 idan an yi wa mutumin kaciya. Binciken ya kuma sami ƙarancin sakamako mara kyau daga kaciya a cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka sake dubawa.[2] WHO ta tantance gwaje-gwajen a matsayin binciken "ma'auni na zinariya" kuma ta sami shaidar "mai ƙarfi da daidaituwa" daga binciken da ya biyo baya wanda ya tabbatar da sakamakon.[3] A cikin 2020, wani bita wanda ya haɗa da bin bayan binciken daga gwaje-gwaje uku masu sarrafawa, da kuma sababbin binciken lura, sun sami raguwar dangi 59% a cikin cutar kanjamau, da kuma raguwar 1.31% a duk faɗin gwaje-gaje guda uku masu sarrafa kansa, da kuma ci gaba da kariya har zuwa shekaru 6 bayan binciken ya fara.[4] == Al'umma da al'adu == [[Fayil:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Dan wasan kwaikwayo [[Melusi Yeni]] ya zama VMMC na miliyan 1 game da yaduwar HIV / AIDS a lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seeth |first=Avantika |date=June 1, 2018 |title='It's hassle-free,' says actor Melusi Yeni about his medical circumcision |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/its-hassle-free-says-actor-melusi-yeni-about-his-medical-circumcision-20180601 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en-US |quote=Actor Melusi Yeni was the millionth man to undergo voluntary male medical circumcision at the Sivananda Clinic in KwaZulu-Natal.}}</ref>]] WHO ta ba da shawarar VMMC, sabanin kaciya ta gargajiya. Akwai wasu shaidu cewa maza da aka yi wa kaciya ta al'ada (watau wadanda mutumin da ba a horar da su ba ya yi musu kaciya) suna amfani da kwaroron roba sau da yawa kuma suna da adadi mafi girma na abokan jima'i, suna kara haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.{{R|WHO-PrevHIV}} : 3/42 Sabbin maza da aka yi wa kaciya dole ne su guji yin jima'i har sai raunukan sun warke sosai.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Yaduwar kaciya ya bambanta a duk faɗin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marck J |year=1997 |title=Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history |url=http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Marck1.pdf |journal=Health Transition Review |type=Review |volume=7 Suppl |issue=Suppl |pages=337–60 |pmid=10173099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906115430/http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Marck1.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2007 |title=Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Who/Unaids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715135808/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-15 |access-date=2008-10-16}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike don tantance yarda da inganta kaciya; a cikin 2007, shawarwarin ƙasa da shirin haɓaka shirye-shiryen kaciya na maza sun faru a [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini]], [[Kenya]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |title=Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector |url=http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Who/Unaids/Unicef |page=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018050047/http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-18 |access-date=2008-10-16}}</ref> === Kamfen na bayar da shawarwari === === Tattaunawar siyasa game da shirye-shiryen VMMC === Matsayi na yarjejeniyar kimiyya na manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, gami da na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], shine cewa kaciya tana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa na hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau a wurare masu haɗari.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Uribe |first=Grace Abels, Maria Ramirez |title=The facts behind the 19 programs Trump described as 'waste' |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/mar/12/the-facts-behind-the-19-programs-president-donald/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=@politifact |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="136" href="./Mozambique" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mozambique">Mozambique' is a 'scam.' What's the program about?<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/03/06/g-s1-52361/trump-says-male-circumcision-in-mozambique-is-a-scam-whats-the-program-about&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2025-05-22&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;work&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;NPR&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAxs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt113\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRoldan2025\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Roldan, Bec (2025-03-06). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/03/06/g-s1-52361/trump-says-male-circumcision-in-mozambique-is-a-scam-whats-the-program-about\" id=\"mwAxw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Trump says 'male circumcision in Mozambique' is a 'scam.' What's the program about?\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAx0\">NPR</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAx4\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAx8\">2025-05-22</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-31" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Circumcision_and_HIV#cite_note-31 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bendana |first=Christopher |date=2025-05-20 |title=Trump's cuts to international aid are stifling Africa's HIV research |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01424-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-01424-1 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=40394388 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kenney |first=Charles |date=2025-03-06 |title=A Brief Look at President Trump's List of "Appalling" Aid Projects |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/brief-look-president-trumps-list-appalling-aid-projects |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Center For Global Development |language=en |quote=This is potentially referring to a grant to an organization in the country. It is worth noting how powerful a tool male circumcision is in the fight against AIDS. Reaching targeted male circumcision rates in Mozambique would have prevented 220,000 HIV infections 2011–2025.}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da ya yi a shekarar 2025 ga taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisa, Shugaba Trump ya ambaci tallafin kaciya ga Mozambique a matsayin abin da ya dauka a matsayin misali na sharar gwamnati.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, ya nuna karo na farko da aka ambaci ko kuma aka soki kaciya a cikin Jiha ta Tarayyar ko jawabi ga zaman hadin gwiwa na Majalisa. == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Lafiyar haihuwa * kaciya ta mata * Yaduwar kaciya * Rikici game da kaciya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 510vguwq7r1i8pvu3f1h05ysttiv8p5 846523 846495 2026-06-04T05:12:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yunkurin maza yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da [[Kanjamau|Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV)]] daga mata masu dauke da kwayar cuta zuwa maza da ke cikin haɗari mai yawa. A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta sake jaddada cewa [[Kachiya|kaciya]] ta namiji ingantacciyar shiga tsakani ce don rigakafin cutar kanjamau a cikin kasashe masu haɗari idan masu sana'a suka gudanar da ita a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai aminci.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> kaciya tana rage haɗarin cewa namiji zai kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau da sauran [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] (STIs) daga abokin tarayya mai kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jimaʼi. Shaidar game da ko kaciya tana taimakawa hana cutar kanjamau ba a bayyane take tsakanin maza da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM). <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> Ba a tantance tasirin yin amfani da kaciya don hana cutar kanjamau a cikin kasashe masu tasowa ba.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /><ref name="kim_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M |date=November 2010 |title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond? |url= |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=515–9 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21 |pmid=20844437 |s2cid=2158164}}</ref> == Tasiri == === Maza masu jima'i === Ya zuwa 2020, binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa kaciya yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin maza masu jima'i, kodayake waɗannan binciken suna da iyaka.<ref name="farley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R |date=June 2020 |title=Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J Int AIDS Soc |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25490 |pmc=7303540 |pmid=32558344}}</ref> Kungiyar Kwararrun WHO kan Misalai don Bayyanawa da Saurin Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya na Maza a cikin Rigakafin Haɗin HIV a cikin 2016 sun sami "manyan fa'idodi" na kaciya a cikin saitunan da ke da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da ƙarancin yaduwar kaciya. Kungiyar ta kiyasta kaciya ta maza tana adana farashi a kusan dukkanin kasashe masu fifiko. Bugu da ƙari, WHO ta bayyana cewa: "Yayin da kaciya ke rage haɗarin cutar kanjamau na mutum, tasirin kai tsaye na hana ci gaba da yaduwar cutar kanjamawa ga mata, jariransu (yaduwar tsaye) da kuma daga mata zuwa wasu maza yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan yawan jama'a, musamman ga kaciya da aka yi a ƙuruciya (a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25). "<ref name="WHOModel2016">{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=Models To Inform Fast Tracking Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision In HIV Combination Prevention |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259706/WHO-HIV-2017.39-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923203154/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259706/WHO-HIV-2017.39-eng.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2021-05-26 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Sabbin maza da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau wadanda ba sa shan maganin antiretroviral na iya zubar da kwayar cutar kanjamawa daga raunin kaciya, don haka kara haɗarin yaduwar cutar kanjamaun ga abokan mata.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Wannan haɗarin yaduwar bayan tiyata yana gabatar da ƙalubale, kodayake a cikin dogon lokaci yana yiwuwa kaciya ga maza masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta taimaka wajen rage yaduwar kwayar cutar ta jima'i gaba ɗaya. Irin wannan zubar da kwayar cuta za a iya rage shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan antiretroviral.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tobian AA, Adamu T, Reed JB, Kiggundu V, Yazdi Y, Njeuhmeli E |date=December 2015 |title=Voluntary medical male circumcision in resource-constrained settings |journal=Nat Rev Urol |type=Review |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=661–70 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2015.253 |pmid=26526758 |s2cid=10432723}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da wanzuwar da yiwuwar haɗarin zubar da kwayar cuta daga raunukan kaciya. === Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza === [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ba ta ba da shawarar kaciya a matsayin kariya daga yaduwar cutar kanjamau ga namiji ba, saboda babu shaidar game da jima'i na hanci. WHO ta kuma bayyana cewa bai kamata a cire MSM daga ayyukan kaciya a ƙasashe a gabashin da kudancin [[Afirka]] ba, kuma cewa kaciya na iya zama tasiri wajen iyakance yaduwar cutar kanjamau ga MSM idan sun kuma shiga cikin jima'i da mata.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> === Bambance-bambance na Yankin === Ko kaciya tana da fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu tasowa don dalilai na rigakafin cutar kanjamau ba a tantance ba.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref name="kim_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M |date=November 2010 |title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond? |url= |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=515–9 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21 |pmid=20844437 |s2cid=2158164}}</ref> Ba a san ko tasirin kaciya na namiji ya bambanta da bambancin HIV-1. Mafi yawan nau'ikan HIV-1 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] shine nau'ikan B, kuma a Afirka, manyan nau'ikan sune A, C, da D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olapade-Olaopa |first=Emiola Oluwabunmi |last2=Salami |first2=Mudasiru Adebayo |last3=Lawal |first3=Taiwo Akeem |year=2019 |title=Male circumcision and global HIV/AIDS epidemic challenges |journal=African Journal of Urology |volume=25 |doi=10.1186/s12301-019-0005-2 |s2cid=208085886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Shawarwari == WHO ta ayyana kaciya ta maza na son rai (VMMC) a matsayin fifiko a kasashe 12 a gabashin da kudancin Afirka a cikin shawarwarin da suka bayar na 2007, daga baya ya karu zuwa kasashe 15 tare da kara da Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, da Habasha.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>   A cikin 2025, Shirin hadin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) ya sabunta kimantawa game da tasirin kaciya na maza akan yawan mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Musamman, sun kiyasta cewa shirye-shiryen VMMC suna ci gaba da kasancewa masu tsada a duk ƙasashe 15 masu fifiko. A cikin binciken samfurin 13 daga cikin kasashe masu fifiko, kaciya miliyan 37.5 da aka yi a shekarar 2023 sun hana sabbin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau 890,000, kuma an hana sabon kamuwa da cutar kanjamao 1 ga kowane kaciya 42 da aka yi. A Amurka, Kwalejin Kwalejin Kula da Yara ta Amurka (AAP) ta jagoranci ƙungiyar aiki ta 2012 wacce ta haɗa da Kwalejin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka (AAFP), Kwalejin likitocin haihuwa da likitocin mata (ACOG), da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC). Rundunar ta kammala cewa kaciya na iya taimakawa wajen hana cutar kanjamau a Amurka.<ref name="AAP_2012">{{Cite journal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision |year=2012 |title=Technical Report |journal=Pediatrics |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=e756–e785 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1990 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=22926175 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsayin CDC na 2018 game da kaciya da cutar kanjamau ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ci gaba da ba da kaciya ga iyaye waɗanda aka sanarwa da su game da fa'idodi da haɗari, gami da yiwuwar rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar kanjamawa. Matsayin ya tabbatar da cewa kaciya da aka gudanar bayan fara jima'i na iya haifar da damar da aka rasa don rigakafin cutar kanjamau. Saboda shaidar cewa kaciya tana hana cutar kanjamau galibi ta fito ne daga binciken da aka gudanar a Afirka, Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) ta yi tambaya game da amfani da waɗannan binciken ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ba a haɗa kaciya a cikin shawarwarin rigakafin cutar kanjamau ba. Sanarwar manufofin kaciya ta KNMG ta sami amincewar kungiyoyin likitocin Holland da yawa. An fara fitar da sanarwar manufofin ne a shekara ta 2010, amma an sake duba shi kuma an yarda da shi a shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors KNMG viewpoint |url=https://www.knmg.nl/advies-richtlijnen/dossiers/jongensbesnijdenis}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Duk da yake ba a san hanyar aikin halittu ba, wani bincike na meta na 2020 ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon kariya na yau da kullun yana nuna cewa dalilan bambancin sun kasance a cikin abubuwan zamantakewa da na kiwon lafiya, kamar kasancewar STIs, maimakon tasirin halittu daban-daban na kaciya. "<ref name="farley">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R |date=June 2020 |title=Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J Int AIDS Soc |type=Review |volume=23 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25490 |pmc=7303540 |pmid=32558344}}</ref> Farin ciki yana da karuwar CD4 T-cell kuma yana fitar da karuwar matakan cytokines masu kumburi. Saboda haka sararin samaniya yana nuna yanayin kumburi, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prodger |first=Jessica L. |date=September 2017 |title=The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field |journal=AIDS Research and Therapy |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6 |pmc=5594533 |pmid=28893286 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwayoyin Langerhans (wani ɓangare na tsarin rigakafin ɗan adam) a ƙarƙashin fata na iya zama tushen shigarwa ga kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss HA, Dickson KE, Agot K, Hankins CA |date=October 2010 |title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current research and programmatic issues |journal=AIDS |type=Randomized controlled trial |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=S61-9 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000390708.66136.f4 |pmc=4233247 |pmid=21042054}}</ref> Cire fata yana cire abin da ake zaton shine babban wurin shiga kwayar cutar HIV.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szabo R, Short RV |date=June 2000 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |journal=BMJ |type=Review |volume=320 |issue=7249 |pages=1592–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 |pmc=1127372 |pmid=10845974}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS a Afirka bisa ga adadi na 1999-2001]] Valiere Alcena, a cikin wata wasika ta 1986 zuwa ga New York State Journal of Medicine, ya lura cewa ƙananan kaciya a wasu sassan Afirka suna da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref name="taken">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alcena V |date=19 October 2006 |title=AIDS in Third World countries |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=15231 |journal=PLOS Medicine |type=Comment |volume=86 |issue=8 |page=446 |pmid=3463895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110204325/http://www.plosmedicine.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=15231 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alcena V |date=August 1986 |title=AIDS in Third World countries |url=http://www.popline.org/node/363663 |url-status=live |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine |type=Letter |volume=86 |issue=8 |page=446 |pmid=3463895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110194304/http://www.popline.org/node/363663 |archive-date=2014-01-10 |access-date=2014-01-10}}</ref> Aaron J. Fink watanni da yawa daga baya ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa kaciya na iya taka rawar kariya lokacin da New England Journal of Medicine ta buga wasikar sa, "Mai yiwuwa bayani game da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau," a watan Oktoba, 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fink AJ |date=October 1986 |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |type=Letter |volume=315 |issue=18 |page=1167 |doi=10.1056/nejm198610303151818 |pmid=3762636}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan cututtuka sama da 40 don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin kaciya da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Szabo">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szabo R, Short RV |date=June 2000 |title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? |journal=BMJ |type=Review |volume=320 |issue=7249 |pages=1592–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 |pmc=1127372 |pmid=10845974}}</ref> Wani bincike da masu bincike suka gudanar a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London sun bincika binciken 27 na kaciya da kwayar cutar kanjamau a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma sun kammala cewa waɗannan sun nuna kaciya don "haɗe da raguwar haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cuta" wanda zai iya zama wani ɓangare na dabarun kiwon lafiya na jama'a.<ref name="Weiss2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ |date=October 2000 |title=Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf |journal=AIDS |type=Meta-analysis |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=2361–70 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 |pmid=11089625 |s2cid=21857086 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110151608/http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2000/10200/Male_circumcision_and_risk_of_HIV_infection_in.18.aspx |archive-date=2014-01-10}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 na binciken bincike 37 ya nuna damuwa game da ƙarshen saboda yiwuwar abubuwan da ke rikitarwa, tunda duk binciken da ya zuwa yau ya kasance mai lura ba tare da gwajin sarrafawa ba. Marubutan sun bayyana cewa gwaje-gwaje uku da aka sarrafa a lokacin da ake gudanarwa a Afirka za su samar da "shaida mai mahimmanci" game da tasirin kaciya akan hana cutar kanjamau.<ref name="Siegfried2005">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, Volmink J, Egger M, Low N, Walker S, Williamson P |date=March 2005 |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |type=Review |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5 |pmid=15766651}}</ref> Ana buƙatar shaidar gwaji don kafa dangantaka mai haifar da shi, don haka an ba da izini ga gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa guda uku (RCT) a matsayin hanyar rage tasirin duk wani abu mai rikitarwa. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Uganda.[1] Dukkanin gwaje-gwaje uku an dakatar da su da wuri ta allon sa ido saboda wadanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da aka yi wa kaciya suna da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau fiye da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, sabili da haka an ga shi ba daidai ba ne don hana hanyar, a cikin hasken shaidar inganci.[1] A shekara ta 2009, wani bita na Cochrane wanda ya hada da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje guda uku da aka sarrafa ya sami shaidar "mai ƙarfi" cewa samun kwayar cutar kanjamau ta namiji yayin jima'i da mace ya ragu da kashi 54% (95% amincewa, 38% zuwa 66%) a cikin watanni 24 idan an yi wa mutumin kaciya. Binciken ya kuma sami ƙarancin sakamako mara kyau daga kaciya a cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka sake dubawa.[2] WHO ta tantance gwaje-gwajen a matsayin binciken "ma'auni na zinariya" kuma ta sami shaidar "mai ƙarfi da daidaituwa" daga binciken da ya biyo baya wanda ya tabbatar da sakamakon.[3] A cikin 2020, wani bita wanda ya haɗa da bin bayan binciken daga gwaje-gwaje uku masu sarrafawa, da kuma sababbin binciken lura, sun sami raguwar dangi 59% a cikin cutar kanjamau, da kuma raguwar 1.31% a duk faɗin gwaje-gaje guda uku masu sarrafa kansa, da kuma ci gaba da kariya har zuwa shekaru 6 bayan binciken ya fara.[4] == Al'umma da al'adu == [[Fayil:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Dan wasan kwaikwayo [[Melusi Yeni]] ya zama VMMC na miliyan 1 game da yaduwar HIV / AIDS a lardin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seeth |first=Avantika |date=June 1, 2018 |title='It's hassle-free,' says actor Melusi Yeni about his medical circumcision |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/its-hassle-free-says-actor-melusi-yeni-about-his-medical-circumcision-20180601 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en-US |quote=Actor Melusi Yeni was the millionth man to undergo voluntary male medical circumcision at the Sivananda Clinic in KwaZulu-Natal.}}</ref>]] WHO ta ba da shawarar VMMC, sabanin kaciya ta gargajiya. Akwai wasu shaidu cewa maza da aka yi wa kaciya ta al'ada (watau wadanda mutumin da ba a horar da su ba ya yi musu kaciya) suna amfani da kwaroron roba sau da yawa kuma suna da adadi mafi girma na abokan jima'i, suna kara haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.{{R|WHO-PrevHIV}} : 3/42 Sabbin maza da aka yi wa kaciya dole ne su guji yin jima'i har sai raunukan sun warke sosai.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Yaduwar kaciya ya bambanta a duk faɗin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marck J |year=1997 |title=Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history |url=http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Marck1.pdf |journal=Health Transition Review |type=Review |volume=7 Suppl |issue=Suppl |pages=337–60 |pmid=10173099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906115430/http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Marck1.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-06 |access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2007 |title=Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Who/Unaids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715135808/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-15 |access-date=2008-10-16}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike don tantance yarda da inganta kaciya; a cikin 2007, shawarwarin ƙasa da shirin haɓaka shirye-shiryen kaciya na maza sun faru a [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini]], [[Kenya]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |title=Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector |url=http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Who/Unaids/Unicef |page=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018050047/http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-18 |access-date=2008-10-16}}</ref> === Kamfen na bayar da shawarwari === === Tattaunawar siyasa game da shirye-shiryen VMMC === Matsayi na yarjejeniyar kimiyya na manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, gami da na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], shine cewa kaciya tana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa na hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau a wurare masu haɗari.<ref name="WHO-PrevHIV">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0 |access-date=2021-05-24 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Uribe |first=Grace Abels, Maria Ramirez |title=The facts behind the 19 programs Trump described as 'waste' |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/mar/12/the-facts-behind-the-19-programs-president-donald/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=@politifact |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="136" href="./Mozambique" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mozambique">Mozambique' is a 'scam.' What's the program about?<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/03/06/g-s1-52361/trump-says-male-circumcision-in-mozambique-is-a-scam-whats-the-program-about&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2025-05-22&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;work&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;NPR&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAxs\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt113\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRoldan2025\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Roldan, Bec (2025-03-06). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/03/06/g-s1-52361/trump-says-male-circumcision-in-mozambique-is-a-scam-whats-the-program-about\" id=\"mwAxw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Trump says 'male circumcision in Mozambique' is a 'scam.' What's the program about?\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAx0\">NPR</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAx4\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAx8\">2025-05-22</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-31" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Circumcision_and_HIV#cite_note-31 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bendana |first=Christopher |date=2025-05-20 |title=Trump's cuts to international aid are stifling Africa's HIV research |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01424-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-01424-1 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=40394388 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kenney |first=Charles |date=2025-03-06 |title=A Brief Look at President Trump's List of "Appalling" Aid Projects |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/brief-look-president-trumps-list-appalling-aid-projects |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Center For Global Development |language=en |quote=This is potentially referring to a grant to an organization in the country. It is worth noting how powerful a tool male circumcision is in the fight against AIDS. Reaching targeted male circumcision rates in Mozambique would have prevented 220,000 HIV infections 2011–2025.}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da ya yi a shekarar 2025 ga taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisa, Shugaba Trump ya ambaci tallafin kaciya ga Mozambique a matsayin abin da ya dauka a matsayin misali na sharar gwamnati.<ref name=":3" /> Har ila yau, ya nuna karo na farko da aka ambaci ko kuma aka soki kaciya a cikin Jiha ta Tarayyar ko jawabi ga zaman hadin gwiwa na Majalisa. == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Lafiyar haihuwa * kaciya ta mata * Yaduwar kaciya * Rikici game da kaciya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4iagt925d1gnxi8z91ay56e9l3ydiw Rikici game da kaciya 0 154636 846496 2026-06-04T05:03:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357104157|Circumcision controversies]]" 846496 wikitext text/x-wiki   Yunkurin maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon [[Kachiya|kaciya]].<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.[1] Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta, [2] [3] da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. j0xrv0ajdtifu696prho1mo3b1yu53f 846526 846496 2026-06-04T05:13:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846526 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Yunkurin maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon [[Kachiya|kaciya]].<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.[1] Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta, [2] [3] da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. == Manazarta == nyh6zx8dwjyli8lrxk2zs1tq6nia8jq 846622 846526 2026-06-04T06:09:33Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846622 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kaciyar maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.[1] Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta, [2] [3] da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. == Manazarta == 6gvfvrmqz37zeq3vrggtv552b6d3ia7 846623 846622 2026-06-04T06:10:06Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846623 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[Kachiya]] ga maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.[1] Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta, [2] [3] da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. == Manazarta == 3a2o3k6qxz77ktw20ju09rrmqf0b151 846624 846623 2026-06-04T06:10:50Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846624 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[Kachiya]] ga maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.<ref>[1]"Male circumcision is one of the oldest surgical procedures known, traditionally undertaken as a mark of cultural identity or religious importance. With advances in surgery in the 19th century, and increased mobility in the 20th century, the procedure was introduced into some previously noncircumcising cultures for both health-related and social reasons."</ref> Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta, [2] [3] da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. == Manazarta == l16s8er4thyr75ti8g57w3dad58lgyl 846625 846624 2026-06-04T06:12:17Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846625 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[Kachiya]] ga maza ya kasance batun jayayya saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da [[addini]], ɗabi'a, jima'i, shari'a da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, a cikin duniyar likita da tiyata mai saurin canzawa, kaciya ta karu da shahara a matsayin hanyar rigakafi a cikin Anglosphere.<ref>[1]"Male circumcision is one of the oldest surgical procedures known, traditionally undertaken as a mark of cultural identity or religious importance. With advances in surgery in the 19th century, and increased mobility in the 20th century, the procedure was introduced into some previously noncircumcising cultures for both health-related and social reasons."</ref> Babban hujja ta ita ce inganta tsabta,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Gollaher|first1=David|last2=Page 106|date=2001|title=Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465026531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usEzSffvPBMC}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson" /><ref name="Remondino1891" /> da kuma ragewa da hana Cutar. [4] [5] [6][7] Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanya sun kuma yi imanin cewa zai rage jin daɗi da sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin lafiya na zamantakewa na zamanin, kodayake ana ɗaukar imanin su ƙarya a zamanin yau.[8][9][10][5][11][7] Masu goyon bayan kaciya sun ce kaciya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka da yawa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal |last=Still |first=Hereford |date=January 1972 |title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure? |journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]] |publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |pmc=2370328 |pmid=20468719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Canadian Paediatric |title=Newborn male circumcision {{!}} Canadian Paediatric Society |url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=cps.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Edward |date=February 1985 |title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |url-status=live |journal=Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9 |pmid=3883617 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220114129/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/ |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lukong |first=C. S. |date=December 2011 |title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects |journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |location=[[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]] |publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=65–66 |doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795 |pmc=3296435 |pmid=22413046 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AAP Statement 2012">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 August 2012 |title=Newborn Male Circumcision |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/Newborn-Male-Circumcision.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023110/https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/newborn-male-circumcision.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 August 2019 |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Sabanin haka, yawancin abokan adawar zamani, musamman na kaciya ta yau da kullun, suna tambaya game da ingancin rigakafin da kuma ƙin sanya jarirai maza marasa izini ga hanyar da za ta iya cutar da ba ta da fa'ida, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙin bil'adama kuma mai yiwuwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu ta jima'i.<ref name="Hereford1972" /><ref name="Lukong2011" /><ref name="Wallerstein1985" /><ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal |last=Hutson |first=J. M. |date=June 2004 |title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective |journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]] |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=238–40 |doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313 |pmc=1733864 |pmid=15173354}}</ref><ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|edition=Pia|url-access=Milos|oclc=Viviani}}</ref><ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Aigrain |first=Yves |last2=Barauskas |first2=Vidmantas |last3=Bjarnason |first3=Ragnar |last4=Boddy |first4=Su-Anna |last5=Czauderna |first5=Piotr |last6=de Gier |first6=Robert P.E. |last7=de Jong |first7=Tom P.V.M. |last8=Fasching |first8=Günter |last9=Fetter |first9=Willem |last10=Gahr |first10=Manfred |last11=Graugaard |first11=Christian |last12=Greisen |first12=Gorm |last13=Gunnarsdottir |first13=Anna |last14=Hartmann |first14=Wolfram |last15=Havranek |first15=Petr |date=April 2013 |editor-last=Frisch |editor-first=Morten |title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=796–800 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896 |pmid=23509170 |s2cid=40444911 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|doi=Warren|edition=Frederick M.|url-status=Marilyn Milos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |date=July 2013 |title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229 |issn=1473-4257 |pmid=23698885 |s2cid=7461936}}</ref><ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> A cikin wayewar gargajiya da Hellenistic, Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] na dā sun ba da darajar gaske ga kyawawan yanayi, [[Mutuncin jiki|amincin jiki]], kyawawan jiki, jituwa da tsirara, gami da fata<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Frederick M. |year=2001 |title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=Fall 2001 |pages=375–405 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 |pmid=11568485 |s2cid=29580193 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120091617/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Amanda |date=Spring 2015 |title=Masculinity and Embodiment in the Practice of Foreskin Restoration |url=http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289&ved=2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE&usg=AOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Men's Health]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.3149/jmh.1401.38 |doi-broken-date=6 July 2025 |eissn=1933-0278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195545/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/viewFile/693/pdf_289%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiy6a-osf_dAhXCtIsKHZSDAZc4ChAWMAV6BAgCEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw0FIggJ5yTF13fNePptZjCw |archive-date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|last3=Jacob Neusner}}</ref> (duba kuma Fasahar Girka ta Dā), kuma sun yi adawa da kaciya, adawa da tsarin shari'a na Kirista da Gabas wanda ya gaji aƙalla har zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya, a cewar Frederick Hodges.<ref name="Hodges2001" /> [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]], Islama, Kiristanci na Coptic, da Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Eritrea har yanzu suna ba da shawarar kaciya ta maza a matsayin wajibi ne na addini. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha a matsayin al'ada duk da liturgy da ke ba da shawarar a kan shi. == Manazarta == hg637egdxhnaeaohyhu95v539dqqc8r Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa 0 154637 846497 2026-06-04T05:03:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355491939|National Institute of Child Health]]" 846497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi. Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.[1] Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.[2] Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.[3] Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == 4btzhqjk4n4mi3mpv5zj1aanj4k4wtv 846528 846497 2026-06-04T05:14:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi. Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.[1] Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.[2] Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.[3] Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == 1buolg3ge6t665m7ra48sm9795ei60v 846616 846528 2026-06-04T06:05:27Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 846616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.[1] Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.[2] Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.[3] Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == dv9biy84qt7u54g5u7lei31s91rkxlq 846617 846616 2026-06-04T06:06:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon gini */ 846617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-26 |title=‘Puesta en marcha’ del Hospital del Niño de San Borja fue una farsa |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/puesta-marcha-hospital-nino-san-borja-farsa-118556-noticia/ |work=[[Perú 21]]}}</ref> Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.[2] Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.[3] Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == 0x61filz9hvgaew6yyemd29vne98diz 846618 846617 2026-06-04T06:07:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon gini */ 846618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-26 |title=‘Puesta en marcha’ del Hospital del Niño de San Borja fue una farsa |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/puesta-marcha-hospital-nino-san-borja-farsa-118556-noticia/ |work=[[Perú 21]]}}</ref> Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Este miércoles inauguran el nuevo Hospital del Niño en San Borja |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/este-miercoles-inauguran-el-nuevo-hospital-del-nino-en-san-borja-noticia-607690 |work=[[RPP Noticias]]}}</ref> Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.[3] Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == 6oretqaxtfcbsfvw4sdop73d3ytgok4 846619 846618 2026-06-04T06:07:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon gini */ 846619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-26 |title=‘Puesta en marcha’ del Hospital del Niño de San Borja fue una farsa |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/puesta-marcha-hospital-nino-san-borja-farsa-118556-noticia/ |work=[[Perú 21]]}}</ref> Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Este miércoles inauguran el nuevo Hospital del Niño en San Borja |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/este-miercoles-inauguran-el-nuevo-hospital-del-nino-en-san-borja-noticia-607690 |work=[[RPP Noticias]]}}</ref> Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Presidente de la República y ministra de Salud supervisan inicio de funcionamiento del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/noticias/33752-presidente-de-la-republica-y-ministra-de-salud-supervisan-inicio-de-funcionamiento-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud-del-nino-san-borja |work=[[Gob.pe]]}}</ref> Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin. == Manazarta == k7efv7woxo7ireusc14wyh39lz99n8m 846620 846619 2026-06-04T06:07:36Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon gini */ 846620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-26 |title=‘Puesta en marcha’ del Hospital del Niño de San Borja fue una farsa |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/puesta-marcha-hospital-nino-san-borja-farsa-118556-noticia/ |work=[[Perú 21]]}}</ref> Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Este miércoles inauguran el nuevo Hospital del Niño en San Borja |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/este-miercoles-inauguran-el-nuevo-hospital-del-nino-en-san-borja-noticia-607690 |work=[[RPP Noticias]]}}</ref> Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Presidente de la República y ministra de Salud supervisan inicio de funcionamiento del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/noticias/33752-presidente-de-la-republica-y-ministra-de-salud-supervisan-inicio-de-funcionamiento-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud-del-nino-san-borja |work=[[Gob.pe]]}}</ref> Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald yana aiki a cikin ginin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narciso |first=Sandi |date=2026-02-13 |title=Casa Ronald McDonald celebra primer aniversario de funcionamiento en el INSN San Borja |url=https://lacamara.pe/casa-ronald-mcdonald-celebra-primer-aniversario-de-funcionamiento-en-el-instituto-nacional-de-salud-del-nino-san-borja/ |work=La Cámara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4c8j3qy8lbimjxpyss77i4hdvz2fbrb 846621 846620 2026-06-04T06:08:11Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon gini */ 846621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa''' (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño; '''INSN'''), wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin del Niño, '''Asibitin yara''' ne a [[Lima]], Peru . Yana cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kuma yana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu a cikin gundumomin Breña da San Borja. An kaddamar da cibiyar ta asali a 1929, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike na fasaha da kimiyya. An kaddamar da gini na biyu a cikin 2013 tare da mai da hankali kan tiyata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin makoma ga marasa lafiya da aka kai daga wasu wurare a kasar. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 19{{Sup|2}}, a matsayin ''Asibitin Julia Swayne na Leguía'', mai suna bayan marigayi matar shugaban kasar Augusto B. Leguía.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jorge Basadre}}</ref> Ranar ta kammala shekaru shida na kokarin da mai ba da agaji Juana Alarco na Dammert, shugaban Sociedad Auxiliadora de la Infancia (SAI) ya yi.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Hospitales de Lima y Callao|last=Pinto Gamboa|first=Willy|publisher=Editorial Milla Batres|year=1986|isbn=84-599-1820-3|edition=2nd|location=Lima|pages=9|language=es|title=Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX|volume=5}}</ref> Ta shirya sayen 11,872 m2 a Magdalena Avenue inda Clínica Pasteur (a baya Clínica Larré) ke aiki. An gina shi ne a matsayin mai zaman kansa da kuma ta hanyar haraji kan barasa da abin sha.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a 1924 a karkashin kulawar gudanarwa da kudi na kwamitin gudanarwa na SAI kuma a karkashin kula da fasaha na kwamitin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban, karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar na Kiwon Lafiya, {{Interlanguage link|Sebastián Lorente Benel|es}}, wanda Francisco Graña da Gonzalo Carbajal suka shiga.[es] Aikin yana da jimlar kudin Lp. 171,806.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1930, tare da asibitocin marasa lafiya kawai. A rana ta farko, an ga marasa lafiya bakwai ne kawai, tare da kuɗin cents hamsin a kowane shawarwari. Watanni bayan haka, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1930, ayyukan marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya sun fara ne tare da kaddamar da unguwar lamba 4, tare da gadaje 20.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daraktan asibitin na farko Dokta {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Krumdieck|es}}, fitaccen likitan yara kuma farfesa a jami'a, wanda, bayan faduwar Leguía, Dr. Eduardo Goycochea ya maye gurbinsa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1930.[es] A karkashin jagorancin Goycochea, an fadada kulawar marasa lafiya don haɗawa da unguwanni na likita tare da ɗakunan 1 da 2, kowannensu yana da gadaje 24. A farkon 1931, asibitin ya riga ya sami yara 150 da aka kwantar. A cikin 1939, an kaddamar da ɗakuna biyu: ɗaya don marasa lafiya na tarin fuka ɗayan kuma don marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka. Adadin gadaje ya karu zuwa 350, kuma adadin likitoci ya tashi daga 25 zuwa 60. A wannan shekarar, mujallar Asibitin Yara ta fara bugawa.<ref name="Arce" /> A lokacin gwamnatin Dokta Gilberto Morey Sotomayor (1950-1968), mafi tsawo a tarihin asibitin, an kara yawan gadaje zuwa ɗari biyar, an haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, an sami kayan aikin zamani, kuma an faɗaɗa kayan aikin jiki tare da gina ginin hawa takwas.<ref name="Arce">{{Cite journal |last=Arce Rodríguez |first=Melitón |date=2000-12-31 |title=Historia de la Pediatría Peruana |url=https://pediatria.pe/index.php/pedperu/article/view/22 |journal=Revista Peruana de Pediatría |volume=53 |issue=1–4 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.61651/rped.2000v53n1-4p06-14 |via=Sociedad Peruana de Pediatría |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar ƙudurin ministoci na 24 ga Mayu, 1983, an canza sunansa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Kasa, wanda ke nuna ma'anar bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, ban da aikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institucional/Reseña Histórica |url=http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000354/http://www.insn.gob.pe/institucional/resena-historica |archive-date=2017-12-15 |website=Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño}}</ref> === Sabon gini === Saboda yawan jama'a, rashin sarari, da kuma karuwar yawan asibiti, an kaddamar da sabon reshe a 2013 a Gundumar San Borja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-26 |title=‘Puesta en marcha’ del Hospital del Niño de San Borja fue una farsa |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/puesta-marcha-hospital-nino-san-borja-farsa-118556-noticia/ |work=[[Perú 21]]}}</ref> Alan García ne ya fara tunanin sabon reshe don kafa shi a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu; duk da haka, saboda jinkiri, an kaddamar da magajinsa, Ollanta Humala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Este miércoles inauguran el nuevo Hospital del Niño en San Borja |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/este-miercoles-inauguran-el-nuevo-hospital-del-nino-en-san-borja-noticia-607690 |work=[[RPP Noticias]]}}</ref> Sabuwar cibiyar tana da matukar rikitarwa, asibitin tiyata na musamman na yara wanda ke ba da sabis ga yara, matasa, da kananan yara da aka tura daga wasu asibitoci a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da fasahar zamani don telemedicine, tele-education, da kuma gudanarwa mai nisa, yana mai da shi asibiti na farko a Peru a kan hanyar zuwa dijital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-26 |title=Presidente de la República y ministra de Salud supervisan inicio de funcionamiento del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/noticias/33752-presidente-de-la-republica-y-ministra-de-salud-supervisan-inicio-de-funcionamiento-del-instituto-nacional-de-salud-del-nino-san-borja |work=[[Gob.pe]]}}</ref> Tun daga 2025, Gidan Ronald McDonald na gudanar da harkokinsu a cikin ginin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narciso |first=Sandi |date=2026-02-13 |title=Casa Ronald McDonald celebra primer aniversario de funcionamiento en el INSN San Borja |url=https://lacamara.pe/casa-ronald-mcdonald-celebra-primer-aniversario-de-funcionamiento-en-el-instituto-nacional-de-salud-del-nino-san-borja/ |work=La Cámara}}</ref> == Manazarta == q5wrwm8gvgxvdmjpdgffx3fzge0l1ou Asibitin Uwa da Yaro 0 154638 846498 2026-06-04T05:03:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356558096|Mother and Child Hospital]]" 846498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (tsohon Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke Kasoa a cikin Majalisar Majalisa ta Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.[1] A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> npzfld1jwlc5n8ao7s0gjp6vb4nvxfg 846530 846498 2026-06-04T05:14:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (tsohon Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke Kasoa a cikin Majalisar Majalisa ta Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.[1] A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> h1l8bgml468866iebcxep9ju3g3g4hh 846610 846530 2026-06-04T05:57:31Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Asibitin Uwar da Yara]] to [[Asibitin Uwa da Yaro]] 846530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (tsohon Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke Kasoa a cikin Majalisar Majalisa ta Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.[1] A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> h1l8bgml468866iebcxep9ju3g3g4hh 846612 846610 2026-06-04T05:59:36Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (a baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.[1] A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> qez1oldceqyslto579d9uxg2k8wz00q 846613 846612 2026-06-04T05:59:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Gidaje */ 846613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (a baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.[1] A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == 23f4e60cqbptvhbuamvh8gn5oh3s4hy 846614 846613 2026-06-04T06:00:48Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Gidaje */ 846614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (a baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can. == Rudani == A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == t8ibkey440dq5zd1mrcty5j8zuhh2g4 846615 846614 2026-06-04T06:01:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Gidaje */ 846615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (a baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.<ref>"Faulty anaesthetic machine at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital raises patient safety alarm". 2026-02-24. Retrieved 2026-05-27.</ref> == Rudani == A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == mfa2mvsubt2fecuu6pxeccdnwiym484 Asibitin Lady Ridgeway na Yara 0 154639 846499 2026-06-04T05:03:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350100285|Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children]]" 846499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin Lady Ridgeway na Yara''' asibitin kula da yara ne a [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . t yana da ƙarfin gado sama da 1200. An kafa ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na jama'a a 1895 a matsayin Asibitin Lady Havelock na Mata da Yara, an kira shi Asibitin Dame Ridgeway na Yara a 1910. Dukkanin wadannan mata masu daraja sun kasance matan gwamnonin Burtaniya da suka biyo baya a Ceylon - Sir Arthur Havelock da Sir Joseph West Ridgeway . Asibitin Lady Ridgeway yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar turawa ta kasa don kula da yara ga Sri Lanka. Har ila yau, yana aiki a matsayin asibitin yara na gida ga yawan jama'a a ciki da kewayen birnin Colombo don gaggawa da kulawar marasa lafiya. Dukkanin ayyuka kyauta ne daidai da manufofin kiwon lafiya na Gwamnatin Sri Lanka. A watan Yulin 2021, dan wasan crick na Sri Lanka Angelo Mathews ya sanar da cewa yana da sha'awar ɗaukar babban alhakin neman masu ba da gudummawa don aikin jin dadin jama'a mai taken "Little Hearts" wanda kuma shine aikin tara kuɗi na kasa da ake fara don gina Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya da Muhimmanci a asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Rohit Sharma backs Angelo Mathew's LRH initiative |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title="This cause is my life mission" Angelo Mathews makes request on behalf of children |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/this-cause-is-my-life-mission-angelo-mathews-makes-request-on-behalf-of-children/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga cikin Little Hearts fundraiser bayan ya amince da yadda likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya suka bi da 'yarsa wacce aka kwantar da ita asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathews' first-hand experience at LRCH inspires him to start a fundraising campaign |url=https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Daily FT |language=English}}</ref> == Kula da marasa lafiya == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya (OPD) da Ma'auratan Hadari na wannan asibitin suna buɗewa don sabis 24 hours a rana, 365 days a shekara. Asibitocin marasa lafiya da masu ba da shawara masu dacewa na rukunin marasa lafiya da kuma masu ba da shawarar ba da shawara na OPD ke gudanarwa suna ci gaba da haɗi tare da marasa lafiya da aka sallame su daga rukunin su. Har ila yau, akwai sashin magani na gaggawa, sashin magani da rigakafi wanda ke aiki a cikin OPD don inganta ingancin kulawa. Masu halartar marasa lafiya sun fi miliyan daya a kowace shekara kuma kimanin yara 50,000 suna yin rigakafi a kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Kula da marasa lafiya == A halin yanzu asibitin yana da asibitocin yara guda shida da kuma asibitoci hudu na asibitofin yara. Yana da sassan ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin zuciya da tiyata na zuciya, orthopaedic, rheumatology, farfadowa, dermatology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, neonatology, kulawa mai tsanani, orthodontics, tiyata ta fuska, tiyata na filastik, ƙonewa da tiyata ta ENT. Baya ga waɗannan, sashen radiology, pathology, haematology, microbiology da anesthesiology karkashin jagorancin manyan masu ba da shawara suna ba da taimako mai inganci ga marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. Kamar yadda wannan asibitin ke aiki a matsayin asibitin koyarwa a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, yana da alhakin karatun digiri da kuma mafi yawan karatun digiri na likita da horar da yara. Dukkanin sassan asibitin suna ba da horo na digiri da digiri. Yana da alaƙa da Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Colombo da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna. Yankunan jami'o'i guda biyu a wannan asibitin suna da hannu kai tsaye a cikin horo na digiri da digiri na biyu. Har ila yau, ana saukar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na ciki don horar da su na watanni shida a asibiti. == Manazarta == e5em7j79w8hgfwwa2a4yx3pr0rewizj 846532 846499 2026-06-04T05:15:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Lady Ridgeway na Yara''' asibitin kula da yara ne a [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . t yana da ƙarfin gado sama da 1200. An kafa ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na jama'a a 1895 a matsayin Asibitin Lady Havelock na Mata da Yara, an kira shi Asibitin Dame Ridgeway na Yara a 1910. Dukkanin wadannan mata masu daraja sun kasance matan gwamnonin Burtaniya da suka biyo baya a Ceylon - Sir Arthur Havelock da Sir Joseph West Ridgeway . Asibitin Lady Ridgeway yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar turawa ta kasa don kula da yara ga Sri Lanka. Har ila yau, yana aiki a matsayin asibitin yara na gida ga yawan jama'a a ciki da kewayen birnin Colombo don gaggawa da kulawar marasa lafiya. Dukkanin ayyuka kyauta ne daidai da manufofin kiwon lafiya na Gwamnatin Sri Lanka. A watan Yulin 2021, dan wasan crick na Sri Lanka Angelo Mathews ya sanar da cewa yana da sha'awar ɗaukar babban alhakin neman masu ba da gudummawa don aikin jin dadin jama'a mai taken "Little Hearts" wanda kuma shine aikin tara kuɗi na kasa da ake fara don gina Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya da Muhimmanci a asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Rohit Sharma backs Angelo Mathew's LRH initiative |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title="This cause is my life mission" Angelo Mathews makes request on behalf of children |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/this-cause-is-my-life-mission-angelo-mathews-makes-request-on-behalf-of-children/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga cikin Little Hearts fundraiser bayan ya amince da yadda likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya suka bi da 'yarsa wacce aka kwantar da ita asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathews' first-hand experience at LRCH inspires him to start a fundraising campaign |url=https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Daily FT |language=English}}</ref> == Kula da marasa lafiya == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya (OPD) da Ma'auratan Hadari na wannan asibitin suna buɗewa don sabis 24 hours a rana, 365 days a shekara. Asibitocin marasa lafiya da masu ba da shawara masu dacewa na rukunin marasa lafiya da kuma masu ba da shawarar ba da shawara na OPD ke gudanarwa suna ci gaba da haɗi tare da marasa lafiya da aka sallame su daga rukunin su. Har ila yau, akwai sashin magani na gaggawa, sashin magani da rigakafi wanda ke aiki a cikin OPD don inganta ingancin kulawa. Masu halartar marasa lafiya sun fi miliyan daya a kowace shekara kuma kimanin yara 50,000 suna yin rigakafi a kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Kula da marasa lafiya == A halin yanzu asibitin yana da asibitocin yara guda shida da kuma asibitoci hudu na asibitofin yara. Yana da sassan ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin zuciya da tiyata na zuciya, orthopaedic, rheumatology, farfadowa, dermatology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, neonatology, kulawa mai tsanani, orthodontics, tiyata ta fuska, tiyata na filastik, ƙonewa da tiyata ta ENT. Baya ga waɗannan, sashen radiology, pathology, haematology, microbiology da anesthesiology karkashin jagorancin manyan masu ba da shawara suna ba da taimako mai inganci ga marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. Kamar yadda wannan asibitin ke aiki a matsayin asibitin koyarwa a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, yana da alhakin karatun digiri da kuma mafi yawan karatun digiri na likita da horar da yara. Dukkanin sassan asibitin suna ba da horo na digiri da digiri. Yana da alaƙa da Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Colombo da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna. Yankunan jami'o'i guda biyu a wannan asibitin suna da hannu kai tsaye a cikin horo na digiri da digiri na biyu. Har ila yau, ana saukar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na ciki don horar da su na watanni shida a asibiti. == Manazarta == gptv2k0l9nnhd4qs7zm4wdto1a6ubp1 846609 846532 2026-06-04T05:55:40Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Kula da marasa lafiya */ 846609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Lady Ridgeway na Yara''' asibitin kula da yara ne a [[Kolombo|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] . t yana da ƙarfin gado sama da 1200. An kafa ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na jama'a a 1895 a matsayin Asibitin Lady Havelock na Mata da Yara, an kira shi Asibitin Dame Ridgeway na Yara a 1910. Dukkanin wadannan mata masu daraja sun kasance matan gwamnonin Burtaniya da suka biyo baya a Ceylon - Sir Arthur Havelock da Sir Joseph West Ridgeway . Asibitin Lady Ridgeway yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar turawa ta kasa don kula da yara ga Sri Lanka. Har ila yau, yana aiki a matsayin asibitin yara na gida ga yawan jama'a a ciki da kewayen birnin Colombo don gaggawa da kulawar marasa lafiya. Dukkanin ayyuka kyauta ne daidai da manufofin kiwon lafiya na Gwamnatin Sri Lanka. A watan Yulin 2021, dan wasan crick na Sri Lanka Angelo Mathews ya sanar da cewa yana da sha'awar ɗaukar babban alhakin neman masu ba da gudummawa don aikin jin dadin jama'a mai taken "Little Hearts" wanda kuma shine aikin tara kuɗi na kasa da ake fara don gina Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya da Muhimmanci a asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Rohit Sharma backs Angelo Mathew's LRH initiative |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/sharma-backs-angelo-mathews-lrh-initiative/ |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title="This cause is my life mission" Angelo Mathews makes request on behalf of children |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2021/07/28/this-cause-is-my-life-mission-angelo-mathews-makes-request-on-behalf-of-children/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NewsWire |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga cikin Little Hearts fundraiser bayan ya amince da yadda likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya suka bi da 'yarsa wacce aka kwantar da ita asibitin LRH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathews' first-hand experience at LRCH inspires him to start a fundraising campaign |url=https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170934/https://www.ft.lk/sports/Mathews-first-hand-experience-at-LRCH-inspires-him-to-start-a-fundraising-campaign/23-721140 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Daily FT |language=English}}</ref> == Kula da marasa lafiya == Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya (OPD) da Ma'auratan Hadari na wannan asibitin suna buɗewa don sabis 24 hours a rana, 365 days a shekara. Asibitocin marasa lafiya da masu ba da shawara masu dacewa na rukunin marasa lafiya da kuma masu ba da shawarar ba da shawara na OPD ke gudanarwa suna ci gaba da haɗi tare da marasa lafiya da aka sallame su daga rukunin su. Har ila yau, akwai sashin magani na gaggawa, sashin magani da rigakafi wanda ke aiki a cikin OPD don inganta ingancin kulawa. Masu halartar marasa lafiya sun fi miliyan daya a kowace shekara kuma kimanin yara 50,000 suna yin rigakafi a kowace shekara.<ref>"Home". ''Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children''. Retrieved 2026-06-04.</ref> == Kula da marasa lafiya == A halin yanzu asibitin yana da asibitocin yara guda shida da kuma asibitoci hudu na asibitofin yara. Yana da sassan ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin zuciya da tiyata na zuciya, orthopaedic, rheumatology, farfadowa, dermatology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, neonatology, kulawa mai tsanani, orthodontics, tiyata ta fuska, tiyata na filastik, ƙonewa da tiyata ta ENT. Baya ga waɗannan, sashen radiology, pathology, haematology, microbiology da anesthesiology karkashin jagorancin manyan masu ba da shawara suna ba da taimako mai inganci ga marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. Kamar yadda wannan asibitin ke aiki a matsayin asibitin koyarwa a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, yana da alhakin karatun digiri da kuma mafi yawan karatun digiri na likita da horar da yara. Dukkanin sassan asibitin suna ba da horo na digiri da digiri. Yana da alaƙa da Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Colombo da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna. Yankunan jami'o'i guda biyu a wannan asibitin suna da hannu kai tsaye a cikin horo na digiri da digiri na biyu. Har ila yau, ana saukar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na ciki don horar da su na watanni shida a asibiti. == Manazarta == 0eqx7enknxytzjze2h80j7zmfysyb94 Asibitin Yara na Louis Țurcanu 0 154640 846500 2026-06-04T05:04:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330246856|Louis Țurcanu Children's Hospital]]" 846500 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibitin Asibitin gaggawa na Louis Țurcanu na Yara ([[Romania]]_language" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Romanian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Romanian: Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii Țur canu"), wanda ke cikin Timișoara, shine kawai Asibitin yara a yammacin Romania. Yana da sassan da sassan waɗanda ke rufe duk cututtukan yara da matasa (501 gadaje na asibiti), daga gaggawa zuwa cututtukat na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii "Louis Țurcanu" |url=https://ms.ro/ro/unitati-sanitare/spitalul-clinic-de-urgenta-pentru-copii-louis-turcanu/ |website=Ministerul Sănătății}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a Timișoara a cikin 1902 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga {{Interlanguage link|Anton Sailer (merchant)|de|Anton Sailer (Mäzen)}} [de] . Ya ba da gudummawar kambi 51,000 ga White Cross Association, wanda ya rufe rabin kudaden da ake buƙata don gina asibitin.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> An haife shi a Arad kuma yana aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa a Timișoara, Anton Sailer ya ba da dukiyarsa ga ayyukan sadaka. Don nuna godiya ga karimcinsa, an ba shi suna ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Timișoara a shekara ta 1904. Don girmama shi, an sanya bus a gaban babban ginin asibitin a 1906, a tsakiyar tsohon Horațiu Square, wanda yanzu ake kira Sarauniya Mary Square . A cikin 1913, an kafa sashen tiyata na yara tare da gadaje goma, kuma tsakanin 1931 da 1942, asibitin ya fadada ya hada da gadaje 100.<ref name="istoric" /> === Lokacin bayan yakin === A shekara ta 1945, bayan bude Jami'ar Victor Babeș ta Medicine da Pharmacy, an kafa daya daga cikin asibitoci jami'a na farko na Timișoara a cikin Asibitin Yara. Bayan zama kasa a 1948, an haɗa asibitocin PARC da Burian da ke kusa da su a cikin Asibitin Yara, suna fadada ƙarfinsa zuwa gadaje 180. An nada Emil Hurmuzache a matsayin darektan farko.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, an faɗaɗa asibitin tare da ƙarin fuka-fuki biyu. Matsayin asibitin ya karu zuwa gadaje 250, kuma an kara sabbin wurare, gami da asibitin marasa lafiya, zauren lacca ga ɗalibai, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin cin abinci ga uwaye. A shekara ta 1962, an nada {{Interlanguage link|Louis Țurcanu|ro}} , wanda ya kasance mai suna asibitin a matsayin darakta.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> === Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 === [[Fayil:Kinderklinik-Temeswar.JPG|thumb|Asibitin a cikin 2010]] A cikin 1990, Asibitin Yara yana da gadaje 400, sashen tiyata, sashen ilimin yara na zamantakewa, sashen [[tarin fuka]], da Gidan marayu.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 1990, an kungiyar agaji ta ''Zukunft Rumäniens - Kinderklinik Temeswar e.V.'' a [[Hamburg]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowak |first=Nicolai |date=11 May 2021 |title=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V. |url=https://www.limnowak.com/timeline/kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Institut Dr. Nowak GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Donata na Prussia, gwauruwar {{Interlanguage link|Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)|de|Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen (1944–1977)}} [de], an nada ta a matsayin shugabar farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulescu |first=Lucian |date=10 September 2015 |title=S-a stins din viață Principesa Donata von Preussen (1950-2015), prima președintă a Asociației caritabile „Zukunft Rumäniens – Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.“ |url=https://www.ziuadevest.ro/s-a-stins-din-viata-principesa-donata-1950-2015-prima-presedinta-a-asociatiei-caritative-zukunft-rumaeniens-kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Ziua de Vest}}</ref> A farkon 1990, an rarraba roko na bayar da gudummawa 4,000, tare da amsa mai ƙarfafawa da gudummawar mutum daga Rita Süssmuth, Shugaban Bundestag. A Romania, Babban Birnin Orthodox na Romania Nicolae Corneanu ya fito ne a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan shirin. A Jamus, memba na Bundestag Klaus Francke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. A shekara ta 1994, an gabatar da buƙatar kuɗi ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Kudin kungiyar, wanda aka samo shi gaba ɗaya daga gudummawa, ya kai kusan DM 1,000,000. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1994, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta amince da tallafin DM 743,000 don siyan kayan aikin likita da fasaha, ta amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa mutanen kabilun Jamus a Romania.<ref name="kinderklinik">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar |url=http://www.kinderklinik-temesvar.de/ |website=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1995, Shugaba Rita Süssmuth da kansa ya kafa harsashin sabon sashen tiyata. An kammala gina sabon reshen tiyata a cikin shekara guda, kuma an kawo kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma an shigar da su daga Jamus. An kaddamar da sabon sashen tiyata a hukumance kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1996, tare da buɗewar bikin da Darakta Minista Klaus Pöhle ya gudanar.[1] A cikin 1999, an gyara tsohon babban gini na sashen tiyata na yara kuma an inganta shi zuwa ka'idodin Yamma tare da kudade daga Romania. An gina sabon wurin gado 150 tsakanin 2014 da 2025. Yana karɓar sashen gaggawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, polyclinic, radiology, tiyata ta yara, kulawa mai tsanani, orthopedics, da sashin kulawa mai tsanani na jarirai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mîrț |first=Cristian |date=18 September 2025 |title=Noua clădire a Spitalului de Copii din Timișoara, la care se lucrează de peste 10 ani, se inaugurează în această lună |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/noua-cladire-a-spitalului-de-copii-din-timisoara-la-care-se-lucreaza-de-peste-10-ani-se-inaugureaza-in-aceasta-luna-2143308/ |website=TION}}</ref> == Manazarta == t5wypjv96jzv2f8dnxqcsoym25fn0gt 846533 846500 2026-06-04T05:15:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Asibitin gaggawa na Louis Țurcanu na Yara ([[Romania]]_language" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Romanian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Romanian: Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii Țur canu"), wanda ke cikin Timișoara, shine kawai Asibitin yara a yammacin Romania. Yana da sassan da sassan waɗanda ke rufe duk cututtukan yara da matasa (501 gadaje na asibiti), daga gaggawa zuwa cututtukat na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii "Louis Țurcanu" |url=https://ms.ro/ro/unitati-sanitare/spitalul-clinic-de-urgenta-pentru-copii-louis-turcanu/ |website=Ministerul Sănătății}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a Timișoara a cikin 1902 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga {{Interlanguage link|Anton Sailer (merchant)|de|Anton Sailer (Mäzen)}} [de] . Ya ba da gudummawar kambi 51,000 ga White Cross Association, wanda ya rufe rabin kudaden da ake buƙata don gina asibitin.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> An haife shi a Arad kuma yana aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa a Timișoara, Anton Sailer ya ba da dukiyarsa ga ayyukan sadaka. Don nuna godiya ga karimcinsa, an ba shi suna ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Timișoara a shekara ta 1904. Don girmama shi, an sanya bus a gaban babban ginin asibitin a 1906, a tsakiyar tsohon Horațiu Square, wanda yanzu ake kira Sarauniya Mary Square . A cikin 1913, an kafa sashen tiyata na yara tare da gadaje goma, kuma tsakanin 1931 da 1942, asibitin ya fadada ya hada da gadaje 100.<ref name="istoric" /> === Lokacin bayan yakin === A shekara ta 1945, bayan bude Jami'ar Victor Babeș ta Medicine da Pharmacy, an kafa daya daga cikin asibitoci jami'a na farko na Timișoara a cikin Asibitin Yara. Bayan zama kasa a 1948, an haɗa asibitocin PARC da Burian da ke kusa da su a cikin Asibitin Yara, suna fadada ƙarfinsa zuwa gadaje 180. An nada Emil Hurmuzache a matsayin darektan farko.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, an faɗaɗa asibitin tare da ƙarin fuka-fuki biyu. Matsayin asibitin ya karu zuwa gadaje 250, kuma an kara sabbin wurare, gami da asibitin marasa lafiya, zauren lacca ga ɗalibai, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin cin abinci ga uwaye. A shekara ta 1962, an nada {{Interlanguage link|Louis Țurcanu|ro}} , wanda ya kasance mai suna asibitin a matsayin darakta.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> === Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 === [[Fayil:Kinderklinik-Temeswar.JPG|thumb|Asibitin a cikin 2010]] A cikin 1990, Asibitin Yara yana da gadaje 400, sashen tiyata, sashen ilimin yara na zamantakewa, sashen [[tarin fuka]], da Gidan marayu.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 1990, an kungiyar agaji ta ''Zukunft Rumäniens - Kinderklinik Temeswar e.V.'' a [[Hamburg]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowak |first=Nicolai |date=11 May 2021 |title=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V. |url=https://www.limnowak.com/timeline/kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Institut Dr. Nowak GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Donata na Prussia, gwauruwar {{Interlanguage link|Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)|de|Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen (1944–1977)}} [de], an nada ta a matsayin shugabar farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulescu |first=Lucian |date=10 September 2015 |title=S-a stins din viață Principesa Donata von Preussen (1950-2015), prima președintă a Asociației caritabile „Zukunft Rumäniens – Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.“ |url=https://www.ziuadevest.ro/s-a-stins-din-viata-principesa-donata-1950-2015-prima-presedinta-a-asociatiei-caritative-zukunft-rumaeniens-kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Ziua de Vest}}</ref> A farkon 1990, an rarraba roko na bayar da gudummawa 4,000, tare da amsa mai ƙarfafawa da gudummawar mutum daga Rita Süssmuth, Shugaban Bundestag. A Romania, Babban Birnin Orthodox na Romania Nicolae Corneanu ya fito ne a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan shirin. A Jamus, memba na Bundestag Klaus Francke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. A shekara ta 1994, an gabatar da buƙatar kuɗi ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Kudin kungiyar, wanda aka samo shi gaba ɗaya daga gudummawa, ya kai kusan DM 1,000,000. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1994, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta amince da tallafin DM 743,000 don siyan kayan aikin likita da fasaha, ta amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa mutanen kabilun Jamus a Romania.<ref name="kinderklinik">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar |url=http://www.kinderklinik-temesvar.de/ |website=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1995, Shugaba Rita Süssmuth da kansa ya kafa harsashin sabon sashen tiyata. An kammala gina sabon reshen tiyata a cikin shekara guda, kuma an kawo kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma an shigar da su daga Jamus. An kaddamar da sabon sashen tiyata a hukumance kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1996, tare da buɗewar bikin da Darakta Minista Klaus Pöhle ya gudanar.[1] A cikin 1999, an gyara tsohon babban gini na sashen tiyata na yara kuma an inganta shi zuwa ka'idodin Yamma tare da kudade daga Romania. An gina sabon wurin gado 150 tsakanin 2014 da 2025. Yana karɓar sashen gaggawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, polyclinic, radiology, tiyata ta yara, kulawa mai tsanani, orthopedics, da sashin kulawa mai tsanani na jarirai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mîrț |first=Cristian |date=18 September 2025 |title=Noua clădire a Spitalului de Copii din Timișoara, la care se lucrează de peste 10 ani, se inaugurează în această lună |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/noua-cladire-a-spitalului-de-copii-din-timisoara-la-care-se-lucreaza-de-peste-10-ani-se-inaugureaza-in-aceasta-luna-2143308/ |website=TION}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7z0pazmxfs0vpqggu7wj5ngvsbl99e9 846606 846533 2026-06-04T05:50:02Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin gaggawa na Louis Țurcanu na Yara''' wanda ke cikin Timișoara, shine kawai Asibitin yara a yammacin Romania. Yana da sassan da sassan waɗanda ke rufe duk cututtukan yara da matasa (501 gadaje na asibiti), daga gaggawa zuwa cututtukat na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii "Louis Țurcanu" |url=https://ms.ro/ro/unitati-sanitare/spitalul-clinic-de-urgenta-pentru-copii-louis-turcanu/ |website=Ministerul Sănătății}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a Timișoara a cikin 1902 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga {{Interlanguage link|Anton Sailer (merchant)|de|Anton Sailer (Mäzen)}} [de] . Ya ba da gudummawar kambi 51,000 ga White Cross Association, wanda ya rufe rabin kudaden da ake buƙata don gina asibitin.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> An haife shi a Arad kuma yana aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa a Timișoara, Anton Sailer ya ba da dukiyarsa ga ayyukan sadaka. Don nuna godiya ga karimcinsa, an ba shi suna ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Timișoara a shekara ta 1904. Don girmama shi, an sanya bus a gaban babban ginin asibitin a 1906, a tsakiyar tsohon Horațiu Square, wanda yanzu ake kira Sarauniya Mary Square . A cikin 1913, an kafa sashen tiyata na yara tare da gadaje goma, kuma tsakanin 1931 da 1942, asibitin ya fadada ya hada da gadaje 100.<ref name="istoric" /> === Lokacin bayan yakin === A shekara ta 1945, bayan bude Jami'ar Victor Babeș ta Medicine da Pharmacy, an kafa daya daga cikin asibitoci jami'a na farko na Timișoara a cikin Asibitin Yara. Bayan zama kasa a 1948, an haɗa asibitocin PARC da Burian da ke kusa da su a cikin Asibitin Yara, suna fadada ƙarfinsa zuwa gadaje 180. An nada Emil Hurmuzache a matsayin darektan farko.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, an faɗaɗa asibitin tare da ƙarin fuka-fuki biyu. Matsayin asibitin ya karu zuwa gadaje 250, kuma an kara sabbin wurare, gami da asibitin marasa lafiya, zauren lacca ga ɗalibai, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin cin abinci ga uwaye. A shekara ta 1962, an nada {{Interlanguage link|Louis Țurcanu|ro}} , wanda ya kasance mai suna asibitin a matsayin darakta.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> === Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 === [[Fayil:Kinderklinik-Temeswar.JPG|thumb|Asibitin a cikin 2010]] A cikin 1990, Asibitin Yara yana da gadaje 400, sashen tiyata, sashen ilimin yara na zamantakewa, sashen [[tarin fuka]], da Gidan marayu.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 1990, an kungiyar agaji ta ''Zukunft Rumäniens - Kinderklinik Temeswar e.V.'' a [[Hamburg]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowak |first=Nicolai |date=11 May 2021 |title=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V. |url=https://www.limnowak.com/timeline/kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Institut Dr. Nowak GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Donata na Prussia, gwauruwar {{Interlanguage link|Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)|de|Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen (1944–1977)}} [de], an nada ta a matsayin shugabar farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulescu |first=Lucian |date=10 September 2015 |title=S-a stins din viață Principesa Donata von Preussen (1950-2015), prima președintă a Asociației caritabile „Zukunft Rumäniens – Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.“ |url=https://www.ziuadevest.ro/s-a-stins-din-viata-principesa-donata-1950-2015-prima-presedinta-a-asociatiei-caritative-zukunft-rumaeniens-kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Ziua de Vest}}</ref> A farkon 1990, an rarraba roko na bayar da gudummawa 4,000, tare da amsa mai ƙarfafawa da gudummawar mutum daga Rita Süssmuth, Shugaban Bundestag. A Romania, Babban Birnin Orthodox na Romania Nicolae Corneanu ya fito ne a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan shirin. A Jamus, memba na Bundestag Klaus Francke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. A shekara ta 1994, an gabatar da buƙatar kuɗi ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Kudin kungiyar, wanda aka samo shi gaba ɗaya daga gudummawa, ya kai kusan DM 1,000,000. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1994, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta amince da tallafin DM 743,000 don siyan kayan aikin likita da fasaha, ta amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa mutanen kabilun Jamus a Romania.<ref name="kinderklinik">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar |url=http://www.kinderklinik-temesvar.de/ |website=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1995, Shugaba Rita Süssmuth da kansa ya kafa harsashin sabon sashen tiyata. An kammala gina sabon reshen tiyata a cikin shekara guda, kuma an kawo kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma an shigar da su daga Jamus. An kaddamar da sabon sashen tiyata a hukumance kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1996, tare da buɗewar bikin da Darakta Minista Klaus Pöhle ya gudanar.[1] A cikin 1999, an gyara tsohon babban gini na sashen tiyata na yara kuma an inganta shi zuwa ka'idodin Yamma tare da kudade daga Romania. An gina sabon wurin gado 150 tsakanin 2014 da 2025. Yana karɓar sashen gaggawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, polyclinic, radiology, tiyata ta yara, kulawa mai tsanani, orthopedics, da sashin kulawa mai tsanani na jarirai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mîrț |first=Cristian |date=18 September 2025 |title=Noua clădire a Spitalului de Copii din Timișoara, la care se lucrează de peste 10 ani, se inaugurează în această lună |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/noua-cladire-a-spitalului-de-copii-din-timisoara-la-care-se-lucreaza-de-peste-10-ani-se-inaugureaza-in-aceasta-luna-2143308/ |website=TION}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3i71cc9tvfrfw4jzowxlwmygv9h9le7 846607 846606 2026-06-04T05:51:04Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin gaggawa na Louis Țurcanu na Yara''' wanda ke cikin Timișoara, shine kawai Asibitin yara a yammacin Romania. Yana da sassan da sassan waɗanda ke rufe duk cututtukan yara da matasa (501 gadaje na asibiti), daga gaggawa zuwa cututtukat na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii "Louis Țurcanu" |url=https://ms.ro/ro/unitati-sanitare/spitalul-clinic-de-urgenta-pentru-copii-louis-turcanu/ |website=Ministerul Sănătății}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a Timișoara a cikin 1902 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga {{Interlanguage link|Anton Sailer (merchant)|de|Anton Sailer (Mäzen)}} [de].<ref>{{cite book|title=Die Medizingeschichte Temeswars: 1718–1990|last=Breier|first=Thomas|date=2003|location=Aichach|publisher=Breier}}</ref> Ya ba da gudummawar kambi 51,000 ga White Cross Association, wanda ya rufe rabin kudaden da ake buƙata don gina asibitin.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> An haife shi a Arad kuma yana aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa a Timișoara, Anton Sailer ya ba da dukiyarsa ga ayyukan sadaka. Don nuna godiya ga karimcinsa, an ba shi suna ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Timișoara a shekara ta 1904. Don girmama shi, an sanya bus a gaban babban ginin asibitin a 1906, a tsakiyar tsohon Horațiu Square, wanda yanzu ake kira Sarauniya Mary Square . A cikin 1913, an kafa sashen tiyata na yara tare da gadaje goma, kuma tsakanin 1931 da 1942, asibitin ya fadada ya hada da gadaje 100.<ref name="istoric" /> === Lokacin bayan yakin === A shekara ta 1945, bayan bude Jami'ar Victor Babeș ta Medicine da Pharmacy, an kafa daya daga cikin asibitoci jami'a na farko na Timișoara a cikin Asibitin Yara. Bayan zama kasa a 1948, an haɗa asibitocin PARC da Burian da ke kusa da su a cikin Asibitin Yara, suna fadada ƙarfinsa zuwa gadaje 180. An nada Emil Hurmuzache a matsayin darektan farko.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, an faɗaɗa asibitin tare da ƙarin fuka-fuki biyu. Matsayin asibitin ya karu zuwa gadaje 250, kuma an kara sabbin wurare, gami da asibitin marasa lafiya, zauren lacca ga ɗalibai, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin cin abinci ga uwaye. A shekara ta 1962, an nada {{Interlanguage link|Louis Țurcanu|ro}} , wanda ya kasance mai suna asibitin a matsayin darakta.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> === Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 === [[Fayil:Kinderklinik-Temeswar.JPG|thumb|Asibitin a cikin 2010]] A cikin 1990, Asibitin Yara yana da gadaje 400, sashen tiyata, sashen ilimin yara na zamantakewa, sashen [[tarin fuka]], da Gidan marayu.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 1990, an kungiyar agaji ta ''Zukunft Rumäniens - Kinderklinik Temeswar e.V.'' a [[Hamburg]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowak |first=Nicolai |date=11 May 2021 |title=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V. |url=https://www.limnowak.com/timeline/kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Institut Dr. Nowak GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Donata na Prussia, gwauruwar {{Interlanguage link|Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)|de|Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen (1944–1977)}} [de], an nada ta a matsayin shugabar farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulescu |first=Lucian |date=10 September 2015 |title=S-a stins din viață Principesa Donata von Preussen (1950-2015), prima președintă a Asociației caritabile „Zukunft Rumäniens – Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.“ |url=https://www.ziuadevest.ro/s-a-stins-din-viata-principesa-donata-1950-2015-prima-presedinta-a-asociatiei-caritative-zukunft-rumaeniens-kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Ziua de Vest}}</ref> A farkon 1990, an rarraba roko na bayar da gudummawa 4,000, tare da amsa mai ƙarfafawa da gudummawar mutum daga Rita Süssmuth, Shugaban Bundestag. A Romania, Babban Birnin Orthodox na Romania Nicolae Corneanu ya fito ne a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan shirin. A Jamus, memba na Bundestag Klaus Francke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. A shekara ta 1994, an gabatar da buƙatar kuɗi ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Kudin kungiyar, wanda aka samo shi gaba ɗaya daga gudummawa, ya kai kusan DM 1,000,000. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1994, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta amince da tallafin DM 743,000 don siyan kayan aikin likita da fasaha, ta amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa mutanen kabilun Jamus a Romania.<ref name="kinderklinik">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar |url=http://www.kinderklinik-temesvar.de/ |website=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1995, Shugaba Rita Süssmuth da kansa ya kafa harsashin sabon sashen tiyata. An kammala gina sabon reshen tiyata a cikin shekara guda, kuma an kawo kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma an shigar da su daga Jamus. An kaddamar da sabon sashen tiyata a hukumance kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1996, tare da buɗewar bikin da Darakta Minista Klaus Pöhle ya gudanar.[1] A cikin 1999, an gyara tsohon babban gini na sashen tiyata na yara kuma an inganta shi zuwa ka'idodin Yamma tare da kudade daga Romania. An gina sabon wurin gado 150 tsakanin 2014 da 2025. Yana karɓar sashen gaggawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, polyclinic, radiology, tiyata ta yara, kulawa mai tsanani, orthopedics, da sashin kulawa mai tsanani na jarirai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mîrț |first=Cristian |date=18 September 2025 |title=Noua clădire a Spitalului de Copii din Timișoara, la care se lucrează de peste 10 ani, se inaugurează în această lună |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/noua-cladire-a-spitalului-de-copii-din-timisoara-la-care-se-lucreaza-de-peste-10-ani-se-inaugureaza-in-aceasta-luna-2143308/ |website=TION}}</ref> == Manazarta == k2n6i6x89ev8smr5399f02r4mb4phix 846608 846607 2026-06-04T05:51:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 */ 846608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin gaggawa na Louis Țurcanu na Yara''' wanda ke cikin Timișoara, shine kawai Asibitin yara a yammacin Romania. Yana da sassan da sassan waɗanda ke rufe duk cututtukan yara da matasa (501 gadaje na asibiti), daga gaggawa zuwa cututtukat na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii "Louis Țurcanu" |url=https://ms.ro/ro/unitati-sanitare/spitalul-clinic-de-urgenta-pentru-copii-louis-turcanu/ |website=Ministerul Sănătății}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a Timișoara a cikin 1902 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga {{Interlanguage link|Anton Sailer (merchant)|de|Anton Sailer (Mäzen)}} [de].<ref>{{cite book|title=Die Medizingeschichte Temeswars: 1718–1990|last=Breier|first=Thomas|date=2003|location=Aichach|publisher=Breier}}</ref> Ya ba da gudummawar kambi 51,000 ga White Cross Association, wanda ya rufe rabin kudaden da ake buƙata don gina asibitin.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> An haife shi a Arad kuma yana aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa a Timișoara, Anton Sailer ya ba da dukiyarsa ga ayyukan sadaka. Don nuna godiya ga karimcinsa, an ba shi suna ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Timișoara a shekara ta 1904. Don girmama shi, an sanya bus a gaban babban ginin asibitin a 1906, a tsakiyar tsohon Horațiu Square, wanda yanzu ake kira Sarauniya Mary Square . A cikin 1913, an kafa sashen tiyata na yara tare da gadaje goma, kuma tsakanin 1931 da 1942, asibitin ya fadada ya hada da gadaje 100.<ref name="istoric" /> === Lokacin bayan yakin === A shekara ta 1945, bayan bude Jami'ar Victor Babeș ta Medicine da Pharmacy, an kafa daya daga cikin asibitoci jami'a na farko na Timișoara a cikin Asibitin Yara. Bayan zama kasa a 1948, an haɗa asibitocin PARC da Burian da ke kusa da su a cikin Asibitin Yara, suna fadada ƙarfinsa zuwa gadaje 180. An nada Emil Hurmuzache a matsayin darektan farko.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, an faɗaɗa asibitin tare da ƙarin fuka-fuki biyu. Matsayin asibitin ya karu zuwa gadaje 250, kuma an kara sabbin wurare, gami da asibitin marasa lafiya, zauren lacca ga ɗalibai, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin cin abinci ga uwaye. A shekara ta 1962, an nada {{Interlanguage link|Louis Țurcanu|ro}} , wanda ya kasance mai suna asibitin a matsayin darakta.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> === Bayan juyin juya halin 1989 === [[Fayil:Kinderklinik-Temeswar.JPG|thumb|Asibitin a cikin 2010]] A cikin 1990, Asibitin Yara yana da gadaje 400, sashen tiyata, sashen ilimin yara na zamantakewa, sashen [[tarin fuka]], da Gidan marayu.<ref name="istoric">{{Cite web |title=Istoric |url=https://www.spital-copii-timisoara.info/istoric |website=Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii „Louis Țurcanu”}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 1990, an kungiyar agaji ta ''Zukunft Rumäniens - Kinderklinik Temeswar e.V.'' a [[Hamburg]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowak |first=Nicolai |date=11 May 2021 |title=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V. |url=https://www.limnowak.com/timeline/kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Institut Dr. Nowak GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Donata na Prussia, gwauruwar {{Interlanguage link|Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1944–1977)|de|Louis Ferdinand Prinz von Preußen (1944–1977)}} [de], an nada ta a matsayin shugabar farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulescu |first=Lucian |date=10 September 2015 |title=S-a stins din viață Principesa Donata von Preussen (1950-2015), prima președintă a Asociației caritabile „Zukunft Rumäniens – Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.“ |url=https://www.ziuadevest.ro/s-a-stins-din-viata-principesa-donata-1950-2015-prima-presedinta-a-asociatiei-caritative-zukunft-rumaeniens-kinderklinik-temesvar-e-v/ |website=Ziua de Vest}}</ref> A farkon 1990, an rarraba roko na bayar da gudummawa 4,000, tare da amsa mai ƙarfafawa da gudummawar mutum daga Rita Süssmuth, Shugaban Bundestag. A Romania, Babban Birnin Orthodox na Romania Nicolae Corneanu ya fito ne a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan shirin. A Jamus, memba na Bundestag Klaus Francke ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar a cikin gwamnatin tarayya. A shekara ta 1994, an gabatar da buƙatar kuɗi ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. Kudin kungiyar, wanda aka samo shi gaba ɗaya daga gudummawa, ya kai kusan DM 1,000,000. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1994, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta amince da tallafin DM 743,000 don siyan kayan aikin likita da fasaha, ta amfani da kudaden da aka ware wa mutanen kabilun Jamus a Romania.<ref name="kinderklinik">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar |url=http://www.kinderklinik-temesvar.de/ |website=Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V.}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 1995, Shugaba Rita Süssmuth da kansa ya kafa harsashin sabon sashen tiyata. An kammala gina sabon reshen tiyata a cikin shekara guda, kuma an kawo kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma an shigar da su daga Jamus. An kaddamar da sabon sashen tiyata a hukumance kuma an ba da umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1996, tare da buɗewar bikin da Darakta Minista Klaus Pöhle ya gudanar.<ref>"Das Projekt Kinderklinik Temesvar". ''Kinderklinik Temesvar e.V''.</ref> A cikin 1999, an gyara tsohon babban gini na sashen tiyata na yara kuma an inganta shi zuwa ka'idodin Yamma tare da kudade daga Romania. An gina sabon wurin gado 150 tsakanin 2014 da 2025. Yana karɓar sashen gaggawa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, polyclinic, radiology, tiyata ta yara, kulawa mai tsanani, orthopedics, da sashin kulawa mai tsanani na jarirai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mîrț |first=Cristian |date=18 September 2025 |title=Noua clădire a Spitalului de Copii din Timișoara, la care se lucrează de peste 10 ani, se inaugurează în această lună |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/noua-cladire-a-spitalului-de-copii-din-timisoara-la-care-se-lucreaza-de-peste-10-ani-se-inaugureaza-in-aceasta-luna-2143308/ |website=TION}}</ref> == Manazarta == ay9yz4in8laybg9o8aui5lh7zprygme Asibitin Yara na Massey Street 0 154641 846501 2026-06-04T05:04:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354864716|Massey Street Children's Hospital]]" 846501 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibitin Yara na Massey (a.k.a. Asibitin yara na Massey Street) asibitin kula da yara ne mai gado 85 wanda ke da hedikwata a Tsibirin Legas, Jihar Legas . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1914, mallakar Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ce.[1] == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin yara na Massey a shekara ta 1914 a matsayin asibitin asibiti na farko na Legas. Wannan ya sa ya zama asibitin yara mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka. Ya zama asibitin haihuwa a 1926, na farko a Legas. A shekara ta 1961, an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/aboutus}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa == * DR. (MRS) OLANIKE A. OLUTEKUNBI-MEDICAL DIRECTOR / Shugaba * DR. ODEDINA A. A-Director na Ayyuka da Horarwa * MR. RAJI OLOLADE MICHAEL-HEAD ADMIN & HR * AFOLABI-ORUKOTAN ESTHER OLUBUNMI-APEX NURSE * DR. (MRS) ONUIGBO C.C-HEAD na DENTAL * MISS. Bayyanar ƙanƙara * DR. (MRS) LAWAL . M.A-HAD na Medici * MRS. ADEBOYEJO O.O-HEAD na PHYSIOTHERAPY * MR. Ka yi amfani da ita. T-hannun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar * MR. YAKUB-gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma karshen * Farma. Adedoyin Adebayo-Tukur-HOD Pharmacy * MR. Shawarwarin J.B-Hadin Bayani na Zuciya MANAGEMENT SYSTEM * DR. Tsohon ADERONKE-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRIC DENTIST * DR. (MRS.) MAJIYAGBE O.O-ConsultANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) ATOH I.C-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) UCHE-IWUH M.O-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * KOSOKO ENIOLA SUSANAH-gudu na NUTRITION da DIETICS * MRS. - Halin Rubuce-rubuce na AYE * Yankin BABATUN na ENGINEERING * ABDULWAHAB ADEWALE YUSUFF-gead na PLANNING UNIT * MISS. SHONDEINDE A.B-HEAD na AUDIT na Duniya * SAN. OGUNKOYA J.A-HEAD, sabis na zafi na jiki * MISS OJIULO SANDRA . C-Halin RADIOLOGY * MRS. ODUNUGA ADETORO-HEAD OF STORE * MRS. SHONIBARE . R.-Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa * MR. AWENIYA ta sami mafita ga aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/team |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=msch.ng}}</ref> == Kwarewa == * hakora * maganin jiki * optometry * Abinci da abinci mai gina jiki * ilimin rediyo * jin dadin jama'a == Sabon aikin asibiti == Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta fara sabon ginin asibitin yara na Massey Street mai hawa 7 a yankin Adeniji Adele na birnin Legas. Gwamnan, [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ne ya fara aikin a watan Afrilun 2021. == Manazarta == 5fcaog934673loyq7t98urupdptgmrd 846535 846501 2026-06-04T05:16:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Yara na Massey (a.k.a. Asibitin yara na Massey Street) asibitin kula da yara ne mai gado 85 wanda ke da hedikwata a Tsibirin Legas, Jihar Legas . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1914, mallakar Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ce.[1] == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin yara na Massey a shekara ta 1914 a matsayin asibitin asibiti na farko na Legas. Wannan ya sa ya zama asibitin yara mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka. Ya zama asibitin haihuwa a 1926, na farko a Legas. A shekara ta 1961, an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/aboutus}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa == * DR. (MRS) OLANIKE A. OLUTEKUNBI-MEDICAL DIRECTOR / Shugaba * DR. ODEDINA A. A-Director na Ayyuka da Horarwa * MR. RAJI OLOLADE MICHAEL-HEAD ADMIN & HR * AFOLABI-ORUKOTAN ESTHER OLUBUNMI-APEX NURSE * DR. (MRS) ONUIGBO C.C-HEAD na DENTAL * MISS. Bayyanar ƙanƙara * DR. (MRS) LAWAL . M.A-HAD na Medici * MRS. ADEBOYEJO O.O-HEAD na PHYSIOTHERAPY * MR. Ka yi amfani da ita. T-hannun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar * MR. YAKUB-gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma karshen * Farma. Adedoyin Adebayo-Tukur-HOD Pharmacy * MR. Shawarwarin J.B-Hadin Bayani na Zuciya MANAGEMENT SYSTEM * DR. Tsohon ADERONKE-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRIC DENTIST * DR. (MRS.) MAJIYAGBE O.O-ConsultANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) ATOH I.C-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) UCHE-IWUH M.O-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * KOSOKO ENIOLA SUSANAH-gudu na NUTRITION da DIETICS * MRS. - Halin Rubuce-rubuce na AYE * Yankin BABATUN na ENGINEERING * ABDULWAHAB ADEWALE YUSUFF-gead na PLANNING UNIT * MISS. SHONDEINDE A.B-HEAD na AUDIT na Duniya * SAN. OGUNKOYA J.A-HEAD, sabis na zafi na jiki * MISS OJIULO SANDRA . C-Halin RADIOLOGY * MRS. ODUNUGA ADETORO-HEAD OF STORE * MRS. SHONIBARE . R.-Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa * MR. AWENIYA ta sami mafita ga aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/team |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=msch.ng}}</ref> == Kwarewa == * hakora * maganin jiki * optometry * Abinci da abinci mai gina jiki * ilimin rediyo * jin dadin jama'a == Sabon aikin asibiti == Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta fara sabon ginin asibitin yara na Massey Street mai hawa 7 a yankin Adeniji Adele na birnin Legas. Gwamnan, [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ne ya fara aikin a watan Afrilun 2021. == Manazarta == 6rt1ldhxpr54dns3t2fy32d5k2nfi5u 846602 846535 2026-06-04T05:48:08Z Uncle Bash007 9891 sanya ref 846602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Yara na Massey (a.k.a. Asibitin yara na Massey Street) asibitin kula da yara ne mai gado 85 wanda ke da hedikwata a Tsibirin Legas, Jihar Legas . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1914, mallakar Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ce.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Segun |date=11 October 2024 |title=Gov Sanwo-Olu: New Massey Hospital Ready Next Year |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/10/11/gov-sanwo-olu-new-massey-hospital-ready-next-year/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin yara na Massey a shekara ta 1914 a matsayin asibitin asibiti na farko na Legas. Wannan ya sa ya zama asibitin yara mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka. Ya zama asibitin haihuwa a 1926, na farko a Legas. A shekara ta 1961, an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/aboutus}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa == * DR. (MRS) OLANIKE A. OLUTEKUNBI-MEDICAL DIRECTOR / Shugaba * DR. ODEDINA A. A-Director na Ayyuka da Horarwa * MR. RAJI OLOLADE MICHAEL-HEAD ADMIN & HR * AFOLABI-ORUKOTAN ESTHER OLUBUNMI-APEX NURSE * DR. (MRS) ONUIGBO C.C-HEAD na DENTAL * MISS. Bayyanar ƙanƙara * DR. (MRS) LAWAL . M.A-HAD na Medici * MRS. ADEBOYEJO O.O-HEAD na PHYSIOTHERAPY * MR. Ka yi amfani da ita. T-hannun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar * MR. YAKUB-gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma karshen * Farma. Adedoyin Adebayo-Tukur-HOD Pharmacy * MR. Shawarwarin J.B-Hadin Bayani na Zuciya MANAGEMENT SYSTEM * DR. Tsohon ADERONKE-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRIC DENTIST * DR. (MRS.) MAJIYAGBE O.O-ConsultANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) ATOH I.C-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) UCHE-IWUH M.O-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * KOSOKO ENIOLA SUSANAH-gudu na NUTRITION da DIETICS * MRS. - Halin Rubuce-rubuce na AYE * Yankin BABATUN na ENGINEERING * ABDULWAHAB ADEWALE YUSUFF-gead na PLANNING UNIT * MISS. SHONDEINDE A.B-HEAD na AUDIT na Duniya * SAN. OGUNKOYA J.A-HEAD, sabis na zafi na jiki * MISS OJIULO SANDRA . C-Halin RADIOLOGY * MRS. ODUNUGA ADETORO-HEAD OF STORE * MRS. SHONIBARE . R.-Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa * MR. AWENIYA ta sami mafita ga aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/team |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=msch.ng}}</ref> == Kwarewa == * hakora * maganin jiki * optometry * Abinci da abinci mai gina jiki * ilimin rediyo * jin dadin jama'a == Sabon aikin asibiti == Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta fara sabon ginin asibitin yara na Massey Street mai hawa 7 a yankin Adeniji Adele na birnin Legas. Gwamnan, [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ne ya fara aikin a watan Afrilun 2021. == Manazarta == h8ks576w4hv2ql9v45uulhrujidpjcv 846603 846602 2026-06-04T05:48:36Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sabon aikin asibiti */ 846603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Yara na Massey (a.k.a. Asibitin yara na Massey Street) asibitin kula da yara ne mai gado 85 wanda ke da hedikwata a Tsibirin Legas, Jihar Legas . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1914, mallakar Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ce.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Segun |date=11 October 2024 |title=Gov Sanwo-Olu: New Massey Hospital Ready Next Year |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/10/11/gov-sanwo-olu-new-massey-hospital-ready-next-year/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin yara na Massey a shekara ta 1914 a matsayin asibitin asibiti na farko na Legas. Wannan ya sa ya zama asibitin yara mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka. Ya zama asibitin haihuwa a 1926, na farko a Legas. A shekara ta 1961, an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/aboutus}}</ref> == Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa == * DR. (MRS) OLANIKE A. OLUTEKUNBI-MEDICAL DIRECTOR / Shugaba * DR. ODEDINA A. A-Director na Ayyuka da Horarwa * MR. RAJI OLOLADE MICHAEL-HEAD ADMIN & HR * AFOLABI-ORUKOTAN ESTHER OLUBUNMI-APEX NURSE * DR. (MRS) ONUIGBO C.C-HEAD na DENTAL * MISS. Bayyanar ƙanƙara * DR. (MRS) LAWAL . M.A-HAD na Medici * MRS. ADEBOYEJO O.O-HEAD na PHYSIOTHERAPY * MR. Ka yi amfani da ita. T-hannun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar * MR. YAKUB-gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma karshen * Farma. Adedoyin Adebayo-Tukur-HOD Pharmacy * MR. Shawarwarin J.B-Hadin Bayani na Zuciya MANAGEMENT SYSTEM * DR. Tsohon ADERONKE-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRIC DENTIST * DR. (MRS.) MAJIYAGBE O.O-ConsultANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) ATOH I.C-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * DR. (MRS.) UCHE-IWUH M.O-CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN * KOSOKO ENIOLA SUSANAH-gudu na NUTRITION da DIETICS * MRS. - Halin Rubuce-rubuce na AYE * Yankin BABATUN na ENGINEERING * ABDULWAHAB ADEWALE YUSUFF-gead na PLANNING UNIT * MISS. SHONDEINDE A.B-HEAD na AUDIT na Duniya * SAN. OGUNKOYA J.A-HEAD, sabis na zafi na jiki * MISS OJIULO SANDRA . C-Halin RADIOLOGY * MRS. ODUNUGA ADETORO-HEAD OF STORE * MRS. SHONIBARE . R.-Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa * MR. AWENIYA ta sami mafita ga aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massey Children's Hospital |url=https://msch.ng/team |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=msch.ng}}</ref> == Kwarewa == * hakora * maganin jiki * optometry * Abinci da abinci mai gina jiki * ilimin rediyo * jin dadin jama'a == Sabon aikin asibiti == Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta fara sabon ginin asibitin yara na Massey Street mai hawa 7 a yankin Adeniji Adele na birnin Legas. Gwamnan, [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ne ya fara aikin a watan Afrilun 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oloniniran |first1=Gbenga |date=11 October 2021 |title=Sanwo-Olu inspects seven-storey Massey Children Hospital |url=https://punchng.com/sanwo-olu-inspects-seven-storey-massey-children-hospital/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salau |first1=Gbenga |date=10 October 2024 |title=Sanwo-Olu says largest children's hospital, Massey, will be completed in 2025 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/sanwo-olu-says-largest-childrens-hospital-massey-will-be-completed-in-2025/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == ki1vec8g09yjxil619lg1nard3w34x9 Culture Reframed (Kungiya) 0 154642 846502 2026-06-04T05:04:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309518957|Culture Reframed]]" 846502 wikitext text/x-wiki Culture Reframed kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haife shi ne daga Stop Porn Culture, kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Aikin da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.[1][2] Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == td8osmyi7re2nb9dd3vgqxweig28uu0 846537 846502 2026-06-04T05:17:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Culture Reframed kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haife shi ne daga Stop Porn Culture, kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Aikin da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.[1][2] Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == i73t95dm0yjlxi2n9p7r6xjfm6r6z5x 846594 846537 2026-06-04T05:44:13Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Culture Reframed''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An samar da shi ne daga ''Stop Porn Culture'', kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Aikin da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.[1][2] Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2krximzjyox2op7lbi4dp4xxhr8sz41 846595 846594 2026-06-04T05:44:57Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Al'adun da aka sake tsarawa]] to [[Culture Reframed (Kungiya)]] 846594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Culture Reframed''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An samar da shi ne daga ''Stop Porn Culture'', kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Aikin da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.[1][2] Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2krximzjyox2op7lbi4dp4xxhr8sz41 846597 846595 2026-06-04T05:45:27Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Aikin da aiki */ 846597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Culture Reframed''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An samar da shi ne daga ''Stop Porn Culture'', kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Kudiri da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.[1][2] Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == 22qnx8obwrrlk3qxztkqu1vglb3p6vx 846598 846597 2026-06-04T05:46:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Kudiri da aiki */ 846598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Culture Reframed''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An samar da shi ne daga ''Stop Porn Culture'', kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Manufa da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.<ref name="CRcourses">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Courses - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/courses/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed |location=}}</ref><ref name="Ebbert">{{cite news |last=Ebbert |first=Stephanie |date=September 6, 2020 |title=How to build your children's resilience to porn |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/06/metro/how-build-your-childrens-resilience-porn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111052835/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/06/metro/how-build-your-childrens-resilience-porn/ |archive-date=January 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher= |location=}}</ref> Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.[3] == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == hzug3peyqdpws4gjdpv0okhf38dxvoy 846600 846598 2026-06-04T05:46:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Manufa da aiki */ 846600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Culture Reframed''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 don magance mummunar tasirin batsa ga matasa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An samar da shi ne daga ''Stop Porn Culture'', kungiyar kasa da kasa, ta mata, ta adawa da batsa.<ref name="SPCabout">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=About Stop Porn Culture International |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803082154/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-stop-porn-culture-international/ |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, tare da saurin ci gaban [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da karuwar damar yin amfani da batsa da ta bayar, [[Feminism|'yan mata]] a Amurka sun fara shirya don tattauna yaduwar batsa da kuma "hargitsi da ke da alaƙa da samarwa da amfani". Wasu daga cikin mahalarta tattaunawar sun yanke shawarar gina motsi na kasa don magance cutar masana'antar batsa. Wasu sun haɓaka sabuntawa na irin wannan zane-zane na 1970s don a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na ilimi da kuma yin amfani da aiki game da [[wiktionary:pornification|pornification]] (ko jima'i) na al'ada. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da kirkirar Stop Porn Culture a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="SPChistory">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=History of SPC |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618071813/http://stoppornculture.org/about/history-of-spc/ |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref><ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> An haifi kungiyar ba da riba Culture Reframed a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Gail Dines - wanda ya kafa Stop Porn Culture - da sauran masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da masana kimiyya masu damuwa suka shirya don nazarin tasirin batsa a kan Matasa da kuma taimakawa iyaye da malamai su rage tasirin tasirin sa.<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> == Manufa da aiki == An bayyana manufa ta Culture Reframed a cikin jumla ɗaya: "Muna aiki don dakatar da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar, da jima'i na batsa ga yara da matasa. "<ref name="CRabout">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=About Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215021842/https://culturereframed.org/about/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ce kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ga - sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani - bayyane, batsa mai tsanani. Wannan, sun ce, yana lalata zamantakewa, motsin rai, fahimta, da ci gaban jiki. Sun ce iyaye da masu kula da su na iya taimaka wa yara "kafa juriya da juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai da batsa".<ref name="CRcrisis">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=The Crisis - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/the-crisis/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> Darussan kyauta a shafin yanar gizon sun haɗa da ɗaya don malamai, ɗaya don iyaye na matasa, da ɗaya don iyaye masu matasa.<ref name="CRcourses">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Courses - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/courses/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed |location=}}</ref><ref name="Ebbert">{{cite news |last=Ebbert |first=Stephanie |date=September 6, 2020 |title=How to build your children's resilience to porn |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/06/metro/how-build-your-childrens-resilience-porn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111052835/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/06/metro/how-build-your-childrens-resilience-porn/ |archive-date=January 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher= |location=}}</ref> Gidan yanar gizon yana ba da takardun gaskiya da rahotanni, kuma ɗakin karatu na kan layi yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu don daruruwan labaran da An sake dubawa.<ref name="CRresources">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Resources - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/resources/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed |location=}}</ref> == Dakatar da Al'adun Batsa == An kirkiro Stop Porn Culture a cikin 2008 <ref name="GailDines">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |year=2025 |title=Dr. Gail Dines - Culture Reframed |url=https://culturereframed.org/team-members/dr-gail-dines/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=culturereframed.org |publisher=Culture Reframed}}</ref> don kalubalanci "al'adun batsa masu yawa" da cin zarafi, tilasta, da tashin hankali na masana'antar batsa kanta. <ref name="SPCmission">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Mission Statement |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806220517/http://stoppornculture.org/about/spc-mission-statement/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> Yawancin wannan aikin an yi su ne a kan layi ta hanyar bidiyon lacca da aikin kafofin sada zumunta da kuma ta hanyar bita da tarurruka don horar da zane-zane na mata. Kungiyar da ba a biya ta ba kuma an dauke ta ta hanyar aikin sa kai da kuma horar da shi wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace, rubuce-rubucen dijital, gyaran bidiyo, da ayyukan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |title=SPC Internships |url=http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141106012806/http://stoppornculture.org/about/about-us/spc-internships/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.com |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Stop Porn Culture ya fara takarda a kan mujallar Porn Studies, littafi na farko, wanda aka sake dubawa da aka mayar da hankali kan ''Nazarin batsa''. Dines wanda ya kafa al'adun batsa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mujallar tana da son kai na batsa, da'awar da mujallar ta musanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carole Cadwalladr |year=2013 |title=Porn wars: the debate that's dividing academia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/jun/16/internet-violent-porn-crime-studies |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media ta samar da wani shirin da ake kira "Pornland: Yadda Masana'antar Batsa ta Yi Halin Jima'i". An inganta shi a shafin yanar gizon Stop Porn Culture, ya dogara ne akan littafin 2010 na Dines kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun gabatarwa ga mahimman muhawara na ƙungiyar adawa da batsa ta mata".<ref name="Pornland">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=September 24, 2014 |title=Pornland: How the Porn Industry Has Hijacked Our Sexuality – a Documentary |url=http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211355/http://stoppornculture.org/2014/09/24/pornland-how-the-porn-industry-has-hijacked-our-sexuality-a-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=November 5, 2014 |website=stoppornculture.org |publisher=Stop Porn Culture}}</ref> == Manazarta == r3t0s4t3va2ttj43kx85kchbhjud0dn Cibiyar Sylvia 0 154643 846503 2026-06-04T05:04:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348642993|The Sylvia Center]]" 846503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Sylvia''' kungiya ce ta Amurka, mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) wacce ke mai da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki na yara ta hanyar koyar da yara da iyalai game da halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da dafa abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Sylvia a cikin 2006 Liz Neumark, Shugaba na kamfanin abinci mai suna Great Performances kuma mai ba da shawara ga Aikin noma mai ɗorewa.[1] An sanya masa suna ne bayan 'yar Neumark, Sylvia, Cibiyar Sylvia ta fara ne a matsayin shirin dafa abinci na matukin jirgi ga yara a cikin mazaunan Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Birnin New York.[1] Shirye-shiryen kungiyar sun hada da azuzuwan dafa abinci, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Katchkie Farm ([[Noman Asali|Gona mai gina jiki]] da abokin tarayya na Cibiyar Sylvia), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katchkie Farm |url=http://katchkiefarm.com/about/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=katchkiefarm.com}}</ref> da kuma azuzuwan lambu ga yara da iyalai. Ana ba da shirye-shiryen a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ta hanyar cibiyoyin al'umma na NYCHA da Upstate New York (Kinderhook da Columbia County). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == spkqfctnsbrvrivmlyqi5nwwd17lh2v 846590 846503 2026-06-04T05:40:31Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Sylvia''' kungiya ce ta Amurka, mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) wacce ke mai da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki na yara ta hanyar koyar da yara da iyalai game da halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da dafa abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Sylvia a cikin 2006 Liz Neumark, Shugaba na kamfanin abinci mai suna Great Performances kuma mai ba da shawara ga Aikin noma mai ɗorewa.[1] An sanya masa suna ne bayan 'yar Neumark, Sylvia, Cibiyar Sylvia ta fara ne a matsayin shirin dafa abinci na matukin jirgi ga yara a cikin mazaunan Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Birnin New York.[1] Shirye-shiryen kungiyar sun hada da azuzuwan dafa abinci, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Katchkie Farm ([[Noman Asali|Gona mai gina jiki]] da abokin tarayya na Cibiyar Sylvia), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katchkie Farm |url=http://katchkiefarm.com/about/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=katchkiefarm.com}}</ref> da kuma azuzuwan lambu ga yara da iyalai. Ana ba da shirye-shiryen a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ta hanyar cibiyoyin al'umma na NYCHA da Upstate New York (Kinderhook da Columbia County). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == dzpqrsptxd4mx15zcsmqlv7n23g5l8a 846591 846590 2026-06-04T05:41:13Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 846591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Sylvia''' kungiya ce ta Amurka, mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) wacce ke mai da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki na yara ta hanyar koyar da yara da iyalai game da halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da dafa abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Sylvia a cikin 2006 Liz Neumark, Shugaba na kamfanin abinci mai suna Great Performances kuma mai ba da shawara ga Aikin noma mai ɗorewa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fertile Seeds: The Sylvia Center is Inspiring Children to Eat Well {{!}} Edible Manhattan |url=https://www.ediblemanhattan.com/z/topics/food-dining/fertile-seeds/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=Edible Manhattan |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan 'yar Neumark, Sylvia, Cibiyar Sylvia ta fara ne a matsayin shirin dafa abinci na matukin jirgi ga yara a cikin mazaunan Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Birnin New York.[1] Shirye-shiryen kungiyar sun hada da azuzuwan dafa abinci, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Katchkie Farm ([[Noman Asali|Gona mai gina jiki]] da abokin tarayya na Cibiyar Sylvia), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katchkie Farm |url=http://katchkiefarm.com/about/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=katchkiefarm.com}}</ref> da kuma azuzuwan lambu ga yara da iyalai. Ana ba da shirye-shiryen a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ta hanyar cibiyoyin al'umma na NYCHA da Upstate New York (Kinderhook da Columbia County). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7a3frqf31vbenddu8qtmbm86p48jwdk 846592 846591 2026-06-04T05:41:54Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 846592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Sylvia''' kungiya ce ta Amurka, mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) wacce ke mai da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki na yara ta hanyar koyar da yara da iyalai game da halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da dafa abinci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Sylvia a cikin 2006 Liz Neumark, Shugaba na kamfanin abinci mai suna Great Performances kuma mai ba da shawara ga Aikin noma mai ɗorewa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fertile Seeds: The Sylvia Center is Inspiring Children to Eat Well {{!}} Edible Manhattan |url=https://www.ediblemanhattan.com/z/topics/food-dining/fertile-seeds/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=Edible Manhattan |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan 'yar Neumark, Sylvia, Cibiyar Sylvia ta fara ne a matsayin shirin dafa abinci na matukin jirgi ga yara a cikin mazaunan Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Birnin New York.<ref name=":1" /> Shirye-shiryen kungiyar sun hada da azuzuwan dafa abinci, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Katchkie Farm ([[Noman Asali|Gona mai gina jiki]] da abokin tarayya na Cibiyar Sylvia), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katchkie Farm |url=http://katchkiefarm.com/about/ |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=katchkiefarm.com}}</ref> da kuma azuzuwan lambu ga yara da iyalai. Ana ba da shirye-shiryen a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ta hanyar cibiyoyin al'umma na NYCHA da Upstate New York (Kinderhook da Columbia County). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Organization Report |url=http://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-4297703 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6w2i5270xe0u1hvnia33enulm9e7lrs Asibitin yara 0 154644 846504 2026-06-04T05:05:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306320689|Children's hospital]]" 846504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da sabis na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka. A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.[1] Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.[2] Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.[3] == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dze73m1j3e9lxw4r7tsubp6nd8zi0z8 846511 846504 2026-06-04T05:06:53Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka. A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.[1] Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.[2] Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.[3] == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7t86is4c1rb0qcp04mb7xnve254pg3n 846512 846511 2026-06-04T05:07:09Z Uncle Bash007 9891 added ref 846512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.[1] Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.[2] Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.[3] == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] itczq5p6ufnioee95ub3ks68t18p7j8 846514 846512 2026-06-04T05:08:28Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.[2] Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.[3] == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kp5xb0pkk465syou773yhbo2cpxiv8f 846515 846514 2026-06-04T05:08:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Haɗin kai */ 846515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs |url=http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152225/http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.healthcare-administration-degree.net}}</ref> Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.[3] == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2w6jlvzl551drfblqfj2hwzigsc8kyw 846517 846515 2026-06-04T05:09:00Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Haɗin kai */ 846517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs |url=http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152225/http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.healthcare-administration-degree.net}}</ref> Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Special report: Designing a new model for children's hospitals |url=https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928073916/https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=Building Better Healthcare}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.</blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8fbwgcrfz8yrni6btl8vx3cp4q24ssn 846519 846517 2026-06-04T05:10:37Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ma'aikata */ 846519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs |url=http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152225/http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.healthcare-administration-degree.net}}</ref> Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Special report: Designing a new model for children's hospitals |url=https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928073916/https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=Building Better Healthcare}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.<ref name="BeukersMoll1989">{{cite book|author1=H. Beukers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1sZWKMtAD8C&pg=PA27|title=Clinical Teaching, Past and Present|author2=John Michael Henderson Moll|publisher=Rodopi|year=1989|isbn=978-90-5183-082-8|page=27|accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref></blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Matsayi == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f054omswmazdxfqo08kvzs087vg688f 846522 846519 2026-06-04T05:11:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Kulawa da son rai na farko */ 846522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs |url=http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152225/http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.healthcare-administration-degree.net}}</ref> Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Special report: Designing a new model for children's hospitals |url=https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928073916/https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=Building Better Healthcare}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.<ref name="BeukersMoll1989">{{cite book|author1=H. Beukers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1sZWKMtAD8C&pg=PA27|title=Clinical Teaching, Past and Present|author2=John Michael Henderson Moll|publisher=Rodopi|year=1989|isbn=978-90-5183-082-8|page=27|accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref></blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0xbxow6wl91uq87ami34f8lfk0mfcs 846539 846522 2026-06-04T05:17:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[asibiti]] yara''' ''' (CH) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2811508 |journal=[[JAMA]] |volume=330 |issue=19 |pages=1906–1908 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19268 |pmc=10616761 |pmid=37902774}}</ref> asibiti ne wanda ke ba da hidima na musamman ga [[Jariri|jarirai]], yara, [[Samartaka|matasa]], da matasa daga haihuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, kuma ta hanyar shekaru 21 da sama a Amurka.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|url=https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%E2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|title=C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday |website =CS Mott Children's Hospital |series=Michigan Medicine|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323230131/https://www.mottchildren.org/news/archive/201709/cs-mott-children%e2%80%99s-hospital-provide-care-all-patients|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|title=What it’s Like to be Treated at a Children’s Hospital as a Young Adult|date=2022|orig-date=2018-09-11|website=Children's Hospital of California Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043632/https://blog.chocchildrens.org/young-adult-childrens-hospital/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|title=Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients|website=Le Bonheur|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815012931/https://www.lebonheur.org/for-providers/clinical-care-resources/approval-for-overage-le-bonheur-patients/index.dot|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|title=Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine|date=2015-06-05|website=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201004044/https://www.chla.org/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|title=Transition to Adult Care Policy|website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|date=2016-07-18|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926060432/https://www.chop.edu/health-resources/transition-adult-care-policy|url-status=live}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Hardin|first1=Amy Peykoff|last2=Hackell|first2=Jesse M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Age Limit of Pediatrics|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=140|issue=3|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2151|issn=0031-4005|pmid=28827380|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213043903/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20172151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|title=Adolescent Unit (CAD2) {{!}} BMSCH Nursing Unit|website=RWJBarnabas Health|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005350/https://www.rwjbh.org/bristol-myers-squibb-childrens-hospital-at-rwjuh/about/patient-care-units/adolescent-unit-cad2-/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> A wasu lokuta na musamman, suna iya kula da manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/cystic-fibrosis/services-we-offer/adult-cystic-fibrosis-program |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062056/https://www.texaschildrens.org/departments/adult-congenital-heart-disease-program |archive-date=2020-10-06 |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=Texas Children's Hospital}}</ref> Adadin asibitocin yara sun karu a cikin karni na 20, yayin da likitancin yara da ƙwarewar tiyata suka rabu da likitan ciki da ƙwarewa na tiyata na manya. == Haɗin kai == Asibitocin yara suna da hankali sosai ga tallafin yara da iyalansu. Wasu yara da matasa dole ne su ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a asibiti, don haka samun damar yin wasa da ma'aikatan koyarwa na iya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kulawar su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered {{!}} News |url=https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181943/https://www.tes.com/news/tes-archive/tes-publication/where-special-treatment-just-what-doctor-ordered |archive-date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gida, wannan na iya haɗawa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa lambunan botanical na gida, zoos, da ɗakin karatu na jama'a misali.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs |url=http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219152225/http://www.healthcare-administration-degree.net/50-most-amazing-childrens-hospitals-in-the-world/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.healthcare-administration-degree.net}}</ref> Zane-zane don sabon asibitin yara na Cambridge, wanda aka amince da shi a 2022, yana shirin haɗa cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya na hankali da na jiki ga yara da matasa, yana tattara ayyukan abokan tarayya uku: Asibitocin Jami'ar Cambridge NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire da Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. Jami'ar Cambridgeschire da Jami'ar Кембридж tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na jiki da na hankali da ke kusa da aikin bincike.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Special report: Designing a new model for children's hospitals |url=https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928073916/https://www.buildingbetterhealthcare.com/news/article_page/Special_report_Designing_a_new_model_for_childrens_hospitals/202382 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=Building Better Healthcare}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == Baya ga tallafin zamantakewar al'umma, [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] yara suna da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa da ƙwararrun da aka horar da su wajen kula da yara. Likitan likita wanda ke gudanar da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara dole ne a karbe shi don zama memba ta kwalejin kwararru kafin su iya yin aikin ilimin yara. Wadannan sun hada da Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), da kuma Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Amurka. A New Zealand, RACP tana ba da horo na sana'a a cikin ilimin yara. Da zarar an kammala horo na RACP an ba likita kyautar Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) a cikin ilimin yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paediatrics |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043237/https://www.mcnz.org.nz/get-registered/scopes-of-practice/vocational-registration/types-of-vocational-scope/paediatrics/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=www.mcnz.org.nz}}</ref> Duk da yake asibitoci da yawa na yau da kullun na iya kula da yara yadda ya kamata, ƙwararrun likitocin yara na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan ya zo ga magance cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda zasu iya zama masu kisa ko masu lahani ga yara ƙanana, a wasu lokuta kafin haihuwa. Har ila yau, asibitocin yara da yawa za su ci gaba da ganin yara da ke da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba har zuwa balaga, suna ba da damar ci gaba da kulawa. == Tarihi == === Kulawa da son rai na farko === Kafin sauye-sauyen asibiti na karni na 19, ana tunanin jin daɗin yaro yana hannun mahaifiyar; sabili da haka, akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da maganin yara, kuma a sakamakon haka babu cibiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan warkar da yara. Asibitoci da asibitoci sune farkon siffofin abin da daga baya zai zama asibitocin yara. Asibitin Florence na Innocent (Ospedale degli Innocenti) asalinsa gidan marayu ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1445; manufarsa ita ce kula da marasa lafiya da jarirai da aka watsar da su. Asibitoci irin su Asibitin Foundling wanda Thomas Coram ya kafa a cikin 1741 an kirkiresu ne don karɓar jarirai da aka watsar, kula da su zuwa lafiya, koya musu kasuwanci ko ƙwarewa, da kuma haɗa su cikin al'umma. Cibiyoyin da aka ba da gudummawa sun ba da magani da kulawa ta likita ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kulawa mai zaman kanta ba. Likitan yara na Scotland George Armstrong, wanda ya kafa asibitin farko na Burtaniya, a cikin 1769, ya yi adawa da kulawar marasa lafiya ga yara marasa lafiya. Armstrong ya ce:<blockquote>Amma karamin tunani zai tabbatar da duk wani mai tunani cewa irin wannan Shirin kamar wannan ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. Idan ka ɗauki yaro mara lafiya ga Iyayensa ko Nurse, nan da nan ka karya zuciyarsa.<ref name="BeukersMoll1989">{{cite book|author1=H. Beukers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1sZWKMtAD8C&pg=PA27|title=Clinical Teaching, Past and Present|author2=John Michael Henderson Moll|publisher=Rodopi|year=1989|isbn=978-90-5183-082-8|page=27|accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref></blockquote>Rashin yarda da shigarwa wani lokacin ya dogara ne akan dalilai masu amfani, misali rage barazanar kamuwa da cuta daga yara masu cututtuka kamar [[typhus]], diphtheria da [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], wadanda suka kasance babban dalilin mutuwar jarirai. Yanayin son rai na asibitoci yana nufin cewa irin wannan barkewar cutar tana da tsada sosai. === Misalai na ƙarni na 19 === A tsakiyar karni na 19 na yammacin duniya, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da likitoci sun ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin yara a cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Kodayake mutuwar jarirai ta fara raguwa, har yanzu ya kasance sanannen batun. Masu gyara zamantakewa sun zargi fitowar masana'antu da iyaye matalauta saboda rashin kula da yaransu yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarun 1870, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya shine cewa yara sun fi dacewa ta hanyar kai su asibiti, nesa da sau da yawa matalauta, yanayin rashin tsabta a gida.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> A mayar da martani, masu gyarawa da likitoci sun kafa asibitocin yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> A farkon karni na 19, asibitocin yara sun buɗe a manyan birane a duk faɗin Turai. Asibitin farko da aka amince da shi shi ne Hôpital des Enfants Malades a [[Faris|Paris]], wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1802. An kafa Babban Asibitin Ormond Street a [[Landan]] a 1852, kuma shine asibitin yara na farko na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity |url=http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175357/http://www.gosh.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> An kirkiro Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia a Pennsylvania a 1855. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |url=http://www.chop.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629134735/http://www.chop.edu/ |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2016-04-08 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia}}</ref> Asibitin Royal don Yara Marasa Lafiya, Edinburgh shine asibitin yara na farko a Scotland kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1860. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |pages=211–15 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, Ontario shine asibitin yara na farko na Kanada kuma an buɗe shi a shekara ta 1875. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History and milestones |url=http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301132659/http://www.sickkids.ca/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, yawan asibitocin yara ya ninka sau uku a Kanada da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1850 zuwa kusan 1910, yawancin birane a Burtaniya sun gina asibitocin yara, wanda ya haɗa da manyan asibitoci kamar Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Babban Asibitin Ormond Street da Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.<ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na yammacin farko cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da gudummawa ta son rai, da kuma bincike. Sau da yawa, ana iya shigar da yara ne kawai idan an tallafa musu da wasika ta shawarwari daga wani asibiti. An tura "matalauta marasa cancanta" zuwa asibitocin asibitoci, yayin da ake kula da yara na tsakiya, kuma ana aiki da su, a gida. Asibitoci sun kafa nasu dokoki kuma suna da nasu hanyar aiki, gami da tsara shigarwa. Sau da yawa suna ware yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyu a kan dalilai na jin kai da na zahiri kuma galibi suna jinkirin shigar da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta dogon lokaci saboda tsoron cewa waɗannan rayuka za su ɓace ko kuma cewa kulawa ta dogon zango za ta toshe gadaje ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="jch3">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Ruth |date=5 January 2010 |title=Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child |journal=Journal of Child Health Care |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/1367493509347058 |pmid=20051502 |s2cid=206719396}}</ref> Asibitocin yara na farko sun fi mayar da hankali kan kulawa ta gajeren lokaci da kuma kula da cututtuka masu sauƙi maimakon kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci. Magani da cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtuttuka a asibitocin yara na farko na iya haifar da yaduwar cutar a duk asibitin wanda zai zubar da albarkatun da suka riga sun iyakance. Cutar da ta fi tsanani a asibitin yara za ta haifar da mutuwar da yawa fiye da rayuka da aka ceto kuma saboda haka za ta karfafa ra'ayin da ya gabata cewa mutane galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> === Kwarewar Asibitocin Yara === A cikin karni na 19, an sami canjin zamantakewa a yadda ake kallon yara. Wannan canjin ya cire wasu daga cikin ikon iyaye kuma ya sanya shi a hannun masu sana'a. A farkon karni na 20, lafiyar yaro ta kara da alaƙa da likitoci da asibitoci. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon ayyukan lasisi, kafa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da kuma sababbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya da aka gabatar a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin fannoni na kiwon lafiya sun ba likitoci damar gina ayyukansu ta hanyar "suna kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, kula da gwada sabbin hanyoyin warkewa ga matalauta marasa lafiya, da kuma koyar da ɗaliban likita. " Don kara girman matsayinsu, likitoci sun fara shirya asibitocin yara; ta hanyar yin hakan, ya kuma kawo hankali da muhimmancin ƙwarewarsu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya dace. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=David |date=October 2005 |title=Not Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=331–354 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400002747 |s2cid=162917903}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kulawar mata ta son rai ko ta addini ta hanyar kulawa da ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da su. == Masu sukar kula da asibiti na yara == A tarihi, asibitocin yara da yawa sun iyakance ikon yara da iyaye don hulɗa, kamar ta hanyar iyakance lokutan ziyara. An soki wannan hanyar shekaru da yawa kafin sauye-sauye a aikace ya faru. Likita James Henderson Nicholl na asibitin Glasgow na yara marasa lafiya, wanda ya fara aikin tiyata na rana kamar Hernia da cleft palate, ya bayyana a cikin 1909 cewa: '[Ni] yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2, akwai wasu ayyukan tiyata da gaske waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su da kyau a cikin sassan marasa lafiya kamar yadda yake a cikin unguwanni.' Nicholl ya yi imanin cewa asibiti ba lallai ba ne, kuma iyayensu sun fi kula da yara daga gidansu da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke ziyara da ke ziungaka yau da kullun. Nicholl ya yi jayayya cewa "rabuwa da uwa sau da yawa yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicoll |first=James H. |date=18 September 1909 |title=The Surgery of Infancy |url=http://drcesarramirez.com/files/te_interesa/Nicoll_THE_SURGERY_OF_INFANCY.pdf |journal=British Medical Journal |pages=753–754 |access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasa, wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya na biyu, likitocin kwakwalwa sun nuna damuwa game da yara da ke nesa da iyaye, kamar a lokacin asibiti. Harry Edelston, wani Likitan kwakwalwa a Leeds, ya ba da cikakken bayani cewa yara sun lalace ta hanyar kasancewa a asibiti. A zamanin bayan yakin, masu sukar sun zama masu yawa kuma an gudanar da bincike don bincika yiwuwar cutar. René Spitz, wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Austrian-Amurka, ya wallafa wata kasida a 1945 inda ya lura da mummunar tasirin asibiti, bisa ga bincikensa tare da yara masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitz |first=Rene A. |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hospitalism An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood |journal=The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126 |pmid=21004303}}</ref> LA Perry ya rubuta wani labarin Lancet na 1947 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙuntatawa na ziyarar iyaye a kan yara da ke asibiti. Koyaya, Edelston ya rubuta a cikin 1948, cewa yawancin waɗannan abokan aiki har yanzu sun ki yarda da raunin asibiti Bowlby ya yi nazarin ɓarayi 44 kuma ya gano cewa adadi mai yawa ya sami rabuwa da mahaifiyarsu da wuri. A shekara ta 1949, ya yi amfani da bayanan don rubuta rahoto ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara marasa gida a bayan yakin Turai.<ref name="Karen19942" /> Tare da gabatar da penicillin a cikin mafi yawan al'ummar kiwon lafiya a cikin shekarun 1940, an cire babban ƙin yarda da likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, cewa ziyarar iyaye a cikin unguwanni na asibiti da aka gabatar da cututtukan giciye. Wani babban bita a cikin 1949, a cikin watanni 11, ya nuna cewa yara da aka shigar da su a cikin unguwanni 26 a asibitoci 14 ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin ziyara da kamuwa da cuta daga iyaye zuwa yara ba. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan aiki na likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, har yanzu suna ba da babbar ƙiyayya ga ziyara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=A. G. |last2=Lewis-Faning |first2=E. |date=17 September 1949 |title=Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=4628 |pages=616–619 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616 |pmc=2051037 |pmid=18140555}}</ref> AD Hunt ya ba da rahoton cewa:<blockquote>Yaron da ke asibiti an dauke shi a matsayin na'urar halitta, mafi kyau ba tare da iyayensa ba waɗanda, a cikin sa'o'i na ziyarar mako-mako ko na mako-mayoyi, suna da guba sosai a tasirin su, suna haifar da hayaniya, yawanci halayyar rikici, da kuma ƙin ma'aikatan asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=A.D. |date=November 1974 |title=On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach |journal=Pediatrics |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=542–546 |doi=10.1542/peds.54.5.542 |pmid=4616215 |s2cid=39091723}}</ref></blockquote>Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby, wanda a baya ya soki tsarin kwashewa yakin duniya na biyu da ke raba iyaye da yara, da mataimakinsa na bincike a Asibitin Tavistock, James Robertson, ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Scotland kuma masanin ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ya yi bincike game da rabuwa da yara daga iyayensu yayin zaman asibiti kuma ya soki mummunan tasirin da ke tattare da manufofin iyakantaccen ziyara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop-Shields |first=Linda |last2=Mohay |first2=Heather |date=20 December 2001 |title=John Bowlby and James Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x |pmid=11442682}}</ref><ref name="nch1">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=James |date=10 December 1958 |title=Going to Hospital with Mother |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=52 |issue=381 |pages=381–3; discussion 383–4 |doi=10.1177/003591575905200518 |pmc=1869195 |pmid=13658166}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, 'yan siyasa na Burtaniya sun damu sosai game da tasirin manufofin asibitin yara don ƙirƙirar kwamiti don bincika jin daɗin yara marasa lafiya a asibiti. Wannan kwamitin ya samar da Rahoton Platt na 1959, yana ba da shawarar cewa yara ya kamata su sami damar zuwa ga iyayensu yayin da suke rashin lafiya. Rahoton yana da tasiri ga kula da yara a asibiti a Burtaniya da [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Yin amfani da bayanan fitar da asibiti daga 2003 zuwa 2011, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Inganci (AHRQ) ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin jimlar farashin asibiti, matsakaicin farashin asibiti. Hukumar ta gano cewa ga yara masu shekaru 0-17, jimlar farashin ya karu da sauri don asibitin tiyata kuma ya ragu saboda rauni a asibiti. Bugu da ƙari, matsakaicin farashin asibiti, ko farashin kowane fitarwa, ya karu da akalla 2% ga duk asibitoci kuma ana sa ran ya karu da aƙalla 4% har zuwa 2013. Baya ga wannan shine asibitin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya ga karuwar kashi 1.2%, kuma an tsara shi don karuwa kawai 0.9% ta hanyar 2013. Duk da hauhawar farashin da farashi a kowane fitarwa, asibiti (sai dai asibiti na lafiyar kwakwalwa) ga yara masu shekaru 0-17 sun ragu a lokaci guda, kuma an tsara su don ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM |date=July 2014 |title=Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211617/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref> A cikin 2006-2011, yawan amfani da sashen gaggawa (ED) a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara ɗaya ba, amma mafi ƙasƙanci ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 1-17. Yawan amfani da ED ga marasa lafiya da ba su kai shekara guda ba ya ragu a lokaci guda; wannan shine kawai rukunin shekaru da ya ga raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A |date=September 2014 |title=Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224220/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2014-10-20}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2012, ci gaban matsakaicin farashin asibiti a kowane zama a Amurka ya kasance mafi girma ga marasa lafiya masu shekaru 17 da ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A |date=October 2014 |title=Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |url-status=live |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104404/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb181-Hospital-Costs-United-States-2012.jsp |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> A cikin 2012 akwai kusan asibiti miliyan 5.9 ga yara a Amurka, daga cikinsu miliyan 3.9 ne ne da aka haifa kuma 104,700 ne da aka yi wa matasa masu juna biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A |date=December 2014 |title=Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |url-status=live |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186 |pmid=25695124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070927/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb187-Hospital-Stays-Children-2012.jsp |archive-date=2018-09-24 |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nggf4tx2cqywwohgawq4j6tgosnn7ub Cibiyar Yara ta Birnin New York 0 154645 846505 2026-06-04T05:05:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331141136|New York City Children's Center]]" 846505 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Yara ta Birnin New York (NYCCC) asibiti ne na kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara da matasa a birnin New York, wanda Ofishin Lafiyar Hankali na Jihar New York (OMH) ke gudanarwa.[1] Tana ba da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta hali a asibiti da kuma a waje ta hanyar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa a birnin. Tana da isasshen wurin zama mai gadaje 184 da kuma kasafin kuɗi na gadaje 92 kamar na 2025.[2][3] == Tarihi == An kafa harabar Bronx ta NYCCC a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Bronx a cikin wani cibiyar OMH wanda ya haɗa da cibiyar kula da yara. A cikin 2016, yana da damar yin gadaje 86. A cikin 2022, an sami raguwa a cikin gadajen asibiti na yara a ƙarƙashin OMH na New York "Transformation Plan, " tare da raguwa mafi mahimmanci da ke faruwa a NYCCC a cikin 2021. A cikin 2025, ofishin Gwamna Kathy Hochul ya ba da sanarwar bude wani asibitin asibiti mai gado 21 na matasa a harabar NYCCC Bronx, wanda Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Montefiore ke sarrafawa.<ref name="Hochul_1000Beds_2025">{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2025 |title=Mental Health Milestone: Governor Hochul Announces 1,000 Psychiatric Beds Opened Across New York Since Taking Office |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/mental-health-milestone-governor-hochul-announces-1000-psychiatric-beds-opened-across-new-york |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=Governor Kathy Hochul}}</ref> === Cibiyar Brooklyn === ps2uvjp5r8m1zcji6vztzu0wgan6u2f 846540 846505 2026-06-04T05:18:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Yara ta Birnin New York (NYCCC) asibiti ne na kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara da matasa a birnin New York, wanda Ofishin Lafiyar Hankali na Jihar New York (OMH) ke gudanarwa.[1] Tana ba da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta hali a asibiti da kuma a waje ta hanyar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa a birnin. Tana da isasshen wurin zama mai gadaje 184 da kuma kasafin kuɗi na gadaje 92 kamar na 2025.[2][3] == Tarihi == An kafa harabar Bronx ta NYCCC a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Bronx a cikin wani cibiyar OMH wanda ya haɗa da cibiyar kula da yara. A cikin 2016, yana da damar yin gadaje 86. A cikin 2022, an sami raguwa a cikin gadajen asibiti na yara a ƙarƙashin OMH na New York "Transformation Plan, " tare da raguwa mafi mahimmanci da ke faruwa a NYCCC a cikin 2021. A cikin 2025, ofishin Gwamna Kathy Hochul ya ba da sanarwar bude wani asibitin asibiti mai gado 21 na matasa a harabar NYCCC Bronx, wanda Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Montefiore ke sarrafawa.<ref name="Hochul_1000Beds_2025">{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2025 |title=Mental Health Milestone: Governor Hochul Announces 1,000 Psychiatric Beds Opened Across New York Since Taking Office |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/mental-health-milestone-governor-hochul-announces-1000-psychiatric-beds-opened-across-new-york |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=Governor Kathy Hochul}}</ref> === Cibiyar Brooklyn === == Manazarta == kgl4ymf9u1oix9rsttq3zp3n2i5d5vc Kungiyar Asibitin Yara 0 154646 846506 2026-06-04T05:05:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352303768|Children's Hospital Association]]" 846506 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  The Children's Hospital Association (CHA), kungiya ce ta Asibitocin yara tare da mambobi sama da 200 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Autiraliya]], [[kanada]], [[Italiya|Itali]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Association |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/About-Us/About-the-Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317105808/https://www.childrenshospitals.org/About-Us/About-the-Association |archive-date=2016-03-17 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Children's Hospital Association}}</ref> CHA tana da ofisoshi a Lenexa, Kansas da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. == Aikin == Kungiyar tana inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin dukan yara da iyalansu ta hanyar tallafawa asibitocin yara da tsarin kiwon lafiya ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Association |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/about-cha/about/about-the-association |access-date=2024-02-27 |publisher=Children's Hospital Association |language=en}}</ref> CHA tana aiki don tabbatar da damar duk yara ga kiwon lafiya da ci gaba da ikon asibitocin yara don samar da ayyukan da yara ke buƙata. CHA tana daidaita shawarwarin tarayya a madadin asibitocin membobinsu, tare da samar da ayyuka iri-iri ciki har da inganta inganci, nazarin bayanai da sabis na inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs & Services |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Programs-and-Services |access-date=2018-06-06 |publisher=Children's Hospital Association |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == lju2fo6z63k5tknthcp7mvcg91f0k9p 846541 846506 2026-06-04T05:19:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846541 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Databox}} The Children's Hospital Association (CHA), kungiya ce ta Asibitocin yara tare da mambobi sama da 200 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Autiraliya]], [[kanada]], [[Italiya|Itali]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Association |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/About-Us/About-the-Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317105808/https://www.childrenshospitals.org/About-Us/About-the-Association |archive-date=2016-03-17 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Children's Hospital Association}}</ref> CHA tana da ofisoshi a Lenexa, Kansas da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. == Aikin == Kungiyar tana inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin dukan yara da iyalansu ta hanyar tallafawa asibitocin yara da tsarin kiwon lafiya ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Association |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/about-cha/about/about-the-association |access-date=2024-02-27 |publisher=Children's Hospital Association |language=en}}</ref> CHA tana aiki don tabbatar da damar duk yara ga kiwon lafiya da ci gaba da ikon asibitocin yara don samar da ayyukan da yara ke buƙata. CHA tana daidaita shawarwarin tarayya a madadin asibitocin membobinsu, tare da samar da ayyuka iri-iri ciki har da inganta inganci, nazarin bayanai da sabis na inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs & Services |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Programs-and-Services |access-date=2018-06-06 |publisher=Children's Hospital Association |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == besrbj5ypm4powuv64tg8kuy95lwlo9 Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr 0 154647 846507 2026-06-04T05:06:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342402426|Al-Nasr Children's Hospital]]" 846507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, Doctors Without Borders sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> On 29 November, during a temporary ceasefire after the withdrawal of Israeli occupation forces from the area, Al-Mashhad channel correspondent Mohamed Hamed Balousha managed to enter Al-Nasr Hospital for Children. His video footage showed the aftermath of the hospital's evacuation, with the horrifying scenes of decomposing remains of five premature babies still in their incubators in the intensive care unit, which the IDF prevented from being removed and buried.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Balousha was shot and injured by an IDF sniper in 2023 and killed in 2024 by a deliberate drone attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.[1] IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == szjws9ydodqicqqlnqodrdna9zmba8c 846542 846507 2026-06-04T05:20:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, Doctors Without Borders sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> On 29 November, during a temporary ceasefire after the withdrawal of Israeli occupation forces from the area, Al-Mashhad channel correspondent Mohamed Hamed Balousha managed to enter Al-Nasr Hospital for Children. His video footage showed the aftermath of the hospital's evacuation, with the horrifying scenes of decomposing remains of five premature babies still in their incubators in the intensive care unit, which the IDF prevented from being removed and buried.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Balousha was shot and injured by an IDF sniper in 2023 and killed in 2024 by a deliberate drone attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.[1] IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8go7odov21yd4wsk4vwnbucf5ehyt0c 846572 846542 2026-06-04T05:28:26Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, Doctors Without Borders sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On 29 November, during a temporary ceasefire after the withdrawal of Israeli occupation forces from the area, Al-Mashhad channel correspondent Mohamed Hamed Balousha managed to enter Al-Nasr Hospital for Children. His video footage showed the aftermath of the hospital's evacuation, with the horrifying scenes of decomposing remains of five premature babies still in their incubators in the intensive care unit, which the IDF prevented from being removed and buried.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Balousha was shot and injured by an IDF sniper in 2023 and killed in 2024 by a deliberate drone attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.[1] IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == ncx6fzpe62wrambvmqsdpm8f23b9wnk 846579 846572 2026-06-04T05:34:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, ''Doctors Without Borders'' sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a yayin tsagita wuta na dan lokaci bayan sojojin da suka mamaye na Izraila sun janye daga yankain, jami'in labarai na Al-Mashad Mohamed Hamed ya samu ya shiga asibitin yaran. Bidiyon da ya dauka ya nuna mummunan yanayi a asibitin yaran, gawar jarirai guda biyar da suke cikin kwalba wand IDF suka hana a cire a birne.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Sojojin IDF sun harbi Balousha kuma sun masa rauni a 2023 sannan an kashe shi a 2024 ta sanadiyar harin jirgin drine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.[1] IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6sot4lqaelaezzpjad30c5ads1ci8ey 846582 846579 2026-06-04T05:35:58Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, ''Doctors Without Borders'' sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a yayin tsagita wuta na dan lokaci bayan sojojin da suka mamaye na Izraila sun janye daga yankain, jami'in labarai na Al-Mashad Mohamed Hamed ya samu ya shiga asibitin yaran. Bidiyon da ya dauka ya nuna mummunan yanayi a asibitin yaran, gawar jarirai guda biyar da suke cikin kwalba wand IDF suka hana a cire a birne.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Sojojin IDF sun harbi Balousha kuma sun masa rauni a 2023<ref>Harb, Hajar. "Journalist who broke story on decomposing babies in Gaza is shot, injured". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref> sannan an kashe shi a 2024 ta sanadiyar harin jirgin drine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.[1] IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == cvyaz211ltxtlrhzt1avsj8pg8bvqzr 846586 846582 2026-06-04T05:38:15Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, ''Doctors Without Borders'' sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a yayin tsagita wuta na dan lokaci bayan sojojin da suka mamaye na Izraila sun janye daga yankain, jami'in labarai na Al-Mashad Mohamed Hamed ya samu ya shiga asibitin yaran. Bidiyon da ya dauka ya nuna mummunan yanayi a asibitin yaran, gawar jarirai guda biyar da suke cikin kwalba wand IDF suka hana a cire a birne.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Sojojin IDF sun harbi Balousha kuma sun masa rauni a 2023<ref>Harb, Hajar. "Journalist who broke story on decomposing babies in Gaza is shot, injured". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref> sannan an kashe shi a 2024 ta sanadiyar harin jirgin drine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki. IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6i2adczdzstgkc55qvdbocte3x70x5j 846587 846586 2026-06-04T05:38:28Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, ''Doctors Without Borders'' sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a yayin tsagita wuta na dan lokaci bayan sojojin da suka mamaye na Izraila sun janye daga yankain, jami'in labarai na Al-Mashad Mohamed Hamed ya samu ya shiga asibitin yaran. Bidiyon da ya dauka ya nuna mummunan yanayi a asibitin yaran, gawar jarirai guda biyar da suke cikin kwalba wand IDF suka hana a cire a birne.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Sojojin IDF sun harbi Balousha kuma sun masa rauni a 2023<ref>Harb, Hajar. "Journalist who broke story on decomposing babies in Gaza is shot, injured". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref> sannan an kashe shi a 2024 ta sanadiyar harin jirgin drine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.<ref>* {{cite web |title=We call for an international investigation into the responsibility of the Israeli army for leaving 5 infants to die in Gaza |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/ar/article/5985/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-5-%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129120513/https://euromedmonitor.org/ar/article/5985/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-5-%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Euro-Med Monitor |language=ar}} * {{cite web |title=Information about the massacre – Decomposing Bodies of Premature Infants |url=https://gigaza.org/en/massacres/decomposing-bodies-of-premature-infants/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Genocide In Gaza}}</ref> IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa ambulanci ba su isa ba. [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == llpi5f9kd6i1tba6uqx6vx5xh9k89uq 846588 846587 2026-06-04T05:39:34Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila */ 846588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr''' (Arabic) asibitin yara ne na gwamnati da ke yammacin [[Birnin Gaza]], Gaza. Yana daga cikin Al-Nasr Medical Complex, kuma ɗayan manyan asibitocin yara na musamman a arewacin Gaza. == Tarihi da iyawa == An kafa asibitin ne a shekarar 1961. Ya zuwa 2021, yana da kusan gadaje 145 da ma'aikatan ma'aikata kusan 270-300 ma'aikata, gami da likitocin likita, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikata masu tallafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da sabis na yara masu yawa, gami da kula da jarirai da jarirai, kulawa mai tsanani, asibitocin marasa lafiya, da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin zuciya, maganin numfashi, likitan yara na gaggawa, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ba su da yaduwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nasr Children's Hospital {{!}} Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/node/529?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org}}</ref> == Matsayi a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gaza == Asibitin Yara na Al-Nasr yana daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da yara na arewacin Gaza, yana ba da dubban yara a kowace shekara. Sau da yawa yana kula da manyan lokuta ciki har da gaggawa na jarirai, rikitarwa daga cututtukan numfashi, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Matsayinta ya zama mahimmanci musamman a cikin lalacewa da rufe wasu asibitoci saboda rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lives of one million children 'hanging by a thread,' as child health services almost collapse across the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/lives-one-million-children-hanging-thread-child-health-services-almost-collapse |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> == 2023 Bombing da kewaye da Isra'ila == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, ''Doctors Without Borders'' sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka kwashe da karfi a asibitin yara na Al-Nasr dole ne su bar jarirai a cikin incubators bayan IDF ta jefa bam a asibitar yara. Sojojin Isra'ila sun hana iyalai zuwa kusa da jarirai, babu wanda zai iya isa asibiti kuma an yi niyya da ambulanci a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilbride |first=Erin |last2=Van Esveld |first2=Bill |date=December 2023 |title=Birth and Death Intertwined in Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201231038/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Claire |title=North Gaza hospitals have turned into 'a graveyard,' Doctors Without Borders says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111070105/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-gaza-palestine-live/#link-RABMZMGPRBAI5CZDYRIOQX2OAU |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a yayin tsagita wuta na dan lokaci bayan sojojin da suka mamaye na Izraila sun janye daga yankain, jami'in labarai na Al-Mashad Mohamed Hamed ya samu ya shiga asibitin yaran. Bidiyon da ya dauka ya nuna mummunan yanayi a asibitin yaran, gawar jarirai guda biyar da suke cikin kwalba wand IDF suka hana a cire a birne.<ref name="Al-Nasr babies">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=Alarming footage shows Israel left premature babies to die alone in Gaza hospital it forcefully evacuated |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129205306/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-left-premature-babies-die-alone-gaza-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> Sojojin IDF sun harbi Balousha kuma sun masa rauni a 2023<ref>Harb, Hajar. "Journalist who broke story on decomposing babies in Gaza is shot, injured". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref> sannan an kashe shi a 2024 ta sanadiyar harin jirgin drine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Balousha |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-balousha/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> Kamfanin kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yuro-Mediterranean na Switzerland ya sami damar 'tabbatar da cewa ya rubuta binciken jarirai biyar da suka mutu kuma suna cikin lalacewa' a cikin wani asibitin jarirai na asibitin Al-Nasr kuma ya yi kira ga bincike na kasa da kasa game da alhakin sojojin Isra'ila don barin jarirai 5 su mutu. Euro-Med, wanda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya jagoranci a kan yankunan Palasdinawa da aka mamaye Richard A. Falk, ya ce an bar jarirai su mutu makonni uku da suka gabata bayan IDF ta tilasta ma'aikatan jinya su bar asibitin, wanda ya kai hari asibitin kuma ya kewaye shi da tankuna sa. A cikin wata shaida darektan asibitin yara na Al-Nasr, Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout, ya bayyana cewa ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Red Cross, don taimako, don ceton rayukan yara biyar masu fama da rashin lafiya, amma bai sami amsa ba. Euro-Med ya tabbatar da cewa bai sami amsa ba. Dokta Mustafa Al-Kahlout ya ambaci cewa ya sanar da wani jami'in sojojin Isra'ila, wanda ya gargadi su game da kwashewar karshe, game da yanayin yara biyar a cikin incubators, yana tabbatar da cewa jami'in ya gaya masa cewa sojojin sun san halin da ake ciki kuma za su dauki mataki.<ref>* {{cite web |title=We call for an international investigation into the responsibility of the Israeli army for leaving 5 infants to die in Gaza |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/ar/article/5985/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-5-%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129120513/https://euromedmonitor.org/ar/article/5985/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83-5-%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Euro-Med Monitor |language=ar}} * {{cite web |title=Information about the massacre – Decomposing Bodies of Premature Infants |url=https://gigaza.org/en/massacres/decomposing-bodies-of-premature-infants/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=Genocide In Gaza}}</ref> IDF ta musanta duk wani shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |title=Israel-Palestine war: Five dead premature babies discovered in Gaza hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129215500/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-dead-premature-babies-nasr-hospital |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Blasts 'Perverse Exploitation of Innocent Lives' After Story About Babies Found Dead in Gaza Hospital Circulates |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201151824/https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/11/30/israel-blasts-perverse-exploitation-innocent-lives-story-babies-found-dead-gaza-hospital-circulates/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Algemeiner}}</ref> A cikin rikodin kiran waya tsakanin Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) da kuma wani jami'in kiwon lafiya, jami'in IDF ya tabbatar da cewa ambulances za su dawo da marasa lafiya daga al-Nasr, amma jami'an asibiti sun bayyana cewa motocin kwana-kwana ba su isa ba.<ref name="A Gaza hospital evacuated, four fragile lives">{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Miriam |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Balousha |first3=Hazem |title=A Gaza hospital evacuated, four fragile lives and a grim discovery |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/03/gaza-premature-babies-dead-nasr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203192834/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/03/gaza-premature-babies-dead-nasr/ |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross]] ta bayyana cewa ta karɓi "ƙoƙari da yawa" don kwashewa daga asibitoci a arewacin Gaza, amma saboda damuwa game da tsaro, "ba ta da hannu a kowane aiki ko kwashewa, kuma ƙungiyoyi ba su yi alkawarin yin hakan ba". Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana hotunan yaran da suka mutu a matsayin " bala'i mara ma'ana".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Allegra |date=8 December 2023 |title=Infants found dead and decomposing in evacuated hospital ICU in Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000811/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/08/middleeast/babies-al-nasr-gaza-hospital-what-we-know-intl/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> == Manazarta == j7fq9tpqqaftcu7e6i4whfrv6f3iv04 Asibitin AMDA 0 154648 846508 2026-06-04T05:06:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330027208|AMDA Hospital]]" 846508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin AMDA - Butwal''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara da Mata na Siddhartha''', an kafa shi ne a watan Nuwamba 1998 a garin Butwal, [[Nepal]]. Wannan shi ne asibitin yara na farko a waje da babban birnin [[Kathmandu]]. Wannan asibitin yana da kusan gadaje 100 kuma ya ba da sabis ga marasa lafiya 22,780 ta hanyar 2061 BS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital |url=http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022110609/http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 |publisher=Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA)}}</ref> Asibitin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnatin [[Nepal]], karamar hukumar Butwal, Tarayyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Nepal (FNCCI) , da AMDA. An gina asibitin a cikin kimanin 10 bighas na ƙasar da hukumomin yankin suka bayar. Asibitin yana ba da sabis na NICU da PICU. == Tarihi == INGO ta Japan ce ta ba da kuɗin wannan asibitin.[1] A cewar shafin yanar gizon wannan asibitin, jaridar Japan 'Mainichi' ta dauki matakin tara kudade don gina wannan asibitun kuma wani masanin gine-ginen Japan mai suna Mista Ando Tadao ya ba da kansa don tsara asibitin. Asibitin da kansa an sanya masa suna ne bayan sunan Buddha tun yana yaro, Siddhartha . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] An gina asibitin ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga wadanda suka kamu da girgizar kasa mai girma a Hanshin wadanda Nepal ta taimaka musu bayan girgizar kasar ta 1995. == Gine-gine == Tsarin yana da mahimmanci ga gine-gine. An tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanannen masanin gine-ginen Japan Tadao Ando, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker Architecture ta 1995. == Manazart == dkoc4ubhdj456q7td8ui62n20awvh1c 846544 846508 2026-06-04T05:20:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin AMDA - Butwal''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara da Mata na Siddhartha''', an kafa shi ne a watan Nuwamba 1998 a garin Butwal, [[Nepal]]. Wannan shi ne asibitin yara na farko a waje da babban birnin [[Kathmandu]]. Wannan asibitin yana da kusan gadaje 100 kuma ya ba da sabis ga marasa lafiya 22,780 ta hanyar 2061 BS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital |url=http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022110609/http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 |publisher=Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA)}}</ref> Asibitin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnatin [[Nepal]], karamar hukumar Butwal, Tarayyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Nepal (FNCCI) , da AMDA. An gina asibitin a cikin kimanin 10 bighas na ƙasar da hukumomin yankin suka bayar. Asibitin yana ba da sabis na NICU da PICU. == Tarihi == INGO ta Japan ce ta ba da kuɗin wannan asibitin.[1] A cewar shafin yanar gizon wannan asibitin, jaridar Japan 'Mainichi' ta dauki matakin tara kudade don gina wannan asibitun kuma wani masanin gine-ginen Japan mai suna Mista Ando Tadao ya ba da kansa don tsara asibitin. Asibitin da kansa an sanya masa suna ne bayan sunan Buddha tun yana yaro, Siddhartha . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] An gina asibitin ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga wadanda suka kamu da girgizar kasa mai girma a Hanshin wadanda Nepal ta taimaka musu bayan girgizar kasar ta 1995. == Gine-gine == Tsarin yana da mahimmanci ga gine-gine. An tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanannen masanin gine-ginen Japan Tadao Ando, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker Architecture ta 1995. == Manazart == dcu1jfn8w848ck0bukb2w63yzlzap92 846559 846544 2026-06-04T05:25:37Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin AMDA - Butwal''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara da Mata na Siddhartha''', an kafa shi ne a watan Nuwamba 1998 a garin Butwal, [[Nepal]]. Wannan shi ne asibitin yara na farko a waje da babban birnin [[Kathmandu]]. Wannan asibitin yana da kusan gadaje 100 kuma ya ba da sabis ga marasa lafiya 22,780 ta hanyar 2061 BS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital |url=http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022110609/http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 |publisher=Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA)}}</ref> Asibitin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnatin [[Nepal]], karamar hukumar Butwal, Tarayyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Nepal (FNCCI) , da AMDA. An gina asibitin a cikin kimanin 10 bighas na ƙasar da hukumomin yankin suka bayar. Asibitin yana ba da sabis na NICU da PICU. == Tarihi == INGO ta Japan ce ta ba da kuɗin wannan asibitin.<ref>Embassy of Japan in Nepal, n.d. URL <nowiki>https://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/ann/191110.html</nowiki> (accessed 7.27.20)</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon wannan asibitin, jaridar Japan 'Mainichi' ta dauki matakin tara kudade don gina wannan asibitun kuma wani masanin gine-ginen Japan mai suna Mista Ando Tadao ya ba da kansa don tsara asibitin. Asibitin da kansa an sanya masa suna ne bayan sunan Buddha tun yana yaro, Siddhartha . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] An gina asibitin ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga wadanda suka kamu da girgizar kasa mai girma a Hanshin wadanda Nepal ta taimaka musu bayan girgizar kasar ta 1995. == Gine-gine == Tsarin yana da mahimmanci ga gine-gine. An tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanannen masanin gine-ginen Japan Tadao Ando, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker Architecture ta 1995. == Manazart == ifwhr3zgw2g9pvbsqto9ihdlvzljzw9 846561 846559 2026-06-04T05:26:00Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Tarihi */ 846561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin AMDA - Butwal''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara da Mata na Siddhartha''', an kafa shi ne a watan Nuwamba 1998 a garin Butwal, [[Nepal]]. Wannan shi ne asibitin yara na farko a waje da babban birnin [[Kathmandu]]. Wannan asibitin yana da kusan gadaje 100 kuma ya ba da sabis ga marasa lafiya 22,780 ta hanyar 2061 BS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital |url=http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022110609/http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 |publisher=Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA)}}</ref> Asibitin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnatin [[Nepal]], karamar hukumar Butwal, Tarayyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Nepal (FNCCI) , da AMDA. An gina asibitin a cikin kimanin 10 bighas na ƙasar da hukumomin yankin suka bayar. Asibitin yana ba da sabis na NICU da PICU. == Tarihi == INGO ta Japan ce ta ba da kuɗin wannan asibitin.<ref>Embassy of Japan in Nepal, n.d. URL <nowiki>https://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/ann/191110.html</nowiki> (accessed 7.27.20)</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon wannan asibitin, jaridar Japan 'Mainichi' ta dauki matakin tara kudade don gina wannan asibitun kuma wani masanin gine-ginen Japan mai suna Mista Ando Tadao ya ba da kansa don tsara asibitin. Asibitin da kansa an sanya masa suna ne bayan sunan Buddha tun yana yaro, Siddhartha . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] An gina asibitin ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga wadanda suka kamu da girgizar kasa mai girma a Hanshin wadanda Nepal ta taimaka musu bayan girgizar kasar ta 1995.<ref>Doctor from Nepalese hospital funded by Hanshin quake victims visits Japan, 2017. . Mainichi Daily News.</ref> == Gine-gine == Tsarin yana da mahimmanci ga gine-gine. An tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanannen masanin gine-ginen Japan Tadao Ando, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker Architecture ta 1995. == Manazart == 9s4w0yhisq6zo3d2df3ico43vyke4pv 846565 846561 2026-06-04T05:26:22Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Gine-gine */ 846565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin AMDA - Butwal''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara da Mata na Siddhartha''', an kafa shi ne a watan Nuwamba 1998 a garin Butwal, [[Nepal]]. Wannan shi ne asibitin yara na farko a waje da babban birnin [[Kathmandu]]. Wannan asibitin yana da kusan gadaje 100 kuma ya ba da sabis ga marasa lafiya 22,780 ta hanyar 2061 BS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital |url=http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022110609/http://www.amda.org.np/content/view/18/29/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 |publisher=Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA)}}</ref> Asibitin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnatin [[Nepal]], karamar hukumar Butwal, Tarayyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Nepal (FNCCI) , da AMDA. An gina asibitin a cikin kimanin 10 bighas na ƙasar da hukumomin yankin suka bayar. Asibitin yana ba da sabis na NICU da PICU. == Tarihi == INGO ta Japan ce ta ba da kuɗin wannan asibitin.<ref>Embassy of Japan in Nepal, n.d. URL <nowiki>https://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/ann/191110.html</nowiki> (accessed 7.27.20)</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon wannan asibitin, jaridar Japan 'Mainichi' ta dauki matakin tara kudade don gina wannan asibitun kuma wani masanin gine-ginen Japan mai suna Mista Ando Tadao ya ba da kansa don tsara asibitin. Asibitin da kansa an sanya masa suna ne bayan sunan Buddha tun yana yaro, Siddhartha . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] An gina asibitin ne ta hanyar gudummawa daga wadanda suka kamu da girgizar kasa mai girma a Hanshin wadanda Nepal ta taimaka musu bayan girgizar kasar ta 1995.<ref>Doctor from Nepalese hospital funded by Hanshin quake victims visits Japan, 2017. . Mainichi Daily News.</ref> == Gine-gine == Tsarin yana da mahimmanci ga gine-gine. An tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanannen masanin gine-ginen Japan Tadao Ando, wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker Architecture ta 1995.<ref>Swati Pujari (September–October 2010). "A Dialogue between Form and Function". SPACES. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.</ref> == Manazart == p4s3eadt959adrpzmbz0su7zrz65725 Bērnu Klīniskā Jami'ar Slimnīca 0 154649 846509 2026-06-04T05:06:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330058342|Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca]]" 846509 wikitext text/x-wiki Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki. == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.[1] Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. [2] A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti. == Manazarta == 2obdmrhejf310he8zopj3826dunvku7 846545 846509 2026-06-04T05:21:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki. == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.[1] Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. [2] A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti. == Manazarta == 5yd4glxqbtvc38lslop497g6l4oozz6 846549 846545 2026-06-04T05:23:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ayyukan da aka bayar */ 846549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Būvniecības izmaksu kāpuma dēļ par 885 000 eiro sadārdzinājušies Bērnu slimnīcas jaunā korpusa būvdarbi |url=https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/biznesa_vide/buvniecibas-izmaksu-kapuma-del-par-885-000-eiro-sadardzinajusies-bernu-slimnicas-jauna-korpusa-buvdarbi.d?id=54872892 |access-date=10 November 2022 |ref=Delfi Business}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.[1] Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. [2] A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti. == Manazarta == 574zdlokhj2nj9uk3cp4pk1g85e89xv 846552 846549 2026-06-04T05:23:56Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ayyukan da aka bayar */ 846552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Būvniecības izmaksu kāpuma dēļ par 885 000 eiro sadārdzinājušies Bērnu slimnīcas jaunā korpusa būvdarbi |url=https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/biznesa_vide/buvniecibas-izmaksu-kapuma-del-par-885-000-eiro-sadardzinajusies-bernu-slimnicas-jauna-korpusa-buvdarbi.d?id=54872892 |access-date=10 November 2022 |ref=Delfi Business}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.<ref>"FOTO. Ieskaties! Ko spēj norīt mazs bērns un kādas tam ir sekas". Veselam. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. [2] A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti. == Manazarta == m8sitezmelpr54df0opat43a90gmiw8 846553 846552 2026-06-04T05:24:18Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ayyukan da aka bayar */ 846553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Būvniecības izmaksu kāpuma dēļ par 885 000 eiro sadārdzinājušies Bērnu slimnīcas jaunā korpusa būvdarbi |url=https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/biznesa_vide/buvniecibas-izmaksu-kapuma-del-par-885-000-eiro-sadardzinajusies-bernu-slimnicas-jauna-korpusa-buvdarbi.d?id=54872892 |access-date=10 November 2022 |ref=Delfi Business}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.<ref>"FOTO. Ieskaties! Ko spēj norīt mazs bērns un kādas tam ir sekas". Veselam. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019.<ref>"Empātijas lielā nozīme darbā". Diena. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti. == Manazarta == cor9ua9awqvvtq9uf65sewsr4fylbgg 846556 846553 2026-06-04T05:24:42Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ayyukan da aka bayar */ 846556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca (BKUS) ita ce kawai asibitin yara na musamman a [[Riga]], kuma tana daga cikin asibitocin Jami'ar [[Laitfiya|Latvia]]. (Turanci: Asibitin Jami'ar Kula da Yara) <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Birnin Riga ya kafa asibitin yara a cikin 1899 tare da kudaden da wani masanin masana'antu mai arziki, James Armitstead ya bayar. An buɗe wannan asibitin a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1899 tare da gadaje 116. An buɗe asibitin yara na farko na birnin Riga a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1981 tare da gadaje 406. <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca |url=https://www.bkus.lv/old/en/content/about-hospital |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca}}</ref> A cikin 2022, akwai shirin gini wanda zai maye gurbin Sashen Taimako na Kiwon Lafiya na Gaggawa da Kulawa. Za a sami unguwanni guda 32 tare da wuraren tsabtace jiki, gami da unguwanni biyu na magani mai tsanani, unguwanni masu haɗari guda biyu, unguwansi goma na kamuwa da cuta, da kuma unguwanni da suka dace musamman ga marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan hankali, rikice-rikicen motsi, da cututsin autistic. Hakanan zai sami Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta waje tare da kusan 100 karɓar likita, jarrabawa da ɗakunan aiki.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Būvniecības izmaksu kāpuma dēļ par 885 000 eiro sadārdzinājušies Bērnu slimnīcas jaunā korpusa būvdarbi |url=https://www.delfi.lv/bizness/biznesa_vide/buvniecibas-izmaksu-kapuma-del-par-885-000-eiro-sadardzinajusies-bernu-slimnicas-jauna-korpusa-buvdarbi.d?id=54872892 |access-date=10 November 2022 |ref=Delfi Business}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka bayar == Yana da kusan 30,000 aukuwa na marasa lafiya da kuma fiye da 160,000 ziyarar marasa lafiya a shekara. Daga Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 2019, an shigar da yara 1,155 tare da raunin da ya faru saboda haɗiye abubuwa na kasashen waje.<ref>"FOTO. Ieskaties! Ko spēj norīt mazs bērns un kādas tam ir sekas". Veselam. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> Akwai marasa lafiya 225 a cikin sabis na kula da asibiti a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019.<ref>"Empātijas lielā nozīme darbā". Diena. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> A cikin 2019, ta kafa wuraren rajista na dijital 7, tare da Check-In, Flow Manager da Calling software don inganta kwararar marasa lafiya a kusa da ayyukan asibiti.<ref>"Intouch with Health launches patient journey platform in Latvia". Building Better Healthcare. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == 4n8x6jvwdhcw2sl291ww0d8iwqqp1nq Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab 0 154650 846510 2026-06-04T05:06:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330056774|Borg El Arab University Hospital]]" 846510 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar. [1] An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh. [2] === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == r00e897sxsyatgaz4qdng1lgm831xr5 846513 846510 2026-06-04T05:07:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846513 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar. [1] An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh. [2] === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == nybybeksh1l9gak41kr8ttvsvf5xsv6 846524 846513 2026-06-04T05:13:00Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846524 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh. [2] === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 9775lcmb9i9llcqprmsl1vgqlotkd66 846525 846524 2026-06-04T05:13:28Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846525 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == m2uakofxyiryyumqcxinhh9eoqvt07a 846527 846525 2026-06-04T05:13:43Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846527 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab''' (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 6vvqzqql0o4sps9ar1nn2ynp6zemt4g 846529 846527 2026-06-04T05:14:33Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara */ 846529 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab''' (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> == Sassa da kwarewa == === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.[1] A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 7ki3n4ga370x6o3dj2qaz0j0wrdat9y 846531 846529 2026-06-04T05:15:06Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Sassa da kwarewa */ 846531 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab''' (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> == Sassa da kwarewa == === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=University Hospitals |url=https://www.alexu.edu.eg/index.php/en/faculties-centers/au-hospitals |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Alexandria University}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 9hu5e3aee6390l9hodvg976d26cxrqw 846534 846531 2026-06-04T05:16:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Hoton hoto */ 846534 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab''' (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> == Sassa da kwarewa == === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=University Hospitals |url=https://www.alexu.edu.eg/index.php/en/faculties-centers/au-hospitals |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Alexandria University}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == <gallery class="center"> File:Borg El Arab University Hospital 2.jpg File:Borg El Arab University Hospital 1.jpg </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 79nl6aj4ghwp6s0il9apfjppseibk1w 846536 846534 2026-06-04T05:16:54Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Dubi kuma */ 846536 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_2.jpg Fayil:Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital_1.jpg </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab''' (Larabci: مستشفي برج العرب الجامعي) asibitin koyarwa ne. Ɗaya daga cikin Asibitocin Jami'ar Alexandria, an haɗa shi a cibiyar gwamnati ta farko da ta ƙware wajen kula da yara kanana da cutar kansa kyauta a Masar.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=05082020&id=2f9859de-d706-4172-b134-0da67c73b09d |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=shorouknews}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2008 sakamakon haɗin gwiwa da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Masar da ta Holland a matsayin asibitin jami'a. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin New Borg El Arab a gundumar Alexandria, arewacin Masar, a kan faɗin eka 107. Asibitin yana ba da ayyukansa galibi ga mazauna yankunan Alexandria, Kafr El Sheikh, Beheira, da Matrouh.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2020 |title=The first specialized center for the treatment of children's cancer .. "Abdul Ghaffar" inspects Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2007058 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=almasryalyoum}}</ref> == Sassa da kwarewa == === Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Yara === An kafa Cibiyar Kula da Oncology ta Yara a cikin 2018 a matsayin asibiti da ke ƙwarewa a cikin maganin ciwon daji na yara, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Shady Fadel, farfesa na Oncology a Jami'ar Alexandria. Cibiyar a matakin farko ta ƙunshi babban gini a kan yanki na kadada 5, wanda ya ƙunshi bene huɗu; bene na farko don tiyata, na biyu don haematology, na uku don kumburi mai ƙarfi, kuma na huɗu don magani na rana ɗaya. Kudin kafa matakin farko ya kai kimanin E£ 350 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Establishment of Burj Al Arab University Hospital |url=https://www.presidency.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=presidency}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ana yin tiyata 60 a kowane wata.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=University Hospitals |url=https://www.alexu.edu.eg/index.php/en/faculties-centers/au-hospitals |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Alexandria University}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don kafa cibiyar radiotherapy da ke da sabbin kayan aiki. A mataki na biyu, za a gina ƙarin gine-gine 2 a matsayin fadada Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara, da Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji, makarantar ilimi, da asibitin ciwon daji na manya. Tare da damar gadaje 200. === Aikin tiyata a waje === Asibitin ya haɗa da wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya da yawa ban da ilimin kanjamau, waɗanda sune ilimin zuciya, kwakwalwa da jijiyoyi, ilimin mata da haihuwa, ilimin ido, ilimin yara, magani na ciki, abinci mai gina jiki, kunne, hanci da makogwaro, aikin tiyata, maganin jiki, raka'a na dialysis, da kuma orthopedics, ban da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman guda uku sune dakin gwaje na asibiti, microbiology, da dakin gwaje-gidan gwaje na cututtukan cututtukani, kuma ya haɗa da bankin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Borg El Arab University Hospital Pediatric Oncology Center |url=http://auhospitals.alexu.edu.eg/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=auhospitals.alexu}}</ref> == Hoton hoto == <gallery class="center"> File:Borg El Arab University Hospital 2.jpg File:Borg El Arab University Hospital 1.jpg </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar. * Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (Masar) . * Asibitin Jami'ar Al Hadra. == Manazarta == 9fyjtuul4x0qyvn7c2s5pzira09hdia Asibitin Bustamante na Yara 0 154651 846547 2026-06-04T05:23:00Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330058218|Bustamante Hospital for Children]]" 846547 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibitin Jamaica na Yara asibitin yara ne a Kingston, Jamaica, wanda ke kan Arthur Wint Drive a cikin gundumar Kingston 5 na birnin, kusa da filin wasa na Independence Park da mutum-mutumi na Bob Marley . Ita ce kawai asibitin yara tsakanin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin Caribbean. == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin Bustamante na yara a 1963 kuma yana aiki da kusan marasa lafiya 35,887 da 70,331 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERHA |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908065517/http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |archive-date=2009-09-08 |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Yana da gadaje 283 ciki har da gadaje 5 na ICU. Tsohon asibitin sojan Burtaniya ne amma an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara bayan Burtaniya ta bar a 1962 (wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kyauta bayan samun 'yancin Jamaica) kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Firayim Minista na lokacin, Sir Alexander Bustamante .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bustamante Hospital for Children |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/hospitals/bmch# |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=South East Regional Health Authority}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan asibitoci da ake da su sun haɗa da: * Magunguna na gaba ɗaya * Ilimin zuciya * Neurology * [[Cutar Asthma|Cutar huhu]] * Rashin numfashi * Nephrology * Kimiyyar fata * Rashin ƙwaƙwalwa * Babban aikin tiyata * Aikin tiyata * Magungunan Orthopedics * Magungunan fitsari * Kunnuwa, Kunnuwa da Makogwaro (ENT) * Flastik da Wutar * Ilimin ido Har ila yau, asibitin yana da shirin Medical Social Worker wanda ke ba da shawara ga yara. == Kyaututtuka == Asibitin Bustamante na Yara ya sami lambar yabo ta Babban Nursing Administration (SANG award) a shekarar 2012. Wannan lambar yabo ta ƙunshi aiwatar da bin manufofi, halayyar ƙwararru na ma'aikatan jinya da kuma ayyukan ma'aikatan ma'aikatan. == Manazarta == euoz9frupea4rb2492ncwzeg9r2a7mn 846575 846547 2026-06-04T05:31:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Jamaica na Yara asibitin yara ne a Kingston, Jamaica, wanda ke kan Arthur Wint Drive a cikin gundumar Kingston 5 na birnin, kusa da filin wasa na Independence Park da mutum-mutumi na Bob Marley . Ita ce kawai asibitin yara tsakanin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin Caribbean. == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin Bustamante na yara a 1963 kuma yana aiki da kusan marasa lafiya 35,887 da 70,331 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERHA |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908065517/http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |archive-date=2009-09-08 |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Yana da gadaje 283 ciki har da gadaje 5 na ICU. Tsohon asibitin sojan Burtaniya ne amma an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara bayan Burtaniya ta bar a 1962 (wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kyauta bayan samun 'yancin Jamaica) kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Firayim Minista na lokacin, Sir Alexander Bustamante .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bustamante Hospital for Children |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/hospitals/bmch# |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=South East Regional Health Authority}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan asibitoci da ake da su sun haɗa da: * Magunguna na gaba ɗaya * Ilimin zuciya * Neurology * [[Cutar Asthma|Cutar huhu]] * Rashin numfashi * Nephrology * Kimiyyar fata * Rashin ƙwaƙwalwa * Babban aikin tiyata * Aikin tiyata * Magungunan Orthopedics * Magungunan fitsari * Kunnuwa, Kunnuwa da Makogwaro (ENT) * Flastik da Wutar * Ilimin ido Har ila yau, asibitin yana da shirin Medical Social Worker wanda ke ba da shawara ga yara. == Kyaututtuka == Asibitin Bustamante na Yara ya sami lambar yabo ta Babban Nursing Administration (SANG award) a shekarar 2012. Wannan lambar yabo ta ƙunshi aiwatar da bin manufofi, halayyar ƙwararru na ma'aikatan jinya da kuma ayyukan ma'aikatan ma'aikatan. == Manazarta == 84vdu7nrp737j46nfjyzrs756o0c37y Asibitin jariri na Caritas 0 154652 846550 2026-06-04T05:23:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333281303|Caritas Baby Hospital]]" 846550 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibitin Caritas Baby ('''CBH''') shine kawai asibitin yara a cikin yankunan Palasdinawa. Ya fada cikin ikon Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima kuma kungiyoyin Katolika masu zaman kansu Kinderhilfe Bethlehem da Aiuto Bambini Betlemme (Children's Relief Bethlehem) a [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]] da [[Italiya]] ne ke tallafawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2024-05-01 |title=Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem remains a ray of hope in war-torn Holy Land |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/world/caritas-baby-hospital-bethlehem/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en-US |agency=[[OSV News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asibitin an kafa shi ne a 1953 ta hanyar ma'aikacin Caritas Hedwig Vetter, firist Ernst Schnydrig da likitan yara Antoine Dabdoub . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2024-05-01 |title=Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem remains a ray of hope in war-torn Holy Land |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/world/caritas-baby-hospital-bethlehem/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en-US |agency=[[OSV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |url=https://www.kinderhilfe-bethlehem.ch/was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |access-date= |website=kinderhilfe-bethlehem.ch}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara ne da yara 14 daga sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Aida, ana kula da su a cikin ɗakuna biyu da aka hayar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1969, asibitin ya haɗa da umarni daban-daban na nuns, gami da Order of the Holy Cross da Franciscan Elizabethan Sisters of Padua (daga shekara ta 1975); tun daga shekara ta 2025, asibitin yana karbar bakuncin nuns daga Sisters of Charity. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2025-02-24 |title=Nurse sisters create a safe space for mothers, kids at Bethlehem hospital |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/ministry/nurse-sisters-create-safe-space-mothers-kids-bethlehem-hospital |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=[[Global Sisters Report]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Gaza a 2023, asibitin ya buɗe layin waya don ba da shawara ga marasa lafiya da iyalai waɗanda ba su iya ziyartar asibitin ba saboda rufewar hanyar da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi.[1] Kungiyar ma'aikatan zamantakewar asibitin ta kuma iyakance ziyarar su zuwa mafi munin lokuta, saboda "rashin tabbas a kan hanyoyi".[1] Ya zuwa Mayu 2024, asibitin, da kansa yana cikin Westbank, yana kula da yara bakwai daga Gaza; yaran suna shan magani a asibitocin Isra'ila kafin barkewar yaƙin, kuma ba su iya komawa gida ba.[1] == Ayyuka == Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da sashin gaggawa, sashin kulawa mai tsanani, sashin jarirai, da sashin kallo. Sashen ƙwarewa sun haɗa da ilimin zuciya, endocrine, ciyarwa da haɗiyewa, Gastroenterology, kwayoyin halitta da metabolism, Hematology, lafiyar hankali, nephrology, neurology, abinci mai gina jiki, orthopedic, huhu, rheumatology da urology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBH |url=https://www.cbh.ps/en/page/specialized-clinics |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Har ila yau, asibitin yana ba da sabis na bincike (gidan gwaje-gwaje, radiology, gwaje-gaje na musamman), sabis na kiwon lafiya (hidimomin abinci, kantin magani, physiotherapy) da tallafin zamantakewa (hidimomi na zamantakewa, mazaunin uwaye, da kuma gidan wasan yara).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=specialized-clinics |url=https://www.cbh.ps/en/page/specialized-clinics |access-date= |website=Caritas Baby Hospital}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gina wani asibiti kuma an yi niyyar aiki a shekarar 2026. Asibitin yana daukar ma'aikata kusan 250, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |url=https://www.kinderhilfe-bethlehem.de/was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |access-date= |website=kinderhilfe-bethlehem.de}}</ref> == Nazarin da aka haɗa == * {{Cite journal |last=Corradin |first=Lucia |last2=Hindiyeh |first2=Musa |last3=Khaled |first3=Rasha |last4=Rishmawi |first4=Fadi |last5=Zidan |first5=Marwan |last6=Marzouqa |first6=Hiyam |date=2014-03-06 |title=Survey on Infant Hearing Loss at Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem-Palestine |journal=[[Audiology Research]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=99 |doi=10.4081/audiores.2014.99 |issn=2039-4330 |pmc=4627132 |pmid=26557353}} == Manazarta == cemoqa0uw6vj2123bbmysgbclrspnvk 846576 846550 2026-06-04T05:31:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Caritas Baby ('''CBH''') shine kawai asibitin yara a cikin yankunan Palasdinawa. Ya fada cikin ikon Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima kuma kungiyoyin Katolika masu zaman kansu Kinderhilfe Bethlehem da Aiuto Bambini Betlemme (Children's Relief Bethlehem) a [[Switzerland]], [[Jamus]] da [[Italiya]] ne ke tallafawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2024-05-01 |title=Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem remains a ray of hope in war-torn Holy Land |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/world/caritas-baby-hospital-bethlehem/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en-US |agency=[[OSV News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asibitin an kafa shi ne a 1953 ta hanyar ma'aikacin Caritas Hedwig Vetter, firist Ernst Schnydrig da likitan yara Antoine Dabdoub . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2024-05-01 |title=Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem remains a ray of hope in war-torn Holy Land |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/world/caritas-baby-hospital-bethlehem/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en-US |agency=[[OSV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |url=https://www.kinderhilfe-bethlehem.ch/was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |access-date= |website=kinderhilfe-bethlehem.ch}}</ref> Asibitin ya fara ne da yara 14 daga sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Aida, ana kula da su a cikin ɗakuna biyu da aka hayar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1969, asibitin ya haɗa da umarni daban-daban na nuns, gami da Order of the Holy Cross da Franciscan Elizabethan Sisters of Padua (daga shekara ta 1975); tun daga shekara ta 2025, asibitin yana karbar bakuncin nuns daga Sisters of Charity. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sudilovsky |first=Judith |date=2025-02-24 |title=Nurse sisters create a safe space for mothers, kids at Bethlehem hospital |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/ministry/nurse-sisters-create-safe-space-mothers-kids-bethlehem-hospital |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=[[Global Sisters Report]] |language=en}}</ref> Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Gaza a 2023, asibitin ya buɗe layin waya don ba da shawara ga marasa lafiya da iyalai waɗanda ba su iya ziyartar asibitin ba saboda rufewar hanyar da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi.[1] Kungiyar ma'aikatan zamantakewar asibitin ta kuma iyakance ziyarar su zuwa mafi munin lokuta, saboda "rashin tabbas a kan hanyoyi".[1] Ya zuwa Mayu 2024, asibitin, da kansa yana cikin Westbank, yana kula da yara bakwai daga Gaza; yaran suna shan magani a asibitocin Isra'ila kafin barkewar yaƙin, kuma ba su iya komawa gida ba.[1] == Ayyuka == Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da sashin gaggawa, sashin kulawa mai tsanani, sashin jarirai, da sashin kallo. Sashen ƙwarewa sun haɗa da ilimin zuciya, endocrine, ciyarwa da haɗiyewa, Gastroenterology, kwayoyin halitta da metabolism, Hematology, lafiyar hankali, nephrology, neurology, abinci mai gina jiki, orthopedic, huhu, rheumatology da urology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBH |url=https://www.cbh.ps/en/page/specialized-clinics |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Har ila yau, asibitin yana ba da sabis na bincike (gidan gwaje-gwaje, radiology, gwaje-gaje na musamman), sabis na kiwon lafiya (hidimomin abinci, kantin magani, physiotherapy) da tallafin zamantakewa (hidimomi na zamantakewa, mazaunin uwaye, da kuma gidan wasan yara).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |title=Caritas Baby Hospital tends mother and child a mile from Bethlehem's manger |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/news/ministry/caritas-baby-hospital-tends-mother-and-child-mile-bethlehems-manger-43976 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Global Sisters Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=specialized-clinics |url=https://www.cbh.ps/en/page/specialized-clinics |access-date= |website=Caritas Baby Hospital}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gina wani asibiti kuma an yi niyyar aiki a shekarar 2026. Asibitin yana daukar ma'aikata kusan 250, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |url=https://www.kinderhilfe-bethlehem.de/was-wir-tun/caritas-baby-hospital |access-date= |website=kinderhilfe-bethlehem.de}}</ref> == Nazarin da aka haɗa == * {{Cite journal |last=Corradin |first=Lucia |last2=Hindiyeh |first2=Musa |last3=Khaled |first3=Rasha |last4=Rishmawi |first4=Fadi |last5=Zidan |first5=Marwan |last6=Marzouqa |first6=Hiyam |date=2014-03-06 |title=Survey on Infant Hearing Loss at Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem-Palestine |journal=[[Audiology Research]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=99 |doi=10.4081/audiores.2014.99 |issn=2039-4330 |pmc=4627132 |pmid=26557353}} == Manazarta == rumwgvwffje30onqjvvf2nfu9rgtybk Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara Sukkur 0 154653 846551 2026-06-04T05:23:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338130095|Child Healthcare Institute Sukkur]]" 846551 wikitext text/x-wiki Gwamnatin Sindh ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara, asibitin yara 200 na fasaha a Sukkur, tare da taimakon gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu.[1] An gina asibitin a kan kadada 27 na ƙasa kusa da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Ghulam Muhammad Mahar a farashin dala miliyan 57.274, a Hanyar Filin jirgin sama, Sukkur . [2] Bayan kammala asibitin an mika shi ga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Yara ta Sindh (SICHN). [3] Asibitin ya ƙunshi Sashin Kula da Jarirai (NICU), Sashin Gaggawa, Sashin Kulawa mai zurfi na Yara (PICU), Ayyukan Kula da Yara, Sashen Kula da Ayyuka, da sauran ayyuka.[4] A halin yanzu asibitin yana ba da kulawa ta lafiya ga marasa lafiya daga sassa daban-daban na Arewacin Sindh, gami da Sukkur, Ghotki, Khairpur, Shikarpur, Jacobabad, Kashmore da yankunan da ke kusa.[5] == Tarihi == A watan Agustan 2010, ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata arewacin Sindh, ba wai kawai ta haifar da lalacewar kayan aikin gidaje ba, har ma ta lalata tsarin kiwon lafiya, mutane suna da iyakancewar damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya; yawancin wuraren kiwon lafiya a wasu wurare, musamman Sukkur sun lalace.<ref name="reliefweb">{{Cite web |last=HANDS |date=22 September 2010 |title=Services of hands for flood affected people of Pakistan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/services-hands-flood-affected-people-pakistan}}</ref> Mutane daga yankuna da yawa ba za su iya samun sabis na kiwon lafiya a kan lokaci ba. Rashin ambaliyar ruwa da ta shafa musamman mata da yara sun fara zuba a sansanin agaji na kiwon lafiya wanda hukumomin bayar da gudummawa daban-daban suka kafa ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a asibitin Railway na birnin Sukkur a Arewacin Sindh. A asibitin an kafa asibitin Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna (ITFC) - wanda ya fara samar da magani ga yara marasa abinci mai gina jiki a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar waɗanda ke da matsalolin kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Medecins sans frontiers (MSF)">{{Cite web |last=MSF |date=8 September 2010 |title=MSF expands Pakistan emergency response into newly flooded areas in the south as concern mounts for waterborne diseases |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-expands-pakistan-emergency-response-newly-flooded-areas-south-concern-mounts-waterborne}}</ref> Wannan shine lokacin da Hukumomi da hukumomin bayar da gudummawa suka fara shirin kafa cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta zamani ga yara a Sukkur don biyan bukatun rashin lafiya a ƙarƙashin rufin daya. A cikin wannan yanayin an tsara wani aikin don samar da kulawa ta musamman ga yara na Arewacin Sindh yawanci ana kiranta Upper Sindh, da kuma yankunan da ke kusa da larduna masu iyaka ta hanyar kayan aiki na gadaje 200 na cikin gida, OPD (sashen asibiti) tare da kayan aikin bincike na zamani & kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na gaggawa. Don wannan Jamhuriyar Koriya ta sanar da kafa asibitin yara a Sukkur, kuma ta yi alkawarin Asusun hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin Dolar na Amurka miliyan 46 (EDCF), a matsayin rance mai laushi don tallafawa wurin.<ref name="Embassy’s Activities & News">{{Cite web |last=Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |title=Republic of Korea to provide US $ 46 million EDCF assistance for "Establishment of Children Hospital" at Sukkur |url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/pk-en/brd/m_3150/view.do?seq=720342&srchFr=&amp;srchTo=&amp;srchWord=&amp;srchTp=&amp;multi_itm_seq=0&amp;itm_seq_1=0&amp;itm_seq_2=0&amp;company_cd=&amp;company_nm= |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> An kammala sadaukarwar kuma an kammala asibitin yara da sunan '''Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara''' a farkon kwata na 2023 kuma an fara aiki ba da daɗewa ba. == Haɗin waje == * Labarin Ginin Asibitin Yara na Sukkur [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myb_HNHNTnU] * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ta Sindh: SICHN [https://www.sichn.com.pk/] == Manazarts == 9b4uf7vgm8frur3ooakgmax7dqlzdvw Asibitin Yara na Multan 0 154654 846554 2026-06-04T05:24:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351781389|Children Hospital Multan]]" 846554 wikitext text/x-wiki Asibitin yara da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Yara, Multan, wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara Complex Multan''', asibitin yara ne da ke Multan, Pakistan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shakeel |date=7 November 2018 |title=Rs18m scam in Children Hospital Complex |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1444137 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref> Ginin yana da sassa biyu. An gina tsohuwar ɓangaren a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya kuma an gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin 2012. [1] An yi amfani da tsohon ginin a matsayin Asibitin Multan. A wannan lokacin, asibitocin biyu suna aiki a cikin gini ɗaya. Yanzu, duk tsohuwar ginin, tun daga shekara ta 2004, da sabon ginin suna ƙarƙashin Children Complex Multan . [2] == Ayyuka == Asibitin asibitin kulawa ne na uku. Yana ba da sabis masu zuwa: * Magungunan yara * Aikin yara * Magungunan yara na filastik * Magungunan yara Neurosurgery * Radiology * Magungunan Urology * Ilimin jarirai * Gidan jariri owvn0tuw4zwfbjg5aryxazwi9fsrmwi 846574 846554 2026-06-04T05:30:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin yara da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Yara, Multan, wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibitin Yara Complex Multan''', asibitin yara ne da ke Multan, Pakistan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shakeel |date=7 November 2018 |title=Rs18m scam in Children Hospital Complex |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1444137 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref> Ginin yana da sassa biyu. An gina tsohuwar ɓangaren a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya kuma an gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin 2012. [1] An yi amfani da tsohon ginin a matsayin Asibitin Multan. A wannan lokacin, asibitocin biyu suna aiki a cikin gini ɗaya. Yanzu, duk tsohuwar ginin, tun daga shekara ta 2004, da sabon ginin suna ƙarƙashin Children Complex Multan . [2] == Ayyuka == Asibitin asibitin kulawa ne na uku. Yana ba da sabis masu zuwa: * Magungunan yara * Aikin yara * Magungunan yara na filastik * Magungunan yara Neurosurgery * Radiology * Magungunan Urology * Ilimin jarirai * Gidan jariri == Manazarta == hpwvsxrfsnh4oijqxqlfuvc6q4o02r5 Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Yara ta Lebanon 0 154655 846557 2026-06-04T05:25:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348112663|Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon]]" 846557 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Yara ta Lebanon (abbreviated CCCL; Larabci) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce mai zaman kanta a Beirut da aka sadaukar don magani da tallafawa waɗanda ke fama da Ciwon daji na yara. Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da Asibitin Binciken Yara na St. Jude, wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Amurka. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2002, Firayim Minista na Lebanon, [[Rafic Hariri]], ya halarci bikin kaddamar da cibiyar. Cibiyar tana cikin Ginin 56 a Rue Clémenceau kuma tana aiki tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka da ke kusa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Cibiyar ba ta karɓar tallafin gwamnati, kuma a maimakon haka ana tallafawa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar gudummawar masu zaman kansu. A lokacin Rikicin ruwa na Lebanon, cibiyar ta ga raguwar gudummawa, kuma gudummawa a cikin fam na Lebanon ya ragu sosai saboda rikicin, wanda ya sanya ayyukan cibiyar cikin haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin rikici na Hezbollah da Isra'ila, cibiyar ta gano wurin gida na marasa lafiya, tana jagorantar su zuwa wasu cibiyoyin idan tafiye-tafiye sun kasance da wahala saboda tashin hankali. A cikin 2024, cibiyar tana da marasa lafiya sama da 400, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 60% na duk marasa lafiya na ciwon daji a Lebanon. qgy58mdkpekqf7eedts954zcq166qop 846605 846557 2026-06-04T05:49:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Yara ta Lebanon (abbreviated CCCL; Larabci) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce mai zaman kanta a Beirut da aka sadaukar don magani da tallafawa waɗanda ke fama da Ciwon daji na yara. Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da Asibitin Binciken Yara na St. Jude, wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Memphis, Tennessee]], Amurka. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2002, Firayim Minista na Lebanon, [[Rafic Hariri]], ya halarci bikin kaddamar da cibiyar. Cibiyar tana cikin Ginin 56 a Rue Clémenceau kuma tana aiki tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka da ke kusa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Cibiyar ba ta karɓar tallafin gwamnati, kuma a maimakon haka ana tallafawa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar gudummawar masu zaman kansu. A lokacin Rikicin ruwa na Lebanon, cibiyar ta ga raguwar gudummawa, kuma gudummawa a cikin fam na Lebanon ya ragu sosai saboda rikicin, wanda ya sanya ayyukan cibiyar cikin haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin rikici na Hezbollah da Isra'ila, cibiyar ta gano wurin gida na marasa lafiya, tana jagorantar su zuwa wasu cibiyoyin idan tafiye-tafiye sun kasance da wahala saboda tashin hankali. A cikin 2024, cibiyar tana da marasa lafiya sama da 400, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 60% na duk marasa lafiya na ciwon daji a Lebanon. at4s1s2hoe95r6d4eryqvzs4jc9323n Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara a Masar 0 154656 846558 2026-06-04T05:25:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330185348|Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt]]" 846558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na Yara a Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibiti 57357''' bayan lambar asusun banki da aka buga a ko'ina don gudummawa, asibiti ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] asibiti ne da ke da ƙwarewa a kan ciwon daji na Yara. Tare da gadaje 320, ginin shine asibitin ilimin kanjamau na yara mafi girma a duniya. == Halitta == Tattara kudade don asibitin, gami da bukukuwan fa'ida masu yawa, ya fara ne a shekarar 1998, tare da ranar da aka yi niyya don buɗewa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Ya sake masa suna zuwa 57357 na wani lokaci bayan asusun banki na gudummawa kuma ya ɗauki sunan a duk bukukuwan da yawa don tunatar da mutane yadda za su ba da gudummawa. Asibitin ya buɗe a shekara ta 2007, Ginin kawai ya ɗauki rabin filin da aka ba shi, tare da niyyar fadadawa a nan gaba. Kowane bene yana da jigon launi daban-daban, alal misali, bene na ginshiki yana da launi na aquamarine kuma yana da jigogi tare da binciken karkashin ruwa.<ref name=":1" /> An ba da kuɗin aikin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar gudummawa, gami da ƙananan gudummawa da yawa kuma tare da kashi 90% na jimlar da ke fitowa daga cikin Masar. Yana aiki ne a kan tushen "ƙwarewar biyan kuɗi".[1] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aikin ya ci nasara shi ne cewa Grand Mufti a Misira ya ayyana cewa kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi zai zama zakat na halal.[2] == Gidajen == Tare da gadaje 3, Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara na shine asibiti mafi girma a duniya wanda ke ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin kanjamau na yara. Asibitin yana kula da kusan rabin dukkan cututtukan cutar kansa ta yara a Misira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBA to install Africa's first proton therapy center in Egypt |url=https://www.dotmed.com/news/story/36962?p_begin=1 |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=dotmed.com}}</ref> A cikin filin akwai ɗakunan wasa, ɗakin karatu da wurin shakatawa na murabba'in ƙafa 90,000 (8,400 m2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amjad |first=Suneela |title=Children Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE) 57357 |url=https://blog.global-patienttransfer.com/children-cancer-hospital-egypt-cche-57357/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Global Patient Transfer}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab == Manazarts == cry3p1pvj7kvyr5zgibzt602eze6hzg 846577 846558 2026-06-04T05:32:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na Yara a Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Asibiti 57357''' bayan lambar asusun banki da aka buga a ko'ina don gudummawa, asibiti ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] asibiti ne da ke da ƙwarewa a kan ciwon daji na Yara. Tare da gadaje 320, ginin shine asibitin ilimin kanjamau na yara mafi girma a duniya. == Halitta == Tattara kudade don asibitin, gami da bukukuwan fa'ida masu yawa, ya fara ne a shekarar 1998, tare da ranar da aka yi niyya don buɗewa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Ya sake masa suna zuwa 57357 na wani lokaci bayan asusun banki na gudummawa kuma ya ɗauki sunan a duk bukukuwan da yawa don tunatar da mutane yadda za su ba da gudummawa. Asibitin ya buɗe a shekara ta 2007, Ginin kawai ya ɗauki rabin filin da aka ba shi, tare da niyyar fadadawa a nan gaba. Kowane bene yana da jigon launi daban-daban, alal misali, bene na ginshiki yana da launi na aquamarine kuma yana da jigogi tare da binciken karkashin ruwa.<ref name=":1" /> An ba da kuɗin aikin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar gudummawa, gami da ƙananan gudummawa da yawa kuma tare da kashi 90% na jimlar da ke fitowa daga cikin Masar. Yana aiki ne a kan tushen "ƙwarewar biyan kuɗi".[1] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aikin ya ci nasara shi ne cewa Grand Mufti a Misira ya ayyana cewa kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi zai zama zakat na halal.[2] == Gidajen == Tare da gadaje 3, Asibitin Ciwon daji na Yara na shine asibiti mafi girma a duniya wanda ke ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin kanjamau na yara. Asibitin yana kula da kusan rabin dukkan cututtukan cutar kansa ta yara a Misira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBA to install Africa's first proton therapy center in Egypt |url=https://www.dotmed.com/news/story/36962?p_begin=1 |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=dotmed.com}}</ref> A cikin filin akwai ɗakunan wasa, ɗakin karatu da wurin shakatawa na murabba'in ƙafa 90,000 (8,400 m2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amjad |first=Suneela |title=Children Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE) 57357 |url=https://blog.global-patienttransfer.com/children-cancer-hospital-egypt-cche-57357/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Global Patient Transfer}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Asibitin Jami'ar Borg El Arab == Manazarts == i2wodbbs0f2araaqtysc5g5ku6d6mzw Gidan Yara 0 154657 846560 2026-06-04T05:25:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330185355|Children's Castle]]" 846560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Yara''' (''Lastenlinna'') tsohon Asibitin yara ne a [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] . Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Babban Asibitin Jami'ar Helsinki. An kafa asibitin a 1918 a gundumar Kallio ta Helsinki . Ginin ya tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen [[Finland|Finnish]] Elsi Borg. An kammala gininsa na yanzu a Taka-Töölö a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lastenlinnan historia |url=https://www.mll.fi/tietoa-mllsta/mlln-historia/lastenlinnan-historia/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliitto |language=fi}}</ref> Likitan yara Arvo Ylppö shi ne shugaban asibitin Gidan Yara daga 1920 zuwa 1963, kamar yadda Terttu Arajärvi ya kasance daga 1973 zuwa 1985.[1] [[Fayil:Detail_on_Children's_Castle.jpg|left|thumb|Bayani game da Gidan Yara]] An dakatar da asibitin a shekarar 2018 lokacin da aka bude [[New Children's Hospital (Helsinki)|Sabon Asibitin Yara]]. == Dubi kuma == * Mannerheim League for Child Welfare == Manazarta == iahka0bzwt6r9z9zh4ew8lsu83avzz1 Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara 0 154658 846562 2026-06-04T05:26:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330185808|Children's Memorial Health Institute]]" 846562 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara (Yaren mutanen Poland: Instytut "Pomnik - Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka", a zahiri "Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara"; CMHI ko CZD) ita ce babbar cibiyar kula da lafiyar yara mafi kyawun kayan aiki a Poland.[1] Tana cikin Warsaw kuma tana ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta Poland kai tsaye, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan asibitocin koyarwa a Poland. Cibiyar tana daukar ma'aikata kusan likitoci da ma'aikata 2,000, kuma ta haɗa da unguwa 17 da asibitocin marasa lafiya 29 na musamman.<ref name="warsaw_voice">{{Cite journal |last=Ewa Pronicka and coordinators |date=April 2004 |title=Perfect for Children |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/5508/ |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Warsaw Voice]] |issue=27 April 2004 |issn=0860-7591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022174947/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/5508 |archive-date=22 October 2008 |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da manyan makarantun likitanci na Poland da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar su Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity . Kamar yadda yawancin yaran da aka kula da su a can suna buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci, cibiyar ta haɗa da makarantar sakandare, makarantar firamare, dakin motsa jiki da makarantar sakandaren ilimi. == Tarihi == A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1965 Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina, sanannen marubuci kuma wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust, ya buga wani dogon labarin a cikin Życie Warszawy na Warsaw na yau da kullun, inda ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a tuna da shahadar Yaƙin Duniya na II da jaruntakar yara tare da gina abin tunawa.[1]<blockquote>Bari yaran da suka sha wahala kuma suka mutu ne kawai saboda su 'ya'yan wannan ƙasar ne, yaran da suka shan wahala kuma suka mutuwa saboda sun kare' yanci da girmamawa na ƙasar Poland da jihar, da kuma mafi mahimmancin dukiyar bil'adama, zaman lafiya da adalci, bari su karɓi daga gare mu, masu rai, alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya marar mutuwa. Bari shaidarmu game da jaruntakarsu da wahala ta zama fiye da karamin ɓangare na abin da al'ummar ke girmamawa. Sun cancanci nunawa mai dorewa, daban-daban da kuma na musamman na ƙwaƙwalwarmu.<ref name="Szelburg-ŻW">{{Cite web |last=Maciej Piróg |year=2012 |title=The most beautiful and enduring memorial—from our history |url=http://www.czd.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280&Itemid=105 |access-date=2 November 2012 |website=www.czd.pl |publisher=Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka |language=pl}}</ref> </blockquote> === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Poland,_1979_Medal_International_Year_of_the_Child.jpg|left|thumb|Poland, 1979 Medal na Duniya na Shekara ta Yara]] An kammala mataki na farko (manyan ɗakuna uku: A, B da C) a ranar 31 ga Mayu, [1] don Ranar Yara ta Duniya ta 1 ga Yuni 1977. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an shigar da marasa lafiya na farko. A cikin shekaru biyar, tsakanin 1977 da 1980 Cibiyar ta shigar da marasa lafiya 144,808 marasa lafiya.[2] Dukan hadaddun, gami da reshen asibiti mai hawa 13, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyar horo da kuma hadaddun gudanarwa sun kasance a shirye a ƙarshen 1979. An gina ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa a mataki na uku, an kammala shi a 1991.[1] == Manazarta == oy0krsoeox1gyylt2gpewx1x1bk0kk9 846578 846562 2026-06-04T05:33:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara (Yaren mutanen Poland: Instytut "Pomnik - Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka", a zahiri "Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara"; CMHI ko CZD) ita ce babbar cibiyar kula da lafiyar yara mafi kyawun kayan aiki a Poland.[1] Tana cikin Warsaw kuma tana ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta Poland kai tsaye, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan asibitocin koyarwa a Poland. Cibiyar tana daukar ma'aikata kusan likitoci da ma'aikata 2,000, kuma ta haɗa da unguwa 17 da asibitocin marasa lafiya 29 na musamman.<ref name="warsaw_voice">{{Cite journal |last=Ewa Pronicka and coordinators |date=April 2004 |title=Perfect for Children |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/5508/ |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Warsaw Voice]] |issue=27 April 2004 |issn=0860-7591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022174947/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/5508 |archive-date=22 October 2008 |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Yana aiki tare da manyan makarantun likitanci na Poland da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar su Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity . Kamar yadda yawancin yaran da aka kula da su a can suna buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci, cibiyar ta haɗa da makarantar sakandare, makarantar firamare, dakin motsa jiki da makarantar sakandaren ilimi. == Tarihi == A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1965 Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina, sanannen marubuci kuma wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust, ya buga wani dogon labarin a cikin Życie Warszawy na Warsaw na yau da kullun, inda ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a tuna da shahadar Yaƙin Duniya na II da jaruntakar yara tare da gina abin tunawa.[1]<blockquote>Bari yaran da suka sha wahala kuma suka mutu ne kawai saboda su 'ya'yan wannan ƙasar ne, yaran da suka shan wahala kuma suka mutuwa saboda sun kare' yanci da girmamawa na ƙasar Poland da jihar, da kuma mafi mahimmancin dukiyar bil'adama, zaman lafiya da adalci, bari su karɓi daga gare mu, masu rai, alamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya marar mutuwa. Bari shaidarmu game da jaruntakarsu da wahala ta zama fiye da karamin ɓangare na abin da al'ummar ke girmamawa. Sun cancanci nunawa mai dorewa, daban-daban da kuma na musamman na ƙwaƙwalwarmu.<ref name="Szelburg-ŻW">{{Cite web |last=Maciej Piróg |year=2012 |title=The most beautiful and enduring memorial—from our history |url=http://www.czd.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280&Itemid=105 |access-date=2 November 2012 |website=www.czd.pl |publisher=Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka |language=pl}}</ref> </blockquote> === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Poland,_1979_Medal_International_Year_of_the_Child.jpg|left|thumb|Poland, 1979 Medal na Duniya na Shekara ta Yara]] An kammala mataki na farko (manyan ɗakuna uku: A, B da C) a ranar 31 ga Mayu, [1] don Ranar Yara ta Duniya ta 1 ga Yuni 1977. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an shigar da marasa lafiya na farko. A cikin shekaru biyar, tsakanin 1977 da 1980 Cibiyar ta shigar da marasa lafiya 144,808 marasa lafiya.[2] Dukan hadaddun, gami da reshen asibiti mai hawa 13, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyar horo da kuma hadaddun gudanarwa sun kasance a shirye a ƙarshen 1979. An gina ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa a mataki na uku, an kammala shi a 1991.[1] == Manazarta == qhmutannuyg79l309yu5re97hjslv0m Asibitin Yara na Dr. Behçet Uz 0 154659 846566 2026-06-04T05:27:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331112938|Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital]]" 846566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin yara na Dr. Behçet Uz''' (Turkish), a hukumance Dr. Behçaet Uz Cutar Yara da Horar da Bincike da Binciken Bincike (Turkyanci: Dr. Behçoet Uz Çocuk Hastal, Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi), Asibitin yara ne a İz[[Izmir]] Turkiyya. An gina asibitin ne a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1947. An gina ginin ne a cikin salon gin[[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] kamar yadda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsaTsarin birni aikin gine-gine a cikin shekarun 1920. ZekZeki Sayar ya tsara shi kuma ya gina shi kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin asibitin yara. Tsarin yana da kyau kuma bai canza sosai ba tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi. Hikmet Gökmen ya dawo da ginin kuma ya sake tsarawa da sabunta yanayin da ke kewaye da shi don dacewa da bukatun zamani.[1]<ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Tarihçemiz |url=https://behcetuzch.saglik.gov.tr/TR,105885/tarihcemiz.html |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=SBÜ. DR. BEHÇET UZ CHILDREN'S DISEASES AND SURGERY TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL |language=Turkish}}</ref> about="#mwt10" data-ve-ignore="" href="./Category:Articles_containing_TTurkish_text" id="mwHA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> == Tarihi == An gudanar da bikin kaddamar da asibitin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1938 ta hanyar Dokta Behçet Uz, magajin garin Izmir a lokacin. Dokta Uz ya tattara kusan 30,000 Turkish lira daga gwamna, gari da gudummawar jama'a. Kudin da aka kiyasta na ginin ya kai 900,000 Turkish lira. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1946, an canja asibitin zuwa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta gari. Dokta Uz ya shawo kan karamar hukumar don canja wurin, saboda shi ne Ministan Lafiya na lokacin. Asibitin ya buɗe a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1947, tare da Dokta Uz da Recep Peker, Firayim Minista, a cikin bikin. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Tarihçemiz |url=https://behcetuzch.saglik.gov.tr/TR,105885/tarihcemiz.html |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=SBÜ. DR. BEHÇET UZ CHILDREN'S DISEASES AND SURGERY TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL |language=Turkish}}</ref> Asibitin ya zama dutse na tushe don kafa Jami'ar Ege da makarantar likita. A yau asibitin yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Izmir Medical School. == Wurin da yake == Ginin yana kusa da filin Cumhuriyet . An sake gina yankin da ke kewaye da asibitin tare da manyan tituna bayan gobarar Smyrna. == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Dr._Behçet_Uz_Çocuk_Hastanesi_Cephe.jpg|thumb]] Asibitin an gina shi ne daga tubalan hawa 4 waɗanda suka haɗu a cikin rectangular suna barin atrium a tsakiya. Tsarin gine-gine na ƙarni na 19 yana da niyyar amfani da hasken rana. Wannan nau'in geometric na rectangular yana maimaita kansa a cikin budewa a kan bangon waje yana bin al'amuran zamani a cikin gine-gine. Har zuwa shekarun 1920 gine-ginen Turkiyya sun yi amfani da siffofin gargajiya a matsayin hanyar zama mafi kishin kasa, amma sun sauya zuwa tsarin gine-gine na zamani a cikin 30s. Wannan asibitin da Makarantar Firamare ta Gazi misalai ne masu kyau na salon gine-gine na zamani. Wani bambanci daga sauran asibitoci shine toshe na rectangular kuma hanyoyin su suna da ɗakuna a bangarorin biyu. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a lura da waɗannan nau'ikan hanyoyin a Makarantar Gazi a Alsancak. Har ila yau, makarantar ta kasance wani ɓangare na wannan bangare na zamani na gine-gine. Asibitin misali ne na amfani da ganuwar tallafi a cikin gini. A sakamakon bangon goyon baya, yana da manyan windows na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da damar hasken halitta da yawa kuma yana buƙatar ɗan Hasken wucin gadi. Koyaya, hanyoyin har yanzu suna buƙatar hasken wucin gadi. Tsarin rufin ja ne wanda aka tsara tare da kusurwa da irin waɗannan halaye ga gine-ginen jama'a da ke kewaye da su don kama jituwa da su. Ginin yana da launin ruwan hoda. Shawarwarin launi ya fi dacewa da aikin tsarin maimakon ƙira ko abun da ke ciki. == Manazarta == dve8lmcmkim8y1ybuogz3g4ghkqbl4t 846580 846566 2026-06-04T05:35:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin yara na Dr. Behçet Uz''' (Turkish), a hukumance Dr. Behçaet Uz Cutar Yara da Horar da Bincike da Binciken Bincike (Turkyanci: Dr. Behçoet Uz Çocuk Hastal, Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi), Asibitin yara ne a İz[[Izmir]] Turkiyya. An gina asibitin ne a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1947. An gina ginin ne a cikin salon gin[[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] kamar yadda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsaTsarin birni aikin gine-gine a cikin shekarun 1920. ZekZeki Sayar ya tsara shi kuma ya gina shi kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin asibitin yara. Tsarin yana da kyau kuma bai canza sosai ba tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi. Hikmet Gökmen ya dawo da ginin kuma ya sake tsarawa da sabunta yanayin da ke kewaye da shi don dacewa da bukatun zamani.[1]<ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Tarihçemiz |url=https://behcetuzch.saglik.gov.tr/TR,105885/tarihcemiz.html |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=SBÜ. DR. BEHÇET UZ CHILDREN'S DISEASES AND SURGERY TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL |language=Turkish}}</ref> about="#mwt10" data-ve-ignore="" href="./Category:Articles_containing_TTurkish_text" id="mwHA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> == Tarihi == An gudanar da bikin kaddamar da asibitin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1938 ta hanyar Dokta Behçet Uz, magajin garin Izmir a lokacin. Dokta Uz ya tattara kusan 30,000 Turkish lira daga gwamna, gari da gudummawar jama'a. Kudin da aka kiyasta na ginin ya kai 900,000 Turkish lira. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1946, an canja asibitin zuwa Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta gari. Dokta Uz ya shawo kan karamar hukumar don canja wurin, saboda shi ne Ministan Lafiya na lokacin. Asibitin ya buɗe a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1947, tare da Dokta Uz da Recep Peker, Firayim Minista, a cikin bikin. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Tarihçemiz |url=https://behcetuzch.saglik.gov.tr/TR,105885/tarihcemiz.html |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=SBÜ. DR. BEHÇET UZ CHILDREN'S DISEASES AND SURGERY TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL |language=Turkish}}</ref> Asibitin ya zama dutse na tushe don kafa Jami'ar Ege da makarantar likita. A yau asibitin yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Izmir Medical School. == Wurin da yake == Ginin yana kusa da filin Cumhuriyet . An sake gina yankin da ke kewaye da asibitin tare da manyan tituna bayan gobarar Smyrna. == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Dr._Behçet_Uz_Çocuk_Hastanesi_Cephe.jpg|thumb]] Asibitin an gina shi ne daga tubalan hawa 4 waɗanda suka haɗu a cikin rectangular suna barin atrium a tsakiya. Tsarin gine-gine na ƙarni na 19 yana da niyyar amfani da hasken rana. Wannan nau'in geometric na rectangular yana maimaita kansa a cikin budewa a kan bangon waje yana bin al'amuran zamani a cikin gine-gine. Har zuwa shekarun 1920 gine-ginen Turkiyya sun yi amfani da siffofin gargajiya a matsayin hanyar zama mafi kishin kasa, amma sun sauya zuwa tsarin gine-gine na zamani a cikin 30s. Wannan asibitin da Makarantar Firamare ta Gazi misalai ne masu kyau na salon gine-gine na zamani. Wani bambanci daga sauran asibitoci shine toshe na rectangular kuma hanyoyin su suna da ɗakuna a bangarorin biyu. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a lura da waɗannan nau'ikan hanyoyin a Makarantar Gazi a Alsancak. Har ila yau, makarantar ta kasance wani ɓangare na wannan bangare na zamani na gine-gine. Asibitin misali ne na amfani da ganuwar tallafi a cikin gini. A sakamakon bangon goyon baya, yana da manyan windows na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da damar hasken halitta da yawa kuma yana buƙatar ɗan Hasken wucin gadi. Koyaya, hanyoyin har yanzu suna buƙatar hasken wucin gadi. Tsarin rufin ja ne wanda aka tsara tare da kusurwa da irin waɗannan halaye ga gine-ginen jama'a da ke kewaye da su don kama jituwa da su. Ginin yana da launin ruwan hoda. Shawarwarin launi ya fi dacewa da aikin tsarin maimakon ƙira ko abun da ke ciki. == Manazarta == apw9oqwde5pmwv4ez8i35hjia0s9ypy Erasmus MC Sophia 0 154660 846567 2026-06-04T05:27:25Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330193739|Erasmus MC Sophia]]" 846567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erasmus MC Sophia''', wanda a baya ake kira '''Sophia Kinderziekenhuis''', asibitin yara ne na Asibitin Jami'ar Erasmus mafi girma a Rotterdam kuma tsohon asibitin mai zaman kansa a Rotterdam, Netherlands. Asibitin yara, mai suna bayan Sarauniya Sophia, shine asibitin yara mafi tsufa a cikin Netherlands. An gina shi a 1863 a kan Hoogstraat na yanzu ("High Street"), a shafin da Beurstraverse ("Stock Exchange Traverse") ke tsaye a halin yanzu. Gidajen biyu tare da ɗaki don mutane takwas sun kasance a bene na farko sama da kantin kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1866 asibitin ya koma ''Villa Belvedere'', wanda karamar hukumar Rotterdam ta saya a Dirk Smitsstraat 4. Bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Sophia ta kai a 1869, wacce ta yi la'akari da wurin zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, hukumar ta ba da shawarar haɗa sunan Mai Girma zuwa Asibitin Yara, bayan haka an nuna sunan ''Sophia Kinderziekenhuis'' (Sophia Children's Hospital) a bangon daga 1870 zuwa gaba. A shekara ta 1876, an fara gina sabon asibitin yara a Westersingel. Asibitin ya kasance a nan daga budewa a 1878 zuwa 1937. Bayan hadewa a 1934 tare da Zuigelingen Vereniging Rotterdam (Infant Society Rotterdam), an gina sabon asibitin yara a 1935 a Gordelweg a cikin gundumar Rotterdam Bergpolder . [1] Cibiyar ta kasance a can tsawon shekaru 60. * Cibiyar kirji ta yara * Cibiyar kwakwalwar yara * Cibiyar Uwar da Yara * Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka Masu Rare [[Fayil:Ronald_McDonald_house_Rotterdam.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Ronald McDonald Sophia a Rotterdam]] Erasmus MC Sophia yana da nasa gidan talabijin, inda aka yi 'Sophia TV'. Wannan yana nufin sau biyu a mako ana yin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. Iyaye da yaransu na iya neman ɗakin baƙo a cikin Gidan Ronald McDonald Sophia Rotterdam. A cikin 2013, an yi bikin cika shekaru 150 . A ranar 22 ga Mayu Sarauniya Maxima ta bayyana 'Sophietje', mascot na Asibitin yara. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2015, Olli da mahaliccinsa Hein Mevissen da Diederiekje Bok sun ba da gudummawa babban mutum-mutumi na Olli ga asibitin yara na Sophia. == Manazarta == qfvvoepa7t0827g5e0u64hpmrihmx4i 846583 846567 2026-06-04T05:36:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erasmus MC Sophia''', wanda a baya ake kira '''Sophia Kinderziekenhuis''', asibitin yara ne na Asibitin Jami'ar Erasmus mafi girma a Rotterdam kuma tsohon asibitin mai zaman kansa a Rotterdam, Netherlands. Asibitin yara, mai suna bayan Sarauniya Sophia, shine asibitin yara mafi tsufa a cikin Netherlands. An gina shi a 1863 a kan Hoogstraat na yanzu ("High Street"), a shafin da Beurstraverse ("Stock Exchange Traverse") ke tsaye a halin yanzu. Gidajen biyu tare da ɗaki don mutane takwas sun kasance a bene na farko sama da kantin kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1866 asibitin ya koma ''Villa Belvedere'', wanda karamar hukumar Rotterdam ta saya a Dirk Smitsstraat 4. Bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Sophia ta kai a 1869, wacce ta yi la'akari da wurin zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, hukumar ta ba da shawarar haɗa sunan Mai Girma zuwa Asibitin Yara, bayan haka an nuna sunan ''Sophia Kinderziekenhuis'' (Sophia Children's Hospital) a bangon daga 1870 zuwa gaba. A shekara ta 1876, an fara gina sabon asibitin yara a Westersingel. Asibitin ya kasance a nan daga budewa a 1878 zuwa 1937. Bayan hadewa a 1934 tare da Zuigelingen Vereniging Rotterdam (Infant Society Rotterdam), an gina sabon asibitin yara a 1935 a Gordelweg a cikin gundumar Rotterdam Bergpolder . [1] Cibiyar ta kasance a can tsawon shekaru 60. * Cibiyar kirji ta yara * Cibiyar kwakwalwar yara * Cibiyar Uwar da Yara * Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka Masu Rare [[Fayil:Ronald_McDonald_house_Rotterdam.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Ronald McDonald Sophia a Rotterdam]] Erasmus MC Sophia yana da nasa gidan talabijin, inda aka yi 'Sophia TV'. Wannan yana nufin sau biyu a mako ana yin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya. Iyaye da yaransu na iya neman ɗakin baƙo a cikin Gidan Ronald McDonald Sophia Rotterdam. A cikin 2013, an yi bikin cika shekaru 150 . A ranar 22 ga Mayu Sarauniya Maxima ta bayyana 'Sophietje', mascot na Asibitin yara. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2015, Olli da mahaliccinsa Hein Mevissen da Diederiekje Bok sun ba da gudummawa babban mutum-mutumi na Olli ga asibitin yara na Sophia. == Manazarta == i44kj5m3yw1yjkoth2rsfgyzgvvhodb Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara na Gaafar Ibnauf 0 154661 846569 2026-06-04T05:27:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330208422|Gaafar Ibnauf Children's Emergency Hospital]]" 846569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara na Gaafar Ibnauf''', Asibitin gaggawa na Yara ya Gaafar Ibniuf (GICH) ko Asibitin Musamman na Dokta Gaafar Ibnnauf Asibitin yara ne da ke [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] . Shi ne mafi girma yara asibitin a Sudan kuma ya kunshi da yawa daga cikin yara subspectives ciki har da numfashi magani, neurology, Gastroenterology, cardiology, nephrology, cututtukan cututtuka, yara masu tsanani da kuma neonatal intensive care. Yana daya daga cikin asibitocin yara na farko a [[Afirka]]. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da aikin asibitin Gaafar Ibnauf a shekarar 1977 a karkashin kulawar Farfesa Gaafar Ibinauf Suliman da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Sudan, tare da taimakon [[UNICEF]]. An bude asibitin ne da farko a matsayin Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara (CEH) wanda daga baya ya samo asali zuwa unguwanni 16, kantin magani, sashen radiology, gyaran abinci mai gina jiki da raka'a na allurar rigakafi, gudanarwa, rikodin da raka'o'in kididdiga. An sake masa suna asibitin Dr. Gaafar Ibnauf na musamman a cikin 2002 a wani bikin hukuma wanda shugaban kasar [[Omar al-Bashir]] ya halarta. Duk da yake asibitin ya taɓa samun sashen gaggawa yanzu yana aiki a matsayin asibiti mai girma kuma, kamar sauran cibiyoyin ƙwararru ko ƙwararru, kawai yana ɗaukar marasa lafiya ta hanyar turawa daga waje. == Bincike da lafiyar duniya == Asibitin ya samar da bincike a fannoni da yawa kamar zazzabin cizon sauro, Ilimin hanta [1] da amfani da maganin rigakafi. [2] Gaafar Ibnauf, da CEH kafin shi, sun shiga cikin kula da barkewar cututtukan cututtukani ciki har da diphtheria, wanda ke fama da tari, kuma musamman ta hanyar misali na farko na ilmin yaduwar kwayoyin da masu bincike suka bi diddigin ci gaban wani nau'in neisseria meningitidis a lokacin annobar mengingococcal sepsis a fadin sassan Asiya da Afirka a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.[3][4][5] Gaafar Ibnauf muhimmiyar mayar da hankali ne ga horar da likitanci a yankin. Daga farkonta a 1977 zuwa yau tana da ci gaba da shiga tare da Jami'ar Khartoum. == Manazarts == smoyweufnubn1hqcpeecxy9oritnbym 846584 846569 2026-06-04T05:37:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara na Gaafar Ibnauf''', Asibitin gaggawa na Yara ya Gaafar Ibniuf (GICH) ko Asibitin Musamman na Dokta Gaafar Ibnnauf Asibitin yara ne da ke [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] . Shi ne mafi girma yara asibitin a Sudan kuma ya kunshi da yawa daga cikin yara subspectives ciki har da numfashi magani, neurology, Gastroenterology, cardiology, nephrology, cututtukan cututtuka, yara masu tsanani da kuma neonatal intensive care. Yana daya daga cikin asibitocin yara na farko a [[Afirka]]. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da aikin asibitin Gaafar Ibnauf a shekarar 1977 a karkashin kulawar Farfesa Gaafar Ibinauf Suliman da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Sudan, tare da taimakon [[UNICEF]]. An bude asibitin ne da farko a matsayin Asibitin Gaggawa na Yara (CEH) wanda daga baya ya samo asali zuwa unguwanni 16, kantin magani, sashen radiology, gyaran abinci mai gina jiki da raka'a na allurar rigakafi, gudanarwa, rikodin da raka'o'in kididdiga. An sake masa suna asibitin Dr. Gaafar Ibnauf na musamman a cikin 2002 a wani bikin hukuma wanda shugaban kasar [[Omar al-Bashir]] ya halarta. Duk da yake asibitin ya taɓa samun sashen gaggawa yanzu yana aiki a matsayin asibiti mai girma kuma, kamar sauran cibiyoyin ƙwararru ko ƙwararru, kawai yana ɗaukar marasa lafiya ta hanyar turawa daga waje. == Bincike da lafiyar duniya == Asibitin ya samar da bincike a fannoni da yawa kamar zazzabin cizon sauro, Ilimin hanta [1] da amfani da maganin rigakafi. [2] Gaafar Ibnauf, da CEH kafin shi, sun shiga cikin kula da barkewar cututtukan cututtukani ciki har da diphtheria, wanda ke fama da tari, kuma musamman ta hanyar misali na farko na ilmin yaduwar kwayoyin da masu bincike suka bi diddigin ci gaban wani nau'in neisseria meningitidis a lokacin annobar mengingococcal sepsis a fadin sassan Asiya da Afirka a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.[3][4][5] Gaafar Ibnauf muhimmiyar mayar da hankali ne ga horar da likitanci a yankin. Daga farkonta a 1977 zuwa yau tana da ci gaba da shiga tare da Jami'ar Khartoum. == Manazarts == 99inbtjoul46c9mb2ialhmnlu7kx52s Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Kanagawa 0 154662 846570 2026-06-04T05:28:00Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330235633|Kanagawa Children's Medical Center]]" 846570 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Kanagawa Asibitin yara ne a Yokohama, Japan . [1] Cibiyar ita ce babban wurin kula da yara na yankin Kanagawa. Ya ƙunshi cibiyar bincike da asibiti, kuma yanzu ya zama cibiyar kula da asibitin Gundumar Kanagawa. == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Kanagawa a cikin 1970 a matsayin asibitin yara na farko a cikin Gundumar Kanagawa . <ref>[http://kcmc.kanagawa-pho.jp/about/history.html 沿革 | 神奈川県立こども医療センター] {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Asibiti * Cibiyar Binciken Asibiti == Manazarta == 1i1j7r2o8f155rd1m2c5kb2bkh0b53h 846585 846570 2026-06-04T05:37:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Kanagawa Asibitin yara ne a Yokohama, Japan . [1] Cibiyar ita ce babban wurin kula da yara na yankin Kanagawa. Ya ƙunshi cibiyar bincike da asibiti, kuma yanzu ya zama cibiyar kula da asibitin Gundumar Kanagawa. == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Kanagawa a cikin 1970 a matsayin asibitin yara na farko a cikin Gundumar Kanagawa . <ref>[http://kcmc.kanagawa-pho.jp/about/history.html 沿革 | 神奈川県立こども医療センター] {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Asibiti * Cibiyar Binciken Asibiti == Manazarta == 567fm5tas3lg0i20u5eu3ptv9e1cnmb Misali na yaye bututun shayarwa 0 154663 846571 2026-06-04T05:28:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255255880|Graz tube weaning model]]" 846571 wikitext text/x-wiki Misali na yaye bututun Graz (Jamusanci: ) hanya ce da ke tallafawa Iyaye, masu kulawa da masu sana'a don taimakawa da kuma karfafa yara masu rauni a cikin kiwon lafiya tare da cututtukan halayyar cin abinci na farko da na bayan rauni, musamman dogaro da bututu. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ana amfani da ciyarwa ta hanyar bututu (nasogastric tube, PEG ko jejunostomy) a cikin maganin jarirai da yara ƙanana don tallafa musu a lokacin cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtukan lafiya lokacin da yaro bai iya haɗiye abinci lafiya ba. A takamaiman lokuta, ciyar da bututu shine shigar da kara, duk da haka, yana iya haifar da matsaloli idan ya zo ga yaye bututu da ci gaba da cin abinci na baki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Yara na iya fama da rashin abinci lokacin da aka ciyar da su ba tare da bututu ba kuma suna tsayayya da ciyar da baki. Wannan tasirin ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da cututtukan jiki da na tunani, waɗanda ake magance su yayin shirin yaye bututu. Tsarin yaye bututun Graz ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da yawa a asibitin yara, Graz a cikin shekarun 1990s kuma an fara buga shi a cikin 2000. == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == Shirin yayewa na tube an tsara shi ne musamman don jarirai da yara da aka ciyar da su ta hanyar nasogastric, nasojejunal, gastrostomy ko jejunostomy tube. Ana yin magani ko dai lokacin da ba a buƙatar bututun ciyarwa ko kuma idan yara suna fuskantar sakamako masu illa da rashin amsawa ga ciyarwar enteral. Shirin ya dace da yayewa na farko da yara da ba a yi nasara ba a baya. Ana ba da shawarar musamman ga yara waɗanda ke fama da ciyar da baki ko waɗanda suka ci gaba da dogara da bututu. == Abinda ke hanawa == An haramta yayewa a cikin yara waɗanda ba su da amsa mai aminci. Ba a ba da shawarar idan akwai babban yiwuwar tiyata mai zuwa ko shiga tsakani wanda zai buƙaci ci gaba da amfani da bututun ciyarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hadarin kiwon lafiya == Ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin kiwon lafiya shine asarar nauyi. Ana sa ran rasa har zuwa 10% na nauyin yaro a cikin sauyawa daga ciyar da jiki na musamman zuwa cin abinci na baki kuma yana da karɓa a lokacin farkon matakin magani. Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin choking da burin. Ana kimanta yara don haɗarin choking da burin kafin fara aikin yayewa kuma an cire su daga koyon cin abinci idan burin ko choking shine binciken da aka tabbatar da likita. == Hanyoyi == Hanyar asali shine shirin magani mai tsanani na makonni 3. Ana shigar da yaron cikin sashin tare da akalla iyaye ɗaya ko mai kulawa kuma yana da ci gaba da shigarwa daga masu warkarwa da yawa, da kuma zagaye na likita sau da yawa a rana da kuma tallafin awa 24 daga ma'aikatan [[Ungozoma|jinya]] da likitoci. Wannan hanyar ta dace musamman ga yara da ke da al'amuran kiwon lafiya masu mahimmanci lokacin da aka ba da shawarar kulawa ta kusa. Yaron da iyaye / mai kula da su suna halartar lokuta masu yawa na warkarwa: * Ilimin halayyar mutum da kuma wasanni, gami da hulɗar tsana don tantancewa da magance cututtukan haɗi. * Physiotherapy wanda ke da niyyar inganta sautin motsi da motsi na ciyar da kai. * Magani na aiki don inganta ikon Taɓawa da daidaitawa da kuma [[Acclimatization|daidaitawa]] yaron zuwa 'biological' textures. * Magana da maganin harshe don gabatar da motsawar baki ba tare da rauni ba ga yankin oro-facial da kuma shiga cikin kimantawa na haɗiyewa. * Lokaci na psychotherapy na ci gaba tare da yaro da kuma zaman ga iyaye a kan buƙata, aiki a kan gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, batutuwan haɗi na iyaye da yara da damuwa game da dangantaka. * shawarwari [[Abinci mai gina jiki|Abinci]] mai gina jiki shine goyon bayan ilimi mai zurfi game da abinci na gaba dangane da isasshen caloric da abinci mai ginaɗi don ci gaban yaro da bukatun yanayin. Magani ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar awa ɗaya. Yara suna ciyar da lokaci a cikin ɗaki inda ake rarraba abinci da kyau / sanya shi kuma yawanci ana ba da shi a ƙasa. Yin amfani da maganin wasan kwaikwayo na psychoanalytic, yara na iya zaɓar bincika, taɓa ko ɗanɗana abincin da ke akwai. Dangane da shirin, yara dole ne su zama masu motsa kansu kuma ba a karɓi ƙarfafawa ko jan hankali daga iyaye ba. Ana saka idanu kan hulɗar iyaye ta hanyar bidiyo da madubi guda ɗaya tare da ra'ayoyi masu kyau da aka bayar bayan kowane zaman. A lokacin da ya rage, abinci yana samuwa kyauta ga yaro ba tare da hadaya ko ƙarfafawa ba. Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba, an canza hanyar don yara su iya halarta a waje, ko kuma a kula da su daga nesa ta hanyar shirin horar da yanar gizo. == Farfadowa == Nazarin da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 da 2010 sun nuna kashi 95% (n=62) da 92% (n=221) nasarar da aka samu bi da bi (an bayyana nasarar samun duk abinci mai gina jiki ta baki) a cikin yara da aka kula da su da wannan hanyar.[1][2] Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa yara da aka yaye sun karu da BMIs lokacin da aka auna su bayan magani idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka ciyar da su gaba ɗaya. Nazarin 2014 ya kwatanta maganin asibiti da hanyoyin Netcoaching kuma ya nuna 90.5% (n = 169) da 81.3% (n = 209) nasarar nasara bi da bi.[3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4xkgzzog5vnlrbhwrqkfio2insl0ijf 846599 846571 2026-06-04T05:46:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Misali na yaye bututun Graz (Jamusanci: ) hanya ce da ke tallafawa Iyaye, masu kulawa da masu sana'a don taimakawa da kuma karfafa yara masu rauni a cikin kiwon lafiya tare da cututtukan halayyar cin abinci na farko da na bayan rauni, musamman dogaro da bututu. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ana amfani da ciyarwa ta hanyar bututu (nasogastric tube, PEG ko jejunostomy) a cikin maganin jarirai da yara ƙanana don tallafa musu a lokacin cututtuka masu tsanani da cututtukan lafiya lokacin da yaro bai iya haɗiye abinci lafiya ba. A takamaiman lokuta, ciyar da bututu shine shigar da kara, duk da haka, yana iya haifar da matsaloli idan ya zo ga yaye bututu da ci gaba da cin abinci na baki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Yara na iya fama da rashin abinci lokacin da aka ciyar da su ba tare da bututu ba kuma suna tsayayya da ciyar da baki. Wannan tasirin ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da cututtukan jiki da na tunani, waɗanda ake magance su yayin shirin yaye bututu. Tsarin yaye bututun Graz ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da yawa a asibitin yara, Graz a cikin shekarun 1990s kuma an fara buga shi a cikin 2000. == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == Shirin yayewa na tube an tsara shi ne musamman don jarirai da yara da aka ciyar da su ta hanyar nasogastric, nasojejunal, gastrostomy ko jejunostomy tube. Ana yin magani ko dai lokacin da ba a buƙatar bututun ciyarwa ko kuma idan yara suna fuskantar sakamako masu illa da rashin amsawa ga ciyarwar enteral. Shirin ya dace da yayewa na farko da yara da ba a yi nasara ba a baya. Ana ba da shawarar musamman ga yara waɗanda ke fama da ciyar da baki ko waɗanda suka ci gaba da dogara da bututu. == Abinda ke hanawa == An haramta yayewa a cikin yara waɗanda ba su da amsa mai aminci. Ba a ba da shawarar idan akwai babban yiwuwar tiyata mai zuwa ko shiga tsakani wanda zai buƙaci ci gaba da amfani da bututun ciyarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hadarin kiwon lafiya == Ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin kiwon lafiya shine asarar nauyi. Ana sa ran rasa har zuwa 10% na nauyin yaro a cikin sauyawa daga ciyar da jiki na musamman zuwa cin abinci na baki kuma yana da karɓa a lokacin farkon matakin magani. Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin choking da burin. Ana kimanta yara don haɗarin choking da burin kafin fara aikin yayewa kuma an cire su daga koyon cin abinci idan burin ko choking shine binciken da aka tabbatar da likita. == Hanyoyi == Hanyar asali shine shirin magani mai tsanani na makonni 3. Ana shigar da yaron cikin sashin tare da akalla iyaye ɗaya ko mai kulawa kuma yana da ci gaba da shigarwa daga masu warkarwa da yawa, da kuma zagaye na likita sau da yawa a rana da kuma tallafin awa 24 daga ma'aikatan [[Ungozoma|jinya]] da likitoci. Wannan hanyar ta dace musamman ga yara da ke da al'amuran kiwon lafiya masu mahimmanci lokacin da aka ba da shawarar kulawa ta kusa. Yaron da iyaye / mai kula da su suna halartar lokuta masu yawa na warkarwa: * Ilimin halayyar mutum da kuma wasanni, gami da hulɗar tsana don tantancewa da magance cututtukan haɗi. * Physiotherapy wanda ke da niyyar inganta sautin motsi da motsi na ciyar da kai. * Magani na aiki don inganta ikon Taɓawa da daidaitawa da kuma [[Acclimatization|daidaitawa]] yaron zuwa 'biological' textures. * Magana da maganin harshe don gabatar da motsawar baki ba tare da rauni ba ga yankin oro-facial da kuma shiga cikin kimantawa na haɗiyewa. * Lokaci na psychotherapy na ci gaba tare da yaro da kuma zaman ga iyaye a kan buƙata, aiki a kan gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, batutuwan haɗi na iyaye da yara da damuwa game da dangantaka. * shawarwari [[Abinci mai gina jiki|Abinci]] mai gina jiki shine goyon bayan ilimi mai zurfi game da abinci na gaba dangane da isasshen caloric da abinci mai ginaɗi don ci gaban yaro da bukatun yanayin. Magani ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar awa ɗaya. Yara suna ciyar da lokaci a cikin ɗaki inda ake rarraba abinci da kyau / sanya shi kuma yawanci ana ba da shi a ƙasa. Yin amfani da maganin wasan kwaikwayo na psychoanalytic, yara na iya zaɓar bincika, taɓa ko ɗanɗana abincin da ke akwai. Dangane da shirin, yara dole ne su zama masu motsa kansu kuma ba a karɓi ƙarfafawa ko jan hankali daga iyaye ba. Ana saka idanu kan hulɗar iyaye ta hanyar bidiyo da madubi guda ɗaya tare da ra'ayoyi masu kyau da aka bayar bayan kowane zaman. A lokacin da ya rage, abinci yana samuwa kyauta ga yaro ba tare da hadaya ko ƙarfafawa ba. Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba, an canza hanyar don yara su iya halarta a waje, ko kuma a kula da su daga nesa ta hanyar shirin horar da yanar gizo. == Farfadowa == Nazarin da aka yi a shekara ta 2001 da 2010 sun nuna kashi 95% (n=62) da 92% (n=221) nasarar da aka samu bi da bi (an bayyana nasarar samun duk abinci mai gina jiki ta baki) a cikin yara da aka kula da su da wannan hanyar.[1][2] Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa yara da aka yaye sun karu da BMIs lokacin da aka auna su bayan magani idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka ciyar da su gaba ɗaya. Nazarin 2014 ya kwatanta maganin asibiti da hanyoyin Netcoaching kuma ya nuna 90.5% (n = 169) da 81.3% (n = 209) nasarar nasara bi da bi.[3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 89tjvn9ezzlosddh8ihf5wem79blqzu Kwalejin Ibrananci don Yara na Musamman 0 154664 846573 2026-06-04T05:28:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354149376|Hebrew Academy for Special Children]]" 846573 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Hebrew Academy For Special Children ('''HASC''') wata hukuma ce ta [[Yahudawa]] mai zaman kanta a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana ba da sabis na tallafi ga yara masu Bukatu na musamman. An fi saninta da sansanonin bazara da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara na A Time for Music. == Tarihi == Shirin HASC (Hebrew Academy For Special Children) an kafa shi ne a 1963 ta Rabbi Max da Blanche Kahn <ref>{{Cite web |title=HASC - The Hebrew Academy For Special Children |url=http://www.hasc.net/ |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Hasc.net}}</ref> don samar da sabis na ilimi da asibiti ga mutane daga jariri har zuwa manya waɗanda ke nuna jinkirin ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Doris |date=25 March 1973 |title=Hebrew School Gives Hope to Disabled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/hebrew-school-gives-hope-to-disabled.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Samuel Kahn ne ke jagorantar HASC a halin yanzu. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan HASC an tsara su ne ga jarirai, yara, da manya tare da magana, ilmantarwa, ko iyakancewar motsi da kuma yara waɗanda ke da matsalolin halayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sharon |date=16 November 1983 |title=Opportunities Expanding for the Retarded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/16/garden/opportunities-expanding-for-the-retarded.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai wurare 6 a yankin New York da ke ba da sabis ga yara sama da 1,000. Bugu da kari, HASC tana ba da shirye-shirye da wuraren zama kamar Camp HASC da kuma taimakawa gidajen zama a duk yankin Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs at HASC |url=http://www.hasc.net/programs.php |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Hasc.net}}</ref> Akwai makaranta a Woodmere, New York tare da ɗaliban ɗalibai kusan 890 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private School Review - HASC |url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/34868 |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Privateschoolreview.com}}</ref> Ana rarraba shirye-shiryen ta hanyar kimanin shekaru: * Farko na Farko (0-3) * Makarantar sakandare (3-5) * Shekarar makaranta (5-21) * Gidan bazara (duk shekaru) == Lokaci don Kiɗa == HASC is well known for its annual ''A Time for Music'' benefit concert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 1996 |title=Benefits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/style/benefits-003271.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> These concerts have been annually since 1988 in venues such as Lincoln Center, Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden and New Jersey Performing Arts Center. The concert is viewed as a major event within the New York Jewish community, and has been described by Benny Friedman as "the Jewish Music Super Bowl". In the past it has attracted contemporary Jewish stars like Mordechai Ben David, Avraham Fried, Yaakov Shwekey and Matisyahu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachum Segal |title=HASC, A Time For Music At Carnegie Hall Dec 29, 2005 |url=http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718080446/http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |access-date=2008-11-23 |website=Nachumsegal.com}}</ref> The concert has been produced by Shloime Steinmetz since 2023, and is hosted by Nachum Segal. == sansanin HASC == Camp HASC na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa da Max da Blanche Kahn suka kafa, a cikin shekara ta 1970. Camp HASC mai karɓar bakuncin yara sama da 300 da ke buƙatar buƙata ta musamman a kowane bazara. Ana ba wa waɗannan yara masu ba da shawara don yin aiki, wasa, da kula da su a duk lokacin rani. HASC kuma tana ba da gogewa ga sababbin ma'aikatan jinya kawai daga makarantar jinya. Makonni 7 a lokacin rani, sabbin ma'aikatan jinya masu cancanta suna aiki tare da masu ba da shawara. Cibiyar ta ba da taimako ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata, masu sansani da masu ba da shawara iri ɗaya.[1][2] == A cikin labarai == Makarantar ta sami kanta a cikin labarai a cikin 1998 lokacin da ta ba da sunan gini bayan Sanata Alfonse D'Amato kuma sanata sun yi amfani da kalmomi masu banƙyama game da wasu daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a cikin jawabinsa na karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halbfinger |first=David M. |date=23 October 1998 |title=THE 1998 CAMPAIGN -- THE SENATE; D'Amato Says He's Sorry, but Not to Schumer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/nyregion/the-1998-campaign-the-senate-d-amato-says-he-s-sorry-but-not-to-schumer.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Hukumar ta sami tallafin tarayya na $ 430,000 a shekara ta 2001 don kafa cibiyar sabis na ƙasa ga nakasassu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsday, January 7, 2001 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+07%2C+2001&author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety%2C+offer+something+for+everyone&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103085348/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+07,+2001&author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety,+offer+something+for+everyone&pqatl=google |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == ni8li5esmkwcljuokwrjkhghd1aozx3 846601 846573 2026-06-04T05:47:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846601 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}} Hebrew Academy For Special Children ('''HASC''') wata hukuma ce ta [[Yahudawa]] mai zaman kanta a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana ba da sabis na tallafi ga yara masu Bukatu na musamman. An fi saninta da sansanonin bazara da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara na A Time for Music. == Tarihi == Shirin HASC (Hebrew Academy For Special Children) an kafa shi ne a 1963 ta Rabbi Max da Blanche Kahn <ref>{{Cite web |title=HASC - The Hebrew Academy For Special Children |url=http://www.hasc.net/ |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Hasc.net}}</ref> don samar da sabis na ilimi da asibiti ga mutane daga jariri har zuwa manya waɗanda ke nuna jinkirin ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Doris |date=25 March 1973 |title=Hebrew School Gives Hope to Disabled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/hebrew-school-gives-hope-to-disabled.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Samuel Kahn ne ke jagorantar HASC a halin yanzu. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan HASC an tsara su ne ga jarirai, yara, da manya tare da magana, ilmantarwa, ko iyakancewar motsi da kuma yara waɗanda ke da matsalolin halayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sharon |date=16 November 1983 |title=Opportunities Expanding for the Retarded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/16/garden/opportunities-expanding-for-the-retarded.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai wurare 6 a yankin New York da ke ba da sabis ga yara sama da 1,000. Bugu da kari, HASC tana ba da shirye-shirye da wuraren zama kamar Camp HASC da kuma taimakawa gidajen zama a duk yankin Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs at HASC |url=http://www.hasc.net/programs.php |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Hasc.net}}</ref> Akwai makaranta a Woodmere, New York tare da ɗaliban ɗalibai kusan 890 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private School Review - HASC |url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/34868 |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Privateschoolreview.com}}</ref> Ana rarraba shirye-shiryen ta hanyar kimanin shekaru: * Farko na Farko (0-3) * Makarantar sakandare (3-5) * Shekarar makaranta (5-21) * Gidan bazara (duk shekaru) == Lokaci don Kiɗa == HASC is well known for its annual ''A Time for Music'' benefit concert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 1996 |title=Benefits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/style/benefits-003271.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> These concerts have been annually since 1988 in venues such as Lincoln Center, Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden and New Jersey Performing Arts Center. The concert is viewed as a major event within the New York Jewish community, and has been described by Benny Friedman as "the Jewish Music Super Bowl". In the past it has attracted contemporary Jewish stars like Mordechai Ben David, Avraham Fried, Yaakov Shwekey and Matisyahu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachum Segal |title=HASC, A Time For Music At Carnegie Hall Dec 29, 2005 |url=http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718080446/http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |access-date=2008-11-23 |website=Nachumsegal.com}}</ref> The concert has been produced by Shloime Steinmetz since 2023, and is hosted by Nachum Segal. == sansanin HASC == Camp HASC na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa da Max da Blanche Kahn suka kafa, a cikin shekara ta 1970. Camp HASC mai karɓar bakuncin yara sama da 300 da ke buƙatar buƙata ta musamman a kowane bazara. Ana ba wa waɗannan yara masu ba da shawara don yin aiki, wasa, da kula da su a duk lokacin rani. HASC kuma tana ba da gogewa ga sababbin ma'aikatan jinya kawai daga makarantar jinya. Makonni 7 a lokacin rani, sabbin ma'aikatan jinya masu cancanta suna aiki tare da masu ba da shawara. Cibiyar ta ba da taimako ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata, masu sansani da masu ba da shawara iri ɗaya.[1][2] == A cikin labarai == Makarantar ta sami kanta a cikin labarai a cikin 1998 lokacin da ta ba da sunan gini bayan Sanata Alfonse D'Amato kuma sanata sun yi amfani da kalmomi masu banƙyama game da wasu daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a cikin jawabinsa na karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halbfinger |first=David M. |date=23 October 1998 |title=THE 1998 CAMPAIGN -- THE SENATE; D'Amato Says He's Sorry, but Not to Schumer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/nyregion/the-1998-campaign-the-senate-d-amato-says-he-s-sorry-but-not-to-schumer.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Hukumar ta sami tallafin tarayya na $ 430,000 a shekara ta 2001 don kafa cibiyar sabis na ƙasa ga nakasassu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsday, January 7, 2001 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+07%2C+2001&author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety%2C+offer+something+for+everyone&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103085348/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+07,+2001&author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety,+offer+something+for+everyone&pqatl=google |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4dg7y04fbuxm1xvsytux6zgkbs98dht Al'adun da aka sake tsarawa 0 154665 846596 2026-06-04T05:44:57Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Al'adun da aka sake tsarawa]] to [[Culture Reframed (Kungiya)]] 846596 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Culture Reframed (Kungiya)]] pq8my219vd4k64zphv8k6ht3gb75bjc Asibitin Uwar da Yara 0 154666 846611 2026-06-04T05:57:32Z Uncle Bash007 9891 Uncle Bash007 moved page [[Asibitin Uwar da Yara]] to [[Asibitin Uwa da Yaro]] 846611 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Asibitin Uwa da Yaro]] 1ln7o8za8xw2cn9aqrjuv3l4pc3kej3 Bugu da ƙari 0 154667 846626 2026-06-04T06:40:46Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290977953|Furthermore]]" 846626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album|name=Furthermore|type=Album|artist=[[Ralph Moore]]|cover=Furthermore (album).jpg|border=yes|alt=|released=1990|recorded=March 3 & 5, 1990|venue=|studio=[[Van Gelder Studio]], Englewood Cliffs, NJ|genre=[[Jazz]]|length=48:40|label=[[Landmark Records|Landmark]]<br /><small>LLP-1526</small>|producer=[[Orrin Keepnews]]|chronology=[[Ralph Moore]]|prev_title=[[Images (Ralph Moore album)|Images]]|prev_year=1989|next_title=[[Who It Is You Are]]|next_year=1993}}{{Music ratings|rev1=[[AllMusic]]|rev1Score={{rating|4|5}}<ref name="Allmusic" />}}{{Reflist}}{{Ralph Moore}}{{Authority control}}'''''Bugu da ƙari kuma''''' shi ne kundi na biyar wanda saxophonist Ralph Moore ke jagoranta wanda aka yi rikodin shi a cikin 1989 kuma aka sake shi akan alamar Landmark . == Karɓar baƙi == {{Music ratings|rev1=[[AllMusic]]|rev1Score={{rating|4|5}}<ref name="Allmusic" />}}A cikin bita kan AllMusic, Stephen Cook ya bayyana " ''Bugu da ƙari kuma'' baya karya ƙirar kamar yadda yake ba da jin daɗin sauraron sauraron mafi girman tsari. A yuwuwar bikin cin abinci na yau da kullun; da dabarar da ba za ta dame baƙi ba, amma tsokanar isa ta haifar da sharhi ". <ref name="Allmusic">{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000309674|first=Stephen|last=Cook|label=Ralph Moore: ''Furthermore'' - Review|accessdate=January 8, 2019}}</ref> == Jerin waƙoƙi == Dukkanin waƙoƙin Ralph Moore sai dai inda aka lura # "Hopscotch" - 7:56 # "Mafarkin Monk" ( Thelonious Monk ) - 7:57 # "3 1 0 Blues" - 8:04 # "Samba na Phoebe" (Benny Green) - 5:53 # " Yarinya Magana " ( Neal Hefti ) - 6:55 # "Into Dawn" (Roy Hargrove) - 7:40 # "Layin D" - 4:15 == Ma'aikata == * {{Reflist}} 2537ggjtfja98wlb22vmi9uud1xb8fc A asibiti 0 154668 846627 2026-06-04T06:57:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349890186|Hospitalism]]" 846627 wikitext text/x-wiki Hospitalism (ko baƙin ciki na anaclitic a cikin nau'in sublethal) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaclitic Depression {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anaclitic-depression |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> wani bincike ne na yara da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shekarun 1930 don bayyana jarirai da suka lalace yayin da suke asibiti. Alamomin na iya haɗawa da raguwar ci gaban jiki da rushewar ƙwarewar motsi da harshe.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Robert Sapolsky}}</ref> A farkon rabin karni na 20, an gano asibitin yana da alaƙa da hana jama'a tsakanin jariri da mai kula da shi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar a 1945, amma ana iya gano kalmar tun daga farkon shekara ta 1897. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1945, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam René Spitz ya wallafa wata kasida inda ya bayyana yadda hana hulɗar zamantakewa zai iya haifar da yanayin da ake kira "hospitalism" a cikin jarirai. A cewar Spitz, yara ƙanana waɗanda ake kula da su a cibiyoyin na iya fama da mummunar rauni a ci gaba su saboda ba a ba su isasshen kulawa ta uwa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Spitz bai kirkiro kalmar "hospitalism" ba, wanda za'a iya gano shi zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1897 Floyd M. Crandall ya buga wata kasida a cikin Archive of Pediatrics inda ya yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana yanayin da ke cikin jarirai da aka kafa wanda ke da alaƙa da asarar nauyi, kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban, da kuma ƙarshe mutuwa. A cewar Crandall, wannan yawan mace-mace na yara da aka kafa a karkashin shekara guda ana zargin cewa rashin [[Tsafta|tsabta]], abinci, iska, motsa jiki da hulɗa ta mutum ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crandall |first=Floyd |date=1897 |title=Editorial: Hospitalism |journal=Archives of Pediatrics |volume=14 |pages=448–454}}</ref> Bayan saurin ci gaba a cibiyoyin jin daɗi jarirai a farkon karni na 20, asibiti ya zama abin damuwa ga jama'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=Larry |last2=Brook |first2=Suny Stony |date=2006 |title=Prevention, Welfare, and Citizenship: The War on Tuberculosis and Infant Mortality in Germany, 1900–1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457151 |journal=Central European History |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=431–481 |doi=10.1017/S000893890600015X |issn=0008-9389 |jstor=20457151 |s2cid=144787342 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka bayar shine inganta tsabtace jiki don kauce wa yaduwar cututtuka. [[Shayarwa|Yin shayarwa]] ya zama da mahimmanci tun lokacin da aka yi la'akari da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta tsarin rigakafin jarirai, wanda ya taimaka wajen rage yawan mace-mace.<ref name=":4" /> Tunanin cewa jarirai ba su da ƙwarewar zamantakewa ko dogaro da hulɗar mutum ya ci gaba. Nurses sun fara maye gurbin rawar uwaye ga jarirai da aka kafa, kuma yawanci ba a yarda uwaye su ziyarci yaransu fiye da sau ɗaya a mako ba. Wannan ya kamata ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta kuma an dauke shi mafita ga asibiti.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Likitan yara Meinhard von Pfaundler ya soki wannan hanyar kuma ya yi jayayya cewa wannan kulawa mai ma'ana da nesa zai lalata lafiyar jarirai ta jiki da motsin rai. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa yara suna buƙatar ƙarin motsawa na waje fiye da yadda aka bayar a cikin yanayin asibitoci.<ref name=":3" /> A farkon shekarun 1930 masu bincike a [[Vienna Psychological Institute|Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Vienna]] sun fara mai da hankali kan ci gaban jarirai. [[Charlotte Bühler]] ce ta kirkiro abin da ake kira Viennese Baby Tests kuma ana iya amfani da shi don tantance ci gaban tunani, zamantakewa, da na jiki na yara.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Katherine Wolf da Hildegard Durfee sun yi amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje don gudanar da karatu kan jarirai a cibiyoyi daban-daban. Sun kammala cewa mahalli ya rinjayi ci gaban yara kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga ci gaban ƙwarewar zamantakewa. A cewar su, jarirai suna buƙatar kasancewa cikin hulɗa da mahaifiyarsu don samun isasshen ƙauna da kulawa don ci gaban su.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin shekarun 1940, ra'ayin cewa kamuwa da cuta ya haifar da asibiti an ƙara sukar ta, musamman tun lokacin da aka ajiye jarirai a asibiti sau da yawa su kaɗai a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna, ba tare da wani hulɗa da masu kulawa ko motsawa na waje ba, don hana kamuwa da cututtukan giciye.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1945 masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam René Spitz ya sake bayyana kalmar asibiti ta hanyar jayayya cewa yawan mutuwar jarirai har yanzu yana da yawa, duk da warewa a cikin ɗakuna, saboda rashin kulawar uwa ya lalata ci gaban su.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Spitz ya gudanar da bincike don ra'ayinsa ta hanyar kwatanta jarirai a asibitin da aka rushe a Mexico da kuma a cikin gidan yarinya a Birnin New York tare da kungiyoyi biyu na kula da yara da ke girma tare da iyalansu. Tare da taimakon Katherine Wolf, ya kimanta ci gaban jarirai ta amfani da gwajin jarirai na Viennese. Spitz ya kammala cewa raguwar ci gaba da kuma yawan cututtukan da ya gano a cikin jarirai da aka kafa ba saboda rashin motsawar muhalli ba ne, tunda jarirai masu kula da kurkuku a zahiri suna da damar yin amfani da kayan wasa, amma galibi saboda rashin motsin rai da zamantakewa. A cewar Spitz, dangantaka mai ɗorewa da kusanci tsakanin uwa da yaro tana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban yaro mai lafiya.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin gajeren fim dinsa Grief: A Peril in Infancy, ya nuna sakamakon asibiti.<ref name=":3" /> Wannan ra'ayin yana da tasiri sosai ga wasu masu bincike, kuma a cikin 1951, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby ya buga rahoto game da yara marasa gida a Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> Wannan rahoto, wanda ake kira Maternal Care and Mental Health, WHO ce ta ba da umarni kuma ta goyi bayan ka'idarsa game da hana uwa. A cewar Bowlby, yaro yana buƙatar samun dangantaka ta ƙauna da ci gaba tare da mahaifiyar don kauce wa lalacewar ci gaba ta dindindin da asibiti.<ref name=":3" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Yanayi uku suna ƙayyade yiwuwar asibiti a cikin mai haƙuri: * Yaya mutum yake da lafiya kafin a shigar da shi asibiti * Ingancin aikin ko nadin * Yadda ake kula da mara lafiya bayan aikin ko alƙawari, gami da yawan marasa lafiya a asibiti gabaɗaya da tsabtace asibiti Abubuwan da aka fi bincika waɗanda aka lura sune daga jarirai da yara a asibitoci ko gidajen yara. Babban dalilin asibiti a cikin yara da jarirai shine rabuwa da yaro daga uwa. Suna fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa saboda warewa daga mahaifiyarsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pinneau |first=Samuel R. |date=1955 |title=The infantile disorders of hospitalism and anaclitic depression. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1037/h0045987 |issn=1939-1455 |pmid=13266931}}</ref> Misali shine yara ko jarirai a cikin gidan jariri lokacin da aka tsare su ne kawai a cikin bariki, yana hana su damar yin hulɗa da mahallinsu da sauran mutane.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan rashi na iya faruwa tunda ma'aikacin jinya dole ne ya kula da yara da yawa a lokaci guda. Har yanzu ba a bincika dalilai da yawa da ake zargi da kimiyya ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Wadannan abnormalities na iya kunshe da stereotypes - motsi na motsi wanda ke haifar da nuna maimaitawa da daidaitattun hanyoyin motsi da maganganun magana waɗanda ba su da wani manufa ko aiki kuma suna faruwa a cikin yanayi da ba su dace ba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> Motsi na al'ada na iya haifar da cutar kai. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Rashin daidaituwa na halayyar mutum na iya hana dangantakar zamantakewa yadda ya kamata. Mutanen da abin ya shafa sukan zama marasa kulawa kuma sun janye.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Руденко |first=Лілія |last2=Сняткова |first2=Тетяна |date=2021-07-28 |title=Preventive System of Hospitalism Syndrome in Early Children with Cerebral Palsy |url=http://journals.uran.ua/index.php/2227-6246/article/view/237906 |journal=Збірник наукових праць "Проблеми сучасної психології" |language=en |issue=53 |pages=235–257 |doi=10.32626/2227-6246.2021-53.235-257 |issn=2663-6956 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin rashin hulɗa na iya bayyana kamar karya ko sata.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan zamantakewa da suka shafi rashin zamantakewa da haɗin kai na iya haifar da ƙarin warewa.<ref name=":2" /> Tsabtace-tsabtace da bayyanar na iya samun mummunar tasiri.<ref name=":2" /> Mutanen da ke fama da asibiti suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin fahimta: <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> * canzawa ko jinkirta fahimtar ciwo * tsoron taɓawa * hypersensitivity Sauran sakamakon da aka saba da su sun danganta da cututtukan fahimta, kamar: <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> * nakasa na ilmantarwa * da wuya ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta ɓace ko ma asarar ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya ta dogon lokaci ko ta gajeren lokaci * Rashin lafiyar mota kamar motsi mai laushi da motsi mai kama da juna (alal misali, buga kai akan bango) ko kuma rage ikon amsawa sosai Sakamakon dogon lokaci, wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, ana iya bayyana su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutanen da ke nuna alamun asibiti na iya nuna matsanancin ƙyama ga nunawa ko karɓar motsin rai ko na jiki, yadda ya kamata rufe kansu daga wasu. Amsa daban na iya zama lalata, yayin da mutane ke gwagwarmaya don ƙauna da ƙauna. == Rigakafi da mafita == Rigakafi da mafita na asibiti galibi suna mai da hankali kan kokarin da ke neman hana hana aiki. A lokacin da suka zauna, hulɗar fata da fata tsakanin uwa da yaro ya nuna cewa yana da fa'ida.[1] Har ila yau, gudanar da nau'ikan wasanni daban-daban tare da yara, wanda zai cika bukatun su na motsa jiki, na iya samar da damar kafa dangantaka ta kusa da uwa ko maye gurbin.[2] Ya kamata a gudanar da tsoma baki na warkewa ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, malamai, da kuma cibiyar sadarwar waɗanda ba masu sana'a ba ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a jiki, a hankali, ko a motsin rai.[3] Ana yin ƙoƙari don sanya yara marasa iyaye a wuraren zama masu dacewa, kamar ƙauyukan yara da kula da kulawa. Ya kamata a mai da hankali kan dacewa da yanayin da yaro yake ciki. Wadannan cibiyoyin ya kamata su samar da tallafi da ya dace da yanayin da ya dace don yara su iya bunkasa yadda ya kamata. [4][5] Don kula da tsofaffi da marasa lafiya ana amfani da gidajen al'umma don rigakafi. Za a ci gaba da inganta samun dama da araha. Har ila yau, wurin zama mai inganci yana da mahimmanci don maganin cututtukan da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assisted Living {{!}} HealthInAging.org |url=https://www.healthinaging.org/age-friendly-healthcare-you/care-settings/assisted-living |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.healthinaging.org}}</ref> Ana rayuwa da wata hanya ta musamman a birnin Belgium Geel, inda ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa su zauna tare da iyalai na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuroski |first=John |date=2016-07-27 |title=What This Belgian "Paradise For The Insane" Can Teach Us About Mental Health |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/geel-belgium-mental-illness |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin bunƙasa * Ka'idar haɗi * Rashin haihuwa * Cututtukan da suka shafi damuwa * Falsafar tattaunawa * Maraya * Yaron daji * Ci gaban fahimtar jarirai == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] setru39fr9sulrv9x5gm0hur59zhdo3 846642 846627 2026-06-04T07:04:00Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hospitalism (ko baƙin ciki na anaclitic a cikin nau'in sublethal) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaclitic Depression {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anaclitic-depression |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> wani bincike ne na yara da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shekarun 1930 don bayyana jarirai da suka lalace yayin da suke asibiti. Alamomin na iya haɗawa da raguwar ci gaban jiki da rushewar ƙwarewar motsi da harshe.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Robert Sapolsky}}</ref> A farkon rabin karni na 20, an gano asibitin yana da alaƙa da hana jama'a tsakanin jariri da mai kula da shi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar a 1945, amma ana iya gano kalmar tun daga farkon shekara ta 1897. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1945, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam René Spitz ya wallafa wata kasida inda ya bayyana yadda hana hulɗar zamantakewa zai iya haifar da yanayin da ake kira "hospitalism" a cikin jarirai. A cewar Spitz, yara ƙanana waɗanda ake kula da su a cibiyoyin na iya fama da mummunar rauni a ci gaba su saboda ba a ba su isasshen kulawa ta uwa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Spitz bai kirkiro kalmar "hospitalism" ba, wanda za'a iya gano shi zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1897 Floyd M. Crandall ya buga wata kasida a cikin Archive of Pediatrics inda ya yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana yanayin da ke cikin jarirai da aka kafa wanda ke da alaƙa da asarar nauyi, kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban, da kuma ƙarshe mutuwa. A cewar Crandall, wannan yawan mace-mace na yara da aka kafa a karkashin shekara guda ana zargin cewa rashin [[Tsafta|tsabta]], abinci, iska, motsa jiki da hulɗa ta mutum ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crandall |first=Floyd |date=1897 |title=Editorial: Hospitalism |journal=Archives of Pediatrics |volume=14 |pages=448–454}}</ref> Bayan saurin ci gaba a cibiyoyin jin daɗi jarirai a farkon karni na 20, asibiti ya zama abin damuwa ga jama'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=Larry |last2=Brook |first2=Suny Stony |date=2006 |title=Prevention, Welfare, and Citizenship: The War on Tuberculosis and Infant Mortality in Germany, 1900–1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457151 |journal=Central European History |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=431–481 |doi=10.1017/S000893890600015X |issn=0008-9389 |jstor=20457151 |s2cid=144787342 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka bayar shine inganta tsabtace jiki don kauce wa yaduwar cututtuka. [[Shayarwa|Yin shayarwa]] ya zama da mahimmanci tun lokacin da aka yi la'akari da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta tsarin rigakafin jarirai, wanda ya taimaka wajen rage yawan mace-mace.<ref name=":4" /> Tunanin cewa jarirai ba su da ƙwarewar zamantakewa ko dogaro da hulɗar mutum ya ci gaba. Nurses sun fara maye gurbin rawar uwaye ga jarirai da aka kafa, kuma yawanci ba a yarda uwaye su ziyarci yaransu fiye da sau ɗaya a mako ba. Wannan ya kamata ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta kuma an dauke shi mafita ga asibiti.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Likitan yara Meinhard von Pfaundler ya soki wannan hanyar kuma ya yi jayayya cewa wannan kulawa mai ma'ana da nesa zai lalata lafiyar jarirai ta jiki da motsin rai. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa yara suna buƙatar ƙarin motsawa na waje fiye da yadda aka bayar a cikin yanayin asibitoci.<ref name=":3" /> A farkon shekarun 1930 masu bincike a [[Vienna Psychological Institute|Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Vienna]] sun fara mai da hankali kan ci gaban jarirai. [[Charlotte Bühler]] ce ta kirkiro abin da ake kira Viennese Baby Tests kuma ana iya amfani da shi don tantance ci gaban tunani, zamantakewa, da na jiki na yara.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Katherine Wolf da Hildegard Durfee sun yi amfani da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje don gudanar da karatu kan jarirai a cibiyoyi daban-daban. Sun kammala cewa mahalli ya rinjayi ci gaban yara kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga ci gaban ƙwarewar zamantakewa. A cewar su, jarirai suna buƙatar kasancewa cikin hulɗa da mahaifiyarsu don samun isasshen ƙauna da kulawa don ci gaban su.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin shekarun 1940, ra'ayin cewa kamuwa da cuta ya haifar da asibiti an ƙara sukar ta, musamman tun lokacin da aka ajiye jarirai a asibiti sau da yawa su kaɗai a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna, ba tare da wani hulɗa da masu kulawa ko motsawa na waje ba, don hana kamuwa da cututtukan giciye.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 1945 masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam René Spitz ya sake bayyana kalmar asibiti ta hanyar jayayya cewa yawan mutuwar jarirai har yanzu yana da yawa, duk da warewa a cikin ɗakuna, saboda rashin kulawar uwa ya lalata ci gaban su.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Spitz ya gudanar da bincike don ra'ayinsa ta hanyar kwatanta jarirai a asibitin da aka rushe a Mexico da kuma a cikin gidan yarinya a Birnin New York tare da kungiyoyi biyu na kula da yara da ke girma tare da iyalansu. Tare da taimakon Katherine Wolf, ya kimanta ci gaban jarirai ta amfani da gwajin jarirai na Viennese. Spitz ya kammala cewa raguwar ci gaba da kuma yawan cututtukan da ya gano a cikin jarirai da aka kafa ba saboda rashin motsawar muhalli ba ne, tunda jarirai masu kula da kurkuku a zahiri suna da damar yin amfani da kayan wasa, amma galibi saboda rashin motsin rai da zamantakewa. A cewar Spitz, dangantaka mai ɗorewa da kusanci tsakanin uwa da yaro tana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban yaro mai lafiya.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin gajeren fim dinsa Grief: A Peril in Infancy, ya nuna sakamakon asibiti.<ref name=":3" /> Wannan ra'ayin yana da tasiri sosai ga wasu masu bincike, kuma a cikin 1951, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya John Bowlby ya buga rahoto game da yara marasa gida a Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> Wannan rahoto, wanda ake kira Maternal Care and Mental Health, WHO ce ta ba da umarni kuma ta goyi bayan ka'idarsa game da hana uwa. A cewar Bowlby, yaro yana buƙatar samun dangantaka ta ƙauna da ci gaba tare da mahaifiyar don kauce wa lalacewar ci gaba ta dindindin da asibiti.<ref name=":3" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Yanayi uku suna ƙayyade yiwuwar asibiti a cikin mai haƙuri: * Yaya mutum yake da lafiya kafin a shigar da shi asibiti * Ingancin aikin ko nadin * Yadda ake kula da mara lafiya bayan aikin ko alƙawari, gami da yawan marasa lafiya a asibiti gabaɗaya da tsabtace asibiti Abubuwan da aka fi bincika waɗanda aka lura sune daga jarirai da yara a asibitoci ko gidajen yara. Babban dalilin asibiti a cikin yara da jarirai shine rabuwa da yaro daga uwa. Suna fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa saboda warewa daga mahaifiyarsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pinneau |first=Samuel R. |date=1955 |title=The infantile disorders of hospitalism and anaclitic depression. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1037/h0045987 |issn=1939-1455 |pmid=13266931}}</ref> Misali shine yara ko jarirai a cikin gidan jariri lokacin da aka tsare su ne kawai a cikin bariki, yana hana su damar yin hulɗa da mahallinsu da sauran mutane.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan rashi na iya faruwa tunda ma'aikacin jinya dole ne ya kula da yara da yawa a lokaci guda. Har yanzu ba a bincika dalilai da yawa da ake zargi da kimiyya ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Rowold |first=Katharina |date=November 2019 |title=What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of 'Hospitalism' in an International Context, 1900–1945 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx114 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=799–818 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkx114 |pmc=6913704 |pmid=31857744}}</ref> Wadannan abnormalities na iya kunshe da stereotypes - motsi na motsi wanda ke haifar da nuna maimaitawa da daidaitattun hanyoyin motsi da maganganun magana waɗanda ba su da wani manufa ko aiki kuma suna faruwa a cikin yanayi da ba su dace ba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> Motsi na al'ada na iya haifar da cutar kai. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Rashin daidaituwa na halayyar mutum na iya hana dangantakar zamantakewa yadda ya kamata. Mutanen da abin ya shafa sukan zama marasa kulawa kuma sun janye.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Руденко |first=Лілія |last2=Сняткова |first2=Тетяна |date=2021-07-28 |title=Preventive System of Hospitalism Syndrome in Early Children with Cerebral Palsy |url=http://journals.uran.ua/index.php/2227-6246/article/view/237906 |journal=Збірник наукових праць "Проблеми сучасної психології" |language=en |issue=53 |pages=235–257 |doi=10.32626/2227-6246.2021-53.235-257 |issn=2663-6956 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Halin rashin hulɗa na iya bayyana kamar karya ko sata.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan zamantakewa da suka shafi rashin zamantakewa da haɗin kai na iya haifar da ƙarin warewa.<ref name=":2" /> Tsabtace-tsabtace da bayyanar na iya samun mummunar tasiri.<ref name=":2" /> Mutanen da ke fama da asibiti suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin fahimta: <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> * canzawa ko jinkirta fahimtar ciwo * tsoron taɓawa * hypersensitivity Sauran sakamakon da aka saba da su sun danganta da cututtukan fahimta, kamar: <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hospitalismus – Ursachen, Symptome & Behandlung {{!}} MedLexi.de |url=https://medlexi.de/Hospitalismus |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=medlexi.de}}</ref> * nakasa na ilmantarwa * da wuya ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta ɓace ko ma asarar ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya ta dogon lokaci ko ta gajeren lokaci * Rashin lafiyar mota kamar motsi mai laushi da motsi mai kama da juna (alal misali, buga kai akan bango) ko kuma rage ikon amsawa sosai Sakamakon dogon lokaci, wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, ana iya bayyana su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mutanen da ke nuna alamun asibiti na iya nuna matsanancin ƙyama ga nunawa ko karɓar motsin rai ko na jiki, yadda ya kamata rufe kansu daga wasu. Amsa daban na iya zama lalata, yayin da mutane ke gwagwarmaya don ƙauna da ƙauna. == Rigakafi da mafita == Rigakafi da mafita na asibiti galibi suna mai da hankali kan kokarin da ke neman hana hana aiki. A lokacin da suka zauna, hulɗar fata da fata tsakanin uwa da yaro ya nuna cewa yana da fa'ida.[1] Har ila yau, gudanar da nau'ikan wasanni daban-daban tare da yara, wanda zai cika bukatun su na motsa jiki, na iya samar da damar kafa dangantaka ta kusa da uwa ko maye gurbin.[2] Ya kamata a gudanar da tsoma baki na warkewa ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, malamai, da kuma cibiyar sadarwar waɗanda ba masu sana'a ba ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a jiki, a hankali, ko a motsin rai.[3] Ana yin ƙoƙari don sanya yara marasa iyaye a wuraren zama masu dacewa, kamar ƙauyukan yara da kula da kulawa. Ya kamata a mai da hankali kan dacewa da yanayin da yaro yake ciki. Wadannan cibiyoyin ya kamata su samar da tallafi da ya dace da yanayin da ya dace don yara su iya bunkasa yadda ya kamata. [4][5] Don kula da tsofaffi da marasa lafiya ana amfani da gidajen al'umma don rigakafi. Za a ci gaba da inganta samun dama da araha. Har ila yau, wurin zama mai inganci yana da mahimmanci don maganin cututtukan da ke akwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assisted Living {{!}} HealthInAging.org |url=https://www.healthinaging.org/age-friendly-healthcare-you/care-settings/assisted-living |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.healthinaging.org}}</ref> Ana rayuwa da wata hanya ta musamman a birnin Belgium Geel, inda ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa su zauna tare da iyalai na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuroski |first=John |date=2016-07-27 |title=What This Belgian "Paradise For The Insane" Can Teach Us About Mental Health |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/geel-belgium-mental-illness |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin bunƙasa * Ka'idar haɗi * Rashin haihuwa * Cututtukan da suka shafi damuwa * Falsafar tattaunawa * Maraya * Yaron daji * Ci gaban fahimtar jarirai == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q1vg6z5y26eh8d47s61eg5vz5jqhomy Inganta Samun Magunguna 0 154669 846628 2026-06-04T06:57:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323058180|Improving Access to Psychological Therapies]]" 846628 wikitext text/x-wiki Inganta Samun Hanyar Magunguna ('''IAPT'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''NHS Talking Therapies, don damuwa da baƙin ciki''', wani shiri ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa don samar da ƙarin maganin kwakwalwa ga jama'a a Ingila. Jam'iyyar Labour Party ce ta kirkireshi kuma ta gabatar da shi sakamakon kimantawar tattalin arziki da Farfesa Lord Richard Layard ya yi, bisa ga sabbin jagororin magani daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar asibiti David M. Clark ya inganta. == Manufofin == Manufar aikin ita ce kara samar da maganin da aka yi da hujja don yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun kamar damuwa da baƙin ciki ta kungiyoyin [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]]. Wannan ya haɗa da shirin ma'aikata don horar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAPT policy and guidance |url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_084065?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=163498&Rendition=Web |access-date=26 April 2009 |publisher=Department of Health}}</ref> Wannan zai dogara ne akan 'kiyaye mai tsayi' ko samfurin rarrabawa inda za a ba da 'ƙananan ƙarfi' ko taimakon kai ga yawancin mutane a farkon misali da kuma 'babban ƙarfi' don yanayin da ya fi tsanani ko rikitarwa. Za a tantance sakamakon ta hanyar tambayoyin da aka daidaita, inda za a sanya isasshen ƙididdigar farko (a 'case') da isasshen ƙananan ƙididdigari nan da nan bayan magani (a ƙasa da 'caseness'), za a sanya su a matsayin 'motsi zuwa murmurewa'. Jagororin maganin NICE suna zaton tabbatacce ne. Masu warkar da IAPT ba sa yin bincike na yau da kullun. Wannan yana haifar da tambaya game da amincin da IAPT ke da'awar ga jagororin NICE, musamman saboda ba ya kula da bin maganin likitoci. == Bincike == Shafukan zanga-zangar farko sun ba da rahoton sakamakon daidai da tsinkaya dangane da yawan mutanen da aka kula da su (musamman tare da 'ƙananan ƙarfi' shiga tsakani kamar 'mai jagorantar taimakon kai') da kuma kashi da aka rarraba kamar yadda aka warke kuma kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙarin aiki (ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru) zuwa watanni goma bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards DA, Suckling R |date=February 2009 |title=Improving access to psychological therapies: Phase IV prospective cohort study |journal=Br J Clin Psychol |volume=48 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=377–96 |doi=10.1348/014466509X405178 |pmid=19208291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark and Layard |display-authors=etal |date=March 2009 |title=Improving Access to Psychological Therapy: Initial Evaluation of Two UK Demonstration Sites |journal=Behav Res Ther |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=910–20 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.010 |pmc=3111658 |pmid=19647230}}</ref> An lura cewa wallafe-wallafen sun nuna yawancin marasa lafiya za su warke ko ta yaya tare da wucewar lokaci ko tare da placebo - a zahiri yawancin waɗanda yanayinsu ya kasance ƙasa da watanni shida, amma ƙananan ƙananan waɗanda yanayin su ya kasance mai tsawo. Akwai wasu muhawara game da ko fitowar IAPT na iya haifar da farko a cikin maganin da ba a horar da shi ba wanda ke ba da horo mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKCP response to Andy Burnham's speech on mental health |url=http://tranquilene.com/psychologicaltherapies-post.html |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Proven Effectiveness |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/anxiety-files/201111/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-proven-effectiveness |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Beacon UK ta yi la'akari da aikin IAPT a duk faɗin Ingila don 2011-12 kuma ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane 533,550 sun sami damar (an kira su) ayyukan IAPT - 8.7% na mutanen da ke fama da damuwa da cututtukan baƙin ciki - tare da kusan 60% da ke shiga zaman magani. Yawancin ayyukan IAPT na cikin gida ba su kai ga burin kashi 50% na 'farfadowa' ba. A cikin 2012-2013, an tura mutane 761,848 zuwa ayyukan IAPT. Kashi 49% sun shiga magani (sauran ko dai an tantance su a matsayin marasa dacewa ga IAPT ko sun ƙi), kodayake kusan rabin waɗanda suka fita kafin kammala akalla zaman biyu. Daga cikin sauran, mutane 127,060 suna da tambayoyin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka gabatar kafin magani da kuma bayan magani wanda ke nuna 'farkawa' - babban labari na 43%. Wani rahoto daga Jami'ar Chester ya nuna cewa zaman yana da tsada sau uku don tallafawa fiye da ƙididdigar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta asali. A shekara ta 2014-15 akwai kusan mutane miliyan 1.3 da aka tura zuwa IAPT, daga cikinsu 815,665 sun shiga magani. Daga cikin wadanda, kashi 37% sun kammala isasshen zaman, tare da 180,300 da ke nuna 'mahimmanci mai aminci' (a kan tambayoyin damuwa da baƙin ciki da aka kammala kafin da nan da nan bayan magani) - wanda ya kasance sama da ɗaya cikin biyar daga cikin waɗanda suka shiga magani, ƙasa da rabin waɗanda suka kammala isassu zaman. Ra'ayi game da IAPT ya kasance ya rabu. Adadin masu horar da IAPT ba su bayyana sun hadu da burin gwamnati na 6000 ba, wanda ya haifar da manyan caji. Wasu sun koka game da ganin karin 'kofa mai juyawa' marasa lafiya da kuma rikitarwa na shari'o'i, yayin da NHS ta amince da matsaloli tare da lokutan jira da kuma farfadowa. Koyaya Norman Lamb, wanda ya goyi bayan IAPT a cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta 2010-2015, bai yarda da karɓar kuskuren tare da irin wannan ci gaba mai zurfi da jagorantar duniya a cikin maganin da aka dogara da shaida ba.<ref name="booth" /> Sauran sun yaba da nasarar da aka samu a cikin karuwar adadin masu turawa, amma sun yi gargadi game da gazawar inganta yawan farfadowa. An lura cewa duka magungunan antidepressant da da'awar nakasa na hankali sun ci gaba da tashi.<ref name="Timimi2015">{{Cite journal |last=Timimi S |year=2015 |title=Children and Young People's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: inspiring innovation or more of the same? |journal=BJPsych Bull |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=57–60 |doi=10.1192/pb.bp.114.047118 |pmc=4478906 |pmid=26191433}}</ref> A cikin 2017 kasa da rabin Kungiyoyin Kwamishinan Asibiti sun cika burin (15.8%) don yawan mutanen da ya kamata su sami damar yin amfani da magunguna. Babu wani binciken da aka ba da tallafin jama'a mai zaman kansa na IAPT. Binciken shari'o'in IAPT 90 https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318755264, [Scott (2018) IAPT - Bukatar Gyara ta Radical, Journal of Health Psychology, ] wanda aka tantance tare da 'ma'auni na zinariya' hira ta gano cewa wasu ne kawai suka warke, a cikin ma'anar rasa matsayinsu na bincike. Sakamakon sun kasance iri ɗaya ko an kula da mutumin kafin ko bayan shari'ar rauni. Hakazalika, an yi tambaya game da amfani da PHQ-9 wajen lissafin ƙimar dawowa don manufofin magani idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar da yawancin jama'a zasu iya samu wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke ciki. A watan Yulin 2021 nadin 55,703 daga cikin jimlar 434,000 wanda ya ci gaba ya shafi daya ko fiye da masu aiki waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar IAPT. Akwai kimanin ma'aikatan lafiyar kwakwalwa 2000 a cikin sabis ɗin, tare da wasu masu horo 1,200. Suna samun goyon baya daga manyan masu warkarwa da masu ba da shawara wanda akwai kimanin 4,000 tare da masu horo 700. A cikin 2022 kasa da kashi 40% na mutanen da aka ambata zuwa ayyukan IAPT a wasu yankuna sun halarci tantancewar farko da kuma zaman magani na farko. Kashi 57% ne kawai na mutanen da suka halarci kimantawa suka ci gaba da halartar alƙawari na farko. Mutanen da suka ambaci kansu sun ninka sau uku don halartar alƙawari na kimantawa fiye da waɗanda GP ɗin su ya tura. == Sabuntawa == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Paul Burstow, Ministan Kula da Kulawa, ya ba da sanarwar tsawaita aikin IAPT don haɗawa da ayyukan Yara da Matasa. Gwamnati ta yi alkawarin £ 118m a kowace shekara daga 2015 zuwa 2019 don kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan warkarwa ga yara da matasa. CYP-IAPT, aikace-aikacen samfurin IAPT ga yara da matasa, wani shiri ne na tallafin gwamnati a cikin shekarun 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What was CYP IAPT? |url=https://www.annafreud.org/services/services-for-professionals/cyp-mh-workforce-development/what-was-cyp-iapt |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Anna Freud |language=en}}</ref> Kamar takwaransa na IAPT, CYP-IAPT ya yi niyyar inganta wadatar, da kuma samun dama ga, maganin tunani na tushen shaida. Ba kamar takwaransa na manya ba, CYP-IAPT ba ta haɗa da daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban sabbin nau'ikan ma'aikata ba; a maimakon haka, ta goyi bayan horar da ma'aikatan da ke akwai a cikin magungunan da suka danganci shaida kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, iyaye da maganin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burn |first=Anne-Marie |last2=Vainre |first2=Maris |last3=Humphrey |first3=Ayla |last4=Howarth |first4=Emma |date=2020-10-14 |title=Evaluating the CYP-IAPT transformation of child and adolescent mental health services in Cambridgeshire, UK: a qualitative implementation study |journal=Implementation Science Communications |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=89 |doi=10.1186/s43058-020-00078-6 |issn=2662-2211 |pmc=7556968 |pmid=33073242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Richard Layard, masanin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ya zama mai tasiri a siyasar jam'iyyar New Labour kuma an nada shi a cikin House of Lords a shekara ta 2000. Yana da sha'awar farin ciki na jama'a da lafiyar kwakwalwa; mahaifinsa, John Layard, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne wanda ya tsira daga baƙin ciki na kashe kansa kuma ya sake horar da shi a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar Jungian bayan ya sha wahala daga Carl Jung. A shekara ta 2003 Richard Layard ya sadu da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam David M. Clark, babban mutum a cikin maganin halayyar da ke gudanar da Cibiyar Kula da Rashin Damuwa da Trauma (tare da Anke Ehlers da Paul Salkovskis) a Cibiyar Kula Da Halitta da Asibitin Maudsley. Clark ya yi ikirarin ingantaccen ci gaba daga CBT amma karancin magungunan duk da jagororin NICE yanzu suna ba da shawarar shi ga cututtukan hankali da yawa. Layard, tare da taimakon Clark, ya fara kamfen don sabon sabis na ƙasa don maganin da NICE ta ba da shawarar, musamman CBT. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman gardama shi ne cewa zai kasance mai tsada kuma hakika a ƙarshe ya biya kansa ta hanyar kara yawan aiki da rage fa'idodi jihar kamar su Disability Living Allowance da Incapacity Benefit (wanda ya ga karuwar da'awar tun lokacin da John Major's Conservative Party ya gabatar da su a 1992 da 1995 bi da bi). Sabon gwamnatin Labour da aka sake zabar ta amince da shirin a shekarar 2005 kuma a hankali aka aiwatar da shi karkashin jagorancin Clark.[1] Layard ya ambaci wasu da yawa kamar yadda suka taimaka wajen samun karfin siyasa na farko don shirin - MP Ed Miliband, likitan kwakwalwa Louis Appleby (a lokacin Darakta na Kasa na Lafiya), David Halpern (masanin ilimin kwakwalwa), likitan kwakwa David Nutt, MP Alan Milburn (ya auri likitan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa) kuma a ƙarshe Firayim Minista Gordon Brown.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qng9texgh97uodnqe8z539vv1grtbrs 846643 846628 2026-06-04T07:04:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Inganta Samun Hanyar Magunguna ('''IAPT'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''NHS Talking Therapies, don damuwa da baƙin ciki''', wani shiri ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa don samar da ƙarin maganin kwakwalwa ga jama'a a Ingila. Jam'iyyar Labour Party ce ta kirkireshi kuma ta gabatar da shi sakamakon kimantawar tattalin arziki da Farfesa Lord Richard Layard ya yi, bisa ga sabbin jagororin magani daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar asibiti David M. Clark ya inganta. == Manufofin == Manufar aikin ita ce kara samar da maganin da aka yi da hujja don yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yau da kullun kamar damuwa da baƙin ciki ta kungiyoyin [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]]. Wannan ya haɗa da shirin ma'aikata don horar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAPT policy and guidance |url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_084065?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=163498&Rendition=Web |access-date=26 April 2009 |publisher=Department of Health}}</ref> Wannan zai dogara ne akan 'kiyaye mai tsayi' ko samfurin rarrabawa inda za a ba da 'ƙananan ƙarfi' ko taimakon kai ga yawancin mutane a farkon misali da kuma 'babban ƙarfi' don yanayin da ya fi tsanani ko rikitarwa. Za a tantance sakamakon ta hanyar tambayoyin da aka daidaita, inda za a sanya isasshen ƙididdigar farko (a 'case') da isasshen ƙananan ƙididdigari nan da nan bayan magani (a ƙasa da 'caseness'), za a sanya su a matsayin 'motsi zuwa murmurewa'. Jagororin maganin NICE suna zaton tabbatacce ne. Masu warkar da IAPT ba sa yin bincike na yau da kullun. Wannan yana haifar da tambaya game da amincin da IAPT ke da'awar ga jagororin NICE, musamman saboda ba ya kula da bin maganin likitoci. == Bincike == Shafukan zanga-zangar farko sun ba da rahoton sakamakon daidai da tsinkaya dangane da yawan mutanen da aka kula da su (musamman tare da 'ƙananan ƙarfi' shiga tsakani kamar 'mai jagorantar taimakon kai') da kuma kashi da aka rarraba kamar yadda aka warke kuma kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙarin aiki (ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru) zuwa watanni goma bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards DA, Suckling R |date=February 2009 |title=Improving access to psychological therapies: Phase IV prospective cohort study |journal=Br J Clin Psychol |volume=48 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=377–96 |doi=10.1348/014466509X405178 |pmid=19208291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark and Layard |display-authors=etal |date=March 2009 |title=Improving Access to Psychological Therapy: Initial Evaluation of Two UK Demonstration Sites |journal=Behav Res Ther |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=910–20 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.010 |pmc=3111658 |pmid=19647230}}</ref> An lura cewa wallafe-wallafen sun nuna yawancin marasa lafiya za su warke ko ta yaya tare da wucewar lokaci ko tare da placebo - a zahiri yawancin waɗanda yanayinsu ya kasance ƙasa da watanni shida, amma ƙananan ƙananan waɗanda yanayin su ya kasance mai tsawo. Akwai wasu muhawara game da ko fitowar IAPT na iya haifar da farko a cikin maganin da ba a horar da shi ba wanda ke ba da horo mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKCP response to Andy Burnham's speech on mental health |url=http://tranquilene.com/psychologicaltherapies-post.html |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Proven Effectiveness |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/anxiety-files/201111/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-proven-effectiveness |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Beacon UK ta yi la'akari da aikin IAPT a duk faɗin Ingila don 2011-12 kuma ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane 533,550 sun sami damar (an kira su) ayyukan IAPT - 8.7% na mutanen da ke fama da damuwa da cututtukan baƙin ciki - tare da kusan 60% da ke shiga zaman magani. Yawancin ayyukan IAPT na cikin gida ba su kai ga burin kashi 50% na 'farfadowa' ba. A cikin 2012-2013, an tura mutane 761,848 zuwa ayyukan IAPT. Kashi 49% sun shiga magani (sauran ko dai an tantance su a matsayin marasa dacewa ga IAPT ko sun ƙi), kodayake kusan rabin waɗanda suka fita kafin kammala akalla zaman biyu. Daga cikin sauran, mutane 127,060 suna da tambayoyin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka gabatar kafin magani da kuma bayan magani wanda ke nuna 'farkawa' - babban labari na 43%. Wani rahoto daga Jami'ar Chester ya nuna cewa zaman yana da tsada sau uku don tallafawa fiye da ƙididdigar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta asali. A shekara ta 2014-15 akwai kusan mutane miliyan 1.3 da aka tura zuwa IAPT, daga cikinsu 815,665 sun shiga magani. Daga cikin wadanda, kashi 37% sun kammala isasshen zaman, tare da 180,300 da ke nuna 'mahimmanci mai aminci' (a kan tambayoyin damuwa da baƙin ciki da aka kammala kafin da nan da nan bayan magani) - wanda ya kasance sama da ɗaya cikin biyar daga cikin waɗanda suka shiga magani, ƙasa da rabin waɗanda suka kammala isassu zaman. Ra'ayi game da IAPT ya kasance ya rabu. Adadin masu horar da IAPT ba su bayyana sun hadu da burin gwamnati na 6000 ba, wanda ya haifar da manyan caji. Wasu sun koka game da ganin karin 'kofa mai juyawa' marasa lafiya da kuma rikitarwa na shari'o'i, yayin da NHS ta amince da matsaloli tare da lokutan jira da kuma farfadowa. Koyaya Norman Lamb, wanda ya goyi bayan IAPT a cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta 2010-2015, bai yarda da karɓar kuskuren tare da irin wannan ci gaba mai zurfi da jagorantar duniya a cikin maganin da aka dogara da shaida ba.<ref name="booth" /> Sauran sun yaba da nasarar da aka samu a cikin karuwar adadin masu turawa, amma sun yi gargadi game da gazawar inganta yawan farfadowa. An lura cewa duka magungunan antidepressant da da'awar nakasa na hankali sun ci gaba da tashi.<ref name="Timimi2015">{{Cite journal |last=Timimi S |year=2015 |title=Children and Young People's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: inspiring innovation or more of the same? |journal=BJPsych Bull |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=57–60 |doi=10.1192/pb.bp.114.047118 |pmc=4478906 |pmid=26191433}}</ref> A cikin 2017 kasa da rabin Kungiyoyin Kwamishinan Asibiti sun cika burin (15.8%) don yawan mutanen da ya kamata su sami damar yin amfani da magunguna. Babu wani binciken da aka ba da tallafin jama'a mai zaman kansa na IAPT. Binciken shari'o'in IAPT 90 https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318755264, [Scott (2018) IAPT - Bukatar Gyara ta Radical, Journal of Health Psychology, ] wanda aka tantance tare da 'ma'auni na zinariya' hira ta gano cewa wasu ne kawai suka warke, a cikin ma'anar rasa matsayinsu na bincike. Sakamakon sun kasance iri ɗaya ko an kula da mutumin kafin ko bayan shari'ar rauni. Hakazalika, an yi tambaya game da amfani da PHQ-9 wajen lissafin ƙimar dawowa don manufofin magani idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar da yawancin jama'a zasu iya samu wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke ciki. A watan Yulin 2021 nadin 55,703 daga cikin jimlar 434,000 wanda ya ci gaba ya shafi daya ko fiye da masu aiki waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar IAPT. Akwai kimanin ma'aikatan lafiyar kwakwalwa 2000 a cikin sabis ɗin, tare da wasu masu horo 1,200. Suna samun goyon baya daga manyan masu warkarwa da masu ba da shawara wanda akwai kimanin 4,000 tare da masu horo 700. A cikin 2022 kasa da kashi 40% na mutanen da aka ambata zuwa ayyukan IAPT a wasu yankuna sun halarci tantancewar farko da kuma zaman magani na farko. Kashi 57% ne kawai na mutanen da suka halarci kimantawa suka ci gaba da halartar alƙawari na farko. Mutanen da suka ambaci kansu sun ninka sau uku don halartar alƙawari na kimantawa fiye da waɗanda GP ɗin su ya tura. == Sabuntawa == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Paul Burstow, Ministan Kula da Kulawa, ya ba da sanarwar tsawaita aikin IAPT don haɗawa da ayyukan Yara da Matasa. Gwamnati ta yi alkawarin £ 118m a kowace shekara daga 2015 zuwa 2019 don kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan warkarwa ga yara da matasa. CYP-IAPT, aikace-aikacen samfurin IAPT ga yara da matasa, wani shiri ne na tallafin gwamnati a cikin shekarun 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What was CYP IAPT? |url=https://www.annafreud.org/services/services-for-professionals/cyp-mh-workforce-development/what-was-cyp-iapt |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Anna Freud |language=en}}</ref> Kamar takwaransa na IAPT, CYP-IAPT ya yi niyyar inganta wadatar, da kuma samun dama ga, maganin tunani na tushen shaida. Ba kamar takwaransa na manya ba, CYP-IAPT ba ta haɗa da daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban sabbin nau'ikan ma'aikata ba; a maimakon haka, ta goyi bayan horar da ma'aikatan da ke akwai a cikin magungunan da suka danganci shaida kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, iyaye da maganin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burn |first=Anne-Marie |last2=Vainre |first2=Maris |last3=Humphrey |first3=Ayla |last4=Howarth |first4=Emma |date=2020-10-14 |title=Evaluating the CYP-IAPT transformation of child and adolescent mental health services in Cambridgeshire, UK: a qualitative implementation study |journal=Implementation Science Communications |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=89 |doi=10.1186/s43058-020-00078-6 |issn=2662-2211 |pmc=7556968 |pmid=33073242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Richard Layard, masanin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ya zama mai tasiri a siyasar jam'iyyar New Labour kuma an nada shi a cikin House of Lords a shekara ta 2000. Yana da sha'awar farin ciki na jama'a da lafiyar kwakwalwa; mahaifinsa, John Layard, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne wanda ya tsira daga baƙin ciki na kashe kansa kuma ya sake horar da shi a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar Jungian bayan ya sha wahala daga Carl Jung. A shekara ta 2003 Richard Layard ya sadu da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam David M. Clark, babban mutum a cikin maganin halayyar da ke gudanar da Cibiyar Kula da Rashin Damuwa da Trauma (tare da Anke Ehlers da Paul Salkovskis) a Cibiyar Kula Da Halitta da Asibitin Maudsley. Clark ya yi ikirarin ingantaccen ci gaba daga CBT amma karancin magungunan duk da jagororin NICE yanzu suna ba da shawarar shi ga cututtukan hankali da yawa. Layard, tare da taimakon Clark, ya fara kamfen don sabon sabis na ƙasa don maganin da NICE ta ba da shawarar, musamman CBT. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman gardama shi ne cewa zai kasance mai tsada kuma hakika a ƙarshe ya biya kansa ta hanyar kara yawan aiki da rage fa'idodi jihar kamar su Disability Living Allowance da Incapacity Benefit (wanda ya ga karuwar da'awar tun lokacin da John Major's Conservative Party ya gabatar da su a 1992 da 1995 bi da bi). Sabon gwamnatin Labour da aka sake zabar ta amince da shirin a shekarar 2005 kuma a hankali aka aiwatar da shi karkashin jagorancin Clark.[1] Layard ya ambaci wasu da yawa kamar yadda suka taimaka wajen samun karfin siyasa na farko don shirin - MP Ed Miliband, likitan kwakwalwa Louis Appleby (a lokacin Darakta na Kasa na Lafiya), David Halpern (masanin ilimin kwakwalwa), likitan kwakwa David Nutt, MP Alan Milburn (ya auri likitan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa) kuma a ƙarshe Firayim Minista Gordon Brown.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] izcb9obrne87h1eth5s2hw4pwiciq0b Damuwa tun yana yaro 0 154670 846629 2026-06-04T06:58:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302625178|Stress in early childhood]]" 846629 wikitext text/x-wiki Yaronta yaro lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a rayuwar yaro wanda ya haɗa da shekaru daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru biyar. Matsalar tunani wani bangare ne na rayuwa. Mutane na iya fuskantar damuwa tun suna ƙanana. Kodayake damuwa wani abu ne ga matsakaicin ɗan adam, yana iya zama kyakkyawan ko mummunan fasalin gyare-gyare a rayuwar ƙaramin yaro.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Wani nau'i na damuwa na al'ada ne kuma ya zama dole don rayuwa. Wasu 'yan damuwa na iya zama masu sarrafawa ga yara ƙanana; damuwa na iya amfana ta hanyar taimaka wa yara haɓaka ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don daidaitawa da sabon yanayi da kuma magance yanayi mai haɗari da tsoratarwa. Wasu masana sun yi la'akari da cewa akwai wani batu inda damuwa mai tsawo ko matsananciyar damuwa ta zama mai cutarwa kuma tana iya haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da damuwa ta karu a farkon ƙuruciya, abubuwan neurobiological suna shafar. Hakanan, matakan hormone na damuwa cortisol sun wuce na al'ada.<ref name="PoulsenFinello" /> Wannan ka'idar duk da haka ta dogara ne akan nazarin dabbobi da nazarin sashi a cikin mutane, kuma ba a sami tasirin da aka gabatar a kan cibiyoyin kwakwalwa a cikin binciken tagwaye mai mahimmanci da kuma nazarin inda aka auna abubuwan neurobiological a cikin mutane kafin damuwa ko bayyanar rauni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilbertson |first=MW |last2=Shenton |first2=ME |last3=Ciszewski |first3=A |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1242–1247 |doi=10.1038/nn958 |pmc=2819093 |pmid=12379862}}</ref><ref name="DiGangi">{{Cite journal |last=DiGangi |first=JA |last2=Gomez |first2=D |last3=Mendoza |first3=L |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the literature |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=728–744 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.002 |pmid=23792469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=U |last2=Willmund |first2=GD |last3=Holsboer |first3=F |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Searching for non-genetic molecular and imaging PTSD risk and resilience markers: Systematic review of literature and design of the German Armed Forces PTSD biomarker study |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=51 |pages=444–458 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.020 |pmid=25236294 |s2cid=207459216}}</ref> Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar nau'ikan martani guda uku ga damuwa a cikin yara ƙanana: ''mai kyau'', mai haƙuri, da ''guba''.<ref name="Key Concepts">{{Cite web |title=Key Concepts: Toxic Stress |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |access-date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> Wadannan alamomi sun dogara ne akan bambance-bambance da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin canje-canjen ilimin lissafi na dindindin da ke faruwa sakamakon tsananin da tsawon lokacin amsawar damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsayi yana haifar da tasirin ciki ko na waje wanda ke rushe yanayin jin daɗin mutum. Wadannan tasirin suna iya shafar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar haifar da damuwa ta motsin rai kuma suna haifar da sauye-sauye daban-daban na jiki. Matsalar ciki sun haɗa da yanayin jiki kamar yunwa, ciwo, rashin lafiya ko gajiya. Sauran hanyoyin damuwa na ciki sun hada da jin kunya a cikin yaro, motsin rai, jinsi, shekaru da ikon ilimi.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Raunin yara yana da tasiri na rayuwa. Bayyanawa ga abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya na iya haɗawa da rabuwa da iyali, tashin hankali na gida, bambancin launin fata / kabilanci, bambancin samun kudin shiga, tashin hankali a unguwa, rashin lafiya na hankali ko rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mai kulawa, cin zarafin jiki / jima'i, sakaci, saki, sabon gida ko makaranta, rashin lafiya da asibiti, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, talauci, bala'o'i na halitta, da dabarun horo mara kyau na manya (misali spanking).<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Ƙarin damuwa na waje sun haɗa da bayyanar miyagun ƙwayoyi kafin haihuwa, kamar amfani da methamphetamine na uwa, sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwari na uwa da uba, baƙin ciki na uwa, damuwa bayan rauni da kuma psychosis. <ref name="Jewett" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schechter |first=Daniel S |last2=Willheim |first2=Erica |last3=McCaw |first3=Jaime |last4=Turner |first4=J. Blake |last5=Myers |first5=Michael M |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles H |year=2011 |title=The Relationship of Violent Fathers, Posttraumatically Stressed Mothers and Symptomatic Children in a Preschool-Age Inner-City Pediatrics Clinic Sample |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=3699–719 |doi=10.1177/0886260511403747 |pmid=22170456 |s2cid=206562093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schechter |first=Daniel S |last2=Willheim |first2=Erica |year=2009 |title=Disturbances of Attachment and Parental Psychopathology in Early Childhood |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=665–86 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 |pmc=2690512 |pmid=19486844}}</ref> == Matsayi na damuwa == Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar matakai daban-daban guda uku na damuwa da aka gani a cikin yara a lokacin ƙuruciya; ''mai kyau'', mai haƙuri da ''guba''.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsi mai kyau ya zama dole kuma yana inganta juriya, ko ikon yin aiki da kyau a ƙarƙashin barazana. Irin wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga taƙaitaccen, mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaiciyar damuwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar wani babba mai kulawa wanda zai iya taimaka wa yaro ya jimre da damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan nau'in damuwa yana haifar da ƙananan canje-canje na jiki da hormonal ga ƙaramin yaro; waɗannan canje-canje sun haɗa da karuwa a cikin bugun zuciya da canji a cikin matakan hormone cortisol. Ranar farko ta makaranta, bikin aure na iyali ko yin sabbin abokai duk misalai ne na masu damuwa masu kyau.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya inganta ci gaba mai kyau a cikin yanayin dangantakar tallafi, yana ba yara damar lura da yin martani mai kyau ga abubuwan damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects" /> Matsalar da za a iya jurewa taSabuntawa na kira, sake fasalin batun gabatarwar a cikin magani a matsayin "al'adun gabatarwar" sabanin "matsalar gabatarwar". Kayan aiki na biyu na CFT shine "masks" ko kayan ado na al'adu da camouflage, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin likitan iyali Edwin Friedman. Kayan aiki na uku na CFT game da "aiki" na ciki da na waje, yana kwatanta yadda matsayin mai warkarwa dangane da iyali. fito ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka fi tsanani a yanayi amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yawanci ana iya shawo kansu.[1] Amsar damuwa ta jiki ta fi aiki sosai saboda matsanancin damuwa.[2] Wasu misalai na damuwa masu haƙuri sune rikice-rikice na iyali, haɗari ko mutuwar ƙaunatacce. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan damuwa suna da haƙuri ne kawai lokacin da aka sarrafa su yadda ya kamata. Damuwa mai jimrewa na iya zama damuwa mai kyau.[2] Tare da kulawa mai dacewa daga manya, yara ƙanana na iya jimrewa da damuwa mai haƙuri kuma su juya shi cikin damuwa mai kyau. Koyaya, idan tallafin manya ya gaza a matakai na jimrewa na yaro, to damuwa mai haƙuri na iya zama mai cutarwa.[1] Matsalar guba na iya faruwa lokacin da gogewa ke da tsawo da tsananin gaske.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Toxic Stress: The Facts |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> Yara suna buƙatar kulawa da goyon baya ga manya don taimaka musu saboda yana da wahala ga yara su magance irin wannan damuwa da kansu. Sabili da haka, ana iya kunna martani na damuwa daga makonni zuwa watanni ko ma shekaru.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Damuwa mai tsawo yana haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar lalacewar motsin rai ko ci gaba.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Idan ba a sami isasshen tallafi ba, irin wannan damuwa na iya haifar da canje-canje na dindindin a ci gaban kwakwalwa.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Bincike ya gano cewa yara da ke fuskantar mummunar cin zarafi da na dogon lokaci suna da ƙananan girman kwakwalwa.<ref name="Excessive Stress">{{Cite web |last=National Scientific Council on the Developing Child |date=2014 |title=Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain: Working Paper 3 |url=http://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/Stress_Disrupts_Architecture_Developing_Brain-1.pdf |publisher=Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University}}</ref> Idan halin da ake ciki ba shi da tsanani, damuwa mai guba har yanzu zai canza tsarin amsawar damuwa; waɗannan canje-canje za su sa yara su amsa ga abubuwan damuwa iri-iri.<ref name="Excessive Stress" /> Koyaya, tare da isasshen kulawa da tallafi daga manya, yara na iya mayar da matakan damuwa zuwa mai haƙuri ko mai kyau.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Misalan damuwa mai guba sune cin zarafi, sakaci, tashin hankali da wahala gaba ɗaya ba tare da goyon bayan manya ba.<ref name="Facts" /> Matsalar guba na iya haifar da tasiri a kan lafiyar jiki da tunani. Allostatic load shine "ƙasa da fashewa a jikin mutum" wanda ke tarawa yayin da mutum ke fuskantar maimaitawa ko damuwa mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=Bruce S. |date=1998 |title=Stress, Adaptation, and Disease: Allostasis and Allostatic Load |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=840 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |bibcode=1998NYASA.840...33M |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x |issn=1749-6632 |pmid=9629234 |s2cid=20043016}}</ref> Yana wakiltar sakamakon ilimin lissafi na bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullun ga sauyawa ko karuwar amsar jijiyoyi ko neuroendocrine wanda ke haifar da maimaitawa ko damuwa mai guba. Bruce McEwen da E. Stellar ne suka kirkiro kalmar a cikin 1993.<ref name="McEwen & Stellar">{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=B.S. |last2=Stellar |first2=E. |date=1993 |title=Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=153 |issue=18 |pages=2093–2101 |doi=10.1001/archinte.153.18.2093 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=8379800}}</ref> == Matakan damuwa == Ana fuskantar damuwa a matakai daban-daban guda huɗu a farkon ƙuruciya.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> A mataki na farko, damuwa yawanci yana haifar da fargabar.<ref name="Jewett" /> Na gaba, a mataki na biyu ko na kimantawa, yaron yana ƙoƙari ya sami ma'ana daga taron.<ref name="Jewett" /> Mataki na uku ya ƙunshi yara da ke neman dabarun magance su.<ref name="Jewett" /> A ƙarshe, a mataki na huɗu, yara suna aiwatar da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin dabarun jimrewa.<ref name="Jewett" /> Koyaya, yara da ke da ƙarancin haƙuri ga masu damuwa suna da saukin kamuwa da ƙararrawa kuma suna samun abubuwan da suka faru da yawa don zama damuwa.<ref name="Jewett" /> Wadannan yara galibi suna fuskantar damuwa mai tsanani ko mai guba.<ref name="Jewett" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == A Amurka, yara marasa fararen fata daga matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun fi fuskantar mummunar Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro. Yara baƙi daga matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki musamman suna cikin haɗari don fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic stress and children's outcomes: African American children growing up poor are at greater risk of disrupted physiological functioning and depressed academic achievement |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/toxic-stress-and-childrens-outcomes-african-american-children-growing-up-poor-are-at-greater-risk-of-disrupted-physiological-functioning-and-depressed-academic-achievement/}}</ref> Za'a iya auna matsayin zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar ilimi da matakin samun kudin shiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slopen |first=Natalie |last2=Shonkoff |first2=Jack P. |last3=Albert |first3=Michelle A. |last4=Yoshikawa |first4=Hirokazu |author-link4=Hirokazu Yoshikawa |last5=Jacobs |first5=Aryana |last6=Stoltz |first6=Rebecca |last7=Williams |first7=David R. |year=2016 |title=Racial Disparities in Child Adversity in the U.S. |url=https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00319-0/pdf |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013 |pmid=26342634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin damuwa na yau da kullun zai haifar da raguwar lafiyar jiki da kara kamuwa da cututtuka. Yanayin da zai iya inganta damuwa a ƙuruciya sun haɗa da: <ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Toxic Stress: The Facts |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> * Rashin haɗin mai kulawa: saki / rabuwa, kula da kulawa, ɗaurin iyaye * Rashin kulawa * Nuna wariyar launin fata <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Racism is an Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) |url=https://jordaninstituteforfamilies.org/2020/racism-is-an-adverse-childhood-experience-ace/}}</ref> * Rabuwa da iyaye * Bayyanawa ga tashin hankali: cin zarafin jiki, tunani da jima'icin zarafin jima'i * Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi * Kasancewa da yawawuce gona da iri * Jin matsin lamba don yin ko nuna hali fiye da iyawarsu * Rashin kulawa: rashin kulawa da motsin rai da na jiki * Ganawa da sababbin mutane * Fara sabuwar makaranta * Mutuwar ƙaunatacciyar * Rashin lafiya: na hankali da na jiki * Matsala ga aikin makaranta * Ƙarin matsin lamba / alhakin a gida * Kasancewa zalunci == Damuwa da ci gaban kwakwalwa == Ana kafa da'irorin kwakwalwa da tsarin testosterone kuma suna kunnawa a farkon rayuwa. Wadannan tsarin neurobiological na jiki suna taimakawa wajen kula da rayuwa kuma suna da mahimmanci don rayuwa a farkon ƙuruciya da kuma rayuwarsu. Lokacin da yaro ko babba ya fuskanci damuwa, jiki zai yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita damuwa ta hanyar sakin hormones da ke wucewa ta jiki.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Koyaya, tasirin jinkirin damuwa na rayuwa na dogon lokaci ko akai-akai na iya ƙara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar jiki da na tunani a nan gaba a farkon ƙuruciya.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tunda hanyoyin kwakwalwa suna da rauni a farkon ƙuruciya, abubuwan damuwa na farko na iya tasiri ga ci gaban haɗin kwakwalwa.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Sabili da haka, ka'idar damuwa mai guba ita ce damuwa na iya canzawa ko lalata tsarin kwakwalwa kuma yana haifar da girman kwakwalwa a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Duk da haka babu wani binciken da ya auna waɗannan hanyoyin kwakwalwa ko ƙididdigar cibiyoyin kwakwalwa a cikin yara ƙanana don tabbatar da wannan ka'idar. == Hanyar amsawa ta damuwa a cikin mutane == A cikin mutane, hanyar amsawar damuwa ta ƙunshi tsarin tausayi-adrenomedullary (SAM) da kuma hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Tsarin SAM wani bangare ne na ɓangaren tausayi na tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Wadannan tsarin suna da alhakin sakin epinephrine da norepinephrine (NE), wanda aka fi sani da jirgin ko maganin hormones.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Lokacin da aka saki epinephrine zai ɗaure zuwa masu karɓa daban-daban a cikin gabobin da aka yi niyya daban-daban; wannan zai nuna matsayi da yawa a cikin yaƙi ko tsarin jirgin sama.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tsarin HPA yana da alhakin samar da glucocorticoid daga adrenal cortex; babban glucocorticosid a cikin mutane shine steroid hormone cortisol . <ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabanin epinephrine, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci don samarwa, cortisol yana ɗaukar minti 25 don isa matakan mafi girma.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Har ila yau, cortisol yana iya shiga cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa, ba kamar epinephrine ba.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabili da haka, cortisol yana ɗaukar ƙarin lokaci don samarwa, amma yana tasiri ga kwakwalwa na dogon lokaci.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tare, tsarin SAM da HPA suna aiki don daidaita damuwa da haɗuwa a hypothalamus, wanda hakan ke tsara halayyar.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> == Yaro, ƙuruciya, da damuwa == Lokacin da jiki ya fuskanci halin damuwa, ana fitar da cortisol na hormone na damuwa. Cortisol yana taimaka wa jiki a shirya don yanayi mai wahala da haɗari. Yana ba da saurin fashewar makamashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi, da sauransu. Lokacin da cortisol yake a cikin jiki a matakai masu girma kuma na dogon lokaci, duk da haka, ana iya hana maganin rigakafin jiki. Wannan ya bar jikin yara masu tasowa da ke fama da lalacewa da rashin lafiya. Cortisol yawanci ana ɗaure shi da sunadarai a cikin manya. Ana kiran furotin da globulin mai ɗaure corticosteroid (CBG). A cikin jarirai, CBGs suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna ƙaruwa a cikin watanni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabili da haka, yayin da adadin CBGs ke ƙaruwa, ƙarin cortisol ya zama ɗaure ga CBGs. Saboda wannan abin da ya faru, plasma da jimlar matakan cortisol suna ƙaruwa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Kodayake akwai ƙananan matakan cortisol a lokacin haihuwa, matakan sun isa su sami mummunar tasirin jiki.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Jarirai ba sa nuna irin yanayin manya a cikin samar da cortisol. Yawancin lokaci, jarirai suna da matakan cortisol mafi girma kowane sa'o'i 12 kuma wannan ba ya dogara da lokacin rana. Bayan watanni uku na rayuwa, jarirai sun fara fuskantar tsarin samar da cortisol na manya, mafi girman cortisol da sassafe da ƙananan matakan cortisol na maraice.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Wadannan canje-canje na cortisol suna faruwa a duk lokacin jariri da ƙuruciya, tare da canje-canje a cikin tsarin bacci.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Ayyukan tsarin damuwa na HPA ya daidaita ta hanyar maimaitawa ga motsawa mai damuwa.<ref name="GunnarBarr">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnar |first=Megan R. |last2=Barr |first2=Ronald G. |year=1998 |title=Stress, Early Brain Development, and Behavior |journal=Inf Young Children |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1097/00001163-199807000-00004}}</ref> Yayin da jarirai ke ci gaba a farkon watanni na rayuwa, jarirai suna fuskantar karuwar matakan cortisol yayin gwajin likita. Wannan ana nuna shi ta hanyar fashewa da kuka na jarirai. Bayan watanni uku na rayuwa, jarirai ba sa amsa gwajin jiki tare da tsarin amsawar damuwa na HPA. Koyaya, jarirai har yanzu suna iya amsawa ga damuwa ta halayyar.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> A matsayin wani misali, idan an cire jini daga jariri, jaririn yana fuskantar karuwar matakin cortisol.<ref name="GunnarBarr">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnar |first=Megan R. |last2=Barr |first2=Ronald G. |year=1998 |title=Stress, Early Brain Development, and Behavior |journal=Inf Young Children |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1097/00001163-199807000-00004}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake maimaita wannan tsari 24 hours bayan haka, ana lura da karuwar cortisol.<ref name="GunnarBarr" /> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa, ya zama da wahala a haifar da karuwar matakin cortisol ga wasu abubuwan damuwa masu sauƙi. Wadannan damuwa sun hada da kusanci da baƙo, abubuwan ban mamaki, rabuwa da 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga iyaye, da sauransu.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Ragewar ƙwarewar amsawar damuwa ta HPA na iya zama saboda canje-canjen ilimin lissafi da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin a farkon shekarun. Canje-canje na ilimin lissafi waɗanda zasu iya faruwa sun haɗa da ingantaccen tsarin ra'ayoyi mara kyau na tsarin HPA, da kuma rage ƙwarewar adrenal cortex ga ACTH.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Har ila yau, kasancewar tallafin manya ga yara ƙanana yana taimakawa kare aikin tsarin damuwa na HPA.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dbvh7g3qigjg83jfo87alcxgfifn2ve 846644 846629 2026-06-04T07:05:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yaronta yaro lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a rayuwar yaro wanda ya haɗa da shekaru daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru biyar. Matsalar tunani wani bangare ne na rayuwa. Mutane na iya fuskantar damuwa tun suna ƙanana. Kodayake damuwa wani abu ne ga matsakaicin ɗan adam, yana iya zama kyakkyawan ko mummunan fasalin gyare-gyare a rayuwar ƙaramin yaro.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Wani nau'i na damuwa na al'ada ne kuma ya zama dole don rayuwa. Wasu 'yan damuwa na iya zama masu sarrafawa ga yara ƙanana; damuwa na iya amfana ta hanyar taimaka wa yara haɓaka ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don daidaitawa da sabon yanayi da kuma magance yanayi mai haɗari da tsoratarwa. Wasu masana sun yi la'akari da cewa akwai wani batu inda damuwa mai tsawo ko matsananciyar damuwa ta zama mai cutarwa kuma tana iya haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da damuwa ta karu a farkon ƙuruciya, abubuwan neurobiological suna shafar. Hakanan, matakan hormone na damuwa cortisol sun wuce na al'ada.<ref name="PoulsenFinello" /> Wannan ka'idar duk da haka ta dogara ne akan nazarin dabbobi da nazarin sashi a cikin mutane, kuma ba a sami tasirin da aka gabatar a kan cibiyoyin kwakwalwa a cikin binciken tagwaye mai mahimmanci da kuma nazarin inda aka auna abubuwan neurobiological a cikin mutane kafin damuwa ko bayyanar rauni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilbertson |first=MW |last2=Shenton |first2=ME |last3=Ciszewski |first3=A |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1242–1247 |doi=10.1038/nn958 |pmc=2819093 |pmid=12379862}}</ref><ref name="DiGangi">{{Cite journal |last=DiGangi |first=JA |last2=Gomez |first2=D |last3=Mendoza |first3=L |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the literature |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=728–744 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.002 |pmid=23792469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=U |last2=Willmund |first2=GD |last3=Holsboer |first3=F |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Searching for non-genetic molecular and imaging PTSD risk and resilience markers: Systematic review of literature and design of the German Armed Forces PTSD biomarker study |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=51 |pages=444–458 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.020 |pmid=25236294 |s2cid=207459216}}</ref> Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar nau'ikan martani guda uku ga damuwa a cikin yara ƙanana: ''mai kyau'', mai haƙuri, da ''guba''.<ref name="Key Concepts">{{Cite web |title=Key Concepts: Toxic Stress |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |access-date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> Wadannan alamomi sun dogara ne akan bambance-bambance da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin canje-canjen ilimin lissafi na dindindin da ke faruwa sakamakon tsananin da tsawon lokacin amsawar damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsayi yana haifar da tasirin ciki ko na waje wanda ke rushe yanayin jin daɗin mutum. Wadannan tasirin suna iya shafar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar haifar da damuwa ta motsin rai kuma suna haifar da sauye-sauye daban-daban na jiki. Matsalar ciki sun haɗa da yanayin jiki kamar yunwa, ciwo, rashin lafiya ko gajiya. Sauran hanyoyin damuwa na ciki sun hada da jin kunya a cikin yaro, motsin rai, jinsi, shekaru da ikon ilimi.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Raunin yara yana da tasiri na rayuwa. Bayyanawa ga abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya na iya haɗawa da rabuwa da iyali, tashin hankali na gida, bambancin launin fata / kabilanci, bambancin samun kudin shiga, tashin hankali a unguwa, rashin lafiya na hankali ko rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mai kulawa, cin zarafin jiki / jima'i, sakaci, saki, sabon gida ko makaranta, rashin lafiya da asibiti, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, talauci, bala'o'i na halitta, da dabarun horo mara kyau na manya (misali spanking).<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> Ƙarin damuwa na waje sun haɗa da bayyanar miyagun ƙwayoyi kafin haihuwa, kamar amfani da methamphetamine na uwa, sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwari na uwa da uba, baƙin ciki na uwa, damuwa bayan rauni da kuma psychosis. <ref name="Jewett" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schechter |first=Daniel S |last2=Willheim |first2=Erica |last3=McCaw |first3=Jaime |last4=Turner |first4=J. Blake |last5=Myers |first5=Michael M |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles H |year=2011 |title=The Relationship of Violent Fathers, Posttraumatically Stressed Mothers and Symptomatic Children in a Preschool-Age Inner-City Pediatrics Clinic Sample |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=3699–719 |doi=10.1177/0886260511403747 |pmid=22170456 |s2cid=206562093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schechter |first=Daniel S |last2=Willheim |first2=Erica |year=2009 |title=Disturbances of Attachment and Parental Psychopathology in Early Childhood |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=665–86 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 |pmc=2690512 |pmid=19486844}}</ref> == Matsayi na damuwa == Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar matakai daban-daban guda uku na damuwa da aka gani a cikin yara a lokacin ƙuruciya; ''mai kyau'', mai haƙuri da ''guba''.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsi mai kyau ya zama dole kuma yana inganta juriya, ko ikon yin aiki da kyau a ƙarƙashin barazana. Irin wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga taƙaitaccen, mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaiciyar damuwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar wani babba mai kulawa wanda zai iya taimaka wa yaro ya jimre da damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects">{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=J. P |last2=Garner |first2=A. S |last3=Siegel |first3=B. S |last4=Dobbins |first4=M. I |last5=Earls |first5=M. F |last6=Garner |first6=A. S |last7=McGuinn |first7=L |last8=Pascoe |first8=J |last9=Wood |first9=D. L |year=2011 |title=The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=e232–46 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2663 |pmid=22201156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan nau'in damuwa yana haifar da ƙananan canje-canje na jiki da hormonal ga ƙaramin yaro; waɗannan canje-canje sun haɗa da karuwa a cikin bugun zuciya da canji a cikin matakan hormone cortisol. Ranar farko ta makaranta, bikin aure na iyali ko yin sabbin abokai duk misalai ne na masu damuwa masu kyau.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya inganta ci gaba mai kyau a cikin yanayin dangantakar tallafi, yana ba yara damar lura da yin martani mai kyau ga abubuwan damuwa.<ref name="Lifelong Effects" /> Matsalar da za a iya jurewa taSabuntawa na kira, sake fasalin batun gabatarwar a cikin magani a matsayin "al'adun gabatarwar" sabanin "matsalar gabatarwar". Kayan aiki na biyu na CFT shine "masks" ko kayan ado na al'adu da camouflage, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin likitan iyali Edwin Friedman. Kayan aiki na uku na CFT game da "aiki" na ciki da na waje, yana kwatanta yadda matsayin mai warkarwa dangane da iyali. fito ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka fi tsanani a yanayi amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yawanci ana iya shawo kansu.[1] Amsar damuwa ta jiki ta fi aiki sosai saboda matsanancin damuwa.[2] Wasu misalai na damuwa masu haƙuri sune rikice-rikice na iyali, haɗari ko mutuwar ƙaunatacce. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan damuwa suna da haƙuri ne kawai lokacin da aka sarrafa su yadda ya kamata. Damuwa mai jimrewa na iya zama damuwa mai kyau.[2] Tare da kulawa mai dacewa daga manya, yara ƙanana na iya jimrewa da damuwa mai haƙuri kuma su juya shi cikin damuwa mai kyau. Koyaya, idan tallafin manya ya gaza a matakai na jimrewa na yaro, to damuwa mai haƙuri na iya zama mai cutarwa.[1] Matsalar guba na iya faruwa lokacin da gogewa ke da tsawo da tsananin gaske.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Toxic Stress: The Facts |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> Yara suna buƙatar kulawa da goyon baya ga manya don taimaka musu saboda yana da wahala ga yara su magance irin wannan damuwa da kansu. Sabili da haka, ana iya kunna martani na damuwa daga makonni zuwa watanni ko ma shekaru.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Damuwa mai tsawo yana haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar lalacewar motsin rai ko ci gaba.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Idan ba a sami isasshen tallafi ba, irin wannan damuwa na iya haifar da canje-canje na dindindin a ci gaban kwakwalwa.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Bincike ya gano cewa yara da ke fuskantar mummunar cin zarafi da na dogon lokaci suna da ƙananan girman kwakwalwa.<ref name="Excessive Stress">{{Cite web |last=National Scientific Council on the Developing Child |date=2014 |title=Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain: Working Paper 3 |url=http://developingchild.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/Stress_Disrupts_Architecture_Developing_Brain-1.pdf |publisher=Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University}}</ref> Idan halin da ake ciki ba shi da tsanani, damuwa mai guba har yanzu zai canza tsarin amsawar damuwa; waɗannan canje-canje za su sa yara su amsa ga abubuwan damuwa iri-iri.<ref name="Excessive Stress" /> Koyaya, tare da isasshen kulawa da tallafi daga manya, yara na iya mayar da matakan damuwa zuwa mai haƙuri ko mai kyau.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Misalan damuwa mai guba sune cin zarafi, sakaci, tashin hankali da wahala gaba ɗaya ba tare da goyon bayan manya ba.<ref name="Facts" /> Matsalar guba na iya haifar da tasiri a kan lafiyar jiki da tunani. Allostatic load shine "ƙasa da fashewa a jikin mutum" wanda ke tarawa yayin da mutum ke fuskantar maimaitawa ko damuwa mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=Bruce S. |date=1998 |title=Stress, Adaptation, and Disease: Allostasis and Allostatic Load |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=840 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |bibcode=1998NYASA.840...33M |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x |issn=1749-6632 |pmid=9629234 |s2cid=20043016}}</ref> Yana wakiltar sakamakon ilimin lissafi na bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullun ga sauyawa ko karuwar amsar jijiyoyi ko neuroendocrine wanda ke haifar da maimaitawa ko damuwa mai guba. Bruce McEwen da E. Stellar ne suka kirkiro kalmar a cikin 1993.<ref name="McEwen & Stellar">{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=B.S. |last2=Stellar |first2=E. |date=1993 |title=Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=153 |issue=18 |pages=2093–2101 |doi=10.1001/archinte.153.18.2093 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=8379800}}</ref> == Matakan damuwa == Ana fuskantar damuwa a matakai daban-daban guda huɗu a farkon ƙuruciya.<ref name="Jewett">{{Cite journal |last=Jewett |first=Jan |year=1997 |title=Childhood Stress |journal=Childhood Education |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=172–73 |doi=10.1080/00094056.1997.10522682}}</ref> A mataki na farko, damuwa yawanci yana haifar da fargabar.<ref name="Jewett" /> Na gaba, a mataki na biyu ko na kimantawa, yaron yana ƙoƙari ya sami ma'ana daga taron.<ref name="Jewett" /> Mataki na uku ya ƙunshi yara da ke neman dabarun magance su.<ref name="Jewett" /> A ƙarshe, a mataki na huɗu, yara suna aiwatar da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin dabarun jimrewa.<ref name="Jewett" /> Koyaya, yara da ke da ƙarancin haƙuri ga masu damuwa suna da saukin kamuwa da ƙararrawa kuma suna samun abubuwan da suka faru da yawa don zama damuwa.<ref name="Jewett" /> Wadannan yara galibi suna fuskantar damuwa mai tsanani ko mai guba.<ref name="Jewett" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == A Amurka, yara marasa fararen fata daga matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun fi fuskantar mummunar Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro. Yara baƙi daga matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki musamman suna cikin haɗari don fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic stress and children's outcomes: African American children growing up poor are at greater risk of disrupted physiological functioning and depressed academic achievement |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/toxic-stress-and-childrens-outcomes-african-american-children-growing-up-poor-are-at-greater-risk-of-disrupted-physiological-functioning-and-depressed-academic-achievement/}}</ref> Za'a iya auna matsayin zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar ilimi da matakin samun kudin shiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slopen |first=Natalie |last2=Shonkoff |first2=Jack P. |last3=Albert |first3=Michelle A. |last4=Yoshikawa |first4=Hirokazu |author-link4=Hirokazu Yoshikawa |last5=Jacobs |first5=Aryana |last6=Stoltz |first6=Rebecca |last7=Williams |first7=David R. |year=2016 |title=Racial Disparities in Child Adversity in the U.S. |url=https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00319-0/pdf |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013 |pmid=26342634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin damuwa na yau da kullun zai haifar da raguwar lafiyar jiki da kara kamuwa da cututtuka. Yanayin da zai iya inganta damuwa a ƙuruciya sun haɗa da: <ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |title=Toxic Stress: The Facts |url=https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/toxic-stress/ |publisher=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University}}</ref> * Rashin haɗin mai kulawa: saki / rabuwa, kula da kulawa, ɗaurin iyaye * Rashin kulawa * Nuna wariyar launin fata <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Racism is an Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) |url=https://jordaninstituteforfamilies.org/2020/racism-is-an-adverse-childhood-experience-ace/}}</ref> * Rabuwa da iyaye * Bayyanawa ga tashin hankali: cin zarafin jiki, tunani da jima'icin zarafin jima'i * Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi * Kasancewa da yawawuce gona da iri * Jin matsin lamba don yin ko nuna hali fiye da iyawarsu * Rashin kulawa: rashin kulawa da motsin rai da na jiki * Ganawa da sababbin mutane * Fara sabuwar makaranta * Mutuwar ƙaunatacciyar * Rashin lafiya: na hankali da na jiki * Matsala ga aikin makaranta * Ƙarin matsin lamba / alhakin a gida * Kasancewa zalunci == Damuwa da ci gaban kwakwalwa == Ana kafa da'irorin kwakwalwa da tsarin testosterone kuma suna kunnawa a farkon rayuwa. Wadannan tsarin neurobiological na jiki suna taimakawa wajen kula da rayuwa kuma suna da mahimmanci don rayuwa a farkon ƙuruciya da kuma rayuwarsu. Lokacin da yaro ko babba ya fuskanci damuwa, jiki zai yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita damuwa ta hanyar sakin hormones da ke wucewa ta jiki.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Koyaya, tasirin jinkirin damuwa na rayuwa na dogon lokaci ko akai-akai na iya ƙara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar jiki da na tunani a nan gaba a farkon ƙuruciya.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tunda hanyoyin kwakwalwa suna da rauni a farkon ƙuruciya, abubuwan damuwa na farko na iya tasiri ga ci gaban haɗin kwakwalwa.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Sabili da haka, ka'idar damuwa mai guba ita ce damuwa na iya canzawa ko lalata tsarin kwakwalwa kuma yana haifar da girman kwakwalwa a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref name="Middlebrooks" /> Duk da haka babu wani binciken da ya auna waɗannan hanyoyin kwakwalwa ko ƙididdigar cibiyoyin kwakwalwa a cikin yara ƙanana don tabbatar da wannan ka'idar. == Hanyar amsawa ta damuwa a cikin mutane == A cikin mutane, hanyar amsawar damuwa ta ƙunshi tsarin tausayi-adrenomedullary (SAM) da kuma hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Tsarin SAM wani bangare ne na ɓangaren tausayi na tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Wadannan tsarin suna da alhakin sakin epinephrine da norepinephrine (NE), wanda aka fi sani da jirgin ko maganin hormones.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Lokacin da aka saki epinephrine zai ɗaure zuwa masu karɓa daban-daban a cikin gabobin da aka yi niyya daban-daban; wannan zai nuna matsayi da yawa a cikin yaƙi ko tsarin jirgin sama.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tsarin HPA yana da alhakin samar da glucocorticoid daga adrenal cortex; babban glucocorticosid a cikin mutane shine steroid hormone cortisol . <ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabanin epinephrine, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci don samarwa, cortisol yana ɗaukar minti 25 don isa matakan mafi girma.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Har ila yau, cortisol yana iya shiga cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar shingen jini-ƙwaƙwalwa, ba kamar epinephrine ba.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabili da haka, cortisol yana ɗaukar ƙarin lokaci don samarwa, amma yana tasiri ga kwakwalwa na dogon lokaci.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Tare, tsarin SAM da HPA suna aiki don daidaita damuwa da haɗuwa a hypothalamus, wanda hakan ke tsara halayyar.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> == Yaro, ƙuruciya, da damuwa == Lokacin da jiki ya fuskanci halin damuwa, ana fitar da cortisol na hormone na damuwa. Cortisol yana taimaka wa jiki a shirya don yanayi mai wahala da haɗari. Yana ba da saurin fashewar makamashi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi, da sauransu. Lokacin da cortisol yake a cikin jiki a matakai masu girma kuma na dogon lokaci, duk da haka, ana iya hana maganin rigakafin jiki. Wannan ya bar jikin yara masu tasowa da ke fama da lalacewa da rashin lafiya. Cortisol yawanci ana ɗaure shi da sunadarai a cikin manya. Ana kiran furotin da globulin mai ɗaure corticosteroid (CBG). A cikin jarirai, CBGs suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna ƙaruwa a cikin watanni shida na farko bayan haihuwa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Sabili da haka, yayin da adadin CBGs ke ƙaruwa, ƙarin cortisol ya zama ɗaure ga CBGs. Saboda wannan abin da ya faru, plasma da jimlar matakan cortisol suna ƙaruwa.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Kodayake akwai ƙananan matakan cortisol a lokacin haihuwa, matakan sun isa su sami mummunar tasirin jiki.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Jarirai ba sa nuna irin yanayin manya a cikin samar da cortisol. Yawancin lokaci, jarirai suna da matakan cortisol mafi girma kowane sa'o'i 12 kuma wannan ba ya dogara da lokacin rana. Bayan watanni uku na rayuwa, jarirai sun fara fuskantar tsarin samar da cortisol na manya, mafi girman cortisol da sassafe da ƙananan matakan cortisol na maraice.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Wadannan canje-canje na cortisol suna faruwa a duk lokacin jariri da ƙuruciya, tare da canje-canje a cikin tsarin bacci.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Ayyukan tsarin damuwa na HPA ya daidaita ta hanyar maimaitawa ga motsawa mai damuwa.<ref name="GunnarBarr">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnar |first=Megan R. |last2=Barr |first2=Ronald G. |year=1998 |title=Stress, Early Brain Development, and Behavior |journal=Inf Young Children |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1097/00001163-199807000-00004}}</ref> Yayin da jarirai ke ci gaba a farkon watanni na rayuwa, jarirai suna fuskantar karuwar matakan cortisol yayin gwajin likita. Wannan ana nuna shi ta hanyar fashewa da kuka na jarirai. Bayan watanni uku na rayuwa, jarirai ba sa amsa gwajin jiki tare da tsarin amsawar damuwa na HPA. Koyaya, jarirai har yanzu suna iya amsawa ga damuwa ta halayyar.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> A matsayin wani misali, idan an cire jini daga jariri, jaririn yana fuskantar karuwar matakin cortisol.<ref name="GunnarBarr">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnar |first=Megan R. |last2=Barr |first2=Ronald G. |year=1998 |title=Stress, Early Brain Development, and Behavior |journal=Inf Young Children |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1097/00001163-199807000-00004}}</ref> Lokacin da aka sake maimaita wannan tsari 24 hours bayan haka, ana lura da karuwar cortisol.<ref name="GunnarBarr" /> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa, ya zama da wahala a haifar da karuwar matakin cortisol ga wasu abubuwan damuwa masu sauƙi. Wadannan damuwa sun hada da kusanci da baƙo, abubuwan ban mamaki, rabuwa da 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga iyaye, da sauransu.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Ragewar ƙwarewar amsawar damuwa ta HPA na iya zama saboda canje-canjen ilimin lissafi da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin a farkon shekarun. Canje-canje na ilimin lissafi waɗanda zasu iya faruwa sun haɗa da ingantaccen tsarin ra'ayoyi mara kyau na tsarin HPA, da kuma rage ƙwarewar adrenal cortex ga ACTH.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> Har ila yau, kasancewar tallafin manya ga yara ƙanana yana taimakawa kare aikin tsarin damuwa na HPA.<ref name="GunnarQuevedo" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 47779c4j8z1d4l3zgzzi1ayxef4ajhh Cutar da aka watsar da ita 0 154671 846630 2026-06-04T06:58:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322546116|Abandoned child syndrome]]" 846630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cutar da aka watsar da ita''' ita ce yanayin halayyar da aka tsara ko tunanin mutum wanda aka ce ya haifar da asarar Iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu. Kashewa na iya zama na jiki ko na [[Emotion|motsin rai]]; wato, iyaye na iya watsar da yaro ta hanyar rashin kasancewa a rayuwarsu, ko ta hanyar hana soyayya, kulawa, ko motsawa. A sakamakon haka, yara da aka watsar na iya fama da rauni na jiki, wanda zai iya samo asali daga dalilai kamar sakaci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golden |first=M. H. |last2=Samuels |first2=M. P. |last3=Southall |first3=D. P. |date=2003-02-01 |title=How to distinguish between neglect and deprivational abuse |url= |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |language=en |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=105–107 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.2.105 |issn=0003-9888 |pmc=1719417 |pmid=12538306}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, watsi na iya zama ko dai da gangan ko ba da gangan ba; iyaye na iya barin yaron da yardar rai, ko kuma ana iya ware su daga yaron da karfi. Rabuwa da iyaye daga yaransu na iya fitowa daga dalilai da yawa, gami da (amma ba'a iyakance su ba) warewa bayan kisan aure, sanya yaron a cikin kulawa, ko rikice-rikicen siyasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson III |first=Charles A. |last2=Fox |first2=Nathan A. |last3=Zeanah Jr. |first3=Charles H. |date=April 2013 |title=Anguish of the Abandoned Child |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26018068 |journal=Scientific American |volume=308 |issue=4 |pages=62–67 |bibcode=2013SciAm.308d..62N |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0413-62 |jstor=26018068 |pmid=23539791 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tare da kula da goyon baya na "yanayi mai sauƙi", yaro na iya haɓaka ikon jimrewa da gwajin watsi. A halin yanzu ba a gane ciwon yara da aka watsar a matsayin cuta ta hankali a cikin shahararrun littattafan kiwon lafiya kamar ICD-10, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-10 |title=ICD 10 |url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Priory.com}}</ref> DSM-IV, <ref>{{Cite web |title=BehaveNetŽ Clinical Capsule: DSM-IV-TR Classification |url=http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155340/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |archive-date=2011-10-26 |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Behavenet.com}}</ref> ko DSM-5. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence {{pipe}} APA DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Dsm5.org}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin na iya zama na jiki ko na tunani, kuma yana iya kaiwa cikin balaga kuma watakila a duk rayuwar mutum. Wadannan alamun na iya nuna kansu daban-daban a cikin yara da kuma girma. Manya da suka fuskanci watsi sau da yawa suna nuna halayen da ba su dace ba a cikin dangantakar yanzu. Daga cikin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi kusanci, lalata dangantaka, rashin tsaro, haɗin kai, kasancewa "mai jin daɗin mutane", da dai sauransu. Wannan na iya haifar da salon haɗe-haɗe na manya don canzawa yayin da suke tsufa, kamar salon haɗewa mai damuwa. Wannan na iya sa waɗannan manya su damu koyaushe cewa abokansu ko abokan hulɗarsu za su bar su koyaushe, koyaushe suna ƙoƙarin faranta wa wasu rai, suna ba da yawa cikin dangantakar soyayya, ba fahimtar iyakoki ba, koyaushe suna neman alamun damuwa a wasu, kasancewa cikin dangantaka mai guba saboda tsoron kaɗaici, da sauransu. [1] A cikin yara, damuwa game da rabuwa na ɗan lokaci wani ɓangare ne na ci gaban su kuma yawanci ana samun sa tsakanin watanni 10 zuwa 18, duk da haka ba zai bunkasa ba lokacin da yaro ya fuskanci watsi daga haihuwa, babu wata alaƙa da za a raba shi da, ko damuwa game da shi. Ya zama ruwan dare a kusa da shekaru 3, amma yana iya zama damuwa lokacin da alamun damuwa na rabuwa suka faru na dogon lokaci. Wannan na iya haifar da yara ga bayyanar alamomi kamar damuwa game da watsi da su, jin damuwa lokacin da aka sauke su a gidan kula da yara, makaranta, ko gidan dangin, mannewa, ko ma rashin lafiya amma ba sa nuna halayen jiki na rashin lafiya. Yara da suka fuskanci asarar mai kulawa ko iyaye na iya fuskantar alamomi masu tsanani a rayuwarsu kamar jaraba da kwayoyi ko abubuwa masu cutarwa, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, da tunani da ayyuka masu cutar da kansu. Yaran da aka karɓa na iya nuna alamun ban sha'awa na musamman kamar tashin hankali, janyewa, baƙin ciki, matsalolin bacci, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Abandonment issues: Signs, symptoms, treatment, and more |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abandonment-issues |access-date=2021-03-21 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == lchz8ob6bwuchi4wntftcws2ya3wbci 846645 846630 2026-06-04T07:05:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar da aka watsar da ita''' ita ce yanayin halayyar da aka tsara ko tunanin mutum wanda aka ce ya haifar da asarar Iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu. Kashewa na iya zama na jiki ko na [[Emotion|motsin rai]]; wato, iyaye na iya watsar da yaro ta hanyar rashin kasancewa a rayuwarsu, ko ta hanyar hana soyayya, kulawa, ko motsawa. A sakamakon haka, yara da aka watsar na iya fama da rauni na jiki, wanda zai iya samo asali daga dalilai kamar sakaci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golden |first=M. H. |last2=Samuels |first2=M. P. |last3=Southall |first3=D. P. |date=2003-02-01 |title=How to distinguish between neglect and deprivational abuse |url= |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |language=en |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=105–107 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.2.105 |issn=0003-9888 |pmc=1719417 |pmid=12538306}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, watsi na iya zama ko dai da gangan ko ba da gangan ba; iyaye na iya barin yaron da yardar rai, ko kuma ana iya ware su daga yaron da karfi. Rabuwa da iyaye daga yaransu na iya fitowa daga dalilai da yawa, gami da (amma ba'a iyakance su ba) warewa bayan kisan aure, sanya yaron a cikin kulawa, ko rikice-rikicen siyasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson III |first=Charles A. |last2=Fox |first2=Nathan A. |last3=Zeanah Jr. |first3=Charles H. |date=April 2013 |title=Anguish of the Abandoned Child |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26018068 |journal=Scientific American |volume=308 |issue=4 |pages=62–67 |bibcode=2013SciAm.308d..62N |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0413-62 |jstor=26018068 |pmid=23539791 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tare da kula da goyon baya na "yanayi mai sauƙi", yaro na iya haɓaka ikon jimrewa da gwajin watsi. A halin yanzu ba a gane ciwon yara da aka watsar a matsayin cuta ta hankali a cikin shahararrun littattafan kiwon lafiya kamar ICD-10, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-10 |title=ICD 10 |url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Priory.com}}</ref> DSM-IV, <ref>{{Cite web |title=BehaveNetŽ Clinical Capsule: DSM-IV-TR Classification |url=http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155340/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm |archive-date=2011-10-26 |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Behavenet.com}}</ref> ko DSM-5. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence {{pipe}} APA DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Dsm5.org}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin na iya zama na jiki ko na tunani, kuma yana iya kaiwa cikin balaga kuma watakila a duk rayuwar mutum. Wadannan alamun na iya nuna kansu daban-daban a cikin yara da kuma girma. Manya da suka fuskanci watsi sau da yawa suna nuna halayen da ba su dace ba a cikin dangantakar yanzu. Daga cikin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi kusanci, lalata dangantaka, rashin tsaro, haɗin kai, kasancewa "mai jin daɗin mutane", da dai sauransu. Wannan na iya haifar da salon haɗe-haɗe na manya don canzawa yayin da suke tsufa, kamar salon haɗewa mai damuwa. Wannan na iya sa waɗannan manya su damu koyaushe cewa abokansu ko abokan hulɗarsu za su bar su koyaushe, koyaushe suna ƙoƙarin faranta wa wasu rai, suna ba da yawa cikin dangantakar soyayya, ba fahimtar iyakoki ba, koyaushe suna neman alamun damuwa a wasu, kasancewa cikin dangantaka mai guba saboda tsoron kaɗaici, da sauransu. [1] A cikin yara, damuwa game da rabuwa na ɗan lokaci wani ɓangare ne na ci gaban su kuma yawanci ana samun sa tsakanin watanni 10 zuwa 18, duk da haka ba zai bunkasa ba lokacin da yaro ya fuskanci watsi daga haihuwa, babu wata alaƙa da za a raba shi da, ko damuwa game da shi. Ya zama ruwan dare a kusa da shekaru 3, amma yana iya zama damuwa lokacin da alamun damuwa na rabuwa suka faru na dogon lokaci. Wannan na iya haifar da yara ga bayyanar alamomi kamar damuwa game da watsi da su, jin damuwa lokacin da aka sauke su a gidan kula da yara, makaranta, ko gidan dangin, mannewa, ko ma rashin lafiya amma ba sa nuna halayen jiki na rashin lafiya. Yara da suka fuskanci asarar mai kulawa ko iyaye na iya fuskantar alamomi masu tsanani a rayuwarsu kamar jaraba da kwayoyi ko abubuwa masu cutarwa, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, da tunani da ayyuka masu cutar da kansu. Yaran da aka karɓa na iya nuna alamun ban sha'awa na musamman kamar tashin hankali, janyewa, baƙin ciki, matsalolin bacci, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Abandonment issues: Signs, symptoms, treatment, and more |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/abandonment-issues |access-date=2021-03-21 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == aibwplp80n1xno3avwp68knomq7ad38 Cutar da aka haifa a jariri 0 154672 846631 2026-06-04T06:58:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314537862|Adopted child syndrome]]" 846631 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar da aka karya kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana halayen yara da aka karbe waɗanda ake da'awar suna da alaƙa da matsayin su na tallafi. Musamman, waɗannan sun haɗa da matsaloli a cikin haɗin kai, rikice-rikice na haɗi, ƙarya, sata, ƙin iko, da ayyukan tashin hankali. Kalmar ba ta taɓa samun karɓa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba. Ba a samo kalmar a cikin littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka ba, 4th edition, TR. == Tarihin kalmar == David Kirschner, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar, ya ce yawancin masu karɓar ba su damu ba kuma cutar ta shafi "ƙaramin rukuni na asibiti" Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Betty Jean Lifton, kanta mutum ne mai karɓa, ta rubuta da yawa game da ilimin halayya a cikin mutanen da aka karɓa, da farko a cikin Lost and Found: The Adoption Experience, da Journey of the Adopted Self: A Quest for Wholeness kuma taƙaitaccen tattaunawar cutar ta yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jerome |year=2001 |title=The Adopted Child Syndrome: A Methodological Perspective |journal=Families in Society |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=491–497 |doi=10.1606/1044-3894.173}}</ref> == Manazarta == btpudcmo3aje7yc0n8281e841pq8afo 846646 846631 2026-06-04T07:06:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar da aka karya kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana halayen yara da aka karbe waɗanda ake da'awar suna da alaƙa da matsayin su na tallafi. Musamman, waɗannan sun haɗa da matsaloli a cikin haɗin kai, rikice-rikice na haɗi, ƙarya, sata, ƙin iko, da ayyukan tashin hankali. Kalmar ba ta taɓa samun karɓa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba. Ba a samo kalmar a cikin littafin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka ba, 4th edition, TR. == Tarihin kalmar == David Kirschner, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar, ya ce yawancin masu karɓar ba su damu ba kuma cutar ta shafi "ƙaramin rukuni na asibiti" Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Betty Jean Lifton, kanta mutum ne mai karɓa, ta rubuta da yawa game da ilimin halayya a cikin mutanen da aka karɓa, da farko a cikin Lost and Found: The Adoption Experience, da Journey of the Adopted Self: A Quest for Wholeness kuma taƙaitaccen tattaunawar cutar ta yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jerome |year=2001 |title=The Adopted Child Syndrome: A Methodological Perspective |journal=Families in Society |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=491–497 |doi=10.1606/1044-3894.173}}</ref> == Manazarta == msamxztsaawrqt18m5tqa7fa269eyds Bayada Gida Kiwon Lafiya 0 154673 846632 2026-06-04T06:59:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355442770|Bayada Home Health Care]]" 846632 wikitext text/x-wiki Bayada Home Health Care (mai suna BAYADA) mai ba da kiwon lafiya ne na gida ba tare da riba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compassionate Leadership is The BAYADA WAY |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/mountainside/articles/compassionate-leadership-is-the-bayada-way-3 |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=TAPinto |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a 1975, BAYADA yana da ofisoshin sama da 360 a jihohi 23, tare da wurare a Jamus, Indiya, Ireland, New Zealand, da Koriya ta Kudu. Asalin mai ba da sabis na taimakon kiwon lafiya na gida (wanda aka fi sani da kulawa ta taimako, ko sabis na kulawa ta mutum), Bayada ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta don haɗawa da ƙarin sabis na kiwon lafiya a gida ga mutane na kowane zamani da iyawa. However, some patients' experience has included ER visits to correct mistakes and oversights made by incompetent nursing staff. The company is also not equipped to address emergencies after hours, even those resulting from nursing staff errors.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayani na Kamfanin == Hedikwatar a cikin birni na Philadelphia, PA, Amurka, tare da Cibiyar Taimako ta Duniya a Pennsauken, NJ, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cool Offices - Pennsauken |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2018/03/12/cool-offices-pennsauken-jersey-bayada-health-care.html |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> BAYADA Home Health Care tana daukar ma'aikatan jinya sama da 28,000, mataimakan kiwon lafiya na gida, masu warkarwa, ma'aikatan zamantakewar lafiya, da sauran masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya ta gida da ma'aikatan tallafin kasuwanci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, BAYADA ta kai ga wani muhimmin matsayi na bauta wa abokin ciniki na miliyan daya. BAYADA tana ba da sabis na jinya, farfadowa, warkewa, hospice, da kuma kula da yara, manya, da tsofaffi. A wasu jihohi, BAYADA tana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da habilitation. == Tarihi == A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1975, an kafa Bayada Home Health Care a matsayin RN Homecare, ta hanyar J. Mark Baiada a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref name="newname">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-30 |title=New Name, Same Mission |url=http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/New-Name-Same-Mission.aspx |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=advanceweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Eye of the Entrepreneur:Entrepreneurship in Action::Laurence A. Baiada Institute for Entrepreneurship |url=http://www.lebow.drexel.edu/Baiada/Entrepreneur/eyeofentrepreneur.php#mark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202445/http://www2.lebow.drexel.edu/Baiada/Entrepreneur/eyeofentrepreneur.php#mark |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=lebow.drexel.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 1983, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Bayada Nurses . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |date= |title=History, Vision and Philosophy &#124; BAYADA Home Health Care |url=http://www.bayada.com/bayada_way_history.asp |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Bayada.com}}</ref> A ranar cika shekaru 37 da kamfanin, Bayada Nurses an sake sanya su a matsayin BAYADA Home Health Care . <ref name="newname" /> <ref name="bw">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview of BAYADA Home Health Care |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4325828 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115195604/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4325828 |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=investing.businessweek.com}}</ref><ref name="philly">{{Cite web |last=Chris Bishop |date=2012-02-08 |title=Local health care company expands with acquisition - phillyburbs.com: Burlington County Times |url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905015244/http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |archive-date=2013-09-05 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=phillyburbs.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, an ba kamfanin lambar yabo ta HomeCare Elite da lambar yabo ta Pennsylvania Homecare Association . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HomeCare Elite |url=http://www.ocshomecare.com/Resources/HomeCare-Elite.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802071127/http://www.ocshomecare.com/Resources/HomeCare-Elite.aspx |archive-date=2 August 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=ocshomecare.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania Homecare Association – 2011 Winners |url=http://www.pahomecare.org/index.php?pID=247 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=pahomecare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination for the 2011 PHA Best in Homecare and Hospice Awards |url=http://www.pahomecare.org/_files/live/Bayada_finalist.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012070946/http://www.pahomecare.org/_files/live/Bayada_finalist.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=Pennsylvania Homecare Association}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2018, Bayada Home Health Care tana aiki da ofisoshi sama da 360 a jihohi 26, da kuma Indiya.<ref name="philly">{{Cite web |last=Chris Bishop |date=2012-02-08 |title=Local health care company expands with acquisition - phillyburbs.com: Burlington County Times |url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905015244/http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |archive-date=2013-09-05 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=phillyburbs.com}}</ref> Kamfanin yana daukar ma'aikatan jinya sama da 28,000, mataimakan kiwon lafiya na gida, masu warkarwa, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da sauran masu sana'a.<ref name="philly" /> Kamfanin ya kasance a matsayin # 14 a cikin jerin manyan ma'aikata a Philadelphia kuma ya kasance a kan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=Top Employers in the Greater Philadelphia Region |url=http://selectgreaterphl.com/documents/leading-employers/ |website=Select Greater Philadelphia Council |publisher=selectgreaterphl.com}}</ref> Kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya bayyana kudaden shiga na 2018 na $ 1.3B. A cikin 2018, mujallar [[Forbes]] ta kira Bayada "Forbes Best Employer for New Grads 2018".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Employers For New Grads |url=https://www.forbes.com/best-employers-for-new-grads/list/ |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> === Canjin da ba na riba ba === A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2017, Mark Baiada ya yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Bayada kuma ya sanar da cewa danginsa za su ba da kyautar kasuwancin su na sirri don sauyawa zuwa ƙungiyar ba da riba a watan Janairun 2019. [1] A wannan ranar, dan Mark David Baiada, wanda ya yi aiki a kamfanin tun 2002, ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaba, kuma Mark Baiada ya zama Shugaban sabon Kwamitin Amintattun ba tare da riba ba.[2] A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2018, BAYADA ta sauya a hukumance daga kamfani mai mallakar iyali, don riba zuwa ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba.[3] == Takaddun shaida == Bayada Home Health Care an amince da shi a CHAP don isar da kiwon lafiya a gida. Shirin Mazaunin RN na Bayada shine kawai kula da gida wanda Cibiyar Nurses ta Amurka (ANCC) ta amince da shi tare da bambanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2018 |title=ANCC Commissioners |url=https://www.nursingworld.org/news/news-releases/2018/ancc-commissioners/ |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=ANA |language=en}}</ref> == Sabbin abubuwa == A cikin 1998, Bayada ta ƙaddamar da BAYADAbility Rehab Solutions, shirin jinya na musamman na gida don mutanen da ke da mummunar ganewar asali. A cikin 2011, Bayada ta ƙaddamar da shirin horar da dakin gwaje-gwaje (SIM) a cikin gida, daga baya aka ba da shi a wurare sama da 50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHHC Sets up the First ICU Simulation Lab to Train Nursing Staff |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/ihhc-sets-up-first-icu-simulation-lab-train-nursing-staff-57722.html |access-date=2019-04-02 |website=businesswireindia.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nkc4e1yxmg1y3s909km9bqszt8ms7sp 846647 846632 2026-06-04T07:07:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bayada Home Health Care (mai suna BAYADA) mai ba da kiwon lafiya ne na gida ba tare da riba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compassionate Leadership is The BAYADA WAY |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/mountainside/articles/compassionate-leadership-is-the-bayada-way-3 |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=TAPinto |language=en}}</ref> An kafa shi a 1975, BAYADA yana da ofisoshin sama da 360 a jihohi 23, tare da wurare a Jamus, Indiya, Ireland, New Zealand, da Koriya ta Kudu. Asalin mai ba da sabis na taimakon kiwon lafiya na gida (wanda aka fi sani da kulawa ta taimako, ko sabis na kulawa ta mutum), Bayada ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta don haɗawa da ƙarin sabis na kiwon lafiya a gida ga mutane na kowane zamani da iyawa. However, some patients' experience has included ER visits to correct mistakes and oversights made by incompetent nursing staff. The company is also not equipped to address emergencies after hours, even those resulting from nursing staff errors.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayani na Kamfanin == Hedikwatar a cikin birni na Philadelphia, PA, Amurka, tare da Cibiyar Taimako ta Duniya a Pennsauken, NJ, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cool Offices - Pennsauken |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2018/03/12/cool-offices-pennsauken-jersey-bayada-health-care.html |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> BAYADA Home Health Care tana daukar ma'aikatan jinya sama da 28,000, mataimakan kiwon lafiya na gida, masu warkarwa, ma'aikatan zamantakewar lafiya, da sauran masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya ta gida da ma'aikatan tallafin kasuwanci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, BAYADA ta kai ga wani muhimmin matsayi na bauta wa abokin ciniki na miliyan daya. BAYADA tana ba da sabis na jinya, farfadowa, warkewa, hospice, da kuma kula da yara, manya, da tsofaffi. A wasu jihohi, BAYADA tana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da habilitation. == Tarihi == A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1975, an kafa Bayada Home Health Care a matsayin RN Homecare, ta hanyar J. Mark Baiada a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref name="newname">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-30 |title=New Name, Same Mission |url=http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/New-Name-Same-Mission.aspx |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=advanceweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Eye of the Entrepreneur:Entrepreneurship in Action::Laurence A. Baiada Institute for Entrepreneurship |url=http://www.lebow.drexel.edu/Baiada/Entrepreneur/eyeofentrepreneur.php#mark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202445/http://www2.lebow.drexel.edu/Baiada/Entrepreneur/eyeofentrepreneur.php#mark |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=lebow.drexel.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 1983, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Bayada Nurses . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |date= |title=History, Vision and Philosophy &#124; BAYADA Home Health Care |url=http://www.bayada.com/bayada_way_history.asp |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=Bayada.com}}</ref> A ranar cika shekaru 37 da kamfanin, Bayada Nurses an sake sanya su a matsayin BAYADA Home Health Care . <ref name="newname" /> <ref name="bw">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview of BAYADA Home Health Care |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4325828 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115195604/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4325828 |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=investing.businessweek.com}}</ref><ref name="philly">{{Cite web |last=Chris Bishop |date=2012-02-08 |title=Local health care company expands with acquisition - phillyburbs.com: Burlington County Times |url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905015244/http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |archive-date=2013-09-05 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=phillyburbs.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, an ba kamfanin lambar yabo ta HomeCare Elite da lambar yabo ta Pennsylvania Homecare Association . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HomeCare Elite |url=http://www.ocshomecare.com/Resources/HomeCare-Elite.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802071127/http://www.ocshomecare.com/Resources/HomeCare-Elite.aspx |archive-date=2 August 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=ocshomecare.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania Homecare Association – 2011 Winners |url=http://www.pahomecare.org/index.php?pID=247 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=pahomecare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination for the 2011 PHA Best in Homecare and Hospice Awards |url=http://www.pahomecare.org/_files/live/Bayada_finalist.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012070946/http://www.pahomecare.org/_files/live/Bayada_finalist.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2013 |publisher=Pennsylvania Homecare Association}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2018, Bayada Home Health Care tana aiki da ofisoshi sama da 360 a jihohi 26, da kuma Indiya.<ref name="philly">{{Cite web |last=Chris Bishop |date=2012-02-08 |title=Local health care company expands with acquisition - phillyburbs.com: Burlington County Times |url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905015244/http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/local-health-care-company-expands-with-acquisition/article_ab5baceb-6cd3-59bb-ae67-a52718ed8cef.html |archive-date=2013-09-05 |access-date=2013-09-05 |publisher=phillyburbs.com}}</ref> Kamfanin yana daukar ma'aikatan jinya sama da 28,000, mataimakan kiwon lafiya na gida, masu warkarwa, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da sauran masu sana'a.<ref name="philly" /> Kamfanin ya kasance a matsayin # 14 a cikin jerin manyan ma'aikata a Philadelphia kuma ya kasance a kan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=Top Employers in the Greater Philadelphia Region |url=http://selectgreaterphl.com/documents/leading-employers/ |website=Select Greater Philadelphia Council |publisher=selectgreaterphl.com}}</ref> Kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya bayyana kudaden shiga na 2018 na $ 1.3B. A cikin 2018, mujallar [[Forbes]] ta kira Bayada "Forbes Best Employer for New Grads 2018".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Employers For New Grads |url=https://www.forbes.com/best-employers-for-new-grads/list/ |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> === Canjin da ba na riba ba === A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2017, Mark Baiada ya yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Bayada kuma ya sanar da cewa danginsa za su ba da kyautar kasuwancin su na sirri don sauyawa zuwa ƙungiyar ba da riba a watan Janairun 2019. [1] A wannan ranar, dan Mark David Baiada, wanda ya yi aiki a kamfanin tun 2002, ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaba, kuma Mark Baiada ya zama Shugaban sabon Kwamitin Amintattun ba tare da riba ba.[2] A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2018, BAYADA ta sauya a hukumance daga kamfani mai mallakar iyali, don riba zuwa ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba.[3] == Takaddun shaida == Bayada Home Health Care an amince da shi a CHAP don isar da kiwon lafiya a gida. Shirin Mazaunin RN na Bayada shine kawai kula da gida wanda Cibiyar Nurses ta Amurka (ANCC) ta amince da shi tare da bambanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2018 |title=ANCC Commissioners |url=https://www.nursingworld.org/news/news-releases/2018/ancc-commissioners/ |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=ANA |language=en}}</ref> == Sabbin abubuwa == A cikin 1998, Bayada ta ƙaddamar da BAYADAbility Rehab Solutions, shirin jinya na musamman na gida don mutanen da ke da mummunar ganewar asali. A cikin 2011, Bayada ta ƙaddamar da shirin horar da dakin gwaje-gwaje (SIM) a cikin gida, daga baya aka ba da shi a wurare sama da 50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHHC Sets up the First ICU Simulation Lab to Train Nursing Staff |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/ihhc-sets-up-first-icu-simulation-lab-train-nursing-staff-57722.html |access-date=2019-04-02 |website=businesswireindia.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tas4lzct5aftmbnn4j26gr21jsc31ym Rashin lafiya a cikin yara 0 154674 846633 2026-06-04T06:59:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355590134|Bipolar disorder in children]]" 846633 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciwon bipolar a cikin yara, ko ciwon bipolar na yara ('''PBD'''), cuta ce ta hankali da ke nuna yanayin yanayi kamar manya tare da ciwon bipoar. An yi muhawara sosai game da ganewar asali na rikicewar bipolar a cikin yara saboda damuwa game da ka'idojin ganewar asali da tasirin magani akan marasa lafiya masu tasowa. An gabatar da PBD a matsayin bayani game da lokutan matsanancin canji, wanda ake kira ''abubuwan da suka faru''.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye suna canzawa tsakanin baƙin ciki ko fushi da kuma yanayin da ba daidai ba, wanda ake kira manic ko hypomanic episodes. Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na iya faruwa lokacin da wani da ke da PBD ke fuskantar alamun bakin ciki da manic a lokaci guda.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Abubuwan da suka faru na PBD sun bambanta da sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayin da yara da matasa ke fuskanta saboda abubuwan da suka faru suna da tsawo na lokaci (watau kwanaki, makonni, ko shekaru) kuma suna haifar da mummunar rikici ga rayuwar mutum.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani na PBD: bipolar I, bipolar II, da kuma rikicewar bipolar da ba a ƙayyade ba (BD-NOS). <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Matsakaicin shekarun farawar PBD ya kasance ba a bayyane yake ba; shekarun da aka ruwaito na farawa ya kasance daga shekaru 5 zuwa 19.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goetz M, Novak T, Vesela M, Hlavka Z, Brunovsky M, Povazan M, Ptacek R, Sebela A |date=November 2015 |title=Early stages of pediatric bipolar disorder: retrospective analysis of a Czech inpatient sample |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=11 |pages=2855–2864 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S79586 |pmc=4639550 |pmid=26604770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PBD yawanci ya fi tsanani kuma yana da mummunar hangen nesa fiye da lokuta na rikicewar bipolar tare da farawa a ƙarshen ƙuruciya ko balaga. Tun daga shekara ta 1980, DSM ta ƙayyade cewa ana iya amfani da ka'idojin rikicewar bipolar a cikin manya ga yara - tare da wasu gyare-gyare bisa ga bambance-bambance na ci gaba.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari don ci gaban rikicewar bipolar, amma ainihin dalilin a halin yanzu ba a sani ba. Kamar rikicewar bipolar, PBD yana buƙatar kimantawa ta ƙwararre kuma yawanci yana buƙatar ƙarin lura mai zurfi, tunda yara ba sa iya bayar da rahoton alamun daidai kamar manya. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Duk da yake akwai iyakantaccen fahimta game da ci gaban rikicewar bipolar, bincike ya nuna cewa akwai abubuwa masu yawa na muhalli da haɗarin halittu.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Tarihin iyali mai karfi ne na ci gaban yara na rikicewar bipolar, tare da kwayoyin halitta da ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗari har zuwa 50%. <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> <ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref> Koyaya, tarihin iyali ba ya haifar da wani ganewar asali na PBD a cikin yaro. Kashi 6% ne kawai na yara da ke da cutar bipolar. <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Duk da haka, ya kamata a saka idanu kan yaran iyaye da ke fama da rikicewar bipolar, musamman idan suna nuna rikicewar bacci da alamun rikicewar damuwa da wuri.<ref name="Findling_2018" /> Sauran abubuwan da zasu iya taimakawa ga PBD sun hada da rikicewar amfani da kwayoyi da wahala ta yara, kamar cin zarafi ko raunin makaranta. <ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ya dogara ne akan hira ta asibiti ta ƙwararren mai lasisi na kiwon lafiya. Ba za a iya gano cuta ta hanyar gwajin jini ko hotuna ba.<ref name="NIMH">{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Mental Health |date=2015 |title=NIMH: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens |access-date=January 10, 2017 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |publisher=National Institutes of Health |id=NIH Publication No. QF 15-6380}}</ref> PBD na iya zama da wahala a gano shi, musamman a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin 11-12, saboda bazai iya tantance kansu daidai ba da kuma sadarwa alamun.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malhi GS, Jadidi M, Bell E |date=September 2023 |title=The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: Past, present and future |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=469–477 |doi=10.1111/bdi.13367 |pmid=37433682 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabili da haka, yana da taimako don samun bayanai daga tushe da yawa, kamar dangin da malamai, da kuma amfani da tambayoyin da jerin sunayen don ingantaccen ganewar asali.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref> Kayan aikin kimantawa da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da K-SADS (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia), Diagnostic Interview Schedule ga Yara (DISC), da Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS). <ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci a tantance yanayin da halayyar yaron kuma a tantance ko alamun suna faruwa a wasu lokuta. Sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa iyaye su ci gaba da yin rikodin yanayi don taimakawa da wannan.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Tarihin iyali yana da mahimmanci don samun, kamar yadda rikicewar bipolar ta zama gado. Ya kamata a cire magani, amfani da kwayoyi, da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya don gano cutar bipolar daidai.<ref name="Findling_2018" /> Binciken farko da magani na PBD suna taimakawa ga sakamako mafi kyau. Rashin damuwa da rikicewar bacci galibi suna gaba da alamun yanayi.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref> Idan yaro ya gabatar da waɗannan alamun tare da manyan canje-canje a cikin makamashi da lalacewar aiki, musamman a makaranta, wannan na iya ba da izinin kimantawa ga PBD.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zai iya zama da wahala a rarrabe PBD saboda alamun da suka haɗu da wasu yanayi kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], OCD, rikicewar fashewar autism, baƙin ciki, damuwa, da rikicewar gudanarwa.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref><ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> Alamomin PBD da ADHD na yau da kullun sun haɗa da fushin, jan hankali, da hukunci mara kyau. Halin da aka yi da kuma rage bukatar barci na iya zama ainihin binciken PBD.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref> DSM-5 na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka da ICD-10 na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya suna amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don gano cuta ta bipolar a cikin manya da yara, tare da wasu gyare-gyare don lissafin bambance-bambance a cikin shekaru da matakan ci gaba, musamman tare da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parry PI, Richards LM |date=November 2014 |title=Stark discrepancy in pediatric bipolar diagnoses between the US and UK/Australia |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897827 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1234–1235 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.012 |pmid=25440313}}</ref> Misali, DSM-5 ya ƙayyade cewa yara na iya nuna halin da ba su da kyau maimakon halin da ake ciki. Bugu da ƙari, yara sun fi kasa biyan nauyin jiki da ake tsammani maimakon gabatar da asarar nauyi.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin gano Abubuwan da suka faru, yana da mahimmanci a kwatanta canje-canje a cikin yanayi da halayyar da yanayin da halayensu na yaro maimakon wasu yara ko manya.[1] Misali, Girma kai, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙwarewar mutum, baiwa, ko iyawa, na iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Sabili da haka, girman kai ana ɗaukarsa alama ce ta mania a cikin yara lokacin da aka gudanar da imani duk da cewa an gabatar da shi da tabbaci na ainihi in ba haka ba ko kuma lokacin da suke haifar da yaro yana ƙoƙarin yin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, kuma mafi mahimmanci, lokacin da imani ya zama canji a bayyane daga asalin mutum.[2] Yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe idan fushin yana da alaƙa da rikicewar bipolar ko wani yanayi, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a wasu cututtukan yara.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan fushin yana ci gaba, yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe shi daga fushin da aka gani a cikin rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen yanayi (DMDD). <ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PBD da ADHD, musamman, suna da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da yawa, kamar halayen halayen hauka.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref><ref name="Psych Central_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Can Bipolar Disorder Be Misdiagnosed as ADHD? |url=https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/adhd-misdiagnosed-as-bipolar |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Psych Central |language=en}}</ref> Yara da matasa da yawa da ke da PBD ba a gano su da ADHD ba.<ref name="Psych Central_2022" /> Kuskuren ganewar asali na iya haifar da rikitarwa, kamar yadda wasu magunguna don wasu cututtuka na iya kara alamun PBD.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amerio A, Odone A, Marchesi C, Ghaemi SN |date=September 2014 |title=Treatment of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=166 |pages=258–263 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.026 |pmid=25012439}}</ref> ==== Abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da ==== ==== Abubuwan da suka faru na baƙin ciki sun haɗa da ==== * Rashin tausayi akai-akai da ba a haifar da shi ba * Ciwon jiki (ciwon ciki, ciwon kai) * Yin barci da yawa * Matsalar mai da hankali * Jin rashin amfani / rashin bege * Canje-canje a cikin halaye na cin abinci <ref name="NIMH">{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Mental Health |date=2015 |title=NIMH: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens |access-date=January 10, 2017 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |publisher=National Institutes of Health |id=NIH Publication No. QF 15-6380}}</ref> === Ƙananan nau'o'i === Dangane da DSM-5, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan rikice-rikicen bipolar guda uku: bipolar I, bipolar II, da rikice-rikice na bipolar da ba a ƙayyade ba (BD-NOS).<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a cikin manya, bipolar I shine mafi tsanani na PBD, na iya lalata bacci da aiki na gaba ɗaya, kuma yana iya haifar da asibiti.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> BD-NOS shine mafi kyawun nau'in PBD.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Ka'idojin rarrabe nau'ikan iri ɗaya ne da na rikicewar bipolar a cikin manya. === Rikici === An yi muhawara sosai game da cutar bipolar ta yara.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gane cewa alamun bayyanar cututtukan bipolar ba su da aiki kuma suna da mummunan sakamako ga yara masu fama da yanayin.<ref name="Peruzzolo2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peruzzolo TL, Tramontina S, Rohde LA, Zeni CP |year=2013 |title=Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: an update |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0999 |pmid=24402215 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Babban tattaunawar ta ta ta'allaka ne akan ko abin da ake kira rikicewar bipolar a cikin yara daidai yake da rikicewar tsofaffi <ref name="Renk2014" /> da kuma ko ka'idojin ganewar asali na manya suna da amfani kuma daidai ga yara.<ref name="McClellan2007">{{Cite journal |last4=Work Group on Quality Issues |vauthors=McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL |date=January 2007 |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4 |pmid=17195735 |s2cid=689321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau akwai tambayoyi game da yadda mania ya bambanta tsakanin yara da manya.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref> Akwai manyan bambance-bambance game da yadda ake gano PBD a duk asibitoci da kasashe daban-daban. A Amurka, akwai damuwa game da yawan ganewar asali da rashin ganewar asali na PBD.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ghouse AA, Sanches M, Zunta-Soares G, Swann AC, Soares JC |date=November 2013 |title=Overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder: a critical analysis of the literature |journal=TheScientificWorldJournal |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/297087 |pmc=3856145 |pmid=24348150 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarin fahimta da bincike ya haifar da raguwar binciken PBD daga tsakiyar 2000s zuwa 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sherwood SN, Carlson GA, Freeman AJ |date=March 2022 |title=Decreasing rate of inpatient pediatric bipolar disorder diagnosis in the US between 2004 and 2010 |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1111/bdi.13145 |pmid=34664344}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ana ba da shawarar haɗuwa da magunguna da shiga tsakani ga yawancin yara tare da PBD. An tabbatar da wannan haɗuwa don haifar da ingantaccen hangen nesa.<ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zaɓin magani mafi kyau ya haɗa da la'akari da shekarun yaro, yanayin zamantakewa, gabatarwa da tsananin alamomi, da tarihin iyali.<ref name="Brickman_2022" /> An nuna cewa masu daidaita yanayin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma magungunan rigakafi, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gudanar da abubuwan da suka shafi damuwa da damuwa, sun zama mafi aminci kuma mafi tasiri don magance PBD.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> Masu daidaita yanayin da aka yi amfani da su don maganin PBD sun haɗa da lithium, [[Valproate|Valproic acid]], divalproex sodium, carbamazepine, da lamotrigine.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14669-bipolar-disorder-in-children |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Lithium an amince da [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ga waɗancan shekaru 12 da haihuwa kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga yara da ke da tarihin iyali na rikice-rikice, musamman idan an sami nasarar kula da dangin da lithium. <ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwa da FDA ta amince da su don maganin PBD sun haɗa da risperidone, cariprazine, lurasidone, haɗin olanzapine-fluoxetine, da quetiapine.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic" /> An amince da Risperidone don amfani da yara 10 da haihuwa.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Magunguna sun kuma tabbatar da tasiri idan aka haɗa su, ko wannan shine masu daidaita yanayi da yawa ko mai daidaita yanayi tare da maganin rigakafi.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Magunguna don maganin PBD na iya haifar da sakamako masu mahimmanci, don haka ana ba da shawarar cewa a sanar da iyalai na marasa lafiya.<ref name="McClellan2007">{{Cite journal |last4=Work Group on Quality Issues |vauthors=McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL |date=January 2007 |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4 |pmid=17195735 |s2cid=689321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> koda magungunan rigakafi na atypical sun fi tasiri wajen magance PBD fiye da masu daidaita yanayi, suna iya haifar da ƙarin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="Peruzzolo2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peruzzolo TL, Tramontina S, Rohde LA, Zeni CP |year=2013 |title=Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: an update |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0999 |pmid=24402215 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jochim J, Rifkin-Zybutz RP, Geddes J, Cipriani A |date=October 2019 |title=Valproate for acute mania |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=10 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004052.pub2 |pmc=6797024 |pmid=31621892}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi na yau da kullun na iya haifar da karuwar nauyi da sauran matsalolin metabolism, gami da ciwon sukari na nau'in 2 da hyperlipidemia. Sakamakon sakamako na biyu na Extrapyramidal na iya faruwa tare da amfani da waɗannan magunguna, gami da dyskinesia na baya, rikicewar motsi wanda ke da wuyar magancewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Tardive Dyskinesia? |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tardive-dyskinesia |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Rashin Hanci da koda na iya faruwa ne sakamakon amfani da masu daidaita yanayi.<ref name="McClellan2007" /> Yawan amfani da lithium na iya faruwa a cikin mutane masu ƙananan matakan sodium.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14669-bipolar-disorder-in-children |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Jama'ar yara galibi suna gwagwarmaya da bin magani don PBD, wanda za'a iya inganta shi tare da dabarun hira masu motsawa.<ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m6klvtbz0qewtajpv58oxkakmq3lqtb 846648 846633 2026-06-04T07:07:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ciwon bipolar a cikin yara, ko ciwon bipolar na yara ('''PBD'''), cuta ce ta hankali da ke nuna yanayin yanayi kamar manya tare da ciwon bipoar. An yi muhawara sosai game da ganewar asali na rikicewar bipolar a cikin yara saboda damuwa game da ka'idojin ganewar asali da tasirin magani akan marasa lafiya masu tasowa. An gabatar da PBD a matsayin bayani game da lokutan matsanancin canji, wanda ake kira ''abubuwan da suka faru''.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Wadannan sauye-sauye suna canzawa tsakanin baƙin ciki ko fushi da kuma yanayin da ba daidai ba, wanda ake kira manic ko hypomanic episodes. Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na iya faruwa lokacin da wani da ke da PBD ke fuskantar alamun bakin ciki da manic a lokaci guda.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Abubuwan da suka faru na PBD sun bambanta da sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin yanayin da yara da matasa ke fuskanta saboda abubuwan da suka faru suna da tsawo na lokaci (watau kwanaki, makonni, ko shekaru) kuma suna haifar da mummunar rikici ga rayuwar mutum.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani na PBD: bipolar I, bipolar II, da kuma rikicewar bipolar da ba a ƙayyade ba (BD-NOS). <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Matsakaicin shekarun farawar PBD ya kasance ba a bayyane yake ba; shekarun da aka ruwaito na farawa ya kasance daga shekaru 5 zuwa 19.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goetz M, Novak T, Vesela M, Hlavka Z, Brunovsky M, Povazan M, Ptacek R, Sebela A |date=November 2015 |title=Early stages of pediatric bipolar disorder: retrospective analysis of a Czech inpatient sample |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=11 |pages=2855–2864 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S79586 |pmc=4639550 |pmid=26604770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PBD yawanci ya fi tsanani kuma yana da mummunar hangen nesa fiye da lokuta na rikicewar bipolar tare da farawa a ƙarshen ƙuruciya ko balaga. Tun daga shekara ta 1980, DSM ta ƙayyade cewa ana iya amfani da ka'idojin rikicewar bipolar a cikin manya ga yara - tare da wasu gyare-gyare bisa ga bambance-bambance na ci gaba.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan haɗari don ci gaban rikicewar bipolar, amma ainihin dalilin a halin yanzu ba a sani ba. Kamar rikicewar bipolar, PBD yana buƙatar kimantawa ta ƙwararre kuma yawanci yana buƙatar ƙarin lura mai zurfi, tunda yara ba sa iya bayar da rahoton alamun daidai kamar manya. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Duk da yake akwai iyakantaccen fahimta game da ci gaban rikicewar bipolar, bincike ya nuna cewa akwai abubuwa masu yawa na muhalli da haɗarin halittu.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Tarihin iyali mai karfi ne na ci gaban yara na rikicewar bipolar, tare da kwayoyin halitta da ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗari har zuwa 50%. <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> <ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref> Koyaya, tarihin iyali ba ya haifar da wani ganewar asali na PBD a cikin yaro. Kashi 6% ne kawai na yara da ke da cutar bipolar. <ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Duk da haka, ya kamata a saka idanu kan yaran iyaye da ke fama da rikicewar bipolar, musamman idan suna nuna rikicewar bacci da alamun rikicewar damuwa da wuri.<ref name="Findling_2018" /> Sauran abubuwan da zasu iya taimakawa ga PBD sun hada da rikicewar amfani da kwayoyi da wahala ta yara, kamar cin zarafi ko raunin makaranta. <ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Binciken ya dogara ne akan hira ta asibiti ta ƙwararren mai lasisi na kiwon lafiya. Ba za a iya gano cuta ta hanyar gwajin jini ko hotuna ba.<ref name="NIMH">{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Mental Health |date=2015 |title=NIMH: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens |access-date=January 10, 2017 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |publisher=National Institutes of Health |id=NIH Publication No. QF 15-6380}}</ref> PBD na iya zama da wahala a gano shi, musamman a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin 11-12, saboda bazai iya tantance kansu daidai ba da kuma sadarwa alamun.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malhi GS, Jadidi M, Bell E |date=September 2023 |title=The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: Past, present and future |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=469–477 |doi=10.1111/bdi.13367 |pmid=37433682 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabili da haka, yana da taimako don samun bayanai daga tushe da yawa, kamar dangin da malamai, da kuma amfani da tambayoyin da jerin sunayen don ingantaccen ganewar asali.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref> Kayan aikin kimantawa da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da K-SADS (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia), Diagnostic Interview Schedule ga Yara (DISC), da Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS). <ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci a tantance yanayin da halayyar yaron kuma a tantance ko alamun suna faruwa a wasu lokuta. Sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa iyaye su ci gaba da yin rikodin yanayi don taimakawa da wannan.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Tarihin iyali yana da mahimmanci don samun, kamar yadda rikicewar bipolar ta zama gado. Ya kamata a cire magani, amfani da kwayoyi, da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya don gano cutar bipolar daidai.<ref name="Findling_2018" /> Binciken farko da magani na PBD suna taimakawa ga sakamako mafi kyau. Rashin damuwa da rikicewar bacci galibi suna gaba da alamun yanayi.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref> Idan yaro ya gabatar da waɗannan alamun tare da manyan canje-canje a cikin makamashi da lalacewar aiki, musamman a makaranta, wannan na iya ba da izinin kimantawa ga PBD.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zai iya zama da wahala a rarrabe PBD saboda alamun da suka haɗu da wasu yanayi kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]], OCD, rikicewar fashewar autism, baƙin ciki, damuwa, da rikicewar gudanarwa.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref><ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> Alamomin PBD da ADHD na yau da kullun sun haɗa da fushin, jan hankali, da hukunci mara kyau. Halin da aka yi da kuma rage bukatar barci na iya zama ainihin binciken PBD.<ref name="Findling_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Findling RL, Stepanova E, Youngstrom EA, Young AS |date=November 2018 |title=Progress in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents: an international perspective |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1136/eb-2018-102912 |pmc=10270441 |pmid=30327338}}</ref> DSM-5 na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka da ICD-10 na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya suna amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don gano cuta ta bipolar a cikin manya da yara, tare da wasu gyare-gyare don lissafin bambance-bambance a cikin shekaru da matakan ci gaba, musamman tare da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parry PI, Richards LM |date=November 2014 |title=Stark discrepancy in pediatric bipolar diagnoses between the US and UK/Australia |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897827 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1234–1235 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.012 |pmid=25440313}}</ref> Misali, DSM-5 ya ƙayyade cewa yara na iya nuna halin da ba su da kyau maimakon halin da ake ciki. Bugu da ƙari, yara sun fi kasa biyan nauyin jiki da ake tsammani maimakon gabatar da asarar nauyi.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin gano Abubuwan da suka faru, yana da mahimmanci a kwatanta canje-canje a cikin yanayi da halayyar da yanayin da halayensu na yaro maimakon wasu yara ko manya.[1] Misali, Girma kai, wanda shine ƙididdigar ƙwarewar mutum, baiwa, ko iyawa, na iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Sabili da haka, girman kai ana ɗaukarsa alama ce ta mania a cikin yara lokacin da aka gudanar da imani duk da cewa an gabatar da shi da tabbaci na ainihi in ba haka ba ko kuma lokacin da suke haifar da yaro yana ƙoƙarin yin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, kuma mafi mahimmanci, lokacin da imani ya zama canji a bayyane daga asalin mutum.[2] Yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe idan fushin yana da alaƙa da rikicewar bipolar ko wani yanayi, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a wasu cututtukan yara.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan fushin yana ci gaba, yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe shi daga fushin da aka gani a cikin rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen yanayi (DMDD). <ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PBD da ADHD, musamman, suna da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da yawa, kamar halayen halayen hauka.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref><ref name="Psych Central_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Can Bipolar Disorder Be Misdiagnosed as ADHD? |url=https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/adhd-misdiagnosed-as-bipolar |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Psych Central |language=en}}</ref> Yara da matasa da yawa da ke da PBD ba a gano su da ADHD ba.<ref name="Psych Central_2022" /> Kuskuren ganewar asali na iya haifar da rikitarwa, kamar yadda wasu magunguna don wasu cututtuka na iya kara alamun PBD.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amerio A, Odone A, Marchesi C, Ghaemi SN |date=September 2014 |title=Treatment of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=166 |pages=258–263 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.026 |pmid=25012439}}</ref> ==== Abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da ==== ==== Abubuwan da suka faru na baƙin ciki sun haɗa da ==== * Rashin tausayi akai-akai da ba a haifar da shi ba * Ciwon jiki (ciwon ciki, ciwon kai) * Yin barci da yawa * Matsalar mai da hankali * Jin rashin amfani / rashin bege * Canje-canje a cikin halaye na cin abinci <ref name="NIMH">{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Mental Health |date=2015 |title=NIMH: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens |access-date=January 10, 2017 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |publisher=National Institutes of Health |id=NIH Publication No. QF 15-6380}}</ref> === Ƙananan nau'o'i === Dangane da DSM-5, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan rikice-rikicen bipolar guda uku: bipolar I, bipolar II, da rikice-rikice na bipolar da ba a ƙayyade ba (BD-NOS).<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder#:~:text=Bipolar%20disorder%20has%20been%20diagnosed,What%20are%20mood%20episodes? |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a cikin manya, bipolar I shine mafi tsanani na PBD, na iya lalata bacci da aiki na gaba ɗaya, kuma yana iya haifar da asibiti.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> BD-NOS shine mafi kyawun nau'in PBD.<ref name="www.childrenshospital.org" /> Ka'idojin rarrabe nau'ikan iri ɗaya ne da na rikicewar bipolar a cikin manya. === Rikici === An yi muhawara sosai game da cutar bipolar ta yara.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gane cewa alamun bayyanar cututtukan bipolar ba su da aiki kuma suna da mummunan sakamako ga yara masu fama da yanayin.<ref name="Peruzzolo2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peruzzolo TL, Tramontina S, Rohde LA, Zeni CP |year=2013 |title=Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: an update |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0999 |pmid=24402215 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Babban tattaunawar ta ta ta'allaka ne akan ko abin da ake kira rikicewar bipolar a cikin yara daidai yake da rikicewar tsofaffi <ref name="Renk2014" /> da kuma ko ka'idojin ganewar asali na manya suna da amfani kuma daidai ga yara.<ref name="McClellan2007">{{Cite journal |last4=Work Group on Quality Issues |vauthors=McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL |date=January 2007 |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4 |pmid=17195735 |s2cid=689321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau akwai tambayoyi game da yadda mania ya bambanta tsakanin yara da manya.<ref name="pmid17716034">{{Cite journal |author-link=Ellen Leibenluft |vauthors=Leibenluft E, Rich BA |year=2008 |title=Pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=163–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216 |pmid=17716034}}</ref> Akwai manyan bambance-bambance game da yadda ake gano PBD a duk asibitoci da kasashe daban-daban. A Amurka, akwai damuwa game da yawan ganewar asali da rashin ganewar asali na PBD.<ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ghouse AA, Sanches M, Zunta-Soares G, Swann AC, Soares JC |date=November 2013 |title=Overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder: a critical analysis of the literature |journal=TheScientificWorldJournal |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/297087 |pmc=3856145 |pmid=24348150 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarin fahimta da bincike ya haifar da raguwar binciken PBD daga tsakiyar 2000s zuwa 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sherwood SN, Carlson GA, Freeman AJ |date=March 2022 |title=Decreasing rate of inpatient pediatric bipolar disorder diagnosis in the US between 2004 and 2010 |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1111/bdi.13145 |pmid=34664344}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ana ba da shawarar haɗuwa da magunguna da shiga tsakani ga yawancin yara tare da PBD. An tabbatar da wannan haɗuwa don haifar da ingantaccen hangen nesa.<ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref><ref name="Brickman_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brickman HM, Fristad MA |date=May 2022 |title=Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021237 |pmid=35216522 |s2cid=247130186}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zaɓin magani mafi kyau ya haɗa da la'akari da shekarun yaro, yanayin zamantakewa, gabatarwa da tsananin alamomi, da tarihin iyali.<ref name="Brickman_2022" /> An nuna cewa masu daidaita yanayin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma magungunan rigakafi, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gudanar da abubuwan da suka shafi damuwa da damuwa, sun zama mafi aminci kuma mafi tasiri don magance PBD.<ref name="Cichoń_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cichoń L, Janas-Kozik M, Siwiec A, Rybakowski JK |date=March 2020 |title=Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–50 |doi=10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/92740 |pmid=32447355 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> Masu daidaita yanayin da aka yi amfani da su don maganin PBD sun haɗa da lithium, [[Valproate|Valproic acid]], divalproex sodium, carbamazepine, da lamotrigine.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14669-bipolar-disorder-in-children |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Lithium an amince da [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ga waɗancan shekaru 12 da haihuwa kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga yara da ke da tarihin iyali na rikice-rikice, musamman idan an sami nasarar kula da dangin da lithium. <ref name="Renk2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Renk K, White R, Lauer BA, McSwiggan M, Puff J, Lowell A |year=2014 |title=Bipolar disorder in children |journal=Psychiatry Journal |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/928685 |pmc=3994906 |pmid=24800202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Post_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Post RM, Grunze H |date=June 2021 |title=The Challenges of Children with Bipolar Disorder |journal=Medicina |volume=57 |issue=6 |page=601 |doi=10.3390/medicina57060601 |pmc=8230664 |pmid=34207966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafin ƙwaƙwalwa da FDA ta amince da su don maganin PBD sun haɗa da risperidone, cariprazine, lurasidone, haɗin olanzapine-fluoxetine, da quetiapine.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic" /> An amince da Risperidone don amfani da yara 10 da haihuwa.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Magunguna sun kuma tabbatar da tasiri idan aka haɗa su, ko wannan shine masu daidaita yanayi da yawa ko mai daidaita yanayi tare da maganin rigakafi.<ref name="Renk2014" /> Magunguna don maganin PBD na iya haifar da sakamako masu mahimmanci, don haka ana ba da shawarar cewa a sanar da iyalai na marasa lafiya.<ref name="McClellan2007">{{Cite journal |last4=Work Group on Quality Issues |vauthors=McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL |date=January 2007 |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4 |pmid=17195735 |s2cid=689321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> koda magungunan rigakafi na atypical sun fi tasiri wajen magance PBD fiye da masu daidaita yanayi, suna iya haifar da ƙarin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="Peruzzolo2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peruzzolo TL, Tramontina S, Rohde LA, Zeni CP |year=2013 |title=Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: an update |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0999 |pmid=24402215 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jochim J, Rifkin-Zybutz RP, Geddes J, Cipriani A |date=October 2019 |title=Valproate for acute mania |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=10 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004052.pub2 |pmc=6797024 |pmid=31621892}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi na yau da kullun na iya haifar da karuwar nauyi da sauran matsalolin metabolism, gami da ciwon sukari na nau'in 2 da hyperlipidemia. Sakamakon sakamako na biyu na Extrapyramidal na iya faruwa tare da amfani da waɗannan magunguna, gami da dyskinesia na baya, rikicewar motsi wanda ke da wuyar magancewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Tardive Dyskinesia? |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tardive-dyskinesia |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Rashin Hanci da koda na iya faruwa ne sakamakon amfani da masu daidaita yanayi.<ref name="McClellan2007" /> Yawan amfani da lithium na iya faruwa a cikin mutane masu ƙananan matakan sodium.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic">{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14669-bipolar-disorder-in-children |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Jama'ar yara galibi suna gwagwarmaya da bin magani don PBD, wanda za'a iya inganta shi tare da dabarun hira masu motsawa.<ref name="Abrams_2020">{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Treating bipolar disorder in kids and teens |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/ce-corner-bipolar |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ju33zdtmyx5n6vl3g6o6hwkpgmiq0c Halin rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi 0 154675 846634 2026-06-04T06:59:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355330923|Callous and unemotional traits]]" 846634 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana rarrabe halaye marasa tausayi ('''CU''') ta hanyar halin da ake ciki wanda ke nuna rashin kula da wasu, da kuma rashin tausayi da kuma rashin Tasiri. Hadin gwiwar tsakanin abubuwan haɗarin kwayar halitta da muhalli na iya taka rawa wajen bayyana waɗannan halaye a matsayin rikicewar halayyar (CD). Duk da yake an fara ɗauka ne a matsayin hanyar auna fasalulluka na psychopathy a cikin yara, an tabbatar da matakan CU a cikin samfurori na jami'a da manya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang MC, Gao Y, Deng J, Lai H, Deng Q, Armour C |date=2017-12-07 |title=The factor structure and construct validity of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits in Chinese undergraduate students |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1289003W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0189003 |pmc=5720694 |pmid=29216240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22775408">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Branch J, Hagman B, Graham N, Miller C |date=March 2013 |title=The psychometric properties of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in an undergraduate sample |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.1037/a0029024 |pmid=22775408}}</ref><ref name="Awada">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Awada SR, Ellis RA, Shelleby EC, Orcutt HK |date=February 2022 |title=Gender Differences in Callous Unemotional Trait Profiles in an Undergraduate Sample |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |language=en |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=888–909 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2022.2038753 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=246897749}}</ref> An haɗa ƙayyadaddun CU a matsayin fasalin rikicewar halayyar a cikin bita na biyar na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) da kuma bugu na goma sha ɗaya na Rarraba cututtukan Duniya (ICD-11). <ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> == Alamomi == === Abubuwa masu mahimmanci === Halayen CU, kamar yadda aka auna ta Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), suna cikin nau'o'i uku: rashin tausayi (yana nuna rashin tausayi da zalunci ko rashin kula da wasu), rashin kulawa (rashin kula da wasu da rashin motsin rai), da rashin motsi (ƙayyadadden ƙwarewa da nuna motsin rai). <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL, Marsee MA, Cruise K, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ, Morris AS |date=2008-06-01 |title=Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/12189/1/12189.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |series=Psychopathic traits and risk assessment in children and adolescents |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=241–252 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002 |pmid=18514315}}</ref> Halayen rashin motsin rai suna da girma sosai a lokuta da ke nuna "mahimmanci na farko".<ref name="Awada">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Awada SR, Ellis RA, Shelleby EC, Orcutt HK |date=February 2022 |title=Gender Differences in Callous Unemotional Trait Profiles in an Undergraduate Sample |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |language=en |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=888–909 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2022.2038753 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=246897749}}</ref> DSM-5 ta "ƙayyadadden motsin rai na zamantakewa" da kuma ma'auni na hira, Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions (CAPE), ya lissafa halaye masu zuwa: * Rashin nadama ko laifi * Rashin tasiri ko rashin tausayi (rashin tausayi) * Rashin tausayi * Ba tare da damuwa da aikin ba (a aiki ko makaranta) * Rashin amsawa ga abin da zai zama abin damuwa === Abubuwan da ke tattare da su === Yara da ke da halaye na CU suna da matsaloli daban-daban a cikin tsarin motsin rai da halayyar da ke rarrabe su daga sauran matasa masu adawa da jama'a <ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma suna nuna ƙarin kamanceceniya da halaye da aka samu a cikin halayyar mutum. <ref name="Frick_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ |date=December 2009 |title=Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=803–12 |doi=10.1177/070674370905401203 |pmid=20047719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da halaye na CU suna da halaye masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Jiaxi |last2=Lu |first2=Huijie |last3=Zhang |first3=Jiaxi |last4=Yuan |first4=Weizhuo |last5=Fang |first5=Peng |last6=Tian |first6=Jianquan |last7=Wang |first7=Lei |date=2022 |title=Parental attachment and emotional intelligence mediates the effect of childhood maltreatment on callous-unemotional traits among incarcerated male adolescents |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-25285-0 |pmc=9731963 |pmid=36481798}}</ref> Sau da yawa ba su da hankali ga alamun azabtarwa, musamman ma lokacin da suka riga sun so su sami lada.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> Halayen CU suna da alaƙa da ƙwarewar magana mai kyau.<ref name="Salekin_2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AM, Zalot AA |date=December 2004 |title=Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley's hypothesis |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=731–42 |doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_8 |pmid=15498740 |s2cid=19194541}}</ref> == Rarraba == An kara wani ƙayyadaddun CU don rikicewar halayyar zuwa DSM-5.<ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> Ƙarin "tare da iyakantaccen motsin rai na zamantakewa" ga ganewar asali na rikicewar hali a cikin DSM-5 shine don rarraba takamaiman rukuni na matasa masu adawa da zamantakewa tare da rarrabe halaye masu adawa.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin samar da ƙayyadaddun CU ga matasa na CD don inganta ikon bincike, zaɓuɓɓukan magani, da haɓaka fahimtar Sakamakon rayuwa rayuwa.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Wani bita na 2008 ya kammala cewa CU ba ta da tushen shaida da ake buƙata don a haɗa ta azaman sabon ganewar asali a cikin DSM-5.<ref name="Moffitt_2008">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, Odgers CL, Slutske WS, Viding E |date=January 2008 |title=Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x |pmc=2822647 |pmid=18181878}}</ref> == Dalilai da ilimin lissafi == === Hanyoyin jijiyoyi === Ka'idar rashin tsoro na halaye na CU ta nuna cewa ƙananan cortisol suna haifar da underarousal, yana haifar da raunin sarrafa tsoro, halin da aka gani a cikin mutane na CU.<ref name="Hawes_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawes DJ, Brennan J, Dadds MR |date=July 2009 |title=Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=357–62 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832bfa6d |pmid=19455037 |s2cid=26664712}}</ref> Hypoactivity a cikin hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis a hade tare da halaye na CU suna haifar da halayyar antisocial ko da ba tare da wahala ta waje ba.<ref name="Hawes_2009" /> === Kwayar halitta === Nazarin tagwaye sun gano halaye na CU da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan muhalli kamar matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ingancin makaranta, ko ingancin iyaye.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> Nazarin tagwaye guda biyu sun ba da shawarar tasirin kwayar halitta ga CU, tare da kimanin matsakaicin bambancin (42.5%) a cikin halaye na CU wanda tasirin kwayar cuta ya haifar.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Wani bangare mai yawa na wannan bambancin kwayar halitta ya faru ne ba tare da la'akari da wasu fannoni na psychopathy ba.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Yara da ke da matsalolin halayyar da ke nuna manyan matakan halaye na CU suna nuna ƙimar gado ta musamman ta 0.81, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bincike mai tsawo.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> Bincike kan babban rukuni na yara ya gano fiye da kashi 60% na gado don halaye marasa tausayi kuma waɗannan matsalolin gudanarwa tsakanin yara da waɗannan halaye suna da mafi girman gado fiye da tsakanin yara ba tare da waɗannan halayen ba.<ref name="gap">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skeem JL, Polaschek DL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO |date=December 2011 |title=Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/pspi/psychopathy.html |url-status=live |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=95–162 |doi=10.1177/1529100611426706 |pmid=26167886 |s2cid=8521465 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023333/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/pspi/psychopathy.html |archive-date=February 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bezdjian S, Raine A, Baker LA, Lynam DR |date=March 2011 |title=Psychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=589–600 |doi=10.1017/S0033291710000966 |pmc=3113684 |pmid=20482945}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma sami ƙananan bambance-bambance na jima'i (yara 64%, 'yan mata 49%) a cikin yanayin motsin rai da mutum.<ref name=":0" /> Hakazalika, abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin son kai sun fi rinjayar abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta (yara 46%; 'yan mata 58%) <ref name=":0" /> Rashin kula da iyaye suna taka rawa wajen bunkasa halayyar rashin zamantakewa, kuma an nuna binciken don tabbatar da wannan. Duk da yake halaye marasa tausayi suna da tushe a cikin kwayoyin halitta, abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli suna da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ci gaban halayyar rashin tausayi a cikin yara tare da yanayin kwayar halitta.<ref name="Viding_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viding E, Larsson H, Jones AP |date=August 2008 |title=Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1503 |pages=2519–27 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0037 |pmc=2606717 |pmid=18434281}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == Masana ilimin halitta Frans na Waal ya yi jayayya cewa ka'idar juyin halitta ta nuna cewa Rashin son kai na halitta a cikin primates ya samo asali ne don amfanin dawowa da yake kawowa ga mai wasan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Waal FB |date=2019-07-27 |title=Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=59 |pages=279–300 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 |pmid=17550343}}</ref> Sabili da haka, wasu masana kimiyyar juyin halitta suna sukar tsarin ilimin halayyar halayyar mutum (CU) a kan dalilin cewa CU bai dace da ci gaba na juyin halitta ba. Maimakon haka, waɗannan masana kimiyyar halittu suna jayayya cewa idan tausayi ya samo asali ne ta hanyar juyin halitta na dabbobi masu shayarwa, farawa da tausayi da aka ƙuntata ga dangi na kusa kuma ya faɗaɗa a kan hanyar juyin juya hali don haɗawa da dangi masu nisa, to tausayi tare da wasu mutane ya zama dole amma bai isa ba don tausayi na ɗan adam ga dabbobi marasa mutane. Wannan tsarin ilimin halitta na juyin halitta na rashin son kai da tausayi don haka ya bambanta da tsarin ilimin halayyar CU saboda wannan na ƙarshe yana nuna cewa zalunci ga dabbobi shine mai tsinkaya na tashin hankali ga wasu mutane - amma ba a wata hanya ba.<ref name="pmid23529256">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaas JH |date=January 2013 |title=The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1002/wcs.1206 |pmc=3606080 |pmid=23529256}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Bincike ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsara matasa tare da halaye marasa tausayi ta hanyar rarrabe tsakanin waɗanda ke da ƙuruciya-farko da ƙuruciyar halayyar ƙuruciya, gudanar da rikice-rikice tare da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD), ko kuma ta hanyar tsananin da nau'in tashin hankali da aka nuna.<ref name="Frick_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ |date=December 2009 |title=Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=803–12 |doi=10.1177/070674370905401203 |pmid=20047719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara da ke da halaye na CU suna da rikicewar halayyar da ta fi tsanani, kuma suna amsawa ga gudanarwa daban-daban.<ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) ya kimanta abubuwa uku masu zaman kansu a cikin halaye na CU: rashin kulawa, rashin tausayi, da rashin tausayi.<ref name="Kimonis_2008">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL, Marsee MA, Cruise K, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ, Morris AS |year=2008 |title=Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/12189/1/12189.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=241–52 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002 |pmid=18514315}}</ref> An yi nazarin tsananin CD a cikin yara da aka kiyasta a kan halaye na CU.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Halayen CU suna da kwanciyar hankali, kodayake wasu binciken sun nuna cewa suna iya raguwa cikin lokaci ta hanyar ingantaccen magani.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ana zaton shiga tsakani na farko ya fi tasiri saboda ana zaton halaye na CU sun fi dacewa da wuri a rayuwa.<ref name="Frick_Ellis_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Ellis M |date=September 1999 |title=Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=149–68 |doi=10.1023/A:1021803005547 |pmid=11227072 |s2cid=25505496}}</ref> === Hanyoyin iyaye === Hadin gwiwar iyaye shine maganin da aka fi amfani dashi don magance halayen rashin zamantakewa da farko da rikice-rikice a cikin yara, kuma ingancin iyaye na iya rage bayyanar halaye na CU.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Dadds_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dadds MR, Rhodes T |date=August 2008 |title=Aggression in young children with concurrent callous-unemotional traits: can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches? |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1503 |pages=2567–76 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0029 |pmc=2606711 |pmid=18434286}}</ref> Yara da ke da halayen CU masu girma ba su da amsawa ga Lokaci-lokaci da sauran dabarun azabtarwa fiye da yara na yau da kullun saboda ba su da damuwa da barazanar azabtarwa kuma lokaci-lokacin ba ya kama da damuwa da su, don haka halayensu ba ya ingantawa.<ref name="Loeber_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loeber R, Burke JD, Pardini DA |year=2009 |title=Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=5 |pages=291–310 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153631 |pmid=19154139}}</ref> Hanyoyin horo na lada, kamar yabo da ƙarfafawa, suna da tasiri mafi girma fiye da dabarun azabtarwa akan yara masu manyan halaye na CU wajen rage halayyar rashin zamantakewa.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> == Hasashen da aka yi == CU na farawa na yara yana nuna tsari mai tsananin tashin hankali da kwanciyar hankali na halayyar rashin zamantakewa tare da mafi girman halaye na CU, da kuma abubuwan haɗari masu tsanani da haɗari na jijiyoyin jiki dangane da takwarorinsu na farawa.[1] Yara da aka haɗu da CD da ADHD suna iya nuna siffofin da ke da alaƙa da psychopathy, amma kawai a cikin waɗanda ke da manyan halaye na CU.[2] Don tallafawa ra'ayin ci gaba da rayuwa na halaye na CU, ƙarancin ƙuruciya ya fi dacewa da halaye na psychopathic fiye da ƙarancin matasa.[3] Nazarin tagwaye na yara tare da CD ya nuna cewa manyan ko karuwa matakan halaye na CU suna da alaƙa da CD da aka gabatar tare da mafi munin sakamako bayan shekaru goma sha biyu a cikin dangantaka da takwarorinsu da iyali, da kuma matsalolin motsin rai da halayyar, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙananan halaye naCU ko CD kadai.[4] Bugu da kari, matasa da ke da halaye na CU sun nuna yiwuwar aikata laifuka mai tsanani a cikin shekaru biyu da aka sake su daga wurin gyarawa fiye da waɗanda ba su da halaye.[5] Matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da halaye na CU suna nuna ƙarancin amsawa ga magani.[6] Binciken tsari ya gano cewa halaye na CU suna da alaƙa da sakamako mafi muni a cikin tsoma baki na iyali don matsalolin gudanarwa. Wannan yana nuna bayanan da aka riga aka yi a kan halaye na CU yana da bayani a asibiti dangane da matsayin yara da matasa tare da halaye naCU.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawes DJ, Price MJ, Dadds MR |date=September 2014 |title=Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive review |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=248–67 |doi=10.1007/s10567-014-0167-1 |pmid=24748077 |s2cid=9188468}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gcq2wot8so5ha3nqhs10m8hdpntn8dk 846649 846634 2026-06-04T07:08:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana rarrabe halaye marasa tausayi ('''CU''') ta hanyar halin da ake ciki wanda ke nuna rashin kula da wasu, da kuma rashin tausayi da kuma rashin Tasiri. Hadin gwiwar tsakanin abubuwan haɗarin kwayar halitta da muhalli na iya taka rawa wajen bayyana waɗannan halaye a matsayin rikicewar halayyar (CD). Duk da yake an fara ɗauka ne a matsayin hanyar auna fasalulluka na psychopathy a cikin yara, an tabbatar da matakan CU a cikin samfurori na jami'a da manya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang MC, Gao Y, Deng J, Lai H, Deng Q, Armour C |date=2017-12-07 |title=The factor structure and construct validity of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits in Chinese undergraduate students |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1289003W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0189003 |pmc=5720694 |pmid=29216240 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22775408">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Branch J, Hagman B, Graham N, Miller C |date=March 2013 |title=The psychometric properties of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in an undergraduate sample |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.1037/a0029024 |pmid=22775408}}</ref><ref name="Awada">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Awada SR, Ellis RA, Shelleby EC, Orcutt HK |date=February 2022 |title=Gender Differences in Callous Unemotional Trait Profiles in an Undergraduate Sample |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |language=en |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=888–909 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2022.2038753 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=246897749}}</ref> An haɗa ƙayyadaddun CU a matsayin fasalin rikicewar halayyar a cikin bita na biyar na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) da kuma bugu na goma sha ɗaya na Rarraba cututtukan Duniya (ICD-11). <ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> == Alamomi == === Abubuwa masu mahimmanci === Halayen CU, kamar yadda aka auna ta Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), suna cikin nau'o'i uku: rashin tausayi (yana nuna rashin tausayi da zalunci ko rashin kula da wasu), rashin kulawa (rashin kula da wasu da rashin motsin rai), da rashin motsi (ƙayyadadden ƙwarewa da nuna motsin rai). <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL, Marsee MA, Cruise K, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ, Morris AS |date=2008-06-01 |title=Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/12189/1/12189.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |series=Psychopathic traits and risk assessment in children and adolescents |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=241–252 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002 |pmid=18514315}}</ref> Halayen rashin motsin rai suna da girma sosai a lokuta da ke nuna "mahimmanci na farko".<ref name="Awada">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Awada SR, Ellis RA, Shelleby EC, Orcutt HK |date=February 2022 |title=Gender Differences in Callous Unemotional Trait Profiles in an Undergraduate Sample |journal=Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma |language=en |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=888–909 |doi=10.1080/10926771.2022.2038753 |issn=1092-6771 |s2cid=246897749}}</ref> DSM-5 ta "ƙayyadadden motsin rai na zamantakewa" da kuma ma'auni na hira, Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions (CAPE), ya lissafa halaye masu zuwa: * Rashin nadama ko laifi * Rashin tasiri ko rashin tausayi (rashin tausayi) * Rashin tausayi * Ba tare da damuwa da aikin ba (a aiki ko makaranta) * Rashin amsawa ga abin da zai zama abin damuwa === Abubuwan da ke tattare da su === Yara da ke da halaye na CU suna da matsaloli daban-daban a cikin tsarin motsin rai da halayyar da ke rarrabe su daga sauran matasa masu adawa da jama'a <ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma suna nuna ƙarin kamanceceniya da halaye da aka samu a cikin halayyar mutum. <ref name="Frick_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ |date=December 2009 |title=Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=803–12 |doi=10.1177/070674370905401203 |pmid=20047719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da halaye na CU suna da halaye masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Jiaxi |last2=Lu |first2=Huijie |last3=Zhang |first3=Jiaxi |last4=Yuan |first4=Weizhuo |last5=Fang |first5=Peng |last6=Tian |first6=Jianquan |last7=Wang |first7=Lei |date=2022 |title=Parental attachment and emotional intelligence mediates the effect of childhood maltreatment on callous-unemotional traits among incarcerated male adolescents |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-25285-0 |pmc=9731963 |pmid=36481798}}</ref> Sau da yawa ba su da hankali ga alamun azabtarwa, musamman ma lokacin da suka riga sun so su sami lada.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> Halayen CU suna da alaƙa da ƙwarewar magana mai kyau.<ref name="Salekin_2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AM, Zalot AA |date=December 2004 |title=Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley's hypothesis |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=731–42 |doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_8 |pmid=15498740 |s2cid=19194541}}</ref> == Rarraba == An kara wani ƙayyadaddun CU don rikicewar halayyar zuwa DSM-5.<ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> Ƙarin "tare da iyakantaccen motsin rai na zamantakewa" ga ganewar asali na rikicewar hali a cikin DSM-5 shine don rarraba takamaiman rukuni na matasa masu adawa da zamantakewa tare da rarrabe halaye masu adawa.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin samar da ƙayyadaddun CU ga matasa na CD don inganta ikon bincike, zaɓuɓɓukan magani, da haɓaka fahimtar Sakamakon rayuwa rayuwa.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Wani bita na 2008 ya kammala cewa CU ba ta da tushen shaida da ake buƙata don a haɗa ta azaman sabon ganewar asali a cikin DSM-5.<ref name="Moffitt_2008">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, Odgers CL, Slutske WS, Viding E |date=January 2008 |title=Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x |pmc=2822647 |pmid=18181878}}</ref> == Dalilai da ilimin lissafi == === Hanyoyin jijiyoyi === Ka'idar rashin tsoro na halaye na CU ta nuna cewa ƙananan cortisol suna haifar da underarousal, yana haifar da raunin sarrafa tsoro, halin da aka gani a cikin mutane na CU.<ref name="Hawes_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawes DJ, Brennan J, Dadds MR |date=July 2009 |title=Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=357–62 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832bfa6d |pmid=19455037 |s2cid=26664712}}</ref> Hypoactivity a cikin hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis a hade tare da halaye na CU suna haifar da halayyar antisocial ko da ba tare da wahala ta waje ba.<ref name="Hawes_2009" /> === Kwayar halitta === Nazarin tagwaye sun gano halaye na CU da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan muhalli kamar matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ingancin makaranta, ko ingancin iyaye.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> Nazarin tagwaye guda biyu sun ba da shawarar tasirin kwayar halitta ga CU, tare da kimanin matsakaicin bambancin (42.5%) a cikin halaye na CU wanda tasirin kwayar cuta ya haifar.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Wani bangare mai yawa na wannan bambancin kwayar halitta ya faru ne ba tare da la'akari da wasu fannoni na psychopathy ba.<ref name="Frick_White_2008" /> Yara da ke da matsalolin halayyar da ke nuna manyan matakan halaye na CU suna nuna ƙimar gado ta musamman ta 0.81, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bincike mai tsawo.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> Bincike kan babban rukuni na yara ya gano fiye da kashi 60% na gado don halaye marasa tausayi kuma waɗannan matsalolin gudanarwa tsakanin yara da waɗannan halaye suna da mafi girman gado fiye da tsakanin yara ba tare da waɗannan halayen ba.<ref name="gap">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skeem JL, Polaschek DL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO |date=December 2011 |title=Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/pspi/psychopathy.html |url-status=live |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=95–162 |doi=10.1177/1529100611426706 |pmid=26167886 |s2cid=8521465 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023333/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/journals/pspi/psychopathy.html |archive-date=February 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bezdjian S, Raine A, Baker LA, Lynam DR |date=March 2011 |title=Psychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=589–600 |doi=10.1017/S0033291710000966 |pmc=3113684 |pmid=20482945}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma sami ƙananan bambance-bambance na jima'i (yara 64%, 'yan mata 49%) a cikin yanayin motsin rai da mutum.<ref name=":0" /> Hakazalika, abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin son kai sun fi rinjayar abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta (yara 46%; 'yan mata 58%) <ref name=":0" /> Rashin kula da iyaye suna taka rawa wajen bunkasa halayyar rashin zamantakewa, kuma an nuna binciken don tabbatar da wannan. Duk da yake halaye marasa tausayi suna da tushe a cikin kwayoyin halitta, abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli suna da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ci gaban halayyar rashin tausayi a cikin yara tare da yanayin kwayar halitta.<ref name="Viding_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viding E, Larsson H, Jones AP |date=August 2008 |title=Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1503 |pages=2519–27 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0037 |pmc=2606717 |pmid=18434281}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == Masana ilimin halitta Frans na Waal ya yi jayayya cewa ka'idar juyin halitta ta nuna cewa Rashin son kai na halitta a cikin primates ya samo asali ne don amfanin dawowa da yake kawowa ga mai wasan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Waal FB |date=2019-07-27 |title=Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=59 |pages=279–300 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 |pmid=17550343}}</ref> Sabili da haka, wasu masana kimiyyar juyin halitta suna sukar tsarin ilimin halayyar halayyar mutum (CU) a kan dalilin cewa CU bai dace da ci gaba na juyin halitta ba. Maimakon haka, waɗannan masana kimiyyar halittu suna jayayya cewa idan tausayi ya samo asali ne ta hanyar juyin halitta na dabbobi masu shayarwa, farawa da tausayi da aka ƙuntata ga dangi na kusa kuma ya faɗaɗa a kan hanyar juyin juya hali don haɗawa da dangi masu nisa, to tausayi tare da wasu mutane ya zama dole amma bai isa ba don tausayi na ɗan adam ga dabbobi marasa mutane. Wannan tsarin ilimin halitta na juyin halitta na rashin son kai da tausayi don haka ya bambanta da tsarin ilimin halayyar CU saboda wannan na ƙarshe yana nuna cewa zalunci ga dabbobi shine mai tsinkaya na tashin hankali ga wasu mutane - amma ba a wata hanya ba.<ref name="pmid23529256">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaas JH |date=January 2013 |title=The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1002/wcs.1206 |pmc=3606080 |pmid=23529256}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Bincike ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsara matasa tare da halaye marasa tausayi ta hanyar rarrabe tsakanin waɗanda ke da ƙuruciya-farko da ƙuruciyar halayyar ƙuruciya, gudanar da rikice-rikice tare da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD), ko kuma ta hanyar tsananin da nau'in tashin hankali da aka nuna.<ref name="Frick_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ |date=December 2009 |title=Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=803–12 |doi=10.1177/070674370905401203 |pmid=20047719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara da ke da halaye na CU suna da rikicewar halayyar da ta fi tsanani, kuma suna amsawa ga gudanarwa daban-daban.<ref name="DSM5Changes">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 |website=DSM5.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) ya kimanta abubuwa uku masu zaman kansu a cikin halaye na CU: rashin kulawa, rashin tausayi, da rashin tausayi.<ref name="Kimonis_2008">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Skeem JL, Marsee MA, Cruise K, Munoz LC, Aucoin KJ, Morris AS |year=2008 |title=Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/12189/1/12189.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=241–52 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002 |pmid=18514315}}</ref> An yi nazarin tsananin CD a cikin yara da aka kiyasta a kan halaye na CU.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Halayen CU suna da kwanciyar hankali, kodayake wasu binciken sun nuna cewa suna iya raguwa cikin lokaci ta hanyar ingantaccen magani.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ana zaton shiga tsakani na farko ya fi tasiri saboda ana zaton halaye na CU sun fi dacewa da wuri a rayuwa.<ref name="Frick_Ellis_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Ellis M |date=September 1999 |title=Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=149–68 |doi=10.1023/A:1021803005547 |pmid=11227072 |s2cid=25505496}}</ref> === Hanyoyin iyaye === Hadin gwiwar iyaye shine maganin da aka fi amfani dashi don magance halayen rashin zamantakewa da farko da rikice-rikice a cikin yara, kuma ingancin iyaye na iya rage bayyanar halaye na CU.<ref name="Frick_White_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, White SF |date=April 2008 |title=Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=359–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x |pmid=18221345 |s2cid=16344295 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Dadds_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dadds MR, Rhodes T |date=August 2008 |title=Aggression in young children with concurrent callous-unemotional traits: can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches? |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1503 |pages=2567–76 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0029 |pmc=2606711 |pmid=18434286}}</ref> Yara da ke da halayen CU masu girma ba su da amsawa ga Lokaci-lokaci da sauran dabarun azabtarwa fiye da yara na yau da kullun saboda ba su da damuwa da barazanar azabtarwa kuma lokaci-lokacin ba ya kama da damuwa da su, don haka halayensu ba ya ingantawa.<ref name="Loeber_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loeber R, Burke JD, Pardini DA |year=2009 |title=Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=5 |pages=291–310 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153631 |pmid=19154139}}</ref> Hanyoyin horo na lada, kamar yabo da ƙarfafawa, suna da tasiri mafi girma fiye da dabarun azabtarwa akan yara masu manyan halaye na CU wajen rage halayyar rashin zamantakewa.<ref name="Frick_Dickens_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frick PJ, Dickens C |date=February 2006 |title=Current perspectives on conduct disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1007/s11920-006-0082-3 |pmid=16513044 |s2cid=29234216}}</ref> == Hasashen da aka yi == CU na farawa na yara yana nuna tsari mai tsananin tashin hankali da kwanciyar hankali na halayyar rashin zamantakewa tare da mafi girman halaye na CU, da kuma abubuwan haɗari masu tsanani da haɗari na jijiyoyin jiki dangane da takwarorinsu na farawa.[1] Yara da aka haɗu da CD da ADHD suna iya nuna siffofin da ke da alaƙa da psychopathy, amma kawai a cikin waɗanda ke da manyan halaye na CU.[2] Don tallafawa ra'ayin ci gaba da rayuwa na halaye na CU, ƙarancin ƙuruciya ya fi dacewa da halaye na psychopathic fiye da ƙarancin matasa.[3] Nazarin tagwaye na yara tare da CD ya nuna cewa manyan ko karuwa matakan halaye na CU suna da alaƙa da CD da aka gabatar tare da mafi munin sakamako bayan shekaru goma sha biyu a cikin dangantaka da takwarorinsu da iyali, da kuma matsalolin motsin rai da halayyar, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙananan halaye naCU ko CD kadai.[4] Bugu da kari, matasa da ke da halaye na CU sun nuna yiwuwar aikata laifuka mai tsanani a cikin shekaru biyu da aka sake su daga wurin gyarawa fiye da waɗanda ba su da halaye.[5] Matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da halaye na CU suna nuna ƙarancin amsawa ga magani.[6] Binciken tsari ya gano cewa halaye na CU suna da alaƙa da sakamako mafi muni a cikin tsoma baki na iyali don matsalolin gudanarwa. Wannan yana nuna bayanan da aka riga aka yi a kan halaye na CU yana da bayani a asibiti dangane da matsayin yara da matasa tare da halaye naCU.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawes DJ, Price MJ, Dadds MR |date=September 2014 |title=Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive review |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=248–67 |doi=10.1007/s10567-014-0167-1 |pmid=24748077 |s2cid=9188468}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r9lptm8528lvnr7zbham2rwudbboqes Ƙididdigar Ƙididdiga ta Yara 0 154676 846635 2026-06-04T07:00:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335929682|Child Mania Rating Scale]]" 846635 wikitext text/x-wiki Child Mania Rating Scales ('''CMRS''') wani ma'auni ne na tantancewa mai mahimmanci wanda aka tsara don gano alamun mania a cikin yara da matasa masu shekaru 9-17 ta amfani da ka'idojin bincike daga DSM-IV, wanda Pavuluri da abokan aiki suka haɓaka.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai ɗan gajeren tsari na abubuwa 10.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Matakan yana kimanta yanayin yaro da alamun halayensa, yana tambayar iyaye ko malamai su tantance sau da yawa alamun suka haifar da matsala ga matasa a cikin watan da ya gabata. Nazarin asibiti sun gano cewa CMRS ya zama abin dogaro kuma yana mai inganci lokacin da iyaye suka kammala shi a cikin kimantawa na alamun cutar [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar]] ta yara. <ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> <ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> CMRS kuma na iya rarrabe lokuta na cututtukan bipolar na yara daga waɗanda ke da ADHD ko babu cututtuka, da kuma bayyana nau'ikan bipolar.<ref name=":1" /> Wani meta-analysis kwatanta daban-daban darajar sikelin da ake samu ya gano cewa CMRS na daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sikelin aiki dangane da fada da shari'o'i tare da bipolar disorder ban da sauran asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Genzlinger JE, Egerton GA, Van Meter AR |date=2015 |title=Multivariate Meta-Analysis of the Discriminative Validity of Caregiver, Youth, and Teacher Rating Scales for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Mother Knows Best About Mania |journal=Archives of Scientific Psychology |volume=3 |pages=112–137 |doi=10.1037/arc0000024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano CMRS don samar da amintaccen kimantawa na alamun bayyanar cututtuka a tsawon lokacin magani.<ref name="WestEtAl2011" /> Haɗin nuna amintacce mai kyau da inganci a cikin samfurori da yawa da saitunan asibiti, tare da kasancewa kyauta da taƙaitaccen don ci, ya sa CMRS kayan aiki ne mai kyau, musamman tunda yawancin sauran jerin abubuwan da ke akwai ga matasa ba sa tantance alamun manic. == Tarihi == An kirkiro Scale na Child Mania (CMRS) a matsayin kariyar matakan da suka riga sun kasance kamar Scale na Altman Self-Rating Mania da Scale na Young Mania, waɗanda aka tsara don manya. Manufar CMRS ita ce tantance alamun mania a cikin rikicewar bipolar na yara, da kuma nuna bambanci daidai alamun manía daga alamun [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci cewa CMRS ya nuna bambanci daidai daga alamun ADHD saboda alamun alamun Ciwon Bipolar da ADHD na matasa suna raba tsakanin cututtukan biyu: hyperactivity, impulsivity, da distractibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D |date=July 1995 |title=Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=867–76 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010 |pmid=7649957}}</ref> An tsara CMRS musamman ga yara ƙanana waɗanda zasu iya ko ba su da ikon amsa tambayoyin daidai game da halayensu. A sakamakon haka, tambayoyin suna cike da iyaye / ko masu kula da yara waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara a kowace rana. An tsara ma'auni na mania na baya don amfani da ko dai likitan ko mai haƙuri. Sabili da haka, CMRS na musamman ne saboda yana bawa iyaye da masu kulawa damar ba da gudummawa game da alamun yaransu. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a lokuta inda yaron zai iya zama ƙarami don cika tambayoyin da kansu. A tarihi, ingantattun ƙididdiga da ganewar asali na mania an iyakance su. Kodayake an gwada ma'auni da yawa a kan yawan manya, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) - wanda aka gwada akan sigar yara (CMRS) a matsayin ma'aunin ma'aikatar tantance mania- shine kawai ma'aini na manya wanda aka yi nazari don inganci da amintacce a cikin yara kafin pubertal. Kokarin da ya gabata sun haɗa da Beigel Scale / Man'aikatar Rating Scale (MSRS) da Patterson Scale, wanda ya yi amfani da rahotanni na likita da likitoci don kimanta matakan mania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS) |url=http://dcf.psychiatry.ufl.edu/files/2011/05/MANIC-STATE-RATING-SCALE.pdf}}</ref> Babu sikelin da ya dace kuma ya ci gaba da kama matakan mania a cikin marasa lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beigel A, Murphy DL, Bunney WE |date=1 September 1971 |title=The Manic-State Rating Scale |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=256 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750150064009}}</ref> Sauran matakan mania na yara gabaɗaya suna iyakance saboda likitan asibiti ne ya kammala su, yana gabatar da yiwuwar nuna bambanci, kuma saboda ba su da zurfin da ake buƙata don rarrabe tsakanin takamaiman hanyoyin da aka gabatar da alamun.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> Siffofin iyaye da malami na CMRS suna ƙoƙari su magance wasu daga cikin iyakokin ta hanyar haɗa jerin abubuwan da za su iya tattara bayanai game da halayyar a gida, makaranta, da sauran saitunan, maimakon mayar da hankali kawai ga abin da likitan asibiti zai iya lura kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA |date=November 1978 |title=A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=133 |issue=5 |pages=429–35 |doi=10.1192/bjp.133.5.429 |pmid=728692 |s2cid=26479951}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya bincika daidaito na gajeren CMRS-P, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa 10 kawai, kuma ya gano cewa daidaito ya yi kama da cikakken sikelin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Yawanci, CMRS yana ɗaukar minti 10-15 kawai don gudanarwa.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Tambayoyin da ake tambaya game da takamaiman ayyuka da halaye da yaron zai iya nunawa a cikin watan da ya gabata. Iyaye suna kimanta halayyar a kan sikelin daga 1 zuwa 4, inda 1 = ba a taɓa / ba sau da yawa, 2 = wani lokaci, 3 = sau da yawa. Likitan asibiti yana nazarin jimlar maki kuma yana tantance ko yaron yana da ADHD ko Bipolar Disorder. Idan an yi la'akari da cutar Bipolar Disorder ya dace, likitan zai kuma tantance nau'in. == Fassara == Akwai wani ɗan gajeren sigar (abubuwa 10) na CMRS da ake kira Brief CMRS / Brief CMRS-P . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> An kirkiro gajeren sigar ne saboda an fi son gajeren sigar ga kimantawa mai tsawo idan gajeren ya ba da irin wannan daidaito, wanda yake yi.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai malami na CMRS da ake kira CMRS-Teacher (CMRS-T). == Amincewa da inganci == === Amincewa === {| class="wikitable" |+Rubric don kimanta ka'idoji da amintacce ga Child Mania Rating Scale !Matsayi !Rarraba (ya dace, mai kyau, mai kyau sosai) !Bayani tare da nassoshi |- |Ka'idoji |N/A | |- |Tsarin ciki (Cronbach's alpha, raba rabin, da dai sauransu) |Kyakkyawan; yana da kyau sosai ga wasu mahallin |Alphas akai-akai sama da .96 <ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> |- |Amincewa da Inter-rater |Ba ya aiki |An tsara shi da farko a matsayin sikelin rahoto na kai; rahoton iyaye da matasa suna da alaƙa da daidai da ƙididdigar ƙididdigat |- |Amincewa da sake gwadawa |Ya dace |r = .96 a cikin mako 1.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Ana buƙatar bayanai game da amincin gwajin-sake ya wuce lokaci mai tsawo. |- |Maimaitawa |Ba a buga shi ba |Babu wani binciken da aka buga da ke bincika maimaitawa |} Binciken ingancin gini (Binciken Factor da Binciken Facteur Confirmatory) don CMRS-P ya nuna cewa sikelin ba shi da girma. Daidaitawar ciki da aka auna ta hanyar Cronbach ta alpha ya kasance .96 a cikin samfurin da ya kunshi ADHD, Bipolar, da masu kula da lafiya.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> A cikin samfurin mahalarta tare da rikicewar bipolar, alpha na cronbach ya kasance 91.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da ikon rarrabe rikicewar yara daidai daga ADHD da kulawar lafiya sama da 90% na lokaci. Har ila yau, malami (CMRS-T) yana da abubuwa 21. Tsarin ciki, wanda aka auna ta hanyar Cronbach's alpha, ya kasance .86. <ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> Haɗin tsakanin iyaye da malami na CMRS ya kasance daga .23 zuwa .27 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Joseph MF, Greene J |date=April 2008 |title=Comparing the psychometric properties of multiple teacher report instruments as predictors of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=382–401 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20462 |pmid=18300293 |s2cid=6751304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson GA, Blader JC |date=October 2011 |title=Diagnostic implications of informant disagreement for manic symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=399–405 |doi=10.1089/cap.2011.0007 |pmid=22040185}}</ref> Ba a nuna fasalin malamin CMRS don nuna bambanci na bipolar daga lokuta marasa bipolar a mafi kyawun matakan sa'a ba kuma ba a ba da shawarar amfani da shi a cikin aikin asibiti don gano cuta ta bipolar a cikin yara.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Evaluation of validity and utility for the Child Mania Rating Scale !Criterion !Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !Explanation with references |- |Content validity |Excellent |Covers both DSM diagnostic symptoms and a range of associated features. Consistently distinguishes between PBP sub-types and comorbid disorders.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> |- |Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) |Excellent |Shows convergent validity with other symptom scales.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Correlations between CMRS-P and other several clinician-rating scales intended to measure manic symptoms (e.g. Washington University Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia mania module, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Mania Rating Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scales) were excellent (.78 to .98).<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> |- |Discriminative validity |Excellent/Too Good |Preliminary studies show that CMRS scores discriminate cases with unipolar and [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar mood disorders]] from other clinical disorders.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> AUCs of >.90 are quite high. Comparison to healthy controls might imply unrealistic performance when compared to realities of clinical practice. |- |Validity generalization |Adequate |Shown to be effective for ethnically representative samples.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> More research and multiple settings are needed to sufficiently determine generalization. |- |Treatment sensitivity |Good |The CMRS-P has also been found to be sensitive in detecting symptom change over the course of treatment in multiple studies.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Narvaez J, Rohde LA |date=April 2009 |title=Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=756–64 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04726 |pmid=19389329}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan BJ, Hilbert P, Tsatsko E |date=October 2015 |title=Micronutrient treatment for children with emotional and behavioral dysregulation: a case series |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=240 |doi=10.1186/s13256-015-0735-0 |pmc=4625731 |pmid=26511458 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Clinical utility |Excellent |Free (public domain),{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Is it really public domain, or just free-to-use?|date=January 2017}} designed to be completed in 10–15 minutes, preliminary data are promising. Less research than some of the other contenders, but easier reading level than General Behavior Inventory and more sensitive to treatment effects than Mood Disorder Questionnaire. |} == Ci gaba da tarihi == An haɓaka CMRS a matsayin ɗan gajeren, abin dogaro, kuma ingantaccen kayan aikin tantance rahoton iyaye don mania.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7179182 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> An samo gajeren nau'in ne daga sikelin CMRS 21 wanda shine sikelin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na farko da aka haɓaka don yara da matasa. Ba a haɓaka shi daga Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) wanda aka tsara shi ne don manya, 'Young' shine sunan marubucin fiye da gaskiyar cewa sikelin ne ga 'matasa'. YMRS ya samo asali ne daga Ma'aunin Mahaifiyar Matashi (P-YMRS). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gracious BL, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR |date=November 2002 |title=Discriminative validity of a parent version of the Young Mania Rating Scale |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1350–9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.198.9176 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200211000-00017 |pmid=12410078}}</ref> Wannan sikelin, wanda aka haɓaka daga YMRS, an kirkireshi ne don amfani da tsofaffi marasa lafiya. Abubuwan P-YMRS ba su haɗa da ka'idodin DSM-IV na sabuntawa don Ciwon Bipolar na matasa ba, kuma ya haɗa da abubuwa da yawa tare da nauyin abu mara kyau.<ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, abun ciki bai dace da ci gaba ba ga yara, saboda yawancin abubuwan suna buƙatar fahimta ko bayyanar, waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga yara ƙanana.<ref name=":5" /> Wani ma'auni mai kyau shine GBI saboda yana da kyawawan halaye na psychometric. Koyaya, GBI yana da tsawo kuma yana da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar yaron ya sami akalla ikon karatu na aji na 7.<ref name=":5" /> Ɗaya daga cikin matakan da aka fi amfani da su na alamun mania shine Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders da kuma sashin mania na Schizophrenia . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL |date=January 2001 |title=Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=125–7 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.125 |pmid=11136645}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan ma'auni yana da yawa sosai kuma yana buƙatar horo mai yawa na asibiti don gudanarwa. A lokacin ci gaban CMRS, masu bincike sun gano cewa ana samun amintaccen daidaitattun bincike a cikin rahotanni na iyaye idan aka kwatanta da rahotanni masu malamai ko rahotanni da kansu kuma waɗannan sauran rahotanni ba su ƙara sabon bayani ga rahoton iyaye ba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR, Gracious BL, Demeter C, Bedoya DD, Price M |date=July 2004 |title=Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=847–58 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000125091.35109.1e |pmid=15213586}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin layin (AUC) na kayan aikin iyaye sun ba da rahoton tawali'u zuwa inganci mai kyau.<ref name=":6" /> Dangane da shaidar, masu haɓaka CMRS sun zaɓi ƙirƙirar ma'auni wanda ya dogara da rahoton iyaye. An yi amfani da wasu matakan rahoton iyaye don tantancewa don Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, amma ba a haɓaka waɗannan matakan don bincika musamman ga mania ba. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ma'auni shine Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). An yi amfani da CBCL, ban da samar da alamun ilimin halayyar mutum, don gano mania a cikin yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson GA, Kelly KL |date=November 1998 |title=Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children--what do they mean? |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=123–35 |doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00211-0 |pmid=10743845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link3=Christine Blasey Ford |vauthors=Dienes KA, Chang KD, Blasey CM, Adleman NE, Steiner H |date=2016-10-01 |title=Characterization of children of bipolar parents by parent report CBCL |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=337–45 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00019-5 |pmid=12127602}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geller B, Warner K, Williams M, Zimerman B |date=November 1998 |title=Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=93–100 |doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00176-1 |pmid=10743842}}</ref> Koyaya, a kan CBCL, masu bincike sun ga tsari mai daidaituwa na ƙimar da ta fi girma, musamman a kan alamomi masu zuwa: halayyar tashin hankali, matsalolin kulawa, laifi, damuwa, da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahana SY, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR |date=2003-01-01 |title=Employing parent, teacher, and youth self-report checklists in identifying pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=471–88 |doi=10.1089/104454603322724869 |pmid=14977460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mick E, Biederman J, Pandina G, Faraone SV |date=June 2003 |title=A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1021–7 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00234-8 |pmid=12788247 |s2cid=24492704}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom E, Youngstrom JK, Starr M |date=October 2005 |title=Bipolar diagnoses in community mental health: Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist profiles and patterns of comorbidity |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=569–75 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.004 |pmid=15950197 |s2cid=23094919}}</ref> Wannan tsari na iya zama saboda babban cuta na ADHD, rikicewar adawa, rikice-rikicen gudanarwa, da rikicewar damuwa a cikin yara da ke da rikice-rikice na Bipolar. Kuma kodayake CBCL abin dogaro ne kuma an tabbatar da shi, ƙananan ƙididdiga a kan CBCL na iya kawar da mania kawai - akasin haka, zai zama kuskure a yi mulki a cikin mania ta amfani da ƙididdigar CBCL kadai.<ref name=":4" /> Saboda wadannan dalilai, an kirkiro CMRS don tantancewa daidai da amintacce a cikin rikicewar Bipolar na yara, da kuma rarrabe alamun sa daga wasu cututtukan da ke da babban comorbidity tare da rikicewar bipolar na yara. == Tasirin == Kodayake babu kayan aikin tantancewa na zinariya don Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, an bayyana CMRS a matsayin kayan aiki mai kyau da amfani don irin wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baroni A, Lunsford JR, Luckenbaugh DA, Towbin KE, Leibenluft E |date=March 2009 |title=Practitioner review: the assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=203–15 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01953.x |pmc=2786990 |pmid=19309325}}</ref> Misali, ka'idojin ma'aikata don ganowa da kimantawa Bipolar Disorder a cikin yara na iya amfani da CMRS a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa na farko don tabbatar da buƙatar ci gaba da kimanta alamun mania.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Washburn JJ, West AE, Heil JA |date=March 2011 |title=Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Review |journal=Minerva Psichiatrica |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=21–35 |pmc=3150503 |pmid=21822352}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da sigar iyaye na CMRS (CMRS-P) a cikin binciken bincike don gano canje-canje a cikin alamun mania na yara saboda maganin magani ko maganin kwakwalwa.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Jacobs RH, Westerholm R, Lee A, Carbray J, Heidenreich J, Pavuluri MN |date=August 2009 |title=Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: pilot study of group treatment format |journal=Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=239–46 |pmc=2732730 |pmid=19718425}}</ref> CMRS shine ma'auni na farko da aka kirkira musamman don manufar tantancewa don cutar Bipolar a cikin yara. Saboda haka, yana ba da madadin ma'auni mai zurfi kamar Child Behavior Checklist, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na tantancewa don Bipolar Disorder a cikin yara tare da abubuwan da aka gano game da amincinsa.<ref name="www.psychiatrictimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M |date=September 2007 |title=National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=1032–9 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1032 |pmid=17768268 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, CMRS-P (duka taƙaitaccen da cikakkun nau'ikan) sun nuna cewa suna da tasiri wajen rarrabe tsakanin mania da ADHD. Taƙaitaccen sigar yadda ya kamata tana riƙe da halaye na asali na CMRS, yana ba da damar yin amfani da aikace-aikace da amfani mai tsawo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Nazarin Psychometric na CMRS ya nuna cewa ma'auni yana da kyakkyawan amintacce da inganci. Daidaitawar ciki tana da kyau kuma ma'auni yana da alaƙa da matakan hira da likitanci ke gudanarwa don gano cutar yara. Har ila yau, ma'auni yana iya rarrabe alamun cutar Bipolar Disorder na yara daga ADHD da kungiyoyin kula da lafiya fiye da 90% na lokaci.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, amfani da CMRS a cikin binciken magunguna ya nuna cewa wannan ma'auni yana da hankali ga magani a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke nufin cewa zaka iya amfani da wannan ma'aikaci don tantance tasirin magani.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa == CMRS tana fama da irin matsalolin da sauran rahotanni na kai, a cikin wannan ƙididdigar za a iya sauƙaƙewa ko rage su ta hanyar mutumin da ya kammala su - a wannan yanayin, iyaye ko malami - a cikin wani abu da ake kira son zuciya na zamantakewa. Kamar duk tambayoyin, yadda ake gudanar da kayan aiki na iya rinjayar kashi na ƙarshe. Idan aka nemi mutum ya cika fom ɗin a gaban wasu mutane a cikin yanayin asibiti, alal misali, an nuna tsammanin zamantakewa don haifar da amsa daban idan aka kwatanta da gudanarwa ta hanyar binciken gidan waya.[1] Shekarar matasa ma na iya zama mahimmanci. Kodayake an nuna Scale na Child Mania ya zama ingantaccen ma'auni na mania a cikin yara, damuwa ɗaya shine cewa ingancinsa na iya canzawa yayin da matashi ya zama matashi, kuma iyaye ko malamai ba su da tasiri da wayar da kan jama'a game da halayyar matasa a waje da gida ko makaranta.[2] Bugu da ƙari, ba a san ikon CMRS na tantance canji a cikin tsarin mania ba yayin da yaro ke motsawa daga mania da kuma cikin baƙin ciki.[3] == Amfani da sauran al'ummomi == Duk da yake ba a tabbatar da CMRS a wasu harsuna ba, CBCL, YMRS, GBI, da KSADS duk suna da su. Koyaya, an gwada CMRS kuma an fassara shi cikin Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Colom F, Vieta E, Martínez-Arán A, Garcia-Garcia M, Reinares M, Torrent C, Goikolea JM, Banús S, Salamero M |date=September 2002 |title=[Spanish version of a scale for the assessment of mania: validity and reliability of the Young Mania Rating Scale] |journal=Medicina Clinica |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=366–71 |doi=10.1016/S0025-7753(02)73419-2 |pmid=12372167}}</ref> CMRS yana samuwa a cikin harsuna goma sha huɗu tare da fassarar baya ta hanyar masu magana da harsuna biyu, kodayake ba a gwada shi a cikin dukkan harsuna ba. == Dubi kuma == * Rashin lafiya a cikin yara * [[Cutar bipolar|Rashin lafiya na Bipolar]] * [[Cutar bipolar|Binciken rikicewar bipolar]] * Matashi Mania Rating Scale * Shirin Kiddie don Cututtukan Soyayya da Schizophrenia * Rarrabawar ganewar asali da ma'auni da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin hauka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o8ba4zknqh6d2jjv5s5x83se83re8wl 846650 846635 2026-06-04T07:09:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Child Mania Rating Scales ('''CMRS''') wani ma'auni ne na tantancewa mai mahimmanci wanda aka tsara don gano alamun mania a cikin yara da matasa masu shekaru 9-17 ta amfani da ka'idojin bincike daga DSM-IV, wanda Pavuluri da abokan aiki suka haɓaka.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai ɗan gajeren tsari na abubuwa 10.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Matakan yana kimanta yanayin yaro da alamun halayensa, yana tambayar iyaye ko malamai su tantance sau da yawa alamun suka haifar da matsala ga matasa a cikin watan da ya gabata. Nazarin asibiti sun gano cewa CMRS ya zama abin dogaro kuma yana mai inganci lokacin da iyaye suka kammala shi a cikin kimantawa na alamun cutar [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar]] ta yara. <ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> <ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> CMRS kuma na iya rarrabe lokuta na cututtukan bipolar na yara daga waɗanda ke da ADHD ko babu cututtuka, da kuma bayyana nau'ikan bipolar.<ref name=":1" /> Wani meta-analysis kwatanta daban-daban darajar sikelin da ake samu ya gano cewa CMRS na daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sikelin aiki dangane da fada da shari'o'i tare da bipolar disorder ban da sauran asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Genzlinger JE, Egerton GA, Van Meter AR |date=2015 |title=Multivariate Meta-Analysis of the Discriminative Validity of Caregiver, Youth, and Teacher Rating Scales for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Mother Knows Best About Mania |journal=Archives of Scientific Psychology |volume=3 |pages=112–137 |doi=10.1037/arc0000024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano CMRS don samar da amintaccen kimantawa na alamun bayyanar cututtuka a tsawon lokacin magani.<ref name="WestEtAl2011" /> Haɗin nuna amintacce mai kyau da inganci a cikin samfurori da yawa da saitunan asibiti, tare da kasancewa kyauta da taƙaitaccen don ci, ya sa CMRS kayan aiki ne mai kyau, musamman tunda yawancin sauran jerin abubuwan da ke akwai ga matasa ba sa tantance alamun manic. == Tarihi == An kirkiro Scale na Child Mania (CMRS) a matsayin kariyar matakan da suka riga sun kasance kamar Scale na Altman Self-Rating Mania da Scale na Young Mania, waɗanda aka tsara don manya. Manufar CMRS ita ce tantance alamun mania a cikin rikicewar bipolar na yara, da kuma nuna bambanci daidai alamun manía daga alamun [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci cewa CMRS ya nuna bambanci daidai daga alamun ADHD saboda alamun alamun Ciwon Bipolar da ADHD na matasa suna raba tsakanin cututtukan biyu: hyperactivity, impulsivity, da distractibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D |date=July 1995 |title=Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=867–76 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010 |pmid=7649957}}</ref> An tsara CMRS musamman ga yara ƙanana waɗanda zasu iya ko ba su da ikon amsa tambayoyin daidai game da halayensu. A sakamakon haka, tambayoyin suna cike da iyaye / ko masu kula da yara waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara a kowace rana. An tsara ma'auni na mania na baya don amfani da ko dai likitan ko mai haƙuri. Sabili da haka, CMRS na musamman ne saboda yana bawa iyaye da masu kulawa damar ba da gudummawa game da alamun yaransu. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a lokuta inda yaron zai iya zama ƙarami don cika tambayoyin da kansu. A tarihi, ingantattun ƙididdiga da ganewar asali na mania an iyakance su. Kodayake an gwada ma'auni da yawa a kan yawan manya, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) - wanda aka gwada akan sigar yara (CMRS) a matsayin ma'aunin ma'aikatar tantance mania- shine kawai ma'aini na manya wanda aka yi nazari don inganci da amintacce a cikin yara kafin pubertal. Kokarin da ya gabata sun haɗa da Beigel Scale / Man'aikatar Rating Scale (MSRS) da Patterson Scale, wanda ya yi amfani da rahotanni na likita da likitoci don kimanta matakan mania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS) |url=http://dcf.psychiatry.ufl.edu/files/2011/05/MANIC-STATE-RATING-SCALE.pdf}}</ref> Babu sikelin da ya dace kuma ya ci gaba da kama matakan mania a cikin marasa lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beigel A, Murphy DL, Bunney WE |date=1 September 1971 |title=The Manic-State Rating Scale |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=256 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750150064009}}</ref> Sauran matakan mania na yara gabaɗaya suna iyakance saboda likitan asibiti ne ya kammala su, yana gabatar da yiwuwar nuna bambanci, kuma saboda ba su da zurfin da ake buƙata don rarrabe tsakanin takamaiman hanyoyin da aka gabatar da alamun.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> Siffofin iyaye da malami na CMRS suna ƙoƙari su magance wasu daga cikin iyakokin ta hanyar haɗa jerin abubuwan da za su iya tattara bayanai game da halayyar a gida, makaranta, da sauran saitunan, maimakon mayar da hankali kawai ga abin da likitan asibiti zai iya lura kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA |date=November 1978 |title=A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=133 |issue=5 |pages=429–35 |doi=10.1192/bjp.133.5.429 |pmid=728692 |s2cid=26479951}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya bincika daidaito na gajeren CMRS-P, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa 10 kawai, kuma ya gano cewa daidaito ya yi kama da cikakken sikelin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Yawanci, CMRS yana ɗaukar minti 10-15 kawai don gudanarwa.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Tambayoyin da ake tambaya game da takamaiman ayyuka da halaye da yaron zai iya nunawa a cikin watan da ya gabata. Iyaye suna kimanta halayyar a kan sikelin daga 1 zuwa 4, inda 1 = ba a taɓa / ba sau da yawa, 2 = wani lokaci, 3 = sau da yawa. Likitan asibiti yana nazarin jimlar maki kuma yana tantance ko yaron yana da ADHD ko Bipolar Disorder. Idan an yi la'akari da cutar Bipolar Disorder ya dace, likitan zai kuma tantance nau'in. == Fassara == Akwai wani ɗan gajeren sigar (abubuwa 10) na CMRS da ake kira Brief CMRS / Brief CMRS-P . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> An kirkiro gajeren sigar ne saboda an fi son gajeren sigar ga kimantawa mai tsawo idan gajeren ya ba da irin wannan daidaito, wanda yake yi.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai malami na CMRS da ake kira CMRS-Teacher (CMRS-T). == Amincewa da inganci == === Amincewa === {| class="wikitable" |+Rubric don kimanta ka'idoji da amintacce ga Child Mania Rating Scale !Matsayi !Rarraba (ya dace, mai kyau, mai kyau sosai) !Bayani tare da nassoshi |- |Ka'idoji |N/A | |- |Tsarin ciki (Cronbach's alpha, raba rabin, da dai sauransu) |Kyakkyawan; yana da kyau sosai ga wasu mahallin |Alphas akai-akai sama da .96 <ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> |- |Amincewa da Inter-rater |Ba ya aiki |An tsara shi da farko a matsayin sikelin rahoto na kai; rahoton iyaye da matasa suna da alaƙa da daidai da ƙididdigar ƙididdigat |- |Amincewa da sake gwadawa |Ya dace |r = .96 a cikin mako 1.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Ana buƙatar bayanai game da amincin gwajin-sake ya wuce lokaci mai tsawo. |- |Maimaitawa |Ba a buga shi ba |Babu wani binciken da aka buga da ke bincika maimaitawa |} Binciken ingancin gini (Binciken Factor da Binciken Facteur Confirmatory) don CMRS-P ya nuna cewa sikelin ba shi da girma. Daidaitawar ciki da aka auna ta hanyar Cronbach ta alpha ya kasance .96 a cikin samfurin da ya kunshi ADHD, Bipolar, da masu kula da lafiya.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> A cikin samfurin mahalarta tare da rikicewar bipolar, alpha na cronbach ya kasance 91.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da ikon rarrabe rikicewar yara daidai daga ADHD da kulawar lafiya sama da 90% na lokaci. Har ila yau, malami (CMRS-T) yana da abubuwa 21. Tsarin ciki, wanda aka auna ta hanyar Cronbach's alpha, ya kasance .86. <ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> Haɗin tsakanin iyaye da malami na CMRS ya kasance daga .23 zuwa .27 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Joseph MF, Greene J |date=April 2008 |title=Comparing the psychometric properties of multiple teacher report instruments as predictors of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=382–401 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20462 |pmid=18300293 |s2cid=6751304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson GA, Blader JC |date=October 2011 |title=Diagnostic implications of informant disagreement for manic symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=399–405 |doi=10.1089/cap.2011.0007 |pmid=22040185}}</ref> Ba a nuna fasalin malamin CMRS don nuna bambanci na bipolar daga lokuta marasa bipolar a mafi kyawun matakan sa'a ba kuma ba a ba da shawarar amfani da shi a cikin aikin asibiti don gano cuta ta bipolar a cikin yara.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Evaluation of validity and utility for the Child Mania Rating Scale !Criterion !Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) !Explanation with references |- |Content validity |Excellent |Covers both DSM diagnostic symptoms and a range of associated features. Consistently distinguishes between PBP sub-types and comorbid disorders.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> |- |Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) |Excellent |Shows convergent validity with other symptom scales.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> Correlations between CMRS-P and other several clinician-rating scales intended to measure manic symptoms (e.g. Washington University Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia mania module, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Mania Rating Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scales) were excellent (.78 to .98).<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> |- |Discriminative validity |Excellent/Too Good |Preliminary studies show that CMRS scores discriminate cases with unipolar and [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar mood disorders]] from other clinical disorders.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> AUCs of >.90 are quite high. Comparison to healthy controls might imply unrealistic performance when compared to realities of clinical practice. |- |Validity generalization |Adequate |Shown to be effective for ethnically representative samples.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006" /> More research and multiple settings are needed to sufficiently determine generalization. |- |Treatment sensitivity |Good |The CMRS-P has also been found to be sensitive in detecting symptom change over the course of treatment in multiple studies.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Narvaez J, Rohde LA |date=April 2009 |title=Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=756–64 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04726 |pmid=19389329}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan BJ, Hilbert P, Tsatsko E |date=October 2015 |title=Micronutrient treatment for children with emotional and behavioral dysregulation: a case series |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=240 |doi=10.1186/s13256-015-0735-0 |pmc=4625731 |pmid=26511458 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Clinical utility |Excellent |Free (public domain),{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Is it really public domain, or just free-to-use?|date=January 2017}} designed to be completed in 10–15 minutes, preliminary data are promising. Less research than some of the other contenders, but easier reading level than General Behavior Inventory and more sensitive to treatment effects than Mood Disorder Questionnaire. |} == Ci gaba da tarihi == An haɓaka CMRS a matsayin ɗan gajeren, abin dogaro, kuma ingantaccen kayan aikin tantance rahoton iyaye don mania.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7179182 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> An samo gajeren nau'in ne daga sikelin CMRS 21 wanda shine sikelin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na farko da aka haɓaka don yara da matasa. Ba a haɓaka shi daga Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) wanda aka tsara shi ne don manya, 'Young' shine sunan marubucin fiye da gaskiyar cewa sikelin ne ga 'matasa'. YMRS ya samo asali ne daga Ma'aunin Mahaifiyar Matashi (P-YMRS). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gracious BL, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR |date=November 2002 |title=Discriminative validity of a parent version of the Young Mania Rating Scale |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=1350–9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.198.9176 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200211000-00017 |pmid=12410078}}</ref> Wannan sikelin, wanda aka haɓaka daga YMRS, an kirkireshi ne don amfani da tsofaffi marasa lafiya. Abubuwan P-YMRS ba su haɗa da ka'idodin DSM-IV na sabuntawa don Ciwon Bipolar na matasa ba, kuma ya haɗa da abubuwa da yawa tare da nauyin abu mara kyau.<ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, abun ciki bai dace da ci gaba ba ga yara, saboda yawancin abubuwan suna buƙatar fahimta ko bayyanar, waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga yara ƙanana.<ref name=":5" /> Wani ma'auni mai kyau shine GBI saboda yana da kyawawan halaye na psychometric. Koyaya, GBI yana da tsawo kuma yana da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar yaron ya sami akalla ikon karatu na aji na 7.<ref name=":5" /> Ɗaya daga cikin matakan da aka fi amfani da su na alamun mania shine Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders da kuma sashin mania na Schizophrenia . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL |date=January 2001 |title=Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=125–7 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.125 |pmid=11136645}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan ma'auni yana da yawa sosai kuma yana buƙatar horo mai yawa na asibiti don gudanarwa. A lokacin ci gaban CMRS, masu bincike sun gano cewa ana samun amintaccen daidaitattun bincike a cikin rahotanni na iyaye idan aka kwatanta da rahotanni masu malamai ko rahotanni da kansu kuma waɗannan sauran rahotanni ba su ƙara sabon bayani ga rahoton iyaye ba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR, Gracious BL, Demeter C, Bedoya DD, Price M |date=July 2004 |title=Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=847–58 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000125091.35109.1e |pmid=15213586}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin layin (AUC) na kayan aikin iyaye sun ba da rahoton tawali'u zuwa inganci mai kyau.<ref name=":6" /> Dangane da shaidar, masu haɓaka CMRS sun zaɓi ƙirƙirar ma'auni wanda ya dogara da rahoton iyaye. An yi amfani da wasu matakan rahoton iyaye don tantancewa don Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, amma ba a haɓaka waɗannan matakan don bincika musamman ga mania ba. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ma'auni shine Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). An yi amfani da CBCL, ban da samar da alamun ilimin halayyar mutum, don gano mania a cikin yara.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson GA, Kelly KL |date=November 1998 |title=Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children--what do they mean? |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=123–35 |doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00211-0 |pmid=10743845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link3=Christine Blasey Ford |vauthors=Dienes KA, Chang KD, Blasey CM, Adleman NE, Steiner H |date=2016-10-01 |title=Characterization of children of bipolar parents by parent report CBCL |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=337–45 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00019-5 |pmid=12127602}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geller B, Warner K, Williams M, Zimerman B |date=November 1998 |title=Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=93–100 |doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00176-1 |pmid=10743842}}</ref> Koyaya, a kan CBCL, masu bincike sun ga tsari mai daidaituwa na ƙimar da ta fi girma, musamman a kan alamomi masu zuwa: halayyar tashin hankali, matsalolin kulawa, laifi, damuwa, da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahana SY, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR |date=2003-01-01 |title=Employing parent, teacher, and youth self-report checklists in identifying pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=471–88 |doi=10.1089/104454603322724869 |pmid=14977460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mick E, Biederman J, Pandina G, Faraone SV |date=June 2003 |title=A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=1021–7 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00234-8 |pmid=12788247 |s2cid=24492704}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Youngstrom E, Youngstrom JK, Starr M |date=October 2005 |title=Bipolar diagnoses in community mental health: Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist profiles and patterns of comorbidity |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=569–75 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.004 |pmid=15950197 |s2cid=23094919}}</ref> Wannan tsari na iya zama saboda babban cuta na ADHD, rikicewar adawa, rikice-rikicen gudanarwa, da rikicewar damuwa a cikin yara da ke da rikice-rikice na Bipolar. Kuma kodayake CBCL abin dogaro ne kuma an tabbatar da shi, ƙananan ƙididdiga a kan CBCL na iya kawar da mania kawai - akasin haka, zai zama kuskure a yi mulki a cikin mania ta amfani da ƙididdigar CBCL kadai.<ref name=":4" /> Saboda wadannan dalilai, an kirkiro CMRS don tantancewa daidai da amintacce a cikin rikicewar Bipolar na yara, da kuma rarrabe alamun sa daga wasu cututtukan da ke da babban comorbidity tare da rikicewar bipolar na yara. == Tasirin == Kodayake babu kayan aikin tantancewa na zinariya don Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, an bayyana CMRS a matsayin kayan aiki mai kyau da amfani don irin wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baroni A, Lunsford JR, Luckenbaugh DA, Towbin KE, Leibenluft E |date=March 2009 |title=Practitioner review: the assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=203–15 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01953.x |pmc=2786990 |pmid=19309325}}</ref> Misali, ka'idojin ma'aikata don ganowa da kimantawa Bipolar Disorder a cikin yara na iya amfani da CMRS a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa na farko don tabbatar da buƙatar ci gaba da kimanta alamun mania.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Washburn JJ, West AE, Heil JA |date=March 2011 |title=Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Review |journal=Minerva Psichiatrica |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=21–35 |pmc=3150503 |pmid=21822352}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da sigar iyaye na CMRS (CMRS-P) a cikin binciken bincike don gano canje-canje a cikin alamun mania na yara saboda maganin magani ko maganin kwakwalwa.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Jacobs RH, Westerholm R, Lee A, Carbray J, Heidenreich J, Pavuluri MN |date=August 2009 |title=Child and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: pilot study of group treatment format |journal=Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=239–46 |pmc=2732730 |pmid=19718425}}</ref> CMRS shine ma'auni na farko da aka kirkira musamman don manufar tantancewa don cutar Bipolar a cikin yara. Saboda haka, yana ba da madadin ma'auni mai zurfi kamar Child Behavior Checklist, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na tantancewa don Bipolar Disorder a cikin yara tare da abubuwan da aka gano game da amincinsa.<ref name="www.psychiatrictimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M |date=September 2007 |title=National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=1032–9 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.9.1032 |pmid=17768268 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, CMRS-P (duka taƙaitaccen da cikakkun nau'ikan) sun nuna cewa suna da tasiri wajen rarrabe tsakanin mania da ADHD. Taƙaitaccen sigar yadda ya kamata tana riƙe da halaye na asali na CMRS, yana ba da damar yin amfani da aikace-aikace da amfani mai tsawo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henry DB, Pavuluri MN, Youngstrom E, Birmaher B |date=April 2008 |title=Accuracy of brief and full forms of the Child Mania Rating Scale |url=http://ericyoungstrom.web.unc.edu/files/2013/09/Henry-et-al.-2008-CMRS-10-item.pdf |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=368–81 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20464 |pmid=18302291}}</ref> Nazarin Psychometric na CMRS ya nuna cewa ma'auni yana da kyakkyawan amintacce da inganci. Daidaitawar ciki tana da kyau kuma ma'auni yana da alaƙa da matakan hira da likitanci ke gudanarwa don gano cutar yara. Har ila yau, ma'auni yana iya rarrabe alamun cutar Bipolar Disorder na yara daga ADHD da kungiyoyin kula da lafiya fiye da 90% na lokaci.<ref name="PavuluriEtAl2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B |date=May 2006 |title=Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=550–60 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000205700.40700.50 |pmid=16601399}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, amfani da CMRS a cikin binciken magunguna ya nuna cewa wannan ma'auni yana da hankali ga magani a tsawon lokaci, wanda ke nufin cewa zaka iya amfani da wannan ma'aikaci don tantance tasirin magani.<ref name="WestEtAl2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=West AE, Celio CI, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN |date=January 2011 |title=Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent Version: a valid measure of symptom change due to pharmacotherapy |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.013 |pmc=2994944 |pmid=20858565}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa == CMRS tana fama da irin matsalolin da sauran rahotanni na kai, a cikin wannan ƙididdigar za a iya sauƙaƙewa ko rage su ta hanyar mutumin da ya kammala su - a wannan yanayin, iyaye ko malami - a cikin wani abu da ake kira son zuciya na zamantakewa. Kamar duk tambayoyin, yadda ake gudanar da kayan aiki na iya rinjayar kashi na ƙarshe. Idan aka nemi mutum ya cika fom ɗin a gaban wasu mutane a cikin yanayin asibiti, alal misali, an nuna tsammanin zamantakewa don haifar da amsa daban idan aka kwatanta da gudanarwa ta hanyar binciken gidan waya.[1] Shekarar matasa ma na iya zama mahimmanci. Kodayake an nuna Scale na Child Mania ya zama ingantaccen ma'auni na mania a cikin yara, damuwa ɗaya shine cewa ingancinsa na iya canzawa yayin da matashi ya zama matashi, kuma iyaye ko malamai ba su da tasiri da wayar da kan jama'a game da halayyar matasa a waje da gida ko makaranta.[2] Bugu da ƙari, ba a san ikon CMRS na tantance canji a cikin tsarin mania ba yayin da yaro ke motsawa daga mania da kuma cikin baƙin ciki.[3] == Amfani da sauran al'ummomi == Duk da yake ba a tabbatar da CMRS a wasu harsuna ba, CBCL, YMRS, GBI, da KSADS duk suna da su. Koyaya, an gwada CMRS kuma an fassara shi cikin Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Colom F, Vieta E, Martínez-Arán A, Garcia-Garcia M, Reinares M, Torrent C, Goikolea JM, Banús S, Salamero M |date=September 2002 |title=[Spanish version of a scale for the assessment of mania: validity and reliability of the Young Mania Rating Scale] |journal=Medicina Clinica |volume=119 |issue=10 |pages=366–71 |doi=10.1016/S0025-7753(02)73419-2 |pmid=12372167}}</ref> CMRS yana samuwa a cikin harsuna goma sha huɗu tare da fassarar baya ta hanyar masu magana da harsuna biyu, kodayake ba a gwada shi a cikin dukkan harsuna ba. == Dubi kuma == * Rashin lafiya a cikin yara * [[Cutar bipolar|Rashin lafiya na Bipolar]] * [[Cutar bipolar|Binciken rikicewar bipolar]] * Matashi Mania Rating Scale * Shirin Kiddie don Cututtukan Soyayya da Schizophrenia * Rarrabawar ganewar asali da ma'auni da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin hauka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcvuyx9bac1xjt7jhogh5u3bnu0cgp6 Cutar rashin fahimta 0 154677 846636 2026-06-04T07:01:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354124903|Cognitive disengagement syndrome]]" 846636 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar rashin kulawa ta hankali ('''CDS''') cuta ce da ke nuna rashin daidaituwa, rashin inganci, da kuma ci gaba da matakan sarrafa hankali daga yanayin waje da ke gudana da kuma sakamakon hypoactivity. Alamomin sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin matsaloli tare da kallon, ɓarkewar hankali, rashin tunani, rikicewar hankali, da rashin daidaituwa tare da jinkirin motsi, ko jinkirin motci.<ref name=":12" /> Ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1798, wallafe-wallafen kiwon lafiya game da cututtukan kulawa sun bambanta tsakanin akalla nau'o'i biyu: ɗayan rikicewar jan hankali, rashin kulawa mai ɗorewa, da ƙarancin hanawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]]), ɗayan kuma rikicewar ƙarancin iko, farkawa, ko kulawa / zaɓaɓɓu (wanda yanzu ake kira CDS). Kodayake rashin kulawa yana da alaƙa da yanayin biyu, CDS ya bambanta da ADHD. Ba kamar ADHD ba, wanda shine sakamakon rashin aiki na zartarwa da kuma kula da kai, <ref>{{Citation|journal=Jack A.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecil CA, Nigg JT |date=November 2022 |title=Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on Current Knowledge, Research Priorities and Translational Potential |journal=Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=581–606 |doi=10.1007/s40291-022-00609-y |pmc=7613776 |pmid=35933504}}</ref> CDS yana gabatar da matsaloli a cikin farkawa, mafarki mara kyau, da daidaitawa ko kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu (banbanta abin da ke da mahimmanci daga rashin mahimmanci a cikin bayanan da dole ne a sarrafa su da sauri), kamar yadda ya saba da rashin daidaituwa ko kulawa mai ɗorewa, hanawa, da kuma aikin zartarwa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362840930}}</ref> A cikin saitunan ilimi, CDS yana haifar da raguwar daidaito na aiki, yayin da ADHD ke lalata yawan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> CDS kuma na iya faruwa a matsayin cuta tare da ADHD a wasu mutane, wanda ke haifar da raunin da ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da kowanne yanayin ya faru shi kaɗai. A cikin kimiyya ta zamani a yau, a bayyane yake cewa wannan saitin alamomi yana da mahimmanci saboda yana da alaƙa da raunin musamman, sama da bayan ADHD. CDS da kansa yana da mummunar tasiri akan aiki (kamar rage ingancin rayuwa, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Martha A. Combs |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Impact of SCT and ADHD Symptoms on Adults' Quality of Life |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258406568 |journal=Applied Research in Quality of Life |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=981–995 |doi=10.1007/s11482-013-9281-3 |s2cid=49480261}}</ref> karuwar damuwa, da halayyar kashe kansa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Holdaway |first2=Alex S. |last3=Luebbe |first3=Aaron M. |date=2018 |title=Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: Frequency, Sex Differences, and Mental Health Correlates Including Sluggish Cognitive Tempo |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=181–188 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.013 |pmc=6118121 |pmid=30153929}}</ref> da kuma karamin ilimi da matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ). CDS yana da dacewa a asibiti kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Fırat |first=Sumeyra |date=2020 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054720902846 |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froehlich |first=Tanya E. |last2=Becker |first2=Stephen P. |last3=Nick |first3=Todd G. |last4=Brinkman |first4=William B. |last5=Stein |first5=Mark A. |last6=Peugh |first6=James |last7=Epstein |first7=Jeffery N. |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |issn=1555-2101 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkley |first=R. A. |last2=DuPaul |first2=G. J. |last3=McMurray |first3=M. B. |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=2011430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Concentration Deficit Disorder (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) |url=https://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525100100/http://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> Da farko, an yi tunanin CDS yana wakiltar kusan mutum ɗaya cikin uku tare da gabatarwar ADHD, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> a matsayin kuskuren ganewar asali, kuma ba zai dace da hyperactivity ba. Bincike na gaba ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama tare da ADHD - kuma yana cikin mutane ba tare da ADHD ba. Sabili da haka, kuma saboda wasu layin shaidu da yawa, akwai [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya]] cewa yanayin cuta ce ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Idan CDS da ADHD suna tare, matsalolin suna da ƙari: waɗanda ke da yanayin biyu suna da matakan raunin da rashin kulawa fiye da manya da ke da ADHD kawai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silverstein |first=Michael J. |date=2019 |title=The Characteristics and Unique Impairments of Comorbid Adult ADHD and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: An Interim Analysis |url=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=457–465 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |s2cid=208396893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma suna iya zama marasa aure, ba tare da aiki ba, ko kuma suna da'awar fa'idodin nakasa. CDS kadai yana cikin yawan jama'a kuma yana iya zama mai rauni sosai a cikin saitunan ilimi da sana'a, koda kuwa ba shi da rauni sosai kamar ADHD. Nazarin kan jiyya yana da iyaka. Koyaya, bincike ya nuna cewa atomoxetine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bleazard |first=Ryan |last2=Leclercq |first2=Sébastien |last3=Perry |first3=William |last4=Holtmann |first4=Lee |last5=Devaraj |first5=Alan |last6=Powner |first6=Daniel |display-authors=1 |date=January 2024 |title=Response to Ribeiro et al. (2023) – the analysis is in fact flawed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380153312}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> da lisdexamfetamine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=Lenard A. |last2=Leon |first2=Terry L. |last3=Sardoff |first3=Taylor M. |last4=Krone |first4=Beth |last5=Faraone |first5=Stephen V. |last6=Silverstein |first6=Michael J. |last7=Newcorn |first7=Jeffrey H. |date=2021-06-29 |title=A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lisdexamfetamine in the Treatment of Comorbid Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Adult ADHD |url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/a-placebo-controlled-trial-of-lisdexamfetamine-in-the-treatment-of-comorbid-sluggish-cognitive-tempo-and-adult-adhd/ |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |language=English |volume=82 |issue=4 |page=34965 |doi=10.4088/JCP.20m13687 |issn=0160-6689 |pmid=34232582 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> yadda ya kamata su rage alamun sa kuma ta haka ne za a iya amfani da su don magance CDS. A baya an kira yanayin sluggish cognitive tempo ('''SCT'''). Kalmomin rikice-rikice na maida hankali ('''CDD''') ko ciwon rikice-rikicen hankali ('''CDS''') kwanan nan an fi son su zuwa SCT saboda sun fi dacewa da kuma bayyana yanayin daidai kuma ta haka ne suka kawar da rikicewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa |last7=Burns |first7=G Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell |date=21 August 2022 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=S0890–8567(22)01246-1 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816 |s2cid=251749516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" |Alamun CDS (Manufar bincike na ''Farko'') [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} |- |<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Prone to daydreaming * Easily confused or mentally foggy * Spacey or inattentive to surroundings * Mind seems to be elsewhere * Stares blankly into space * Underactive, slow moving or sluggish * Lethargic or less energetic | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Trouble staying awake or alert * Has drowsy or sleepy appearance * Gets lost in own thoughts * Apathetic or withdrawn, less engaged in activities * Loses train of thought or cognitive set * Processes information less quickly or accurately {{Col-end}} |} === Halin zamantakewa === A hanyoyi da yawa, waɗanda ke da bayanin martaba na CDS suna da waje alamun da suka saba da waɗanda ke da yawanci hyperactive-impulsive ko haɗuwa da gabatarwar ADHD: maimakon kasancewa mai saurin aiki, mai saurin kai, mai saukin kai, da masu ɗaukar haɗari, waɗanda ke fama da CDS suna yawo, marasa hankali, marasa hankali. Suna jin kamar suna "a cikin haɗe" kuma suna kama da "daga ciki". Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da CDS galibi suna cikin nau'ikan ciki, kamar damuwa, rashin farin ciki, ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> Mafi daidaituwa a duk faɗin karatu shine tsari na jinkiri da janyewar zamantakewa a cikin hulɗa tare da takwarorinsu. Yanayensu na jin kunya da jinkirin amsawa sau da yawa ana fassara su da kuskure a matsayin nisantawa ko rashin son kai daga wasu. A cikin hulɗar ƙungiyoyin jama'a, waɗanda ke da CDS ana iya watsi da su kuma an yi watsi da su. Mutanen da ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna iya ƙin yarda da su a cikin waɗannan yanayi saboda tsinkaye na zamantakewa ko halayensu na tashin hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da yara da ke da CDS, suna iya nuna halayen rashin mutunci kamar cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, rikicewar adawa, ko rikicewar halayyar (ƙaryaci, sata, fada da sauransu). Da ya dace, dangane da halin mutum, ADHD da alama ana danganta shi da hankali ga lada da neman nishaɗi yayin da CDS na iya danganta shi le hankali ga azabtarwa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Reward and punishment sensitivity are differentially associated with ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256287832 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=719–727 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2013.07.001}}</ref> === Rashin kulawa === Mutanen da ke da alamun CDS na iya nuna nau'ikan ƙarancin hankali daban-daban wanda ya fi dacewa da matsalar sarrafa bayanai ta gaskiya; kamar rashin mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai ko ikon rarrabe muhimmancin bayanai da sauri. Sabanin haka, mutanen da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsaloli tare da ci gaba da kulawa da aiki ga manufofi tare da rashin juriya ga mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da ke jan hankali. Ba kamar CDS ba, waɗanda ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna da matsaloli tare da hanawa amma ba su da wahalar zaɓar da tace shigarwar ji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiler |first=Michael David |last2=Bernstein |first2=Jane Holmes |last3=Bellinger |first3=David |last4=Waber |first4=Deborah P. |year=2002 |title=Information Processing Deficits in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Inattentive Type, and Children with Reading Disability |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=449–462 |doi=10.1177/00222194020350050501 |pmid=15490541 |s2cid=35656571}}</ref> Wasu suna tunanin cewa CDS da ADHD suna haifar da nau'ikan rashin kulawa daban-daban: Duk da yake waɗanda ke da ADHD na iya mai da hankali amma sun kasa ci gaba da shi a tsawon lokaci, mutanen da ke da CDS suna da wahalar mai da hankali ga takamaiman aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary V. Solanto |year=2007 |title=Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=729–44 |doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6 |pmc=2265203 |pmid=17629724 |quote=Differences between subtypes in cognitive tempo point to potentially important differences in the qualitative features of inattention, which suggest differences in etiology. Thus, whereas children with predominantly inattentive type (PI) appear to be slow to orient and slow to respond to cognitive and social stimuli in their immediate surroundings, children with combined type (CB) rapidly orient to novel external stimuli regardless of relevance. A series of studies in children who would now be classified as CB failed to identify deficits in the stimulus input stages of information-processing (Sergeant, 2005). The observably more sluggish orientation and response style of the child with PI by contrast, does suggest deficits in these early attentional processes.}}</ref> Dangane da haka, an sami ikon daidaita hankali a cikin CDS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Kiho |date=2020 |title=Normal executive attention but abnormal orienting attention in individuals with sluggish cognitive tempo |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=S1697260020300673 |doi=10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.003 |pmc=7753035 |pmid=33363582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukkanin cututtukan suna tsoma baki sosai tare da aikin ilimi amma suna iya yin hakan ta hanyoyi daban-daban. CDS na iya zama mafi matsala tare da daidaito na aikin da yaro ke yi a makaranta kuma yana haifar da yin ƙarin kurakurai. Sabanin haka, ADHD na iya shafar yawan aiki wanda ke wakiltar yawan aikin da aka yi a wani lokaci. Yara da ke da CDS suna da wahalar tunawa da abubuwan da aka koya a baya kuma suna yin kurakurai a gwajin dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yara da ke da ADHD. An gano cewa suna yin mafi muni a kan gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum wanda ya shafi saurin motsi ko daidaitawa da sauri. Har ila yau, suna da tsarin tunani mai rikitarwa, mafi girman matsayi na rashin daidaituwa, kuma sun rasa abubuwa cikin sauƙi. Hadarin ƙarin nakasa na ilmantarwa yana da kama da juna a cikin ADHD da CDS (23-50%), amma rikice-rikicen lissafi na iya zama mafi yawa a cikin ƙungiyar CDS. Babban halayyar halayyar waɗanda ke da alamun CDS shine cewa suna iya bayyana ba su da motsawa kuma suna iya samun mafi girman yawan bacci na rana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to College Students' Sleep Functioning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260153858 |journal=Child Psychiatry & Human Development |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1007/s10578-014-0436-8 |pmid=24515313 |s2cid=39379796}}</ref> Suna da alama ba su da kuzari don magance ayyukan duniya kuma saboda haka za su nemi su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke motsa hankali watakila saboda Yanayin da ba shi da kyau. A madadin haka, CDS na iya haɗawa da nau'in cututtukan da ke wuce gona da iri. == Binciken ganewa == An haɗa CDS, tare da sunansa na baya na saurin fahimta, a matsayin mai bayyana bincike a cikin rarraba cututtukan duniya (ICD) na yanzu da aka saki a 2022 a ƙarƙashin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#821852937}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a haɗa shi a matsayin rikice-rikice daban a cikin ICD ko Manual na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (2013) kodayake yana iya kasancewa a cikin bugu na gaba; ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> kuma wasu ayyukan ƙwararru sun gano shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Program {{!}} ADHD Center |url=https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/c/adhd/services/cds#:~:text=CDS%20includes%20a%20different%20set,slower%20to%20complete%20daily%20activities. |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.cincinnatichildrens.org}}</ref> An kirkiro kayan aikin tantancewa don tantance alamun CDS. Kodayake wasu alamun wasu yanayi suna da alaƙa da CDS, yanayi ne daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=1527-5418 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> == Magani == Ba a bincika maganin CDS sosai ba. An yi nazarin farko na magunguna ne kawai tare da maganin ADHD methylphenidate, har ma da yara waɗanda aka gano a matsayin ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (ta amfani da ka'idodin DSM-III) kuma ba musamman ga CDS ba. Binciken da alama ya gano cewa yawancin yara da ke da ADD (Rashin kulawa) tare da Hyperactivity (a halin yanzu haɗin haɗin ADHD) sun amsa da kyau a matsakaici zuwa manyan allurai.[1] Koyaya, yawancin yara da ke da ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (a halin yanzu gabatarwar rashin kulawa ta ADHD, saboda haka sakamakon na iya amfani da CDS) ba su sami fa'ida sosai daga methylphenidate ba, kuma lokacin da suka amfana, yana da ƙananan sashi.[2] Koyaya, wani binciken da kuma nazarin tarihin kiwon lafiya sun gano cewa kasancewar ko rashin alamun CDS ba su da bambanci wajen mayar da martani ga methylphenidate a cikin yara da ke da ADHD-I.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henrique T. Ludwig |year=2009 |title=Do Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Predict Response to Methylphenidate in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Inattentive Type? |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=461–465 |doi=10.1089/cap.2008.0115 |pmid=19702499}}</ref> Wadannan binciken ba su bincika takamaiman ba kuma a bayyane suke nazarin tasirin maganin akan alamun CDS a cikin yara. Ana iya amfani da Atomoxetine don magance CDS, kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka gano cewa magani ne mai tasiri. <ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> Sabanin haka, wasu RCTs da yawa sun nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fırat S, Gul H, Aysev A |date=July 2021 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Froehlich TE, Becker SP, Nick TG, Brinkman WB, Stein MA, Peugh J, Epstein JN |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |pmid=2011430 |s2cid=23501657}}</ref> Bincike daya ne kawai ya bincika amfani da hanyoyin gyaran halayyar a gida da makaranta ga yara da ke da alamun CDS kuma ya sami nasara mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linda Pfiffner |year=2007 |title=A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Integrated Home-School Behavioral Treatment for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type |journal=J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1041–1050 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318064675f |pmid=17667482}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, The New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa jinkirin hankali shine batun gwajin maganin asibiti na kamfanin magunguna, gami da wanda Eli Lilly ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗayan manyan magungunan sayarwa, Strattera, za a iya ba da umarni don magance alamun da aka tsara na jinkirin hankali. Sauran masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa babu ingantaccen magani ga CDS. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] od0bdh741in6n738im2g7za8btf6nhc 846651 846636 2026-06-04T07:10:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cutar rashin kulawa ta hankali ('''CDS''') cuta ce da ke nuna rashin daidaituwa, rashin inganci, da kuma ci gaba da matakan sarrafa hankali daga yanayin waje da ke gudana da kuma sakamakon hypoactivity. Alamomin sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin matsaloli tare da kallon, ɓarkewar hankali, rashin tunani, rikicewar hankali, da rashin daidaituwa tare da jinkirin motsi, ko jinkirin motci.<ref name=":12" /> Ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1798, wallafe-wallafen kiwon lafiya game da cututtukan kulawa sun bambanta tsakanin akalla nau'o'i biyu: ɗayan rikicewar jan hankali, rashin kulawa mai ɗorewa, da ƙarancin hanawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]]), ɗayan kuma rikicewar ƙarancin iko, farkawa, ko kulawa / zaɓaɓɓu (wanda yanzu ake kira CDS). Kodayake rashin kulawa yana da alaƙa da yanayin biyu, CDS ya bambanta da ADHD. Ba kamar ADHD ba, wanda shine sakamakon rashin aiki na zartarwa da kuma kula da kai, <ref>{{Citation|journal=Jack A.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecil CA, Nigg JT |date=November 2022 |title=Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on Current Knowledge, Research Priorities and Translational Potential |journal=Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=581–606 |doi=10.1007/s40291-022-00609-y |pmc=7613776 |pmid=35933504}}</ref> CDS yana gabatar da matsaloli a cikin farkawa, mafarki mara kyau, da daidaitawa ko kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu (banbanta abin da ke da mahimmanci daga rashin mahimmanci a cikin bayanan da dole ne a sarrafa su da sauri), kamar yadda ya saba da rashin daidaituwa ko kulawa mai ɗorewa, hanawa, da kuma aikin zartarwa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362840930}}</ref> A cikin saitunan ilimi, CDS yana haifar da raguwar daidaito na aiki, yayin da ADHD ke lalata yawan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> CDS kuma na iya faruwa a matsayin cuta tare da ADHD a wasu mutane, wanda ke haifar da raunin da ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da kowanne yanayin ya faru shi kaɗai. A cikin kimiyya ta zamani a yau, a bayyane yake cewa wannan saitin alamomi yana da mahimmanci saboda yana da alaƙa da raunin musamman, sama da bayan ADHD. CDS da kansa yana da mummunar tasiri akan aiki (kamar rage ingancin rayuwa, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Martha A. Combs |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Impact of SCT and ADHD Symptoms on Adults' Quality of Life |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258406568 |journal=Applied Research in Quality of Life |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=981–995 |doi=10.1007/s11482-013-9281-3 |s2cid=49480261}}</ref> karuwar damuwa, da halayyar kashe kansa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Holdaway |first2=Alex S. |last3=Luebbe |first3=Aaron M. |date=2018 |title=Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: Frequency, Sex Differences, and Mental Health Correlates Including Sluggish Cognitive Tempo |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=181–188 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.013 |pmc=6118121 |pmid=30153929}}</ref> da kuma karamin ilimi da matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ). CDS yana da dacewa a asibiti kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Fırat |first=Sumeyra |date=2020 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054720902846 |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froehlich |first=Tanya E. |last2=Becker |first2=Stephen P. |last3=Nick |first3=Todd G. |last4=Brinkman |first4=William B. |last5=Stein |first5=Mark A. |last6=Peugh |first6=James |last7=Epstein |first7=Jeffery N. |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |issn=1555-2101 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkley |first=R. A. |last2=DuPaul |first2=G. J. |last3=McMurray |first3=M. B. |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=2011430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Concentration Deficit Disorder (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) |url=https://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525100100/http://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> Da farko, an yi tunanin CDS yana wakiltar kusan mutum ɗaya cikin uku tare da gabatarwar ADHD, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> a matsayin kuskuren ganewar asali, kuma ba zai dace da hyperactivity ba. Bincike na gaba ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama tare da ADHD - kuma yana cikin mutane ba tare da ADHD ba. Sabili da haka, kuma saboda wasu layin shaidu da yawa, akwai [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya]] cewa yanayin cuta ce ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Idan CDS da ADHD suna tare, matsalolin suna da ƙari: waɗanda ke da yanayin biyu suna da matakan raunin da rashin kulawa fiye da manya da ke da ADHD kawai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silverstein |first=Michael J. |date=2019 |title=The Characteristics and Unique Impairments of Comorbid Adult ADHD and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: An Interim Analysis |url=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=457–465 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |s2cid=208396893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma suna iya zama marasa aure, ba tare da aiki ba, ko kuma suna da'awar fa'idodin nakasa. CDS kadai yana cikin yawan jama'a kuma yana iya zama mai rauni sosai a cikin saitunan ilimi da sana'a, koda kuwa ba shi da rauni sosai kamar ADHD. Nazarin kan jiyya yana da iyaka. Koyaya, bincike ya nuna cewa atomoxetine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bleazard |first=Ryan |last2=Leclercq |first2=Sébastien |last3=Perry |first3=William |last4=Holtmann |first4=Lee |last5=Devaraj |first5=Alan |last6=Powner |first6=Daniel |display-authors=1 |date=January 2024 |title=Response to Ribeiro et al. (2023) – the analysis is in fact flawed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380153312}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> da lisdexamfetamine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=Lenard A. |last2=Leon |first2=Terry L. |last3=Sardoff |first3=Taylor M. |last4=Krone |first4=Beth |last5=Faraone |first5=Stephen V. |last6=Silverstein |first6=Michael J. |last7=Newcorn |first7=Jeffrey H. |date=2021-06-29 |title=A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lisdexamfetamine in the Treatment of Comorbid Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Adult ADHD |url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/a-placebo-controlled-trial-of-lisdexamfetamine-in-the-treatment-of-comorbid-sluggish-cognitive-tempo-and-adult-adhd/ |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |language=English |volume=82 |issue=4 |page=34965 |doi=10.4088/JCP.20m13687 |issn=0160-6689 |pmid=34232582 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> yadda ya kamata su rage alamun sa kuma ta haka ne za a iya amfani da su don magance CDS. A baya an kira yanayin sluggish cognitive tempo ('''SCT'''). Kalmomin rikice-rikice na maida hankali ('''CDD''') ko ciwon rikice-rikicen hankali ('''CDS''') kwanan nan an fi son su zuwa SCT saboda sun fi dacewa da kuma bayyana yanayin daidai kuma ta haka ne suka kawar da rikicewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa |last7=Burns |first7=G Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell |date=21 August 2022 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=S0890–8567(22)01246-1 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816 |s2cid=251749516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" |Alamun CDS (Manufar bincike na ''Farko'') [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} |- |<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Prone to daydreaming * Easily confused or mentally foggy * Spacey or inattentive to surroundings * Mind seems to be elsewhere * Stares blankly into space * Underactive, slow moving or sluggish * Lethargic or less energetic | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Trouble staying awake or alert * Has drowsy or sleepy appearance * Gets lost in own thoughts * Apathetic or withdrawn, less engaged in activities * Loses train of thought or cognitive set * Processes information less quickly or accurately {{Col-end}} |} === Halin zamantakewa === A hanyoyi da yawa, waɗanda ke da bayanin martaba na CDS suna da waje alamun da suka saba da waɗanda ke da yawanci hyperactive-impulsive ko haɗuwa da gabatarwar ADHD: maimakon kasancewa mai saurin aiki, mai saurin kai, mai saukin kai, da masu ɗaukar haɗari, waɗanda ke fama da CDS suna yawo, marasa hankali, marasa hankali. Suna jin kamar suna "a cikin haɗe" kuma suna kama da "daga ciki". Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da CDS galibi suna cikin nau'ikan ciki, kamar damuwa, rashin farin ciki, ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> Mafi daidaituwa a duk faɗin karatu shine tsari na jinkiri da janyewar zamantakewa a cikin hulɗa tare da takwarorinsu. Yanayensu na jin kunya da jinkirin amsawa sau da yawa ana fassara su da kuskure a matsayin nisantawa ko rashin son kai daga wasu. A cikin hulɗar ƙungiyoyin jama'a, waɗanda ke da CDS ana iya watsi da su kuma an yi watsi da su. Mutanen da ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna iya ƙin yarda da su a cikin waɗannan yanayi saboda tsinkaye na zamantakewa ko halayensu na tashin hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da yara da ke da CDS, suna iya nuna halayen rashin mutunci kamar cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, rikicewar adawa, ko rikicewar halayyar (ƙaryaci, sata, fada da sauransu). Da ya dace, dangane da halin mutum, ADHD da alama ana danganta shi da hankali ga lada da neman nishaɗi yayin da CDS na iya danganta shi le hankali ga azabtarwa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Reward and punishment sensitivity are differentially associated with ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256287832 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=719–727 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2013.07.001}}</ref> === Rashin kulawa === Mutanen da ke da alamun CDS na iya nuna nau'ikan ƙarancin hankali daban-daban wanda ya fi dacewa da matsalar sarrafa bayanai ta gaskiya; kamar rashin mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai ko ikon rarrabe muhimmancin bayanai da sauri. Sabanin haka, mutanen da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsaloli tare da ci gaba da kulawa da aiki ga manufofi tare da rashin juriya ga mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da ke jan hankali. Ba kamar CDS ba, waɗanda ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna da matsaloli tare da hanawa amma ba su da wahalar zaɓar da tace shigarwar ji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiler |first=Michael David |last2=Bernstein |first2=Jane Holmes |last3=Bellinger |first3=David |last4=Waber |first4=Deborah P. |year=2002 |title=Information Processing Deficits in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Inattentive Type, and Children with Reading Disability |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=449–462 |doi=10.1177/00222194020350050501 |pmid=15490541 |s2cid=35656571}}</ref> Wasu suna tunanin cewa CDS da ADHD suna haifar da nau'ikan rashin kulawa daban-daban: Duk da yake waɗanda ke da ADHD na iya mai da hankali amma sun kasa ci gaba da shi a tsawon lokaci, mutanen da ke da CDS suna da wahalar mai da hankali ga takamaiman aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary V. Solanto |year=2007 |title=Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=729–44 |doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6 |pmc=2265203 |pmid=17629724 |quote=Differences between subtypes in cognitive tempo point to potentially important differences in the qualitative features of inattention, which suggest differences in etiology. Thus, whereas children with predominantly inattentive type (PI) appear to be slow to orient and slow to respond to cognitive and social stimuli in their immediate surroundings, children with combined type (CB) rapidly orient to novel external stimuli regardless of relevance. A series of studies in children who would now be classified as CB failed to identify deficits in the stimulus input stages of information-processing (Sergeant, 2005). The observably more sluggish orientation and response style of the child with PI by contrast, does suggest deficits in these early attentional processes.}}</ref> Dangane da haka, an sami ikon daidaita hankali a cikin CDS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Kiho |date=2020 |title=Normal executive attention but abnormal orienting attention in individuals with sluggish cognitive tempo |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=S1697260020300673 |doi=10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.003 |pmc=7753035 |pmid=33363582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukkanin cututtukan suna tsoma baki sosai tare da aikin ilimi amma suna iya yin hakan ta hanyoyi daban-daban. CDS na iya zama mafi matsala tare da daidaito na aikin da yaro ke yi a makaranta kuma yana haifar da yin ƙarin kurakurai. Sabanin haka, ADHD na iya shafar yawan aiki wanda ke wakiltar yawan aikin da aka yi a wani lokaci. Yara da ke da CDS suna da wahalar tunawa da abubuwan da aka koya a baya kuma suna yin kurakurai a gwajin dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yara da ke da ADHD. An gano cewa suna yin mafi muni a kan gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum wanda ya shafi saurin motsi ko daidaitawa da sauri. Har ila yau, suna da tsarin tunani mai rikitarwa, mafi girman matsayi na rashin daidaituwa, kuma sun rasa abubuwa cikin sauƙi. Hadarin ƙarin nakasa na ilmantarwa yana da kama da juna a cikin ADHD da CDS (23-50%), amma rikice-rikicen lissafi na iya zama mafi yawa a cikin ƙungiyar CDS. Babban halayyar halayyar waɗanda ke da alamun CDS shine cewa suna iya bayyana ba su da motsawa kuma suna iya samun mafi girman yawan bacci na rana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to College Students' Sleep Functioning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260153858 |journal=Child Psychiatry & Human Development |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1007/s10578-014-0436-8 |pmid=24515313 |s2cid=39379796}}</ref> Suna da alama ba su da kuzari don magance ayyukan duniya kuma saboda haka za su nemi su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke motsa hankali watakila saboda Yanayin da ba shi da kyau. A madadin haka, CDS na iya haɗawa da nau'in cututtukan da ke wuce gona da iri. == Binciken ganewa == An haɗa CDS, tare da sunansa na baya na saurin fahimta, a matsayin mai bayyana bincike a cikin rarraba cututtukan duniya (ICD) na yanzu da aka saki a 2022 a ƙarƙashin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#821852937}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a haɗa shi a matsayin rikice-rikice daban a cikin ICD ko Manual na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (2013) kodayake yana iya kasancewa a cikin bugu na gaba; ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> kuma wasu ayyukan ƙwararru sun gano shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Program {{!}} ADHD Center |url=https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/c/adhd/services/cds#:~:text=CDS%20includes%20a%20different%20set,slower%20to%20complete%20daily%20activities. |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.cincinnatichildrens.org}}</ref> An kirkiro kayan aikin tantancewa don tantance alamun CDS. Kodayake wasu alamun wasu yanayi suna da alaƙa da CDS, yanayi ne daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=1527-5418 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> == Magani == Ba a bincika maganin CDS sosai ba. An yi nazarin farko na magunguna ne kawai tare da maganin ADHD methylphenidate, har ma da yara waɗanda aka gano a matsayin ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (ta amfani da ka'idodin DSM-III) kuma ba musamman ga CDS ba. Binciken da alama ya gano cewa yawancin yara da ke da ADD (Rashin kulawa) tare da Hyperactivity (a halin yanzu haɗin haɗin ADHD) sun amsa da kyau a matsakaici zuwa manyan allurai.[1] Koyaya, yawancin yara da ke da ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (a halin yanzu gabatarwar rashin kulawa ta ADHD, saboda haka sakamakon na iya amfani da CDS) ba su sami fa'ida sosai daga methylphenidate ba, kuma lokacin da suka amfana, yana da ƙananan sashi.[2] Koyaya, wani binciken da kuma nazarin tarihin kiwon lafiya sun gano cewa kasancewar ko rashin alamun CDS ba su da bambanci wajen mayar da martani ga methylphenidate a cikin yara da ke da ADHD-I.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henrique T. Ludwig |year=2009 |title=Do Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Predict Response to Methylphenidate in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Inattentive Type? |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=461–465 |doi=10.1089/cap.2008.0115 |pmid=19702499}}</ref> Wadannan binciken ba su bincika takamaiman ba kuma a bayyane suke nazarin tasirin maganin akan alamun CDS a cikin yara. Ana iya amfani da Atomoxetine don magance CDS, kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka gano cewa magani ne mai tasiri. <ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> Sabanin haka, wasu RCTs da yawa sun nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fırat S, Gul H, Aysev A |date=July 2021 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Froehlich TE, Becker SP, Nick TG, Brinkman WB, Stein MA, Peugh J, Epstein JN |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |pmid=2011430 |s2cid=23501657}}</ref> Bincike daya ne kawai ya bincika amfani da hanyoyin gyaran halayyar a gida da makaranta ga yara da ke da alamun CDS kuma ya sami nasara mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linda Pfiffner |year=2007 |title=A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Integrated Home-School Behavioral Treatment for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type |journal=J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1041–1050 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318064675f |pmid=17667482}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, The New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa jinkirin hankali shine batun gwajin maganin asibiti na kamfanin magunguna, gami da wanda Eli Lilly ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗayan manyan magungunan sayarwa, Strattera, za a iya ba da umarni don magance alamun da aka tsara na jinkirin hankali. Sauran masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa babu ingantaccen magani ga CDS. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n60ujvltw313jkw9l0t9b6klgm75tho Rashin halayyar mutum 0 154678 846637 2026-06-04T07:01:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353765399|Conduct disorder]]" 846637 wikitext text/x-wiki Rashin ɗabi'a (CD) wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da aka gano a lokacin ƙuruciya ko samartaka wadda ke da alaƙa da maimaitawa da kuma ci gaba da ɗabi'ar rashin ɗabi'a da ta shafi keta haƙƙin wasu ko manyan ƙa'idodi da suka dace da shekaru.[1] Waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da sata, ƙarya, tashin hankali na jiki, lalatawa, da karya dokoki.[2] Sau da yawa ana ganin rashin ɗabi'a a matsayin abin da ke haifar da rashin ɗabi'a na rashin ɗabi'a; duk da haka, na ƙarshen, bisa ga ma'anarsa, ba za a iya gano shi ba har sai mutum ya kai shekara 18.[3] Rashin ɗabi'a na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ƙin yarda da iyaye da sakaci kuma a irin waɗannan yanayi ana iya magance shi da maganin iyali, da kuma gyare-gyaren hali da maganin magunguna.[4] Hakanan yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon fallasa gubar muhalli.[5] An kiyasta cewa rashin ɗabi'a zai shafi mutane miliyan 51.1 a duk duniya Kamar yadda na 2013 [6] == Alamomi da alamomi == Ɗaya daga cikin alamun rikicewar halayyar shine ƙananan tsoro. Binciken da aka yi akan tasirin yara da aka fallasa ga tsoro da damuwa ya nuna cewa mummunan motsin rai (tsoro) yana hango hasashen martani na tausayi na yara ga damuwa. Binciken ya goyi bayan cewa idan mai kula ya sami damar amsawa ga alamun jariri, yaron yana da damar amsawa da tsoro da damuwa. Idan yaro bai koyi yadda za a magance tsoro ko damuwa ba yaron zai fi dacewa da yin fushi da wasu yara. Idan mai kula ya sami damar samar da maganin warkarwa yana koyar da yara da ke cikin haɗari mafi kyawun ƙwarewar tausayi, yaron zai sami matakin ƙarancin rikicewar halayyar.[1] Har ila yau, yanayin yana da alaƙa da hauhawar tashin hankali da halayyar rashin mutunci; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conduct Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/guide-to-conduct-disorder/ |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=Child Mind Institute |language=en}}</ref> misalai na iya kasancewa daga turawa, bugawa da cinyewa lokacin da yaro yake ƙarami, ci gaba zuwa duka da kuma haifar da zalunci yayin da yaron ya tsufa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behavioural problems and conduct disorder: for parents and carers |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/parents-and-young-people/information-for-parents-and-carers/behavioural-problems-and-conduct-disorder-for-parents-carers-and-anyone-who-works-with-young-people |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=RC PSYCH ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MYERS |first=WADE C. |last2=SCOTT |first2=KERRILYN |date=1998-05-01 |title=Psychotic and Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Juvenile Murderers |journal=Homicide Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=160–175 |doi=10.1177/1088767998002002004 |issn=1088-7679 |s2cid=145559982}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an lura da cutar kai a cikin yara masu fama da rikicewar hali (CD). An ambaci halin da ake ciki game da motsin rai da raguwar hankali na motsin rai a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan sabon abu. Koyaya, don ƙayyade haɗin kai tsaye dole ne a gudanar da ƙarin bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halicka-Masłowska |first=Joanna |last2=Szewczuk-Bogusławska |first2=Monika |last3=Rymaszewska |first3=Joanna |last4=Adamska |first4=Agnieszka |last5=Misiak |first5=Błażej |date=2021 |title=From Emotional Intelligence to Self-Injuries: A Path Analysis in Adolescents With Conduct Disorder |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556278 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=7819897 |pmid=33488414 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin halayyar mutum na iya gabatar da iyakantaccen motsin rai, rashin nadama ko laifi, rashin tausayi, rashin damuwa game da aiki, da rashin zurfi ko rashin tasiri. Alamomin sun bambanta da mutum, amma an bayyana manyan kungiyoyi huɗu na alamun a ƙasa.<ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cin zarafin mutane da dabbobi === * Sau da yawa masu zalunci, suna barazana ko tsoratar da wasu * Sau da yawa yana fara fadace-fadace na zahiri * Ya yi amfani da makami wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lahani ga wasu (misali, sandar, tubali, kwalban da ya karye, wuka, bindiga) * Ya kasance mai zalunci ga mutane * Ya kasance mai zalunci ga dabbobi * Ya yi sata yayin da yake fuskantar wanda aka azabtar (misali, fashi, satar jaka, cin hanci, fashi da makami) * Ba ya jin nadama ko tausayi game da cutar, tsoro, ko ciwo da suka yi wa wasu === Halakar dukiya === * Ya shiga cikin wuta da gangan da niyyar haifar da mummunar lalacewa * Ya lalata dukiyar wasu da gangan (ban da ta hanyar saita wuta) <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Yaudara ko sata === * Ya shiga gidan wani, wani gini, mota, wani abin hawa, da dai sauransu * Sau da yawa ƙarya don samun kaya ko ni'ima ko guje wa wajibai (watau, "ƙasassun" wasu) * Ya sace abubuwa masu daraja ba tare da fuskantar wanda aka azabtar ba (misali, satar shago, amma ba tare da fashewa da shiga ba; karya) <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Babban keta dokoki === * Sau da yawa yakan fita da dare duk da haramcin iyaye, tun kafin shekaru 13 * Ya gudu daga gida da dare aƙalla sau biyu yayin da yake zaune a gidan iyaye ko na iyaye (ko sau ɗaya ba tare da dawowa na dogon lokaci ba) * Sau da yawa ba ya zuwa makaranta, tun kafin ya kai shekara 13 <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Rashin tausayi da waɗannan mutane ke da shi da kuma tashin hankali da ke tattare da wannan rashin kulawa ga sakamakon yana da haɗari, ba kawai ga mutum ba amma ga waɗanda ke kewaye da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conduct Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment Options |url=https://www.psycom.net/conduct-disorder/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Hanyar ci gaba === A halin yanzu, ana tunanin darussan ci gaba guda biyu da za su haifar da rikice-rikice. Na farko an san shi da "nau'in farawa na yara" kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da alamun rikicewar halayyar suka kasance kafin shekaru 10. Wannan darasi sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da rayuwar rayuwa mai ɗorewa da kuma halayen da suka fi dacewa. Musamman, yara a cikin wannan rukuni suna da matakan alamun [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] mafi girma, raunin neuropsychological, ƙarin matsalolin ilimi, karuwar matsalar iyali da kuma yiwuwar tashin hankali da tashin hankali.<ref name="Moff">{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |year=1993 |title=Life-course persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy |journal=Psychological Review |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=674–701 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 |pmid=8255953}}</ref> Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu sana'a game da inganci da dacewa da gano kananan yara da ke fama da rikicewar hali. Ana ganin halaye na ganewar asali a cikin yara ƙanana waɗanda ake kira ga ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volkmar F |year=2002 |title=Considering disruptive behaviors |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=349–350 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.349 |pmid=11869994}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a cikin yara ƙanana, don haka lakafta da kuma nuna wa mutum kunya, na iya zama mara kyau. An kuma yi jayayya cewa wasu yara bazai da rikicewar hali ba, amma suna shiga cikin halayyar rikice-rikice na ci gaba. Shirin ci gaba na biyu an san shi da "nau'in farawa na [[Samartaka|Matasa]]" kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da alamun rikice-rikice na halin ke ciki bayan shekaru 10. Mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen halayyar matasa suna nuna ƙarancin rauni fiye da waɗanda ke da nau'in farawa na yara kuma ba a nuna su da irin wannan ilimin halayyar mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |last2=Caspi A. |year=2001 |title=Childhood predictors differentiate life-course life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=355–375 |doi=10.1017/s0954579401002097 |pmid=11393651 |s2cid=29182035}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, waɗannan mutane za su yi watsi da tsarin su kafin su girma. Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai yara da yawa da ke da rikice-rikicen halayyar matasa fiye da waɗanda ke da rikici na ƙuruciya, yana nuna cewa rikice-rikice na halayyar ƙuruciya ya wuce gona da iri ne wanda ake gani a cikin ƙuruciya.<ref name="Moff">{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |year=1993 |title=Life-course persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy |journal=Psychological Review |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=674–701 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 |pmid=8255953}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan gardamar ba a kafa ta ba kuma bincike na kwarewa ya nuna cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ba su da inganci kamar yadda aka taɓa tunani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roisman G. I. |last2=Monahan K. C. |last3=Campbell S. B. |last4=Steinberg L. |last5=Cauffman E. |last6=Early Child Care Research Network |year=2010 |title=Is adolescence-onset antisocial behavior developmentally normative? |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=295–311 |doi=10.1017/s0954579410000076 |pmid=20423543 |s2cid=18497078}}</ref> Baya ga waɗannan darussan biyu waɗanda DSM-IV-TR ta gane, ya bayyana cewa akwai dangantaka tsakanin rikicewar adawa, rikicewar halayyar, da rikicewar mutum. Musamman, bincike ya nuna ci gaba a cikin cututtukan kamar yadda ake gano rikicewar halayyar sau da yawa a cikin yara waɗanda a baya aka gano su da rikicewar adawa, kuma yawancin manya da ke da rikice-rikicen halayyar jama'a an riga an gano su da cuta ta halayyar halayyar. Misali, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa kashi 90% na yara da aka gano suna da rikicewar halayyar suna da ganewar asali na rikicewar adawa.<ref name="Loeber">{{Cite journal |last=Loeber R. |last2=Keenan K. |last3=Lahey B.B. |last4=Green S.M. |last5=Thomas C. |year=1993 |title=Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=377–410 |doi=10.1007/bf01261600 |pmid=8408986 |s2cid=43444052}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, duka cututtukan suna da alaƙa da abubuwan haɗari masu dacewa da halaye masu tayar da hankali, suna nuna cewa rikicewar adawa mai tayar da kayar baya shine farkon ci gaba da bambancin rikicewar halayyar. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa wannan yanayin yana faruwa a cikin kowane mutum ba. A zahiri, kusan kashi 25% ne kawai na yara da ke fama da rikicewar adawa za su sami ganewar asali daga baya na rikicewar halayyar.<ref name="Loeber" /> Hakazalika, akwai hanyar haɗi tsakanin rikicewar halayyar da kuma ganewar asali na rikicewar halin mutum a matsayin babba. A zahiri, ka'idodin bincike na yanzu don rikicewar halin mutum yana buƙatar ganewar asali kafin shekaru 15. Koyaya, kuma, kawai 25-40% na matasa da ke da rikicewar halayyar za su haifar da rikice-rikice na mutuntaka.<ref name="OutcomeofCD">{{Cite journal |last=Zocccolillo M. |last2=Pickles A. |last3=Quinton D. |last4=Rutter M. |year=1992 |title=The outcome of conduct disorder: Implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=971–986 |doi=10.1017/s003329170003854x |pmid=1488492 |s2cid=25470721}}</ref> Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen da ba su cika cikakkun ka'idoji don rikicewar halin mutum har yanzu suna nuna alamar raunin zamantakewa da na mutum ko halayen rashin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutter M |year=1989 |title=Pathways from childhood to adult life |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=25–51 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00768.x |pmid=2647779}}</ref> Wadannan hanyoyin ci gaba suna nuna kasancewar hanyoyin antisocial a wasu mutane, wanda ke da muhimmiyar tasiri ga duka bincike da magani. === Yanayin da ke tattare da shi === Yara da ke fama da rikicewar halayyar suna da haɗari mai girma na samun wasu matsalolin daidaitawa. Musamman, abubuwan haɗari da ke da alaƙa da rikicewar halayyar da tasirin alamun rikicewar hali a kan yanayin tunanin yaro an haɗa su da haɗuwa da wasu cututtukan halayyar mutum.<ref name="McMahon, R. J. 2005">{{Cite journal |last=McMahon R. J. |last2=Frick P. J. |year=2005 |title=Evidenced-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=477–505 |doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_6 |pmid=16026215 |s2cid=39028273}}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, da alama akwai tasirin ma'amala na cututtuka tare da wasu cututtuka, wanda ke haifar da karuwar haɗari ga waɗannan matasa. ==== Rashin kulawa ==== [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] shine yanayin da aka fi danganta da cututtukan halayyar, tare da kusan 25-30% na yara maza da 50-55% na 'yan mata da ke da rikicewar halayyar da ke da cutar ADHD.<ref name="Waschbusch">{{Cite journal |last=Waschbusch D. A. |year=2002 |title=A meta-analytic evaluation of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-inattention problems and conduct problems |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=118–150 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.118 |pmid=11843545}}</ref> Duk da yake ba zai yiwu ba cewa ADHD kadai shine haɗari don haɓaka rikicewar halayyar, yara waɗanda ke nuna yawan aiki da motsin rai tare da tashin hankali suna da alaƙa da farkon farkon farkon matsalolin halayyar. Bugu da ƙari, yara da ke fama da rikicewar halayyar comorbid da ADHD suna nuna mummunar tashin hankali.<ref name="Waschbusch" /> == Manazarta == 8v3d93r0cvsld5jujogsy0cnsqr1ubf 846652 846637 2026-06-04T07:11:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rashin ɗabi'a (CD) wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da aka gano a lokacin ƙuruciya ko samartaka wadda ke da alaƙa da maimaitawa da kuma ci gaba da ɗabi'ar rashin ɗabi'a da ta shafi keta haƙƙin wasu ko manyan ƙa'idodi da suka dace da shekaru.[1] Waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da sata, ƙarya, tashin hankali na jiki, lalatawa, da karya dokoki.[2] Sau da yawa ana ganin rashin ɗabi'a a matsayin abin da ke haifar da rashin ɗabi'a na rashin ɗabi'a; duk da haka, na ƙarshen, bisa ga ma'anarsa, ba za a iya gano shi ba har sai mutum ya kai shekara 18.[3] Rashin ɗabi'a na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ƙin yarda da iyaye da sakaci kuma a irin waɗannan yanayi ana iya magance shi da maganin iyali, da kuma gyare-gyaren hali da maganin magunguna.[4] Hakanan yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon fallasa gubar muhalli.[5] An kiyasta cewa rashin ɗabi'a zai shafi mutane miliyan 51.1 a duk duniya Kamar yadda na 2013 [6] == Alamomi da alamomi == Ɗaya daga cikin alamun rikicewar halayyar shine ƙananan tsoro. Binciken da aka yi akan tasirin yara da aka fallasa ga tsoro da damuwa ya nuna cewa mummunan motsin rai (tsoro) yana hango hasashen martani na tausayi na yara ga damuwa. Binciken ya goyi bayan cewa idan mai kula ya sami damar amsawa ga alamun jariri, yaron yana da damar amsawa da tsoro da damuwa. Idan yaro bai koyi yadda za a magance tsoro ko damuwa ba yaron zai fi dacewa da yin fushi da wasu yara. Idan mai kula ya sami damar samar da maganin warkarwa yana koyar da yara da ke cikin haɗari mafi kyawun ƙwarewar tausayi, yaron zai sami matakin ƙarancin rikicewar halayyar.[1] Har ila yau, yanayin yana da alaƙa da hauhawar tashin hankali da halayyar rashin mutunci; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conduct Disorder Basics |url=https://childmind.org/guide/guide-to-conduct-disorder/ |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=Child Mind Institute |language=en}}</ref> misalai na iya kasancewa daga turawa, bugawa da cinyewa lokacin da yaro yake ƙarami, ci gaba zuwa duka da kuma haifar da zalunci yayin da yaron ya tsufa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behavioural problems and conduct disorder: for parents and carers |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/parents-and-young-people/information-for-parents-and-carers/behavioural-problems-and-conduct-disorder-for-parents-carers-and-anyone-who-works-with-young-people |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=RC PSYCH ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MYERS |first=WADE C. |last2=SCOTT |first2=KERRILYN |date=1998-05-01 |title=Psychotic and Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Juvenile Murderers |journal=Homicide Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=160–175 |doi=10.1177/1088767998002002004 |issn=1088-7679 |s2cid=145559982}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an lura da cutar kai a cikin yara masu fama da rikicewar hali (CD). An ambaci halin da ake ciki game da motsin rai da raguwar hankali na motsin rai a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan sabon abu. Koyaya, don ƙayyade haɗin kai tsaye dole ne a gudanar da ƙarin bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halicka-Masłowska |first=Joanna |last2=Szewczuk-Bogusławska |first2=Monika |last3=Rymaszewska |first3=Joanna |last4=Adamska |first4=Agnieszka |last5=Misiak |first5=Błażej |date=2021 |title=From Emotional Intelligence to Self-Injuries: A Path Analysis in Adolescents With Conduct Disorder |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556278 |issn=1664-0640 |pmc=7819897 |pmid=33488414 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin halayyar mutum na iya gabatar da iyakantaccen motsin rai, rashin nadama ko laifi, rashin tausayi, rashin damuwa game da aiki, da rashin zurfi ko rashin tasiri. Alamomin sun bambanta da mutum, amma an bayyana manyan kungiyoyi huɗu na alamun a ƙasa.<ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cin zarafin mutane da dabbobi === * Sau da yawa masu zalunci, suna barazana ko tsoratar da wasu * Sau da yawa yana fara fadace-fadace na zahiri * Ya yi amfani da makami wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lahani ga wasu (misali, sandar, tubali, kwalban da ya karye, wuka, bindiga) * Ya kasance mai zalunci ga mutane * Ya kasance mai zalunci ga dabbobi * Ya yi sata yayin da yake fuskantar wanda aka azabtar (misali, fashi, satar jaka, cin hanci, fashi da makami) * Ba ya jin nadama ko tausayi game da cutar, tsoro, ko ciwo da suka yi wa wasu === Halakar dukiya === * Ya shiga cikin wuta da gangan da niyyar haifar da mummunar lalacewa * Ya lalata dukiyar wasu da gangan (ban da ta hanyar saita wuta) <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Yaudara ko sata === * Ya shiga gidan wani, wani gini, mota, wani abin hawa, da dai sauransu * Sau da yawa ƙarya don samun kaya ko ni'ima ko guje wa wajibai (watau, "ƙasassun" wasu) * Ya sace abubuwa masu daraja ba tare da fuskantar wanda aka azabtar ba (misali, satar shago, amma ba tare da fashewa da shiga ba; karya) <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Babban keta dokoki === * Sau da yawa yakan fita da dare duk da haramcin iyaye, tun kafin shekaru 13 * Ya gudu daga gida da dare aƙalla sau biyu yayin da yake zaune a gidan iyaye ko na iyaye (ko sau ɗaya ba tare da dawowa na dogon lokaci ba) * Sau da yawa ba ya zuwa makaranta, tun kafin ya kai shekara 13 <ref name="NCBI">{{Cite web |last=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) |date=2016-06-01 |title=Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Rashin tausayi da waɗannan mutane ke da shi da kuma tashin hankali da ke tattare da wannan rashin kulawa ga sakamakon yana da haɗari, ba kawai ga mutum ba amma ga waɗanda ke kewaye da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conduct Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment Options |url=https://www.psycom.net/conduct-disorder/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Hanyar ci gaba === A halin yanzu, ana tunanin darussan ci gaba guda biyu da za su haifar da rikice-rikice. Na farko an san shi da "nau'in farawa na yara" kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da alamun rikicewar halayyar suka kasance kafin shekaru 10. Wannan darasi sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da rayuwar rayuwa mai ɗorewa da kuma halayen da suka fi dacewa. Musamman, yara a cikin wannan rukuni suna da matakan alamun [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] mafi girma, raunin neuropsychological, ƙarin matsalolin ilimi, karuwar matsalar iyali da kuma yiwuwar tashin hankali da tashin hankali.<ref name="Moff">{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |year=1993 |title=Life-course persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy |journal=Psychological Review |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=674–701 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 |pmid=8255953}}</ref> Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu sana'a game da inganci da dacewa da gano kananan yara da ke fama da rikicewar hali. Ana ganin halaye na ganewar asali a cikin yara ƙanana waɗanda ake kira ga ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volkmar F |year=2002 |title=Considering disruptive behaviors |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=349–350 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.349 |pmid=11869994}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a cikin yara ƙanana, don haka lakafta da kuma nuna wa mutum kunya, na iya zama mara kyau. An kuma yi jayayya cewa wasu yara bazai da rikicewar hali ba, amma suna shiga cikin halayyar rikice-rikice na ci gaba. Shirin ci gaba na biyu an san shi da "nau'in farawa na [[Samartaka|Matasa]]" kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da alamun rikice-rikice na halin ke ciki bayan shekaru 10. Mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen halayyar matasa suna nuna ƙarancin rauni fiye da waɗanda ke da nau'in farawa na yara kuma ba a nuna su da irin wannan ilimin halayyar mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |last2=Caspi A. |year=2001 |title=Childhood predictors differentiate life-course life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=355–375 |doi=10.1017/s0954579401002097 |pmid=11393651 |s2cid=29182035}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, waɗannan mutane za su yi watsi da tsarin su kafin su girma. Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai yara da yawa da ke da rikice-rikicen halayyar matasa fiye da waɗanda ke da rikici na ƙuruciya, yana nuna cewa rikice-rikice na halayyar ƙuruciya ya wuce gona da iri ne wanda ake gani a cikin ƙuruciya.<ref name="Moff">{{Cite journal |last=Moffitt T.E. |year=1993 |title=Life-course persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy |journal=Psychological Review |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=674–701 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 |pmid=8255953}}</ref> Koyaya, wannan gardamar ba a kafa ta ba kuma bincike na kwarewa ya nuna cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ba su da inganci kamar yadda aka taɓa tunani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roisman G. I. |last2=Monahan K. C. |last3=Campbell S. B. |last4=Steinberg L. |last5=Cauffman E. |last6=Early Child Care Research Network |year=2010 |title=Is adolescence-onset antisocial behavior developmentally normative? |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=295–311 |doi=10.1017/s0954579410000076 |pmid=20423543 |s2cid=18497078}}</ref> Baya ga waɗannan darussan biyu waɗanda DSM-IV-TR ta gane, ya bayyana cewa akwai dangantaka tsakanin rikicewar adawa, rikicewar halayyar, da rikicewar mutum. Musamman, bincike ya nuna ci gaba a cikin cututtukan kamar yadda ake gano rikicewar halayyar sau da yawa a cikin yara waɗanda a baya aka gano su da rikicewar adawa, kuma yawancin manya da ke da rikice-rikicen halayyar jama'a an riga an gano su da cuta ta halayyar halayyar. Misali, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa kashi 90% na yara da aka gano suna da rikicewar halayyar suna da ganewar asali na rikicewar adawa.<ref name="Loeber">{{Cite journal |last=Loeber R. |last2=Keenan K. |last3=Lahey B.B. |last4=Green S.M. |last5=Thomas C. |year=1993 |title=Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=377–410 |doi=10.1007/bf01261600 |pmid=8408986 |s2cid=43444052}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, duka cututtukan suna da alaƙa da abubuwan haɗari masu dacewa da halaye masu tayar da hankali, suna nuna cewa rikicewar adawa mai tayar da kayar baya shine farkon ci gaba da bambancin rikicewar halayyar. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa wannan yanayin yana faruwa a cikin kowane mutum ba. A zahiri, kusan kashi 25% ne kawai na yara da ke fama da rikicewar adawa za su sami ganewar asali daga baya na rikicewar halayyar.<ref name="Loeber" /> Hakazalika, akwai hanyar haɗi tsakanin rikicewar halayyar da kuma ganewar asali na rikicewar halin mutum a matsayin babba. A zahiri, ka'idodin bincike na yanzu don rikicewar halin mutum yana buƙatar ganewar asali kafin shekaru 15. Koyaya, kuma, kawai 25-40% na matasa da ke da rikicewar halayyar za su haifar da rikice-rikice na mutuntaka.<ref name="OutcomeofCD">{{Cite journal |last=Zocccolillo M. |last2=Pickles A. |last3=Quinton D. |last4=Rutter M. |year=1992 |title=The outcome of conduct disorder: Implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=971–986 |doi=10.1017/s003329170003854x |pmid=1488492 |s2cid=25470721}}</ref> Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen da ba su cika cikakkun ka'idoji don rikicewar halin mutum har yanzu suna nuna alamar raunin zamantakewa da na mutum ko halayen rashin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutter M |year=1989 |title=Pathways from childhood to adult life |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=25–51 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00768.x |pmid=2647779}}</ref> Wadannan hanyoyin ci gaba suna nuna kasancewar hanyoyin antisocial a wasu mutane, wanda ke da muhimmiyar tasiri ga duka bincike da magani. === Yanayin da ke tattare da shi === Yara da ke fama da rikicewar halayyar suna da haɗari mai girma na samun wasu matsalolin daidaitawa. Musamman, abubuwan haɗari da ke da alaƙa da rikicewar halayyar da tasirin alamun rikicewar hali a kan yanayin tunanin yaro an haɗa su da haɗuwa da wasu cututtukan halayyar mutum.<ref name="McMahon, R. J. 2005">{{Cite journal |last=McMahon R. J. |last2=Frick P. J. |year=2005 |title=Evidenced-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=477–505 |doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_6 |pmid=16026215 |s2cid=39028273}}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, da alama akwai tasirin ma'amala na cututtuka tare da wasu cututtuka, wanda ke haifar da karuwar haɗari ga waɗannan matasa. ==== Rashin kulawa ==== [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] shine yanayin da aka fi danganta da cututtukan halayyar, tare da kusan 25-30% na yara maza da 50-55% na 'yan mata da ke da rikicewar halayyar da ke da cutar ADHD.<ref name="Waschbusch">{{Cite journal |last=Waschbusch D. A. |year=2002 |title=A meta-analytic evaluation of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-inattention problems and conduct problems |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=118–150 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.118 |pmid=11843545}}</ref> Duk da yake ba zai yiwu ba cewa ADHD kadai shine haɗari don haɓaka rikicewar halayyar, yara waɗanda ke nuna yawan aiki da motsin rai tare da tashin hankali suna da alaƙa da farkon farkon farkon matsalolin halayyar. Bugu da ƙari, yara da ke fama da rikicewar halayyar comorbid da ADHD suna nuna mummunar tashin hankali.<ref name="Waschbusch" /> == Manazarta == 9f30mtfefumxg4wq4q4yxd7wowmz6uz Lafiyar Yara ta Brazil 0 154679 846638 2026-06-04T07:02:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355609082|Brazil Child Health]]" 846638 wikitext text/x-wiki Brazil Child Health (Associação Saúde Criança kuma tsohon Renascer) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil wacce ke aiki don karya sake zagayowar sake dawo da asibiti na yara marasa lafiya daga ƙananan kudaden shiga. Ya fahimci cewa cututtuka ba kawai batutuwan ilmin halitta ba ne amma sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke kara tsanantawa da ci gaba da cutar. Don wucewa bayan magani da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar mai haƙuri na dogon lokaci, Associação Saúde Criança ta goyi bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya na biopsychosocial wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa bayan asibiti kuma yana da niyyar fitar da iyali daga talauci. Tana da ofishin da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarƙashin sunan Brazil Child Health wanda ba riba ba ne 501 (c) (3) kuma yana daidaita tara kudade na kasa da kasa don kungiyar.<ref name="BCH">{{Cite web |title=Brazil Child Health |url=http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221308/http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Associação Saúde Criança an kafa ta ne a cikin 1991 ta hanyar Vera Cordeiro . <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [http://www.saudecrianca.org.br/e-paper/ Saúde Criança E-book]{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Yayinda take likita a sashen yara a asibitin da Lagoa a [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta ga yawancin marasa lafiya sun fada cikin sake zagayowar asibiti, magani, sallamawa, sake kamuwa da cuta, da sake asibiti. Ta fahimci cewa maganin da aka ba ta asibiti ba shi da tasiri idan marasa lafiya sun koma yanayin da ya sa su rashin lafiya da farko.<ref>Bornstein, David. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas. Oxford University Press, NY: 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-513805-8}}</ref> A mayar da martani, ta fara Associação Saúde Criança daga gidanta tare da 'yan sa kai kaɗan don samar wa iyalai abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiyaye su lafiya a waje da asibiti, kamar abinci, tufafi, da tallafin kuɗi. Saúde Criança tun daga lokacin ya fadada, tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da jihohi shida a Brazil. An yi bikin kokarinsa a Brazil da kuma kasashen duniya. == Tarihin iyali == Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyalai daga wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Rio de Janeiro da duk faɗin Brazil. Iyalin da shirin ke taimakawa sun fito ne daga favela kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun gwamnati ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci suna da mummunar sakamako mai tsawo ba kawai a kan lafiyar iyali ba har ma da jin daɗin ta gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, yanke shawara don siyan magani ko ci gaba da magani ga yaro mara lafiya yana nufin rashin iya siyan abinci ga sauran iyalin. Ko da an sayi magunguna masu tsada, ba su da tasiri lokacin da yaron ya koma hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma gidaje masu ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke cikin yawancin gidaje a cikin favela. Don haka, iyalai sun zama matalauta, a cikin kudi da kuma ruhu, yayin da yanayin lafiyarsu ya tsaya ko ma ya kara muni. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Hanyar Saúde Criança ta kewaye da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, tsarin shekaru 2 wanda ke tsara dukkan manyan burin da iyali ya kamata ya yi niyyar cimma a fannonin gidaje, samar da kudin shiga, ilimi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da kiwon lafiya. An halicce shi jim kadan bayan an gano dangin kuma an tura shi zuwa Saúde Criança daga asibitin haɗin gwiwa. Masu sa kai na Saúde Criança sun yi hira da iyalin don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalinsa kuma tare suka kafa manufofin shirin. Kodayake kowane shirin an tsara shi ne don bukatun kowane mutum na iyalai, Saúde Criança yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kowane iyali dole ne ya cimma don a ɗauke shi lafiya da kuma kammala karatu daga shirin. Manufofin da dabarun sun bambanta dangane da yankin kiwon lafiya da suke magance. * Lafiya: Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyali kuma tana ba da abinci na musamman, magani, da tallafin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa ana kula da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko mai tsanani na yaro. Babban burin shi ne cewa kowane yaro a cikin iyali yana cikin yanayi mai gamsarwa, kamar yadda asibitin ya bayyana. * Gidaje: Gidajen da ke cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ba a cikin wuraren haɗari ba ana gyara su ta amfani da kayan aiki da aikin da Saúde Criança ta bayar. Manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa gidaje suna da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, kamar samun damar samun ruwa, datti, bangon da aka fentin, da rufin ba tare da leakages ba, don samar da yanayin da ya dace da lafiyar yaro. * Ƙarshen kuɗi: 'Yan uwaye (musamman uwaye) suna shiga cikin darussan horar da ƙwararru, bisa ga ƙwarewarsu da abubuwan da suke so. Babban manufar ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwa ga iyalai don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma mafi girma a lokacin kammala karatun. Saúde Criança tana ba da bita a ciki don ƙwarewar ƙwararru da kuma samun damar darussan da kungiyoyi na waje suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, Saúde Criança tana ba da kayan aiki da sauran albarkatu don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwanci. * Citizenship: Saúde Criança yana sauƙaƙa iyalai wajen samun takardun rajista na hukuma don su sami damar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa na gwamnati. Iyalai kuma suna karɓar shawarar shari'a a cikin batutuwa kamar mallakar ƙasa, saki, da kuma nau'ikan rikice-rikice daban-daban na shari'a. * Ilimi: Iyaye suna halartar laccoci na ilimi da rigakafi kan batutuwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tsabta, tashin hankali da haɗarin gida, ci gaban jarirai, matasa, tsara iyali, cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, cutar kanjamau, da kulawa ta asali. Bugu da kari, duk yara a cikin iyali tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 17 dole ne su shiga makaranta. == Tasirin == Wani Bincike na Tasirin Tsawon Lokaci, wanda Jami'ar Georgetown ta gudanar a cikin 2013, ya bincika iyalai masu taimako shekaru uku zuwa biyar bayan ranar ƙarshe ta Shirin Ayyukan Iyali. Binciken ya nuna karuwar kashi 92% a cikin kudin shiga na iyali da kuma karuwar sama da kashi 90% a cikin mallakar gida. Akwai karuwa a cikin kashi na iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mai kyau sosai," daga 9.6% kafin ASC zuwa 51.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar kashi 73% a cikin adadin iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mummunan" ko "mummunan," daga 56.0% kafin ASC zuwa 15.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. Binciken ya kuma gano raguwar kashi 86% a cikin matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da yara suka kwashe a asibiti, tare da raguwar farashi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. == Faɗakarwa == Kwarewar nasarar Shirin Ayyukan Iyali tare da iyalai da aka ambata daga Asibitin da Lagoa, Asibitin Maternity Maria Amélia Buarque de Holanda da Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Kasa - cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Saúde Criança - sun ja hankalin wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a Brazil da kasashen waje. Don yada shekaru 26 na gogewa tare da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, Saúde Criança yana gudanar da kimantawa na dindindin, rikodin bayanai da bayanai, kuma yana kula da tsari da ci gaban kowane iyali da aka yi amfani da shi. An riga an sake maimaita hanyar a cikin kungiyoyi 24 da ke aiki tare da asibitoci da sauran sassan jama'a a jihohin Brazil da yawa, kuma an daidaita su da shirin ci gaban ɗan adam ta birnin Belo Horizonte. Hakanan za'a iya daidaita hanyar zuwa wasu ma'aikata da al'adu inda talauci shine ƙalubale. Yana ba da horo, horo da musayar ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, da kuma ɗalibai da masu sana'a daga jami'o'i a Brazil da ƙasashen waje. ASC tana saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don amfani da hanyar, tana ba da sabis na shawarwari, tana gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki tare da 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, kamfanoni, tushe da gwamnatoci. Ta wannan hanyar, tana neman fadadawa da musayar ra'ayoyi da shawarwari don kirkire-kirkire a cikin kiwon lafiya da canjin zamantakewa. A halin yanzu, ana aiki don canja wurin shirin zuwa kungiyoyi a Amurka da Portugal. Bugu da kari, Shirin ya zama wahayi don aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hjazk6iljcpvnon6oxun84ykat1ox1n 846653 846638 2026-06-04T07:13:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brazil Child Health (Associação Saúde Criança kuma tsohon Renascer) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil wacce ke aiki don karya sake zagayowar sake dawo da asibiti na yara marasa lafiya daga ƙananan kudaden shiga. Ya fahimci cewa cututtuka ba kawai batutuwan ilmin halitta ba ne amma sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke kara tsanantawa da ci gaba da cutar. Don wucewa bayan magani da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar mai haƙuri na dogon lokaci, Associação Saúde Criança ta goyi bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya na biopsychosocial wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa bayan asibiti kuma yana da niyyar fitar da iyali daga talauci. Tana da ofishin da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarƙashin sunan Brazil Child Health wanda ba riba ba ne 501 (c) (3) kuma yana daidaita tara kudade na kasa da kasa don kungiyar.<ref name="BCH">{{Cite web |title=Brazil Child Health |url=http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221308/http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Associação Saúde Criança an kafa ta ne a cikin 1991 ta hanyar Vera Cordeiro . <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [http://www.saudecrianca.org.br/e-paper/ Saúde Criança E-book]{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Yayinda take likita a sashen yara a asibitin da Lagoa a [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta ga yawancin marasa lafiya sun fada cikin sake zagayowar asibiti, magani, sallamawa, sake kamuwa da cuta, da sake asibiti. Ta fahimci cewa maganin da aka ba ta asibiti ba shi da tasiri idan marasa lafiya sun koma yanayin da ya sa su rashin lafiya da farko.<ref>Bornstein, David. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas. Oxford University Press, NY: 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-513805-8}}</ref> A mayar da martani, ta fara Associação Saúde Criança daga gidanta tare da 'yan sa kai kaɗan don samar wa iyalai abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiyaye su lafiya a waje da asibiti, kamar abinci, tufafi, da tallafin kuɗi. Saúde Criança tun daga lokacin ya fadada, tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da jihohi shida a Brazil. An yi bikin kokarinsa a Brazil da kuma kasashen duniya. == Tarihin iyali == Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyalai daga wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Rio de Janeiro da duk faɗin Brazil. Iyalin da shirin ke taimakawa sun fito ne daga favela kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun gwamnati ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci suna da mummunar sakamako mai tsawo ba kawai a kan lafiyar iyali ba har ma da jin daɗin ta gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, yanke shawara don siyan magani ko ci gaba da magani ga yaro mara lafiya yana nufin rashin iya siyan abinci ga sauran iyalin. Ko da an sayi magunguna masu tsada, ba su da tasiri lokacin da yaron ya koma hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma gidaje masu ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke cikin yawancin gidaje a cikin favela. Don haka, iyalai sun zama matalauta, a cikin kudi da kuma ruhu, yayin da yanayin lafiyarsu ya tsaya ko ma ya kara muni. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Hanyar Saúde Criança ta kewaye da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, tsarin shekaru 2 wanda ke tsara dukkan manyan burin da iyali ya kamata ya yi niyyar cimma a fannonin gidaje, samar da kudin shiga, ilimi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da kiwon lafiya. An halicce shi jim kadan bayan an gano dangin kuma an tura shi zuwa Saúde Criança daga asibitin haɗin gwiwa. Masu sa kai na Saúde Criança sun yi hira da iyalin don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalinsa kuma tare suka kafa manufofin shirin. Kodayake kowane shirin an tsara shi ne don bukatun kowane mutum na iyalai, Saúde Criança yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kowane iyali dole ne ya cimma don a ɗauke shi lafiya da kuma kammala karatu daga shirin. Manufofin da dabarun sun bambanta dangane da yankin kiwon lafiya da suke magance. * Lafiya: Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyali kuma tana ba da abinci na musamman, magani, da tallafin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa ana kula da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko mai tsanani na yaro. Babban burin shi ne cewa kowane yaro a cikin iyali yana cikin yanayi mai gamsarwa, kamar yadda asibitin ya bayyana. * Gidaje: Gidajen da ke cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ba a cikin wuraren haɗari ba ana gyara su ta amfani da kayan aiki da aikin da Saúde Criança ta bayar. Manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa gidaje suna da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, kamar samun damar samun ruwa, datti, bangon da aka fentin, da rufin ba tare da leakages ba, don samar da yanayin da ya dace da lafiyar yaro. * Ƙarshen kuɗi: 'Yan uwaye (musamman uwaye) suna shiga cikin darussan horar da ƙwararru, bisa ga ƙwarewarsu da abubuwan da suke so. Babban manufar ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwa ga iyalai don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma mafi girma a lokacin kammala karatun. Saúde Criança tana ba da bita a ciki don ƙwarewar ƙwararru da kuma samun damar darussan da kungiyoyi na waje suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, Saúde Criança tana ba da kayan aiki da sauran albarkatu don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwanci. * Citizenship: Saúde Criança yana sauƙaƙa iyalai wajen samun takardun rajista na hukuma don su sami damar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa na gwamnati. Iyalai kuma suna karɓar shawarar shari'a a cikin batutuwa kamar mallakar ƙasa, saki, da kuma nau'ikan rikice-rikice daban-daban na shari'a. * Ilimi: Iyaye suna halartar laccoci na ilimi da rigakafi kan batutuwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tsabta, tashin hankali da haɗarin gida, ci gaban jarirai, matasa, tsara iyali, cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, cutar kanjamau, da kulawa ta asali. Bugu da kari, duk yara a cikin iyali tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 17 dole ne su shiga makaranta. == Tasirin == Wani Bincike na Tasirin Tsawon Lokaci, wanda Jami'ar Georgetown ta gudanar a cikin 2013, ya bincika iyalai masu taimako shekaru uku zuwa biyar bayan ranar ƙarshe ta Shirin Ayyukan Iyali. Binciken ya nuna karuwar kashi 92% a cikin kudin shiga na iyali da kuma karuwar sama da kashi 90% a cikin mallakar gida. Akwai karuwa a cikin kashi na iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mai kyau sosai," daga 9.6% kafin ASC zuwa 51.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar kashi 73% a cikin adadin iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mummunan" ko "mummunan," daga 56.0% kafin ASC zuwa 15.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. Binciken ya kuma gano raguwar kashi 86% a cikin matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da yara suka kwashe a asibiti, tare da raguwar farashi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. == Faɗakarwa == Kwarewar nasarar Shirin Ayyukan Iyali tare da iyalai da aka ambata daga Asibitin da Lagoa, Asibitin Maternity Maria Amélia Buarque de Holanda da Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Kasa - cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Saúde Criança - sun ja hankalin wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a Brazil da kasashen waje. Don yada shekaru 26 na gogewa tare da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, Saúde Criança yana gudanar da kimantawa na dindindin, rikodin bayanai da bayanai, kuma yana kula da tsari da ci gaban kowane iyali da aka yi amfani da shi. An riga an sake maimaita hanyar a cikin kungiyoyi 24 da ke aiki tare da asibitoci da sauran sassan jama'a a jihohin Brazil da yawa, kuma an daidaita su da shirin ci gaban ɗan adam ta birnin Belo Horizonte. Hakanan za'a iya daidaita hanyar zuwa wasu ma'aikata da al'adu inda talauci shine ƙalubale. Yana ba da horo, horo da musayar ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, da kuma ɗalibai da masu sana'a daga jami'o'i a Brazil da ƙasashen waje. ASC tana saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don amfani da hanyar, tana ba da sabis na shawarwari, tana gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki tare da 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, kamfanoni, tushe da gwamnatoci. Ta wannan hanyar, tana neman fadadawa da musayar ra'ayoyi da shawarwari don kirkire-kirkire a cikin kiwon lafiya da canjin zamantakewa. A halin yanzu, ana aiki don canja wurin shirin zuwa kungiyoyi a Amurka da Portugal. Bugu da kari, Shirin ya zama wahayi don aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aht9b58oobr7zx9n1qqklob4t60835u 846772 846653 2026-06-04T10:21:16Z Uncle Bash007 9891 #1Lib1RwfNG 846772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brazil Child Health (Associação Saúde Criança kuma tsohon Renascer) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil wacce ke aiki don karya sake zagayowar sake dawo da asibiti na yara marasa lafiya daga ƙananan kudaden shiga.<ref>About us. Brazil Child Health</ref> Ya fahimci cewa cututtuka ba kawai batutuwan ilmin halitta ba ne amma sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke kara tsanantawa da ci gaba da cutar. Don wucewa bayan magani da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar mai haƙuri na dogon lokaci, Associação Saúde Criança ta goyi bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya na biopsychosocial wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa bayan asibiti kuma yana da niyyar fitar da iyali daga talauci. Tana da ofishin da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarƙashin sunan Brazil Child Health wanda ba riba ba ne 501 (c) (3) kuma yana daidaita tara kudade na kasa da kasa don kungiyar.<ref name="BCH">{{Cite web |title=Brazil Child Health |url=http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221308/http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Associação Saúde Criança an kafa ta ne a cikin 1991 ta hanyar Vera Cordeiro . <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [http://www.saudecrianca.org.br/e-paper/ Saúde Criança E-book]{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Yayinda take likita a sashen yara a asibitin da Lagoa a [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta ga yawancin marasa lafiya sun fada cikin sake zagayowar asibiti, magani, sallamawa, sake kamuwa da cuta, da sake asibiti. Ta fahimci cewa maganin da aka ba ta asibiti ba shi da tasiri idan marasa lafiya sun koma yanayin da ya sa su rashin lafiya da farko.<ref>Bornstein, David. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas. Oxford University Press, NY: 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-513805-8}}</ref> A mayar da martani, ta fara Associação Saúde Criança daga gidanta tare da 'yan sa kai kaɗan don samar wa iyalai abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiyaye su lafiya a waje da asibiti, kamar abinci, tufafi, da tallafin kuɗi. Saúde Criança tun daga lokacin ya fadada, tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da jihohi shida a Brazil. An yi bikin kokarinsa a Brazil da kuma kasashen duniya. == Tarihin iyali == Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyalai daga wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Rio de Janeiro da duk faɗin Brazil. Iyalin da shirin ke taimakawa sun fito ne daga favela kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun gwamnati ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci suna da mummunar sakamako mai tsawo ba kawai a kan lafiyar iyali ba har ma da jin daɗin ta gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, yanke shawara don siyan magani ko ci gaba da magani ga yaro mara lafiya yana nufin rashin iya siyan abinci ga sauran iyalin. Ko da an sayi magunguna masu tsada, ba su da tasiri lokacin da yaron ya koma hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma gidaje masu ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke cikin yawancin gidaje a cikin favela. Don haka, iyalai sun zama matalauta, a cikin kudi da kuma ruhu, yayin da yanayin lafiyarsu ya tsaya ko ma ya kara muni. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Hanyar Saúde Criança ta kewaye da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, tsarin shekaru 2 wanda ke tsara dukkan manyan burin da iyali ya kamata ya yi niyyar cimma a fannonin gidaje, samar da kudin shiga, ilimi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da kiwon lafiya. An halicce shi jim kadan bayan an gano dangin kuma an tura shi zuwa Saúde Criança daga asibitin haɗin gwiwa. Masu sa kai na Saúde Criança sun yi hira da iyalin don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalinsa kuma tare suka kafa manufofin shirin. Kodayake kowane shirin an tsara shi ne don bukatun kowane mutum na iyalai, Saúde Criança yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kowane iyali dole ne ya cimma don a ɗauke shi lafiya da kuma kammala karatu daga shirin. Manufofin da dabarun sun bambanta dangane da yankin kiwon lafiya da suke magance. * Lafiya: Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyali kuma tana ba da abinci na musamman, magani, da tallafin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa ana kula da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko mai tsanani na yaro. Babban burin shi ne cewa kowane yaro a cikin iyali yana cikin yanayi mai gamsarwa, kamar yadda asibitin ya bayyana. * Gidaje: Gidajen da ke cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ba a cikin wuraren haɗari ba ana gyara su ta amfani da kayan aiki da aikin da Saúde Criança ta bayar. Manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa gidaje suna da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, kamar samun damar samun ruwa, datti, bangon da aka fentin, da rufin ba tare da leakages ba, don samar da yanayin da ya dace da lafiyar yaro. * Ƙarshen kuɗi: 'Yan uwaye (musamman uwaye) suna shiga cikin darussan horar da ƙwararru, bisa ga ƙwarewarsu da abubuwan da suke so. Babban manufar ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwa ga iyalai don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma mafi girma a lokacin kammala karatun. Saúde Criança tana ba da bita a ciki don ƙwarewar ƙwararru da kuma samun damar darussan da kungiyoyi na waje suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, Saúde Criança tana ba da kayan aiki da sauran albarkatu don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwanci. * Citizenship: Saúde Criança yana sauƙaƙa iyalai wajen samun takardun rajista na hukuma don su sami damar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa na gwamnati. Iyalai kuma suna karɓar shawarar shari'a a cikin batutuwa kamar mallakar ƙasa, saki, da kuma nau'ikan rikice-rikice daban-daban na shari'a. * Ilimi: Iyaye suna halartar laccoci na ilimi da rigakafi kan batutuwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tsabta, tashin hankali da haɗarin gida, ci gaban jarirai, matasa, tsara iyali, cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, cutar kanjamau, da kulawa ta asali. Bugu da kari, duk yara a cikin iyali tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 17 dole ne su shiga makaranta. == Tasirin == Wani Bincike na Tasirin Tsawon Lokaci, wanda Jami'ar Georgetown ta gudanar a cikin 2013, ya bincika iyalai masu taimako shekaru uku zuwa biyar bayan ranar ƙarshe ta Shirin Ayyukan Iyali. Binciken ya nuna karuwar kashi 92% a cikin kudin shiga na iyali da kuma karuwar sama da kashi 90% a cikin mallakar gida. Akwai karuwa a cikin kashi na iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mai kyau sosai," daga 9.6% kafin ASC zuwa 51.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar kashi 73% a cikin adadin iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mummunan" ko "mummunan," daga 56.0% kafin ASC zuwa 15.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. Binciken ya kuma gano raguwar kashi 86% a cikin matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da yara suka kwashe a asibiti, tare da raguwar farashi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. == Faɗakarwa == Kwarewar nasarar Shirin Ayyukan Iyali tare da iyalai da aka ambata daga Asibitin da Lagoa, Asibitin Maternity Maria Amélia Buarque de Holanda da Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Kasa - cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Saúde Criança - sun ja hankalin wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a Brazil da kasashen waje. Don yada shekaru 26 na gogewa tare da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, Saúde Criança yana gudanar da kimantawa na dindindin, rikodin bayanai da bayanai, kuma yana kula da tsari da ci gaban kowane iyali da aka yi amfani da shi. An riga an sake maimaita hanyar a cikin kungiyoyi 24 da ke aiki tare da asibitoci da sauran sassan jama'a a jihohin Brazil da yawa, kuma an daidaita su da shirin ci gaban ɗan adam ta birnin Belo Horizonte. Hakanan za'a iya daidaita hanyar zuwa wasu ma'aikata da al'adu inda talauci shine ƙalubale. Yana ba da horo, horo da musayar ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, da kuma ɗalibai da masu sana'a daga jami'o'i a Brazil da ƙasashen waje. ASC tana saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don amfani da hanyar, tana ba da sabis na shawarwari, tana gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki tare da 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, kamfanoni, tushe da gwamnatoci. Ta wannan hanyar, tana neman fadadawa da musayar ra'ayoyi da shawarwari don kirkire-kirkire a cikin kiwon lafiya da canjin zamantakewa. A halin yanzu, ana aiki don canja wurin shirin zuwa kungiyoyi a Amurka da Portugal. Bugu da kari, Shirin ya zama wahayi don aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otdelvldwhxqr0ar8gazbknrwtxesg6 846775 846772 2026-06-04T10:23:20Z Uncle Bash007 9891 846775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brazil Child Health (Associação Saúde Criança kuma tsohon Renascer) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil wacce ke aiki don karya sake zagayowar sake dawo da asibiti na yara marasa lafiya daga ƙananan kudaden shiga.<ref name=":0">About us. Brazil Child Health</ref> Ya fahimci cewa cututtuka ba kawai batutuwan ilmin halitta ba ne amma sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke kara tsanantawa da ci gaba da cutar<ref name=":0" />. Don wucewa bayan magani da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar mai haƙuri na dogon lokaci, Associação Saúde Criança ta goyi bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya na biopsychosocial wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa bayan asibiti kuma yana da niyyar fitar da iyali daga talauci. Tana da ofishin da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarƙashin sunan Brazil Child Health wanda ba riba ba ne 501 (c) (3) kuma yana daidaita tara kudade na kasa da kasa don kungiyar.<ref name="BCH">{{Cite web |title=Brazil Child Health |url=http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221308/http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Associação Saúde Criança an kafa ta ne a cikin 1991 ta hanyar Vera Cordeiro . <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [http://www.saudecrianca.org.br/e-paper/ Saúde Criança E-book]{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Yayinda take likita a sashen yara a asibitin da Lagoa a [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta ga yawancin marasa lafiya sun fada cikin sake zagayowar asibiti, magani, sallamawa, sake kamuwa da cuta, da sake asibiti. Ta fahimci cewa maganin da aka ba ta asibiti ba shi da tasiri idan marasa lafiya sun koma yanayin da ya sa su rashin lafiya da farko.<ref>Bornstein, David. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas. Oxford University Press, NY: 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-513805-8}}</ref> A mayar da martani, ta fara Associação Saúde Criança daga gidanta tare da 'yan sa kai kaɗan don samar wa iyalai abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiyaye su lafiya a waje da asibiti, kamar abinci, tufafi, da tallafin kuɗi. Saúde Criança tun daga lokacin ya fadada, tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da jihohi shida a Brazil. An yi bikin kokarinsa a Brazil da kuma kasashen duniya. == Tarihin iyali == Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyalai daga wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Rio de Janeiro da duk faɗin Brazil. Iyalin da shirin ke taimakawa sun fito ne daga favela kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun gwamnati ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci suna da mummunar sakamako mai tsawo ba kawai a kan lafiyar iyali ba har ma da jin daɗin ta gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, yanke shawara don siyan magani ko ci gaba da magani ga yaro mara lafiya yana nufin rashin iya siyan abinci ga sauran iyalin. Ko da an sayi magunguna masu tsada, ba su da tasiri lokacin da yaron ya koma hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma gidaje masu ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke cikin yawancin gidaje a cikin favela. Don haka, iyalai sun zama matalauta, a cikin kudi da kuma ruhu, yayin da yanayin lafiyarsu ya tsaya ko ma ya kara muni. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Hanyar Saúde Criança ta kewaye da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, tsarin shekaru 2 wanda ke tsara dukkan manyan burin da iyali ya kamata ya yi niyyar cimma a fannonin gidaje, samar da kudin shiga, ilimi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da kiwon lafiya. An halicce shi jim kadan bayan an gano dangin kuma an tura shi zuwa Saúde Criança daga asibitin haɗin gwiwa. Masu sa kai na Saúde Criança sun yi hira da iyalin don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalinsa kuma tare suka kafa manufofin shirin. Kodayake kowane shirin an tsara shi ne don bukatun kowane mutum na iyalai, Saúde Criança yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kowane iyali dole ne ya cimma don a ɗauke shi lafiya da kuma kammala karatu daga shirin. Manufofin da dabarun sun bambanta dangane da yankin kiwon lafiya da suke magance. * Lafiya: Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyali kuma tana ba da abinci na musamman, magani, da tallafin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa ana kula da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko mai tsanani na yaro. Babban burin shi ne cewa kowane yaro a cikin iyali yana cikin yanayi mai gamsarwa, kamar yadda asibitin ya bayyana. * Gidaje: Gidajen da ke cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ba a cikin wuraren haɗari ba ana gyara su ta amfani da kayan aiki da aikin da Saúde Criança ta bayar. Manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa gidaje suna da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, kamar samun damar samun ruwa, datti, bangon da aka fentin, da rufin ba tare da leakages ba, don samar da yanayin da ya dace da lafiyar yaro. * Ƙarshen kuɗi: 'Yan uwaye (musamman uwaye) suna shiga cikin darussan horar da ƙwararru, bisa ga ƙwarewarsu da abubuwan da suke so. Babban manufar ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwa ga iyalai don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma mafi girma a lokacin kammala karatun. Saúde Criança tana ba da bita a ciki don ƙwarewar ƙwararru da kuma samun damar darussan da kungiyoyi na waje suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, Saúde Criança tana ba da kayan aiki da sauran albarkatu don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwanci. * Citizenship: Saúde Criança yana sauƙaƙa iyalai wajen samun takardun rajista na hukuma don su sami damar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa na gwamnati. Iyalai kuma suna karɓar shawarar shari'a a cikin batutuwa kamar mallakar ƙasa, saki, da kuma nau'ikan rikice-rikice daban-daban na shari'a. * Ilimi: Iyaye suna halartar laccoci na ilimi da rigakafi kan batutuwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tsabta, tashin hankali da haɗarin gida, ci gaban jarirai, matasa, tsara iyali, cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, cutar kanjamau, da kulawa ta asali. Bugu da kari, duk yara a cikin iyali tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 17 dole ne su shiga makaranta. == Tasirin == Wani Bincike na Tasirin Tsawon Lokaci, wanda Jami'ar Georgetown ta gudanar a cikin 2013, ya bincika iyalai masu taimako shekaru uku zuwa biyar bayan ranar ƙarshe ta Shirin Ayyukan Iyali. Binciken ya nuna karuwar kashi 92% a cikin kudin shiga na iyali da kuma karuwar sama da kashi 90% a cikin mallakar gida. Akwai karuwa a cikin kashi na iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mai kyau sosai," daga 9.6% kafin ASC zuwa 51.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar kashi 73% a cikin adadin iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mummunan" ko "mummunan," daga 56.0% kafin ASC zuwa 15.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. Binciken ya kuma gano raguwar kashi 86% a cikin matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da yara suka kwashe a asibiti, tare da raguwar farashi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. == Faɗakarwa == Kwarewar nasarar Shirin Ayyukan Iyali tare da iyalai da aka ambata daga Asibitin da Lagoa, Asibitin Maternity Maria Amélia Buarque de Holanda da Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Kasa - cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Saúde Criança - sun ja hankalin wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a Brazil da kasashen waje. Don yada shekaru 26 na gogewa tare da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, Saúde Criança yana gudanar da kimantawa na dindindin, rikodin bayanai da bayanai, kuma yana kula da tsari da ci gaban kowane iyali da aka yi amfani da shi. An riga an sake maimaita hanyar a cikin kungiyoyi 24 da ke aiki tare da asibitoci da sauran sassan jama'a a jihohin Brazil da yawa, kuma an daidaita su da shirin ci gaban ɗan adam ta birnin Belo Horizonte. Hakanan za'a iya daidaita hanyar zuwa wasu ma'aikata da al'adu inda talauci shine ƙalubale. Yana ba da horo, horo da musayar ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, da kuma ɗalibai da masu sana'a daga jami'o'i a Brazil da ƙasashen waje. ASC tana saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don amfani da hanyar, tana ba da sabis na shawarwari, tana gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki tare da 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, kamfanoni, tushe da gwamnatoci. Ta wannan hanyar, tana neman fadadawa da musayar ra'ayoyi da shawarwari don kirkire-kirkire a cikin kiwon lafiya da canjin zamantakewa. A halin yanzu, ana aiki don canja wurin shirin zuwa kungiyoyi a Amurka da Portugal. Bugu da kari, Shirin ya zama wahayi don aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 226cctz3ugcemhibdw0krpxxvfyflnw Yara da ke fama da Ciwon daji a Burtaniya 0 154680 846639 2026-06-04T07:02:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279274590|Children with Cancer UK]]" 846639 wikitext text/x-wiki Yara tare da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] UK (tsohon Yara tare da Leukaemia) ƙungiya ce ta sadaka ta Burtaniya da aka sadaukar don tara kuɗi don bincike da kuma kula da yara masu ciwon daji da iyalansu. Manufofin ayyukan binciken su shine fahimtar abin da ke sa yara su kamu da cutar kansa da kuma inganta hanyoyin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity overview |url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=298405&SubsidiaryNumber=0 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Charity Commission for England and Wales |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar agaji tana shirya kwanaki da bukukuwa ga iyalai da ke fama da cutar kansa ta yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton-Browne |first=Lily |date=2019-04-28 |title=Charity treats children with cancer to day out at Weston Grand Pier |url=https://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/news/children-with-cancer-weston-super-mare-trip-4542340 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Weston Mercury |language=en-UK}}</ref> Yara da ke fama da Ciwon daji a Burtaniya an kafa su ne a shekarar 1987 ta hanyar Eddie da Marion O"Gorman da danginsu don tunawa da ɗansu, Paul, wanda ya mutu daga cutar sankara. Manufar farko ita ce tara £ 100,000 don bincike da tallafi. O"Gormans sun rasa ɗa na biyu, 'yarsu Jean, zuwa ciwon daji jim kadan bayan taron tara kuɗi na farko (The Paul O"Gonman Banquet and Ball). Daga baya, [[Yar sarki diana|Diana, Gimbiya ta Wales]] ta shiga cikin aikin agaji, wanda ta kaddamar a shekarar 1988. A watan Janairun 2022, an nada Phil Hall a matsayin mai kula da sadaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder and Trustees {{!}} Children with Cancer UK |url=https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/our-trustees/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Children with Cancer |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tattara kudade == Tun daga shekara ta 1987, Yara da ke fama da Ciwon daji a Burtaniya sun tara sama da fam miliyan 290, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our impact and success {{!}} Children with Cancer UK |url=https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/our-impact-and-success/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Children with Cancer |language=en-GB}}</ref> wanda ake amfani da shi don tallafawa bincike kan abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa a cikin yara da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Har ila yau, kungiyar agaji ta tallafawa Cibiyoyin bincike, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2005 |title=Paul died, but his legacy is hope |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6960394.Paul_died__but_his_legacy_is_hope/?ref=arc |publisher=[[The Northern Echo]]}}</ref> da kuma masauki na hutu ga iyalai da abin ya shafa. A shekara ta 2007, sun ba da tallafi don sabon dakin bincike na kiwon lafiya na fam miliyan 40 a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta UCL, mai suna bayan marigayi Paul O'Gorman . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Cancer research and the transformational power of philanthropy |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/campaign/campaign-news/cancer-research-philanthropy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430141643/http://cms-app.ucl.ac.uk/campaign/user?destination=node%2F1507%2Fcancer-research-philanthropy |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2018-04-12 |language=en}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, ƙungiyar agaji ta ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan gwajin asibiti waɗanda suka inganta sakamakon yara masu cutar sankarar jini. Gwajin ya haɗa da ci gaban gwajin da ake kira gwajin Minimal Residual Disease (MRD), wanda ke auna yawan leukaemia da ya rage bayan magani da kuma yadda zai yiwu yaro ya sake dawowa.[1][2] A cikin 2017 sadaka ta ba da kuɗi a cikin ci gaban magani mai kyau a matsayin magani, wanda ya haɗa da ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta na yara masu cutar kansa da kumburi don keɓance shirye-shiryen maganin su.[3] == Taimako == Kungiyoyi da yawa a Burtaniya sun goyi bayan aikin agaji, ciki har da Mr Men Little Miss, wadanda suka ba da halayensu ga rigunan da aka sa masu shiga Marathon na London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2017 |title=Children with Cancer UK launches The Mr. Men Little Miss Virtual Run {{!}} UK Fundraising |url=https://fundraising.co.uk/2017/02/23/children-cancer-uk-launches-mr-men-little-miss-virtual-run/#.Ws8rMojwabg |access-date=2018-04-12 |website=fundraising.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Don ayyukansa ga sadaka an nada Eddie O"Gorman a matsayin OBE a shekara ta 2009. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, an gabatar da shi da lambar yabo ta Pride of Britain 'Lifetime Achievement'. A cikin 2019 ya zama mai tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta League One [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland AFC]] . A wannan kakar, BETDAQ ta ba da gudummawar tallafin ta na gaba ga sadaka ga ƙungiyoyinta Sunderland AFC da Charlton Athletic FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johns |first=Craig |date=2019-05-22 |title=Amazing gesture from Betdaq will see children's cancer charity as Sunderland's shirt sponsor |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/amazing-gesture-betdaq-see-childrens-16312350 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=ChronicleLive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ITRM |title=Shirt sponsorship donated to Children with Cancer UK for 2019/20 season |url=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5d248a6c6cde0/shirt-sponsorship-donated-to-children-with-cancer-uk-for-201920-season |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=www.cafc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6e39mlp75dmy2utt9v1lo36xt1rdps3 846654 846639 2026-06-04T07:13:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yara tare da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] UK (tsohon Yara tare da Leukaemia) ƙungiya ce ta sadaka ta Burtaniya da aka sadaukar don tara kuɗi don bincike da kuma kula da yara masu ciwon daji da iyalansu. Manufofin ayyukan binciken su shine fahimtar abin da ke sa yara su kamu da cutar kansa da kuma inganta hanyoyin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity overview |url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=298405&SubsidiaryNumber=0 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Charity Commission for England and Wales |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar agaji tana shirya kwanaki da bukukuwa ga iyalai da ke fama da cutar kansa ta yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton-Browne |first=Lily |date=2019-04-28 |title=Charity treats children with cancer to day out at Weston Grand Pier |url=https://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/news/children-with-cancer-weston-super-mare-trip-4542340 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Weston Mercury |language=en-UK}}</ref> Yara da ke fama da Ciwon daji a Burtaniya an kafa su ne a shekarar 1987 ta hanyar Eddie da Marion O"Gorman da danginsu don tunawa da ɗansu, Paul, wanda ya mutu daga cutar sankara. Manufar farko ita ce tara £ 100,000 don bincike da tallafi. O"Gormans sun rasa ɗa na biyu, 'yarsu Jean, zuwa ciwon daji jim kadan bayan taron tara kuɗi na farko (The Paul O"Gonman Banquet and Ball). Daga baya, [[Yar sarki diana|Diana, Gimbiya ta Wales]] ta shiga cikin aikin agaji, wanda ta kaddamar a shekarar 1988. A watan Janairun 2022, an nada Phil Hall a matsayin mai kula da sadaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder and Trustees {{!}} Children with Cancer UK |url=https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/our-trustees/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Children with Cancer |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tattara kudade == Tun daga shekara ta 1987, Yara da ke fama da Ciwon daji a Burtaniya sun tara sama da fam miliyan 290, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our impact and success {{!}} Children with Cancer UK |url=https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/our-impact-and-success/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Children with Cancer |language=en-GB}}</ref> wanda ake amfani da shi don tallafawa bincike kan abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa a cikin yara da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Har ila yau, kungiyar agaji ta tallafawa Cibiyoyin bincike, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2005 |title=Paul died, but his legacy is hope |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6960394.Paul_died__but_his_legacy_is_hope/?ref=arc |publisher=[[The Northern Echo]]}}</ref> da kuma masauki na hutu ga iyalai da abin ya shafa. A shekara ta 2007, sun ba da tallafi don sabon dakin bincike na kiwon lafiya na fam miliyan 40 a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta UCL, mai suna bayan marigayi Paul O'Gorman . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Cancer research and the transformational power of philanthropy |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/campaign/campaign-news/cancer-research-philanthropy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430141643/http://cms-app.ucl.ac.uk/campaign/user?destination=node%2F1507%2Fcancer-research-philanthropy |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2018-04-12 |language=en}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, ƙungiyar agaji ta ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan gwajin asibiti waɗanda suka inganta sakamakon yara masu cutar sankarar jini. Gwajin ya haɗa da ci gaban gwajin da ake kira gwajin Minimal Residual Disease (MRD), wanda ke auna yawan leukaemia da ya rage bayan magani da kuma yadda zai yiwu yaro ya sake dawowa.[1][2] A cikin 2017 sadaka ta ba da kuɗi a cikin ci gaban magani mai kyau a matsayin magani, wanda ya haɗa da ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta na yara masu cutar kansa da kumburi don keɓance shirye-shiryen maganin su.[3] == Taimako == Kungiyoyi da yawa a Burtaniya sun goyi bayan aikin agaji, ciki har da Mr Men Little Miss, wadanda suka ba da halayensu ga rigunan da aka sa masu shiga Marathon na London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2017 |title=Children with Cancer UK launches The Mr. Men Little Miss Virtual Run {{!}} UK Fundraising |url=https://fundraising.co.uk/2017/02/23/children-cancer-uk-launches-mr-men-little-miss-virtual-run/#.Ws8rMojwabg |access-date=2018-04-12 |website=fundraising.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Don ayyukansa ga sadaka an nada Eddie O"Gorman a matsayin OBE a shekara ta 2009. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, an gabatar da shi da lambar yabo ta Pride of Britain 'Lifetime Achievement'. A cikin 2019 ya zama mai tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta League One [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland AFC]] . A wannan kakar, BETDAQ ta ba da gudummawar tallafin ta na gaba ga sadaka ga ƙungiyoyinta Sunderland AFC da Charlton Athletic FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johns |first=Craig |date=2019-05-22 |title=Amazing gesture from Betdaq will see children's cancer charity as Sunderland's shirt sponsor |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/amazing-gesture-betdaq-see-childrens-16312350 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=ChronicleLive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ITRM |title=Shirt sponsorship donated to Children with Cancer UK for 2019/20 season |url=https://www.cafc.co.uk/news/view/5d248a6c6cde0/shirt-sponsorship-donated-to-children-with-cancer-uk-for-201920-season |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=www.cafc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == ep6w0cmkgshbw0l7ydadurltlc8289z Tattaunawar user:Onyinyeonuoha 3 154681 846641 2026-06-04T07:02:28Z Qədir 31490 Qədir moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Onyinyeonuoha]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Onyinye Achukwu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Onyinyeonuoha|Onyinyeonuoha]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Onyinye Achukwu|Onyinye Achukwu]]" 846641 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Onyinye Achukwu]] 8wjuvp8yf33ddugnwsfmhulu2koa7rq Cibiyar Kula da Abinci ta Yara 0 154682 846655 2026-06-04T07:26:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351115673|Children's Food Trust]]" 846655 wikitext text/x-wiki The Children's Food Trust (wanda aka fi sani da School Food Trust, wanda aka sake masa suna a shekarar 2012) wata kungiya ce ta sadaka a Burtaniya wacce ke neman inganta cin abinci mai kyau ga yara. == Tarihi == The Trust - da farko ana kiranta School Food Trust - an kirkireshi ne a matsayin wata kungiya ta jama'a (NDPB) a cikin 2005 ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kwarewa (DfES), biyo bayan sukar shahararren mai dafa abinci mai gina jiki Jamie Oliver game da ingancin abinci mai gina ciki na makaranta a cikin shirin talabijin na Jamie's School Dinners da shawarwarin Kwamitin Binciken Abincin Makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Michael |date=August 2011 |title=The School Food Trust: transforming school lunches in England |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229975904_The_School_Food_Trust_Transforming_school_lunches_in_England |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=}}</ref> Kafin shekara ta 2005, kiba na yara matsala ce mai girma a Burtaniya kuma an gano cewa ka'idodin abinci na makaranta a Ingila ba su da yawa, [ana buƙatar ambaton] tare da matsakaicin sinadaran da aka kashe a kowane abinci a makarantun sakandare kusan 40p. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=28% of 2-15 year olds in England estimated to be overweight or obese |url=https://fullfact.org/health/childhood-obesity/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Full Fact |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Felicity |date=2005-03-24 |title=School meal spending: aces and dunces |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/mar/24/schools.schoolmeals |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} An nada Suzi Leather a matsayin Shugaban Amincewa kuma an nada Judy Hargadon, babban manajan NHS, a matsayin Babban Darakta na farko na Amincewa. Leather ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2006 don ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Taimako kuma, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an nada Prue Leith a matsayin Shugaban.[1] Ta yi ritaya a watan Janairun 2010. Hargadon ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013 kuma Linda Cregan ta gaje shi.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, Trust ya zama ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011, Trust a hukumance ya daina zama NDPB, yana fadada aikinsa a matsayin sadaka da kuma siyar da ayyukansa ta hanyar sabon kamfani na al'umma, Children's Food Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Department for Education announcement: DfE to close arm's length bodies to improve accountability |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/pressnotices/a0065273/dfe-to-close-arms-length-bodies-to-improve-accountability |access-date=2010-10-21 |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, an sanar da rufewar agaji saboda karancin kudade kuma an rufe agajin a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2017. == Kudin == Da farko an ba da kuɗin amincewar ta hanyar tallafin fam miliyan 15 daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kwarewa kuma an ba da ita tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da The Prince's Trust, Business in the Community, Magic Outcomes, da kuma Ingantawa Foundation. Har ila yau, Trust ya sami ƙarin tallafin fam miliyan 20 daga Babban Asusun Lottery don cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin dafa abinci na yara a makaranta da ake kira Let's Get Cooking . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Druce |date=23 February 2007 |title=School Food Trust looks to National Lottery for cookery club funding |url=http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2007/02/23/311846/school-food-trust-looks-to-national-lottery-for-cookery-club.htm |access-date=2010-06-30 |publisher=Caterer Search}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5t7x6wm65y6mi79mw25bkvq7vlvcbbt 846690 846655 2026-06-04T07:56:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Children's Food Trust (wanda aka fi sani da School Food Trust, wanda aka sake masa suna a shekarar 2012) wata kungiya ce ta sadaka a Burtaniya wacce ke neman inganta cin abinci mai kyau ga yara. == Tarihi == The Trust - da farko ana kiranta School Food Trust - an kirkireshi ne a matsayin wata kungiya ta jama'a (NDPB) a cikin 2005 ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kwarewa (DfES), biyo bayan sukar shahararren mai dafa abinci mai gina jiki Jamie Oliver game da ingancin abinci mai gina ciki na makaranta a cikin shirin talabijin na Jamie's School Dinners da shawarwarin Kwamitin Binciken Abincin Makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Michael |date=August 2011 |title=The School Food Trust: transforming school lunches in England |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229975904_The_School_Food_Trust_Transforming_school_lunches_in_England |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=}}</ref> Kafin shekara ta 2005, kiba na yara matsala ce mai girma a Burtaniya kuma an gano cewa ka'idodin abinci na makaranta a Ingila ba su da yawa, [ana buƙatar ambaton] tare da matsakaicin sinadaran da aka kashe a kowane abinci a makarantun sakandare kusan 40p. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=28% of 2-15 year olds in England estimated to be overweight or obese |url=https://fullfact.org/health/childhood-obesity/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Full Fact |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Felicity |date=2005-03-24 |title=School meal spending: aces and dunces |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/mar/24/schools.schoolmeals |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} An nada Suzi Leather a matsayin Shugaban Amincewa kuma an nada Judy Hargadon, babban manajan NHS, a matsayin Babban Darakta na farko na Amincewa. Leather ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2006 don ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Taimako kuma, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an nada Prue Leith a matsayin Shugaban.[1] Ta yi ritaya a watan Janairun 2010. Hargadon ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013 kuma Linda Cregan ta gaje shi.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, Trust ya zama ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011, Trust a hukumance ya daina zama NDPB, yana fadada aikinsa a matsayin sadaka da kuma siyar da ayyukansa ta hanyar sabon kamfani na al'umma, Children's Food Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Department for Education announcement: DfE to close arm's length bodies to improve accountability |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/pressnotices/a0065273/dfe-to-close-arms-length-bodies-to-improve-accountability |access-date=2010-10-21 |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, an sanar da rufewar agaji saboda karancin kudade kuma an rufe agajin a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2017. == Kudin == Da farko an ba da kuɗin amincewar ta hanyar tallafin fam miliyan 15 daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kwarewa kuma an ba da ita tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da The Prince's Trust, Business in the Community, Magic Outcomes, da kuma Ingantawa Foundation. Har ila yau, Trust ya sami ƙarin tallafin fam miliyan 20 daga Babban Asusun Lottery don cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin dafa abinci na yara a makaranta da ake kira Let's Get Cooking . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Druce |date=23 February 2007 |title=School Food Trust looks to National Lottery for cookery club funding |url=http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2007/02/23/311846/school-food-trust-looks-to-national-lottery-for-cookery-club.htm |access-date=2010-06-30 |publisher=Caterer Search}}</ref> == Manazarta == d1nmyd791efc3st3idkkenvnrss4ncy Gida don Bege 0 154683 846656 2026-06-04T07:26:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325492986|Habitat for Hope]]" 846656 wikitext text/x-wiki Habitat for Hope (HFH) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Millington, Tennessee . Wannan kungiyar 501 (c) ta kafa ta Mark Horrocks a cikin shekara ta 2005. Manufar Habitat for Hope ita ce tallafawa, hidima, da kulawa ga iyalai da ke fuskantar mummunar cuta ko na dogon lokaci na yaro. Matakan tallafi sun fito ne daga tattalin arziki zuwa ruhaniya. Habitat for Hope yana ba da masauki, sufuri, da abinci ga iyalai a tsakiyar kudu waɗanda ke fuskantar magani. Ana maraba da iyalai a cikin gidan Habitat for Hope a Millington don tarurruka da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habitat for Hope-caring for families with chronically ill children |url=https://www.facebook.com/habitatforhope |access-date=November 27, 2013 |website=Web |publisher=Facebook}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi a shekara ta 2005, kungiyar ta yi wa iyalai sama da 400 hidima. == Dukiya == Gidan Habitat for Hope mai girman kadada 48 tare da gida mai murabba'in mita 4,000 yana cikin dajin Shelby a 2041 Locke Cuba Road Millington, Tennessee. Babban gidan yana da ma'aikatan da ke karbar bakuncin iyali, da kuma ƙarin iyalai biyu a lokaci guda. Akwai dakuna biyu da wanka mai zaman kansa (gajeren lokaci) a cikin gida waɗanda ake ba da kyauta ga dangin da suka zo yankin don taimakawa kula da yaro mara lafiya. Har ila yau, akwai wani gida a matakin ƙasa na The Refuge wanda iyalai masu fama da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci zasu iya amfani da shi. Hakanan ana ba da masauki a cikin garin Memphis, inda Habitat for Hope ke kula da gidaje biyu da aka cika. Dukkanin wadannan wuraren zama ana bayar da su kyauta ga iyalai da ke cikin yankin sakamakon mummunar rashin lafiya na yaro. Habitat for Hope yana ba da sabis ga kowane iyali da ke shiga tsakiyar kudu don kula da yaro mai fama da rashin lafiya. Gidajen Habitat for Hope suna ba da damar iyalai, ba tare da la'akari da girman su ba, su zauna tare a cikin yanayin gida. == Asalin == Mark da Mylissa Horrocks sun yanke shawarar kafa wannan kungiyar sakamakon tarihin kansu. Lokacin da aka gano 'yarsu, Bella Rose, da ke fama da mataki na IIIA melanoma a shekara ta 2003, an kwashe iyalin daga gidansu a Florida don zuwa Memphis don magani. Yayinda dangin Horrocks suka sami tallafi daga al'ummarsu a gida, sun fahimci cewa akwai iyalai da yawa da suka koma Memphis don maganin likita waɗanda ba su ji daɗin irin wannan albarkatun ba. Saboda wannan, Horrocks sun yi aiki tare da mutane da yawa, gami da abokansu Rob da Ana Brennan, don ƙirƙirar wurin mafaka ga waɗannan nau'ikan iyalai.[1] == Kudin == Habitat for Hope yana da ayyukan tara kuɗi da yawa. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan tara kuɗi sune tseren LUVMUD / UVGLO na shekara-shekara. LUVMUD, an kirkiro tseren 5K / laka a cikin 2010 musamman don amfanin Habitat for Hope. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an kara LUVGLO zuwa dangin tseren. Wannan 5K haske ne a cikin tseren duhu tare da jam'iyyun haske da tafkuna masu haske. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, sama da masu gudu 6,000 sun shiga cikin waɗannan tseren, kuma 100% na ribar bayan farashi suna zuwa kai tsaye ga Habitat for Hope <ref>{{Cite web |title=LUVMUD |url=http://www.luvmud.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106185657/http://www.luvmud.com/ |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> == Manazarts == dzzg0eb3u17j8wh60qkd9h0iu58wjy9 846691 846656 2026-06-04T07:57:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Habitat for Hope (HFH) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Millington, Tennessee . Wannan kungiyar 501 (c) ta kafa ta Mark Horrocks a cikin shekara ta 2005. Manufar Habitat for Hope ita ce tallafawa, hidima, da kulawa ga iyalai da ke fuskantar mummunar cuta ko na dogon lokaci na yaro. Matakan tallafi sun fito ne daga tattalin arziki zuwa ruhaniya. Habitat for Hope yana ba da masauki, sufuri, da abinci ga iyalai a tsakiyar kudu waɗanda ke fuskantar magani. Ana maraba da iyalai a cikin gidan Habitat for Hope a Millington don tarurruka da shawarwari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habitat for Hope-caring for families with chronically ill children |url=https://www.facebook.com/habitatforhope |access-date=November 27, 2013 |website=Web |publisher=Facebook}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi a shekara ta 2005, kungiyar ta yi wa iyalai sama da 400 hidima. == Dukiya == Gidan Habitat for Hope mai girman kadada 48 tare da gida mai murabba'in mita 4,000 yana cikin dajin Shelby a 2041 Locke Cuba Road Millington, Tennessee. Babban gidan yana da ma'aikatan da ke karbar bakuncin iyali, da kuma ƙarin iyalai biyu a lokaci guda. Akwai dakuna biyu da wanka mai zaman kansa (gajeren lokaci) a cikin gida waɗanda ake ba da kyauta ga dangin da suka zo yankin don taimakawa kula da yaro mara lafiya. Har ila yau, akwai wani gida a matakin ƙasa na The Refuge wanda iyalai masu fama da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci zasu iya amfani da shi. Hakanan ana ba da masauki a cikin garin Memphis, inda Habitat for Hope ke kula da gidaje biyu da aka cika. Dukkanin wadannan wuraren zama ana bayar da su kyauta ga iyalai da ke cikin yankin sakamakon mummunar rashin lafiya na yaro. Habitat for Hope yana ba da sabis ga kowane iyali da ke shiga tsakiyar kudu don kula da yaro mai fama da rashin lafiya. Gidajen Habitat for Hope suna ba da damar iyalai, ba tare da la'akari da girman su ba, su zauna tare a cikin yanayin gida. == Asalin == Mark da Mylissa Horrocks sun yanke shawarar kafa wannan kungiyar sakamakon tarihin kansu. Lokacin da aka gano 'yarsu, Bella Rose, da ke fama da mataki na IIIA melanoma a shekara ta 2003, an kwashe iyalin daga gidansu a Florida don zuwa Memphis don magani. Yayinda dangin Horrocks suka sami tallafi daga al'ummarsu a gida, sun fahimci cewa akwai iyalai da yawa da suka koma Memphis don maganin likita waɗanda ba su ji daɗin irin wannan albarkatun ba. Saboda wannan, Horrocks sun yi aiki tare da mutane da yawa, gami da abokansu Rob da Ana Brennan, don ƙirƙirar wurin mafaka ga waɗannan nau'ikan iyalai.[1] == Kudin == Habitat for Hope yana da ayyukan tara kuɗi da yawa. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan tara kuɗi sune tseren LUVMUD / UVGLO na shekara-shekara. LUVMUD, an kirkiro tseren 5K / laka a cikin 2010 musamman don amfanin Habitat for Hope. Bayan 'yan shekaru, an kara LUVGLO zuwa dangin tseren. Wannan 5K haske ne a cikin tseren duhu tare da jam'iyyun haske da tafkuna masu haske. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, sama da masu gudu 6,000 sun shiga cikin waɗannan tseren, kuma 100% na ribar bayan farashi suna zuwa kai tsaye ga Habitat for Hope <ref>{{Cite web |title=LUVMUD |url=http://www.luvmud.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106185657/http://www.luvmud.com/ |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> == Manazarts == ld1ie0dlq1jibsptj1aajwnpcpllry4 Ƙungiyar Kula da haƙori ta Duniya 0 154684 846657 2026-06-04T07:27:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349176015|International Association of Paediatric Dentistry]]" 846657 wikitext text/x-wiki International Association of Paediatric Dentistry ('''IAPD''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1969. Manufar IAPD ita ce ta ba da gudummawa ga inganta lafiyar baki ga yara a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAPD – The Global Voice for Children's Oral Health |url=https://iapdworld.org/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron kasa da kasa ne don Likitocin hakora na yara da likitocin hakora na gaba ɗaya don kula da yara. IAPD yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa 70, suna wakiltar likitocin hakora sama da 20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The IAPD – IAPD |url=https://iapdworld.org/the-iapd/the-iapd/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=International Associate of Paediatric Dentistry |language=en-US}}</ref> == Majalisar da jefa kuri'a == The IAPD council comprises one voting [[wiktionary:delegate|delegate]] per national member society, with the option to appoint one alternate delegate who can attend council meetings and vote in the absence of the primary delegate. All voting delegates must hold current membership. Meetings are held at least once every two years during an international congress hosted by one of the council's members in their locale.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an gudanar da tarurruka a cikin: 2023 [[Holand|Netherlands]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=29th International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) Congress |url=https://www.emedevents.com/c/medical-conferences-2021/28th-international-association-of-paediatric-dentistry-iapd-maastricht-congress |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.emedevents.com |language=en}}</ref> 2021 a kan layi, 2019 [[Cancun|Cancún]], 2017 [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], 2015 Glasgow, 2013 [[Seoul]], 2011 [[Athens]], 2009 [[München|Munich]]. tare da tarurruka na gaba da ke faruwa a cikin 2025 [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da 2027 [[Osaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennial Congress #30: International Association of Paediatric Dentistry {{!}} UIA ICCO Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/ca/en/1300536329 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=uia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) chooses Osaka for their 31st Congress! {{!}} MICE News |url=https://mice.osaka-info.jp/en/whyosaka/news/2023/31-iapd-congress-2027.php |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=OSAKA MICE |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitocin IAPD guda goma sun hada da: * Kwamitin zartarwa * Kwamitin Ilimi * Kwamitin Kudi * Kwamitin Zaɓin Shafin Majalisa da Gudanarwa * Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki * Kwamitin membobin * Kwamitin Kyaututtuka * Kwamitin Nominations * Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a * Kwamitin Kimiyya == Ayyuka == Baya ga tarurrukan majalisa na kasa da kasa, ƙungiyar tana shirya tarurrukan yanki, bita na ilimi, shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa na e-learning, da shirye-shirye na fadakarwa. An ƙaddamar da Dentists for All Children (DENFAC) a cikin 2001 don samar da ɗaliban ɗaliban ilimin hakora tare da laccoci da zaman koyarwar asibiti. Shirye-shiryen Afirka da Asiya sun haɗa da Koyar da Malamai Ilimi . [1][2] IAPD tana inganta abubuwan da suka faru na membobin, da kuma wadanda suka fito daga wasu kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da suka hada da The Italian Society of Pediatric Dentistry, The Paedodontic Society of South Africa, The FDI World Dental Congress, The Association Argentina de Odontología para Niños (AAON), da The Hellenic Society of Pidiatric Dental . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelbier |first=Stanley |last2=Kupietzky |first2=Ari |last3=Tsai |first3=Anthony Tzong-Ping |date=2019 |title=History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry: A 50-year perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12492 |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=387–402 |doi=10.1111/ipd.12492 |pmid=30861236 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> IAPD tana inganta tattaunawar duniya game da Likitan hakora na yara. A cikin 2019, a cikin ƙoƙari na duniya don bayyana abubuwan da yara ke ɗauka tun suna yara, an yarda da sanarwar [[Bangkok]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12490 |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=384–386 |doi=10.1111/ipd.12490 |pmid=31099129}}</ref> Littattafan IAPD sun haɗa da takardar labarai ta shekara-shekara da Jaridar Duniya ta Dentistry, wanda aka buga sau shida a shekara. Gidan yanar gizon ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru, bidiyon horo na kan layi, da kuma damar ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo. == Kasancewa memba == IAPD ta bambanta tsakanin kasashe membobin da mutane. Bugu da kari, akwai ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa, membobin mutum, membobin girmamawa, manyan membobin, membobin da ke tallafawa IAPD, membobin ɗaliban digiri na biyu da membobin haɗin gwiwa. Manufar IAPD ita ce membobin su hada dukkan al'ummomi kuma ana ƙarfafa mutane da membobin su halarci majalisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelber |first=S. |date=1996 |title=History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry . Part 8: Founding of the International Association of Dentistry for Children and meetings of Council 1971-91 |url=https://iapdworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/history8.pdf |journal=Department of Dental Public Health and Community Dental Education, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry (University of London), England |volume=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |pages=6 207–21 2}}</ref> == Manazarta == 494qvktt1ia94pfqfs06opjvyl6o6xr 846692 846657 2026-06-04T07:58:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} International Association of Paediatric Dentistry ('''IAPD''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1969. Manufar IAPD ita ce ta ba da gudummawa ga inganta lafiyar baki ga yara a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAPD – The Global Voice for Children's Oral Health |url=https://iapdworld.org/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron kasa da kasa ne don Likitocin hakora na yara da likitocin hakora na gaba ɗaya don kula da yara. IAPD yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa 70, suna wakiltar likitocin hakora sama da 20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About The IAPD – IAPD |url=https://iapdworld.org/the-iapd/the-iapd/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=International Associate of Paediatric Dentistry |language=en-US}}</ref> == Majalisar da jefa kuri'a == The IAPD council comprises one voting [[wiktionary:delegate|delegate]] per national member society, with the option to appoint one alternate delegate who can attend council meetings and vote in the absence of the primary delegate. All voting delegates must hold current membership. Meetings are held at least once every two years during an international congress hosted by one of the council's members in their locale.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an gudanar da tarurruka a cikin: 2023 [[Holand|Netherlands]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=29th International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) Congress |url=https://www.emedevents.com/c/medical-conferences-2021/28th-international-association-of-paediatric-dentistry-iapd-maastricht-congress |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.emedevents.com |language=en}}</ref> 2021 a kan layi, 2019 [[Cancun|Cancún]], 2017 [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], 2015 Glasgow, 2013 [[Seoul]], 2011 [[Athens]], 2009 [[München|Munich]]. tare da tarurruka na gaba da ke faruwa a cikin 2025 [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da 2027 [[Osaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennial Congress #30: International Association of Paediatric Dentistry {{!}} UIA ICCO Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/ca/en/1300536329 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=uia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) chooses Osaka for their 31st Congress! {{!}} MICE News |url=https://mice.osaka-info.jp/en/whyosaka/news/2023/31-iapd-congress-2027.php |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=OSAKA MICE |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitocin IAPD guda goma sun hada da: * Kwamitin zartarwa * Kwamitin Ilimi * Kwamitin Kudi * Kwamitin Zaɓin Shafin Majalisa da Gudanarwa * Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki * Kwamitin membobin * Kwamitin Kyaututtuka * Kwamitin Nominations * Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a * Kwamitin Kimiyya == Ayyuka == Baya ga tarurrukan majalisa na kasa da kasa, ƙungiyar tana shirya tarurrukan yanki, bita na ilimi, shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa na e-learning, da shirye-shirye na fadakarwa. An ƙaddamar da Dentists for All Children (DENFAC) a cikin 2001 don samar da ɗaliban ɗaliban ilimin hakora tare da laccoci da zaman koyarwar asibiti. Shirye-shiryen Afirka da Asiya sun haɗa da Koyar da Malamai Ilimi . [1][2] IAPD tana inganta abubuwan da suka faru na membobin, da kuma wadanda suka fito daga wasu kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da suka hada da The Italian Society of Pediatric Dentistry, The Paedodontic Society of South Africa, The FDI World Dental Congress, The Association Argentina de Odontología para Niños (AAON), da The Hellenic Society of Pidiatric Dental . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelbier |first=Stanley |last2=Kupietzky |first2=Ari |last3=Tsai |first3=Anthony Tzong-Ping |date=2019 |title=History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry: A 50-year perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12492 |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=387–402 |doi=10.1111/ipd.12492 |pmid=30861236 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> IAPD tana inganta tattaunawar duniya game da Likitan hakora na yara. A cikin 2019, a cikin ƙoƙari na duniya don bayyana abubuwan da yara ke ɗauka tun suna yara, an yarda da sanarwar [[Bangkok]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12490 |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=384–386 |doi=10.1111/ipd.12490 |pmid=31099129}}</ref> Littattafan IAPD sun haɗa da takardar labarai ta shekara-shekara da Jaridar Duniya ta Dentistry, wanda aka buga sau shida a shekara. Gidan yanar gizon ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru, bidiyon horo na kan layi, da kuma damar ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo. == Kasancewa memba == IAPD ta bambanta tsakanin kasashe membobin da mutane. Bugu da kari, akwai ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa, membobin mutum, membobin girmamawa, manyan membobin, membobin da ke tallafawa IAPD, membobin ɗaliban digiri na biyu da membobin haɗin gwiwa. Manufar IAPD ita ce membobin su hada dukkan al'ummomi kuma ana ƙarfafa mutane da membobin su halarci majalisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelber |first=S. |date=1996 |title=History of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry . Part 8: Founding of the International Association of Dentistry for Children and meetings of Council 1971-91 |url=https://iapdworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/history8.pdf |journal=Department of Dental Public Health and Community Dental Education, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry (University of London), England |volume=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |pages=6 207–21 2}}</ref> == Manazarta == qdbfl9h928ipka5wgxjftw81441dypr Ruwan ruwa na Hazelmere 0 154685 846658 2026-06-04T07:31:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003476|Hazelmere Dam]]" 846658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Hazelmere''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in siminti da ke kan [[Kogin Mdloti]], Kwazulu Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1977 kuma babban manufarta ita ce ta yi amfani da ruwa da kuma amfanin gida. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da haɗa madatsar ruwan (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Nassoshi == 2a9n5uk2r2ybu8zc05u6kr0d64768mk 846659 846658 2026-06-04T07:32:43Z Engineer014 44591 /* Nassoshi */ 846659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Hazelmere''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in siminti da ke kan [[Kogin Mdloti]], Kwazulu Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1977 kuma babban manufarta ita ce ta yi amfani da ruwa da kuma amfanin gida. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da haɗa madatsar ruwan (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == manazarta == 7cya0tfy3omrwyfd9s8jc1g1q3gv9bv 846660 846659 2026-06-04T07:33:26Z Engineer014 44591 846660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hazelmere''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in siminti da ke kan [[Kogin Mdloti]], Kwazulu Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1977 kuma babban manufarta ita ce ta yi amfani da ruwa da kuma amfanin gida. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da haɗa madatsar ruwan (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == manazarta == 4nrbk0nfzdk3vmabnxhkkmkkaozkmox Dam din Elandskloof 0 154686 846661 2026-06-04T07:34:30Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003809|Elandskloof Dam]]" 846661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Elandskloof''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da ke kan [[Elandskloof River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elandskloof]], kusa da Villiersdorp, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1976. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce don ban ruwa da samar da ruwan sha a cikin gida. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da shi (3). Wannan madatsar ruwa tana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|madatsar ruwa ta Theewaterskloof]], wacce ita ce babbar mai samar da ruwan gida ga birnin Cape Town. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 44ds5mbmycp8517wfpiqswagm6rq12q 846662 846661 2026-06-04T07:34:55Z Engineer014 44591 846662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Elandskloof''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da ke kan [[Elandskloof River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elandskloof]], kusa da Villiersdorp, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1976. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce don ban ruwa da samar da ruwan sha a cikin gida. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da shi (3). Wannan madatsar ruwa tana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|madatsar ruwa ta Theewaterskloof]], wacce ita ce babbar mai samar da ruwan gida ga birnin Cape Town. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == jaahnnyca81uasnxurcxukhpxoxntmj Oued Fodda 0 154687 846663 2026-06-04T07:36:52Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337361146|Oued Fodda]]" 846663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oued Fodda''' gari ne kuma kwamishinoni a lardin Chlef, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . A bisa kididdigar 1998, tana da yawan jama'a 36,187. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statoids |url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718070731/http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2010-02-04}}</ref> == Bayani == Oued Fodda birni ne, da ke a yankin 20 na lardin Chlef, a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] .&nbsp;kilomita gabas da garin [[Chlef]], kuma an kafa shi a shekarar 1883, a mahaɗar kogunan Oued Fodda da [[Kogin Chelif|Oued Chelif]] . Ana ketare shi ta hanyar ƙasa 04, da kuma ''hanyar wilaya 132'' . == Yanayi == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box}} </div> == Bayanin tarihi == A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, sojojin Faransa sun kafa '''''Cibiyar Horarwa da Ci Gaban Aiki ta 1''''' a nan. Makarantar ayyuka ta musamman ce da ta horar da ''Commandos de Chasse'' . An buɗe ta a watan Yulin 1959 kuma an rufe ta a watan Maris, 1962. ''Kwamandos de Chasse'' rundunonin tsaro ne na ''Harkis'' na Aljeriya ["Sojojin Taimakon Masu Sa-kai"] waɗanda jami'an Faransa da NCOs ke jagoranta. Aikinsu shine bin diddigin da kuma gano FLN ''Katibas'' ["raka'o'in da ba na Sashe ko ƙarfin Kamfani ba"] waɗanda suka shigo daga Tunisiya da Maroko ko kuma suna aiki a cikin ''hamada mai jini'' ("babban hamada") don manyan sojojin Tarayyar Faransa na yau da kullun su iya kai musu hari. Rundunar sojoji tana da alamar kira ta ''Pagoda'' ko ''Kimono'' da Gendarmerie tana da alamar kira ''ta Pirate'' ko ''Partisan'' . == Sanannun 'yan asalin ƙasar == * Auguste Rencorel (1896-1983), ɗan siyasan Faransa * Rabie Benchergui (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Aljeriya * Nour El Islam Fettouhi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Aljeriya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Aljeriya]] t10hfqaap3817ubqamy66he10ollhsx 846664 846663 2026-06-04T07:37:25Z Engineer014 44591 846664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oued Fodda''' gari ne kuma kwamishinoni a lardin Chlef, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . A bisa kididdigar 1998, tana da yawan jama'a 36,187. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statoids |url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718070731/http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2010-02-04}}</ref> == Bayani == Oued Fodda birni ne, da ke a yankin 20 na lardin Chlef, a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] .&nbsp;kilomita gabas da garin [[Chlef]], kuma an kafa shi a shekarar 1883, a mahaɗar kogunan Oued Fodda da [[Kogin Chelif|Oued Chelif]] . Ana ketare shi ta hanyar ƙasa 04, da kuma ''hanyar wilaya 132'' . == Yanayi == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box}} </div> == Bayanin tarihi == A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, sojojin Faransa sun kafa '''''Cibiyar Horarwa da Ci Gaban Aiki ta 1''''' a nan. Makarantar ayyuka ta musamman ce da ta horar da ''Commandos de Chasse'' . An buɗe ta a watan Yulin 1959 kuma an rufe ta a watan Maris, 1962. ''Kwamandos de Chasse'' rundunonin tsaro ne na ''Harkis'' na Aljeriya ["Sojojin Taimakon Masu Sa-kai"] waɗanda jami'an Faransa da NCOs ke jagoranta. Aikinsu shine bin diddigin da kuma gano FLN ''Katibas'' ["raka'o'in da ba na Sashe ko ƙarfin Kamfani ba"] waɗanda suka shigo daga Tunisiya da Maroko ko kuma suna aiki a cikin ''hamada mai jini'' ("babban hamada") don manyan sojojin Tarayyar Faransa na yau da kullun su iya kai musu hari. Rundunar sojoji tana da alamar kira ta ''Pagoda'' ko ''Kimono'' da Gendarmerie tana da alamar kira ''ta Pirate'' ko ''Partisan'' . == Sanannun 'yan asalin ƙasar == * Auguste Rencorel (1896-1983), ɗan siyasan Faransa * Rabie Benchergui (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Aljeriya * Nour El Islam Fettouhi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Aljeriya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Aljeriya]] accd799v9plskk1ql1oigo7lwseby44 Jerin koguna na Aljeriya 0 154688 846667 2026-06-04T07:39:12Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258992059|List of rivers of Algeria]]" 846667 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan '''jerin koguna ne a Aljeriya''' . An tsara wannan jerin daga yamma zuwa gabas ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka yi musu lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowace babbar rafi. * [[Ruwan Kwarin Al-Hamiz|Kwarin Al-Hamiz]] * [[Tafna River|Kogin Tafna]] ** [[Isser River (Tafna River)|Kogin Isser]] * [[Macta|Kogin Hammam]] ( Kogin Habra ) ( [[Macta|Kogin Macta]] ) ** [[Kogin Sig]] ** [[Kogin Mebtouh]] * [[Kogin Chelif]] ** Kogin Mina ** [[Kogin Chelif|Kogin Djediouia]] ** [[Ghiou River|Kogin Ghiou]] (Kogin Riou) ** [[Ruwan Kogin Sly|Kogin Sly]] ** [[Chlef|Kogin Tsighaout]] ** Kogin Fodda ** [[Rouina River|Kogin Rouina]] (Kogin Zeddine) ** [[Ebda River|Kogin Ebda]] ** [[Massine River|Kogin Massine]] ** [[Deurdeur River|Kogin Deurdeur]] ** [[Akoum River|Kogin Akoum]] ** [[Nahr Ouassel River|Kogin Nahr Ouassel]] ** [[Touil River|Kogin Touil]] * [[Kogin Mazafran]] * [[Harrach River|Kogin Harrach]] * Kogin Reghia * Kogin Boudouaou * [[Ruwan Kwarin Boumerdès|Kwarin Boumerdès]] * [[Kogin Isser]] ** [[Malah River|Kogin Malah]] * [[Kogin Meraldene]] * [[Kogin Sebaou]] * [[Ruwan Kogin Soummam|Kogin Soummam]] ** Kogin Amassine ** [[Kogin Bou Sellam]] ** [[Kogin Sahel]] * [[Kebîr River (Jijel)|Kogin Kebîr (Jijel)]] ** [[Enndja River|Kogin Enndja]] ** [[Ruwan Kogin Rhumel|Kogin Rummel]] * [[Guebli River|Kogin Guebli]] * [[Safsâf River|Kogin Safsâf]] * [[Kebir River (Skikda)|Kogin Kebir (Skikda)]] * [[Kogin Seybouse]] ** [[Cherf River|Kogin Cherf]] * [[Kebîr River (El Taref)|Kogin Kebîr (El Taref)]] * [[Kogin Medjerda]] ** [[Mellègue River|Kogin Mellègue]] *** [[Ksob River (Algeria)|Kogin Ksob]] (Chabro) *** [[Meskiana River|Kogin Meskiana]] == [[Sahara]] == === [[Sebkha da Melah, da Menia|Sebkhet el Melah]] === * [[Kogin Oued Saoura|Oued Saura]] ** [[Ruwan Oued Zouzfana|Oued Zousfana]] ** [[Oued Guir|Gidan Oued]] *** [[Oued Béchar]] * [[Oued Messaoud]] ** [[Oued Tilia]] === [[Chott Ech Chergui]] === * [[Oued el Korima]] === [[Chott el Hodna]] === * [[Oued Leham]] === Chott Melrhir === * [[Ruwan Kogin Djedi|Oued Djedi]] * [[Oued Zeribet]] ** [[Oued el Arab]] * [[Oued el Mitta]] * [[Oued Ittel]] * [[Oued el Kherouf]] === [[Sebkhet Safioune|Sebkhet Saphioune]] === * [[Oued Zegrir]] * [[Oued Mya]] === [[Sebkha Mekerrhane]] === * [[Oued Tsaret|Tsarin Oued]] * [[Asouf Mellene]] * [[Oued Tasendjanet]] === Ahaggar === * [[Oued Igharghar]] * [[Oued Tafassasset|Oued Tafassaset]] * [[Oued Ti-n-Tarabine]] * [[Oued Igharghar (south)|Oued Igharghar]] * [[Oued Zazir|Zazir Oued]] * [[Oued Ti-n-Amzi]] * [[Kogin Tamanrasset|Oued Tamanrasset]] === Babban Erg Occidental === * [[Oued Namous]] == Manazarta == 958o2y0en150u2unv8lkocnw42vvpov 846668 846667 2026-06-04T07:40:14Z Engineer014 44591 846668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan '''jerin koguna ne a Aljeriya''' . An tsara wannan jerin daga yamma zuwa gabas ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, tare da magudanar ruwa da aka yi musu lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowace babbar rafi. * [[Ruwan Kwarin Al-Hamiz|Kwarin Al-Hamiz]] * [[Tafna River|Kogin Tafna]] ** [[Isser River (Tafna River)|Kogin Isser]] * [[Macta|Kogin Hammam]] ( Kogin Habra ) ( [[Macta|Kogin Macta]] ) ** [[Kogin Sig]] ** [[Kogin Mebtouh]] * [[Kogin Chelif]] ** Kogin Mina ** [[Kogin Chelif|Kogin Djediouia]] ** [[Ghiou River|Kogin Ghiou]] (Kogin Riou) ** [[Ruwan Kogin Sly|Kogin Sly]] ** [[Chlef|Kogin Tsighaout]] ** Kogin Fodda ** [[Rouina River|Kogin Rouina]] (Kogin Zeddine) ** [[Ebda River|Kogin Ebda]] ** [[Massine River|Kogin Massine]] ** [[Deurdeur River|Kogin Deurdeur]] ** [[Akoum River|Kogin Akoum]] ** [[Nahr Ouassel River|Kogin Nahr Ouassel]] ** [[Touil River|Kogin Touil]] * [[Kogin Mazafran]] * [[Harrach River|Kogin Harrach]] * Kogin Reghia * Kogin Boudouaou * [[Ruwan Kwarin Boumerdès|Kwarin Boumerdès]] * [[Kogin Isser]] ** [[Malah River|Kogin Malah]] * [[Kogin Meraldene]] * [[Kogin Sebaou]] * [[Ruwan Kogin Soummam|Kogin Soummam]] ** Kogin Amassine ** [[Kogin Bou Sellam]] ** [[Kogin Sahel]] * [[Kebîr River (Jijel)|Kogin Kebîr (Jijel)]] ** [[Enndja River|Kogin Enndja]] ** [[Ruwan Kogin Rhumel|Kogin Rummel]] * [[Guebli River|Kogin Guebli]] * [[Safsâf River|Kogin Safsâf]] * [[Kebir River (Skikda)|Kogin Kebir (Skikda)]] * [[Kogin Seybouse]] ** [[Cherf River|Kogin Cherf]] * [[Kebîr River (El Taref)|Kogin Kebîr (El Taref)]] * [[Kogin Medjerda]] ** [[Mellègue River|Kogin Mellègue]] *** [[Ksob River (Algeria)|Kogin Ksob]] (Chabro) *** [[Meskiana River|Kogin Meskiana]] == [[Sahara]] == === [[Sebkha da Melah, da Menia|Sebkhet el Melah]] === * [[Kogin Oued Saoura|Oued Saura]] ** [[Ruwan Oued Zouzfana|Oued Zousfana]] ** [[Oued Guir|Gidan Oued]] *** [[Oued Béchar]] * [[Oued Messaoud]] ** [[Oued Tilia]] === [[Chott Ech Chergui]] === * [[Oued el Korima]] === [[Chott el Hodna]] === * [[Oued Leham]] === Chott Melrhir === * [[Ruwan Kogin Djedi|Oued Djedi]] * [[Oued Zeribet]] ** [[Oued el Arab]] * [[Oued el Mitta]] * [[Oued Ittel]] * [[Oued el Kherouf]] === [[Sebkhet Safioune|Sebkhet Saphioune]] === * [[Oued Zegrir]] * [[Oued Mya]] === [[Sebkha Mekerrhane]] === * [[Oued Tsaret|Tsarin Oued]] * [[Asouf Mellene]] * [[Oued Tasendjanet]] === Ahaggar === * [[Oued Igharghar]] * [[Oued Tafassasset|Oued Tafassaset]] * [[Oued Ti-n-Tarabine]] * [[Oued Igharghar (south)|Oued Igharghar]] * [[Oued Zazir|Zazir Oued]] * [[Oued Ti-n-Amzi]] * [[Kogin Tamanrasset|Oued Tamanrasset]] === Babban Erg Occidental === * [[Oued Namous]] == Manazarta == 0klkmsv0xnmmz2ehr1rppe6uyps5i9j Dam din Wagendrift 0 154689 846669 2026-06-04T07:41:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003516|Wagendrift Dam]]" 846669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Wagendrift''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'ikan baka da yawa da ke kan [[Kogin Bushman]], sama da [[Estcourt]], a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1963 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa, samar da ruwan cikin gida da buƙatun masana'antu. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == nkc95sycs6on553ba3klv1khrh3kvdt 846670 846669 2026-06-04T07:42:13Z Engineer014 44591 846670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Wagendrift''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'ikan baka da yawa da ke kan [[Kogin Bushman]], sama da [[Estcourt]], a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1963 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa, samar da ruwan cikin gida da buƙatun masana'antu. An sanya mata matsayi mai girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == grjgrg2xay8xx7h34rzz9iye7on2zsr Dam din Ntshingwayo 0 154690 846672 2026-06-04T07:43:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003512|Ntshingwayo Dam]]" 846672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Ntshingwayo''' (wanda a da aka fi sani da Chelmsford Dam) madatsar ruwa ce mai haɗakar nauyi da kuma baka wadda take kan [[Ingagane River|Kogin Ingagane]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1961 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don amfanin ƙananan hukumomi da masana'antu. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3). Madatsar ruwan tana cikin Madatsar ruwan Chelmsford Nature Reserve . == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> mndv9iwloqls80gmqx5r6blo4g11at3 846673 846672 2026-06-04T07:43:38Z Engineer014 44591 846673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Ntshingwayo''' (wanda a da aka fi sani da Chelmsford Dam) madatsar ruwa ce mai haɗakar nauyi da kuma baka wadda take kan [[Ingagane River|Kogin Ingagane]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1961 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don amfanin ƙananan hukumomi da masana'antu. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3). Madatsar ruwan tana cikin Madatsar ruwan Chelmsford Nature Reserve . == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> rt6vk27lun2q3yrewkqcg70pwqv9wjy Kogin Sisan 0 154691 846674 2026-06-04T07:48:19Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357615437|Sisan River]]" 846674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sisan''', wanda wasu majiyoyi ke kira da '''Kogin Sisa''' ko kuma '''Kogin Susan''', kogi ne na birni a [[Kumasi]], babban birnin [[yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]] . Yana cikin hanyar magudanar ruwa ta [[Kumasi Metropolitan District|yankin Babban Birni na Kumasi]] kuma yana ratsawa ta cikin wuraren zama, kasuwanci da masana'antu masu yawa. Wani bayanin haɗarin bala'i da aka shirya wa UNDP Ghana ya bayyana kogin a matsayin wanda ke ɗaukar tushensa daga Kenya a yankin Ejisu-Juaben kafin ya shiga Kumasi daga Duase da Sepe Timpon, sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin yankunan masana'antu na Asokwa, Ahensan da Kaase . Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu na Kumasi, tare da kwarurukan Subin, Aboabo da Wiwi. Yana da mahimmanci a fannin ruwan teku na birane na Kumasi saboda yana karɓar kwararar ruwa daga wasu rafukan birane, yana tallafawa sassan tsarin magudanan ruwa na birnin kuma an danganta shi da ambaliya, gurɓatar ruwa, ayyukan masana'antu, noma a birane da kuma haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}</ref> <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> == Hanya da magudanar ruwa == Kogin Sisan yana samo asali ne daga Kenyase a yankin Ejisu-Juaben na yankin Ashanti. Yana shiga Kumasi daga Duase da Sepe Timpon sannan ya bi ta kudu ta hanyar Asokwa, Ahensan da Kaase. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP Ghana ta bayar ya kuma ruwaito cewa kogin yana malala cikin Kogin Ofin a kudu da Gabashin By-Pass. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Kogin yana samun kwarara daga wasu hanyoyin ruwa na birane a Kumasi. Kogin Aboabo yana haɗuwa da Kogin Sisan a Asokwa, yayin da Kogin Wiwi ya haɗu da shi a Ahensan bayan ya ratsa harabar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin ruwa suna sanya Sisan muhimmiyar hanyar karɓa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar magudanar ruwa ta Kumasi. Tafkin Sisan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Kumasi. Manyan magudanar ruwa guda huɗu na birnin suna malalar sassan arewa da tsakiya na birnin kuma suna fuskantar ci gaban birane cikin sauri da rashin isassun wuraren magudanar ruwa. A matsayin kogin birni, Sisan yana aiki a matsayin hanyar ruwa ta halitta da kuma hanyar ruwan sama da ke karɓar kwararar ruwa daga wuraren zama, kasuwanci da masana'antu. == Tsarin birane == Kogin Sisan yana ratsawa ta wasu sassan Kumasi da ke da yawan birane. Hanyarsa tana da alaƙa da unguwanni da yankunan birane kamar Duase, Sepe Timpon, Asokwa, Ahensan, Kaase, Amakom da Atonsu . Hanyar da kogin ke bi ta cikin masana'antu da wuraren da ke da cunkoso tana fallasa shi ga kwararar ruwan sama, sharar gida, najasa, matsin lamba na matsuguni na yau da kullun da kuma fitar da ruwa daga masana'antu. Faɗaɗa birane na Kumasi ya ƙara matsin lamba a kan koguna da filayen ambaliyar ruwa. Ginannun wuraren suna rage shigowa da kuma ƙara kwararar ruwan sama, yayin da ginawa kusa da hanyoyin ruwa na iya takaita kwararar koguna. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP Ghana ta fitar ya gano cewa birane na magudanan ruwa, toshe manyan hanyoyin koguna ta hanyar gini, shara, laka da ciyayi, da kuma zama kusa da koguna a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Kumasi ta gwaji. Saboda haka, Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ƙalubalen tsara birane da magudanar ruwa na Kumasi. Yanayinsa yana nuna tasirin haɗakar canjin amfani da ƙasa, kula da magudanar ruwa, sarrafa shara, matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma kariyar ingancin ruwa a cikin birni na biyu mai saurin girma. == Ingancin ruwa da gurɓatawa == An yi nazari kan tabarbarewar ingancin ruwa da kuma yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya a Kogin Sisan. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya binciki dacewa da Kogin Sisa a cikin Babban Birnin Kumasi kuma ya tantance sigogin sinadarai na jiki, alamun ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfe masu nauyi, ƙimar ingancin ruwa da kuma haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam ga yara da manya. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Binciken ya ruwaito cewa wasu samfuran da aka samo daga kogin sun nuna yanayin alkaline, kuma cewa turbidity, alkalinity, launi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfe da chromium sun wuce iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yarda da su a wasu lokuta. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Samfuran ruwa kuma sun ƙunshi ''Escherichia coli'', jimlar coliforms da najasa coliforms, wanda ke nuna gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Wannan binciken ya gano cewa ƙimar ingancin ruwa ta kama daga kashi 97.95 zuwa 137.22 cikin ɗari, inda kusan kashi 75 cikin ɗari na samfuran aka sanya su a matsayin marasa inganci. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Babban binciken sassan ya gano tushen geogenic da na ɗan adam a matsayin abubuwan da ke tasiri ga yanayin kimiyyar halittu da ƙwayoyin cuta na kogin. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Marubutan sun ba da shawarar dabarun kula da ruwa da manufofi masu kyau don kare kogin da albarkatun ruwa masu alaƙa. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Wani bincike na sinadarai daban da aka yi kan koguna a Kumasi ya yi samfurin ruwa daga kogunan Sisa, Wiwi da Subin. Binciken ya binciki sigogin sinadarai na jiki, ƙarfe masu nauyi da gurɓataccen halittu, gami da jimlar ƙwayoyin cuta da ''E. coli'' . <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Marubutan sun ba da rahoton cewa duk ƙarfen da aka auna ya wuce matsakaicin matakan gurɓataccen abu na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana banda zinc, inda samfurin guda ɗaya kawai ya wuce iyakar da aka ambata. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013" /> == Tushen gurɓatawa == Gurɓatar Ruwa a Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ayyukan birane na gida da na magudanar ruwa. Nazarin da aka yi kan ruwan da ke cikin ruwa a Kumasi yana danganta matsalolin ingancin ruwa da najasa, zubar da ruwan da ke fitowa daga masana'antu, kwararar ruwa daga gonaki, sharar gida da kuma ruwan da ba a yi wa magani ba da ke shiga cikin ruwa. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin binciken Kogin Sisa, an gano tushen ƙasa da na ɗan adam a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga yanayin ingancin ruwa da aka lura. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin nazarin sinadarai na ruwan Kumasi sun haɗa da wurare a gefen Kogin Sisa inda ayyukan da ke kewaye suka haɗa da sharar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa, wanke motoci, zubar da shara mai ƙarfi, zubar da shara, fitar da najasa daga mutane da dabbobi, da kuma ƙananan ayyukan sarrafa abinci. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da abubuwan gina jiki, ƙananan halittu, laka da ƙarfe za su iya shiga kogin. Wurin da kogin yake a cikin wani yanki mai ci gaba a cikin birane shi ma ya sa yake fuskantar barazanar gurɓatar ruwan sama. A lokacin ruwan sama, kwararar ruwa daga hanyoyi, matsuguni, kasuwanni, wuraren bita da yankunan masana'antu na iya wanke shara, mai, laka, abubuwan da ke gurbata muhalli da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa zuwa cikin magudanar ruwan kogin. == Ambaliyar Ruwa == Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawan faruwa a Kumasi. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP ta fitar a Ghana ya gano Amakom a matsayin al'umma mai cike da cunkoso da ke gefen Kogin Sisan, wanda aka kuma bayyana a yankin a matsayin Sisan Akyi. Rahotannin gida da aka rubuta a cikin rahoton sun nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa sau uku zuwa huɗu a shekara lokacin da kogin ya fashe gefensa ya kuma mamaye al'umma. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tarkace da laka sun toshe kogin, kuma ambaliyar ruwa na iya tashi har zuwa mita ɗaya sama da matakin bene a gidajen da abin ya shafa. Rahoton ya gano raguwar ƙarfin fitar ruwa na magudanar kogin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a gefen Kogin Sisan, yana mai lura da cewa magudanar ruwa, laka, ciyayi da rashin kulawa da kyau suna rage ƙarfin magudanar ruwa na ɗaukar ruwan ambaliyar. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Kafafen yada labarai na Ghana sun ruwaito ambaliyar ruwa a gefen kogin. A watan Yulin 2009, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Ghana ya ruwaito cewa kimanin mazauna Bomso da ke birnin Kumasi sun rasa matsugunansu bayan ruwan sama ya shafi mutanen da ke zaune a gefen kogin Susan. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa zubar da shara a kogin ya hana magudanar ruwa kuma ya taimaka wajen haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. == Ambaliyar Ruwa da taswirar ambaliyar ruwa == An yi amfani da Kogin Sisan a matsayin wani misali a cikin ƙirar ambaliyar ruwa da taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Kogin Susan. Binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya yi nazarin ambaliyar ruwa da taswirar haɗari ga Kogin Susan da ke Kumasi ta amfani da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa, fasahar sararin samaniya da kuma samfurin HEC-RAS na hydraulic. Binciken ya yi samfurin magudanar ruwan kogin don tallafawa kimanta ambaliyar ruwa da kuma taswirar taswira. Ya yi amfani da samfurin hawa na dijital, rarraba ƙasa da kuma samfurin hydraulic don kimanta yanayin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma samar da taswirar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Aikin ya dace da tsarin birane saboda yankunan da ke ƙasa da kogin suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da aka wuce ƙarfin hanyoyin ko kuma lokacin da sharar gida, laka da ciyayi suka takaita kwararar ruwa. == Gudanarwa da ragewa == Gudanar da Kogin Sisan yana buƙatar ɗaukar mataki kan kula da magudanar ruwa, kula da sharar gida, tsafta, tsara amfani da ƙasa, sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Bayanin haɗarin UNDP na Ghana ya gano zubar da shara, lalata ƙasa, haɓakar ciyayi da rashin kulawa a matsayin abubuwan da ke rage ƙarfin fitar da magudanar ruwa a Kumasi. Matakan rage ambaliyar ruwa da suka shafi kogin sun haɗa da lalata shi, share hanyoyin da suka toshe, kula da zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa, cire shinge, kare matsugunan koguna da kuma ƙaura ko kare matsugunan da ke cikin yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta fi kamari. Rahotannin labarai kan ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Susan sun kuma yi kira ga mazauna yankin da su yi haƙa rami da kuma inganta kula da koguna bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta sake faruwa. Matakan kula da ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da hana ruwan shara da shara da ba a yi wa magani ba shiga magudanar ruwa, kula da fitar da hayaki daga masana'antu, inganta wuraren tsafta, sa ido kan gurɓatar ƙarfe masu nauyi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli. Kimanta haɗarin lafiya na Kogin Sisa ya ba da shawarar dabarun kula da ruwa da manufofi masu kyau don kare kogin da rage haɗarin da ke tattare da mutanen da ke amfani da shi ko kuma waɗanda suka fallasa shi ga ruwa. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Kumasi]] * Kogin Aboabo * Kogin Subin * Kogin Wiwi * [[Kogin Ofin]] * Rafin birni * Ambaliyar ruwa a birane * Gurɓatar Ruwa * Ruwan sama * [[Ambaliyar ruwa a Ghana|Ambaliyar Ruwa a Ghana]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7m9ku44cuxkltzofc92icurqfunpu7o 846676 846674 2026-06-04T07:48:43Z Engineer014 44591 846676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sisan''', wanda wasu majiyoyi ke kira da '''Kogin Sisa''' ko kuma '''Kogin Susan''', kogi ne na birni a [[Kumasi]], babban birnin [[yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]] . Yana cikin hanyar magudanar ruwa ta [[Kumasi Metropolitan District|yankin Babban Birni na Kumasi]] kuma yana ratsawa ta cikin wuraren zama, kasuwanci da masana'antu masu yawa. Wani bayanin haɗarin bala'i da aka shirya wa UNDP Ghana ya bayyana kogin a matsayin wanda ke ɗaukar tushensa daga Kenya a yankin Ejisu-Juaben kafin ya shiga Kumasi daga Duase da Sepe Timpon, sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin yankunan masana'antu na Asokwa, Ahensan da Kaase . Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu na Kumasi, tare da kwarurukan Subin, Aboabo da Wiwi. Yana da mahimmanci a fannin ruwan teku na birane na Kumasi saboda yana karɓar kwararar ruwa daga wasu rafukan birane, yana tallafawa sassan tsarin magudanan ruwa na birnin kuma an danganta shi da ambaliya, gurɓatar ruwa, ayyukan masana'antu, noma a birane da kuma haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}</ref> <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> == Hanya da magudanar ruwa == Kogin Sisan yana samo asali ne daga Kenyase a yankin Ejisu-Juaben na yankin Ashanti. Yana shiga Kumasi daga Duase da Sepe Timpon sannan ya bi ta kudu ta hanyar Asokwa, Ahensan da Kaase. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP Ghana ta bayar ya kuma ruwaito cewa kogin yana malala cikin Kogin Ofin a kudu da Gabashin By-Pass. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Kogin yana samun kwarara daga wasu hanyoyin ruwa na birane a Kumasi. Kogin Aboabo yana haɗuwa da Kogin Sisan a Asokwa, yayin da Kogin Wiwi ya haɗu da shi a Ahensan bayan ya ratsa harabar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin ruwa suna sanya Sisan muhimmiyar hanyar karɓa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar magudanar ruwa ta Kumasi. Tafkin Sisan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Kumasi. Manyan magudanar ruwa guda huɗu na birnin suna malalar sassan arewa da tsakiya na birnin kuma suna fuskantar ci gaban birane cikin sauri da rashin isassun wuraren magudanar ruwa. A matsayin kogin birni, Sisan yana aiki a matsayin hanyar ruwa ta halitta da kuma hanyar ruwan sama da ke karɓar kwararar ruwa daga wuraren zama, kasuwanci da masana'antu. == Tsarin birane == Kogin Sisan yana ratsawa ta wasu sassan Kumasi da ke da yawan birane. Hanyarsa tana da alaƙa da unguwanni da yankunan birane kamar Duase, Sepe Timpon, Asokwa, Ahensan, Kaase, Amakom da Atonsu . Hanyar da kogin ke bi ta cikin masana'antu da wuraren da ke da cunkoso tana fallasa shi ga kwararar ruwan sama, sharar gida, najasa, matsin lamba na matsuguni na yau da kullun da kuma fitar da ruwa daga masana'antu. Faɗaɗa birane na Kumasi ya ƙara matsin lamba a kan koguna da filayen ambaliyar ruwa. Ginannun wuraren suna rage shigowa da kuma ƙara kwararar ruwan sama, yayin da ginawa kusa da hanyoyin ruwa na iya takaita kwararar koguna. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP Ghana ta fitar ya gano cewa birane na magudanan ruwa, toshe manyan hanyoyin koguna ta hanyar gini, shara, laka da ciyayi, da kuma zama kusa da koguna a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Kumasi ta gwaji. Saboda haka, Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ƙalubalen tsara birane da magudanar ruwa na Kumasi. Yanayinsa yana nuna tasirin haɗakar canjin amfani da ƙasa, kula da magudanar ruwa, sarrafa shara, matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma kariyar ingancin ruwa a cikin birni na biyu mai saurin girma. == Ingancin ruwa da gurɓatawa == An yi nazari kan tabarbarewar ingancin ruwa da kuma yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya a Kogin Sisan. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya binciki dacewa da Kogin Sisa a cikin Babban Birnin Kumasi kuma ya tantance sigogin sinadarai na jiki, alamun ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfe masu nauyi, ƙimar ingancin ruwa da kuma haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam ga yara da manya. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Binciken ya ruwaito cewa wasu samfuran da aka samo daga kogin sun nuna yanayin alkaline, kuma cewa turbidity, alkalinity, launi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfe da chromium sun wuce iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yarda da su a wasu lokuta. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Samfuran ruwa kuma sun ƙunshi ''Escherichia coli'', jimlar coliforms da najasa coliforms, wanda ke nuna gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Wannan binciken ya gano cewa ƙimar ingancin ruwa ta kama daga kashi 97.95 zuwa 137.22 cikin ɗari, inda kusan kashi 75 cikin ɗari na samfuran aka sanya su a matsayin marasa inganci. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Babban binciken sassan ya gano tushen geogenic da na ɗan adam a matsayin abubuwan da ke tasiri ga yanayin kimiyyar halittu da ƙwayoyin cuta na kogin. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Marubutan sun ba da shawarar dabarun kula da ruwa da manufofi masu kyau don kare kogin da albarkatun ruwa masu alaƙa. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> Wani bincike na sinadarai daban da aka yi kan koguna a Kumasi ya yi samfurin ruwa daga kogunan Sisa, Wiwi da Subin. Binciken ya binciki sigogin sinadarai na jiki, ƙarfe masu nauyi da gurɓataccen halittu, gami da jimlar ƙwayoyin cuta da ''E. coli'' . <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Marubutan sun ba da rahoton cewa duk ƙarfen da aka auna ya wuce matsakaicin matakan gurɓataccen abu na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana banda zinc, inda samfurin guda ɗaya kawai ya wuce iyakar da aka ambata. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013" /> == Tushen gurɓatawa == Gurɓatar Ruwa a Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ayyukan birane na gida da na magudanar ruwa. Nazarin da aka yi kan ruwan da ke cikin ruwa a Kumasi yana danganta matsalolin ingancin ruwa da najasa, zubar da ruwan da ke fitowa daga masana'antu, kwararar ruwa daga gonaki, sharar gida da kuma ruwan da ba a yi wa magani ba da ke shiga cikin ruwa. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin binciken Kogin Sisa, an gano tushen ƙasa da na ɗan adam a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga yanayin ingancin ruwa da aka lura. <ref name="Akoto2021">{{Cite journal |last=Akoto |first=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |year=2021 |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkotoAdoplerTepkorOpoku2021">Akoto, Osei; Adopler, Albert; Tepkor, Hanson Edward; Opoku, Francis (2021). "A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi". ''Groundwater for Sustainable Development''. '''15''' 100654. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654|10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654]].</cite></ref> Wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin nazarin sinadarai na ruwan Kumasi sun haɗa da wurare a gefen Kogin Sisa inda ayyukan da ke kewaye suka haɗa da sharar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa, wanke motoci, zubar da shara mai ƙarfi, zubar da shara, fitar da najasa daga mutane da dabbobi, da kuma ƙananan ayyukan sarrafa abinci. <ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{Cite journal |last=Asare-Donkor |first=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |year=2013 |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |access-date=31 May 2026}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsare-DonkorWemegahAdimado2013">Asare-Donkor, N. K.; Wemegah, D. D.; Adimado, A. A. (2013). [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 "Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana"]. ''Journal of Environment and Earth Science''. '''3''' (9): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da abubuwan gina jiki, ƙananan halittu, laka da ƙarfe za su iya shiga kogin. Wurin da kogin yake a cikin wani yanki mai ci gaba a cikin birane shi ma ya sa yake fuskantar barazanar gurɓatar ruwan sama. A lokacin ruwan sama, kwararar ruwa daga hanyoyi, matsuguni, kasuwanni, wuraren bita da yankunan masana'antu na iya wanke shara, mai, laka, abubuwan da ke gurbata muhalli da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa zuwa cikin magudanar ruwan kogin. == Ambaliyar Ruwa == Kogin Sisan yana da alaƙa da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawan faruwa a Kumasi. Bayanin haɗarin da UNDP ta fitar a Ghana ya gano Amakom a matsayin al'umma mai cike da cunkoso da ke gefen Kogin Sisan, wanda aka kuma bayyana a yankin a matsayin Sisan Akyi. Rahotannin gida da aka rubuta a cikin rahoton sun nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa sau uku zuwa huɗu a shekara lokacin da kogin ya fashe gefensa ya kuma mamaye al'umma. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Rahoton ya bayyana cewa tarkace da laka sun toshe kogin, kuma ambaliyar ruwa na iya tashi har zuwa mita ɗaya sama da matakin bene a gidajen da abin ya shafa. Rahoton ya gano raguwar ƙarfin fitar ruwa na magudanar kogin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a gefen Kogin Sisan, yana mai lura da cewa magudanar ruwa, laka, ciyayi da rashin kulawa da kyau suna rage ƙarfin magudanar ruwa na ɗaukar ruwan ambaliyar. <ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Kafafen yada labarai na Ghana sun ruwaito ambaliyar ruwa a gefen kogin. A watan Yulin 2009, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Ghana ya ruwaito cewa kimanin mazauna Bomso da ke birnin Kumasi sun rasa matsugunansu bayan ruwan sama ya shafi mutanen da ke zaune a gefen kogin Susan. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa zubar da shara a kogin ya hana magudanar ruwa kuma ya taimaka wajen haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. == Ambaliyar Ruwa da taswirar ambaliyar ruwa == An yi amfani da Kogin Sisan a matsayin wani misali a cikin ƙirar ambaliyar ruwa da taswirar ambaliyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Kogin Susan. Binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya yi nazarin ambaliyar ruwa da taswirar haɗari ga Kogin Susan da ke Kumasi ta amfani da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa, fasahar sararin samaniya da kuma samfurin HEC-RAS na hydraulic. Binciken ya yi samfurin magudanar ruwan kogin don tallafawa kimanta ambaliyar ruwa da kuma taswirar taswira. Ya yi amfani da samfurin hawa na dijital, rarraba ƙasa da kuma samfurin hydraulic don kimanta yanayin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma samar da taswirar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Aikin ya dace da tsarin birane saboda yankunan da ke ƙasa da kogin suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da aka wuce ƙarfin hanyoyin ko kuma lokacin da sharar gida, laka da ciyayi suka takaita kwararar ruwa. == Gudanarwa da ragewa == Gudanar da Kogin Sisan yana buƙatar ɗaukar mataki kan kula da magudanar ruwa, kula da sharar gida, tsafta, tsara amfani da ƙasa, sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Bayanin haɗarin UNDP na Ghana ya gano zubar da shara, lalata ƙasa, haɓakar ciyayi da rashin kulawa a matsayin abubuwan da ke rage ƙarfin fitar da magudanar ruwa a Kumasi. Matakan rage ambaliyar ruwa da suka shafi kogin sun haɗa da lalata shi, share hanyoyin da suka toshe, kula da zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa, cire shinge, kare matsugunan koguna da kuma ƙaura ko kare matsugunan da ke cikin yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta fi kamari. Rahotannin labarai kan ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Susan sun kuma yi kira ga mazauna yankin da su yi haƙa rami da kuma inganta kula da koguna bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta sake faruwa. Matakan kula da ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da hana ruwan shara da shara da ba a yi wa magani ba shiga magudanar ruwa, kula da fitar da hayaki daga masana'antu, inganta wuraren tsafta, sa ido kan gurɓatar ƙarfe masu nauyi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma aiwatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli. Kimanta haɗarin lafiya na Kogin Sisa ya ba da shawarar dabarun kula da ruwa da manufofi masu kyau don kare kogin da rage haɗarin da ke tattare da mutanen da ke amfani da shi ko kuma waɗanda suka fallasa shi ga ruwa. <ref name="Akoto2021" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Kumasi]] * Kogin Aboabo * Kogin Subin * Kogin Wiwi * [[Kogin Ofin]] * Rafin birni * Ambaliyar ruwa a birane * Gurɓatar Ruwa * Ruwan sama * [[Ambaliyar ruwa a Ghana|Ambaliyar Ruwa a Ghana]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1m8sd0bmyjgb2bfcinfpfaof65h67um Tafiya ga Jarirai 0 154692 846675 2026-06-04T07:48:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342892049|March for Babies]]" 846675 wikitext text/x-wiki Maris don Babies, wanda aka fi sani da WalkAmerica, wani taron tafiya ne na sadaka wanda Maris na Dimes ya tallafa. Ya fara ne a shekarar 1970 a matsayin taron farko na sadaka a Amurka. An canza sunan bayan taron 2007. Ana gudanar da Maris don Yara a kowace shekara a cikin al'ummomi 1,100 a duk faɗin ƙasar. A shekara ta 2013, ana sa ran sama da mutane miliyan 7, ciki har da kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin iyali sama da 20,000 da kuma masu tallafawa na ƙasa, za su shiga. Wannan taron ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 2 tun daga shekara ta 1970. A cewar Maris na Dimes, kudaden da aka samu suna taimakawa wajen tallafawa bincike don hana haihuwa da wuri, lahani na haihuwa da Mutuwar jarirai. Kowace shekara, ana haifi jarirai sama da rabin miliyan ba tare da lokaci ba kuma ana haifi sama da 120,000 tare da mummunar lahani a cikin Amurka. An kashe santimita saba'in da shida na kowane dala da aka tara a watan Maris don jarirai a kan bincike da shirye-shirye don taimakawa hana waɗannan batutuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March of Dimes — Where Your Money Goes |url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/mission/where-your-money-goes.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312162629/http://www.marchofdimes.org/mission/where-your-money-goes.aspx |archive-date=2015-03-12 |access-date=2014-10-29}}</ref> A shekara ta 1979, Maris na Dimes ya kafa TeamWalk, yana gayyatar shiga ta ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata daga wasu kamfanoni, a cikin dabarun Maris don Yara. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1981, tushe ya gudanar da tafiya ta farko da ta faru a cikin ƙasa a wannan rana da ake kira WalkAmerica kuma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da al'adar gudanar da taron a karshen mako na ƙarshe a watan Afrilu. A shekara ta 1991, Lee Iacocca, Shugaban Kamfanin Chrysler, shi ne shugaban girmamawa na kasa na jarirai. Tare da karuwar ƙwarewa a cikin gabatarwa da tallace-tallace, an ba kowane kamfen taken (da taken) wanda ya haɗu da tara kuɗi da manufofin manufa. Experience WalkAmerica ya kasance kamfen ɗin a cikin 1991, ya biyo bayan Walk for Healthier Babies (1993), Walk for Someone You Love (1995), da Be A Hero for the Tiniest Babies (2002) da sauransu. Maris don tallace-tallace na jarirai da wallafe-wallafen gabatarwa don haka sun zama daidaitattun jigogi masu alaƙa da manufa na kiwon lafiya. A shekara ta 1989, Tony Choppa ya zama Darakta na Kasa na Maris don Yara kuma ya kara karfafa manufofin tara kudade na tushe a kan kasa ta hanyar tsarawa ta tsakiya da tallafin babi. Masu tallafawa kamfanoni na kasa sun hada da Lipton, Kellogg, K-Mart, Cigna, da Canon. Wannan taron ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru don inganta damar tara kuɗi da abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar WonderWalk da WalkMania. == Asalin == == Manazarta == 4l7ztqlfm33816orunhtxc6hp4jxss3 846693 846675 2026-06-04T07:59:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Maris don Babies, wanda aka fi sani da WalkAmerica, wani taron tafiya ne na sadaka wanda Maris na Dimes ya tallafa. Ya fara ne a shekarar 1970 a matsayin taron farko na sadaka a Amurka. An canza sunan bayan taron 2007. Ana gudanar da Maris don Yara a kowace shekara a cikin al'ummomi 1,100 a duk faɗin ƙasar. A shekara ta 2013, ana sa ran sama da mutane miliyan 7, ciki har da kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin iyali sama da 20,000 da kuma masu tallafawa na ƙasa, za su shiga. Wannan taron ya tara fiye da dala biliyan 2 tun daga shekara ta 1970. A cewar Maris na Dimes, kudaden da aka samu suna taimakawa wajen tallafawa bincike don hana haihuwa da wuri, lahani na haihuwa da Mutuwar jarirai. Kowace shekara, ana haifi jarirai sama da rabin miliyan ba tare da lokaci ba kuma ana haifi sama da 120,000 tare da mummunar lahani a cikin Amurka. An kashe santimita saba'in da shida na kowane dala da aka tara a watan Maris don jarirai a kan bincike da shirye-shirye don taimakawa hana waɗannan batutuwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March of Dimes — Where Your Money Goes |url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/mission/where-your-money-goes.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312162629/http://www.marchofdimes.org/mission/where-your-money-goes.aspx |archive-date=2015-03-12 |access-date=2014-10-29}}</ref> A shekara ta 1979, Maris na Dimes ya kafa TeamWalk, yana gayyatar shiga ta ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata daga wasu kamfanoni, a cikin dabarun Maris don Yara. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1981, tushe ya gudanar da tafiya ta farko da ta faru a cikin ƙasa a wannan rana da ake kira WalkAmerica kuma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da al'adar gudanar da taron a karshen mako na ƙarshe a watan Afrilu. A shekara ta 1991, Lee Iacocca, Shugaban Kamfanin Chrysler, shi ne shugaban girmamawa na kasa na jarirai. Tare da karuwar ƙwarewa a cikin gabatarwa da tallace-tallace, an ba kowane kamfen taken (da taken) wanda ya haɗu da tara kuɗi da manufofin manufa. Experience WalkAmerica ya kasance kamfen ɗin a cikin 1991, ya biyo bayan Walk for Healthier Babies (1993), Walk for Someone You Love (1995), da Be A Hero for the Tiniest Babies (2002) da sauransu. Maris don tallace-tallace na jarirai da wallafe-wallafen gabatarwa don haka sun zama daidaitattun jigogi masu alaƙa da manufa na kiwon lafiya. A shekara ta 1989, Tony Choppa ya zama Darakta na Kasa na Maris don Yara kuma ya kara karfafa manufofin tara kudade na tushe a kan kasa ta hanyar tsarawa ta tsakiya da tallafin babi. Masu tallafawa kamfanoni na kasa sun hada da Lipton, Kellogg, K-Mart, Cigna, da Canon. Wannan taron ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru don inganta damar tara kuɗi da abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar WonderWalk da WalkMania. == Asalin == == Manazarta == m2qfmo34zl6xg00ayry5cfytvh1kuev Magani na haɗuwa 0 154693 846677 2026-06-04T07:49:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356808200|Attachment therapy]]" 846677 wikitext text/x-wiki Magungunan haɗewa (wanda kuma ake kira "tsarin Evergreen", "lokaci na riƙewa", "rage-raunin fushi", "magungunan haɗi", "magunguna na haɗi", da "magunguna na hanawa", da kuma "magungun riƙewa" <ref name="Task Force Report, Chaffin et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Chaffin |first=Mark |last2=Hanson |first2=Rochelle |last3=Saunders |first3=Benjamin E. |last4=Nichols |first4=Todd |last5=Barnett |first5=Douglas |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles |last7=Berliner |first7=Lucy |last8=Egeland |first8=Byron |last9=Newman |first9=Elana |last10=Lyon |first10=Tom |last11=Letourneau |first11=Elizabeth |last12=Miller-Perrin |first12=Cindy |date=February 2006 |title=Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.1177/1077559505283699 |pmid=16382093}}</ref>) wani sa hannun lafiyar kwakwalwa ne na pseudoscientific da aka nufa don magance cututtukan haɗi a cikin yara. <ref name="tfr83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> A lokacin da ya fi shahara, an samo aikin ne da farko a Amurka; yawancin sa sun kasance a kusan wurare goma sha biyu a Evergreen, Colorado, inda Foster Cline, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa shi, ya kafa asibiti a cikin shekarun 1970.<ref>Dozier M and Rutter M (2008). "Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care". In Cassidy J and Shaver PR. ''Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications'' (2nd ed.). New York, London: Guilford Press. {{ISBN|978-1-60623-028-2}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yara, gami da akalla mutuwar yara shida.[1] Tun daga shekarun 1990s, an yi tuhuma da yawa don mutuwar ko mummunar cin zarafin yara a hannun "masu kula da warkarwa" ko iyaye suna bin umarnin su. Biyu daga cikin sanannun shari'o'i sune na Candace Newmaker a cikin 2000 da Gravelles a cikin 2003. Bayan da aka haɗa tallace-tallace, wasu masu ba da shawara game da maganin haɗe-haɗe sun fara canza ra'ayoyi da ayyuka don su kasance marasa Kabari ga yara. Wannan canjin na iya zama hanzari ta hanyar buga wani rahoto na rundunar aiki a kan batun a watan Janairun 2006, wanda American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) ta ba da umarni, wanda ya fi sukar maganin haɗewa.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, ATTACH, wata kungiya da aka kafa ta hanyar masu warkarwa, a hukumance ta karɓi fararen takarda da ke nuna adawa da ita ga amfani da ayyukan tilas a cikin magani da iyaye, a maimakon haka inganta sabbin dabarun daidaitawa, hankali da tsari.[3] Magungunan haɗuwa sun dogara ne akan maganin rage fushin Robert Zaslow daga shekarun 1960s-1970s da kuma ka'idodin psychoanalytic game da hauka da aka hana, catharsis, koma baya, rushewar juriya da hanyoyin tsaro. Zaslow da sauran masu goyon baya na farko kamar Nikolas Tinbergen da Martha Welch sun yi amfani da shi azaman magani ga autism, bisa ga imanin da aka yi watsi da shi yanzu cewa autism shine sakamakon gazawar dangantakar haɗi da mahaifiyar. Wannan nau'in magani ya bambanta sosai daga magungunan da ke tattare da haɗe-haɗe, da kuma magungunan magungunan magana kamar su magungunan haɗe-haye da kuma psychoanalysis na dangantaka. == Ka'idar == Magani na haɗuwa magani ne da aka yi amfani da shi da farko tare da karɓa masu kula da su ko waɗanda ke da matsalolin halayyarsu, gami da rashin biyayya da rashin godiya ko ƙauna ga masu kula dasu. Matsalolin yara an danganta su da rashin iya danganta da sababbin iyayensu, saboda haushi da aka hana saboda cin zarafin da aka yi a baya da kuma watsi. Magani na haɗuwa ya haɗa da yaro wanda likitoci ko iyaye ke riƙewa da / ko shimfiɗa. Ta hanyar wannan tsari na kamewa da rikici, masu warkarwa suna neman samar da martani daban-daban a cikin yaro kamar fushi da fidda rai tare da burin cimma catharsis. A ka'idar, lokacin da aka shawo kan juriyar yaro kuma aka saki Fushin, an rage yaron zuwa yanayin jariri wanda za'a iya "sake dangi" ta hanyoyin kamar su shimfiɗa, girgiza, ciyar da kwalba da kuma tilasta hulɗa da ido. Manufar ita ce inganta haɗin kai tare da sabbin masu kulawa. Kula da yara yawanci ana ɗaukar su da mahimmanci, kuma maganin sau da yawa yana tare da dabarun iyaye waɗanda ke jaddada biyayya. Wadannan dabarun iyaye da ke tattare da su sun dogara ne akan imanin cewa yaro mai alaƙa da kyau ya kamata ya bi bukatun iyaye a hanyar "da sauri, sauri da kuma daidai a karo na farko" kuma ya kamata ya zama "mai farin ciki don kasancewa kusa".<ref name="tfr79">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wadannan dabarun sun kasance suna da alaƙa da mutuwar yara da yawa da sauran cututtuka masu cutarwa.<ref name="tfr77">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wannan nau'in magani, gami da ganewar asali da kuma dabarun iyaye, ba a tabbatar da shi ta hanyar kimiyya ba, kuma ba a dauke shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin halayyar mutum ba. Hanyar da aka bayyana a matsayin "maganiyar haɗewa", duk da sunansa, yana da tushe na ka'idar haɗewa kuma jagoranta ba ta dace da ka'idojin maganin haɗewa ba.<ref name="O'Connor (2003)">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Thomas G. |last2=Zeanah |first2=Charles H. |date=September 2003 |title=Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches |journal=Attachment & Human Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=223–244 |doi=10.1080/14616730310001593974 |pmid=12944216}}</ref> == Halayen magani == Rashin jituwa, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin 2006 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Task Force Report, <ref name="Task Force Report, Chaffin et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Chaffin |first=Mark |last2=Hanson |first2=Rochelle |last3=Saunders |first3=Benjamin E. |last4=Nichols |first4=Todd |last5=Barnett |first5=Douglas |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles |last7=Berliner |first7=Lucy |last8=Egeland |first8=Byron |last9=Newman |first9=Elana |last10=Lyon |first10=Tom |last11=Letourneau |first11=Elizabeth |last12=Miller-Perrin |first12=Cindy |date=February 2006 |title=Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.1177/1077559505283699 |pmid=16382093}}</ref> ya fi mayar da hankali ne game da "tsayawa magani" da kuma tilasta, [[wiktionary:restrain|hanawa]], ko hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. Wadannan sun hada da Massage mai zurfi, ƙyamar ƙyama, azabtarwa da suka shafi abinci da ruwa, tilasta hulɗa da ido, yana buƙatar yara su miƙa wuya ga kulawar manya gaba ɗaya akan duk bukatunsu, hana dangantakar zamantakewa ta al'ada a waje da mai kula da farko, ƙarfafa yara su koma matsayin jariri, gyarawa, haɗewar iyaye, ko dabarun da aka tsara don haifar da fitar da motsin rai. Bambance-bambance na waɗannan jiyya sun ɗauki alamomi daban-daban waɗanda ke canzawa akai-akai. Ana iya saninsu da "magungunan sake haihuwa", "magunguna na matsawa", "magunguna na haɗe-haɗe", "tsarin Evergreen", "magana da rage fushin", ko "magunganci na rungumar iyaye da yara".<ref name="tfr83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wasu marubutan da ke sukar wannan hanyar warkewa sun yi amfani da kalmar Coercive Restraint Therapy . Wannan nau'in magani ne don matsalolin haɗe-haɗe ko cututtuka wanda aka fi sani da "magungunan haɗe-haye".<ref name="tfr83" /> Masu ba da shawara ga yara a cikin Therapy, ƙungiyar da ke kamfen akan maganin haɗe-haɗe, suna ba da jerin hanyoyin da suka bayyana su maganin haɗe ne ta wani suna. Har ila yau, suna ba da jerin ƙarin hanyoyin warkewa da masu warkarwa suka yi amfani da su waɗanda suke la'akari da rashin inganci. Matthew Speltz na Jami'ar Washington School of Medicine ya bayyana yadda ake bi da shi daga kayan Cibiyar (a bayyane yake maimaita shirin a Cibiyar Attachment, Evergreen) kamar haka: == Manazarta == dzpvct99x9og7cy6wa1uvixrb4z23rc 846694 846677 2026-06-04T08:00:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Magungunan haɗewa (wanda kuma ake kira "tsarin Evergreen", "lokaci na riƙewa", "rage-raunin fushi", "magungunan haɗi", "magunguna na haɗi", da "magunguna na hanawa", da kuma "magungun riƙewa" <ref name="Task Force Report, Chaffin et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Chaffin |first=Mark |last2=Hanson |first2=Rochelle |last3=Saunders |first3=Benjamin E. |last4=Nichols |first4=Todd |last5=Barnett |first5=Douglas |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles |last7=Berliner |first7=Lucy |last8=Egeland |first8=Byron |last9=Newman |first9=Elana |last10=Lyon |first10=Tom |last11=Letourneau |first11=Elizabeth |last12=Miller-Perrin |first12=Cindy |date=February 2006 |title=Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.1177/1077559505283699 |pmid=16382093}}</ref>) wani sa hannun lafiyar kwakwalwa ne na pseudoscientific da aka nufa don magance cututtukan haɗi a cikin yara. <ref name="tfr83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> A lokacin da ya fi shahara, an samo aikin ne da farko a Amurka; yawancin sa sun kasance a kusan wurare goma sha biyu a Evergreen, Colorado, inda Foster Cline, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa shi, ya kafa asibiti a cikin shekarun 1970.<ref>Dozier M and Rutter M (2008). "Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care". In Cassidy J and Shaver PR. ''Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications'' (2nd ed.). New York, London: Guilford Press. {{ISBN|978-1-60623-028-2}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yara, gami da akalla mutuwar yara shida.[1] Tun daga shekarun 1990s, an yi tuhuma da yawa don mutuwar ko mummunar cin zarafin yara a hannun "masu kula da warkarwa" ko iyaye suna bin umarnin su. Biyu daga cikin sanannun shari'o'i sune na Candace Newmaker a cikin 2000 da Gravelles a cikin 2003. Bayan da aka haɗa tallace-tallace, wasu masu ba da shawara game da maganin haɗe-haɗe sun fara canza ra'ayoyi da ayyuka don su kasance marasa Kabari ga yara. Wannan canjin na iya zama hanzari ta hanyar buga wani rahoto na rundunar aiki a kan batun a watan Janairun 2006, wanda American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) ta ba da umarni, wanda ya fi sukar maganin haɗewa.[2] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, ATTACH, wata kungiya da aka kafa ta hanyar masu warkarwa, a hukumance ta karɓi fararen takarda da ke nuna adawa da ita ga amfani da ayyukan tilas a cikin magani da iyaye, a maimakon haka inganta sabbin dabarun daidaitawa, hankali da tsari.[3] Magungunan haɗuwa sun dogara ne akan maganin rage fushin Robert Zaslow daga shekarun 1960s-1970s da kuma ka'idodin psychoanalytic game da hauka da aka hana, catharsis, koma baya, rushewar juriya da hanyoyin tsaro. Zaslow da sauran masu goyon baya na farko kamar Nikolas Tinbergen da Martha Welch sun yi amfani da shi azaman magani ga autism, bisa ga imanin da aka yi watsi da shi yanzu cewa autism shine sakamakon gazawar dangantakar haɗi da mahaifiyar. Wannan nau'in magani ya bambanta sosai daga magungunan da ke tattare da haɗe-haɗe, da kuma magungunan magungunan magana kamar su magungunan haɗe-haye da kuma psychoanalysis na dangantaka. == Ka'idar == Magani na haɗuwa magani ne da aka yi amfani da shi da farko tare da karɓa masu kula da su ko waɗanda ke da matsalolin halayyarsu, gami da rashin biyayya da rashin godiya ko ƙauna ga masu kula dasu. Matsalolin yara an danganta su da rashin iya danganta da sababbin iyayensu, saboda haushi da aka hana saboda cin zarafin da aka yi a baya da kuma watsi. Magani na haɗuwa ya haɗa da yaro wanda likitoci ko iyaye ke riƙewa da / ko shimfiɗa. Ta hanyar wannan tsari na kamewa da rikici, masu warkarwa suna neman samar da martani daban-daban a cikin yaro kamar fushi da fidda rai tare da burin cimma catharsis. A ka'idar, lokacin da aka shawo kan juriyar yaro kuma aka saki Fushin, an rage yaron zuwa yanayin jariri wanda za'a iya "sake dangi" ta hanyoyin kamar su shimfiɗa, girgiza, ciyar da kwalba da kuma tilasta hulɗa da ido. Manufar ita ce inganta haɗin kai tare da sabbin masu kulawa. Kula da yara yawanci ana ɗaukar su da mahimmanci, kuma maganin sau da yawa yana tare da dabarun iyaye waɗanda ke jaddada biyayya. Wadannan dabarun iyaye da ke tattare da su sun dogara ne akan imanin cewa yaro mai alaƙa da kyau ya kamata ya bi bukatun iyaye a hanyar "da sauri, sauri da kuma daidai a karo na farko" kuma ya kamata ya zama "mai farin ciki don kasancewa kusa".<ref name="tfr79">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wadannan dabarun sun kasance suna da alaƙa da mutuwar yara da yawa da sauran cututtuka masu cutarwa.<ref name="tfr77">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wannan nau'in magani, gami da ganewar asali da kuma dabarun iyaye, ba a tabbatar da shi ta hanyar kimiyya ba, kuma ba a dauke shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin halayyar mutum ba. Hanyar da aka bayyana a matsayin "maganiyar haɗewa", duk da sunansa, yana da tushe na ka'idar haɗewa kuma jagoranta ba ta dace da ka'idojin maganin haɗewa ba.<ref name="O'Connor (2003)">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Thomas G. |last2=Zeanah |first2=Charles H. |date=September 2003 |title=Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches |journal=Attachment & Human Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=223–244 |doi=10.1080/14616730310001593974 |pmid=12944216}}</ref> == Halayen magani == Rashin jituwa, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin 2006 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Task Force Report, <ref name="Task Force Report, Chaffin et al.">{{Cite journal |last=Chaffin |first=Mark |last2=Hanson |first2=Rochelle |last3=Saunders |first3=Benjamin E. |last4=Nichols |first4=Todd |last5=Barnett |first5=Douglas |last6=Zeanah |first6=Charles |last7=Berliner |first7=Lucy |last8=Egeland |first8=Byron |last9=Newman |first9=Elana |last10=Lyon |first10=Tom |last11=Letourneau |first11=Elizabeth |last12=Miller-Perrin |first12=Cindy |date=February 2006 |title=Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.1177/1077559505283699 |pmid=16382093}}</ref> ya fi mayar da hankali ne game da "tsayawa magani" da kuma tilasta, [[wiktionary:restrain|hanawa]], ko hanyoyin da ba su dace ba. Wadannan sun hada da Massage mai zurfi, ƙyamar ƙyama, azabtarwa da suka shafi abinci da ruwa, tilasta hulɗa da ido, yana buƙatar yara su miƙa wuya ga kulawar manya gaba ɗaya akan duk bukatunsu, hana dangantakar zamantakewa ta al'ada a waje da mai kula da farko, ƙarfafa yara su koma matsayin jariri, gyarawa, haɗewar iyaye, ko dabarun da aka tsara don haifar da fitar da motsin rai. Bambance-bambance na waɗannan jiyya sun ɗauki alamomi daban-daban waɗanda ke canzawa akai-akai. Ana iya saninsu da "magungunan sake haihuwa", "magunguna na matsawa", "magunguna na haɗe-haɗe", "tsarin Evergreen", "magana da rage fushin", ko "magunganci na rungumar iyaye da yara".<ref name="tfr83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Chaffin|Hanson|Saunders|2006}}</ref> Wasu marubutan da ke sukar wannan hanyar warkewa sun yi amfani da kalmar Coercive Restraint Therapy . Wannan nau'in magani ne don matsalolin haɗe-haɗe ko cututtuka wanda aka fi sani da "magungunan haɗe-haye".<ref name="tfr83" /> Masu ba da shawara ga yara a cikin Therapy, ƙungiyar da ke kamfen akan maganin haɗe-haɗe, suna ba da jerin hanyoyin da suka bayyana su maganin haɗe ne ta wani suna. Har ila yau, suna ba da jerin ƙarin hanyoyin warkewa da masu warkarwa suka yi amfani da su waɗanda suke la'akari da rashin inganci. Matthew Speltz na Jami'ar Washington School of Medicine ya bayyana yadda ake bi da shi daga kayan Cibiyar (a bayyane yake maimaita shirin a Cibiyar Attachment, Evergreen) kamar haka: == Manazarta == 9v5qlb6ma4m38i4zwytbtukqgn0s7pt Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Yara da Matasa 0 154694 846678 2026-06-04T07:50:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354487633|Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services]]" 846678 wikitext text/x-wiki Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services ('''CAMHS''') shine sunan kulawa da NHS da sauran kungiyoyi ke bayarwa a Burtaniya ga yara, gabaɗaya har zuwa shekarun barin makaranta, waɗanda ke da matsala tare da jin daɗi motsin zuciyarsu ko kuma ana ɗaukar su da matsalolin halayyar da ke ci gaba.<ref name="nhs-guide">{{Cite web |title=A guide to mental health services in England |url=http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234352/http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=NHS England}}</ref> An kuma san sabis ɗin da '''Ayyukan Lafiya na Yara da Matasa''' ('''CYPMHS'''). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to CAMHS |url=https://www.youngminds.org.uk/young-person/your-guide-to-support/guide-to-camhs/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=YoungMinds |language=en-gb}}</ref> CAMHS tana ba da yara, matasa da iyalansu damar samun tallafi ga batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ƙungiyoyin bangare na uku (taimako), ba da shawara a makaranta, [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da kuma ƙwararrun sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Takamaiman ayyukan da aka bayar na iya bambanta, yana nuna kwamishinan da samar da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su a matakin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMHS mental health services |url=https://contact.org.uk/help-for-families/information-advice-services/health-medical-information/health/secondary-care/mental/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Contact |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == A duk duniya a cikin 2021, daya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 10-19 guda bakwai suna da Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, tare da kusan kashi 14% na matasa da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da rikice-rikice na halayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health of adolescents |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, an ruwaito cewa daya daga cikin yara shida masu shekaru 5-16 a Ingila yana da yiwuwar matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020: Wave 1 follow up to the 2017 survey |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=NHS England Digital |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da matasa masu shekaru 8-25 a Ingila yana da wata matsala ta hankali a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2023 - wave 4 follow up to the 2017 survey |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2023-wave-4-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=NHS England Digital |language=en}}</ref> Ƙuntatawa a matsayin martani ga annobar COVID-19 ya yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samji |first=Hasina |last2=Wu |first2=Judy |last3=Ladak |first3=Amilya |last4=Vossen |first4=Caralyn |last5=Stewart |first5=Evelyn |last6=Dove |first6=Naomi |last7=Long |first7=David |last8=Snell |first8=Gaelen |date=28 August 2021 |title=Review: Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and youth – a systematic review |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.1111/camh.12501 |issn=1475-357X |pmc=8653204 |pmid=34455683}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid Impact On Young People With Mental Health Needs |url=https://www.youngminds.org.uk/about-us/reports-and-impact/coronavirus-impact-on-young-people-with-mental-health-needs/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=YoungMinds |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tsarin na uku == Tun daga shekara ta 1995, an shirya CAMHS na Burtaniya a kan tsarin matakai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=CAMHS: Four-tier strategic framework |url=http://dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/mentalhealthissues/camhs/fourtierstrategicframework/fourtierstrategicframework/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100202100434/http://dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/mentalhealthissues/camhs/fourtierstrategicframework/fourtierstrategicframework/ |archive-date=2 February 2010 |publisher=Department for Children, Schools and Families}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2014 |title=Model Specification for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Targeted and Specialist levels (Tiers 2/3) |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/mod-camhs-tier-2-3-spec.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=NHS England}}</ref> :; Tier 1 :: Inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin rigakafin rashin lafiya, da kuma shawarwari da magani na gaba ɗaya don matsalolin da ba su da tsanani ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitocin da ba na kwakwalwa ba da ke aiki a cikin ayyukan yara na duniya, kamar GPs, ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta, ma'aikata na zamantakewa, da hukumomin sa kai. :; Tier 2 :: yawanci kwararru na CAMHS da ke aiki a cikin al'umma da kulawa ta farko, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da masu ba da shawara da ke aiki cikin asibitoci, makarantu da sabis na matasa da kuma samar da sabis ga yara da matasa da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa 'na yau da kullun' kamar [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] mai sauƙi da baƙin ciki. :; Kashi na 3 :: yawanci ƙungiya mai fannoni da yawa ko sabis da ke aiki a asibitin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma wanda ke ba da sabis na musamman don cututtuka masu tsanani, tare da membobin ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar hankali, likitocin kwakwalwa, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masu ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, masu maganin kwakwalwa da sauran masu warkarwa. :; Tier 4 :: Ayyukan ƙwararru masu yawa ga yara da matasa masu matsaloli masu tsanani, kamar raka'a na rana, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na waje da raka'a masu haƙuri. === Masanin CAMHS - Na uku 2 zuwa 4 === Na biyu zuwa na 4 galibi ana kiransu ''kwararre CAMHS''. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman matakin, mafi wuya ga yara da matasa, ko masu kula da su, suyi magana da kansu. Ana iya yin turawa zuwa manyan matakan ta hanyar hukumomi da masu sana'a, gami da GPs da ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta.<ref name="nhs-guide">{{Cite web |title=A guide to mental health services in England |url=http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234352/http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=NHS England}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) |url=http://www.sompar.nhs.uk/our_services/childrenandyoungpeople/camhs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135141/http://www.sompar.nhs.uk/our_services/childrenandyoungpeople/camhs |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Somerset Partnership Foundation Trust}}</ref> == Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a tsarin matakan == CAPA, wanda aka haɓaka a farkon shekarun 2000, wani shiri ne da aka tsara don inganta tasirin sabis da gudanar da buƙatun sabis da iyawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Leslie Anne |last2=Clark |first2=Sharon E |last3=Chorney |first3=Jill |last4=Emberly |first4=Debbie |last5=MacDonald |first5=Julie |last6=MacKenzie |first6=Adrian |last7=Warner |first7=Grace |last8=Wozney |first8=Lori |date=2022-10-19 |title=Choice and Partnership Approach to community mental health and addiction services: a realist-informed scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064436 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9582326 |pmid=36261240 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing CAPA |url=https://www.capa.co.uk/introducing-capa/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CAPA}}</ref> CYP-IAPT wani shiri ne na tallafin gwamnati na shekarun 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What was CYP IAPT? |url=https://www.annafreud.org/services/services-for-professionals/cyp-mh-workforce-development/what-was-cyp-iapt |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Anna Freud |language=en}}</ref> Kamar takwaransa na IAPT, CYP-IAPT ya yi niyyar inganta wadatar, da kuma samun dama ga, maganin tunani na tushen shaida. Ba kamar takwaransa na manya ba, CYP-IAPT ba ta haɗa da daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban sabbin nau'ikan ma'aikata ba; a maimakon haka, ta goyi bayan horar da ma'aikatan da ke akwai a cikin magungunan da suka danganci shaida kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, iyaye da maganin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burn |first=Anne-Marie |last2=Vainre |first2=Maris |last3=Humphrey |first3=Ayla |last4=Howarth |first4=Emma |date=2020-10-14 |title=Evaluating the CYP-IAPT transformation of child and adolescent mental health services in Cambridgeshire, UK: a qualitative implementation study |journal=Implementation Science Communications |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1186/s43058-020-00078-6 |issn=2662-2211 |pmc=7556968 |pmid=33073242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> THRIVE tsari ne don ƙirƙirar 'al'ummomi' masu daidaituwa da inganci na lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke mai da hankali kan bayyanawa game da buƙata maimakon tsari ko tsoma baki don biyan irin waɗannan buƙatu. An yi amfani da THRIVE a matsayin madadin samfurin matakan tare da maye gurbin matakan hudu da matakan buƙata guda biyar (mai rikitarwa): bunƙasa, samun shawara, samun taimako, samun tallafin haɗari, da samun ƙarin taimako.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, ana tura wasu matasan Ingila da ke fama da matsalar cin abinci daruruwan mil zuwa Scotland saboda ayyukan da suke buƙata ba su samuwa a cikin gida ba. Ba tare da jurewa da kulawa mai kyau a Scotland ba an ce kasancewa daga abokai da dangi ya lalata murmurewarsu. A mayar da martani gwamnati ta amince da manufofin kawo karshen irin wannan shirye-shiryen nan da 2021, kuma ta ware tarin £ 150M don inganta wadatar kulawa ta gida. Akwai damuwa cewa ba a yi isasshen don tallafawa mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kashe rayukansu ba. An shigar da yara 1,039 da matasa a Ingila a gadaje daga gida a cikin 2017-18, da yawa sun yi tafiya sama da mil 100 (kilomita 160) daga gida. Mutane da yawa suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu rikitarwa akai-akai da ke tattare da haɗarin cutar kai ko kashe kansa, kamar matsanancin baƙin ciki, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, rikicewar hankali da rikice-rikicen mutum. A cikin 2017-18 akalla yara 539 da aka tantance suna buƙatar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Tier 3 da matasa sun jira fiye da shekara guda don fara magani, bisa ga binciken ''Jaridar Kula da Lafiya'' wanda ya haifar da rahotanni daga 33 daga cikin amintattun lafiyar kwakwalwa 50. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, akwai yara da matasa 239,715 da aka tura kuma suna jiran kimantawar CAMHS a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2023 |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2023-wave-4-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=NHS England |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da tsarin ƙirar sabis ɗin da aka samar tare, CAMHS mai inganci yana buƙatar: == Tarihi == A Turai da Amurka lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara ba ta zama ƙwarewar likita ba har sai bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila maganin lafiyar yara da matasa ya kasance shekaru da yawa aikin Child Guidance Movement yana aiki bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] tare da hukumomin ilimi na gida kuma sau da yawa yana rinjayar ra'ayoyin psychoanalytic. Shirye-shiryen asibitocin NHS sun ragu a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma an cire su daga tsarin shari'ar matasa. Koyaya adawa da psychoanalysis tare da aikin bincike na farko a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya, wanda masu goyon bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya ba su fahimta ba, ya sa aka watsar da sabis ɗin don tallafawa maganin da ke da tushe da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutter, Michael |date=1986 |title=Child psychiatry: looking 30 years ahead |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=803–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00202.x |pmid=3793821}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da haskakawar tsarin jagorantar yara masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1990 da kuma manufofin jama'a da NHS ta motsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barrett, Susan |date=2019 |title=From Adult Lunatic Asylums to CAMHS Community Care: the Evolution of Specialist Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents 1948-2018 |journal=Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-3 |volume=XXIV |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.4138 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban CAMHS a cikin tsarin matakai huɗu ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. A cikin 1998, an fara ayyukan kirkiro na CAMHS guda 24, kuma Dokar Laifi da Rashin Halitta ta 1998 ta kafa ƙungiyoyin matasa masu cin zarafi. A cikin 2000 Shirin Aiwatar da Shirin NHS ya buƙaci kiwon lafiya da hukumomin gida don hada kai don samar da dabarun CAMHS na gida.<ref name="youngminds-2014">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=A brief timeline of CAMHS policy in England |url=http://www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/policy/policy_in_the_uk/camhs_policy_in_england |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913005451/http://www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/policy/policy_in_the_uk/camhs_policy_in_england |archive-date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2022-08-09 |publisher=YoungMinds}}</ref> Duk da gabatarwar tsarin matakai huɗu a cikin 1995, rahotanni da sake dubawa sun ci gaba da bayyana ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara na Burtaniya a matsayin raguwa, ba a daidaita su ba, masu canji, marasa isa kuma ba su da tushen shaida. Wadannan sun hada da: * Rahoton Hukumar Bincike a cikin 1999 * Binciken CAMHS mai zaman kansa na 2008 * Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya na Ingila * Future in Mind, wani bita na gwamnati na 2015 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da matasa * Kwamishinan Yara na 2016 na Ingila Lightning Review <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Lightning Review: Access to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services |url=https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/resource/lightning-review-access-to-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Children's Commissioner for England |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Rahoton Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Wales na 2018 Daga kimanin shekara ta 2013 zuwa gaba an nuna manyan damuwa game da raguwa a cikin CAMHS, kuma a bayyane yake karuwar buƙata, kuma a cikin 2014 Kwamitin Zaɓin Lafiya na majalisa ya bincika kuma ya ba da rahoton game da tanadi.[1][2] A cikin 2015 gwamnati ta buga bita, kuma ta yi alkawarin karuwar kudade kusan fam miliyan 250 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya ba a rufe kudaden ba kuma tun daga shekara ta 2016 kusan rabin Ƙungiyoyin kwamishinan asibiti na Ingila ne kawai suka kara kudaden CAMHS na gida. [4][5] Kudin CAMHS ya kasance sanannen batu don sanarwar siyasa game da kudade kuma manufar yanzu ita ce kara kudade zuwa matakin da kashi 35% na matasa masu fama da cuta zasu iya karɓar sabis na ƙwararru. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar samfuran sabis daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan canji.[6] A Scotland, tsakanin 2007 da 2016 yawan masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na CAMHS sun ninka sau biyu, suna nuna karuwar bukatar sabis ɗin. Koyaya a watan Satumbar 2020, kashi 53.5% na marasa lafiya na CAMHS a Scotland sun jira alƙawari fiye da makonni 18 da aka yi niyya, kuma a Glasgow matsakaicin lokacin jira ya kasance makonni 26. Manufofin yanzu a Ingila sun dogara ne akan Green Paper (2017) da NHS Mental Health Implementation Plan (2019). Yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rigakafin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma shiga tsakani da wuri, fadada ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin tallafin kwakwalwa na al'umma (ciki har da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta), da kuma ayyukan rikici na 24/7 . Ana sa ran ayyuka za su rufe 0-25s (maimakon 0-17s). Shirin aiwatarwa na 2019 ya rushe ta hanyar annobar COVID-19 wanda ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun CAMHS da tasiri akan kasancewar ma'aikatan da aka horar da su yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Hannah Chu-Han |last2=Ougrin |first2=Dennis |date=5 August 2021 |title=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health services |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e145 |doi=10.1192/bjo.2021.976 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=8353214 |pmid=34348823 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Provider collaboration review: Mental health care of children and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/publications/themes-care/provider-collaboration-review-mental-health-care-children-young-people |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Care Quality Commission}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jagorancin Yara|Jagoran Yara]] * Lafiyar kwakwalwa a Ƙasar Ingila * Amincewa da lafiyar kwakwalwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mn6aukl1ukyavuhv8wvhsnhyly1tsoy 846695 846678 2026-06-04T08:01:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services ('''CAMHS''') shine sunan kulawa da NHS da sauran kungiyoyi ke bayarwa a Burtaniya ga yara, gabaɗaya har zuwa shekarun barin makaranta, waɗanda ke da matsala tare da jin daɗi motsin zuciyarsu ko kuma ana ɗaukar su da matsalolin halayyar da ke ci gaba.<ref name="nhs-guide">{{Cite web |title=A guide to mental health services in England |url=http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234352/http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=NHS England}}</ref> An kuma san sabis ɗin da '''Ayyukan Lafiya na Yara da Matasa''' ('''CYPMHS'''). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to CAMHS |url=https://www.youngminds.org.uk/young-person/your-guide-to-support/guide-to-camhs/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=YoungMinds |language=en-gb}}</ref> CAMHS tana ba da yara, matasa da iyalansu damar samun tallafi ga batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ƙungiyoyin bangare na uku (taimako), ba da shawara a makaranta, [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da kuma ƙwararrun sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Takamaiman ayyukan da aka bayar na iya bambanta, yana nuna kwamishinan da samar da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su a matakin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMHS mental health services |url=https://contact.org.uk/help-for-families/information-advice-services/health-medical-information/health/secondary-care/mental/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Contact |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == A duk duniya a cikin 2021, daya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 10-19 guda bakwai suna da Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, tare da kusan kashi 14% na matasa da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da rikice-rikice na halayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health of adolescents |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, an ruwaito cewa daya daga cikin yara shida masu shekaru 5-16 a Ingila yana da yiwuwar matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020: Wave 1 follow up to the 2017 survey |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=NHS England Digital |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da matasa masu shekaru 8-25 a Ingila yana da wata matsala ta hankali a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2023 - wave 4 follow up to the 2017 survey |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2023-wave-4-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=NHS England Digital |language=en}}</ref> Ƙuntatawa a matsayin martani ga annobar COVID-19 ya yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samji |first=Hasina |last2=Wu |first2=Judy |last3=Ladak |first3=Amilya |last4=Vossen |first4=Caralyn |last5=Stewart |first5=Evelyn |last6=Dove |first6=Naomi |last7=Long |first7=David |last8=Snell |first8=Gaelen |date=28 August 2021 |title=Review: Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and youth – a systematic review |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=173–189 |doi=10.1111/camh.12501 |issn=1475-357X |pmc=8653204 |pmid=34455683}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid Impact On Young People With Mental Health Needs |url=https://www.youngminds.org.uk/about-us/reports-and-impact/coronavirus-impact-on-young-people-with-mental-health-needs/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=YoungMinds |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tsarin na uku == Tun daga shekara ta 1995, an shirya CAMHS na Burtaniya a kan tsarin matakai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=CAMHS: Four-tier strategic framework |url=http://dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/mentalhealthissues/camhs/fourtierstrategicframework/fourtierstrategicframework/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100202100434/http://dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/mentalhealthissues/camhs/fourtierstrategicframework/fourtierstrategicframework/ |archive-date=2 February 2010 |publisher=Department for Children, Schools and Families}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2014 |title=Model Specification for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Targeted and Specialist levels (Tiers 2/3) |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/mod-camhs-tier-2-3-spec.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=NHS England}}</ref> :; Tier 1 :: Inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin rigakafin rashin lafiya, da kuma shawarwari da magani na gaba ɗaya don matsalolin da ba su da tsanani ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitocin da ba na kwakwalwa ba da ke aiki a cikin ayyukan yara na duniya, kamar GPs, ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta, ma'aikata na zamantakewa, da hukumomin sa kai. :; Tier 2 :: yawanci kwararru na CAMHS da ke aiki a cikin al'umma da kulawa ta farko, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da masu ba da shawara da ke aiki cikin asibitoci, makarantu da sabis na matasa da kuma samar da sabis ga yara da matasa da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa 'na yau da kullun' kamar [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] mai sauƙi da baƙin ciki. :; Kashi na 3 :: yawanci ƙungiya mai fannoni da yawa ko sabis da ke aiki a asibitin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma wanda ke ba da sabis na musamman don cututtuka masu tsanani, tare da membobin ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar hankali, likitocin kwakwalwa, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masu ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, masu maganin kwakwalwa da sauran masu warkarwa. :; Tier 4 :: Ayyukan ƙwararru masu yawa ga yara da matasa masu matsaloli masu tsanani, kamar raka'a na rana, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na waje da raka'a masu haƙuri. === Masanin CAMHS - Na uku 2 zuwa 4 === Na biyu zuwa na 4 galibi ana kiransu ''kwararre CAMHS''. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman matakin, mafi wuya ga yara da matasa, ko masu kula da su, suyi magana da kansu. Ana iya yin turawa zuwa manyan matakan ta hanyar hukumomi da masu sana'a, gami da GPs da ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta.<ref name="nhs-guide">{{Cite web |title=A guide to mental health services in England |url=http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234352/http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/mental-health-services-explained/pages/about-childrens-mental-health-services.aspx |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=NHS England}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) |url=http://www.sompar.nhs.uk/our_services/childrenandyoungpeople/camhs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135141/http://www.sompar.nhs.uk/our_services/childrenandyoungpeople/camhs |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=Somerset Partnership Foundation Trust}}</ref> == Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a tsarin matakan == CAPA, wanda aka haɓaka a farkon shekarun 2000, wani shiri ne da aka tsara don inganta tasirin sabis da gudanar da buƙatun sabis da iyawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Leslie Anne |last2=Clark |first2=Sharon E |last3=Chorney |first3=Jill |last4=Emberly |first4=Debbie |last5=MacDonald |first5=Julie |last6=MacKenzie |first6=Adrian |last7=Warner |first7=Grace |last8=Wozney |first8=Lori |date=2022-10-19 |title=Choice and Partnership Approach to community mental health and addiction services: a realist-informed scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064436 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9582326 |pmid=36261240 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing CAPA |url=https://www.capa.co.uk/introducing-capa/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CAPA}}</ref> CYP-IAPT wani shiri ne na tallafin gwamnati na shekarun 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What was CYP IAPT? |url=https://www.annafreud.org/services/services-for-professionals/cyp-mh-workforce-development/what-was-cyp-iapt |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Anna Freud |language=en}}</ref> Kamar takwaransa na IAPT, CYP-IAPT ya yi niyyar inganta wadatar, da kuma samun dama ga, maganin tunani na tushen shaida. Ba kamar takwaransa na manya ba, CYP-IAPT ba ta haɗa da daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban sabbin nau'ikan ma'aikata ba; a maimakon haka, ta goyi bayan horar da ma'aikatan da ke akwai a cikin magungunan da suka danganci shaida kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, iyaye da maganin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burn |first=Anne-Marie |last2=Vainre |first2=Maris |last3=Humphrey |first3=Ayla |last4=Howarth |first4=Emma |date=2020-10-14 |title=Evaluating the CYP-IAPT transformation of child and adolescent mental health services in Cambridgeshire, UK: a qualitative implementation study |journal=Implementation Science Communications |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1186/s43058-020-00078-6 |issn=2662-2211 |pmc=7556968 |pmid=33073242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> THRIVE tsari ne don ƙirƙirar 'al'ummomi' masu daidaituwa da inganci na lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke mai da hankali kan bayyanawa game da buƙata maimakon tsari ko tsoma baki don biyan irin waɗannan buƙatu. An yi amfani da THRIVE a matsayin madadin samfurin matakan tare da maye gurbin matakan hudu da matakan buƙata guda biyar (mai rikitarwa): bunƙasa, samun shawara, samun taimako, samun tallafin haɗari, da samun ƙarin taimako.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, ana tura wasu matasan Ingila da ke fama da matsalar cin abinci daruruwan mil zuwa Scotland saboda ayyukan da suke buƙata ba su samuwa a cikin gida ba. Ba tare da jurewa da kulawa mai kyau a Scotland ba an ce kasancewa daga abokai da dangi ya lalata murmurewarsu. A mayar da martani gwamnati ta amince da manufofin kawo karshen irin wannan shirye-shiryen nan da 2021, kuma ta ware tarin £ 150M don inganta wadatar kulawa ta gida. Akwai damuwa cewa ba a yi isasshen don tallafawa mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kashe rayukansu ba. An shigar da yara 1,039 da matasa a Ingila a gadaje daga gida a cikin 2017-18, da yawa sun yi tafiya sama da mil 100 (kilomita 160) daga gida. Mutane da yawa suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu rikitarwa akai-akai da ke tattare da haɗarin cutar kai ko kashe kansa, kamar matsanancin baƙin ciki, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, rikicewar hankali da rikice-rikicen mutum. A cikin 2017-18 akalla yara 539 da aka tantance suna buƙatar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Tier 3 da matasa sun jira fiye da shekara guda don fara magani, bisa ga binciken ''Jaridar Kula da Lafiya'' wanda ya haifar da rahotanni daga 33 daga cikin amintattun lafiyar kwakwalwa 50. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, akwai yara da matasa 239,715 da aka tura kuma suna jiran kimantawar CAMHS a Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2023 |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2023-wave-4-follow-up |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=NHS England |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da tsarin ƙirar sabis ɗin da aka samar tare, CAMHS mai inganci yana buƙatar: == Tarihi == A Turai da Amurka lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara ba ta zama ƙwarewar likita ba har sai bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila maganin lafiyar yara da matasa ya kasance shekaru da yawa aikin Child Guidance Movement yana aiki bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] tare da hukumomin ilimi na gida kuma sau da yawa yana rinjayar ra'ayoyin psychoanalytic. Shirye-shiryen asibitocin NHS sun ragu a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma an cire su daga tsarin shari'ar matasa. Koyaya adawa da psychoanalysis tare da aikin bincike na farko a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya, wanda masu goyon bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya ba su fahimta ba, ya sa aka watsar da sabis ɗin don tallafawa maganin da ke da tushe da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rutter, Michael |date=1986 |title=Child psychiatry: looking 30 years ahead |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=803–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00202.x |pmid=3793821}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da haskakawar tsarin jagorantar yara masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1990 da kuma manufofin jama'a da NHS ta motsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barrett, Susan |date=2019 |title=From Adult Lunatic Asylums to CAMHS Community Care: the Evolution of Specialist Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents 1948-2018 |journal=Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-3 |volume=XXIV |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.4138 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ci gaban CAMHS a cikin tsarin matakai huɗu ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. A cikin 1998, an fara ayyukan kirkiro na CAMHS guda 24, kuma Dokar Laifi da Rashin Halitta ta 1998 ta kafa ƙungiyoyin matasa masu cin zarafi. A cikin 2000 Shirin Aiwatar da Shirin NHS ya buƙaci kiwon lafiya da hukumomin gida don hada kai don samar da dabarun CAMHS na gida.<ref name="youngminds-2014">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=A brief timeline of CAMHS policy in England |url=http://www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/policy/policy_in_the_uk/camhs_policy_in_england |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913005451/http://www.youngminds.org.uk/training_services/policy/policy_in_the_uk/camhs_policy_in_england |archive-date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2022-08-09 |publisher=YoungMinds}}</ref> Duk da gabatarwar tsarin matakai huɗu a cikin 1995, rahotanni da sake dubawa sun ci gaba da bayyana ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara na Burtaniya a matsayin raguwa, ba a daidaita su ba, masu canji, marasa isa kuma ba su da tushen shaida. Wadannan sun hada da: * Rahoton Hukumar Bincike a cikin 1999 * Binciken CAMHS mai zaman kansa na 2008 * Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya na Ingila * Future in Mind, wani bita na gwamnati na 2015 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da matasa * Kwamishinan Yara na 2016 na Ingila Lightning Review <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Lightning Review: Access to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services |url=https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/resource/lightning-review-access-to-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Children's Commissioner for England |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Rahoton Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Wales na 2018 Daga kimanin shekara ta 2013 zuwa gaba an nuna manyan damuwa game da raguwa a cikin CAMHS, kuma a bayyane yake karuwar buƙata, kuma a cikin 2014 Kwamitin Zaɓin Lafiya na majalisa ya bincika kuma ya ba da rahoton game da tanadi.[1][2] A cikin 2015 gwamnati ta buga bita, kuma ta yi alkawarin karuwar kudade kusan fam miliyan 250 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya ba a rufe kudaden ba kuma tun daga shekara ta 2016 kusan rabin Ƙungiyoyin kwamishinan asibiti na Ingila ne kawai suka kara kudaden CAMHS na gida. [4][5] Kudin CAMHS ya kasance sanannen batu don sanarwar siyasa game da kudade kuma manufar yanzu ita ce kara kudade zuwa matakin da kashi 35% na matasa masu fama da cuta zasu iya karɓar sabis na ƙwararru. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar samfuran sabis daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan canji.[6] A Scotland, tsakanin 2007 da 2016 yawan masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na CAMHS sun ninka sau biyu, suna nuna karuwar bukatar sabis ɗin. Koyaya a watan Satumbar 2020, kashi 53.5% na marasa lafiya na CAMHS a Scotland sun jira alƙawari fiye da makonni 18 da aka yi niyya, kuma a Glasgow matsakaicin lokacin jira ya kasance makonni 26. Manufofin yanzu a Ingila sun dogara ne akan Green Paper (2017) da NHS Mental Health Implementation Plan (2019). Yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rigakafin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma shiga tsakani da wuri, fadada ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin tallafin kwakwalwa na al'umma (ciki har da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta), da kuma ayyukan rikici na 24/7 . Ana sa ran ayyuka za su rufe 0-25s (maimakon 0-17s). Shirin aiwatarwa na 2019 ya rushe ta hanyar annobar COVID-19 wanda ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun CAMHS da tasiri akan kasancewar ma'aikatan da aka horar da su yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Hannah Chu-Han |last2=Ougrin |first2=Dennis |date=5 August 2021 |title=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health services |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e145 |doi=10.1192/bjo.2021.976 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=8353214 |pmid=34348823 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Provider collaboration review: Mental health care of children and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/publications/themes-care/provider-collaboration-review-mental-health-care-children-young-people |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Care Quality Commission}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jagorancin Yara|Jagoran Yara]] * Lafiyar kwakwalwa a Ƙasar Ingila * Amincewa da lafiyar kwakwalwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eekswe3b2x83kg4fv8h5p92jbrmtadj Rashin lafiyar yara 0 154695 846679 2026-06-04T07:50:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351706305|Child psychopathology]]" 846679 wikitext text/x-wiki Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana nufin binciken kimiyya na cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin yara da matasa. Rashin rikice-rikice na adawa, rikice-rikicen rashin kulawa, da rikice-rubuce na autism sune misalai na ilimin halayyar mutum waɗanda galibi ana fara gano su ne a lokacin ƙuruciya.[1] Masu ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara da matasa suna sanar da su ta hanyar bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba, ilimin halayin yara na asibiti, da tsarin iyali. Ana iya samun jerin cututtukan yara da manya a cikin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigat na Ƙasashen Duniya na Cututtuka da Matsalolin Lafiya, 10th Edition (ICD-10), wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga da kuma a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), wanda Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka (APA) ta buga. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da rarrabawar ganewar asali na Lafiya ta Zuciya da Ci gaban Ciwon Yara da Yara (DC: 0-3R) wajen tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan ci gaba a cikin yara har zuwa shekaru biyar.[2] == Dalilan da suka haifar == Halin ilimin halayyar yara yana da bayani da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Yawancin cututtukan hankali a cikin yara sun haɗa da tsarin kwayar halitta da na jiki, kodayake har yanzu akwai da yawa ba tare da wani dalili na jiki ba. Yana da mahimmanci a tattara tushen bayanai da yawa. ''Binciken cututtukan yara yana da ban tsoro. Ci gaba da gasa ne ke rinjayar shi, ban da tushen gargajiya. Tattaunawa da iyaye game da makaranta, da dai sauransu, ba su isa ba. Ko dai rahotanni daga malamai ko lura kai tsaye daga kwararru suna da mahimmanci.'' (marubuci, Robert B. Bloom, Ph.D.) Cututtukan da ke da tsarin jiki ko na halitta sun fi sauƙi a gano su a cikin yara kuma galibi ana gano su a farkon ƙuruciya. Kamar yadda psychopathy ya wanzu a kan bakan, alamun farko na rikicewar na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu yara na iya nuna alamun da ba su da kyau tun suna da shekaru biyu ko uku, yayin da a wasu yara, alamun bazai bayyana ba daga baya a rayuwa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a nuna alamomi kafin shekaru biyu a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn the Signs of Psychopathy |url=https://psychopathyis.org/learn-the-signs/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Psychopathy Is |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai wasu cututtuka, ba tare da la'akari da hanyoyin ba, waɗanda ba a gano su ba har sai sun girma. Har ila yau, akwai dalilin yin imani cewa akwai co-morbidity na cututtuka, a cikin cewa idan akwai wata cuta, sau da yawa akwai wani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattison RE, Mayes SD |year=2012 |title=Relationships between learning disability, executive function, and psychopathology in children with ADHD |journal=J Atten Disord |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–46 |doi=10.1177/1087054710380188 |pmid=20837980 |s2cid=42885224}}</ref> == Damuwa == Matsalar motsin rai ko rauni a cikin dangantakar iyaye da yaro yana haifar da cututtukan yara. Da farko an gani a cikin jarirai, damuwa game da rabuwa a cikin tushen damuwa na iyaye da yara na iya kafa tushe ga cututtukan nan gaba a cikin yara. Akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin damuwa ta uwa da damuwa ta yara wanda aka haɗa a duka biyun a duk lokacin ci gaban matasa.<ref name="Schimizzi">.{{Cite web |last=Schimizzi A |date=August 2011 |title=Maternal Depression and child psychopathology: a two way street |url=http://www.child-psych.org/2011/08/maternal-depression-and-child-psychopathology-a-two-way-street.html |website=child-psych.com}}</ref> A cikin yanayin da mahaifiyar ba ta nan, duk wani mai kula da yaro na farko za a iya gani a matsayin dangantakar "mahaifiyar". Ainihin, yaron zai haɗu da mai kula da farko, kuma yana iya nuna wasu halaye na mai kula. A cikin nazarin yara a cikin shekaru biyu na ciki zuwa shekaru biyar, da shekaru goma sha biyar da shekaru ashirin, Raposa da abokan aiki (2011) sun yi nazarin tasirin ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin dangantakar yaro da uwa da kuma yadda ba kawai damuwa ta uwaye ta shafi yaro ba, amma damuwa ta yaro ta shafi mahaifiyar. A tarihi, an yi imanin cewa uwaye da ke da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya zama dalilin da ya sa yaransu ke da rikice-rikice a baya da kuma daga baya a ci gaba. Koyaya an gano wannan daidaituwa ba kawai yana nuna baƙin ciki na uwa ba a kan ilimin halayyar yara, har ma da ilimin halayya na yara na iya yin tunani game da baƙin ciki na iyaye.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186">{{Cite journal |last=Raposa |first=Elizabeth B. |last2=Hammen |first2=Constance L. |last3=Brennan |first3=Patricia A. |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |issn=0091-0627 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Yara da ke da saurin kamuwa da cututtukan halayyar mutum na iya haifar da damuwa mafi girma a cikin dangantakarsu da mahaifiyarsu, kuma uwaye da ke da cututattun halayyar dan adam na iya haifar le damuwa mafi girma cikin dangantakar da yaransu. Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana haifar da damuwa a cikin iyaye wanda zai iya kara tsananin ilimin halayya a cikin yaro.<ref name="Raposa2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raposa E, Hammen C, Brennan P |year=2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stessors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan abubuwan suna turawa da jan dangantakar don haka suna haifar da matakan baƙin ciki mafi girma, ADHD, rikicewar ƙiyayya, nakasa ta ilmantarwa, da rikicewar ci gaba a cikin uwa da yaro. An samo bayanin da taƙaitaccen wannan binciken a ƙasa: "A kallon damuwa game da yara, yawan binciken lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da suka gabata sun yi hasashen yawan damuwa mai tsanani ga uwaye da kuma damuwa mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro a shekara 15. Wadannan matakan da suka karu na damuwa na uwa da damuwa game da yaro a lokacin da suke da shekaru 15 sannan suka yi hasashen matakan da suka fi girma na baƙin ciki na uwa lokacin da matasa suka kai shekaru 20.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186">{{Cite journal |last=Raposa |first=Elizabeth B. |last2=Hammen |first2=Constance L. |last3=Brennan |first3=Patricia A. |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |issn=0091-0627 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Da yake duban bayanan sosai, marubutan sun gano cewa damuwa ce mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro da kuma damuwa mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da yara waɗanda suka kasance linchpins tsakanin ilimin halayyar yara da baƙin ciki na uwa. Matsi shine abin da ya haifar da gobara tsakanin mahaifiyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Da yake ci gaba da mataki ɗaya, masu binciken sun gano cewa matasa da ke da tarihin ganewar asali fiye da ɗaya da kuma matasa waɗanda ke da rikice-rikicen waje (misali, rikice-rikice na gudanarwa) suna da mafi yawan abubuwan damuwa da suka shafi yara da kuma mafi girman matakan damuwa na uwa da yaro. Har ila yau, duk binciken da aka samu ya tsaya lokacin da aka sarrafa wasu masu canji masu damuwa, kamar damuwa da tattalin arziki da kuma bakin ciki na uwa da ya gabata.<ref name="Raposa2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raposa E, Hammen C, Brennan P |year=2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stessors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> == Halin hali == Matsalar iyaye da ci gaba na yaro shine ra'ayi daya kawai don asalin ilimin halayyar yara. Sauran masana sun yi imanin cewa halin yara babban abu ne a ci gaban ilimin halayyar yara. Babban [[saki]] kamuwa da ilimin halayyar yara yana nunawa ta ƙananan matakan kulawa da kuma matakan motsin rai da Neuroticism. Kashewar iyaye sau da yawa babban abu ne a cikin baƙin ciki na yara da sauran cututtukan hankali.<ref name="Muris2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muris P, Ollendick TH |year=2005 |title=The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y |pmid=16362256 |s2cid=8878958}}</ref> Wannan ya fi haka lokacin da kisan aure ya haɗa da rabuwa mai tsawo kuma ɗayan iyaye suna magana da ɗayan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Katherine |date=2017-09-08 |title=How to Deal With Your Partner's Cheating? |url=https://medium.com/@imkatherine23/how-to-deal-with-your-partners-cheating-2ef809c4df1e |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Wannan ba yana nufin cewa kisan aure zai haifar da cututtukan hankali ba, akwai kuma wasu dalilai kamar yanayin, rauni, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa (misali mutuwa, motsi na gida, cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i), kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da kuma kula da ke da alaƙa da farkon rikici. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin yara na iya kara haɗari ga nau'o'i daban-daban na ilimin halayyar mutum yayin da yake kara yawan barazanar barazana, yana rage amsawa ga lada, kuma yana haifar da rashi a cikin fahimtar motsin rai da fahimta.<ref>Jaffee SR. Child maltreatment and risk for psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 2017 May 8;13:525-551. {{Doi|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005}}</ref> Psychopaths sun bayyana cewa har zuwa kashi 30% na yawan jama'a suna nuna matakai daban-daban na raguwar tausayi, halin da ake ciki na ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma mahimmancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeAngelis |first=Tori |date=March 1, 2022 |title=A broader view of psychopathy |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathy |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> An samo shi a cikin "The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology", wani samfurin ga etiology na ilimin halayyar yara ta Vasey da Dadds (2001) sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa huɗu da ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban cututtukan halayyar mutum sune: 1) abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu: hormones, kwayoyin halitta, neurotransmitters 2) na tunanin mutum: girman kai, ƙwarewar jimrewa, abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta 3) abubuwan zamantakewa: renon iyali, ilmantar da ba su da kyau, da damuwa 4) yanayin yara. Yin amfani da jerin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gaje na jijiyoyi, kimantawar tunanin mutum, tarihin kiwon lafiya na iyali, da lura da yaro a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun na iya taimaka wa likita ya sami asalin cutar ta hanyar cututtukan tunanin mutum don taimakawa wajen sakin yaro daga alamun ta hanyar magani, amfani da magani, horar da ƙwarewar zamantakewa, da canje-canje na salon rayuwa.<ref name="Muris2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muris P, Ollendick TH |year=2005 |title=The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y |pmid=16362256 |s2cid=8878958}}</ref> == Neurology da etiology == Cutar mutuntaka ta iyaka (BPD) tana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan cututtukani da yawa da yaro zai iya tasowa. A cikin tsarin neurobiological, rikicewar halin mutum na iyaka na iya samun tasiri a kan amygdala na hagu. A cikin binciken 2003 na marasa lafiya na BPD da marasa lafiya masu sarrafawa, lokacin da suka fuskanci maganganun da suka kasance masu farin ciki, bakin ciki, ko masu tsoro marasa lafiya na VPD sun nuna ƙarin kunnawa da marasa lafiya na sarrafawa. A cikin fuskoki masu tsaka-tsaki, marasa lafiya na BPD sun danganta halaye marasa kyau ga waɗannan fuskoki.<ref name="Knowlton2005">.{{Cite journal |last=Knowlton L |date=July 2005 |title=Nature Versus Nurture: How Is Child Psychopathology Developed? |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psych/content/article/10168/52541?pageNumber=1 |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=184–201}}</ref> Kamar yadda Gabbard, mai gwaji ya Bayyanawa a cikin wannan binciken: "A hyperactive amygdala na iya shiga cikin ƙaddamarwa don kasancewa mai faɗakarwa da kuma amsawa ga bayyanar motsin rai mai kyau. Kuskuren fuska mai tsaka-tsaki yana da alaƙa da kuskuren canja wurin da ke faruwa a cikin psychotherapy da ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da ke da alaƙa leken ganewa". <ref name="Knowlton2005" /> Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da BPD, shine kasancewar mai jigilar serotonin (5-HTT) a cikin ɗan gajeren allele ya nuna aikin amygdala neuronal mafi girma lokacin da aka gabatar da tsoro kamar yadda aka kwatanta da mutane tare da dogon allele na 5-HTT. Kamar yadda aka samo a cikin Dunedin Longitudinal Study wani ɗan gajeren allele na 5-HTT yana sa mutum ya sami hyperactivity a cikin amygdala don mayar da martani ga rauni, kuma ta haka ne ya daidaita tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa wanda ke haifar da haɗarin baƙin ciki da kuma kyawawan halaye na kashe kansa. Wadannan halaye iri ɗaya ba a lura da su a cikin mutane masu tsawo na 5-HTT ba. Koyaya, yanayin da yaron yake ciki na iya canza tasirin wannan kwayar halitta, yana tabbatar da cewa magani mai kyau, tallafin zamantakewa mai zurfi, da yanayin lafiya da kulawa na iya canza rauni na kwayar halitta.<ref name="Knowlton2005">.{{Cite journal |last=Knowlton L |date=July 2005 |title=Nature Versus Nurture: How Is Child Psychopathology Developed? |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psych/content/article/10168/52541?pageNumber=1 |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=184–201}}</ref> == Manazarta == l5fykx8odokrcdinskwze9fjpjn7gf9 846696 846679 2026-06-04T08:05:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana nufin binciken kimiyya na cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin yara da matasa. Rashin rikice-rikice na adawa, rikice-rikicen rashin kulawa, da rikice-rubuce na autism sune misalai na ilimin halayyar mutum waɗanda galibi ana fara gano su ne a lokacin ƙuruciya.[1] Masu ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara da matasa suna sanar da su ta hanyar bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba, ilimin halayin yara na asibiti, da tsarin iyali. Ana iya samun jerin cututtukan yara da manya a cikin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigat na Ƙasashen Duniya na Cututtuka da Matsalolin Lafiya, 10th Edition (ICD-10), wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga da kuma a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), wanda Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka (APA) ta buga. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da rarrabawar ganewar asali na Lafiya ta Zuciya da Ci gaban Ciwon Yara da Yara (DC: 0-3R) wajen tantance lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan ci gaba a cikin yara har zuwa shekaru biyar.[2] == Dalilan da suka haifar == Halin ilimin halayyar yara yana da bayani da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Yawancin cututtukan hankali a cikin yara sun haɗa da tsarin kwayar halitta da na jiki, kodayake har yanzu akwai da yawa ba tare da wani dalili na jiki ba. Yana da mahimmanci a tattara tushen bayanai da yawa. ''Binciken cututtukan yara yana da ban tsoro. Ci gaba da gasa ne ke rinjayar shi, ban da tushen gargajiya. Tattaunawa da iyaye game da makaranta, da dai sauransu, ba su isa ba. Ko dai rahotanni daga malamai ko lura kai tsaye daga kwararru suna da mahimmanci.'' (marubuci, Robert B. Bloom, Ph.D.) Cututtukan da ke da tsarin jiki ko na halitta sun fi sauƙi a gano su a cikin yara kuma galibi ana gano su a farkon ƙuruciya. Kamar yadda psychopathy ya wanzu a kan bakan, alamun farko na rikicewar na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu yara na iya nuna alamun da ba su da kyau tun suna da shekaru biyu ko uku, yayin da a wasu yara, alamun bazai bayyana ba daga baya a rayuwa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a nuna alamomi kafin shekaru biyu a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn the Signs of Psychopathy |url=https://psychopathyis.org/learn-the-signs/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Psychopathy Is |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai wasu cututtuka, ba tare da la'akari da hanyoyin ba, waɗanda ba a gano su ba har sai sun girma. Har ila yau, akwai dalilin yin imani cewa akwai co-morbidity na cututtuka, a cikin cewa idan akwai wata cuta, sau da yawa akwai wani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mattison RE, Mayes SD |year=2012 |title=Relationships between learning disability, executive function, and psychopathology in children with ADHD |journal=J Atten Disord |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–46 |doi=10.1177/1087054710380188 |pmid=20837980 |s2cid=42885224}}</ref> == Damuwa == Matsalar motsin rai ko rauni a cikin dangantakar iyaye da yaro yana haifar da cututtukan yara. Da farko an gani a cikin jarirai, damuwa game da rabuwa a cikin tushen damuwa na iyaye da yara na iya kafa tushe ga cututtukan nan gaba a cikin yara. Akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin damuwa ta uwa da damuwa ta yara wanda aka haɗa a duka biyun a duk lokacin ci gaban matasa.<ref name="Schimizzi">.{{Cite web |last=Schimizzi A |date=August 2011 |title=Maternal Depression and child psychopathology: a two way street |url=http://www.child-psych.org/2011/08/maternal-depression-and-child-psychopathology-a-two-way-street.html |website=child-psych.com}}</ref> A cikin yanayin da mahaifiyar ba ta nan, duk wani mai kula da yaro na farko za a iya gani a matsayin dangantakar "mahaifiyar". Ainihin, yaron zai haɗu da mai kula da farko, kuma yana iya nuna wasu halaye na mai kula. A cikin nazarin yara a cikin shekaru biyu na ciki zuwa shekaru biyar, da shekaru goma sha biyar da shekaru ashirin, Raposa da abokan aiki (2011) sun yi nazarin tasirin ilimin halayyar mutum a cikin dangantakar yaro da uwa da kuma yadda ba kawai damuwa ta uwaye ta shafi yaro ba, amma damuwa ta yaro ta shafi mahaifiyar. A tarihi, an yi imanin cewa uwaye da ke da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya zama dalilin da ya sa yaransu ke da rikice-rikice a baya da kuma daga baya a ci gaba. Koyaya an gano wannan daidaituwa ba kawai yana nuna baƙin ciki na uwa ba a kan ilimin halayyar yara, har ma da ilimin halayya na yara na iya yin tunani game da baƙin ciki na iyaye.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186">{{Cite journal |last=Raposa |first=Elizabeth B. |last2=Hammen |first2=Constance L. |last3=Brennan |first3=Patricia A. |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |issn=0091-0627 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Yara da ke da saurin kamuwa da cututtukan halayyar mutum na iya haifar da damuwa mafi girma a cikin dangantakarsu da mahaifiyarsu, kuma uwaye da ke da cututattun halayyar dan adam na iya haifar le damuwa mafi girma cikin dangantakar da yaransu. Ilimin ilimin halayyar yara yana haifar da damuwa a cikin iyaye wanda zai iya kara tsananin ilimin halayya a cikin yaro.<ref name="Raposa2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raposa E, Hammen C, Brennan P |year=2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stessors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Tare, waɗannan abubuwan suna turawa da jan dangantakar don haka suna haifar da matakan baƙin ciki mafi girma, ADHD, rikicewar ƙiyayya, nakasa ta ilmantarwa, da rikicewar ci gaba a cikin uwa da yaro. An samo bayanin da taƙaitaccen wannan binciken a ƙasa: "A kallon damuwa game da yara, yawan binciken lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da suka gabata sun yi hasashen yawan damuwa mai tsanani ga uwaye da kuma damuwa mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro a shekara 15. Wadannan matakan da suka karu na damuwa na uwa da damuwa game da yaro a lokacin da suke da shekaru 15 sannan suka yi hasashen matakan da suka fi girma na baƙin ciki na uwa lokacin da matasa suka kai shekaru 20.<ref name="Raposa 1177–1186">{{Cite journal |last=Raposa |first=Elizabeth B. |last2=Hammen |first2=Constance L. |last3=Brennan |first3=Patricia A. |date=November 2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |issn=0091-0627 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> Da yake duban bayanan sosai, marubutan sun gano cewa damuwa ce mai tsanani a cikin dangantakar uwa da yaro da kuma damuwa mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da yara waɗanda suka kasance linchpins tsakanin ilimin halayyar yara da baƙin ciki na uwa. Matsi shine abin da ya haifar da gobara tsakanin mahaifiyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Da yake ci gaba da mataki ɗaya, masu binciken sun gano cewa matasa da ke da tarihin ganewar asali fiye da ɗaya da kuma matasa waɗanda ke da rikice-rikicen waje (misali, rikice-rikice na gudanarwa) suna da mafi yawan abubuwan damuwa da suka shafi yara da kuma mafi girman matakan damuwa na uwa da yaro. Har ila yau, duk binciken da aka samu ya tsaya lokacin da aka sarrafa wasu masu canji masu damuwa, kamar damuwa da tattalin arziki da kuma bakin ciki na uwa da ya gabata.<ref name="Raposa2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raposa E, Hammen C, Brennan P |year=2011 |title=Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stessors |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1186 |doi=10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0 |pmc=3378678 |pmid=21735051}}</ref> == Halin hali == Matsalar iyaye da ci gaba na yaro shine ra'ayi daya kawai don asalin ilimin halayyar yara. Sauran masana sun yi imanin cewa halin yara babban abu ne a ci gaban ilimin halayyar yara. Babban [[saki]] kamuwa da ilimin halayyar yara yana nunawa ta ƙananan matakan kulawa da kuma matakan motsin rai da Neuroticism. Kashewar iyaye sau da yawa babban abu ne a cikin baƙin ciki na yara da sauran cututtukan hankali.<ref name="Muris2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muris P, Ollendick TH |year=2005 |title=The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y |pmid=16362256 |s2cid=8878958}}</ref> Wannan ya fi haka lokacin da kisan aure ya haɗa da rabuwa mai tsawo kuma ɗayan iyaye suna magana da ɗayan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Katherine |date=2017-09-08 |title=How to Deal With Your Partner's Cheating? |url=https://medium.com/@imkatherine23/how-to-deal-with-your-partners-cheating-2ef809c4df1e |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Wannan ba yana nufin cewa kisan aure zai haifar da cututtukan hankali ba, akwai kuma wasu dalilai kamar yanayin, rauni, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa (misali mutuwa, motsi na gida, cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i), kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da kuma kula da ke da alaƙa da farkon rikici. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin yara na iya kara haɗari ga nau'o'i daban-daban na ilimin halayyar mutum yayin da yake kara yawan barazanar barazana, yana rage amsawa ga lada, kuma yana haifar da rashi a cikin fahimtar motsin rai da fahimta.<ref>Jaffee SR. Child maltreatment and risk for psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 2017 May 8;13:525-551. {{Doi|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005}}</ref> Psychopaths sun bayyana cewa har zuwa kashi 30% na yawan jama'a suna nuna matakai daban-daban na raguwar tausayi, halin da ake ciki na ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma mahimmancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeAngelis |first=Tori |date=March 1, 2022 |title=A broader view of psychopathy |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/03/ce-corner-psychopathy |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> An samo shi a cikin "The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology", wani samfurin ga etiology na ilimin halayyar yara ta Vasey da Dadds (2001) sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa huɗu da ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban cututtukan halayyar mutum sune: 1) abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu: hormones, kwayoyin halitta, neurotransmitters 2) na tunanin mutum: girman kai, ƙwarewar jimrewa, abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta 3) abubuwan zamantakewa: renon iyali, ilmantar da ba su da kyau, da damuwa 4) yanayin yara. Yin amfani da jerin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gaje na jijiyoyi, kimantawar tunanin mutum, tarihin kiwon lafiya na iyali, da lura da yaro a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun na iya taimaka wa likita ya sami asalin cutar ta hanyar cututtukan tunanin mutum don taimakawa wajen sakin yaro daga alamun ta hanyar magani, amfani da magani, horar da ƙwarewar zamantakewa, da canje-canje na salon rayuwa.<ref name="Muris2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Muris P, Ollendick TH |year=2005 |title=The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology |journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=271–289 |doi=10.1007/s10567-005-8809-y |pmid=16362256 |s2cid=8878958}}</ref> == Neurology da etiology == Cutar mutuntaka ta iyaka (BPD) tana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan cututtukani da yawa da yaro zai iya tasowa. A cikin tsarin neurobiological, rikicewar halin mutum na iyaka na iya samun tasiri a kan amygdala na hagu. A cikin binciken 2003 na marasa lafiya na BPD da marasa lafiya masu sarrafawa, lokacin da suka fuskanci maganganun da suka kasance masu farin ciki, bakin ciki, ko masu tsoro marasa lafiya na VPD sun nuna ƙarin kunnawa da marasa lafiya na sarrafawa. A cikin fuskoki masu tsaka-tsaki, marasa lafiya na BPD sun danganta halaye marasa kyau ga waɗannan fuskoki.<ref name="Knowlton2005">.{{Cite journal |last=Knowlton L |date=July 2005 |title=Nature Versus Nurture: How Is Child Psychopathology Developed? |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psych/content/article/10168/52541?pageNumber=1 |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=184–201}}</ref> Kamar yadda Gabbard, mai gwaji ya Bayyanawa a cikin wannan binciken: "A hyperactive amygdala na iya shiga cikin ƙaddamarwa don kasancewa mai faɗakarwa da kuma amsawa ga bayyanar motsin rai mai kyau. Kuskuren fuska mai tsaka-tsaki yana da alaƙa da kuskuren canja wurin da ke faruwa a cikin psychotherapy da ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da ke da alaƙa leken ganewa". <ref name="Knowlton2005" /> Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da BPD, shine kasancewar mai jigilar serotonin (5-HTT) a cikin ɗan gajeren allele ya nuna aikin amygdala neuronal mafi girma lokacin da aka gabatar da tsoro kamar yadda aka kwatanta da mutane tare da dogon allele na 5-HTT. Kamar yadda aka samo a cikin Dunedin Longitudinal Study wani ɗan gajeren allele na 5-HTT yana sa mutum ya sami hyperactivity a cikin amygdala don mayar da martani ga rauni, kuma ta haka ne ya daidaita tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa wanda ke haifar da haɗarin baƙin ciki da kuma kyawawan halaye na kashe kansa. Wadannan halaye iri ɗaya ba a lura da su a cikin mutane masu tsawo na 5-HTT ba. Koyaya, yanayin da yaron yake ciki na iya canza tasirin wannan kwayar halitta, yana tabbatar da cewa magani mai kyau, tallafin zamantakewa mai zurfi, da yanayin lafiya da kulawa na iya canza rauni na kwayar halitta.<ref name="Knowlton2005">.{{Cite journal |last=Knowlton L |date=July 2005 |title=Nature Versus Nurture: How Is Child Psychopathology Developed? |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psych/content/article/10168/52541?pageNumber=1 |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=184–201}}</ref> == Manazarta == k84sebde36h2p7szrmiiml5wwo2bwqv Rashin ruwa na Wemmershoek 0 154696 846680 2026-06-04T07:50:44Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003854|Wemmershoek Dam]]" 846680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu wadda take a [[Wemmershoek River|kogin Wemmershoek]] kusa da Franschhoek da Paarl a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An gina ta tsakanin 1953 da 1957 a madadin birnin Cape Town . Tana da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarfin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} , tana samar da kusan kashi 6.5% na ƙarfin ajiya na [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]] wanda ke samar da kayayyaki ga [[Cape Town]] da kewaye. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1882, masanin binciken ruwa na Cape Colony ya ba da rahoto game da yuwuwar kwarin Wemmershoek don samar da ruwa. A shekarar 1899, majalisar birni ta Woodstock, wacce a lokacin take da wani yanki mai zaman kansa na Cape Town, ta fara siyan fili a Wemmershoek da nufin gina ma'ajiyar ruwa. A shekarar 1907, majalisun Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch da Claremont sun sami kudirin sirri daga majalisar mulkin mallaka wanda ya ba da izinin gina ƙaramin madatsar ruwa a Wemmershoek. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> A shekarar 1913, an haɗa ƙananan hukumomi huɗu na birnin Cape Town cikin birnin Cape Town, waɗanda suka karɓi haƙƙinsu a Wemmershoek. Karancin ruwa ya sa Cape Town, wadda har zuwa lokacin ta dogara da ruwa daga Dutsen Table, ta sami tushen ruwa daga wajen Cape Peninsula. Manyan 'yan takara biyu sune magudanar ruwa ta Wemmershoek da kuma magudanar ruwa ta Steenbras a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland . Kuri'ar raba gardama ta masu biyan kuɗi ta yanke hukunci kan Steenbras wanda ya haifar da gina [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da aka fara a 1918. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a biranen Cape Town, birnin ya sake buƙatar neman ƙarin ruwa. An farfaɗo da shirin Wemmershoek, kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da wani sabon kudiri na sirri a shekarar 1951 don gina babban madatsar ruwa. An fara ginin a shekarar 1953 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1957. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> == Halaye == Bangon madatsar ruwa na da irin dutsen da aka cika da shi, kuma yana da tushen yumbu. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Tsawonsa {{Convert|518|m}}tsawon da {{Convert|55|m}} tsayi a mafi tsayin wurin. Madatsar ruwan ta kama ma'ajiyar ruwa mai nauyin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} wanda idan ya cika, ya mamaye yanki mai fadin {{Convert|296|ha}} . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi a tsaunukan Wemmershoek ya mamaye fadin {{Convert|86|km2}} . <ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |date=November 2019 |title=List of Registered Dams |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation}}</ref> Hasumiyar shiga ruwa tana jawo ruwa zuwa bututun da ke samar da wurin tace ruwa a ƙasan madatsar ruwa. Ana fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin Wemmershoek ta hanyar [[Hanyar Zube|magudanar ruwa]] mai sarrafa ƙofa tare da matsakaicin kwararar {{Convert|1065|m3/s}} . <ref name="TWW" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == cbmsb6lnmtu19cw1zw7blp9tb2mey5a 846682 846680 2026-06-04T07:51:24Z Engineer014 44591 846682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu wadda take a [[Wemmershoek River|kogin Wemmershoek]] kusa da Franschhoek da Paarl a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An gina ta tsakanin 1953 da 1957 a madadin birnin Cape Town . Tana da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarfin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} , tana samar da kusan kashi 6.5% na ƙarfin ajiya na [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]] wanda ke samar da kayayyaki ga [[Cape Town]] da kewaye. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1882, masanin binciken ruwa na Cape Colony ya ba da rahoto game da yuwuwar kwarin Wemmershoek don samar da ruwa. A shekarar 1899, majalisar birni ta Woodstock, wacce a lokacin take da wani yanki mai zaman kansa na Cape Town, ta fara siyan fili a Wemmershoek da nufin gina ma'ajiyar ruwa. A shekarar 1907, majalisun Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch da Claremont sun sami kudirin sirri daga majalisar mulkin mallaka wanda ya ba da izinin gina ƙaramin madatsar ruwa a Wemmershoek. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> A shekarar 1913, an haɗa ƙananan hukumomi huɗu na birnin Cape Town cikin birnin Cape Town, waɗanda suka karɓi haƙƙinsu a Wemmershoek. Karancin ruwa ya sa Cape Town, wadda har zuwa lokacin ta dogara da ruwa daga Dutsen Table, ta sami tushen ruwa daga wajen Cape Peninsula. Manyan 'yan takara biyu sune magudanar ruwa ta Wemmershoek da kuma magudanar ruwa ta Steenbras a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland . Kuri'ar raba gardama ta masu biyan kuɗi ta yanke hukunci kan Steenbras wanda ya haifar da gina [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da aka fara a 1918. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a biranen Cape Town, birnin ya sake buƙatar neman ƙarin ruwa. An farfaɗo da shirin Wemmershoek, kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da wani sabon kudiri na sirri a shekarar 1951 don gina babban madatsar ruwa. An fara ginin a shekarar 1953 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1957. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> == Halaye == Bangon madatsar ruwa na da irin dutsen da aka cika da shi, kuma yana da tushen yumbu. <ref name="TWW">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Lani |date=March 2010 |title=Wemmershoek – 75 years in the making |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2010_02_March-April%2010.pdf |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |volume=9 |pages=18–22 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Tsawonsa {{Convert|518|m}}tsawon da {{Convert|55|m}} tsayi a mafi tsayin wurin. Madatsar ruwan ta kama ma'ajiyar ruwa mai nauyin {{Convert|58644|Ml}} wanda idan ya cika, ya mamaye yanki mai fadin {{Convert|296|ha}} . Yankin da ke kewaye da shi a tsaunukan Wemmershoek ya mamaye fadin {{Convert|86|km2}} . <ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |date=November 2019 |title=List of Registered Dams |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation}}</ref> Hasumiyar shiga ruwa tana jawo ruwa zuwa bututun da ke samar da wurin tace ruwa a ƙasan madatsar ruwa. Ana fitar da ruwa zuwa Kogin Wemmershoek ta hanyar [[Hanyar Zube|magudanar ruwa]] mai sarrafa ƙofa tare da matsakaicin kwararar {{Convert|1065|m3/s}} . <ref name="TWW" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == shcfbjhh94mu61hp8uzqkylg3kyfimt Tunatarwa tun yana yaro 0 154697 846681 2026-06-04T07:51:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294569222|Childhood memory]]" 846681 wikitext text/x-wiki Tunatarwar yara tana nufin tunanin da aka kafa a lokacin ƙuruciya. Daga cikin sauran matsayinta, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana aiki don jagorantar halin yanzu da kuma hango hasashen sakamako na gaba. Tunatarwa a cikin ƙuruciya ya bambanta da yawa daga tunanin da aka kafa kuma aka dawo da shi a ƙarshen ƙuruciya da shekarun [[Baligi|manya]]. Binciken ƙwaƙwalwa yara ya kasance kwanan nan dangane da nazarin wasu nau'ikan Hanyoyin fahimta da ke haifar da halayyar. Fahimtar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen Tunawa da yara kuma daga baya aka dawo da su yana da muhimmiyar tasiri a wurare da yawa. Bincike game da ƙwaƙwalwar yara ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar su ƙwaƙwalyar yara da hanyoyin dawowa dangane da waɗanda ke cikin manya, rikice-rikice da ke kewaye da amnesia na yara da gaskiyar cewa manya suna da mummunan tunanin tunaninsu na ƙuruciya, hanyoyin da yanayin makaranta da yanayin [[iyali]] ke rinjayar ƙwaƙwalwa, da hanyoyin da za a iya inganta ƙwaƙwalwarsa a ƙuruciya don inganta fahimtar gaba ɗaya, aiki a makaranta, da jin daɗi, duka a ƙuruci da ƙuruciya. [[Fayil:Paulsen-Gym-_Mutter_Erde_fec.jpg|alt=A sculpture of thinking boy.|thumb|Hoton da aka yi a kusa da 1910. Za a same shi a ƙofar [[:de:Paulsen-Gymnasium|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="25" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Paulsen-Gymnasium"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Paulsen-Gymnasium"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Paulsen-Gymnasium?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Paulsen-Gymnasium" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Paulsen-Gymnasium [de], Berlin-Steglitz.</nowiki>]] == Ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a ƙuruciya == [[File:Eugene_Francois_de_Block_Lehrer_mit_Schulklasse.jpg|alt=Deutsch: Lehrer in einer Grundschulklasse. Öl/Holz. 25,5 x 31&nbsp;cm. Sign. und 1866 dat. Date 1866 Source Auktionshaus Zeller Eugène-François de Block (1812–1893).|thumb|Schoolchildren in Belgian painting by [[Eugène-François de Block]], 1866.]] Abubuwan tunawa da yara suna da halaye na musamman da yawa. masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Endel Tulving yana nufin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin "tafiye-tafiye na hankali", tsari na musamman ga mutane. Koyaya, tunanin farko suna da ban sha'awa daga hangen nesa na wani babba yana ƙoƙarin tunawa da ƙuruciyarsa cikin zurfi. Sanin duniya wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda za'a iya karya shi zuwa ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwaƙwallar ƙwaƙwalwarsa da ƙwaƙwalantar abin da ya faru. Yawancin mutane ba su da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kafin shekaru uku, kuma kaɗan daga cikin abubuwan tunawa tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa shida, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar nazarin maɓallin mantuwa a cikin manya da ke tunawa da tunanin yara.[1] Binciken ƙwaƙwalwar yara ya kasance kwanan nan, bayan ya sami babban sha'awar kimiyya a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar yara. Har zuwa kwanan nan, an yi tunanin cewa yara suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai kuma cewa "ƙididdigar ƙira" ta hana dawo da tunaninsu na farko.<ref name="Ne" /> Sabbin bincike sun nuna cewa yara ƙanana suna tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ana iya tunawa da waɗannan abubuwan dalla-dalla daga ƙuruciya da shekaru biyu da ra'ayi.<ref name="Ne" /> Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa yara suna tunawa da bayanai daga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru amma gabaɗaya ba sa adana abubuwan da suka dace. Sabanin binciken da ya gabata, sabon bincike ya nuna cewa yara na iya tunawa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa shekaru biyu kafin farawar abubuwan da suka gabata na Tarihin rayuwa da manya suka ruwaito.<ref name="Ne" /> Wannan binciken yana jayayya da ka'idar [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] cewa ana hana tunanin farko saboda mummunan abubuwan da ke cikin motsin rai. Wani tsohuwar ra'ayi da aka jefa cikin tambaya shine na fitattun masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Daniel Schacter (1974) da Ulrich Neisser (1962), waɗanda suka yi la'akari da cewa an manta da tunanin saboda tsarin fahimta ya canza tsakanin ƙuruciya da balaga, ma'ana cewa bayanai sun ɓace tare da sake gina abubuwan da suka faru na yara saboda tsarin yanzu (babba) bai dace ba. Shirye-shiryen suna canzawa sosai a kusa da shekaru shida saboda zamantakewa da ci gaban harshe. Koyaya, kamar yadda katherine Nelson ya nuna wannan ka'idar ta sami zargi.<ref name="Ne" /> Bayanan kwanan nan sun nuna cewa tsarin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ba su da bambanci sosai daga na tsofaffi ko na manya, ma'ana cewa hanyoyin wakilci da fassara gaskiyar ba su canza sosai daga ƙuruciya zuwa balaga. Gwaje-gwaje na yara ƙanana da manya sun nuna cewa a cikin dukkan rukunin shekaru, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana nuna tsari iri ɗaya na dalilin-da-sakamakon.<ref name="Ne" /> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar ita ce tunanin yara ya bambanta da tunanin manya galibi a cikin abin da aka lura: babba da yaro da ke fuskantar wani taron dukansu sun lura da bangarori daban-daban na taron, kuma za su sami tunanin daban-daban game da wannan taron.<ref name="Ne" /> Misali, yaro bazai nuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki ba ga abubuwan da babba zai gani a matsayin sabon abu, kamar haihuwa ɗan'uwa, ko tafiyar jirgin sama don ziyartar dangi. Sabanin haka, yara suna nuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarfi ga fannoni na abubuwan da manya suka ga ba su da ban mamaki. Sabili da haka, ra'ayin tsarin tsari na amnesia na yara na iya zama bai isa ba don bayyana abin da ake tunawa kuma daga baya aka tunatar da shi.<ref name="Ne" /> Wata ka'idar da ta sami kulawa ita ce tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa na ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar rayuwa, ko kuma hanyar da hulɗar jama'a ke tasiri ga ikon tunawa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mahallin labarin rayuwa. Misali na hulɗar zamantakewa ya bayyana yadda yaro ke haɓaka ikon gina abubuwan tunawa a matsayin labarun lokacin da yaro ke da damar tattauna abubuwan da suka faru tare da wasu, kamar iyaye. Hanyar Iyaye tana da matukar dacewa da wannan ka'idar. Misali, iyaye daban-daban za su tambayi lambobi daban-daban na tambayoyin da suka shafi ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, za su yi ƙoƙari su haifar da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwa daban-daban, kuma za su tsara tattaunawar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Nelson (1992) ya bayyana nau'ikan iyaye daban-daban guda biyu: pragmatic da bayani. Iyaye masu amfani da kayan aiki suna amfani da umarni na kayan aiki waɗanda suka dace da aikin da yaron ke yi, yayin da iyaye mata masu zurfi ke gina labarai tare da yaro game da abin da su da yaron suka yi tare. Wani salon da ya dace yana samar da cikakkun abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="Ne" /> Wannan mai bincike wanda ya sami waɗannan sakamakon ya kuma yi nuni ga binciken Tessler (1986, 1991) na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya. A cikin waɗannan karatun, an kai yara tafiya zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya. Bayan mako guda, an tuno da bangarorin tafiyar da abubuwan da aka gani a gidan kayan gargajiya ne kawai idan an tattauna su a lokacin tafiyar. Ba a tuna da abubuwan da ba a tattauna game da su ba.<ref name="Ne" /> Kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka gabata sun ba da shawarar cewa rawar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke takawa, sabon bincike ya nuna cewa rawar da take takawa na iya zama sake dawowa. A cikin mahallin karatun [[Infant memory|ƙwaƙwalwar jariri]], amsar da aka koya (misali: wasa tare da wayar hannu) wanda in ba haka ba za a iya dawo da shi idan an sake gabatar da mahallin a cikin wani lokaci. A wannan ma'anar, maimaitawa baki game da abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin yaro da memba na iyali na iya zama don sake dawo da mahallin fahimta na ainihin taron. == Ka tuna == Irin abubuwan tunawa da yara da babba ke tunawa na iya danganta da mutuntaka. Bincike kan yara da ma'ana da ke tunawa da tunanin yara ba a kafa shi sosai ba. Koyaya, an ba da hankali sosai don kimanta ingancin dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don tunawa da tunanin farko, musamman a yanayin da daidaito na tunawa yake da mahimmanci. Wasu mutane suna da'awar suna da tunanin da ke da kyau tun daga ƙuruciya, yayin da wasu ke tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa da suka fara a kusa da shekaru biyar. Canje-canje waɗanda ke shafar shekarun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta farko sun haɗa da yanayin iyali na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan abu shine salon tunatarwa na uwa. Akwai ci gaba mai tsawo a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin rayuwa a cikin yara waɗanda mahaifiyarsu suka yi amfani da salon tattaunawa mai zurfi bayan sun fuskanci wani abu tare da yaron.<ref name="Fi">Fiona, J., MacDonald, S., Reese, E., Hayne, H. (2009). Maternal Reminiscing Style During Early Childhood Predicts the Age of Adolescents' Earliest Memories. Child Development, 80(2), 496-505. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01274.x}}</ref> Tunatarwa ta rayuwa tana inganta tare da shekaru tare da ilimin duniya da kuma ikon gina labarin rayuwa mai jituwa, amma shekaru da jinsi na iya rinjayar ikon tunawa da tunanin farko. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa tsofaffin matasa da mata suna aiki mafi kyau a kan ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin rayuwa da ƙwaƙwalwa don abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau da kullun, saboda mata suna ba da ƙarin motsin rai, daidai, mai haske, da kuma cikakkun abubuwan tunawa, kodayake yanayin goyon baya mai girma (tambayoyi masu gwaji) sun rage wannan bambancin jima'i.<ref name="Wil">Willoughby, K.A., Desrocher, M., Levine, B., Rovet, J.F. (2012). Episodic and Semantic Autobiographical Memory and Everyday Myemory during Late Childhood and Early Adolescence. Front Psychology, 3(53). {{Doi|10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00053}}</ref> Gaskiyar tunanin tunatarwa na yara a cikin balaga shine batun bincike mai zurfi da muhawara. Akwai rikice-rikice game da sahihancin tunanin da aka dawo da shi, musamman a cikin mahallin cin zarafin yara ko rauni, kamar daidaito mai muhawara na dawo da tunanin damuwa wanda aka manta da shi a baya saboda kulawar hanawa. Saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ce, ana iya tunawa da tunanin ƙarya. Za a iya yin kurakurai ko da tare da ainihin tunanin lokacin da babba ya fahimci cikakkun bayanai, an ba shi cikakkun bayanai game da dawowa, ko kuma ya tuna da cikakkun bayanai saboda ikon shawarwari daga mai warkarwa.<ref name="Ge">Geraerts, E., Lindsay, D.S, Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., Raymaekers, L., Arnold, M.M., Schooler, J.W. (2009). Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Recovered-Memory Experiences of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Psychological Science, 20(1), 92-98. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02247.x}}</ref> Kwarewar fahimta, mutuntaka, hulɗa tare da mai warkarwa, da bambance-bambance na kwayoyin halitta suma suna taka rawa a cikin nau'ikan tunanin da wani babba ya tuna da kuma yadda waɗannan tunanin suke daidai.<ref name="Zhu">Zhu, B., Chen, C., Loftus, E.F., Lin, C., He, Q., Li, H., Moyzis, R.K., Lessard, J., Dong, Q. (2010). Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 889-894. {{Doi|10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.016}}</ref> == Ilimin jijiyoyin jiki == Ayyukan dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban sun haɗa da hanyoyin fahimta daban-daban. Dangane da ka'idar dual-coding, ana iya nazarin fahimtar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar hanyoyin fahimta guda biyu: tunawa da saba. sani ba shi da mahallin, ko kuma mai zaman kansa daga mahallin da aka tsara motsawa, kuma yana damuwa ko mutum "ya san" cewa sun haɗu da motsawa a baya. Tunatarwa ya dogara da mahallin a kan cikakkun bayanai da suka dace da shigar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin "tunanin" wani abu. A cikin tsaka-tsaki na tsakiya, ana danganta sanarwa da yankin perirhinal yayin da tunawa ke da alaƙa da hippocampus. Yankunan Cortical da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan tunawa (jin "tafiye-tafiye na lokaci" a cewar Tulving) sun haɗa da lobes na gaba, yayin da rashin sani "sanin" na iya kasancewa a wasu wurare. An riga an ga rarraba tunawa da saba a cikin yara masu shekaru 7-8 yayin da suke girma zuwa balaga.<ref name="ri">Riggins, T., Miller, N.C., Bauer, P.J., Georgieff, M.K., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Electrophysiological indices of memory for temporal order in early childhood: implications for the development of recollection. Developmental Science, 12(2), 209-219. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00757.x}}</ref> == Manazarta == cq277j0gebsdw6qfnxvyf8tlkc4drz1 846697 846681 2026-06-04T08:06:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tunatarwar yara tana nufin tunanin da aka kafa a lokacin ƙuruciya. Daga cikin sauran matsayinta, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana aiki don jagorantar halin yanzu da kuma hango hasashen sakamako na gaba. Tunatarwa a cikin ƙuruciya ya bambanta da yawa daga tunanin da aka kafa kuma aka dawo da shi a ƙarshen ƙuruciya da shekarun [[Baligi|manya]]. Binciken ƙwaƙwalwa yara ya kasance kwanan nan dangane da nazarin wasu nau'ikan Hanyoyin fahimta da ke haifar da halayyar. Fahimtar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen Tunawa da yara kuma daga baya aka dawo da su yana da muhimmiyar tasiri a wurare da yawa. Bincike game da ƙwaƙwalwar yara ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar su ƙwaƙwalyar yara da hanyoyin dawowa dangane da waɗanda ke cikin manya, rikice-rikice da ke kewaye da amnesia na yara da gaskiyar cewa manya suna da mummunan tunanin tunaninsu na ƙuruciya, hanyoyin da yanayin makaranta da yanayin [[iyali]] ke rinjayar ƙwaƙwalwa, da hanyoyin da za a iya inganta ƙwaƙwalwarsa a ƙuruciya don inganta fahimtar gaba ɗaya, aiki a makaranta, da jin daɗi, duka a ƙuruci da ƙuruciya. [[Fayil:Paulsen-Gym-_Mutter_Erde_fec.jpg|alt=A sculpture of thinking boy.|thumb|Hoton da aka yi a kusa da 1910. Za a same shi a ƙofar [[:de:Paulsen-Gymnasium|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="25" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Paulsen-Gymnasium"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Paulsen-Gymnasium"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Paulsen-Gymnasium?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Paulsen-Gymnasium" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Paulsen-Gymnasium [de], Berlin-Steglitz.</nowiki>]] == Ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a ƙuruciya == [[File:Eugene_Francois_de_Block_Lehrer_mit_Schulklasse.jpg|alt=Deutsch: Lehrer in einer Grundschulklasse. Öl/Holz. 25,5 x 31&nbsp;cm. Sign. und 1866 dat. Date 1866 Source Auktionshaus Zeller Eugène-François de Block (1812–1893).|thumb|Schoolchildren in Belgian painting by [[Eugène-François de Block]], 1866.]] Abubuwan tunawa da yara suna da halaye na musamman da yawa. masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Endel Tulving yana nufin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin "tafiye-tafiye na hankali", tsari na musamman ga mutane. Koyaya, tunanin farko suna da ban sha'awa daga hangen nesa na wani babba yana ƙoƙarin tunawa da ƙuruciyarsa cikin zurfi. Sanin duniya wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda za'a iya karya shi zuwa ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwaƙwallar ƙwaƙwalwarsa da ƙwaƙwalantar abin da ya faru. Yawancin mutane ba su da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kafin shekaru uku, kuma kaɗan daga cikin abubuwan tunawa tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa shida, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar nazarin maɓallin mantuwa a cikin manya da ke tunawa da tunanin yara.[1] Binciken ƙwaƙwalwar yara ya kasance kwanan nan, bayan ya sami babban sha'awar kimiyya a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar yara. Har zuwa kwanan nan, an yi tunanin cewa yara suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai kuma cewa "ƙididdigar ƙira" ta hana dawo da tunaninsu na farko.<ref name="Ne" /> Sabbin bincike sun nuna cewa yara ƙanana suna tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ana iya tunawa da waɗannan abubuwan dalla-dalla daga ƙuruciya da shekaru biyu da ra'ayi.<ref name="Ne" /> Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa yara suna tunawa da bayanai daga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru amma gabaɗaya ba sa adana abubuwan da suka dace. Sabanin binciken da ya gabata, sabon bincike ya nuna cewa yara na iya tunawa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa shekaru biyu kafin farawar abubuwan da suka gabata na Tarihin rayuwa da manya suka ruwaito.<ref name="Ne" /> Wannan binciken yana jayayya da ka'idar [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] cewa ana hana tunanin farko saboda mummunan abubuwan da ke cikin motsin rai. Wani tsohuwar ra'ayi da aka jefa cikin tambaya shine na fitattun masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Daniel Schacter (1974) da Ulrich Neisser (1962), waɗanda suka yi la'akari da cewa an manta da tunanin saboda tsarin fahimta ya canza tsakanin ƙuruciya da balaga, ma'ana cewa bayanai sun ɓace tare da sake gina abubuwan da suka faru na yara saboda tsarin yanzu (babba) bai dace ba. Shirye-shiryen suna canzawa sosai a kusa da shekaru shida saboda zamantakewa da ci gaban harshe. Koyaya, kamar yadda katherine Nelson ya nuna wannan ka'idar ta sami zargi.<ref name="Ne" /> Bayanan kwanan nan sun nuna cewa tsarin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ba su da bambanci sosai daga na tsofaffi ko na manya, ma'ana cewa hanyoyin wakilci da fassara gaskiyar ba su canza sosai daga ƙuruciya zuwa balaga. Gwaje-gwaje na yara ƙanana da manya sun nuna cewa a cikin dukkan rukunin shekaru, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana nuna tsari iri ɗaya na dalilin-da-sakamakon.<ref name="Ne" /> Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar ita ce tunanin yara ya bambanta da tunanin manya galibi a cikin abin da aka lura: babba da yaro da ke fuskantar wani taron dukansu sun lura da bangarori daban-daban na taron, kuma za su sami tunanin daban-daban game da wannan taron.<ref name="Ne" /> Misali, yaro bazai nuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki ba ga abubuwan da babba zai gani a matsayin sabon abu, kamar haihuwa ɗan'uwa, ko tafiyar jirgin sama don ziyartar dangi. Sabanin haka, yara suna nuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙarfi ga fannoni na abubuwan da manya suka ga ba su da ban mamaki. Sabili da haka, ra'ayin tsarin tsari na amnesia na yara na iya zama bai isa ba don bayyana abin da ake tunawa kuma daga baya aka tunatar da shi.<ref name="Ne" /> Wata ka'idar da ta sami kulawa ita ce tsarin hulɗar zamantakewa na ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar rayuwa, ko kuma hanyar da hulɗar jama'a ke tasiri ga ikon tunawa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mahallin labarin rayuwa. Misali na hulɗar zamantakewa ya bayyana yadda yaro ke haɓaka ikon gina abubuwan tunawa a matsayin labarun lokacin da yaro ke da damar tattauna abubuwan da suka faru tare da wasu, kamar iyaye. Hanyar Iyaye tana da matukar dacewa da wannan ka'idar. Misali, iyaye daban-daban za su tambayi lambobi daban-daban na tambayoyin da suka shafi ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, za su yi ƙoƙari su haifar da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwa daban-daban, kuma za su tsara tattaunawar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Nelson (1992) ya bayyana nau'ikan iyaye daban-daban guda biyu: pragmatic da bayani. Iyaye masu amfani da kayan aiki suna amfani da umarni na kayan aiki waɗanda suka dace da aikin da yaron ke yi, yayin da iyaye mata masu zurfi ke gina labarai tare da yaro game da abin da su da yaron suka yi tare. Wani salon da ya dace yana samar da cikakkun abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="Ne" /> Wannan mai bincike wanda ya sami waɗannan sakamakon ya kuma yi nuni ga binciken Tessler (1986, 1991) na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya. A cikin waɗannan karatun, an kai yara tafiya zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya. Bayan mako guda, an tuno da bangarorin tafiyar da abubuwan da aka gani a gidan kayan gargajiya ne kawai idan an tattauna su a lokacin tafiyar. Ba a tuna da abubuwan da ba a tattauna game da su ba.<ref name="Ne" /> Kodayake ra'ayoyin da suka gabata sun ba da shawarar cewa rawar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke takawa, sabon bincike ya nuna cewa rawar da take takawa na iya zama sake dawowa. A cikin mahallin karatun [[Infant memory|ƙwaƙwalwar jariri]], amsar da aka koya (misali: wasa tare da wayar hannu) wanda in ba haka ba za a iya dawo da shi idan an sake gabatar da mahallin a cikin wani lokaci. A wannan ma'anar, maimaitawa baki game da abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin yaro da memba na iyali na iya zama don sake dawo da mahallin fahimta na ainihin taron. == Ka tuna == Irin abubuwan tunawa da yara da babba ke tunawa na iya danganta da mutuntaka. Bincike kan yara da ma'ana da ke tunawa da tunanin yara ba a kafa shi sosai ba. Koyaya, an ba da hankali sosai don kimanta ingancin dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don tunawa da tunanin farko, musamman a yanayin da daidaito na tunawa yake da mahimmanci. Wasu mutane suna da'awar suna da tunanin da ke da kyau tun daga ƙuruciya, yayin da wasu ke tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa da suka fara a kusa da shekaru biyar. Canje-canje waɗanda ke shafar shekarun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta farko sun haɗa da yanayin iyali na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan abu shine salon tunatarwa na uwa. Akwai ci gaba mai tsawo a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin rayuwa a cikin yara waɗanda mahaifiyarsu suka yi amfani da salon tattaunawa mai zurfi bayan sun fuskanci wani abu tare da yaron.<ref name="Fi">Fiona, J., MacDonald, S., Reese, E., Hayne, H. (2009). Maternal Reminiscing Style During Early Childhood Predicts the Age of Adolescents' Earliest Memories. Child Development, 80(2), 496-505. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01274.x}}</ref> Tunatarwa ta rayuwa tana inganta tare da shekaru tare da ilimin duniya da kuma ikon gina labarin rayuwa mai jituwa, amma shekaru da jinsi na iya rinjayar ikon tunawa da tunanin farko. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa tsofaffin matasa da mata suna aiki mafi kyau a kan ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin rayuwa da ƙwaƙwalwa don abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau da kullun, saboda mata suna ba da ƙarin motsin rai, daidai, mai haske, da kuma cikakkun abubuwan tunawa, kodayake yanayin goyon baya mai girma (tambayoyi masu gwaji) sun rage wannan bambancin jima'i.<ref name="Wil">Willoughby, K.A., Desrocher, M., Levine, B., Rovet, J.F. (2012). Episodic and Semantic Autobiographical Memory and Everyday Myemory during Late Childhood and Early Adolescence. Front Psychology, 3(53). {{Doi|10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00053}}</ref> Gaskiyar tunanin tunatarwa na yara a cikin balaga shine batun bincike mai zurfi da muhawara. Akwai rikice-rikice game da sahihancin tunanin da aka dawo da shi, musamman a cikin mahallin cin zarafin yara ko rauni, kamar daidaito mai muhawara na dawo da tunanin damuwa wanda aka manta da shi a baya saboda kulawar hanawa. Saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ce, ana iya tunawa da tunanin ƙarya. Za a iya yin kurakurai ko da tare da ainihin tunanin lokacin da babba ya fahimci cikakkun bayanai, an ba shi cikakkun bayanai game da dawowa, ko kuma ya tuna da cikakkun bayanai saboda ikon shawarwari daga mai warkarwa.<ref name="Ge">Geraerts, E., Lindsay, D.S, Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., Raymaekers, L., Arnold, M.M., Schooler, J.W. (2009). Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Recovered-Memory Experiences of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Psychological Science, 20(1), 92-98. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02247.x}}</ref> Kwarewar fahimta, mutuntaka, hulɗa tare da mai warkarwa, da bambance-bambance na kwayoyin halitta suma suna taka rawa a cikin nau'ikan tunanin da wani babba ya tuna da kuma yadda waɗannan tunanin suke daidai.<ref name="Zhu">Zhu, B., Chen, C., Loftus, E.F., Lin, C., He, Q., Li, H., Moyzis, R.K., Lessard, J., Dong, Q. (2010). Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 889-894. {{Doi|10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.016}}</ref> == Ilimin jijiyoyin jiki == Ayyukan dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban sun haɗa da hanyoyin fahimta daban-daban. Dangane da ka'idar dual-coding, ana iya nazarin fahimtar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar hanyoyin fahimta guda biyu: tunawa da saba. sani ba shi da mahallin, ko kuma mai zaman kansa daga mahallin da aka tsara motsawa, kuma yana damuwa ko mutum "ya san" cewa sun haɗu da motsawa a baya. Tunatarwa ya dogara da mahallin a kan cikakkun bayanai da suka dace da shigar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin "tunanin" wani abu. A cikin tsaka-tsaki na tsakiya, ana danganta sanarwa da yankin perirhinal yayin da tunawa ke da alaƙa da hippocampus. Yankunan Cortical da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan tunawa (jin "tafiye-tafiye na lokaci" a cewar Tulving) sun haɗa da lobes na gaba, yayin da rashin sani "sanin" na iya kasancewa a wasu wurare. An riga an ga rarraba tunawa da saba a cikin yara masu shekaru 7-8 yayin da suke girma zuwa balaga.<ref name="ri">Riggins, T., Miller, N.C., Bauer, P.J., Georgieff, M.K., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Electrophysiological indices of memory for temporal order in early childhood: implications for the development of recollection. Developmental Science, 12(2), 209-219. {{Doi|10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00757.x}}</ref> == Manazarta == p6g2gyemo5mkow5wp3okg2gx1w1dy2q Ruwan ruwa na Taung 0 154698 846683 2026-06-04T07:52:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329004098|Taung Dam]]" 846683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Taung''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da ke kan [[kogin Harts]] a [[Taung (Cokonyane)]], Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1993 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da ita (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == t7s9rk0vc9y13r7u08kx6z9ghiduynh 846685 846683 2026-06-04T07:53:00Z Engineer014 44591 846685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Taung''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da ke kan [[kogin Harts]] a [[Taung (Cokonyane)]], Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1993 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da ke tattare da ita (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == ewsa99wjlofd8ne7i0d2nrbkfa8d3o8 Raunin yara 0 154699 846684 2026-06-04T07:52:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353006752|Childhood trauma]]" 846684 wikitext text/x-wiki Sau da yawa ana bayyana '''Raunin yara''' a matsayin mummunan Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro.<ref name="Pearce">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce J, Murray C, Larkin W |date=July 2019 |title=Childhood adversity and trauma: experiences of professionals trained to routinely enquire about childhood adversity |journal=Heliyon |volume=5 |issue=7 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501900P |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01900 |pmc=6658729 |pmid=31372522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara na iya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Raunin tunani]]; waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sakaci, <ref name="Childhood origins">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Kolk BA, Perry JC, Herman JL |date=December 1991 |title=Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=1665–71 |doi=10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665 |pmid=1957928}}</ref> watsi, <ref name="Childhood origins" /> cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafin motsin rai, da cin zarafin jiki. Hakanan suna iya shaida cin zarafin ɗan'uwa ko iyaye, ko kuma suna da iyaye marasa lafiya. Raunin yara yana da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako daga baya akan kiwon lafiya da lafiyar hankali.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lupien |first=Sonia J. |last2=McEwen |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Gunnar |first3=Megan R. |last4=Heim |first4=Christine |date=2009 |title=Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2639 |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=434–445 |doi=10.1038/nrn2639 |issn=1471-0048 |pmid=19401723 |s2cid=205504945 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Matsayin shekarun yara na balaga yana taka rawa a yadda rauni ke shafar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Sarah |date=2018-01-22 |title=About Child Trauma |url=https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/about-child-trauma |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The National Child Traumatic Stress Network |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, juriya ma sakamako ne na yau da kullun; yara da yawa waɗanda ke fuskantar mummunar abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya ba sa samun matsalolin lafiyar hankali ko ta jiki. [[Fayil:Lasting_affects_of_Adverse_Childhood_Experiences.png|alt=Lasting effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences|thumb|Sakamakon da ya dace na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro]] Kwarewar rauni na yara yana haifar da damuwa wanda ke kara nauyin mutum, yana shafar Tsarin rigakafi, tsarin juyayi, da Tsarin endocrine.<ref name="Brown et al 2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Malarcher AM, Croft JB, Giles WH |date=January 2010 |title=Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-10-20 |pmc=2826284 |pmid=20085623 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dube SR, Fairweather D, Pearson WS, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Croft JB |date=February 2009 |title=Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=243–50 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888 |pmc=3318917 |pmid=19188532}}</ref><ref name="Taylor et al 2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor SE, Lerner JS, Sage RM, Lehman BJ, Seeman TE |date=December 2004 |title=Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1365–93 |citeseerx=10.1.1.324.5195 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x |pmid=15509286}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Motzer SA, Hertig V |date=March 2004 |title=Stress, stress response, and health |journal=The Nursing Clinics of North America |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1016/j.cnur.2003.11.001 |pmid=15062724}}</ref> Kasancewa da damuwa na yau da kullun na iya ninka haɗarin sau uku ko sau huɗu ga mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gregory E. |last2=Chen |first2=Edith |last3=Zhou |first3=Eric S. |date=2007 |title=If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 |issn=0033-2909 |pmid=17201569}}</ref> Sau da yawa raunin yara yana da alaƙa da batutuwan kiwon lafiya daban-daban ciki har da baƙin ciki, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], cututtukan rigakafi, ciwon huhu, da mutuwa da wuri.<ref name="Brown et al 2010" /><ref name="Taylor et al 2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF |date=October 2004 |title=Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=217–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013 |pmid=15488250 |s2cid=20750042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy MO, Cohn DM, Loria AS |date=March 2017 |title=Developmental origins of cardiovascular disease: Impact of early life stress in humans and rodents |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=74 |issue=Pt B |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.018 |pmc=5250589 |pmid=27450581}}</ref> === Tasirin tunani === Rashin kulawa, watsi, cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafi na motsin rai, da cin zarafin jiki duk nau'ikan raunin tunani ne wanda zai iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci akan lafiyar tunanin yaro. Wadannan nau'ikan cin zarafi suna rushe tunanin yaro na aminci da amincewa, wanda zai iya haifar da cututtukan hankali daban-daban ciki har da rikicewar damuwa (PTSD), batutuwan haɗi, baƙin ciki, da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Matakan da ke da hankali da mahimmanci na ci gaban yara na iya haifar da canza aikin jijiyoyin jiki, mai daidaitawa da yanayin da ba shi da kyau amma mai wahala ga mafi kyawun mahalli. == Tasiri ga manya == Yayinda mutum ya girma, jin tsoro, damuwa, kunya, laifi, rashin taimako, rashin bege, baƙin ciki, baƙin ciki da fushi wanda ya fara da rauni a ƙuruciya na iya ci gaba. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fuskantar rauni a matsayin yaro suna iya fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, kashe kansa da cutar kai, PTSD, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da matsalolin dangantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adults |url=http://www.istss.org/public-resources/what-is-childhood-trauma/effects-of-childhood-trauma.aspx |access-date=February 17, 2019 |website=International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies}}</ref> Sakamakon raunin yara ba'a iyakance shi ga sakamakon motsin rai ba; waɗanda suka tsira daga raunin yara suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, ko bugun jini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Felitti |first=Vincent J |last2=Anda |first2=Robert F |last3=Nordenberg |first3=Dale |last4=Williamson |first4=David F |last5=Spitz |first5=Alison M |last6=Edwards |first6=Valerie |last7=Koss |first7=Mary P |last8=Marks |first8=James S |date=May 1998 |title=Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379798000178 |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 |pmid=9635069 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=Jack P. |last2=Boyce |first2=W. Thomas |last3=McEwen |first3=Bruce S. |date=2009-06-03 |title=Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2009.754 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=301 |issue=21 |pages=2252–2259 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.754 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=19491187 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna iya haifar da "karin amsawar damuwa," wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli a cikin tsarin motsin rai, matsalolin bacci, ƙananan aikin rigakafi, da karuwar haɗarin cututtukan jiki da yawa a duk lokacin balaga.<ref name=":8" /> Ka'idojin zamantakewa suna shafar yadda yara ke nuna damuwa - ana iya ƙarfafa wasu su "tsare shi" maimakon samun tallafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rechenberg |first=Theresia |last2=Fleischer |first2=Toni |last3=Sander |first3=Christian |last4=Schomerus |first4=Georg |date=2024-09-03 |title=Gender-related stigma toward individuals with a history of sexual or physical violence in childhood |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2396 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19913-9 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11373443 |pmid=39227860 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schomerus |first=Georg |last2=Schindler |first2=Stephanie |last3=Rechenberg |first3=Theresia |last4=Gfesser |first4=Tobias |last5=Grabe |first5=Hans J. |last6=Liebergesell |first6=Mario |last7=Sander |first7=Christian |last8=Ulke |first8=Christine |last9=Speerforck |first9=Sven |date=2021 |title=Stigma as a barrier to addressing childhood trauma in conversation with trauma survivors: A study in the general population |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=10 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1658782S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0258782 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8523057 |pmid=34662349 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata suna iya fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i, yayin da maza galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi da sakaci; duk da haka, zargi na iya hana su neman taimako. Matasan LGBTQ + suna fuskantar matakai masu yawa na rauni saboda zalunci, ƙin iyali, da nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin launin fata da kabilanci da aka ware suna fuskantar nau'ikan rauni na musamman, gami da nuna bambancin launin fata, rashin daidaito na tsarin, da rashin samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Baƙar fata, Latino, da 'yan asalin ƙasar galibi ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a gano musu ba lokacin da suke neman taimakon tunani.[1][2] Yara baƙi na iya fuskantar ƙarin rauni da ke da alaƙa da rabuwa da iyali, xenophobia, da damuwa da ke da nasaba da ƙaura.[3] === Epigenetics === Raunin yara na iya barin alamun epigenetic a kan kwayoyin halitta na yaro, wanda ke canza bayyanar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yin shiru ko kunna kwayoyin halitta, ko DNA methylation.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mehta D, Klengel T, Conneely KN, Smith AK, Altmann A, Pace TW, Rex-Haffner M, Loeschner A, Gonik M, Mercer KB, Bradley B, Müller-Myhsok B, Ressler KJ, Binder EB |date=May 2013 |title=Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.genome.gov/child-abuse-leaves-epigenetic-marks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=8302–7 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.8302M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1217750110 |pmc=3657772 |pmid=23630272 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan na iya canza mahimman matakai na ilmin halitta kuma yana shafar sakamakon kiwon lafiya a duk tsawon rayuwa.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013" /> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 ya gano cewa mutanen da suka fuskanci rauni a lokacin yaro suna da cututtukan jijiyoyi daban-daban fiye da mutanen da ke da PTSD daga rauni da suka samu bayan yara.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCrory |first=Eamon |last2=Gerin |first2=Mihaela I. |last3=Viding |first3=Essi |year=2017 |title=Annual Research Review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry — the contribution of functional brain imaging |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12713 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=338–357 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12713 |pmid=28191731 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=Childhood maltreatment is associated with enduring alterations in brain systems involved in emotion regulation and threat processing, compared to trauma experienced later in life.}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan canje-canjen epigenetic zuwa Masu karɓar damuwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Koyaya, bincike game da tasirin epigenetic na rauni ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu kwayoyin halitta, gami da kwayoyin halitta masu ƙididdigar furotin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zannas |first=Anastasia S. |last2=Binder |first2=Elisabeth B. |year=2015 |title=Epigenetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions |journal=Biological Psychiatry |publisher=Elsevier |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=327–335 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.003 |pmid=25979620 |quote=This review summarizes evidence that traumatic stress induces lasting epigenetic modifications in genes regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and other molecular pathways involved in stress and fear responses.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lenzer|2017|}}</ref> [[Alfanun yaƙi akan yara|Wadanda suka tsira daga raunin yaki]] ko cin zarafin yara suna cikin haɗari ga cututtukan raunin rauni irin su PTSD . <ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref> Bugu da kari, damuwa mai rauni an haɗa shi da canje-canje a cikin tsarin neuroendocrine da tsarin rigakafi, yana haɓaka haɗarin cututtukan jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP |date=June 2002 |title=Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress |journal=Metabolism |volume=51 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1053/meta.2002.33184 |pmid=12040534}}</ref> Musamman, an lura da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ke tsara axis na hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal da kuma tsarin rigakafi a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga yara da kuma rauni na manya.<ref name="Xiong & Zhang 2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xiong F, Zhang L |date=January 2013 |title=Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in developmental programming of health and disease |journal=Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.11.002 |pmc=3594480 |pmid=23200813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krause |first=Bernardo J. |last2=Artigas |first2=Rocio |last3=Sciolla |first3=Andres F. |last4=Hamilton |first4=James |date=July 2020 |title=Epigenetic mechanisms activated by childhood adversity |journal=Epigenomics |volume=12 |issue=14 |pages=1239–1255 |doi=10.2217/epi-2020-0042 |issn=1750-192X |pmid=32706263 |s2cid=220730686}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan E. Adams, Jonathan Bruce Santo, William M. Bukowski |date=14 July 2021 |title=Indirect effects of HPA axis dysregulation in the association between peer victimization and depressed affect during early adolescence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021002304 |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=132 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105356 |pmid=34325208 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Tracy Vaillancourt, Eric Duku, Denys Decatanzaro, Harriet Macmillan, Cameron Muir, Louis A Schmidt |date=May–Jun 2008 |title=Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=294–305 |doi=10.1002/ab.20240 |pmid=18161876}}</ref> ==== Tasirin Transgenerational ==== Kwarewar rauni na iya shafar sigogi na tunani da na halitta a cikin ƙarni na gaba.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Stenz |first=Ludwig |last2=Schechter |first2=Daniel S. |last3=Serpa |first3=Sandra Rusconi |last4=Paoloni-Giacobino |first4=Ariane |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |issn=1389-2029 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}</ref><ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref> Bayyanawa ta rauni na iyaye yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari ga PTSD, da kuma yanayin da damuwa a cikin zuriya. An lura da canje-canjen halittu da ke da alaƙa da PTSD da / ko wasu cututtukan da suka shafi damuwa a cikin zuriyar waɗanda suka tsira daga rauni waɗanda ba su fuskanci rauni ko rikicewar hankali ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R |date=2001 |title=Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=733–53 |doi=10.1017/S0954579401003170 |pmid=11523857 |s2cid=23786662}}</ref> Bincike a cikin dabbobi ya nuna cewa bayyanar damuwa na iya haifar da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin zuriyar batun, mai yuwuwar kara rauni ga alamun cutar ta hankali a cikin zuriya na waɗanda suka tsira daga rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jawahar MC, Murgatroyd C, Harrison EL, Baune BT |date=2015 |title=Epigenetic alterations following early postnatal stress: a review on novel aetiological mechanisms of common psychiatric disorders |journal=Clinical Epigenetics |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13148-015-0156-3 |pmc=4650349 |pmid=26583053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amsawar halayyar jimrewa ga damuwa da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin 'ya'yan manya na iya sauƙaƙewa ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin gametes, a cikin yanayin mahaifa, bambance-bambance a cikin kulawa ta farko, da / ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru na farko waɗanda ke rinjayar bayyanar iyaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |last3=Bierer |first3=Linda M. |last4=Bader |first4=Heather N. |last5=Klengel |first5=Torsten |last6=Holsboer |first6=Florian |last7=Binder |first7=Elisabeth B. |date=August 2015 |title=Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation |url=https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(15)00652-6/pdf |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 |pmid=26410355 |s2cid=3522658 |access-date=25 November 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |year=2016 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wps.20568 |journal=World Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmid=30192087 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=This review discusses the potential epigenetic and biological mechanisms by which trauma can affect stress-related processes in subsequent generations.}}</ref> Wadannan canje-canje na iya haifar da canje-canje masu dorewa ga martani na damuwa da kuma haɗarin lafiyar jiki.<ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |year=2016 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wps.20568 |journal=World Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmid=30192087 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=This review discusses the potential epigenetic and biological mechanisms by which trauma can affect stress-related processes in subsequent generations.}}</ref> Sakamakon raunin iyaye na iya yaduwa ga ƙarni na gaba ta hanyar damuwa ta iyaye da yanayin kafin da bayan haihuwa, da kuma alamun epigenetic da aka watsa ta hanyar germline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R |date=2001 |title=Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=733–53 |doi=10.1017/S0954579401003170 |pmid=11523857 |s2cid=23786662}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> Duk da yake binciken epigenetic yana da babban damar inganta fahimtarmu game da sakamakon rauni, dole ne a fassara binciken da hankali, kamar yadda epigenetics kawai ke wakiltar wani yanki mai rikitarwa na abubuwan da suka shafi halittu da muhalli.<ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015" /><ref name=":20" /> Mutane na iya ba da alamun epigenetic ciki har da neurons de-myelinated ga yaransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Mental Illness of a Parent |url=http://crowwingenergized.org/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces-mental-illness-of-a-parent/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203338/http://crowwingenergized.org/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces-mental-illness-of-a-parent/ |archive-date=2017-03-22 |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=Crow Wing Energized}}</ref> Bayyanawa ga raunin yara, tare da damuwa na muhalli, na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth TL |date=November 2013 |title=Epigenetic mechanisms in the development of behavior: advances, challenges, and future promises of a new field |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=25 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1279–91 |doi=10.1017/S0954579413000618 |pmc=4080409 |pmid=24342840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS |date=June 2009 |title=Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=446–57 |doi=10.1038/nrn2649 |pmc=2833107 |pmid=19455174}}</ref><ref name="pmid27691985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tyrka AR, Ridout KK, Parade SH |date=November 2016 |title=Childhood adversity and epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid signaling genes: Associations in children and adults |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=28 |issue=4pt2 |pages=1319–1331 |doi=10.1017/S0954579416000870 |pmc=5330387 |pmid=27691985}}</ref> Ƙarin wallafe-wallafen ya nuna cewa abubuwan da yara ke fuskanta na rauni da cin zarafi a cikin dangantaka ta kusa ba wai kawai suna jefa lafiyarsu cikin haɗari ba a ƙuruciya, amma kuma suna iya samun sakamako mai tsawo ciki har da batutuwan daidaita motsin rai, wanda za'a iya ba da shi ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar hulɗar yara da iyaye da kuma halayen da aka koya.<ref name="pmid10517053">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan SJ, Pelcovitz D, Labruna V |date=October 1999 |title=Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: a review of the past 10 years. Part I: Physical and emotional abuse and neglect |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1214–22 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199910000-00009 |pmid=10517053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Juul SH, Hendrix C, Robinson B, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, Brennan PA, Johnson KC |date=February 2016 |title=Maternal early-life trauma and affective parenting style: the mediating role of HPA-axis function |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1007/s00737-015-0528-x |pmid=25956587 |s2cid=11124814}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Khalil |first=Charlotte |year=2025 |title=Impact of intergenerational trauma on second-generation descendants: a systematic review |journal=[[BMC Psychology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40359-025-03012-4 |pmc=12220155 |pmid=40597246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (duba kuma halayyar halayyar, Raunin tarihi, da sake zagayowar tashin hankali) == Manazarta == gbl8eo7o1t2w4iyh2msv9m1zgrlyogw 846698 846684 2026-06-04T08:07:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sau da yawa ana bayyana '''Raunin yara''' a matsayin mummunan Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro.<ref name="Pearce">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce J, Murray C, Larkin W |date=July 2019 |title=Childhood adversity and trauma: experiences of professionals trained to routinely enquire about childhood adversity |journal=Heliyon |volume=5 |issue=7 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501900P |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01900 |pmc=6658729 |pmid=31372522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara na iya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Raunin tunani]]; waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sakaci, <ref name="Childhood origins">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Kolk BA, Perry JC, Herman JL |date=December 1991 |title=Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=1665–71 |doi=10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665 |pmid=1957928}}</ref> watsi, <ref name="Childhood origins" /> cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafin motsin rai, da cin zarafin jiki. Hakanan suna iya shaida cin zarafin ɗan'uwa ko iyaye, ko kuma suna da iyaye marasa lafiya. Raunin yara yana da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako daga baya akan kiwon lafiya da lafiyar hankali.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lupien |first=Sonia J. |last2=McEwen |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Gunnar |first3=Megan R. |last4=Heim |first4=Christine |date=2009 |title=Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2639 |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=434–445 |doi=10.1038/nrn2639 |issn=1471-0048 |pmid=19401723 |s2cid=205504945 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Matsayin shekarun yara na balaga yana taka rawa a yadda rauni ke shafar su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Sarah |date=2018-01-22 |title=About Child Trauma |url=https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/about-child-trauma |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The National Child Traumatic Stress Network |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, juriya ma sakamako ne na yau da kullun; yara da yawa waɗanda ke fuskantar mummunar abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya ba sa samun matsalolin lafiyar hankali ko ta jiki. [[Fayil:Lasting_affects_of_Adverse_Childhood_Experiences.png|alt=Lasting effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences|thumb|Sakamakon da ya dace na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaro]] Kwarewar rauni na yara yana haifar da damuwa wanda ke kara nauyin mutum, yana shafar Tsarin rigakafi, tsarin juyayi, da Tsarin endocrine.<ref name="Brown et al 2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Malarcher AM, Croft JB, Giles WH |date=January 2010 |title=Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=10 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-10-20 |pmc=2826284 |pmid=20085623 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dube SR, Fairweather D, Pearson WS, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Croft JB |date=February 2009 |title=Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=243–50 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888 |pmc=3318917 |pmid=19188532}}</ref><ref name="Taylor et al 2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor SE, Lerner JS, Sage RM, Lehman BJ, Seeman TE |date=December 2004 |title=Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1365–93 |citeseerx=10.1.1.324.5195 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x |pmid=15509286}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Motzer SA, Hertig V |date=March 2004 |title=Stress, stress response, and health |journal=The Nursing Clinics of North America |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1016/j.cnur.2003.11.001 |pmid=15062724}}</ref> Kasancewa da damuwa na yau da kullun na iya ninka haɗarin sau uku ko sau huɗu ga mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gregory E. |last2=Chen |first2=Edith |last3=Zhou |first3=Eric S. |date=2007 |title=If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 |issn=0033-2909 |pmid=17201569}}</ref> Sau da yawa raunin yara yana da alaƙa da batutuwan kiwon lafiya daban-daban ciki har da baƙin ciki, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], cututtukan rigakafi, ciwon huhu, da mutuwa da wuri.<ref name="Brown et al 2010" /><ref name="Taylor et al 2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF |date=October 2004 |title=Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=217–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013 |pmid=15488250 |s2cid=20750042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy MO, Cohn DM, Loria AS |date=March 2017 |title=Developmental origins of cardiovascular disease: Impact of early life stress in humans and rodents |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=74 |issue=Pt B |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.018 |pmc=5250589 |pmid=27450581}}</ref> === Tasirin tunani === Rashin kulawa, watsi, cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafi na motsin rai, da cin zarafin jiki duk nau'ikan raunin tunani ne wanda zai iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci akan lafiyar tunanin yaro. Wadannan nau'ikan cin zarafi suna rushe tunanin yaro na aminci da amincewa, wanda zai iya haifar da cututtukan hankali daban-daban ciki har da rikicewar damuwa (PTSD), batutuwan haɗi, baƙin ciki, da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Matakan da ke da hankali da mahimmanci na ci gaban yara na iya haifar da canza aikin jijiyoyin jiki, mai daidaitawa da yanayin da ba shi da kyau amma mai wahala ga mafi kyawun mahalli. == Tasiri ga manya == Yayinda mutum ya girma, jin tsoro, damuwa, kunya, laifi, rashin taimako, rashin bege, baƙin ciki, baƙin ciki da fushi wanda ya fara da rauni a ƙuruciya na iya ci gaba. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fuskantar rauni a matsayin yaro suna iya fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, kashe kansa da cutar kai, PTSD, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da matsalolin dangantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adults |url=http://www.istss.org/public-resources/what-is-childhood-trauma/effects-of-childhood-trauma.aspx |access-date=February 17, 2019 |website=International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies}}</ref> Sakamakon raunin yara ba'a iyakance shi ga sakamakon motsin rai ba; waɗanda suka tsira daga raunin yara suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, ko bugun jini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Felitti |first=Vincent J |last2=Anda |first2=Robert F |last3=Nordenberg |first3=Dale |last4=Williamson |first4=David F |last5=Spitz |first5=Alison M |last6=Edwards |first6=Valerie |last7=Koss |first7=Mary P |last8=Marks |first8=James S |date=May 1998 |title=Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379798000178 |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 |pmid=9635069 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shonkoff |first=Jack P. |last2=Boyce |first2=W. Thomas |last3=McEwen |first3=Bruce S. |date=2009-06-03 |title=Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2009.754 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=301 |issue=21 |pages=2252–2259 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.754 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=19491187 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna iya haifar da "karin amsawar damuwa," wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli a cikin tsarin motsin rai, matsalolin bacci, ƙananan aikin rigakafi, da karuwar haɗarin cututtukan jiki da yawa a duk lokacin balaga.<ref name=":8" /> Ka'idojin zamantakewa suna shafar yadda yara ke nuna damuwa - ana iya ƙarfafa wasu su "tsare shi" maimakon samun tallafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rechenberg |first=Theresia |last2=Fleischer |first2=Toni |last3=Sander |first3=Christian |last4=Schomerus |first4=Georg |date=2024-09-03 |title=Gender-related stigma toward individuals with a history of sexual or physical violence in childhood |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=2396 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-19913-9 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=11373443 |pmid=39227860 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schomerus |first=Georg |last2=Schindler |first2=Stephanie |last3=Rechenberg |first3=Theresia |last4=Gfesser |first4=Tobias |last5=Grabe |first5=Hans J. |last6=Liebergesell |first6=Mario |last7=Sander |first7=Christian |last8=Ulke |first8=Christine |last9=Speerforck |first9=Sven |date=2021 |title=Stigma as a barrier to addressing childhood trauma in conversation with trauma survivors: A study in the general population |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=10 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1658782S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0258782 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8523057 |pmid=34662349 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata suna iya fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i, yayin da maza galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi da sakaci; duk da haka, zargi na iya hana su neman taimako. Matasan LGBTQ + suna fuskantar matakai masu yawa na rauni saboda zalunci, ƙin iyali, da nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin launin fata da kabilanci da aka ware suna fuskantar nau'ikan rauni na musamman, gami da nuna bambancin launin fata, rashin daidaito na tsarin, da rashin samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Baƙar fata, Latino, da 'yan asalin ƙasar galibi ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a gano musu ba lokacin da suke neman taimakon tunani.[1][2] Yara baƙi na iya fuskantar ƙarin rauni da ke da alaƙa da rabuwa da iyali, xenophobia, da damuwa da ke da nasaba da ƙaura.[3] === Epigenetics === Raunin yara na iya barin alamun epigenetic a kan kwayoyin halitta na yaro, wanda ke canza bayyanar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yin shiru ko kunna kwayoyin halitta, ko DNA methylation.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mehta D, Klengel T, Conneely KN, Smith AK, Altmann A, Pace TW, Rex-Haffner M, Loeschner A, Gonik M, Mercer KB, Bradley B, Müller-Myhsok B, Ressler KJ, Binder EB |date=May 2013 |title=Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder |url=https://www.genome.gov/child-abuse-leaves-epigenetic-marks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=8302–7 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.8302M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1217750110 |pmc=3657772 |pmid=23630272 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan na iya canza mahimman matakai na ilmin halitta kuma yana shafar sakamakon kiwon lafiya a duk tsawon rayuwa.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013" /> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 ya gano cewa mutanen da suka fuskanci rauni a lokacin yaro suna da cututtukan jijiyoyi daban-daban fiye da mutanen da ke da PTSD daga rauni da suka samu bayan yara.<ref name="Mehta et al 2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCrory |first=Eamon |last2=Gerin |first2=Mihaela I. |last3=Viding |first3=Essi |year=2017 |title=Annual Research Review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry — the contribution of functional brain imaging |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12713 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=338–357 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12713 |pmid=28191731 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=Childhood maltreatment is associated with enduring alterations in brain systems involved in emotion regulation and threat processing, compared to trauma experienced later in life.}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan canje-canjen epigenetic zuwa Masu karɓar damuwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Koyaya, bincike game da tasirin epigenetic na rauni ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu kwayoyin halitta, gami da kwayoyin halitta masu ƙididdigar furotin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zannas |first=Anastasia S. |last2=Binder |first2=Elisabeth B. |year=2015 |title=Epigenetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions |journal=Biological Psychiatry |publisher=Elsevier |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=327–335 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.003 |pmid=25979620 |quote=This review summarizes evidence that traumatic stress induces lasting epigenetic modifications in genes regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and other molecular pathways involved in stress and fear responses.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lenzer|2017|}}</ref> [[Alfanun yaƙi akan yara|Wadanda suka tsira daga raunin yaki]] ko cin zarafin yara suna cikin haɗari ga cututtukan raunin rauni irin su PTSD . <ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref> Bugu da kari, damuwa mai rauni an haɗa shi da canje-canje a cikin tsarin neuroendocrine da tsarin rigakafi, yana haɓaka haɗarin cututtukan jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP |date=June 2002 |title=Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress |journal=Metabolism |volume=51 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1053/meta.2002.33184 |pmid=12040534}}</ref> Musamman, an lura da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ke tsara axis na hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal da kuma tsarin rigakafi a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga yara da kuma rauni na manya.<ref name="Xiong & Zhang 2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xiong F, Zhang L |date=January 2013 |title=Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in developmental programming of health and disease |journal=Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.11.002 |pmc=3594480 |pmid=23200813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krause |first=Bernardo J. |last2=Artigas |first2=Rocio |last3=Sciolla |first3=Andres F. |last4=Hamilton |first4=James |date=July 2020 |title=Epigenetic mechanisms activated by childhood adversity |journal=Epigenomics |volume=12 |issue=14 |pages=1239–1255 |doi=10.2217/epi-2020-0042 |issn=1750-192X |pmid=32706263 |s2cid=220730686}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan E. Adams, Jonathan Bruce Santo, William M. Bukowski |date=14 July 2021 |title=Indirect effects of HPA axis dysregulation in the association between peer victimization and depressed affect during early adolescence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021002304 |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=132 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105356 |pmid=34325208 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Tracy Vaillancourt, Eric Duku, Denys Decatanzaro, Harriet Macmillan, Cameron Muir, Louis A Schmidt |date=May–Jun 2008 |title=Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=294–305 |doi=10.1002/ab.20240 |pmid=18161876}}</ref> ==== Tasirin Transgenerational ==== Kwarewar rauni na iya shafar sigogi na tunani da na halitta a cikin ƙarni na gaba.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Stenz |first=Ludwig |last2=Schechter |first2=Daniel S. |last3=Serpa |first3=Sandra Rusconi |last4=Paoloni-Giacobino |first4=Ariane |date=December 2018 |title=Intergenerational Transmission of DNA Methylation Signatures Associated with Early Life Stress |journal=Current Genomics |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.2174/1389202919666171229145656 |issn=1389-2029 |pmc=6225454 |pmid=30532646}}</ref><ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref> Bayyanawa ta rauni na iyaye yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari ga PTSD, da kuma yanayin da damuwa a cikin zuriya. An lura da canje-canjen halittu da ke da alaƙa da PTSD da / ko wasu cututtukan da suka shafi damuwa a cikin zuriyar waɗanda suka tsira daga rauni waɗanda ba su fuskanci rauni ko rikicewar hankali ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R |date=2001 |title=Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=733–53 |doi=10.1017/S0954579401003170 |pmid=11523857 |s2cid=23786662}}</ref> Bincike a cikin dabbobi ya nuna cewa bayyanar damuwa na iya haifar da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin zuriyar batun, mai yuwuwar kara rauni ga alamun cutar ta hankali a cikin zuriya na waɗanda suka tsira daga rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jawahar MC, Murgatroyd C, Harrison EL, Baune BT |date=2015 |title=Epigenetic alterations following early postnatal stress: a review on novel aetiological mechanisms of common psychiatric disorders |journal=Clinical Epigenetics |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13148-015-0156-3 |pmc=4650349 |pmid=26583053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amsawar halayyar jimrewa ga damuwa da canje-canje na epigenetic a cikin 'ya'yan manya na iya sauƙaƙewa ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin gametes, a cikin yanayin mahaifa, bambance-bambance a cikin kulawa ta farko, da / ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru na farko waɗanda ke rinjayar bayyanar iyaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |last3=Bierer |first3=Linda M. |last4=Bader |first4=Heather N. |last5=Klengel |first5=Torsten |last6=Holsboer |first6=Florian |last7=Binder |first7=Elisabeth B. |date=August 2015 |title=Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation |url=https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(15)00652-6/pdf |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=372–380 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 |pmid=26410355 |s2cid=3522658 |access-date=25 November 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |year=2016 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wps.20568 |journal=World Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmid=30192087 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=This review discusses the potential epigenetic and biological mechanisms by which trauma can affect stress-related processes in subsequent generations.}}</ref> Wadannan canje-canje na iya haifar da canje-canje masu dorewa ga martani na damuwa da kuma haɗarin lafiyar jiki.<ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT |date=October 2015 |title=Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment |journal=Behavioral Sciences & the Law |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=701–21 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2200 |pmid=26358541}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Yehuda |first=Rachel |last2=Daskalakis |first2=Nikolaos P. |year=2016 |title=Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wps.20568 |journal=World Psychiatry |publisher=Wiley |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.1002/wps.20568 |pmid=30192087 |access-date=2025-10-15 |quote=This review discusses the potential epigenetic and biological mechanisms by which trauma can affect stress-related processes in subsequent generations.}}</ref> Sakamakon raunin iyaye na iya yaduwa ga ƙarni na gaba ta hanyar damuwa ta iyaye da yanayin kafin da bayan haihuwa, da kuma alamun epigenetic da aka watsa ta hanyar germline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R |date=2001 |title=Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=733–53 |doi=10.1017/S0954579401003170 |pmid=11523857 |s2cid=23786662}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> Duk da yake binciken epigenetic yana da babban damar inganta fahimtarmu game da sakamakon rauni, dole ne a fassara binciken da hankali, kamar yadda epigenetics kawai ke wakiltar wani yanki mai rikitarwa na abubuwan da suka shafi halittu da muhalli.<ref name="Ramo-Fernández et al 2015" /><ref name=":20" /> Mutane na iya ba da alamun epigenetic ciki har da neurons de-myelinated ga yaransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Mental Illness of a Parent |url=http://crowwingenergized.org/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces-mental-illness-of-a-parent/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203338/http://crowwingenergized.org/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces-mental-illness-of-a-parent/ |archive-date=2017-03-22 |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=Crow Wing Energized}}</ref> Bayyanawa ga raunin yara, tare da damuwa na muhalli, na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth TL |date=November 2013 |title=Epigenetic mechanisms in the development of behavior: advances, challenges, and future promises of a new field |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=25 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1279–91 |doi=10.1017/S0954579413000618 |pmc=4080409 |pmid=24342840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS |date=June 2009 |title=Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=446–57 |doi=10.1038/nrn2649 |pmc=2833107 |pmid=19455174}}</ref><ref name="pmid27691985">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tyrka AR, Ridout KK, Parade SH |date=November 2016 |title=Childhood adversity and epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid signaling genes: Associations in children and adults |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=28 |issue=4pt2 |pages=1319–1331 |doi=10.1017/S0954579416000870 |pmc=5330387 |pmid=27691985}}</ref> Ƙarin wallafe-wallafen ya nuna cewa abubuwan da yara ke fuskanta na rauni da cin zarafi a cikin dangantaka ta kusa ba wai kawai suna jefa lafiyarsu cikin haɗari ba a ƙuruciya, amma kuma suna iya samun sakamako mai tsawo ciki har da batutuwan daidaita motsin rai, wanda za'a iya ba da shi ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar hulɗar yara da iyaye da kuma halayen da aka koya.<ref name="pmid10517053">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan SJ, Pelcovitz D, Labruna V |date=October 1999 |title=Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: a review of the past 10 years. Part I: Physical and emotional abuse and neglect |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1214–22 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199910000-00009 |pmid=10517053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Juul SH, Hendrix C, Robinson B, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, Brennan PA, Johnson KC |date=February 2016 |title=Maternal early-life trauma and affective parenting style: the mediating role of HPA-axis function |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1007/s00737-015-0528-x |pmid=25956587 |s2cid=11124814}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=El-Khalil |first=Charlotte |year=2025 |title=Impact of intergenerational trauma on second-generation descendants: a systematic review |journal=[[BMC Psychology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40359-025-03012-4 |pmc=12220155 |pmid=40597246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (duba kuma halayyar halayyar, Raunin tarihi, da sake zagayowar tashin hankali) == Manazarta == ohh7tbrgf9mccxjiszxlhpdlb0y7hax Zaɓin da Hadin gwiwa 0 154700 846686 2026-06-04T07:53:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334714979|Choice and Partnership Approach]]" 846686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaɓin da Hadin gwiwa''' (CAPA) misali ne na haɗin kai da kimantawa na asibiti, wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin Ayyukan kula da hankali na yara da matasa. Yana da niyyar amfani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na aiki tare da masu amfani da sabis don haɓaka tasirin ayyuka da gamsar da mai amfani tare da sabis. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="(May 2020)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Asalin == An haɓaka samfurin CAPA a farkon shekarun 2000 a cikin masu ba da amintaccen NHS na Turanci guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is CAPA? |url=http://www.capa.co.uk/homes/intro.htm |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=CAPA: The Choice and Partnership Approach:Introduction}}</ref> Asalin wani shiri ne da aka tsara don inganta tasirin sabis da gudanar da buƙatun sabis da iyawa a cikin UK Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Leslie Anne |last2=Clark |first2=Sharon E |last3=Chorney |first3=Jill |last4=Emberly |first4=Debbie |last5=MacDonald |first5=Julie |last6=MacKenzie |first6=Adrian |last7=Warner |first7=Grace |last8=Wozney |first8=Lori |date=2022-10-19 |title=Choice and Partnership Approach to community mental health and addiction services: a realist-informed scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064436 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9582326 |pmid=36261240 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing CAPA |url=https://www.capa.co.uk/introducing-capa/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CAPA}}</ref> == Misali == CAPA tana mai da hankali kan kwarewar mai amfani da sabis ɗin. Misali ne na hadin gwiwa inda likitocin da ke ba da kimantawa ke aiki a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga mai amfani da danginsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of CAPA |url=http://www.capa.co.uk/intro/detailsofcapa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813065243/http://www.capa.co.uk/Intro/detailsofcapa.html |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=CAPA: The Choice and Partnership Approach: Details of CAPA}}</ref> Da zarar sabis ɗin ya karɓi mai turawa, ana tuntuɓar mai amfani don shirya lokacin da ya dace don alƙawari. Wannan shine Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka. Sakamakon yiwuwar wannan nadin shine cewa abokin ciniki; * Ya yanke shawarar cewa ba sa bukatar ƙarin sabis * Ana tura su ga wani mai ba da sabis * Suna karɓar ƙarin alƙawari kuma suna aiki tare da likitan asibiti a cikin sabis ɗin Alkawarin yana ƙoƙarin zama Haɗin gwiwa da ƙarfin da aka kafa. Da zarar an yarda da mai amfani, sai su shiga matakin haɗin gwiwa. Likitan asibiti ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa tare da ƙwarewa maimakon ƙwararre tare da iko. Aikin ya kunshi fannoni waɗanda ke da ma'auni da ɓangarorin da ke da ƙwarewa. == Ka'idodin da ke haifar da samfurin == Misali ya dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwa, gano ƙarfin mai amfani da haɓaka tsarin da aka raba. Misali na asali yana nufin mahimman abubuwa 11, dukansu ya kamata a aiwatar da su don aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the Choice and Partnership Approach in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in England, December 2009 |url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/CAPA_PDF.pdf |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=MentalHealth.org.uk}}</ref> # Jagorancin gudanarwa # Harshe # Gudanar da buƙata # Tsarin Zaɓin # Cikakken rajista ga haɗin gwiwa # Zaɓin Likitan Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙwarewa # Ƙarin ƙwarewar asibiti a cikin babban aiki # Shirye-shiryen aiki # Tsarin manufa da shirin kulawa # Kula da rukuni na tsara # Kwanakin tafiye-tafiye Har ila yau, aikin yana jagorantar 7 Helpful Habits . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunnachie |first=Bronwyn |title=The Choice & Partnership Approach (CAPA) & 7 HELPFUL Habots of Effective CAMHS |url=http://www.tepou.co.nz/uploads/files/resource-assets/the-choice-and-partnership-approach-capa-and-seven-helpful-habits-of-effective-camhs.pdf |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=TePou.co.nz}}</ref> * Kula da Bukatar * Ƙara Capacity * Bari Iya'''L''' su tafi * Taswirar tsari * Gudanar da kwarara * Amfani da Kayan Kulawa * Dubi Ma'aikata == Manazarta == k50elvuqh3tkugr5left6aywuegjvoc 846689 846686 2026-06-04T07:56:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaɓin da Hadin gwiwa''' (CAPA) misali ne na haɗin kai da kimantawa na asibiti, wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin Ayyukan kula da hankali na yara da matasa. Yana da niyyar amfani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na aiki tare da masu amfani da sabis don haɓaka tasirin ayyuka da gamsar da mai amfani tare da sabis. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="(May 2020)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Asalin == An haɓaka samfurin CAPA a farkon shekarun 2000 a cikin masu ba da amintaccen NHS na Turanci guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is CAPA? |url=http://www.capa.co.uk/homes/intro.htm |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=CAPA: The Choice and Partnership Approach:Introduction}}</ref> Asalin wani shiri ne da aka tsara don inganta tasirin sabis da gudanar da buƙatun sabis da iyawa a cikin UK Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Leslie Anne |last2=Clark |first2=Sharon E |last3=Chorney |first3=Jill |last4=Emberly |first4=Debbie |last5=MacDonald |first5=Julie |last6=MacKenzie |first6=Adrian |last7=Warner |first7=Grace |last8=Wozney |first8=Lori |date=2022-10-19 |title=Choice and Partnership Approach to community mental health and addiction services: a realist-informed scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064436 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9582326 |pmid=36261240 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing CAPA |url=https://www.capa.co.uk/introducing-capa/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CAPA}}</ref> == Misali == CAPA tana mai da hankali kan kwarewar mai amfani da sabis ɗin. Misali ne na hadin gwiwa inda likitocin da ke ba da kimantawa ke aiki a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga mai amfani da danginsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of CAPA |url=http://www.capa.co.uk/intro/detailsofcapa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813065243/http://www.capa.co.uk/Intro/detailsofcapa.html |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=CAPA: The Choice and Partnership Approach: Details of CAPA}}</ref> Da zarar sabis ɗin ya karɓi mai turawa, ana tuntuɓar mai amfani don shirya lokacin da ya dace don alƙawari. Wannan shine Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka. Sakamakon yiwuwar wannan nadin shine cewa abokin ciniki; * Ya yanke shawarar cewa ba sa bukatar ƙarin sabis * Ana tura su ga wani mai ba da sabis * Suna karɓar ƙarin alƙawari kuma suna aiki tare da likitan asibiti a cikin sabis ɗin Alkawarin yana ƙoƙarin zama Haɗin gwiwa da ƙarfin da aka kafa. Da zarar an yarda da mai amfani, sai su shiga matakin haɗin gwiwa. Likitan asibiti ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa tare da ƙwarewa maimakon ƙwararre tare da iko. Aikin ya kunshi fannoni waɗanda ke da ma'auni da ɓangarorin da ke da ƙwarewa. == Ka'idodin da ke haifar da samfurin == Misali ya dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwa, gano ƙarfin mai amfani da haɓaka tsarin da aka raba. Misali na asali yana nufin mahimman abubuwa 11, dukansu ya kamata a aiwatar da su don aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the Choice and Partnership Approach in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in England, December 2009 |url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/CAPA_PDF.pdf |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=MentalHealth.org.uk}}</ref> # Jagorancin gudanarwa # Harshe # Gudanar da buƙata # Tsarin Zaɓin # Cikakken rajista ga haɗin gwiwa # Zaɓin Likitan Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙwarewa # Ƙarin ƙwarewar asibiti a cikin babban aiki # Shirye-shiryen aiki # Tsarin manufa da shirin kulawa # Kula da rukuni na tsara # Kwanakin tafiye-tafiye Har ila yau, aikin yana jagorantar 7 Helpful Habits . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunnachie |first=Bronwyn |title=The Choice & Partnership Approach (CAPA) & 7 HELPFUL Habots of Effective CAMHS |url=http://www.tepou.co.nz/uploads/files/resource-assets/the-choice-and-partnership-approach-capa-and-seven-helpful-habits-of-effective-camhs.pdf |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=TePou.co.nz}}</ref> * Kula da Bukatar * Ƙara Capacity * Bari Iya'''L''' su tafi * Taswirar tsari * Gudanar da kwarara * Amfani da Kayan Kulawa * Dubi Ma'aikata == Manazarta == fhh50i1ekfy5yb30ukskj49i9r9uzs2 Ayyukan Iyali na Itacen Coral 0 154701 846687 2026-06-04T07:54:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345038219|Coral Tree Family Service]]" 846687 wikitext text/x-wiki Coral Tree Family Service ƙwararren ƙwararren yara ne da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na iyali wanda ke harabar Asibitin Macquarie a Arewacin Ryde, Sydney, Ostiraliya. Yana aiki a cikin Gundumar Lafiya ta Arewacin Sydney a matsayin wani ɓangare NSW Lafiya ta NSW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Services/Pages/Coral-Tree-Family-Service.aspx |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Northern Sydney Local Health District |publisher=NSW Health}}</ref> Sabis ɗin yana ba da shigarwar iyali ga yara masu shekaru 12 da ƙasa da ke da ƙwarewar halayyar halayyar, motsin rai da lafiyar hankali.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa sabis ɗin ne a cikin 1959 a matsayin Sashin Yara a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Arewacin Ryde . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarie Hospital |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Macquarie_Hospital |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive |publisher=University of Sydney}}</ref> . A cikin shekarun 1960 an sake masa suna a matsayin Arndell Children's Unit. A farkon shekarun da suka gabata, sashin ya yi aiki a matsayin sabis na asibiti na yara na gargajiya. A farkon shekarun 1990s sashin ya sami jerin gyare-gyare waɗanda suka sauya tsarin kulawa zuwa ga shiga cikin gidaje na iyali.[1] Binciken ciki na Yankin Yara da Iyali na Arndell wanda NSW Health da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa suka gudanar a shekarar 1998 sun ba da shawarar cewa a sake tsara sabis ɗin don aiki a matsayin hanya ta gida da ta jihar. [2] A farkon shekarun 2000, an sake sunan sabis ɗin Coral Tree Family Service. == Shirye-shiryen == Coral Tree Family Service yana aiki da manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu - Shirin Gida na Iyali da Shirin Makarantar Asibiti. Shirin Gida na Iyali ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yawanci na dare huɗu, lokacin da yara da iyayensu ko masu kulawa ke zaune a shafin kuma suna shiga cikin tsarin warkarwa. Misali ya haɗa da horar da kula da iyaye da hanyoyin maganin tsarin a cikin yanayin zama, tare da mai da hankali kan karfafa aikin iyali da tallafawa iyaye don sarrafa matsalolin halayyar da motsin rai.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Krabman2006">{{Cite journal |last=Krabman |first=P. |year=2006 |title=Intensive inpatient family work with families of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties: an Australian experience |url=https://drpeterkrabman.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Coral-Tree-context-article-2006.pdf |journal=Context |issue=88 |pages=41–45 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref> Shirin Makarantar Asibiti yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Arndell, Makarantar Takamaiman Manufa a cikin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New South Wales wanda ke cikin harabar Asibitin Macquarie. Yara da suka shiga cikin shirin suna halartar Makarantar Arndell yayin da suke karɓar tallafin warkewa daga likitoci a Coral Tree Family Service . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://arndell-s.schools.nsw.gov.au/about-us/coral-tree-family-service |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Arndell School |publisher=NSW Department of Education}}</ref> Matsayi yana da iyakacin lokaci, yawanci yana da tsawon watanni 12, kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu mahimmanci na halayyar da motsin rai. Shirin ya haɗa tallafin ilimi da warkewa tare da manufar daidaita aikin ɗalibai da tallafawa sauyawarsu zuwa makarantar al'ada. == Bincike == Wani binciken da aka yi a 2023 na iyalai 493 ya ba da rahoton ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin iyali biyo bayan shiga cikin Shirin Gida na Iyali na Coral Tree, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba a makonni 13.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken 2015 da ke nazarin daliban da ke halartar Makarantar Arndell a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Makarantar Asibiti ya ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin halayyar ɗalibai, motsin rai da aikin zamantakewa yayin da aka sanya su.<ref name="Hulme2015">{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Melissa J. |last2=Cornish |first2=Alison M. |year=2015 |title=Behavioural improvements and emotional gains for students attending an Australian School for Specific Purposes |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1177/1359104514547595}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Arndell * NSW Lafiya * Rivendell Child, Matashi da Family Unit == Manazarta == t4ptbnhoyxp6905mu26lyzyzzenk976 846699 846687 2026-06-04T08:08:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Coral Tree Family Service ƙwararren ƙwararren yara ne da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na iyali wanda ke harabar Asibitin Macquarie a Arewacin Ryde, Sydney, Ostiraliya. Yana aiki a cikin Gundumar Lafiya ta Arewacin Sydney a matsayin wani ɓangare NSW Lafiya ta NSW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Services/Pages/Coral-Tree-Family-Service.aspx |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Northern Sydney Local Health District |publisher=NSW Health}}</ref> Sabis ɗin yana ba da shigarwar iyali ga yara masu shekaru 12 da ƙasa da ke da ƙwarewar halayyar halayyar, motsin rai da lafiyar hankali.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa sabis ɗin ne a cikin 1959 a matsayin Sashin Yara a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Arewacin Ryde . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarie Hospital |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Macquarie_Hospital |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive |publisher=University of Sydney}}</ref> . A cikin shekarun 1960 an sake masa suna a matsayin Arndell Children's Unit. A farkon shekarun da suka gabata, sashin ya yi aiki a matsayin sabis na asibiti na yara na gargajiya. A farkon shekarun 1990s sashin ya sami jerin gyare-gyare waɗanda suka sauya tsarin kulawa zuwa ga shiga cikin gidaje na iyali.[1] Binciken ciki na Yankin Yara da Iyali na Arndell wanda NSW Health da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa suka gudanar a shekarar 1998 sun ba da shawarar cewa a sake tsara sabis ɗin don aiki a matsayin hanya ta gida da ta jihar. [2] A farkon shekarun 2000, an sake sunan sabis ɗin Coral Tree Family Service. == Shirye-shiryen == Coral Tree Family Service yana aiki da manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu - Shirin Gida na Iyali da Shirin Makarantar Asibiti. Shirin Gida na Iyali ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yawanci na dare huɗu, lokacin da yara da iyayensu ko masu kulawa ke zaune a shafin kuma suna shiga cikin tsarin warkarwa. Misali ya haɗa da horar da kula da iyaye da hanyoyin maganin tsarin a cikin yanayin zama, tare da mai da hankali kan karfafa aikin iyali da tallafawa iyaye don sarrafa matsalolin halayyar da motsin rai.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Krabman2006">{{Cite journal |last=Krabman |first=P. |year=2006 |title=Intensive inpatient family work with families of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties: an Australian experience |url=https://drpeterkrabman.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Coral-Tree-context-article-2006.pdf |journal=Context |issue=88 |pages=41–45 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref> Shirin Makarantar Asibiti yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Arndell, Makarantar Takamaiman Manufa a cikin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New South Wales wanda ke cikin harabar Asibitin Macquarie. Yara da suka shiga cikin shirin suna halartar Makarantar Arndell yayin da suke karɓar tallafin warkewa daga likitoci a Coral Tree Family Service . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://arndell-s.schools.nsw.gov.au/about-us/coral-tree-family-service |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Arndell School |publisher=NSW Department of Education}}</ref> Matsayi yana da iyakacin lokaci, yawanci yana da tsawon watanni 12, kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu mahimmanci na halayyar da motsin rai. Shirin ya haɗa tallafin ilimi da warkewa tare da manufar daidaita aikin ɗalibai da tallafawa sauyawarsu zuwa makarantar al'ada. == Bincike == Wani binciken da aka yi a 2023 na iyalai 493 ya ba da rahoton ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin iyali biyo bayan shiga cikin Shirin Gida na Iyali na Coral Tree, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba a makonni 13.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken 2015 da ke nazarin daliban da ke halartar Makarantar Arndell a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Makarantar Asibiti ya ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin halayyar ɗalibai, motsin rai da aikin zamantakewa yayin da aka sanya su.<ref name="Hulme2015">{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Melissa J. |last2=Cornish |first2=Alison M. |year=2015 |title=Behavioural improvements and emotional gains for students attending an Australian School for Specific Purposes |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1177/1359104514547595}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Arndell * NSW Lafiya * Rivendell Child, Matashi da Family Unit == Manazarta == 4o0vfl7fooiyf92uoyjdejh2gng5euu Baƙo a cikin Iyali 0 154702 846688 2026-06-04T07:55:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346314243|A Stranger in the Family]]" 846688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Baƙo a cikin Iyali: Al'adu, Iyalai, da Magunguna''''' rubutu ne da likitan al'adu na Kanada da likitan iyali Vincenzo Di Nicola ya rubuta wanda ya haɗa maganin iyali da ilimin al'adu don ƙirƙirar samfurin maganin al'adu. Hanyar Di Nicola ta yin aiki tare da iyalai a duk faɗin al'adu ta haɗu da sabon kira na maganin iyali da ilimin halayyar al'adu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Le tiers monde à notre porte: Les immigrants et la thérapie familiale [The Third World in our own back¬yard: Immigrants and family therapy] |journal=Systèmes Humains |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=39–54}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis Part I: The Conceptual Basis |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=81–113 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200201 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144073186}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis: Part II: Portability and Culture Change |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=151–180 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200301 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144756928}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1986 |title=Beyond Babel: Family therapy as cultural translation |journal=International Journal of Family Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=179–191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo |date=1997 |title=Nuove realta sociali, nuovi modelli di terapia: Terapia familiare culturale per un mondo in trasformazione |trans-title=New social realities, new models of therapy: Cultural family therapy for a changing world |journal=Terapia Familiare |language=It |location=Rome |volume=54 |pages=5–9 |issn=0391-2868 |eissn=1972-5442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo |date=1997 |title=Culture and the web of meaning: Creating family and social contexts for human predicaments |journal=Dolentium Hominum |location=Vatican City |volume=34 |pages=97–100 |oclc=759478340}}</ref> Bincike masu mahimmanci sun kasance masu kyau kuma suna ƙarfafawa daga shugabannin a cikin maganin iyali, kamar Mara Selvini Palazzoli da Celia Jaes Falicov, da kuma wadanda ke cikin ilimin halayyar al'adu, kamar Armando Favazza.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvini Palazzoli |first=Mara |date=1986 |title=COMMENTS ON DI NICOLA's "FAMILY THERAPY AND TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY: PARTS 1 AND 2 (Published in T.P.R.R. Volume XXII, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 81-113 and 151-180). LETTER FROM MARA SELVINI PALAZZOLI, M.D., Nuovo Centro per Lo Studio della Famiglia, Viale Vitorio Veneto, 12, Milano 21124, Italy |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=83–85 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300114 |issn=0041-1108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falicov |first=Celia Jaes |date=1986 |title=Comments on DI NICOLA's Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: Parts 1 and 2 (TPRR, XXII, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 81-113 and 151-180), by CELIA JAES FALICOV, San Diego Family Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, la Jolla, California 92093, U. S. A |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300218 |issn=0041-1108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Favazza |first=Armando R |date=1986 |title=LETTER FROM ARMANDO R. FAVAZZA, M.D., Section of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Three Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, U.S.A |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300115 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=220521739}}</ref> An tattara wannan aikin na farko kuma an haɗa shi cikin tsarinsa na maganin al'adun iyali a cikin A Stranger in the Family a cikin 1997. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 2022 tare da Jami'ar Montréal inda yake koyarwa, Di Nicola ya gano asalin da kuma motsawa ga wannan aikin zuwa asalin yarinta a matsayin baƙon Italiya tare da tausayi ga yanayin yara da iyalai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Mylène |date=2022-05-12 |title=Un vétéran de la psychiatrie tourné vers les jeunes d'ici et d'ailleurs |url=https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/article/2022/10/06/un-veteran-de-la-psychiatrie-tourne-vers-les-jeunes-d-ici-et-d-ailleurs/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=nouvelles.umontreal.ca |language=fr}}</ref> === Gabatarwa === Magungunan iyali na al'adu (CFT) shine kira na maganin iyali da ilimin halayyar al'adu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis Part I: The Conceptual Basis |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=81–113 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200201 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144073186}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis: Part II: Portability and Culture Change |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=151–180 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200301 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144756928}}</ref> CFT wani nau'i ne na "labaran" (matsalar iyali da aka bayyana a cikin labarun rayuwar iyali) da "kayan aiki" (hanyoyin asibiti don aiki tare da fahimtar waɗannan labarun a cikin al'adu). Ta hanyar haɗa labarun da kayan aiki, CFT yana da niyyar fahimta da canji. Babu wanda ya isa, saboda kowannensu yana samar da wani ɓangare na mafita. Littafin ya ba da labarin fiye da "labaran" iyali guda biyu da suka bambanta daga taƙaitaccen zane-zane da hotuna na cameo zuwa mafi tsawo, cikakkun bayanai na ƙarni da yawa. An bayyana "kayan aiki na ra'ayi" guda tara don CFT. "Kayan aiki" yana nufin ayyukan da tunanin masu warkarwa, wani ɓangare na kayan aikin su. Wasu ayyuka ne (kamar "spirals"), wasu suna kama da ruwan tabarau (kamar" masks). Littafin ya kasu kashi uku, kowannensu yana da babban taken. === Sashe na I: Ganawa da baƙi === '''Babi na 1. Abubuwan ban mamaki da sanannun: haɗuwa da al'adu tsakanin iyalai, masu warkarwa, da masu ba da shawara''' Gabatarwa, yana sauti da manyan jigogi: an gabatar da shawarwarin al'adu, labarun iyalai da ke motsawa a cikin al'adu. "Spirals", an gabatar da kayan aiki na farko na CFT, yana kwatanta hanyar saduwa da baƙi ta hanyar tattaunawa da haɗin gwiwa, haɗa aikin Mara Selvini Palazzoli na Milan da maganin tarihin iyali na Michael White. '''Babi na 2: Magungunan iyali na al'adu: sabon kira''' Ya tsara haɗin gwiwar maganin iyali tare da ilimin halayyar al'adu, yana sukar amfani da al'adu ta hanyar maganin iyali. Bukatar kwatanci da yawa na matsaloli; yanayin warkewa guda biyu (technocratic da phenomenological); da matsalolin da ke tattare da maganin iyali a duk faɗin al'adu. "Paradigm" da "syntagm" sun bambanta, ƙarshen yana kira ga sabon tsarin, ganin kowane iyali a matsayin al'ada ta musamman. '''Babi na 3: Al'adun gabatarwar: mahallin don maganin iyali''' Sabuntawa na kira, sake fasalin batun gabatarwar a cikin magani a matsayin "al'adun gabatarwar" sabanin "matsalar gabatarwar". Kayan aiki na biyu na CFT shine "masks" ko kayan ado na al'adu da camouflage, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin likitan iyali Edwin Friedman. Kayan aiki na uku na CFT game da "aiki" na ciki da na waje, yana kwatanta yadda matsayin mai warkarwa dangane da iyali. === Sashe na II: A kan ƙofar: harshe, ainihi, da canjin al'adu === '''Babi na 4: Bayan Babel: fassarar al'adu da warkewa''' Wannan babi yana nazarin harshe da fassara a cikin al'adu da magani, <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1986 |title=Beyond Babel: Family therapy as cultural translation |journal=International Journal of Family Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=179–191}}</ref> wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin fassarar da George Steiner ya yi a ''Bayan Babel'' . Ana sake nazarin fassarar al'adu a cikin hasken aikin masanin ilimin al'adu na Burtaniya Mary Douglas, "Self-evidence" a cikin Implicit Meanings . "Codes" shine kayan aiki na huɗu na CFT. Ana kwatanta fassarar al'adu da warkewa tare da zane-zane na asibiti. '''Babi na 5: Canje-canje: yara da iyalai a cikin canjin al'adu''' Yana nazarin ainihi da canjin al'adu. "Al'adun gabatar da" ita ce hanyar sarauta don fahimtar "tunani", "kai", da "mutumin". Canje-canje - yara da iyalai da ke fuskantar canjin al'adu - ana bincika su ta hanyar labaran yara masu ƙaura guda biyar. "Tsarin al'adu" shine kayan aiki na biyar na CFT, yana bincika daidaitawa da al'adu. '''Babi na 6: Magani mai iyaka: mutane masu iyaka da jihohin canji''' Kira don nazarin mutane da ''Jihohin canji'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin masanin ilimin al'adu na Burtaniya Victor Turner. Ana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adu da cututtukan kwakwalwa kuma ana bayyana cututtuken canjin al'adu kuma ana kwatanta su da hotunan asibiti na yara masu zaɓaɓɓen mutism. An bayyana CFT a matsayin maganin ƙofar tare da mutane masu iyaka. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9sideyt3lsy1q2lrpqw9y11f5sqrn2 846700 846688 2026-06-04T08:09:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Baƙo a cikin Iyali: Al'adu, Iyalai, da Magunguna''''' rubutu ne da likitan al'adu na Kanada da likitan iyali Vincenzo Di Nicola ya rubuta wanda ya haɗa maganin iyali da ilimin al'adu don ƙirƙirar samfurin maganin al'adu. Hanyar Di Nicola ta yin aiki tare da iyalai a duk faɗin al'adu ta haɗu da sabon kira na maganin iyali da ilimin halayyar al'adu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Le tiers monde à notre porte: Les immigrants et la thérapie familiale [The Third World in our own back¬yard: Immigrants and family therapy] |journal=Systèmes Humains |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=39–54}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis Part I: The Conceptual Basis |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=81–113 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200201 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144073186}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis: Part II: Portability and Culture Change |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=151–180 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200301 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144756928}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1986 |title=Beyond Babel: Family therapy as cultural translation |journal=International Journal of Family Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=179–191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo |date=1997 |title=Nuove realta sociali, nuovi modelli di terapia: Terapia familiare culturale per un mondo in trasformazione |trans-title=New social realities, new models of therapy: Cultural family therapy for a changing world |journal=Terapia Familiare |language=It |location=Rome |volume=54 |pages=5–9 |issn=0391-2868 |eissn=1972-5442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo |date=1997 |title=Culture and the web of meaning: Creating family and social contexts for human predicaments |journal=Dolentium Hominum |location=Vatican City |volume=34 |pages=97–100 |oclc=759478340}}</ref> Bincike masu mahimmanci sun kasance masu kyau kuma suna ƙarfafawa daga shugabannin a cikin maganin iyali, kamar Mara Selvini Palazzoli da Celia Jaes Falicov, da kuma wadanda ke cikin ilimin halayyar al'adu, kamar Armando Favazza.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvini Palazzoli |first=Mara |date=1986 |title=COMMENTS ON DI NICOLA's "FAMILY THERAPY AND TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY: PARTS 1 AND 2 (Published in T.P.R.R. Volume XXII, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 81-113 and 151-180). LETTER FROM MARA SELVINI PALAZZOLI, M.D., Nuovo Centro per Lo Studio della Famiglia, Viale Vitorio Veneto, 12, Milano 21124, Italy |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=83–85 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300114 |issn=0041-1108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falicov |first=Celia Jaes |date=1986 |title=Comments on DI NICOLA's Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: Parts 1 and 2 (TPRR, XXII, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 81-113 and 151-180), by CELIA JAES FALICOV, San Diego Family Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, la Jolla, California 92093, U. S. A |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300218 |issn=0041-1108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Favazza |first=Armando R |date=1986 |title=LETTER FROM ARMANDO R. FAVAZZA, M.D., Section of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Three Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, U.S.A |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.1177/136346158602300115 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=220521739}}</ref> An tattara wannan aikin na farko kuma an haɗa shi cikin tsarinsa na maganin al'adun iyali a cikin A Stranger in the Family a cikin 1997. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 2022 tare da Jami'ar Montréal inda yake koyarwa, Di Nicola ya gano asalin da kuma motsawa ga wannan aikin zuwa asalin yarinta a matsayin baƙon Italiya tare da tausayi ga yanayin yara da iyalai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Mylène |date=2022-05-12 |title=Un vétéran de la psychiatrie tourné vers les jeunes d'ici et d'ailleurs |url=https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/article/2022/10/06/un-veteran-de-la-psychiatrie-tourne-vers-les-jeunes-d-ici-et-d-ailleurs/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=nouvelles.umontreal.ca |language=fr}}</ref> === Gabatarwa === Magungunan iyali na al'adu (CFT) shine kira na maganin iyali da ilimin halayyar al'adu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis Part I: The Conceptual Basis |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=81–113 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200201 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144073186}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1985 |title=Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry: An Emerging Synthesis: Part II: Portability and Culture Change |journal=Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=151–180 |doi=10.1177/136346158502200301 |issn=0041-1108 |s2cid=144756928}}</ref> CFT wani nau'i ne na "labaran" (matsalar iyali da aka bayyana a cikin labarun rayuwar iyali) da "kayan aiki" (hanyoyin asibiti don aiki tare da fahimtar waɗannan labarun a cikin al'adu). Ta hanyar haɗa labarun da kayan aiki, CFT yana da niyyar fahimta da canji. Babu wanda ya isa, saboda kowannensu yana samar da wani ɓangare na mafita. Littafin ya ba da labarin fiye da "labaran" iyali guda biyu da suka bambanta daga taƙaitaccen zane-zane da hotuna na cameo zuwa mafi tsawo, cikakkun bayanai na ƙarni da yawa. An bayyana "kayan aiki na ra'ayi" guda tara don CFT. "Kayan aiki" yana nufin ayyukan da tunanin masu warkarwa, wani ɓangare na kayan aikin su. Wasu ayyuka ne (kamar "spirals"), wasu suna kama da ruwan tabarau (kamar" masks). Littafin ya kasu kashi uku, kowannensu yana da babban taken. === Sashe na I: Ganawa da baƙi === '''Babi na 1. Abubuwan ban mamaki da sanannun: haɗuwa da al'adu tsakanin iyalai, masu warkarwa, da masu ba da shawara''' Gabatarwa, yana sauti da manyan jigogi: an gabatar da shawarwarin al'adu, labarun iyalai da ke motsawa a cikin al'adu. "Spirals", an gabatar da kayan aiki na farko na CFT, yana kwatanta hanyar saduwa da baƙi ta hanyar tattaunawa da haɗin gwiwa, haɗa aikin Mara Selvini Palazzoli na Milan da maganin tarihin iyali na Michael White. '''Babi na 2: Magungunan iyali na al'adu: sabon kira''' Ya tsara haɗin gwiwar maganin iyali tare da ilimin halayyar al'adu, yana sukar amfani da al'adu ta hanyar maganin iyali. Bukatar kwatanci da yawa na matsaloli; yanayin warkewa guda biyu (technocratic da phenomenological); da matsalolin da ke tattare da maganin iyali a duk faɗin al'adu. "Paradigm" da "syntagm" sun bambanta, ƙarshen yana kira ga sabon tsarin, ganin kowane iyali a matsayin al'ada ta musamman. '''Babi na 3: Al'adun gabatarwar: mahallin don maganin iyali''' Sabuntawa na kira, sake fasalin batun gabatarwar a cikin magani a matsayin "al'adun gabatarwar" sabanin "matsalar gabatarwar". Kayan aiki na biyu na CFT shine "masks" ko kayan ado na al'adu da camouflage, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin likitan iyali Edwin Friedman. Kayan aiki na uku na CFT game da "aiki" na ciki da na waje, yana kwatanta yadda matsayin mai warkarwa dangane da iyali. === Sashe na II: A kan ƙofar: harshe, ainihi, da canjin al'adu === '''Babi na 4: Bayan Babel: fassarar al'adu da warkewa''' Wannan babi yana nazarin harshe da fassara a cikin al'adu da magani, <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=DiNicola |first=Vincenzo F. |date=1986 |title=Beyond Babel: Family therapy as cultural translation |journal=International Journal of Family Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=179–191}}</ref> wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin fassarar da George Steiner ya yi a ''Bayan Babel'' . Ana sake nazarin fassarar al'adu a cikin hasken aikin masanin ilimin al'adu na Burtaniya Mary Douglas, "Self-evidence" a cikin Implicit Meanings . "Codes" shine kayan aiki na huɗu na CFT. Ana kwatanta fassarar al'adu da warkewa tare da zane-zane na asibiti. '''Babi na 5: Canje-canje: yara da iyalai a cikin canjin al'adu''' Yana nazarin ainihi da canjin al'adu. "Al'adun gabatar da" ita ce hanyar sarauta don fahimtar "tunani", "kai", da "mutumin". Canje-canje - yara da iyalai da ke fuskantar canjin al'adu - ana bincika su ta hanyar labaran yara masu ƙaura guda biyar. "Tsarin al'adu" shine kayan aiki na biyar na CFT, yana bincika daidaitawa da al'adu. '''Babi na 6: Magani mai iyaka: mutane masu iyaka da jihohin canji''' Kira don nazarin mutane da ''Jihohin canji'', wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin masanin ilimin al'adu na Burtaniya Victor Turner. Ana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adu da cututtukan kwakwalwa kuma ana bayyana cututtuken canjin al'adu kuma ana kwatanta su da hotunan asibiti na yara masu zaɓaɓɓen mutism. An bayyana CFT a matsayin maganin ƙofar tare da mutane masu iyaka. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ducn1ciq7vd15dpn3cwl7zdj4dypstf Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da samartaka 0 154703 846701 2026-06-04T08:11:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354732468|Depression in childhood and adolescence]]" 846701 wikitext text/x-wiki Babban rikicewar '''baƙin ciki''', sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai baƙin ciki, cuta ce ta hankali wacce ke nuna rashin farin ciki ko fushi. Yana tare da tarin alamomi da alamomi irin su [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], rashin kulawa, Matsalolin bacci, asarar abinci, asarar sadaukarwa, ƙarancin kula da kai / rashin cancanta, wahalar mai da hankali ko rashin yanke shawara, ko tunanin maimaitawa na mutuwa ko [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]. Rashin lafiya a cikin ƙuruciya da samartaka yayi kama da babban ciwon baƙin ciki na manya, kodayake matasa masu fama da su na iya nuna karuwar fushi ko Rashin kula da halayyar maimakon yawan bakin ciki, banza, ko rashin bege da ake gani tare da manya.[1] Yaran da ke cikin damuwa, fuskantar asarar ko baƙin ciki, ko kuma suna da wasu cututtukan da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma ga baƙin ciki. Mawuyacin hali a cikin matasa sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na hankali a waje da wasu rikice-rikicen yanayi, galibi rikice-rubuce na damuwa, musamman rikice-Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa, da rikicewar hali. Rashin lafiya kuma yana gudana a cikin iyalai.[2] Ƙungiyar Ƙasa kan Cututtukan Zuciya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 75 cikin 100 na cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna farawa da shekaru 24.[3][4] A cikin bita na Cochrane na 2016, maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), CBT na uku, da kuma maganin mutum-mutumi sun nuna ƙananan fa'idodi masu kyau a rigakafin baƙin ciki. [5][6] Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kirkiro jiyya daban-daban don taimakawa yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki, kodayake halattaccen ganewar asali na baƙin ciki na yara a matsayin rikicewar hankali, da kuma tasirin hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa da magani, ya kasance mai kawo rigima. == Matsakaicin ƙididdiga da yaduwa == Kimanin kashi 8% na yara da matasa suna da baƙin ciki.<ref name="Eapen">{{Cite journal |author-link=Valsamma Eapen |vauthors=Eapen V, Črnčec R |date=January 2012 |title=Strategies and challenges in the management of adolescent depression |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de3bd |pmid=22156932 |s2cid=6721532}}</ref> A cikin 2016, kashi 51% na dalibai (matasa) waɗanda suka ziyarci cibiyar ba da shawara sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da damuwa, sannan baƙin ciki (41%), damuwa game da dangantaka (34%) da kuma tunanin kashe kansa (20.5%). Dalibai da yawa sun ba da rahoton fuskantar yanayi da yawa a lokaci guda. Bincike ya nuna cewa yaduwar yara da ke fama da babbar matsalar baƙin ciki a al'adun Yammacin Turai ya kasance daga 1.9% zuwa 3.4% tsakanin yara na makarantar firamare.<ref name="Kovacs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak MA, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R |date=March 1984 |title=Depressive disorders in childhood. I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=229–237 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790140019002 |pmid=6367688}}</ref> Daga cikin matasa, har zuwa 9% sun cika ka'idojin baƙin ciki a wani lokaci kuma kusan 20% suna fuskantar baƙin ciki wani lokaci a lokacin balaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Laraque D, Stein RE |date=March 2018 |title=Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management |journal=Pediatrics |volume=141 |issue=3 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-4082 |pmid=29483201 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma gano cewa tsakanin yara da aka gano suna da damuwa, akwai kashi 70% na sake dawowa cikin shekaru biyar.<ref name="Kovacs" /> Bugu da ƙari, kashi 50% na yara masu baƙin ciki za su sake dawowa aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin da suka girma.<ref name="Kessler">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Ries Merikangas K |date=June 2001 |title=Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1002–1014 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 |pmid=11430842 |s2cid=10397930}}</ref> Duk da yake babu bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙimar baƙin ciki a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 15 ba bayan wannan shekarun yawan tsakanin mata ya ninka sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da maza. Koyaya, dangane da yawan maimaitawa da tsananin alamomi, babu bambancin jinsi.<ref name="Hankin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE |date=February 1998 |title=Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 |pmid=9505045 |s2cid=29783051}}</ref> A cikin ƙoƙari na bayyana waɗannan binciken, wata ka'ida ta tabbatar da cewa mata masu ƙuruciya a matsakaita suna da haɗarin haɗari ga baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da maza. Wadannan abubuwan haɗari sun haɗu tare da damuwa da ƙalubale na ci gaban matasa don haifar da farawar baƙin ciki.<ref name="Nolen-Hoeksema">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS |date=May 1994 |title=The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 |pmid=8016286}}</ref> Rashin lafiya a cikin matasa da matasa yana da alaƙa da sakamako masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya zuwa daga baya a rayuwa ga mutumin da abin ya shafa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sakamakon sun hada da rashin lafiya na jiki da na tunani, matsala ta aiki a cikin jama'a, da kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maughan B, Collishaw S, Stringaris A |date=February 2013 |title=Depression in childhood and adolescence |journal=Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |pmc=3565713 |pmid=23390431}}</ref> === Manufar kashe kansa === Kamar takwarorinsu na manya, yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki suna cikin haɗarin ƙoƙari ko kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M, Flory M |date=April 1996 |title=Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=339–348 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012 |pmid=8634012}}</ref> Kisan kai shine karo na huɗu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health of adolescents |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Matasa maza na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin halayyar kashe kansa yayin da suke nuna rikicewar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Craft L |year=1999 |title=Methods of adolescent suicide prevention |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=70–4; discussion 75–6, 113–6 |pmid=10073391}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH) ta gano cewa har zuwa kashi 7% na matasa da ke fama da babban matsalar baƙin ciki na iya kashe kansu yayin da suke matasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB, Moreau D, Adams P, Greenwald S, Klier CM, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Wickramaratne P |date=May 1999 |title=Depressed adolescents grown up |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=18 |pages=1707–1713 |doi=10.1001/jama.281.18.1707 |pmid=10328070 |s2cid=46242201 |doi-access=}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kididdigar suna nuna muhimmancin shiga tsakani ta dangi da abokai, muhimmancin ganewar asali da wuri, da kuma maganin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, don hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa masu haɗari. Koyaya, wasu bayanai sun nuna akasin haka. Yawancin alamun baƙin ciki ana bayar da rahoton su akai-akai daga mata; kamar bakin ciki (wanda 85.1% na mata da 54.3% na maza suka bayar da rahoton) da kuka (kimanin 63.4% na mata da 42.9% na maza). Mata suna da damar fuskantar baƙin ciki fiye da maza, tare da yaduwar 19.2% da 13.5% bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lopez Molina MA, Jansen K, Drews C, Pinheiro R, Silva R, Souza L |date=7 May 2013 |title=Major depressive disorder symptoms in male and female young adults |journal=Psychology, Health & Medicine |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=136–145 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2013.793369 |pmid=23651450 |s2cid=32876100}}</ref> === Dalilin haɗari === Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller L, Campo JV |date=July 2021 |title=Depression in Adolescents |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=5 |pages=445–449 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2033475 |pmid=34320289 |s2cid=236498366}}</ref> There tends to be higher prevalence rates and more severe symptoms in adolescent girls when compared to adolescent boys. These higher rates are also applicable in older adolescents when compared to younger adolescents.<ref name="Miller" /> This may be due to hormonal fluctuations that may make adolescent women more vulnerable to depression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women and depression |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref> The fact that increased prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, particularly during puberty, suggests that female hormones may be a trigger for depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albert PR |date=July 2015 |title=Why is depression more prevalent in women? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.1503/jpn.150205 |pmc=4478054 |pmid=26107348}}</ref> The gender gap in depression between adolescent men and women has been linked to young women's lower levels of positive thinking, need for approval, and self-focusing in negative conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvete E, Cardeñoso O |date=April 2005 |title=Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y |pmid=15839496 |s2cid=36986016}}</ref> Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brunstein Klomek A, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS |date=January 2007 |title=Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=cc_pubs |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18 |pmid=17195728 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nicotine dependence is also associated with depression, anxiety, and poor dieting, mostly in young men.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Psujek JK, Martz DM, Curtin L, Michael KD, Aeschleman SR |date=February 2004 |title=Gender differences in the association among nicotine dependence, body image, depression, and anxiety within a college population |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=375–380 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.031 |pmid=14732426}}</ref> Although causal direction has not been established, involvement in any sex or drug use is cause for concern.<ref name="Adolescent depression and suicide r">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Ford CA, Halpern CT, Brodish PH, Iritani B |date=October 2004 |title=Adolescent depression and suicide risk: association with sex and drug behavior |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=224–231 |doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(04)00124-2 |pmid=15450635}}</ref> Children who develop major depression are more likely to have a family history of the disorder (often a parent who experienced depression at an early age) than patients with adolescent- or adult-onset depression. Adolescents with depression are also likely to have a family history of depression, though the correlation is not as high as it is for children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fact Sheet |url=http://www.about-teen-depression.com/teen-depression.html |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-22 |title=Why do Women Get Depressed More Than Men? |url=http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/09/22/why-do-women-get-depressed-more-than-men/}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (November 2017)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Cutar da ke tattare da cutar === Rashin halayyar sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da babban matsalar baƙin ciki a cikin yara da matasa. Nazarin asibiti da cututtukan cututtuka sun rubuta muhimmiyar haɗuwa tsakanin bayyanar cututtuka da bayyanar cututtukani, kuma wannan cuta tana da alaƙa da rashin aiki na zamantakewar mutum, matsalolin ilimi, haɗarin amfani da kwayoyi, da haɓaka kashe kansa. Binciken tsarin kwanan nan ya kara nuna cewa raunin kwayar halitta na iya bayyana wannan hadin gwiwa a duk faɗin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caserini |first=C. |last2=Ferro |first2=M. |last3=Nobile |first3=M. |last4=Scaini |first4=S. |last5=Michelini |first5=G. |year=2023 |title=Shared genetic influences between depression and conduct disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=322 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaduwar cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a lokacin ƙuruciya na iya bambanta da launin fata da kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weller BE, Blanford KL, Butler AM |date=June 2018 |title=Estimated Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in U.S. Adolescents With Depression by Race/Ethnicity, 2011-2012 |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=716–721 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.020 |pmid=29784115 |s2cid=29157841}}</ref> === Dalilan zamantakewa === Matasa suna cikin neman ainihi da ma'ana a rayuwarsu. An kuma dauke su a matsayin rukuni na musamman tare da matsaloli da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sauyawa zuwa balaga. Matsi na ilimi, matsalolin da ke tsakanin mutum da na mutum, mutuwar ƙaunatattun mutane, cututtuka, da asarar dangantaka, sun nuna cewa suna da matukar damuwa a cikin matasa. Duk da yake wani bangare ne na al'ada na ci gaba a cikin matasa don fuskantar damuwa da nakasa, akwai karuwar cututtukan hankali a duniya. Mawuyacin hali yawanci martani ne ga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa kamar batutuwan dangantaka, matsalolin kudi, rashin lafiya na jiki, rashi, da dai sauransu. Wasu mutane na iya zama masu baƙin ciki ba tare da wani dalili ba kuma wahalarsu ta kasance daidai da waɗanda ke amsawa daga abubuwan da suka gabata. Tsarin tunani na iya taka rawa a cikin rauni ga baƙin ciki. Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin Girman kai, koyaushe suna kallon kansu da duniya tare da mummunan ra'ayi, ko kuma suna da damuwa, na iya zama masu saurin damuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken al'umma ya gano cewa mata sun fi maza damar cewa suna cikin damuwa. Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa mata sun fi maza damar yin baƙin ciki saboda wani abu mai wahala. Mata kuma suna iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan damuwa masu tsanani kamar cin zarafin yara, cin zarafin manya, da tashin hankali na gida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women and depression |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, baƙin ciki na iya zama sakamakon mummunar gogewa, ɗaya daga cikinsu na iya faruwa a lokacin wasanni inda abubuwan zamantakewa suka wuce cikin ayyukan matsayi a cikin hanyar zalunci, wanda zai iya tushen dalilin farko.   == Dubi kuma == * Kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBT * [[Matasa sun kashe kansu]] == Manazarta == ll2dc0x52u5dccrv1v42mqbyv2xhjx2 846702 846701 2026-06-04T08:12:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban rikicewar '''baƙin ciki''', sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai baƙin ciki, cuta ce ta hankali wacce ke nuna rashin farin ciki ko fushi. Yana tare da tarin alamomi da alamomi irin su [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], rashin kulawa, Matsalolin bacci, asarar abinci, asarar sadaukarwa, ƙarancin kula da kai / rashin cancanta, wahalar mai da hankali ko rashin yanke shawara, ko tunanin maimaitawa na mutuwa ko [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]]. Rashin lafiya a cikin ƙuruciya da samartaka yayi kama da babban ciwon baƙin ciki na manya, kodayake matasa masu fama da su na iya nuna karuwar fushi ko Rashin kula da halayyar maimakon yawan bakin ciki, banza, ko rashin bege da ake gani tare da manya.[1] Yaran da ke cikin damuwa, fuskantar asarar ko baƙin ciki, ko kuma suna da wasu cututtukan da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma ga baƙin ciki. Mawuyacin hali a cikin matasa sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na hankali a waje da wasu rikice-rikicen yanayi, galibi rikice-rubuce na damuwa, musamman rikice-Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa, da rikicewar hali. Rashin lafiya kuma yana gudana a cikin iyalai.[2] Ƙungiyar Ƙasa kan Cututtukan Zuciya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 75 cikin 100 na cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna farawa da shekaru 24.[3][4] A cikin bita na Cochrane na 2016, maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), CBT na uku, da kuma maganin mutum-mutumi sun nuna ƙananan fa'idodi masu kyau a rigakafin baƙin ciki. [5][6] Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kirkiro jiyya daban-daban don taimakawa yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki, kodayake halattaccen ganewar asali na baƙin ciki na yara a matsayin rikicewar hankali, da kuma tasirin hanyoyi daban-daban na kimantawa da magani, ya kasance mai kawo rigima. == Matsakaicin ƙididdiga da yaduwa == Kimanin kashi 8% na yara da matasa suna da baƙin ciki.<ref name="Eapen">{{Cite journal |author-link=Valsamma Eapen |vauthors=Eapen V, Črnčec R |date=January 2012 |title=Strategies and challenges in the management of adolescent depression |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de3bd |pmid=22156932 |s2cid=6721532}}</ref> A cikin 2016, kashi 51% na dalibai (matasa) waɗanda suka ziyarci cibiyar ba da shawara sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da damuwa, sannan baƙin ciki (41%), damuwa game da dangantaka (34%) da kuma tunanin kashe kansa (20.5%). Dalibai da yawa sun ba da rahoton fuskantar yanayi da yawa a lokaci guda. Bincike ya nuna cewa yaduwar yara da ke fama da babbar matsalar baƙin ciki a al'adun Yammacin Turai ya kasance daga 1.9% zuwa 3.4% tsakanin yara na makarantar firamare.<ref name="Kovacs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak MA, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R |date=March 1984 |title=Depressive disorders in childhood. I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=229–237 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790140019002 |pmid=6367688}}</ref> Daga cikin matasa, har zuwa 9% sun cika ka'idojin baƙin ciki a wani lokaci kuma kusan 20% suna fuskantar baƙin ciki wani lokaci a lokacin balaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Laraque D, Stein RE |date=March 2018 |title=Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management |journal=Pediatrics |volume=141 |issue=3 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-4082 |pmid=29483201 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma gano cewa tsakanin yara da aka gano suna da damuwa, akwai kashi 70% na sake dawowa cikin shekaru biyar.<ref name="Kovacs" /> Bugu da ƙari, kashi 50% na yara masu baƙin ciki za su sake dawowa aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin da suka girma.<ref name="Kessler">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Ries Merikangas K |date=June 2001 |title=Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1002–1014 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 |pmid=11430842 |s2cid=10397930}}</ref> Duk da yake babu bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙimar baƙin ciki a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 15 ba bayan wannan shekarun yawan tsakanin mata ya ninka sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da maza. Koyaya, dangane da yawan maimaitawa da tsananin alamomi, babu bambancin jinsi.<ref name="Hankin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE |date=February 1998 |title=Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 |pmid=9505045 |s2cid=29783051}}</ref> A cikin ƙoƙari na bayyana waɗannan binciken, wata ka'ida ta tabbatar da cewa mata masu ƙuruciya a matsakaita suna da haɗarin haɗari ga baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da maza. Wadannan abubuwan haɗari sun haɗu tare da damuwa da ƙalubale na ci gaban matasa don haifar da farawar baƙin ciki.<ref name="Nolen-Hoeksema">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS |date=May 1994 |title=The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=424–443 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 |pmid=8016286}}</ref> Rashin lafiya a cikin matasa da matasa yana da alaƙa da sakamako masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya zuwa daga baya a rayuwa ga mutumin da abin ya shafa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sakamakon sun hada da rashin lafiya na jiki da na tunani, matsala ta aiki a cikin jama'a, da kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maughan B, Collishaw S, Stringaris A |date=February 2013 |title=Depression in childhood and adolescence |journal=Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |pmc=3565713 |pmid=23390431}}</ref> === Manufar kashe kansa === Kamar takwarorinsu na manya, yara da matasa da ke fama da baƙin ciki suna cikin haɗarin ƙoƙari ko kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M, Flory M |date=April 1996 |title=Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=339–348 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012 |pmid=8634012}}</ref> Kisan kai shine karo na huɗu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health of adolescents |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Matasa maza na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin halayyar kashe kansa yayin da suke nuna rikicewar halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaffer D, Craft L |year=1999 |title=Methods of adolescent suicide prevention |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=70–4; discussion 75–6, 113–6 |pmid=10073391}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH) ta gano cewa har zuwa kashi 7% na matasa da ke fama da babban matsalar baƙin ciki na iya kashe kansu yayin da suke matasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB, Moreau D, Adams P, Greenwald S, Klier CM, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Wickramaratne P |date=May 1999 |title=Depressed adolescents grown up |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=18 |pages=1707–1713 |doi=10.1001/jama.281.18.1707 |pmid=10328070 |s2cid=46242201 |doi-access=}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kididdigar suna nuna muhimmancin shiga tsakani ta dangi da abokai, muhimmancin ganewar asali da wuri, da kuma maganin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, don hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa masu haɗari. Koyaya, wasu bayanai sun nuna akasin haka. Yawancin alamun baƙin ciki ana bayar da rahoton su akai-akai daga mata; kamar bakin ciki (wanda 85.1% na mata da 54.3% na maza suka bayar da rahoton) da kuka (kimanin 63.4% na mata da 42.9% na maza). Mata suna da damar fuskantar baƙin ciki fiye da maza, tare da yaduwar 19.2% da 13.5% bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lopez Molina MA, Jansen K, Drews C, Pinheiro R, Silva R, Souza L |date=7 May 2013 |title=Major depressive disorder symptoms in male and female young adults |journal=Psychology, Health & Medicine |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=136–145 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2013.793369 |pmid=23651450 |s2cid=32876100}}</ref> === Dalilin haɗari === Risk factors for adolescent depression include a family history of depression, a personal history of trauma, family conflict, minority sexual orientation, or having a chronic medical illness.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller L, Campo JV |date=July 2021 |title=Depression in Adolescents |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=5 |pages=445–449 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2033475 |pmid=34320289 |s2cid=236498366}}</ref> There tends to be higher prevalence rates and more severe symptoms in adolescent girls when compared to adolescent boys. These higher rates are also applicable in older adolescents when compared to younger adolescents.<ref name="Miller" /> This may be due to hormonal fluctuations that may make adolescent women more vulnerable to depression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women and depression |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref> The fact that increased prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, particularly during puberty, suggests that female hormones may be a trigger for depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albert PR |date=July 2015 |title=Why is depression more prevalent in women? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.1503/jpn.150205 |pmc=4478054 |pmid=26107348}}</ref> The gender gap in depression between adolescent men and women has been linked to young women's lower levels of positive thinking, need for approval, and self-focusing in negative conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvete E, Cardeñoso O |date=April 2005 |title=Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y |pmid=15839496 |s2cid=36986016}}</ref> Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brunstein Klomek A, Marrocco F, Kleinman M, Schonfeld IS, Gould MS |date=January 2007 |title=Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=cc_pubs |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18 |pmid=17195728 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nicotine dependence is also associated with depression, anxiety, and poor dieting, mostly in young men.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Psujek JK, Martz DM, Curtin L, Michael KD, Aeschleman SR |date=February 2004 |title=Gender differences in the association among nicotine dependence, body image, depression, and anxiety within a college population |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=375–380 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.031 |pmid=14732426}}</ref> Although causal direction has not been established, involvement in any sex or drug use is cause for concern.<ref name="Adolescent depression and suicide r">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Ford CA, Halpern CT, Brodish PH, Iritani B |date=October 2004 |title=Adolescent depression and suicide risk: association with sex and drug behavior |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=224–231 |doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(04)00124-2 |pmid=15450635}}</ref> Children who develop major depression are more likely to have a family history of the disorder (often a parent who experienced depression at an early age) than patients with adolescent- or adult-onset depression. Adolescents with depression are also likely to have a family history of depression, though the correlation is not as high as it is for children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fact Sheet |url=http://www.about-teen-depression.com/teen-depression.html |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-22 |title=Why do Women Get Depressed More Than Men? |url=http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/09/22/why-do-women-get-depressed-more-than-men/}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (November 2017)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Cutar da ke tattare da cutar === Rashin halayyar sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da babban matsalar baƙin ciki a cikin yara da matasa. Nazarin asibiti da cututtukan cututtuka sun rubuta muhimmiyar haɗuwa tsakanin bayyanar cututtuka da bayyanar cututtukani, kuma wannan cuta tana da alaƙa da rashin aiki na zamantakewar mutum, matsalolin ilimi, haɗarin amfani da kwayoyi, da haɓaka kashe kansa. Binciken tsarin kwanan nan ya kara nuna cewa raunin kwayar halitta na iya bayyana wannan hadin gwiwa a duk faɗin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caserini |first=C. |last2=Ferro |first2=M. |last3=Nobile |first3=M. |last4=Scaini |first4=S. |last5=Michelini |first5=G. |year=2023 |title=Shared genetic influences between depression and conduct disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=322 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaduwar cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a lokacin ƙuruciya na iya bambanta da launin fata da kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weller BE, Blanford KL, Butler AM |date=June 2018 |title=Estimated Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in U.S. Adolescents With Depression by Race/Ethnicity, 2011-2012 |journal=The Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=716–721 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.020 |pmid=29784115 |s2cid=29157841}}</ref> === Dalilan zamantakewa === Matasa suna cikin neman ainihi da ma'ana a rayuwarsu. An kuma dauke su a matsayin rukuni na musamman tare da matsaloli da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sauyawa zuwa balaga. Matsi na ilimi, matsalolin da ke tsakanin mutum da na mutum, mutuwar ƙaunatattun mutane, cututtuka, da asarar dangantaka, sun nuna cewa suna da matukar damuwa a cikin matasa. Duk da yake wani bangare ne na al'ada na ci gaba a cikin matasa don fuskantar damuwa da nakasa, akwai karuwar cututtukan hankali a duniya. Mawuyacin hali yawanci martani ne ga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa kamar batutuwan dangantaka, matsalolin kudi, rashin lafiya na jiki, rashi, da dai sauransu. Wasu mutane na iya zama masu baƙin ciki ba tare da wani dalili ba kuma wahalarsu ta kasance daidai da waɗanda ke amsawa daga abubuwan da suka gabata. Tsarin tunani na iya taka rawa a cikin rauni ga baƙin ciki. Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin Girman kai, koyaushe suna kallon kansu da duniya tare da mummunan ra'ayi, ko kuma suna da damuwa, na iya zama masu saurin damuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken al'umma ya gano cewa mata sun fi maza damar cewa suna cikin damuwa. Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa mata sun fi maza damar yin baƙin ciki saboda wani abu mai wahala. Mata kuma suna iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan damuwa masu tsanani kamar cin zarafin yara, cin zarafin manya, da tashin hankali na gida.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women and depression |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/women-and-depression |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, baƙin ciki na iya zama sakamakon mummunar gogewa, ɗaya daga cikinsu na iya faruwa a lokacin wasanni inda abubuwan zamantakewa suka wuce cikin ayyukan matsayi a cikin hanyar zalunci, wanda zai iya tushen dalilin farko.   == Dubi kuma == * Kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBT * [[Matasa sun kashe kansu]] == Manazarta == 5m8z0fgn2up1rrvouti5m9c9b6o5ks3 Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali 0 154704 846703 2026-06-04T08:16:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357639312|Digital media use and mental health]]" 846703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Reading_mail_at_night_(Unsplash).jpg|thumb|"Tsoron rasa" na iya haifar da damuwa ta tunani game da ra'ayin rasa abubuwan da wasu suka sanya yayin da suke waje.]] Masu bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, da magani sun yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, biyo bayan hauhawar intanet da fasahar sadarwa ta hannu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> An yi bincike da yawa wanda ya bincika alamu na amfani da yawa ko matsala, wani lokacin ana bayyana su a matsayin "dogaro da dijital," wanda zai iya bambanta a tsakanin al'adu da al'ummomi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokaci guda, wasu binciken sun nuna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, gami da tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa ko sauƙaƙe samun dama ga al'ummomin tallafin kan layi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karim |first=Fazida |last2=Oyewande |first2=Azeezat A. |last3=Abdalla |first3=Lamis F. |last4=Ehsanullah |first4=Reem Chaudhry |last5=Khan |first5=Safeera |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review |url=https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/31508/20240724-319105-ht4xkq.pdf |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.7759/cureus.8627 |pmc=7364393 |pmid=32685296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital akan lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta dangane da mutum, al'adu, da takamaiman abubuwan dandamali. Bambanci tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da yawa ba a riga an kafa shi a sarari ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Ƙananan ka'idojin bincike da aka yarda da su a ko'ina sun wanzu don amfani da matsala ko cututtuka, kodayake wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan amfani na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ba da shawarar don amfani da kafofin watsa labarai mafi aminci ga yara da iyalai, amma rigakafi da dabarun magani ba a daidaita su ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karim |first=Fazida |last2=Oyewande |first2=Azeezat A. |last3=Abdalla |first3=Lamis F. |last4=Ehsanullah |first4=Reem Chaudhry |last5=Khan |first5=Safeera |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review |url=https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/31508/20240724-319105-ht4xkq.pdf |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.7759/cureus.8627 |pmc=7364393 |pmid=32685296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike kuma ya nuna muhawara mai gudana game da rarraba halayen kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da kuma dacewa da kalmomi kamar "jaraba".<ref name=":0" /> Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, gami da lokacin da aka kashe a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta kamar Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, da Facebook, an haɗa su da sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau akan ci gaban fahimta, zamantakewa da motsin rai na yara da matasa.[1] Shaida ta nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da sakamakon lafiyar kwakwalwa tana da rikitarwa kuma tana iya bambanta dangane da mutum, nau'in dandalin da aka yi amfani da shi, da kuma alamu na shiga.[2] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 da He, Turel, da Bechara suka bayar ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta yana da alaƙa da rage girman launin toka a yankunan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa tilasta hankali da kulawar motsi, yana ba da shawarar yiwuwar canje-canje na tsarin da suka shafi wuce gona da iri na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> == Tarihi da Ma'anar == An yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasahar dijital da lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ra'ayoyi da yawa.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref><ref name="Dickson_2018" /><ref name="Surgeon General 2023" /> Bincike ya gano fa'idodin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital don yara da ci gaban matasa. <ref name="Stiglic 2019" /><ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, masu bincike, likitoci, da jama'a sun kuma nuna damuwa game da halayen tilastawa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, yayin da karuwar shaidu ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin amfani da fasaha da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="Stiglic 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stiglic N, Viner RM |date=January 2019 |title=Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019BMCO....923191S |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 |pmc=6326346 |pmid=30606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Montag 2018" /> Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don komawa ga halayen amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital ba a daidaita su ba ko kuma an san su a duniya. Sun haɗa da "jarabawar dijital", "dogaro da dijital", "amfani da matsala", ko "amfani mai yawa", sau da yawa ana bayyana shi ta hanyar dandalin watsa labarai na dijital da aka yi amfani da shi ko a ƙarƙashin binciken (kamar Amfani da wayar salula mai matsala ko Amfani da intanet mai matsala). Amfani da na'urorin fasaha ba tare da iyakancewa ba na iya shafar ci gaba, zamantakewa, tunani da lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya haifar da alamun da suka yi kama da sauran cututtukan dogaro da hankali, ko Jarabawar halayyar.<ref name="Grant-2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Chamberlain SR |date=August 2016 |title=Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11 |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1017/S1092852916000183 |pmc=5328289 |pmid=27151528}}</ref><ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mai da hankali kan amfani da fasaha mai matsala a cikin bincike, musamman dangane da tsarin jarabawar halayyar, yana karuwa, duk da rashin daidaituwa da bincike mai rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=David A. |date=1 August 2019 |title=Are smartphones really that bad? Improving the psychological measurement of technology-related behaviors |url=http://psyarxiv.com/cwt8x/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=97 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006 |issn=0747-5632 |s2cid=150864248 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209125134/https://psyarxiv.com/cwt8x/ |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> An gabatar da jarabawar Intanet a matsayin ganewar asali tun daga 1998 kuma an bincika kafofin sada zumunta da alaƙarsu da jaraba tun daga 2009. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=La Barbera D, La Paglia F, Valsavoia R |date=2009 |title=Social network and addiction |journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics |volume=144 |pages=33–36 |pmid=19592725}}</ref> Wani rahoto na 2018 na Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ya bayyana cewa akwai fa'idodi na tsarin da iyakanceccen amfani da intanet a cikin yara da matasa don dalilai na ci gaba da ilimi, amma wannan amfani da yawa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Rahoton ya kuma lura da karuwar kashi 40% a cikin amfani da intanet tsakanin yara masu zuwa makaranta tsakanin 2010 da 2015, tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin yawan amfani da abubuwan da aka fi so a dandamali a duk ƙasashe daban-daban na OECD.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar cewa matasa su sami horo ko horo a kan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don taimaka musu su haɓaka ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ilimin halayyar mutum, inganta daidaitattun, amintacce, da kuma ma'ana a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health advisory on social media use in adolescence |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/social-media-internet/health-advisory-adolescent-social-media-use |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ba ta rarraba amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital a matsayin rukunin bincike ba amma ta gano matsalar caca ta intanet a matsayin yanayin da ke ba da tabbacin ƙarin bincike a cikin 2013. <ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> A halin yanzu, rikicewar caca - wanda aka fi sani da jarabawar wasan bidiyo - an gane shi a cikin ICD-11. Shawarwari daban-daban tsakanin DSM da ICD a wani bangare suna nuna rashin yarjejeniyar kwararru, bambance-bambance a cikin mayar da hankali ga kowane tsarin rarrabuwa, da ƙalubale wajen amfani da samfuran dabbobi ga jarabawar halayyar.<ref name="Grant-2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Chamberlain SR |date=August 2016 |title=Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11 |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1017/S1092852916000183 |pmc=5328289 |pmid=27151528}}</ref> Amfani da kalmar ''jaraba'' dangane da yawan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital an yi tambaya, dangane da dacewa da bayyana sabbin nau'ikan ilimin halayyar mutum, sabanin yawan amfani da wasu cututtukan halayyar.<ref name="Ryding-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ryding FC, Kaye LK |date=2018 |title="Internet Addiction": a Conceptual Minefield |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.1007/s11469-017-9811-6 |pmc=5814538 |pmid=29491771}}</ref><ref name="Kardefelt-Winther-2017">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? – An evidence-focused literature review |url=https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Children-digital-technology-wellbeing.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705215123/https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Children-digital-technology-wellbeing.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=[[UNICEF]] Office of Research – Innocenti |publisher=[[UNICEF]] Office of Research}}</ref> An kuma soki amfani da kalmar don zana daidaituwa tare da halayyar amfani da abu. Amfani da kalmar ba tare da kulawa ba na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli - duka rage haɗarin lahani a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar, da kuma wuce gona da iri haɗarin wuce gona da zuwa, amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.<ref name="Kardefelt-Winther-2017" /> Juyin halitta na ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da yawa don amfani da matsala maimakon jaraba an ƙarfafa shi daga Panova da Carbonell, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ramon Llull, a cikin bita na 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Panova T, Carbonell X |date=June 2018 |title=Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? |journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=252–259 |doi=10.1556/2006.7.2018.49 |pmc=6174603 |pmid=29895183}}</ref> Saboda rashin ganewa da yarjejeniya game da ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su, ganewar asali da jiyya suna da wuyar daidaitawa ko haɓaka. Ƙarin damuwa na jama'a game da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai (ciki har da kafofin sada zumunta, wayoyin salula da wasannin bidiyo) yana ƙara rikicewa ga fassarar ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, da kuma haifar da matsalolin gudanarwa.<ref name="Ryding-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ryding FC, Kaye LK |date=2018 |title="Internet Addiction": a Conceptual Minefield |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.1007/s11469-017-9811-6 |pmc=5814538 |pmid=29491771}}</ref> Radesky da Christakis, editocin 2019 na JAMA Paediatrics, sun buga wani bita wanda ya bincika "damuwa game da kiwon lafiya da ci gaba / halayyar haɗarin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa don fahimtar yara, harshe, karatu da rubutu, da ci gaban zamantakewar motsin rai. " Saboda shirye-shiryen fasahar da yawa ga yara a duk duniya, matsalar tana da hanyoyi biyu, kamar yadda cire na'urorin dijital na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri, a fannoni kamar ilmantarwa, dangantakar iyali, da ci gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radesky JS, Christakis DA |date=October 2016 |title=Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behavior |journal=[[Pediatric Clinics of North America]] |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=827–839 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.006 |pmid=27565361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsin |first=Chong-Ting |year=2014 |title=The Influence of Young Children's Use of Technology on Their Learning: A Review |journal=[[Journal of Educational Technology & Society]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=85–99 |jstor=jeductechsoci.17.4.85}}<br /><br />{{•}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordo López AJ, Contreras PP, Cassidy P |date=1 August 2015 |title=The [not so] new digital family: disciplinary functions of representations of children and technology |journal=Feminism & Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=326–346 |doi=10.1177/0959353514562805 |s2cid=146174524}}<br /><br />{{•}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Subrahmanyam K, Kraut RE, Greenfield PM, Gross EF |date=22 September 2000 |title=The impact of home computer use on children's activities and development |journal=[[The Future of Children]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=123–144 |doi=10.2307/1602692 |jstor=1602692 |pmid=11255703 |s2cid=12421727}}</ref> == Amfani mai matsala == An lura da alaƙa tsakanin yawan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da damuwa, baƙin ciki, da matsalolin kulawa, amma ba a kafa haddasawa ba.<ref name="stats">{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Amfani mai matsala kuma an haɗa shi da tsoron rasa (FoMO), inda masu amfani ke fuskantar damuwa ko damuwa game da yiwuwar rasa abubuwan kan layi, wanda zai iya taimakawa ga jin dadin warewar jama'a.<ref name="stats" /> Matasa masu amfani na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da kwatankwacin zamantakewa, wanda zai iya kara damuwa ko alamun baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Kodayake wasu bincike na kimiyyar kwakwalwa sun binciki bambance-bambance na kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, a halin yanzu babu wata hanyar da aka kafa ta halitta da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu mutane ke haɓaka tsarin amfani da matsala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Lokaci na allo da lafiyar hankali === Wasu nau'ikan amfani da intanet masu matsala an danganta su da matsalolin kwakwalwa da halayyar mutum kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, ƙiyayya, tashin hankali, da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD). Koyaya, binciken bai kafa kyakkyawar alaƙa ba - alal misali, ba a san ko mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki suna amfani da intanet da yawa saboda yanayinsu, ko kuma idan yawan amfani da intanat yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa baƙin ciki.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa tasirin kafofin sada zumunta na iya zama mai kyau da mara kyau, dangane da yanayin mutum. Duk da yake ana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da alamun bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu lokuta don inganta yanayi.<ref name="Stiglic 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stiglic N, Viner RM |date=January 2019 |title=Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019BMCO....923191S |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 |pmc=6326346 |pmid=30606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani babban binciken da aka yi ya gano kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin alamun ADHD da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.<ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n214owee90s5dug77uacn01l2rlpxby 846705 846703 2026-06-04T08:17:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Reading_mail_at_night_(Unsplash).jpg|thumb|"Tsoron rasa" na iya haifar da damuwa ta tunani game da ra'ayin rasa abubuwan da wasu suka sanya yayin da suke waje.]]{{Databox}} Masu bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, da magani sun yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da lafiyar hankali tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, biyo bayan hauhawar intanet da fasahar sadarwa ta hannu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> An yi bincike da yawa wanda ya bincika alamu na amfani da yawa ko matsala, wani lokacin ana bayyana su a matsayin "dogaro da dijital," wanda zai iya bambanta a tsakanin al'adu da al'ummomi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokaci guda, wasu binciken sun nuna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, gami da tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa ko sauƙaƙe samun dama ga al'ummomin tallafin kan layi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karim |first=Fazida |last2=Oyewande |first2=Azeezat A. |last3=Abdalla |first3=Lamis F. |last4=Ehsanullah |first4=Reem Chaudhry |last5=Khan |first5=Safeera |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review |url=https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/31508/20240724-319105-ht4xkq.pdf |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.7759/cureus.8627 |pmc=7364393 |pmid=32685296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital akan lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta dangane da mutum, al'adu, da takamaiman abubuwan dandamali. Bambanci tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da yawa ba a riga an kafa shi a sarari ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Ƙananan ka'idojin bincike da aka yarda da su a ko'ina sun wanzu don amfani da matsala ko cututtuka, kodayake wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan amfani na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ba da shawarar don amfani da kafofin watsa labarai mafi aminci ga yara da iyalai, amma rigakafi da dabarun magani ba a daidaita su ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karim |first=Fazida |last2=Oyewande |first2=Azeezat A. |last3=Abdalla |first3=Lamis F. |last4=Ehsanullah |first4=Reem Chaudhry |last5=Khan |first5=Safeera |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review |url=https://assets.cureus.com/uploads/review_article/pdf/31508/20240724-319105-ht4xkq.pdf |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.7759/cureus.8627 |pmc=7364393 |pmid=32685296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike kuma ya nuna muhawara mai gudana game da rarraba halayen kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da kuma dacewa da kalmomi kamar "jaraba".<ref name=":0" /> Amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, gami da lokacin da aka kashe a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta kamar Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, da Facebook, an haɗa su da sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau akan ci gaban fahimta, zamantakewa da motsin rai na yara da matasa.[1] Shaida ta nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da sakamakon lafiyar kwakwalwa tana da rikitarwa kuma tana iya bambanta dangane da mutum, nau'in dandalin da aka yi amfani da shi, da kuma alamu na shiga.[2] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 da He, Turel, da Bechara suka bayar ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta yana da alaƙa da rage girman launin toka a yankunan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa tilasta hankali da kulawar motsi, yana ba da shawarar yiwuwar canje-canje na tsarin da suka shafi wuce gona da iri na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> == Tarihi da Ma'anar == An yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasahar dijital da lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ra'ayoyi da yawa.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref><ref name="Dickson_2018" /><ref name="Surgeon General 2023" /> Bincike ya gano fa'idodin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital don yara da ci gaban matasa. <ref name="Stiglic 2019" /><ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, masu bincike, likitoci, da jama'a sun kuma nuna damuwa game da halayen tilastawa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, yayin da karuwar shaidu ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin amfani da fasaha da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="Stiglic 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stiglic N, Viner RM |date=January 2019 |title=Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019BMCO....923191S |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 |pmc=6326346 |pmid=30606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Montag 2018" /> Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don komawa ga halayen amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital ba a daidaita su ba ko kuma an san su a duniya. Sun haɗa da "jarabawar dijital", "dogaro da dijital", "amfani da matsala", ko "amfani mai yawa", sau da yawa ana bayyana shi ta hanyar dandalin watsa labarai na dijital da aka yi amfani da shi ko a ƙarƙashin binciken (kamar Amfani da wayar salula mai matsala ko Amfani da intanet mai matsala). Amfani da na'urorin fasaha ba tare da iyakancewa ba na iya shafar ci gaba, zamantakewa, tunani da lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya haifar da alamun da suka yi kama da sauran cututtukan dogaro da hankali, ko Jarabawar halayyar.<ref name="Grant-2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Chamberlain SR |date=August 2016 |title=Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11 |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1017/S1092852916000183 |pmc=5328289 |pmid=27151528}}</ref><ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mai da hankali kan amfani da fasaha mai matsala a cikin bincike, musamman dangane da tsarin jarabawar halayyar, yana karuwa, duk da rashin daidaituwa da bincike mai rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=David A. |date=1 August 2019 |title=Are smartphones really that bad? Improving the psychological measurement of technology-related behaviors |url=http://psyarxiv.com/cwt8x/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]] |volume=97 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006 |issn=0747-5632 |s2cid=150864248 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209125134/https://psyarxiv.com/cwt8x/ |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> An gabatar da jarabawar Intanet a matsayin ganewar asali tun daga 1998 kuma an bincika kafofin sada zumunta da alaƙarsu da jaraba tun daga 2009. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=La Barbera D, La Paglia F, Valsavoia R |date=2009 |title=Social network and addiction |journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics |volume=144 |pages=33–36 |pmid=19592725}}</ref> Wani rahoto na 2018 na Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ya bayyana cewa akwai fa'idodi na tsarin da iyakanceccen amfani da intanet a cikin yara da matasa don dalilai na ci gaba da ilimi, amma wannan amfani da yawa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Rahoton ya kuma lura da karuwar kashi 40% a cikin amfani da intanet tsakanin yara masu zuwa makaranta tsakanin 2010 da 2015, tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin yawan amfani da abubuwan da aka fi so a dandamali a duk ƙasashe daban-daban na OECD.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar cewa matasa su sami horo ko horo a kan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don taimaka musu su haɓaka ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ilimin halayyar mutum, inganta daidaitattun, amintacce, da kuma ma'ana a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health advisory on social media use in adolescence |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/social-media-internet/health-advisory-adolescent-social-media-use |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ba ta rarraba amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital a matsayin rukunin bincike ba amma ta gano matsalar caca ta intanet a matsayin yanayin da ke ba da tabbacin ƙarin bincike a cikin 2013. <ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> A halin yanzu, rikicewar caca - wanda aka fi sani da jarabawar wasan bidiyo - an gane shi a cikin ICD-11. Shawarwari daban-daban tsakanin DSM da ICD a wani bangare suna nuna rashin yarjejeniyar kwararru, bambance-bambance a cikin mayar da hankali ga kowane tsarin rarrabuwa, da ƙalubale wajen amfani da samfuran dabbobi ga jarabawar halayyar.<ref name="Grant-2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant JE, Chamberlain SR |date=August 2016 |title=Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11 |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=300–303 |doi=10.1017/S1092852916000183 |pmc=5328289 |pmid=27151528}}</ref> Amfani da kalmar ''jaraba'' dangane da yawan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital an yi tambaya, dangane da dacewa da bayyana sabbin nau'ikan ilimin halayyar mutum, sabanin yawan amfani da wasu cututtukan halayyar.<ref name="Ryding-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ryding FC, Kaye LK |date=2018 |title="Internet Addiction": a Conceptual Minefield |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.1007/s11469-017-9811-6 |pmc=5814538 |pmid=29491771}}</ref><ref name="Kardefelt-Winther-2017">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? – An evidence-focused literature review |url=https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Children-digital-technology-wellbeing.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705215123/https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Children-digital-technology-wellbeing.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=[[UNICEF]] Office of Research – Innocenti |publisher=[[UNICEF]] Office of Research}}</ref> An kuma soki amfani da kalmar don zana daidaituwa tare da halayyar amfani da abu. Amfani da kalmar ba tare da kulawa ba na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli - duka rage haɗarin lahani a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar, da kuma wuce gona da iri haɗarin wuce gona da zuwa, amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.<ref name="Kardefelt-Winther-2017" /> Juyin halitta na ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da yawa don amfani da matsala maimakon jaraba an ƙarfafa shi daga Panova da Carbonell, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ramon Llull, a cikin bita na 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Panova T, Carbonell X |date=June 2018 |title=Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? |journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=252–259 |doi=10.1556/2006.7.2018.49 |pmc=6174603 |pmid=29895183}}</ref> Saboda rashin ganewa da yarjejeniya game da ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su, ganewar asali da jiyya suna da wuyar daidaitawa ko haɓaka. Ƙarin damuwa na jama'a game da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai (ciki har da kafofin sada zumunta, wayoyin salula da wasannin bidiyo) yana ƙara rikicewa ga fassarar ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, da kuma haifar da matsalolin gudanarwa.<ref name="Ryding-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ryding FC, Kaye LK |date=2018 |title="Internet Addiction": a Conceptual Minefield |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.1007/s11469-017-9811-6 |pmc=5814538 |pmid=29491771}}</ref> Radesky da Christakis, editocin 2019 na JAMA Paediatrics, sun buga wani bita wanda ya bincika "damuwa game da kiwon lafiya da ci gaba / halayyar haɗarin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa don fahimtar yara, harshe, karatu da rubutu, da ci gaban zamantakewar motsin rai. " Saboda shirye-shiryen fasahar da yawa ga yara a duk duniya, matsalar tana da hanyoyi biyu, kamar yadda cire na'urorin dijital na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri, a fannoni kamar ilmantarwa, dangantakar iyali, da ci gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radesky JS, Christakis DA |date=October 2016 |title=Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behavior |journal=[[Pediatric Clinics of North America]] |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=827–839 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.006 |pmid=27565361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsin |first=Chong-Ting |year=2014 |title=The Influence of Young Children's Use of Technology on Their Learning: A Review |journal=[[Journal of Educational Technology & Society]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=85–99 |jstor=jeductechsoci.17.4.85}}<br /><br />{{•}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gordo López AJ, Contreras PP, Cassidy P |date=1 August 2015 |title=The [not so] new digital family: disciplinary functions of representations of children and technology |journal=Feminism & Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=326–346 |doi=10.1177/0959353514562805 |s2cid=146174524}}<br /><br />{{•}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Subrahmanyam K, Kraut RE, Greenfield PM, Gross EF |date=22 September 2000 |title=The impact of home computer use on children's activities and development |journal=[[The Future of Children]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=123–144 |doi=10.2307/1602692 |jstor=1602692 |pmid=11255703 |s2cid=12421727}}</ref> == Amfani mai matsala == An lura da alaƙa tsakanin yawan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da damuwa, baƙin ciki, da matsalolin kulawa, amma ba a kafa haddasawa ba.<ref name="stats">{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Amfani mai matsala kuma an haɗa shi da tsoron rasa (FoMO), inda masu amfani ke fuskantar damuwa ko damuwa game da yiwuwar rasa abubuwan kan layi, wanda zai iya taimakawa ga jin dadin warewar jama'a.<ref name="stats" /> Matasa masu amfani na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da kwatankwacin zamantakewa, wanda zai iya kara damuwa ko alamun baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Statistics Canada |date=2023 |title=Online digital media use and adolescent mental health |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023002/article/00002-eng.htm |journal=Health Reports |publisher=Government of Canada |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.25318/82-003-X202300200002-ENG |pmid=36791270}}</ref> Kodayake wasu bincike na kimiyyar kwakwalwa sun binciki bambance-bambance na kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, a halin yanzu babu wata hanyar da aka kafa ta halitta da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu mutane ke haɓaka tsarin amfani da matsala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marciano |first=Laura |last2=Ostroumova |first2=Michelle |last3=Schulz |first3=Peter Johannes |last4=Camerini |first4=Anne-Linda |date=2022-02-01 |title=Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |bibcode=2022FrPH....993868M |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=8848548 |pmid=35186872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Lokaci na allo da lafiyar hankali === Wasu nau'ikan amfani da intanet masu matsala an danganta su da matsalolin kwakwalwa da halayyar mutum kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, ƙiyayya, tashin hankali, da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD). Koyaya, binciken bai kafa kyakkyawar alaƙa ba - alal misali, ba a san ko mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki suna amfani da intanet da yawa saboda yanayinsu, ko kuma idan yawan amfani da intanat yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa baƙin ciki.<ref name="Huang 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chiungjung |date=2022 |title=A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020978434 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |doi=10.1177/0020764020978434 |issn=0020-7640 |pmid=33295241}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa tasirin kafofin sada zumunta na iya zama mai kyau da mara kyau, dangane da yanayin mutum. Duk da yake ana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da alamun bakin ciki, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu lokuta don inganta yanayi.<ref name="Stiglic 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stiglic N, Viner RM |date=January 2019 |title=Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019BMCO....923191S |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 |pmc=6326346 |pmid=30606703 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani babban binciken da aka yi ya gano kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin alamun ADHD da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital.<ref name="Montag 2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montag C, Becker B, Gan C |date=2018 |title=The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 |pmc=6297283 |pmid=30618894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 361abrh630n1z68e0tnn0bo01ewy0bo Storm Daniel 0 154705 846704 2026-06-04T08:16:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356047200|Storm Daniel]]" 846704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Storm path|Daniel 2023 track.png}}'''Guguwar Daniel''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Cyclone Daniel''', guguwa ce mai saurin lalacewa, mai rauni amma mai hatsari wadda ta zama guguwa mafi muni kamar ta ruwan Tekun Bahar Rum a tarihin da aka rubuta, haka kuma guguwar guguwa ta biyu mafi tsada a tarihi da aka taba samu a wajen [[Guguwar Atlantika|Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa]] (bayan Typhoon Doksuri ). Ta kasance tsarin rage matsin lamba kusan 4.&nbsp;A watan Satumba na 2023, guguwar ta shafi [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], da [[Turkiyya]] da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Daga nan guguwar ta daidaita zuwa ƙasan Bahar Rum kuma aka sanya mata suna ''Storm Daniel.'' Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami halaye masu zafi sosai kuma ta koma bakin tekun [[Libya]], inda ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani sakamakon [[Rushewar Derna dam|rugujewar madatsun ruwa guda biyu]], Derna da Mansour, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwan kogin Wadi Derna wanda ya yi barna mai yawa ga birnin Derna . Bayan rugujewar madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Storm Daniel ya lalace ya zama ƙasa da sauran. Guguwar ta samo asali ne daga toshewar omega ; wani yanki mai matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ke tsakanin yankuna biyu masu ƙarancin matsin lamba, tare da isobars suna kama da harafin Girkanci omega ( Ω ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=6 September 2023 |title=UK heat and floods in south-east Europe blamed on 'omega' weather system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/uk-heatwave-floods-south-east-europe-omega-weather-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910005413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/uk-heatwave-floods-south-east-europe-omega-weather-system |archive-date=10 September 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=UK heatwave: What is an omega block – and how is it causing our extreme weather? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-heatwave-what-is-an-omega-block-and-how-is-it-causing-our-extreme-weather-12956027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907154254/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-heatwave-what-is-an-omega-block-and-how-is-it-causing-our-extreme-weather-12956027 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |website=Sky News}}</ref> A Girka, ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da ta yi sanadiyyar lalacewar sama da Yuro biliyan biyu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama guguwa mafi tsada da aka taba gani a kasar. Libya ce ta fi shan wahala, inda ruwan sama mai karfi ya yi sanadiyyar [[Rushewar Derna dam|rushewar]] madatsun ruwa guda biyu kusa da birnin Derna . Wannan ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 5,900 da kuma raunata mutane 7,000, yayin da wasu akalla 8,000 suka bata. <ref name="RWupdate7">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref> An dora alhakin raunin da Libya ke da shi ga irin wadannan bala'o'i a kan yakin basasar kasar, wanda ya lalata muhimman ababen more rayuwa kuma ya bar ta cikin mawuyacin hali kafin guguwar. Bayan haka, kasashe da dama da ke gabar Tekun Bahar Rum sun yi alkawarin bayar da taimako ga kasashen da abin ya shafa. == Tarihin yanayi == {{Storm path|Daniel 2023 track.png}}Wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba ya bunƙasa a kan Tekun Ionian tare da zafin samansa a cikin kewayon canjin yanayi na wurare masu zafi. <ref name="auto0">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Weather tracker: Omega block brings torrential rain to Greece and Spain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/weather-tracker-omega-block-brings-torrential-rain-to-greece-and-spain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912034407/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/weather-tracker-omega-block-brings-torrential-rain-to-greece-and-spain |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A kan 4&nbsp;A watan Satumba na 2023, ta yi ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa a kan yankin Balkan wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, musamman a yankin Thessaly . <ref name="auto0" /> Tsarin ya zama guguwar Bahar Rum washegari, kuma Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Hellenic National Meteorological Service ta sanya masa suna Storm Daniel. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=At least 14 killed as fierce storms and severe flooding lash southern Europe |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908125508/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Daniel ya rikide zuwa guguwa mai kama da ta Bahar Rum a ranar 9 ga Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Daniel, the meteo-hydrological updates in Libya - CIMA Research Foundation |url=https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/daniel-the-meteo-hydrological-updates-in-libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924013357/https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/daniel-the-meteo-hydrological-updates-in-libya/ |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, tsarin ya koma kudu maso gabas, inda ya zama guguwa mai zafi tare da iska mai ƙarfi da aka rubuta ta kayan kida a Metop a {{Convert|45|knots}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Weather report. Daniel makes landfall in Libya with torrential rain. Floods in Tripoli « 3B Meteo |url=https://news.italy24.press/world/855040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212752/https://news.italy24.press/world/855040.html |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Italy 24 Press News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Torrential Rain Wreaks Havoc in Libya |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151826/torrential-rain-wreaks-havoc-in-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917022227/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151826/torrential-rain-wreaks-havoc-in-libya |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Guguwar ta sauka kusa da birnin [[Benghazi]] da ke Libya a ranar 10 ga wata&nbsp;Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Storm Daniel's deadly flooding spreads to Libya |url=https://weatherzone.com.au/news/storm-daniels-deadly-flooding-spreads-to-libya/1501426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915132313/https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/storm-daniels-deadly-flooding-spreads-to-libya/1501426 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=weatherzone.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Daniel ya tafi gabas ya ci gaba da shiga cikin ƙasa kafin ya koma wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba daga baya, inda guguwar ta wargaje kafin 12 ga Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Hurricane Daniel dissipates, potential impact on Jordan's weather |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-109/News/Hurricane-Daniel-dissipates-potential-impact-on-Jordan-s-weather-30851 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917022228/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-109/News/Hurricane-Daniel-dissipates-potential-impact-on-Jordan-s-weather-30851 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Jordan News |language=en}}</ref> [[Canjin yanayi|Dumamar yanayi]] kuma wataƙila ta yi tasiri ga toshewar yanayi a tsakiyar latitude a lokacin bazara, wanda ya haifar da guguwar Daniel da wani ƙaramin sanyi wanda ya haifar da ambaliya a Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Bob Henson, Jeff |date=2023-09-13 |title=The Libya floods: a climate and infrastructure catastrophe » Yale Climate Connections |url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/09/the-libya-floods-a-climate-and-infrastructure-catastrophe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914184916/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/09/the-libya-floods-a-climate-and-infrastructure-catastrophe/ |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Yale Climate Connections |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+Mutuwar da Guguwar Daniel ta yi ! Ƙasa ! Mutuwa ! Lalacewar USD |- | [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] | 17 | $2.14&nbsp;biliyan <ref name="2 billion Greece">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Extreme flooding caused by Storm Daniel devastates Greece |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909131644/https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> |- | [[Turkiyya]] | 7 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=In photos: September brings deadly flooding around the world |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/09/13/libya-greece-brazil-climate-driven-storms-cause-catastrophic-flooding-around-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914125637/https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/09/13/libya-greece-brazil-climate-driven-storms-cause-catastrophic-flooding-around-the-world |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> | {{N/a}} |- | [[Bulgeriya]] | 4 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Манчева |first=Гергана |title=България потъна в скръб за жертвите от голямото наводнение |url=https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/101875048/balgaria-potana-v-skrab-za-jertvite-ot-golamoto-navodnenie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042338/https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/101875048/balgaria-potana-v-skrab-za-jertvite-ot-golamoto-navodnenie |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=bnr.bg |publisher=[[Bulgarian National Radio]] |language=bg |quote=Днес е Ден на Национален траур, в памет на четирите жертви от голямото наводнение на Южното Черноморие от 5 септември.}}</ref> | {{N/a}} |- | [[Libya]] | 5,923+ | $19&nbsp;biliyan |} Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Yale sun dauki guguwar Daniel a matsayin ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni da ta afkawa Afirka a tarihi, inda adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce ambaliyar ruwa da ta faru a Algeria wadda ta kashe mutane 3,000 a shekarar 1927. An kuma dauke ta a matsayin guguwa mafi muni a duniya tun bayan guguwar Haiyan da ta afkawa akalla a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Assad |first=Abdulkader |date=17 September 2023 |title=Yale University: Storm Daniel is the deadliest in recorded African history |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922163503/https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=The Libya Observer}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] a Thessaly, Girka, ta kashe aƙalla mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Na bosbranden kampt deel van Griekenland nu met overstromingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2489351-na-bosbranden-kampt-deel-van-griekenland-nu-met-overstromingen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907101615/https://nos.nl/artikel/2489351-na-bosbranden-kampt-deel-van-griekenland-nu-met-overstromingen |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> A wannan rana, ƙauyen Zagora ya sami {{Convert|759|mm|in}} na ruwan sama, sau 55 fiye da matsakaicin ruwan sama na ƙasar a cikin wannan watan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Li |date=5 September 2023 |title="Historic flooding event" in Greece dumps more than 2 feet of rain in just a few hours |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-historic-flooding-more-than-2-feet-of-rain-in-just-a-few-hours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911020847/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-historic-flooding-more-than-2-feet-of-rain-in-just-a-few-hours/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Portaria ta kuma sami sabon rikodin ruwan sama na {{Cvt|884|mm|in}} . Ba a iya auna ƙarin ruwan sama ba saboda tashar yanayi ta gaza daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Zahl der Opfer in Mittelgriechenland steigt auf zehn – Fluss Pineios läuft über |url=https://www.ksta.de/panorama/newsblog-unwetter-regen-flut-griechenland-tuerkei-bulgarien-aegaeis-zehn-todesopfer-in-mittelgriechenland-640331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212741/https://www.ksta.de/panorama/newsblog-unwetter-regen-flut-griechenland-mittelmeer-tuerkei-bulgarien-doerfer-aussenwelt-abgeschnitten-640331 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 6&nbsp;Satumba, kogin Krafsidonas, wanda ke tashi a Pelion, ya cika bakinsa a Volos kuma ya lalata gada <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=A Deluge in Greece |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151807/a-deluge-in-greece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909113328/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151807/a-deluge-in-greece |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}</ref> da gidan kula da tsofaffi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Βόλος: Κατέρρευσε πτέρυγα γηροκομείου – Επιχείρηση εκκένωσης |url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562599934/volos-katerreyse-pteryga-girokomeioy-epicheirisi-ekkenosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911074303/https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562599934/volos-katerreyse-pteryga-girokomeioy-epicheirisi-ekkenosis/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ |language=greek}}</ref> yayin da yake jan motoci, bas, bishiyoyi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Βόλος: Τα ορμητικά νερά του Κραυσίδωνα "κατάπιαν" λεωφορείο (βίντεο) |url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/society/1510337/volos-ta-ormitika-nera-toy-kraysidona-katapian-leoforeio-vinteo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909163113/https://www.naftemporiki.gr/society/1510337/volos-ta-ormitika-nera-toy-kraysidona-katapian-leoforeio-vinteo/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.naftemporiki.gr |language=el}}</ref>, da sauran tarkace a kan hanyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ertnews.gr |first=Συντακτική Ομάδα |date=2023-09-08 |title=Ο εφιάλτης της επόμενης ημέρας σε Πήλιο και Βόλο – Ανυπολόγιστες ζημιές, οδοιπορικό της ΕΡΤ |url=https://www.ertnews.gr/eidiseis/ellada/o-efialtis-tis-epomenis-imeras-se-pilio-kai-volo-anypologistes-zimies-odoiporiko-tis-ert/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909010930/https://www.ertnews.gr/eidiseis/ellada/o-efialtis-tis-epomenis-imeras-se-pilio-kai-volo-anypologistes-zimies-odoiporiko-tis-ert/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ertnews.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba, an rufe babbar hanyar mota tsakanin [[Athens]] da Thessaloniki kuma an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa tsakanin biranen biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Dodental door overstromingen in Griekenland, Turkije en Bulgarije loopt op |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2489537-dodental-door-overstromingen-in-griekenland-turkije-en-bulgarije-loopt-op |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907104102/https://nos.nl/artikel/2489537-dodental-door-overstromingen-in-griekenland-turkije-en-bulgarije-loopt-op |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> A Thessaly, an ceto sama da mutane 800 a tsakiyar gine-gine da gadoji da suka ruguje da kuma kauyukan da ke karkashin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liakos |first=Chris |last2=Edwards |first2=Christian |date=7 September 2023 |title=More than 800 rescued after extreme flooding in Greece turns villages into lakes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/07/europe/greece-floods-storm-rescue-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908072446/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/09/07/europe/greece-floods-storm-rescue-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> A Larissa, bayan ruwan sama ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Satumba.&nbsp;Satumba, ruwa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da kogin Pineios ya cika bakinsa har ya kai matakin {{Convert|9.5|m|ft}}, idan aka kwatanta da matakin al'ada na {{Cvt|4|m|ft}} . A kwarin Tempe, matakin ruwan ya tashi zuwa kimanin {{Cvt|18|m|ft}}, wanda ya kai matakin gadar dakatarwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Guguwar Daniel ta mayar da ƙauyuka da yawa a yankin Karditsa mai ƙasƙanƙanta, a babban yankin Thessaly, zuwa tafki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koutantou |first=Angeliki |last2=Gouliamaki |first2=Louisa |date=7 September 2024 |title=Deadly storm sweeps across Greece, PM postpones keynote speech |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greek-pm-postpones-keynote-speech-after-deadly-storm-2023-09-07/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Garuruwa da ƙauyukan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da Palamas, Proastio, Agia Triada, Megala Kalyvia da Kalogriana waɗanda ruwa ya toshe. Mutum ɗaya ya mutu a Volos lokacin da wani bango ya faɗo masa, kuma a yankin Pelion da ke kusa an gano gawar wata tsohuwa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, yayin da aka ruwaito mutane huɗu sun ɓace. Akalla ƙauyuka shida a cikin da kewayen tsaunukan Pelion sun yi mummunar barna. <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria hit by fatal flash floods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918061036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Fayil:Larisa_-_Nikolopoulou_Street_after_Storm_Daniel_(2023).jpg|left|thumb|Titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Larissa, Girka]] Tun lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara, an kunna Sabis na Taswirar Sauri na Shirin Copernicus don yankin ambaliyar ruwa a Girka, inda aka yi nazarin bayanan Sentinel-1 daga 7.&nbsp;Satumba ya nuna kimanin fadin ambaliyar ruwa na {{Convert|73,000|ha}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Flood in Greece: EMSR692 – Situational reporting |url=https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR692/reporting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907085555/https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR692/reporting |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Copernicus Emergency Management Service}}</ref> Masana yanayi sun sanya guguwar a matsayin mafi muni a Girka tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a shekarar 1930. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Prousalis |first=Stamos |last2=Papadimas |first2=Lefteris |date=9 September 2023 |title=Boats, helicopters rescue hundreds after storm in Greece |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/deadly-greek-rainstorm-ebbs-trail-devastation-emerges-2023-09-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911034038/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/deadly-greek-rainstorm-ebbs-trail-devastation-emerges-2023-09-08/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a Thessaly, wacce ke samar da kusan kashi 15% na amfanin gona na Girka, ta lalata amfanin gona na sauran shekarar kuma ta haifar da mummunan lalacewa na dogon lokaci yayin da kauri laka ya sa ƙasa ta zama mara amfani, wanda ya ɗauki har zuwa shekaru biyar kafin ta sake yin aiki gaba ɗaya. <ref name="auto2" /> Gwamnan Thessaly, Kostas Agorastos, ya shaida wa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Hellenic (ERT) cewa an ƙiyasta lalacewar guguwar a yankin ta fi Yuro biliyan 2. <ref name="2 billion Greece">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Extreme flooding caused by Storm Daniel devastates Greece |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909131644/https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> Zuwa ranar 16 ga Satumba, adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ƙasar ya kai goma sha bakwai. Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu akwai wasu ma'aurata 'yan Austria waɗanda suka makale a wani gidan hutu wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta tafi da su a [[Potistika]], kusa da Pelion, a ranar 6 ga Satumba. === Bulgeriya === [[Fayil:Daniel_2023-09-05_2320Z.jpg|thumb|Guguwa Daniel a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2023]] Ƙauyuka da ke kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea a Lardin Burgas, ciki har da Kosti da Arapya, sun nutse, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa mutane ƙaura. Mutane uku sun nutse bayan da wata gada ta ruguje a yankin Tsarevo, kuma wani mutum ya nutse kusa da garin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2023 |title=Bulgaria: Two People Died in the floods in Tsarevo, Two more are Missing |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/221393/Bulgaria%3A+Two+People+Died+in+the+floods+in+Tsarevo%2C+Two+more+are+Missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906124822/https://www.novinite.com/articles/221393/Bulgaria%3A+Two+People+Died+in+the+floods+in+Tsarevo%2C+Two+more+are+Missing |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=novinite.com}}</ref> An auna ruwan sama a Kosti a {{Convert|311|mm|in}} (kashi 420% na matsakaicin wata-wata na Satumba), a Ahtopol ya kai {{Convert|196|mm|in}} (350% na matsakaicin wata-wata), kuma a Gramatikovo zuwa {{Convert|275|mm|in}} (368% na matsakaicin wata-wata). <ref>{{Cite web |title=НИМХ: Най-много е валяло в с. Кости – над 311 mm (l/m<sup>2</sup>) |url=https://bnr.bg/post/101873761/nimh-nai-mnogo-e-valalo-v-s-kosti-nad-311-mm-l-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908175555/https://bnr.bg/post/101873761/nimh-nai-mnogo-e-valalo-v-s-kosti-nad-311-mm-l-m |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=bnr.bg |language=bg}}</ref> A Tsarevo, ana sa ran ruwan sama zai kafa tarihi a ƙasa, tare da {{Convert|330|mm|in}} sama cikin awanni 20 (kashi 40% na matsakaicin ''shekara-shekara'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Capital.bg |date=2023-09-05 |title=Национален рекорд за валежи предизвика смъртоносни наводнения в Царево |url=https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2023/09/05/4525501_potoput_v_carevo_podobriava_nacionalniiat_rekord_za/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906155144/https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2023/09/05/4525501_potoput_v_carevo_podobriava_nacionalniiat_rekord_za/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.capital.bg |language=bg}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a garin ta sa hukumomi suka ayyana dokar ta-baci. <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria hit by fatal flash floods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918061036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ruwan da ba kasafai ake samu ba mai tsawon {{Convert|80|m|ft}} an lura da shi a cikin teku kusa da Tyulenovo a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Торнадо край Тюленово – зрелищни кадри, заснети от Meteo Balkans |url=https://bnr.bg/post/101873661/tornado-krai-tulenovo-zrelishtni-kadri-zasneti-ot-meteo-balkans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909093121/https://bnr.bg/post/101873661/tornado-krai-tulenovo-zrelishtni-kadri-zasneti-ot-meteo-balkans |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=bnr.bg |language=bg}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3g6vchnfejsh6xx3cejkcr2ap9e6huu 846706 846704 2026-06-04T08:17:31Z Engineer014 44591 846706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Storm path|Daniel 2023 track.png}}'''Guguwar Daniel''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Cyclone Daniel''', guguwa ce mai saurin lalacewa, mai rauni amma mai hatsari wadda ta zama guguwa mafi muni kamar ta ruwan Tekun Bahar Rum a tarihin da aka rubuta, haka kuma guguwar guguwa ta biyu mafi tsada a tarihi da aka taba samu a wajen [[Guguwar Atlantika|Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa]] (bayan Typhoon Doksuri ). Ta kasance tsarin rage matsin lamba kusan 4.&nbsp;A watan Satumba na 2023, guguwar ta shafi [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], da [[Turkiyya]] da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Daga nan guguwar ta daidaita zuwa ƙasan Bahar Rum kuma aka sanya mata suna ''Storm Daniel.'' Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami halaye masu zafi sosai kuma ta koma bakin tekun [[Libya]], inda ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani sakamakon [[Rushewar Derna dam|rugujewar madatsun ruwa guda biyu]], Derna da Mansour, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwan kogin Wadi Derna wanda ya yi barna mai yawa ga birnin Derna . Bayan rugujewar madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Storm Daniel ya lalace ya zama ƙasa da sauran. Guguwar ta samo asali ne daga toshewar omega ; wani yanki mai matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ke tsakanin yankuna biyu masu ƙarancin matsin lamba, tare da isobars suna kama da harafin Girkanci omega ( Ω ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=6 September 2023 |title=UK heat and floods in south-east Europe blamed on 'omega' weather system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/uk-heatwave-floods-south-east-europe-omega-weather-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910005413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/uk-heatwave-floods-south-east-europe-omega-weather-system |archive-date=10 September 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=UK heatwave: What is an omega block – and how is it causing our extreme weather? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-heatwave-what-is-an-omega-block-and-how-is-it-causing-our-extreme-weather-12956027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907154254/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-heatwave-what-is-an-omega-block-and-how-is-it-causing-our-extreme-weather-12956027 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |website=Sky News}}</ref> A Girka, ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da ta yi sanadiyyar lalacewar sama da Yuro biliyan biyu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama guguwa mafi tsada da aka taba gani a kasar. Libya ce ta fi shan wahala, inda ruwan sama mai karfi ya yi sanadiyyar [[Rushewar Derna dam|rushewar]] madatsun ruwa guda biyu kusa da birnin Derna . Wannan ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 5,900 da kuma raunata mutane 7,000, yayin da wasu akalla 8,000 suka bata. <ref name="RWupdate7">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}</ref> An dora alhakin raunin da Libya ke da shi ga irin wadannan bala'o'i a kan yakin basasar kasar, wanda ya lalata muhimman ababen more rayuwa kuma ya bar ta cikin mawuyacin hali kafin guguwar. Bayan haka, kasashe da dama da ke gabar Tekun Bahar Rum sun yi alkawarin bayar da taimako ga kasashen da abin ya shafa. == Tarihin yanayi == {{Storm path|Daniel 2023 track.png}}Wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba ya bunƙasa a kan Tekun Ionian tare da zafin samansa a cikin kewayon canjin yanayi na wurare masu zafi. <ref name="auto0">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Weather tracker: Omega block brings torrential rain to Greece and Spain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/weather-tracker-omega-block-brings-torrential-rain-to-greece-and-spain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912034407/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/08/weather-tracker-omega-block-brings-torrential-rain-to-greece-and-spain |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A kan 4&nbsp;A watan Satumba na 2023, ta yi ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa a kan yankin Balkan wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, musamman a yankin Thessaly . <ref name="auto0" /> Tsarin ya zama guguwar Bahar Rum washegari, kuma Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Hellenic National Meteorological Service ta sanya masa suna Storm Daniel. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=At least 14 killed as fierce storms and severe flooding lash southern Europe |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908125508/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Daniel ya rikide zuwa guguwa mai kama da ta Bahar Rum a ranar 9 ga Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Daniel, the meteo-hydrological updates in Libya - CIMA Research Foundation |url=https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/daniel-the-meteo-hydrological-updates-in-libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924013357/https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/daniel-the-meteo-hydrological-updates-in-libya/ |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, tsarin ya koma kudu maso gabas, inda ya zama guguwa mai zafi tare da iska mai ƙarfi da aka rubuta ta kayan kida a Metop a {{Convert|45|knots}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Weather report. Daniel makes landfall in Libya with torrential rain. Floods in Tripoli « 3B Meteo |url=https://news.italy24.press/world/855040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212752/https://news.italy24.press/world/855040.html |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Italy 24 Press News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Torrential Rain Wreaks Havoc in Libya |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151826/torrential-rain-wreaks-havoc-in-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917022227/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151826/torrential-rain-wreaks-havoc-in-libya |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Guguwar ta sauka kusa da birnin [[Benghazi]] da ke Libya a ranar 10 ga wata&nbsp;Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Storm Daniel's deadly flooding spreads to Libya |url=https://weatherzone.com.au/news/storm-daniels-deadly-flooding-spreads-to-libya/1501426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915132313/https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/storm-daniels-deadly-flooding-spreads-to-libya/1501426 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=weatherzone.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Daniel ya tafi gabas ya ci gaba da shiga cikin ƙasa kafin ya koma wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba daga baya, inda guguwar ta wargaje kafin 12 ga Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Hurricane Daniel dissipates, potential impact on Jordan's weather |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-109/News/Hurricane-Daniel-dissipates-potential-impact-on-Jordan-s-weather-30851 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917022228/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-109/News/Hurricane-Daniel-dissipates-potential-impact-on-Jordan-s-weather-30851 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Jordan News |language=en}}</ref> [[Canjin yanayi|Dumamar yanayi]] kuma wataƙila ta yi tasiri ga toshewar yanayi a tsakiyar latitude a lokacin bazara, wanda ya haifar da guguwar Daniel da wani ƙaramin sanyi wanda ya haifar da ambaliya a Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Bob Henson, Jeff |date=2023-09-13 |title=The Libya floods: a climate and infrastructure catastrophe » Yale Climate Connections |url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/09/the-libya-floods-a-climate-and-infrastructure-catastrophe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914184916/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/09/the-libya-floods-a-climate-and-infrastructure-catastrophe/ |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Yale Climate Connections |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+Mutuwar da Guguwar Daniel ta yi ! Ƙasa ! Mutuwa ! Lalacewar USD |- | [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] | 17 | $2.14&nbsp;biliyan <ref name="2 billion Greece">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Extreme flooding caused by Storm Daniel devastates Greece |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909131644/https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> |- | [[Turkiyya]] | 7 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=In photos: September brings deadly flooding around the world |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/09/13/libya-greece-brazil-climate-driven-storms-cause-catastrophic-flooding-around-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914125637/https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/09/13/libya-greece-brazil-climate-driven-storms-cause-catastrophic-flooding-around-the-world |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> | {{N/a}} |- | [[Bulgeriya]] | 4 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Манчева |first=Гергана |title=България потъна в скръб за жертвите от голямото наводнение |url=https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/101875048/balgaria-potana-v-skrab-za-jertvite-ot-golamoto-navodnenie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042338/https://bnr.bg/radiobulgaria/post/101875048/balgaria-potana-v-skrab-za-jertvite-ot-golamoto-navodnenie |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=bnr.bg |publisher=[[Bulgarian National Radio]] |language=bg |quote=Днес е Ден на Национален траур, в памет на четирите жертви от голямото наводнение на Южното Черноморие от 5 септември.}}</ref> | {{N/a}} |- | [[Libya]] | 5,923+ | $19&nbsp;biliyan |} Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Yale sun dauki guguwar Daniel a matsayin ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni da ta afkawa Afirka a tarihi, inda adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce ambaliyar ruwa da ta faru a Algeria wadda ta kashe mutane 3,000 a shekarar 1927. An kuma dauke ta a matsayin guguwa mafi muni a duniya tun bayan guguwar Haiyan da ta afkawa akalla a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Assad |first=Abdulkader |date=17 September 2023 |title=Yale University: Storm Daniel is the deadliest in recorded African history |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922163503/https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=The Libya Observer}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] a Thessaly, Girka, ta kashe aƙalla mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Na bosbranden kampt deel van Griekenland nu met overstromingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2489351-na-bosbranden-kampt-deel-van-griekenland-nu-met-overstromingen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907101615/https://nos.nl/artikel/2489351-na-bosbranden-kampt-deel-van-griekenland-nu-met-overstromingen |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> A wannan rana, ƙauyen Zagora ya sami {{Convert|759|mm|in}} na ruwan sama, sau 55 fiye da matsakaicin ruwan sama na ƙasar a cikin wannan watan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Li |date=5 September 2023 |title="Historic flooding event" in Greece dumps more than 2 feet of rain in just a few hours |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-historic-flooding-more-than-2-feet-of-rain-in-just-a-few-hours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911020847/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greece-historic-flooding-more-than-2-feet-of-rain-in-just-a-few-hours/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Portaria ta kuma sami sabon rikodin ruwan sama na {{Cvt|884|mm|in}} . Ba a iya auna ƙarin ruwan sama ba saboda tashar yanayi ta gaza daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Zahl der Opfer in Mittelgriechenland steigt auf zehn – Fluss Pineios läuft über |url=https://www.ksta.de/panorama/newsblog-unwetter-regen-flut-griechenland-tuerkei-bulgarien-aegaeis-zehn-todesopfer-in-mittelgriechenland-640331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212741/https://www.ksta.de/panorama/newsblog-unwetter-regen-flut-griechenland-mittelmeer-tuerkei-bulgarien-doerfer-aussenwelt-abgeschnitten-640331 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 6&nbsp;Satumba, kogin Krafsidonas, wanda ke tashi a Pelion, ya cika bakinsa a Volos kuma ya lalata gada <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=A Deluge in Greece |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151807/a-deluge-in-greece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909113328/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151807/a-deluge-in-greece |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}</ref> da gidan kula da tsofaffi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Βόλος: Κατέρρευσε πτέρυγα γηροκομείου – Επιχείρηση εκκένωσης |url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562599934/volos-katerreyse-pteryga-girokomeioy-epicheirisi-ekkenosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911074303/https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562599934/volos-katerreyse-pteryga-girokomeioy-epicheirisi-ekkenosis/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ |language=greek}}</ref> yayin da yake jan motoci, bas, bishiyoyi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Βόλος: Τα ορμητικά νερά του Κραυσίδωνα "κατάπιαν" λεωφορείο (βίντεο) |url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/society/1510337/volos-ta-ormitika-nera-toy-kraysidona-katapian-leoforeio-vinteo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909163113/https://www.naftemporiki.gr/society/1510337/volos-ta-ormitika-nera-toy-kraysidona-katapian-leoforeio-vinteo/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.naftemporiki.gr |language=el}}</ref>, da sauran tarkace a kan hanyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ertnews.gr |first=Συντακτική Ομάδα |date=2023-09-08 |title=Ο εφιάλτης της επόμενης ημέρας σε Πήλιο και Βόλο – Ανυπολόγιστες ζημιές, οδοιπορικό της ΕΡΤ |url=https://www.ertnews.gr/eidiseis/ellada/o-efialtis-tis-epomenis-imeras-se-pilio-kai-volo-anypologistes-zimies-odoiporiko-tis-ert/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909010930/https://www.ertnews.gr/eidiseis/ellada/o-efialtis-tis-epomenis-imeras-se-pilio-kai-volo-anypologistes-zimies-odoiporiko-tis-ert/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=ertnews.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Satumba, an rufe babbar hanyar mota tsakanin [[Athens]] da Thessaloniki kuma an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa tsakanin biranen biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Dodental door overstromingen in Griekenland, Turkije en Bulgarije loopt op |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2489537-dodental-door-overstromingen-in-griekenland-turkije-en-bulgarije-loopt-op |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907104102/https://nos.nl/artikel/2489537-dodental-door-overstromingen-in-griekenland-turkije-en-bulgarije-loopt-op |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref> A Thessaly, an ceto sama da mutane 800 a tsakiyar gine-gine da gadoji da suka ruguje da kuma kauyukan da ke karkashin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liakos |first=Chris |last2=Edwards |first2=Christian |date=7 September 2023 |title=More than 800 rescued after extreme flooding in Greece turns villages into lakes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/07/europe/greece-floods-storm-rescue-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908072446/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/09/07/europe/greece-floods-storm-rescue-climate-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref> A Larissa, bayan ruwan sama ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Satumba.&nbsp;Satumba, ruwa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da kogin Pineios ya cika bakinsa har ya kai matakin {{Convert|9.5|m|ft}}, idan aka kwatanta da matakin al'ada na {{Cvt|4|m|ft}} . A kwarin Tempe, matakin ruwan ya tashi zuwa kimanin {{Cvt|18|m|ft}}, wanda ya kai matakin gadar dakatarwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Guguwar Daniel ta mayar da ƙauyuka da yawa a yankin Karditsa mai ƙasƙanƙanta, a babban yankin Thessaly, zuwa tafki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koutantou |first=Angeliki |last2=Gouliamaki |first2=Louisa |date=7 September 2024 |title=Deadly storm sweeps across Greece, PM postpones keynote speech |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/greek-pm-postpones-keynote-speech-after-deadly-storm-2023-09-07/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Garuruwa da ƙauyukan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da Palamas, Proastio, Agia Triada, Megala Kalyvia da Kalogriana waɗanda ruwa ya toshe. Mutum ɗaya ya mutu a Volos lokacin da wani bango ya faɗo masa, kuma a yankin Pelion da ke kusa an gano gawar wata tsohuwa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, yayin da aka ruwaito mutane huɗu sun ɓace. Akalla ƙauyuka shida a cikin da kewayen tsaunukan Pelion sun yi mummunar barna. <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria hit by fatal flash floods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918061036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Fayil:Larisa_-_Nikolopoulou_Street_after_Storm_Daniel_(2023).jpg|left|thumb|Titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Larissa, Girka]] Tun lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara, an kunna Sabis na Taswirar Sauri na Shirin Copernicus don yankin ambaliyar ruwa a Girka, inda aka yi nazarin bayanan Sentinel-1 daga 7.&nbsp;Satumba ya nuna kimanin fadin ambaliyar ruwa na {{Convert|73,000|ha}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Flood in Greece: EMSR692 – Situational reporting |url=https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR692/reporting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907085555/https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR692/reporting |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Copernicus Emergency Management Service}}</ref> Masana yanayi sun sanya guguwar a matsayin mafi muni a Girka tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a shekarar 1930. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Prousalis |first=Stamos |last2=Papadimas |first2=Lefteris |date=9 September 2023 |title=Boats, helicopters rescue hundreds after storm in Greece |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/deadly-greek-rainstorm-ebbs-trail-devastation-emerges-2023-09-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911034038/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/deadly-greek-rainstorm-ebbs-trail-devastation-emerges-2023-09-08/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a Thessaly, wacce ke samar da kusan kashi 15% na amfanin gona na Girka, ta lalata amfanin gona na sauran shekarar kuma ta haifar da mummunan lalacewa na dogon lokaci yayin da kauri laka ya sa ƙasa ta zama mara amfani, wanda ya ɗauki har zuwa shekaru biyar kafin ta sake yin aiki gaba ɗaya. <ref name="auto2" /> Gwamnan Thessaly, Kostas Agorastos, ya shaida wa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Hellenic (ERT) cewa an ƙiyasta lalacewar guguwar a yankin ta fi Yuro biliyan 2. <ref name="2 billion Greece">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Extreme flooding caused by Storm Daniel devastates Greece |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909131644/https://www.ft.com/content/b46d34c0-fef8-45f2-8930-a01c10b4d13a |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> Zuwa ranar 16 ga Satumba, adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ƙasar ya kai goma sha bakwai. Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu akwai wasu ma'aurata 'yan Austria waɗanda suka makale a wani gidan hutu wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta tafi da su a [[Potistika]], kusa da Pelion, a ranar 6 ga Satumba. === Bulgeriya === [[Fayil:Daniel_2023-09-05_2320Z.jpg|thumb|Guguwa Daniel a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2023]] Ƙauyuka da ke kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea a Lardin Burgas, ciki har da Kosti da Arapya, sun nutse, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa mutane ƙaura. Mutane uku sun nutse bayan da wata gada ta ruguje a yankin Tsarevo, kuma wani mutum ya nutse kusa da garin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2023 |title=Bulgaria: Two People Died in the floods in Tsarevo, Two more are Missing |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/221393/Bulgaria%3A+Two+People+Died+in+the+floods+in+Tsarevo%2C+Two+more+are+Missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906124822/https://www.novinite.com/articles/221393/Bulgaria%3A+Two+People+Died+in+the+floods+in+Tsarevo%2C+Two+more+are+Missing |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=novinite.com}}</ref> An auna ruwan sama a Kosti a {{Convert|311|mm|in}} (kashi 420% na matsakaicin wata-wata na Satumba), a Ahtopol ya kai {{Convert|196|mm|in}} (350% na matsakaicin wata-wata), kuma a Gramatikovo zuwa {{Convert|275|mm|in}} (368% na matsakaicin wata-wata). <ref>{{Cite web |title=НИМХ: Най-много е валяло в с. Кости – над 311 mm (l/m<sup>2</sup>) |url=https://bnr.bg/post/101873761/nimh-nai-mnogo-e-valalo-v-s-kosti-nad-311-mm-l-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908175555/https://bnr.bg/post/101873761/nimh-nai-mnogo-e-valalo-v-s-kosti-nad-311-mm-l-m |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=bnr.bg |language=bg}}</ref> A Tsarevo, ana sa ran ruwan sama zai kafa tarihi a ƙasa, tare da {{Convert|330|mm|in}} sama cikin awanni 20 (kashi 40% na matsakaicin ''shekara-shekara'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Capital.bg |date=2023-09-05 |title=Национален рекорд за валежи предизвика смъртоносни наводнения в Царево |url=https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2023/09/05/4525501_potoput_v_carevo_podobriava_nacionalniiat_rekord_za/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906155144/https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2023/09/05/4525501_potoput_v_carevo_podobriava_nacionalniiat_rekord_za/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.capital.bg |language=bg}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a garin ta sa hukumomi suka ayyana dokar ta-baci. <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria hit by fatal flash floods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918061036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/06/flash-floods-kill-tourists-in-turkey-greece-and-bulgaria |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ruwan da ba kasafai ake samu ba mai tsawon {{Convert|80|m|ft}} an lura da shi a cikin teku kusa da Tyulenovo a arewa maso gabashin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Торнадо край Тюленово – зрелищни кадри, заснети от Meteo Balkans |url=https://bnr.bg/post/101873661/tornado-krai-tulenovo-zrelishtni-kadri-zasneti-ot-meteo-balkans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909093121/https://bnr.bg/post/101873661/tornado-krai-tulenovo-zrelishtni-kadri-zasneti-ot-meteo-balkans |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=bnr.bg |language=bg}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ck0bxul6vi36fj7sc1ynbnethtib3lg Asibitin Dhaka Shishu 0 154706 846707 2026-06-04T08:17:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346843859|Dhaka Shishu Hospital]]" 846707 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:Bangladesh_Shishu_(Children)_Hospital.jpg|Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital entrance gate Fayil:Bangladesh_Shishu_(Children)_Hospital_2.0.jpg|Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital Block-C </gallery>'''Asibitin [[Dhaka]] Shishu''' (a halin yanzu asibitin [[Bangladesh]] Shishu & Institute) asibitin yara ne a Bangladesh, wanda ke cikin Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka . == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin a cikin 1972, nan da nan bayan samun [[Bangladesh]]_Liberation_War" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">'yancin kai. Marigayi Tofayel Ahmed, gwamnatin Bangladesh, Save the Children Fund of the UK da World Vision of Bangladesh ne suka ba da kuɗin.<ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Ahmed A}}</ref> Asibitin ya buga jaridar Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DSHJ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.banglajol.info}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da Dokar Asibitin Shishu da Cibiyar Bangladesh (Dokar No. 19 ta 2021), wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2021. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cibiyoyin biyu, Asibitin Dhaka Shishu da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Bangladesh, sun haɗu don zama Asibitin Shishu da Asibitin Bangladesh, wanda ake aiki a matsayin hukuma ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh. == Ma'aikata == === Darussan ilimi === * MD (Kwarewar Kula da Yara) == Kudade da albarkatu == Asibitin yana karkashin kulawar kwamitin gudanarwa wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Iyali ta Bangladesh ta nada. Ma'aikatar tana ba da kashi 50% na jimlar kudade na shekara-shekara, kuma sauran ana biyan su ta hanyar biyan kuɗi don ayyuka, gudummawar mutum da tallafi. Cibiyar Kula da Asibitin Shishu ta Bangladesh, wacce aka kirkira ta hanyar caca ta jama'a guda biyu da kuma gudummawa, tana ba da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi idan ya cancanta.[1] Matsakaicin yawan zama a cikin 1999 ya kasance kusan kashi 90.<ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Ahmed A}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, damar ta karu zuwa gadaje 650 kuma tun daga shekarar 2020 ita ce asibitin yara mafi girma a Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital |url=http://dhakashishuhospital.org.bd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101083416/http://dhakashishuhospital.org.bd/ |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=Dhaka Shishu Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saha |first=Shampa |last2=Sayeed |first2=K M Ishtiaque |last3=Saha |first3=Senjuti |last4=Islam |first4=Md Shafiqul |last5=Rahaman |first5=Afiour |last6=Islam |first6=Maksuda |last7=Rahman |first7=Hafizur |last8=Das |first8=Raktim |last9=Hasan |first9=Md Mahmudul |last10=Uddin |first10=Mohammad Jamal |last11=Tanmoy |first11=Arif Mohammad |date=2020-12-01 |title=Hospitalization of Pediatric Enteric Fever Cases, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017–2019: Incidence and Risk Factors |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/Supplement_3/S196/6013572 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=71 |issue=Supplement_3 |pages=S196–S204 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1356 |issn=1058-4838 |pmc=7705877 |pmid=33258942}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Kafa asibitin Gazipur & Rajshahi Shishu * An kafa ɗakunan aji uku * Aikin fadada hawa tara (wanda aka fara a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2010) * Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya ta Yara (ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tiyata na zuciya, dakin bincike, dakin farfadowa da ICU na zuciya) wanda Firayim Minista [[Sheikh Hasina]] ya kaddamar (17 Janairu 2012) == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Manazarta == d82t6dsccbnp0yvqxoai7nmw8sqn9x6 846708 846707 2026-06-04T08:18:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846708 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:Bangladesh_Shishu_(Children)_Hospital.jpg|Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital entrance gate Fayil:Bangladesh_Shishu_(Children)_Hospital_2.0.jpg|Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital Block-C </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Asibitin [[Dhaka]] Shishu''' (a halin yanzu asibitin [[Bangladesh]] Shishu & Institute) asibitin yara ne a Bangladesh, wanda ke cikin Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka . == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin a cikin 1972, nan da nan bayan samun [[Bangladesh]]_Liberation_War" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">'yancin kai. Marigayi Tofayel Ahmed, gwamnatin Bangladesh, Save the Children Fund of the UK da World Vision of Bangladesh ne suka ba da kuɗin.<ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Ahmed A}}</ref> Asibitin ya buga jaridar Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DSHJ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.banglajol.info}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da Dokar Asibitin Shishu da Cibiyar Bangladesh (Dokar No. 19 ta 2021), wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2021. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cibiyoyin biyu, Asibitin Dhaka Shishu da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara ta Bangladesh, sun haɗu don zama Asibitin Shishu da Asibitin Bangladesh, wanda ake aiki a matsayin hukuma ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh. == Ma'aikata == === Darussan ilimi === * MD (Kwarewar Kula da Yara) == Kudade da albarkatu == Asibitin yana karkashin kulawar kwamitin gudanarwa wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Iyali ta Bangladesh ta nada. Ma'aikatar tana ba da kashi 50% na jimlar kudade na shekara-shekara, kuma sauran ana biyan su ta hanyar biyan kuɗi don ayyuka, gudummawar mutum da tallafi. Cibiyar Kula da Asibitin Shishu ta Bangladesh, wacce aka kirkira ta hanyar caca ta jama'a guda biyu da kuma gudummawa, tana ba da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi idan ya cancanta.[1] Matsakaicin yawan zama a cikin 1999 ya kasance kusan kashi 90.<ref name="bpedia">{{Cite book|edition=Ahmed A}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, damar ta karu zuwa gadaje 650 kuma tun daga shekarar 2020 ita ce asibitin yara mafi girma a Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital |url=http://dhakashishuhospital.org.bd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101083416/http://dhakashishuhospital.org.bd/ |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=Dhaka Shishu Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saha |first=Shampa |last2=Sayeed |first2=K M Ishtiaque |last3=Saha |first3=Senjuti |last4=Islam |first4=Md Shafiqul |last5=Rahaman |first5=Afiour |last6=Islam |first6=Maksuda |last7=Rahman |first7=Hafizur |last8=Das |first8=Raktim |last9=Hasan |first9=Md Mahmudul |last10=Uddin |first10=Mohammad Jamal |last11=Tanmoy |first11=Arif Mohammad |date=2020-12-01 |title=Hospitalization of Pediatric Enteric Fever Cases, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017–2019: Incidence and Risk Factors |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/Supplement_3/S196/6013572 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=71 |issue=Supplement_3 |pages=S196–S204 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1356 |issn=1058-4838 |pmc=7705877 |pmid=33258942}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == * Kafa asibitin Gazipur & Rajshahi Shishu * An kafa ɗakunan aji uku * Aikin fadada hawa tara (wanda aka fara a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2010) * Cibiyar Kula da Zuciya ta Yara (ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tiyata na zuciya, dakin bincike, dakin farfadowa da ICU na zuciya) wanda Firayim Minista [[Sheikh Hasina]] ya kaddamar (17 Janairu 2012) == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Manazarta == emfrkxnlgqavnskrk1qy3jysxuuucb7 Dam din Lakenvallei 0 154707 846709 2026-06-04T08:18:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003813|Lakenvallei Dam]]" 846709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Lakenvallei''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da baka wadda take a [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]], kusa da Ceres, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1974, kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwa (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == j5htxggqzokh3gx681zqrg3zxekwu64 846710 846709 2026-06-04T08:19:03Z Engineer014 44591 846710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Lakenvallei''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in nauyi da baka wadda take a [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]], kusa da Ceres, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1974, kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwa (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == t9v87crzxiqfk0modfw62q1tjl0ry7s Ka'idodin giya 0 154708 846711 2026-06-04T08:19:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338613393|Beers criteria]]" 846711 wikitext text/x-wiki The Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Elder Adults, wanda aka fi sani da Beers List, <ref name="BCML">{{Cite web |title=Beers Criteria Medication List |url=https://www.dcri.org/beers-criteria-medication-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233708/https://dcri.org/beers-criteria-medication-list/ |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |website=Duke Clinical Research Institute |publisher=Duke Health}}</ref> jagororin yarjejeniya ne da American Geriatrics Society (AGS) ta buga don masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don taimakawa inganta amincin yin magunguna ga manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa a duk sai dai saitunan palliative. <ref name="Wiley 2019 pp. 674–694">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |date=2019-01-29 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |publisher=Wiley |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=674–694 |doi=10.1111/jgs.15767 |issn=0002-8614 |pmid=30693946 |s2cid=59338182 |quote=The AGS Beers Criteria® is an explicit list of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) that are typically best avoided by older adults in most circumstances or under specific situations, such as in certain diseases or conditions.}}</ref><ref name="Steinman Beizer DuBeau Laird pp. e1–e7">{{Cite journal |last=Steinman |first=Michael A. |last2=Beizer |first2=Judith L. |last3=DuBeau |first3=Catherine E. |last4=Laird |first4=Rosemary D. |last5=Lundebjerg |first5=Nancy E. |last6=Mulhausen |first6=Paul |date=2015-10-08 |title=How to Use the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria-A Guide for Patients, Clinicians, Health Systems, and Payors |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |publisher=Wiley |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=e1–e7 |doi=10.1111/jgs.13701 |issn=0002-8614 |pmc=5325682 |pmid=26446776}}</ref> Suna jaddada magungunan da ba su da mahimmanci, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage matsalolin polypharmacy, hulɗar miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma mummunar halayen miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. <ref name="Beers2012">{{Cite web |last=American Geriatrics Society |author-link=American Geriatrics Society |year=2012 |title=Identifying medications that older adults should avoid or use with caution: the 2012 American Geriatrics Society updated Beers criteria |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/ |publisher=Foundation for Health in Aging}}</ref> Ana amfani da ka'idojin a cikin kulawar asibiti don saka idanu da inganta ingancin kulawa. Hakanan ana amfani da su a cikin horo, bincike, da manufofin kiwon lafiya don taimakawa wajen bunkasa matakan aiki da sakamakon rubuce-rubuce. Wadannan ka'idoji sun hada da jerin magunguna inda yiwuwar haɗari na iya zama mafi girma fiye da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa ga mutane 65 da haihuwa. Ta hanyar la'akari da wannan bayanin, likitoci na iya rage mummunan sakamako da irin waɗannan magunguna ke haifar. An yi amfani da ka'idojin Beers don zama jagora ga likitoci kuma ba a matsayin maye gurbin hukunci na ƙwararru ba wajen ba da umarni. Ana iya amfani da ka'idojin tare da wasu bayanai don jagorantar likitoci game da maganin lafiya a cikin tsofaffi.<ref name="Budnitz2011">{{Cite journal |last=Budnitz |first=Daniel S. |last2=Lovegrove |first2=Maribeth C. |last3=Shehab |first3=Nadine |last4=Richards |first4=Chesley L. |date=24 November 2011 |title=Emergency Hospitalizations for Adverse Drug Events in Older Americans |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=365 |issue=21 |pages=2002–12 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1103053 |pmid=22111719 |s2cid=37983506 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [maɓuɓɓugar da ba ta farko ba] [maɓallin da ba na farko ba ne ake buƙata].<ref name="Hamilton2011">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Hilary |last2=Gallagher |first2=Paul |last3=Ryan |first3=Cristin |last4=Byrne |first4=Stephen |last5=O'Mahony |first5=Denis |date=13 June 2011 |title=Potentially Inappropriate Medications Defined by STOPP Criteria and the Risk of Adverse Drug Events in Older Hospitalized Patients |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=1013–1019 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.215 |pmid=21670370 |doi-access= |hdl-access=free}}</ref>    Ana amfani da ka'idojin akai-akai a duniya kodayake an yi amfani da su ne kawai a Amurka. Wasu ƙasashe sun daidaita ka'idojin zuwa mahallin su. Sauran ƙasashe sun lura cewa magungunan da aka lissafa bazai dace a ƙasarsu ba.[1] A Amurka, ba a taɓa tabbatar da jerin ba; binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya nuna cewa magungunan ma'aunin Beers sun haifar da ƙananan lambobi da ƙananan haɗari ga ziyarar sashen gaggawa don abubuwan da suka faru.[2] == Tarihi == Tsohon likitan Mark H. Beers ya tsara ka'idodin Beers ta hanyar kwamitin kwararru ta amfani da Hanyar Delphi. An buga ka'idodin ne a cikin ''Tarihin Magungunan Cikin Gida'' a cikin 1991 <ref name="Fick2003">{{Cite journal |last=Fick |first=DM |author-link=Fick DM |last2=Cooper |first2=JW |last3=Wade |first3=WE |last4=Waller |first4=JL |last5=Maclean |first5=JR |last6=Beers |first6=MH |year=2003 |title=Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/22/2716 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=22 |pages=2716–2724 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716 |pmid=14662625 |s2cid=21193386 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma an sabunta su a cikin 1997, 2003, 2012, 2015, 2019, da 2023 <ref name="Beers2015">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |year=2015 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=2227–46 |doi=10.1111/jgs.13702 |pmid=26446832 |s2cid=38797655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="medscape846136">{{Cite web |last=Louden |first=Kathleen |date=9 June 2015 |title=Geriatrics Society Updates List of Inappropriate Drugs |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/846136#vp_2 |website=Medscape}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=For Older People, Medications Are Common; Updated AGS Beers Criteria Aims to Make Sure They're Appropriate, Too |url=https://www.americangeriatrics.org/media-center/news/older-people-medications-are-common-updated-ags-beers-criteriar-aims-make-sure |website=American Geriatrics Society}}</ref><ref name="Beers-2023">{{Cite journal |last=By the 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel |date=2023-05-04 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |language=en |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=2052–2081 |doi=10.1111/jgs.18372 |issn=0002-8614 |pmid=37139824 |s2cid=258486318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AGS ta yi rajistar alamar kasuwanci don kalmar "AGS Beers Criteria" kuma a cikin 2018, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci don ba da izinin sakin aikace-aikacen software ta amfani da ka'idodinta na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSIS Health Homepage |url=http://csishealth.com/ |website=CSIS Health Corp}}</ref> == Gudanar da ka'idoji == A cikin shekara ta 2011, American Geriatrics Society (AGS) ta tara wani kwamitin kwararru guda goma sha ɗaya a fannin kiwon lafiya, jinya, da magunguna don haɓaka fitowar 2012 na American Geriatriics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inpropriate Medication Use in Elder Men. <ref name="criteria2012">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |date=April 2012 |title=American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=616–631 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x |pmc=3571677 |pmid=22376048}}</ref> 39ke8637qbzemkok3mtal4aq6vguzpb 846712 846711 2026-06-04T08:19:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Elder Adults, wanda aka fi sani da Beers List, <ref name="BCML">{{Cite web |title=Beers Criteria Medication List |url=https://www.dcri.org/beers-criteria-medication-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233708/https://dcri.org/beers-criteria-medication-list/ |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |website=Duke Clinical Research Institute |publisher=Duke Health}}</ref> jagororin yarjejeniya ne da American Geriatrics Society (AGS) ta buga don masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don taimakawa inganta amincin yin magunguna ga manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa a duk sai dai saitunan palliative. <ref name="Wiley 2019 pp. 674–694">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |date=2019-01-29 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |publisher=Wiley |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=674–694 |doi=10.1111/jgs.15767 |issn=0002-8614 |pmid=30693946 |s2cid=59338182 |quote=The AGS Beers Criteria® is an explicit list of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) that are typically best avoided by older adults in most circumstances or under specific situations, such as in certain diseases or conditions.}}</ref><ref name="Steinman Beizer DuBeau Laird pp. e1–e7">{{Cite journal |last=Steinman |first=Michael A. |last2=Beizer |first2=Judith L. |last3=DuBeau |first3=Catherine E. |last4=Laird |first4=Rosemary D. |last5=Lundebjerg |first5=Nancy E. |last6=Mulhausen |first6=Paul |date=2015-10-08 |title=How to Use the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria-A Guide for Patients, Clinicians, Health Systems, and Payors |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |publisher=Wiley |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=e1–e7 |doi=10.1111/jgs.13701 |issn=0002-8614 |pmc=5325682 |pmid=26446776}}</ref> Suna jaddada magungunan da ba su da mahimmanci, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage matsalolin polypharmacy, hulɗar miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma mummunar halayen miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. <ref name="Beers2012">{{Cite web |last=American Geriatrics Society |author-link=American Geriatrics Society |year=2012 |title=Identifying medications that older adults should avoid or use with caution: the 2012 American Geriatrics Society updated Beers criteria |url=http://www.americangeriatrics.org/ |publisher=Foundation for Health in Aging}}</ref> Ana amfani da ka'idojin a cikin kulawar asibiti don saka idanu da inganta ingancin kulawa. Hakanan ana amfani da su a cikin horo, bincike, da manufofin kiwon lafiya don taimakawa wajen bunkasa matakan aiki da sakamakon rubuce-rubuce. Wadannan ka'idoji sun hada da jerin magunguna inda yiwuwar haɗari na iya zama mafi girma fiye da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa ga mutane 65 da haihuwa. Ta hanyar la'akari da wannan bayanin, likitoci na iya rage mummunan sakamako da irin waɗannan magunguna ke haifar. An yi amfani da ka'idojin Beers don zama jagora ga likitoci kuma ba a matsayin maye gurbin hukunci na ƙwararru ba wajen ba da umarni. Ana iya amfani da ka'idojin tare da wasu bayanai don jagorantar likitoci game da maganin lafiya a cikin tsofaffi.<ref name="Budnitz2011">{{Cite journal |last=Budnitz |first=Daniel S. |last2=Lovegrove |first2=Maribeth C. |last3=Shehab |first3=Nadine |last4=Richards |first4=Chesley L. |date=24 November 2011 |title=Emergency Hospitalizations for Adverse Drug Events in Older Americans |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=365 |issue=21 |pages=2002–12 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1103053 |pmid=22111719 |s2cid=37983506 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [maɓuɓɓugar da ba ta farko ba] [maɓallin da ba na farko ba ne ake buƙata].<ref name="Hamilton2011">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Hilary |last2=Gallagher |first2=Paul |last3=Ryan |first3=Cristin |last4=Byrne |first4=Stephen |last5=O'Mahony |first5=Denis |date=13 June 2011 |title=Potentially Inappropriate Medications Defined by STOPP Criteria and the Risk of Adverse Drug Events in Older Hospitalized Patients |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=1013–1019 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.215 |pmid=21670370 |doi-access= |hdl-access=free}}</ref>    Ana amfani da ka'idojin akai-akai a duniya kodayake an yi amfani da su ne kawai a Amurka. Wasu ƙasashe sun daidaita ka'idojin zuwa mahallin su. Sauran ƙasashe sun lura cewa magungunan da aka lissafa bazai dace a ƙasarsu ba.[1] A Amurka, ba a taɓa tabbatar da jerin ba; binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya nuna cewa magungunan ma'aunin Beers sun haifar da ƙananan lambobi da ƙananan haɗari ga ziyarar sashen gaggawa don abubuwan da suka faru.[2] == Tarihi == Tsohon likitan Mark H. Beers ya tsara ka'idodin Beers ta hanyar kwamitin kwararru ta amfani da Hanyar Delphi. An buga ka'idodin ne a cikin ''Tarihin Magungunan Cikin Gida'' a cikin 1991 <ref name="Fick2003">{{Cite journal |last=Fick |first=DM |author-link=Fick DM |last2=Cooper |first2=JW |last3=Wade |first3=WE |last4=Waller |first4=JL |last5=Maclean |first5=JR |last6=Beers |first6=MH |year=2003 |title=Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/22/2716 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=22 |pages=2716–2724 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716 |pmid=14662625 |s2cid=21193386 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}</ref> kuma an sabunta su a cikin 1997, 2003, 2012, 2015, 2019, da 2023 <ref name="Beers2015">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |year=2015 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=2227–46 |doi=10.1111/jgs.13702 |pmid=26446832 |s2cid=38797655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="medscape846136">{{Cite web |last=Louden |first=Kathleen |date=9 June 2015 |title=Geriatrics Society Updates List of Inappropriate Drugs |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/846136#vp_2 |website=Medscape}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=For Older People, Medications Are Common; Updated AGS Beers Criteria Aims to Make Sure They're Appropriate, Too |url=https://www.americangeriatrics.org/media-center/news/older-people-medications-are-common-updated-ags-beers-criteriar-aims-make-sure |website=American Geriatrics Society}}</ref><ref name="Beers-2023">{{Cite journal |last=By the 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel |date=2023-05-04 |title=American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |language=en |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=2052–2081 |doi=10.1111/jgs.18372 |issn=0002-8614 |pmid=37139824 |s2cid=258486318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AGS ta yi rajistar alamar kasuwanci don kalmar "AGS Beers Criteria" kuma a cikin 2018, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci don ba da izinin sakin aikace-aikacen software ta amfani da ka'idodinta na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSIS Health Homepage |url=http://csishealth.com/ |website=CSIS Health Corp}}</ref> == Gudanar da ka'idoji == A cikin shekara ta 2011, American Geriatrics Society (AGS) ta tara wani kwamitin kwararru guda goma sha ɗaya a fannin kiwon lafiya, jinya, da magunguna don haɓaka fitowar 2012 na American Geriatriics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inpropriate Medication Use in Elder Men. <ref name="criteria2012">{{Cite journal |last=American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel |date=April 2012 |title=American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=616–631 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x |pmc=3571677 |pmid=22376048}}</ref> dzghgdbwkdtaw2vmmtp07qj4v6wv9f0 2024 Ruwan ruwa na Mahai 0 154709 846713 2026-06-04T08:20:22Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316637873|2024 Mai Mahiu flash flood]]" 846713 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2024, toshewar wata magudanar ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin wani magudanar jirgin ƙasa ya haifar da mummunan gazawa da ambaliyar ruwa a [[Kenya]], wanda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 50. Da farko an bayyana lamarin a matsayin 'gazawar madatsar ruwa'. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta faru ne bayan [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2024 Kenya da Tanzania|ruwan sama mai ƙarfi]] a watan da ya gabata wanda ya kashe sama da mutane 300. Mutane da suka mutu sun fito ne daga garin Mai Mahiu, inda aka ba da rahoton ɓacewar wasu mutane 84, kuma an kwantar da mutane 109 a asibiti. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429122929/https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ambaliyar Ruwa da Abubuwan da Suka Faru == Da farko 'yan sanda sun danganta ambaliyar ruwan da fashewar madatsar ruwa. Daga baya gwamnatin Kenya ta ce dalilin ambaliyar ruwan shine toshewar tarkace a wani ramin kogi da ke ƙarƙashin wani magudanar ruwa ta layin dogo. Ɓarnar ta ƙunshi duwatsu, bishiyoyi da laka da aka tara daga ruwan sama da ya wuce. Jami'ai sun fayyace cewa babu wani madatsar ruwa a yankin kuma madatsar ruwa mafi kusa, Matches Dam, ta kasance mai ƙarfi. Yankin yana cikin yankin Great Rift Valley wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta fi kamari. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta ce ambaliyar ruwan ta kwashe magudanar jirgin ƙasa ta kuma zuba ƙasa da "gudu da gudu sosai". <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ "Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya"]. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title='Don't know how many under mud': 45 killed as dam bursts in flood-hit Kenya |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3260796/kenya-dam-bursts-killing-least-42-death-toll-expected-rise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429093004/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3260796/kenya-dam-bursts-killing-least-42-death-toll-expected-rise |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, an san cewa akalla mutane 50 sun mutu yayin da wasu 84 suka ɓace. Gawarwakin yara goma sha bakwai ne. <ref name="Usher1" /> Jami'ai sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu "kimanta ne na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya" yayin da ake kyautata zaton an binne gawawwaki da dama a karkashin laka. Wani wanda ya tsira ya ce gidansa yana rawa da ihu ya tashe shi; ya sami nasarar tserewa tare da iyalansa kafin ambaliyar ta iso. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ "Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya"]. </cite></ref> Kamuchiri da Kianugu, ƙananan ƙauyuka biyu, suma lamarin ya shafa. <ref name="Usher1" /> Ya zuwa ranar 7 ga Mayu, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 61. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Surviving the Mai Mahiu flood: 'I'm lucky I was still awake' |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-05-14-surviving-the-mai-mahiu-flood-im-lucky-i-was-still-awake/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=www.the-star.co.ke}}</ref> == Martani == Masu ceto sun duba tarkacen da aka tara domin gano wadanda suka tsira a garin Mai Mahiu. An yi wa wadanda suka ji rauni magani ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar kaya ta likitanci. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Kenya ta ce an kwantar da mutane 109 a asibiti. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429122929/https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 "At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars"]. </cite></ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kuma kafa wani wurin taimako ga iyalai domin gano dangin da suka ɓace. An gano wasu gawawwaki a makale a bishiyoyi yayin da ake kyautata zaton an binne wasu da ba a san adadinsu ba a ƙarƙashin laka. Domin hana irin wannan bala'i, Kithure Kindiki, ministan harkokin cikin gida, ya bukaci a duba dukkan madatsun ruwa na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu da kuma ma'ajiyar ruwa cikin awanni 24 tun daga yammacin ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Hukumar manyan hanyoyi ta kasar ta kuma shawarci masu ababen hawa game da tarkace da cunkoson ababen hawa a kan hanyoyi a yankin [[Naivasha]] da Narok . A shafin X (wanda a da ake kira Twitter), ya ce za a kama mutane idan suka yi yunkurin ketarewa ko jigilar mutane ta cikin koguna ko ruwan sama ta hanyoyin da ba su da inganci. == Manazarta == 432rjsrqo07s1mfv995dc5ymyqb6z4y 846714 846713 2026-06-04T08:20:49Z Engineer014 44591 846714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2024, toshewar wata magudanar ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin wani magudanar jirgin ƙasa ya haifar da mummunan gazawa da ambaliyar ruwa a [[Kenya]], wanda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 50. Da farko an bayyana lamarin a matsayin 'gazawar madatsar ruwa'. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta faru ne bayan [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2024 Kenya da Tanzania|ruwan sama mai ƙarfi]] a watan da ya gabata wanda ya kashe sama da mutane 300. Mutane da suka mutu sun fito ne daga garin Mai Mahiu, inda aka ba da rahoton ɓacewar wasu mutane 84, kuma an kwantar da mutane 109 a asibiti. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429122929/https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Ambaliyar Ruwa da Abubuwan da Suka Faru == Da farko 'yan sanda sun danganta ambaliyar ruwan da fashewar madatsar ruwa. Daga baya gwamnatin Kenya ta ce dalilin ambaliyar ruwan shine toshewar tarkace a wani ramin kogi da ke ƙarƙashin wani magudanar ruwa ta layin dogo. Ɓarnar ta ƙunshi duwatsu, bishiyoyi da laka da aka tara daga ruwan sama da ya wuce. Jami'ai sun fayyace cewa babu wani madatsar ruwa a yankin kuma madatsar ruwa mafi kusa, Matches Dam, ta kasance mai ƙarfi. Yankin yana cikin yankin Great Rift Valley wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta fi kamari. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta ce ambaliyar ruwan ta kwashe magudanar jirgin ƙasa ta kuma zuba ƙasa da "gudu da gudu sosai". <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ "Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya"]. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title='Don't know how many under mud': 45 killed as dam bursts in flood-hit Kenya |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3260796/kenya-dam-bursts-killing-least-42-death-toll-expected-rise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429093004/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3260796/kenya-dam-bursts-killing-least-42-death-toll-expected-rise |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, an san cewa akalla mutane 50 sun mutu yayin da wasu 84 suka ɓace. Gawarwakin yara goma sha bakwai ne. <ref name="Usher1" /> Jami'ai sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu "kimanta ne na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya" yayin da ake kyautata zaton an binne gawawwaki da dama a karkashin laka. Wani wanda ya tsira ya ce gidansa yana rawa da ihu ya tashe shi; ya sami nasarar tserewa tare da iyalansa kafin ambaliyar ta iso. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |title=Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429115822/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenya-postpones-start-school-term-due-heavy-floods-2024-04-29/ "Flash floods, landslide kill at least 45 in central Kenya"]. </cite></ref> Kamuchiri da Kianugu, ƙananan ƙauyuka biyu, suma lamarin ya shafa. <ref name="Usher1" /> Ya zuwa ranar 7 ga Mayu, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 61. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Surviving the Mai Mahiu flood: 'I'm lucky I was still awake' |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-05-14-surviving-the-mai-mahiu-flood-im-lucky-i-was-still-awake/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=www.the-star.co.ke}}</ref> == Martani == Masu ceto sun duba tarkacen da aka tara domin gano wadanda suka tsira a garin Mai Mahiu. An yi wa wadanda suka ji rauni magani ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar kaya ta likitanci. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Kenya ta ce an kwantar da mutane 109 a asibiti. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429122929/https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://apnews.com/article/kenya-flooding-dam-6976f1aae4a8cd31a2f4ebae4f0c7f32 "At least 45 people die in western Kenya as floodwaters sweep away houses and cars"]. </cite></ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kuma kafa wani wurin taimako ga iyalai domin gano dangin da suka ɓace. An gano wasu gawawwaki a makale a bishiyoyi yayin da ake kyautata zaton an binne wasu da ba a san adadinsu ba a ƙarƙashin laka. Domin hana irin wannan bala'i, Kithure Kindiki, ministan harkokin cikin gida, ya bukaci a duba dukkan madatsun ruwa na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu da kuma ma'ajiyar ruwa cikin awanni 24 tun daga yammacin ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Hukumar manyan hanyoyi ta kasar ta kuma shawarci masu ababen hawa game da tarkace da cunkoson ababen hawa a kan hanyoyi a yankin [[Naivasha]] da Narok . A shafin X (wanda a da ake kira Twitter), ya ce za a kama mutane idan suka yi yunkurin ketarewa ko jigilar mutane ta cikin koguna ko ruwan sama ta hanyoyin da ba su da inganci. == Manazarta == 1j59ea7erj2mgkj5r8r1r1bdremo9bu Nazarin Gothenburg na Yara tare da DAMP 0 154710 846715 2026-06-04T08:21:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284065675|Gothenburg Study of Children with DAMP]]" 846715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazarin Gothenburg na Yara tare da DAMP''' wani binciken yara ne na shekaru shida a Gothenburg, [[Sweden]] wanda ya fara a shekarar 1977. Manufar ita ce gano wane rabo daga cikin yara suna da Rashin hankali, kula da motsi da fahimta (DAMP), wanda aka fi sani da Minimal Brain Disorder (MBD), da kuma bin ci gaban wannan rukuni a tsawon shekaru. An buga sakamakon da tattaunawa a cikin litattafai huɗu da kusan takardun kimiyya 30. == Nazarin == Mataki na farko na binciken an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Christopher Gillberg da Peder Rasmussen. Da farko, an tambayi malamai a duk yankuna na Gothenburg su amsa tambayoyin tare da jerin a'a kuma babu tambayoyi don gano yaran da za su iya samun MBD. (Tambayar ta dogara ne akan binciken matukin jirgi na baya.) Masu bincike sun yi amfani da ma'anar aiki (alamu) na MBD wanda aka tsara musamman don binciken kuma daga baya aka kira shi DAMP. Masu binciken sun sami tambayoyi ga yara sama da 3400. wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 72% na yawan jama'a. An gano yara 340 (10%) bisa ga tambayoyin, kamar yadda suke da matsalolin da zasu iya nuna MBD. Daga cikin wannan rukuni na 340, duk yaran da suka yi kama da suna da matsaloli masu tsanani da kuma samfurin bazuwar sauran an zaba su don cikakken bincike. A cikin binciken Gothenburg, an yi amfani da tambayoyin ga malamai na makarantar sakandare wanda aka rarraba yara da ke da wasu matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin ko dai babban index ko ƙungiyar low-index. A cikin binciken karshe, akwai yara 22 (14 maza da 8 mata) a cikin ƙungiyar high-index da yara 60 (52 maza da 8 'yan mata) a mu ƙungiyar low-index. An kwatanta waɗannan da ƙungiyar sarrafawa da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani. Kungiyar kula ta kunshi yara 59 (yara 29 da 'yan mata 30). <ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Daga cikin yara 141, an gano 42 (yara 33 da 'yan mata 9) suna da MBD / DAMP; daga cikin 42, 40 suna cikin ƙungiyar ƙididdiga (18 a cikin ƙungiyar ƙimar ƙididdiga) da 2 a cikin ƙungiyar sarrafawa.<ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Dukkanin yaran da farko suna da shekaru 6-7 (an haife su 1971) kuma sun fito ne daga Gothenburg, Sweden.<ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Daga baya aka bincika yaran a lokacin da suke da shekaru 10, 13, 16, da 22. == Zarge-zarge da hallaka == Leif Elinder, Likitan yara na Sweden da Eva Kärfve, masanin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Lund, sun rubuta labarai da yawa da littafi na shekaru da yawa inda suka ƙi mafi yawan Neuropsychiatry, kuma musamman mafi yawan binciken da ƙungiyar Gillberg ta gudanar. Kärfve ya kuma rubuta wani littafi a kan batun da ake kira "Hjärnspöken Damp och hotet mot folkhälsan" (Fassarar Turanci: Brain-spooks Damp da barazanar lafiyar jama'a" wanda Elinder ya kuma rubuta babi game da kula da yara da amphetamines. A cikin littafinta ta tabbatar da cewa ka'idodin bincike na DAMP ba su da tabbas, tare da nuna cewa ingancin a cikin bayanan kididdiga ba shi da kyau. Nazarin Gillsbergs ya kuma kasance yana da alamun hanyoyin zaɓe na wucin gadi, aiki mai ban sha'awa da hanyoyin auna da kuma babban saukowa, da dai sauransu. Tare da bayanai daga ƙungiyar kula da yara biyu Gillberg ya kuma kammala cewa kashi 3.1% na yawan jama'a za a iya ɗauka suna da DAMP. Wannan ya kara yawan su na farko daga 4% zuwa 7.1%. Gillberg da kansa ya kira wannan abin dogaro ba ne, amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da amfani da adadi 7.1%. Kamar yadda likitan ƙwaƙwalwa na yara Magnus Landgren ya yi shekaru 18 bayan haka a wasu ayyukan. Eva Kärfve da Leif Elinder sun rubuta wasiƙu zuwa Jami'ar Gothenburg inda suka zargi Gillberg da Rasmussen da mummunar hali na kimiyya. Takamaiman zargi shi ne cewa sun kara mahalarta zuwa ƙungiyar sarrafawa don binciken ƙarshe na bin diddigin yana da shekaru 22. Majalisar Dokokin Da'a a Jami'ar Gothenburg ta binciki zarge-zargen kuma ta yi watsi da su a matsayin marasa tushe. A watan Fabrairun 2002 Eva Kärfve ta bukaci samun dama (a matsayin mai zaman kansa) ga duk bayanan daga binciken Gothenburg. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002 Leif Elinder ya rubuta Jami'ar Gothenburg, yana buƙatar Jami'ar ta yi bincike ko an bi "ma'auni mai kyau na bincike". A watan Yulin 2002 Leif Elinder ya bukaci samun dama ga rubuce-rubuce daga binciken Gothenburg. Jami'ar Gothenburg ta hana Eva Kärve da Leif Elinder shiga. Dalilin wannan ƙin samun dama shi ne cewa kayan sun ƙunshi bayanai masu mahimmanci, cewa an yi wa mahalarta alkawarin cikakken sirri, cewa Elinder da Kärfve za su yi amfani da kayan a matsayin 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu, kuma mahalarta sun yi tsayayya da ba su damar. Elinder da Kärfve sai suka kai lamarin kotu, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa za a ba su damar samun cikakken damar yin amfani da kayan bincike. Kammarrätten (kotu ta gudanarwa a Sweden) ta yanke shawarar 2003-02-06 cewa za a ba Elinder da Kärfve damar shiga a karkashin yanayin dokokin sirri na Sweden. Kammarrätten ya yanke shawarar cewa Jami'ar za ta yanke shawarar yanayin da zai kare bukatun mutane. Jami'ar Gothenburg ta yanke shawarar 2003-04-07 yanayin da Eva Kärfve za ta bi don samun damar yin amfani da kayan. Bayan da Eva Kärfve ta yi kira, Kammarrätten ta yanke shawarar 2003-08-11 ainihin yanayin da Eva Kürfve ke buƙata don samun damar yin amfani da kayan.<ref>Decision by Kammarrätten i Göteborg 2003-08-11 about Eva Kärve's application (Decision nr 3396-03) {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.kammarratten.goteborg.se/docs/domar_2003/3396-03%20dom.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105125311/http://www.kammarratten.goteborg.se/docs/domar_2003/3396-03%20dom.pdf |archive-date=2006-01-05 |access-date=2006-01-05}}</ref> Masu bincike da Jami'ar sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da duk damar doka don kauce wa bayar da bayanan kiwon lafiya wanda ya zama mita 22 (kimanin shafuka 100,000, bidiyo da rikodin sauti). A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 lokacin da ya bayyana cewa za a tilasta Jami'ar ta mika kayan, uku daga cikin abokan aikin Gillberg sun yanke shawarar lalata mafi yawan kayan bincike. A watan Yunin 2005 an yanke Gillberg da Rector na Jami'ar Gothenburg hukunci saboda rashin ba da kayan ga Kärfve da Elinder. Gillberg ya sami hukuncin da aka dakatar da shi da tarar; Rector ya sami tarar.[1] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006 an yanke wa abokan aiki uku hukunci saboda lalata bayanan. Kowane ɗayan uku ya sami hukuncin dakatar da tarar: Peder Rasmussen, Carina Gillberg (matar Christopher Gillberg), da Kerstin Lamberg.[2] Lamberg mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Autism (Patients) Society (''Riksföreningen Autism''). Dukansu Autism Society da Attention (Patients) Society (Riksförbundet Attention) sun kasance masu goyon bayan Gillberg. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 60eq5930tbmkrusp9cd70fax6akjh4t 846716 846715 2026-06-04T08:21:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nazarin Gothenburg na Yara tare da DAMP''' wani binciken yara ne na shekaru shida a Gothenburg, [[Sweden]] wanda ya fara a shekarar 1977. Manufar ita ce gano wane rabo daga cikin yara suna da Rashin hankali, kula da motsi da fahimta (DAMP), wanda aka fi sani da Minimal Brain Disorder (MBD), da kuma bin ci gaban wannan rukuni a tsawon shekaru. An buga sakamakon da tattaunawa a cikin litattafai huɗu da kusan takardun kimiyya 30. == Nazarin == Mataki na farko na binciken an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Christopher Gillberg da Peder Rasmussen. Da farko, an tambayi malamai a duk yankuna na Gothenburg su amsa tambayoyin tare da jerin a'a kuma babu tambayoyi don gano yaran da za su iya samun MBD. (Tambayar ta dogara ne akan binciken matukin jirgi na baya.) Masu bincike sun yi amfani da ma'anar aiki (alamu) na MBD wanda aka tsara musamman don binciken kuma daga baya aka kira shi DAMP. Masu binciken sun sami tambayoyi ga yara sama da 3400. wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 72% na yawan jama'a. An gano yara 340 (10%) bisa ga tambayoyin, kamar yadda suke da matsalolin da zasu iya nuna MBD. Daga cikin wannan rukuni na 340, duk yaran da suka yi kama da suna da matsaloli masu tsanani da kuma samfurin bazuwar sauran an zaba su don cikakken bincike. A cikin binciken Gothenburg, an yi amfani da tambayoyin ga malamai na makarantar sakandare wanda aka rarraba yara da ke da wasu matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin ko dai babban index ko ƙungiyar low-index. A cikin binciken karshe, akwai yara 22 (14 maza da 8 mata) a cikin ƙungiyar high-index da yara 60 (52 maza da 8 'yan mata) a mu ƙungiyar low-index. An kwatanta waɗannan da ƙungiyar sarrafawa da aka zaɓa ba zato ba tsammani. Kungiyar kula ta kunshi yara 59 (yara 29 da 'yan mata 30). <ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Daga cikin yara 141, an gano 42 (yara 33 da 'yan mata 9) suna da MBD / DAMP; daga cikin 42, 40 suna cikin ƙungiyar ƙididdiga (18 a cikin ƙungiyar ƙimar ƙididdiga) da 2 a cikin ƙungiyar sarrafawa.<ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Dukkanin yaran da farko suna da shekaru 6-7 (an haife su 1971) kuma sun fito ne daga Gothenburg, Sweden.<ref name="Rydelius2000" /> Daga baya aka bincika yaran a lokacin da suke da shekaru 10, 13, 16, da 22. == Zarge-zarge da hallaka == Leif Elinder, Likitan yara na Sweden da Eva Kärfve, masanin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Lund, sun rubuta labarai da yawa da littafi na shekaru da yawa inda suka ƙi mafi yawan Neuropsychiatry, kuma musamman mafi yawan binciken da ƙungiyar Gillberg ta gudanar. Kärfve ya kuma rubuta wani littafi a kan batun da ake kira "Hjärnspöken Damp och hotet mot folkhälsan" (Fassarar Turanci: Brain-spooks Damp da barazanar lafiyar jama'a" wanda Elinder ya kuma rubuta babi game da kula da yara da amphetamines. A cikin littafinta ta tabbatar da cewa ka'idodin bincike na DAMP ba su da tabbas, tare da nuna cewa ingancin a cikin bayanan kididdiga ba shi da kyau. Nazarin Gillsbergs ya kuma kasance yana da alamun hanyoyin zaɓe na wucin gadi, aiki mai ban sha'awa da hanyoyin auna da kuma babban saukowa, da dai sauransu. Tare da bayanai daga ƙungiyar kula da yara biyu Gillberg ya kuma kammala cewa kashi 3.1% na yawan jama'a za a iya ɗauka suna da DAMP. Wannan ya kara yawan su na farko daga 4% zuwa 7.1%. Gillberg da kansa ya kira wannan abin dogaro ba ne, amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da amfani da adadi 7.1%. Kamar yadda likitan ƙwaƙwalwa na yara Magnus Landgren ya yi shekaru 18 bayan haka a wasu ayyukan. Eva Kärfve da Leif Elinder sun rubuta wasiƙu zuwa Jami'ar Gothenburg inda suka zargi Gillberg da Rasmussen da mummunar hali na kimiyya. Takamaiman zargi shi ne cewa sun kara mahalarta zuwa ƙungiyar sarrafawa don binciken ƙarshe na bin diddigin yana da shekaru 22. Majalisar Dokokin Da'a a Jami'ar Gothenburg ta binciki zarge-zargen kuma ta yi watsi da su a matsayin marasa tushe. A watan Fabrairun 2002 Eva Kärfve ta bukaci samun dama (a matsayin mai zaman kansa) ga duk bayanan daga binciken Gothenburg. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002 Leif Elinder ya rubuta Jami'ar Gothenburg, yana buƙatar Jami'ar ta yi bincike ko an bi "ma'auni mai kyau na bincike". A watan Yulin 2002 Leif Elinder ya bukaci samun dama ga rubuce-rubuce daga binciken Gothenburg. Jami'ar Gothenburg ta hana Eva Kärve da Leif Elinder shiga. Dalilin wannan ƙin samun dama shi ne cewa kayan sun ƙunshi bayanai masu mahimmanci, cewa an yi wa mahalarta alkawarin cikakken sirri, cewa Elinder da Kärfve za su yi amfani da kayan a matsayin 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu, kuma mahalarta sun yi tsayayya da ba su damar. Elinder da Kärfve sai suka kai lamarin kotu, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa za a ba su damar samun cikakken damar yin amfani da kayan bincike. Kammarrätten (kotu ta gudanarwa a Sweden) ta yanke shawarar 2003-02-06 cewa za a ba Elinder da Kärfve damar shiga a karkashin yanayin dokokin sirri na Sweden. Kammarrätten ya yanke shawarar cewa Jami'ar za ta yanke shawarar yanayin da zai kare bukatun mutane. Jami'ar Gothenburg ta yanke shawarar 2003-04-07 yanayin da Eva Kärfve za ta bi don samun damar yin amfani da kayan. Bayan da Eva Kärfve ta yi kira, Kammarrätten ta yanke shawarar 2003-08-11 ainihin yanayin da Eva Kürfve ke buƙata don samun damar yin amfani da kayan.<ref>Decision by Kammarrätten i Göteborg 2003-08-11 about Eva Kärve's application (Decision nr 3396-03) {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.kammarratten.goteborg.se/docs/domar_2003/3396-03%20dom.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105125311/http://www.kammarratten.goteborg.se/docs/domar_2003/3396-03%20dom.pdf |archive-date=2006-01-05 |access-date=2006-01-05}}</ref> Masu bincike da Jami'ar sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da duk damar doka don kauce wa bayar da bayanan kiwon lafiya wanda ya zama mita 22 (kimanin shafuka 100,000, bidiyo da rikodin sauti). A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 lokacin da ya bayyana cewa za a tilasta Jami'ar ta mika kayan, uku daga cikin abokan aikin Gillberg sun yanke shawarar lalata mafi yawan kayan bincike. A watan Yunin 2005 an yanke Gillberg da Rector na Jami'ar Gothenburg hukunci saboda rashin ba da kayan ga Kärfve da Elinder. Gillberg ya sami hukuncin da aka dakatar da shi da tarar; Rector ya sami tarar.[1] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006 an yanke wa abokan aiki uku hukunci saboda lalata bayanan. Kowane ɗayan uku ya sami hukuncin dakatar da tarar: Peder Rasmussen, Carina Gillberg (matar Christopher Gillberg), da Kerstin Lamberg.[2] Lamberg mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Autism (Patients) Society (''Riksföreningen Autism''). Dukansu Autism Society da Attention (Patients) Society (Riksförbundet Attention) sun kasance masu goyon bayan Gillberg. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qdvo2d17vxe336uzkve39eqchpkbqad Rashin ruwa na Oudebaaskraal 0 154711 846717 2026-06-04T08:22:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003828|Oudebaaskraal Dam]]" 846717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Oudebaaskraal''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[Tankwa River|Kogin Tankwa]] kusa da Ceres, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1969 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage haɗarin da madatsar ruwan ke fuskanta (2). Ana iya ganin ɗaruruwan flamingos masu ruwan hoda a can a wasu lokutan, kuma yankunan dam ɗin da ke cike da algae suna da ƙamshi irin na kelp kamar teku. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == gt4kw1pqt1i4kpi95benpvlav4gfadd 846721 846717 2026-06-04T08:24:05Z Engineer014 44591 846721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Oudebaaskraal''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[Tankwa River|Kogin Tankwa]] kusa da Ceres, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1969 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage haɗarin da madatsar ruwan ke fuskanta (2). Ana iya ganin ɗaruruwan flamingos masu ruwan hoda a can a wasu lokutan, kuma yankunan dam ɗin da ke cike da algae suna da ƙamshi irin na kelp kamar teku. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == h2g192uyg6xsvrvinn7tyj3ka7ax1on Monster a ƙarƙashin gado 0 154712 846718 2026-06-04T08:22:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356690751|Monster under the bed]]" 846718 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsoron yara na yau da kullun shine tsoron '''dodon da ke ƙarƙashin gado''' ko kuma irin wannan dodon da yake cikin ɗaki ko dodon da aka yi a cikin tufafi. An haɗa shi da Tsoron duhu, tsoron cewa akwai dodanni waɗanda ba za a iya gani ba saboda duhu. == Asalin == A theorised origin of the fear of monsters under the bed is that it may have evolved by human ancestors to avoid attacks by predators. Sexual size dimorphism of the human ancestor ''Australopithecus afarensis'' may have led females to sleep in trees and males to sleep on the ground, possibly leading females to anticipate attacks from below and males anticipating attacks from around them. A 2021 study interviewed boys and men and girls and women and found that males recalled monsters in their dreams beside them at higher rates than below them, but for females there was not much difference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coss |first=Richard G. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Something Scary Is Out There: Remembrances of Where the Threat Was Located by Preschool Children and Adults with Nighttime Fear |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-021-00279-9 |journal=Evolutionary Psychological Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=239–253 |doi=10.1007/s40806-021-00279-9 |issn=2198-9885 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Peter Gray ya ba da shawarar cewa tsoro yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar dodanni da ke ɓoye a "duk wani wuri inda ba za ku iya gani ba", kuma cewa haɗin da gado musamman na iya fitowa daga misalai da aka gani a talabijin ko a cikin labarun, yana cewa "Zan yi tunanin tsoro na asali ne, amma takamaiman nau'ikan tsoro tabbas gogewa za su rinjayi".[1] == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == === Gida === * Dabbobin da ke ƙarƙashin gado ya bayyana a cikin littafin yara na 1978 Is That a Monster, Alfie Atkins?''Shin Wannan Monster ne, Alfie Atkins?'' * Dabbobin da ke ƙarƙashin gado ya bayyana a cikin littafin yara na 1987 The Monster Bed . * Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 1989 Little Monsters yana da mai gabatarwa (wanda Fred Savage ya nuna) ya yi abota da wani dodon a ƙarƙashin gado (wanda Howie Mandel ya nuna). * Fim din 1993 The Nightmare Before Christmas ya nuna wata halitta a ƙarƙashin gado (wanda Carmen Twillie ta furta) tare da hakora masu kaifi da idanu masu haske wanda aka gani kawai a lokacin lambar kiɗa "Wannan shine Halloween". * A ''Dinosaurs'' episode "Monster Under the Bed" ya sami Baby Sinclair yana hulɗa da wani dodon a ƙarƙashin gado wanda ya zama gaskiya lokacin da Charlene ya dube kuma aka ja shi a ƙarƙashin sa Baby da Robby su cece ta. Daga nan aka gano cewa an gina dangin Sinclair a saman ramin wani halittar Glyptodon (wanda Allan Trautman ya yi wanda ba a san shi ba don rawar) wanda ya haifar da rikici tare da 'yan sanda wanda aka watsa akan DNN. Jariri ya zo da sulhu don a cire gidan dangin Sinclair daga gidan halitta. * A 2014 Doctor Who episode "Listen" ya ƙunshi tsoron wani abu da ke kama ƙafafun mutum lokacin da yake barin gado. * Fim din fim din Amurka na 2025 ''Dust Bunny'' ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wani dodon da ke ƙarƙashin gado wanda ya kashe iyayen yarinya. An nuna shi a matsayin babban zomo mai banƙyama. * Fim mai ban tsoro na 1987 Monster in the Closet ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wani dodon a cikin akwatin. * Fim din Pixar na 2001 ''Monsters, Inc.'' da kuma ikon mallakarsa suna da kukan yara ana girbe su azaman makamashi ta ƙofofi waɗanda ke kunna ƙofofin zuwa ɗakunan kwana na yara don girbe kukan su. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 2vdhdpk4gsrawp3n1wia1viwae1v3aw 846719 846718 2026-06-04T08:23:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsoron yara na yau da kullun shine tsoron '''dodon da ke ƙarƙashin gado''' ko kuma irin wannan dodon da yake cikin ɗaki ko dodon da aka yi a cikin tufafi. An haɗa shi da Tsoron duhu, tsoron cewa akwai dodanni waɗanda ba za a iya gani ba saboda duhu. == Asalin == A theorised origin of the fear of monsters under the bed is that it may have evolved by human ancestors to avoid attacks by predators. Sexual size dimorphism of the human ancestor ''Australopithecus afarensis'' may have led females to sleep in trees and males to sleep on the ground, possibly leading females to anticipate attacks from below and males anticipating attacks from around them. A 2021 study interviewed boys and men and girls and women and found that males recalled monsters in their dreams beside them at higher rates than below them, but for females there was not much difference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coss |first=Richard G. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Something Scary Is Out There: Remembrances of Where the Threat Was Located by Preschool Children and Adults with Nighttime Fear |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-021-00279-9 |journal=Evolutionary Psychological Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=239–253 |doi=10.1007/s40806-021-00279-9 |issn=2198-9885 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Peter Gray ya ba da shawarar cewa tsoro yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar dodanni da ke ɓoye a "duk wani wuri inda ba za ku iya gani ba", kuma cewa haɗin da gado musamman na iya fitowa daga misalai da aka gani a talabijin ko a cikin labarun, yana cewa "Zan yi tunanin tsoro na asali ne, amma takamaiman nau'ikan tsoro tabbas gogewa za su rinjayi".[1] == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == === Gida === * Dabbobin da ke ƙarƙashin gado ya bayyana a cikin littafin yara na 1978 Is That a Monster, Alfie Atkins?''Shin Wannan Monster ne, Alfie Atkins?'' * Dabbobin da ke ƙarƙashin gado ya bayyana a cikin littafin yara na 1987 The Monster Bed . * Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 1989 Little Monsters yana da mai gabatarwa (wanda Fred Savage ya nuna) ya yi abota da wani dodon a ƙarƙashin gado (wanda Howie Mandel ya nuna). * Fim din 1993 The Nightmare Before Christmas ya nuna wata halitta a ƙarƙashin gado (wanda Carmen Twillie ta furta) tare da hakora masu kaifi da idanu masu haske wanda aka gani kawai a lokacin lambar kiɗa "Wannan shine Halloween". * A ''Dinosaurs'' episode "Monster Under the Bed" ya sami Baby Sinclair yana hulɗa da wani dodon a ƙarƙashin gado wanda ya zama gaskiya lokacin da Charlene ya dube kuma aka ja shi a ƙarƙashin sa Baby da Robby su cece ta. Daga nan aka gano cewa an gina dangin Sinclair a saman ramin wani halittar Glyptodon (wanda Allan Trautman ya yi wanda ba a san shi ba don rawar) wanda ya haifar da rikici tare da 'yan sanda wanda aka watsa akan DNN. Jariri ya zo da sulhu don a cire gidan dangin Sinclair daga gidan halitta. * A 2014 Doctor Who episode "Listen" ya ƙunshi tsoron wani abu da ke kama ƙafafun mutum lokacin da yake barin gado. * Fim din fim din Amurka na 2025 ''Dust Bunny'' ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wani dodon da ke ƙarƙashin gado wanda ya kashe iyayen yarinya. An nuna shi a matsayin babban zomo mai banƙyama. * Fim mai ban tsoro na 1987 Monster in the Closet ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wani dodon a cikin akwatin. * Fim din Pixar na 2001 ''Monsters, Inc.'' da kuma ikon mallakarsa suna da kukan yara ana girbe su azaman makamashi ta ƙofofi waɗanda ke kunna ƙofofin zuwa ɗakunan kwana na yara don girbe kukan su. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == c8ywh17vdnml9b9w00rm98qpm7krndn Rashin lalacewar yanayi 0 154713 846720 2026-06-04T08:24:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356690492|Nature deficit disorder]]" 846720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin lalacewar yanayi''' shine tsarin da aka tsara na matsalolin halayyar da ke haifar da lokacin da mutane, musamman yara, ke ciyar da lokaci kaɗan a waje. Wannan yanayin da ake tsammani ba a gane shi a cikin litattafan likita na yau da kullun don cututtukan kwakwalwa ba, kamar ICD-10 ko DSM-5. == Tarihi == Richard Louv ne ya kirkiro wannan kalmar a shekara ta 2005. Louv ya yi iƙirarin cewa kalmar "rashin lafiya" ba ta nuna yanayin kiwon lafiya ba amma kwatanci ne don bayyana farashin kiwon lafiya na warewa daga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suttie |first=Jill |date=September 15, 2016 |title=How to Protect Kids from Nature-Deficit Disorder |url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_protect_kids_from_nature_deficit_disorder |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Greater Good Magazine}}</ref> Ya ambaci tsoron iyaye da rashin samun dama ga shimfidar wurare na halitta a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin. A Amurka, Louv ne ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yara da Yanayi don tallafawa mutane da kungiyoyin da ke aiki don sake haɗa yara da yanayi. Yunkurin da ba shi da alaƙa da No Child Left Inside yana da irin wannan manufa da kasancewar a wasu jihohin Amurka. == Sakamakon da aka tsara da abubuwan da suka haifar == Bincike kan tasirin mahalli na halitta, musamman ma manufar [[Yankin birni mai laushi|sararin samaniya na birane]], ya nuna wasu da'awar goyon baya: * Bincike kan daliban digiri na Italiya ya nuna yadda za'a iya rage [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]] ta hankali da sauri ta hanyar fallasa yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berto |first=Rita |date=September 2005 |title=Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494405000381 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=249–259 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001 |url-access=subscription |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> * A [[Edinburgh]], wani bincike ya gano cewa karin bayyanar sararin samaniya yana taimakawa wajen kara Girman kai a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCraken |first=Deborah S. |last2=Allen |first2=Deonie A. |last3=Gow |first3=Allen J. |date=June 2016 |title=Associations between urban greenspace and health-related quality of life in children |journal=Preventative Medicine Reports |volume=3 |pages=211–221 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.013 |pmc=4929180 |pmid=27419017}}</ref> * Wani binciken da aka yi a [[Holand|Netherlands]] ya gano alaƙa tsakanin birni da batutuwan lafiyar hankali da na jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mass |first=J. |last2=Verheij |first2=R. A. |last3=de Vries |first3=S. |last4=Spreeuwenberg |first4=P. |last5=Schellevis |first5=F. G. |last6=Groenewegen |first6=P. P. |date=October 2009 |title=Morbidity is related to a green living environment |url=https://jech.bmj.com/content/63/12/967 |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=967–973 |doi=10.1136/jech.2008.079038 |pmid=19833605 |s2cid=14724097 |via=PubMed National Library of Medicine |doi-access=free}}</ref> Richard Louv ya ba da shawarar wasu dalilai na yanayin da ake tsammani na matsalar lalacewar yanayi: * Iyaye suna kiyaye yara a cikin gida don kare su daga "[[Hatsarin baƙo|Hadarin baƙo]]", don haka suna rushe alaƙarsu da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clements |first=Rhonda |date=March 2004 |title=An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play |journal=Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=938–942 |doi=10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10 |s2cid=144879568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rashin samun dama kai tsaye ga shimfidar wurare na halitta, tare da yankuna masu ƙuntatawa da alamun "kada ku yi tafiya daga hanya" a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Louv ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan kariya tana cutar da dangantakar yara da yanayi kuma tana shafar asalin su na "al'adu-al'adu".<ref name="Agitators" /> Bincike a Amurka ya gano cewa redlining ya kasance yana iyakance damar samun al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi zuwa sararin samaniya.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya ba da shawarar ƙarin fallasa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ga ƙarancin yanayi da aka tsara.[2] [[Fayil:Rat_rock_2_020.jpg|right|thumb|Shafin Bouldering a cikin wurin shakatawa na birni]] == Tattaunawa == Elizabeth Dickinson, farfesa a fannin sadarwa ta kasuwanci a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill, ta soki yanayin da aka gabatar a matsayin "kuskuren ganewar asali - maganganun muhalli na zamani wanda zai iya ɓoyewa da kuma magance matsalar". A ganinta, matsalolin da aka bayyana ta hanyar rikicewar yanayi ba ta fito ne daga damar yara zuwa waje ba amma daga "al'adun al'adu da ba su da kyau".<ref name="Dickinson">{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Elizabeth |date=1 September 2013 |title=The Misdiagnosis: Rethinking 'Nature-deficit Disorder' |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=315–335 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2013.802704 |s2cid=143904628}}</ref> Dickinson ya ba da shawarar cewa rabuwar bil'adama daga yanayi ya faru a hankali maimakon kwanan nan; cewa mutane suna da kyau ga yarantakarsu; kuma ya kamata a fadada ilimin yanayi don haɗawa da fannoni na motsin rai tare da kimiyya.<ref name="Dickinson" /> [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] 30q8ui98ufbpgu9qvkbxa6jq764wjcv 846725 846720 2026-06-04T08:41:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin lalacewar yanayi''' shine tsarin da aka tsara na matsalolin halayyar da ke haifar da lokacin da mutane, musamman yara, ke ciyar da lokaci kaɗan a waje. Wannan yanayin da ake tsammani ba a gane shi a cikin litattafan likita na yau da kullun don cututtukan kwakwalwa ba, kamar ICD-10 ko DSM-5. == Tarihi == Richard Louv ne ya kirkiro wannan kalmar a shekara ta 2005. Louv ya yi iƙirarin cewa kalmar "rashin lafiya" ba ta nuna yanayin kiwon lafiya ba amma kwatanci ne don bayyana farashin kiwon lafiya na warewa daga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suttie |first=Jill |date=September 15, 2016 |title=How to Protect Kids from Nature-Deficit Disorder |url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_protect_kids_from_nature_deficit_disorder |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Greater Good Magazine}}</ref> Ya ambaci tsoron iyaye da rashin samun dama ga shimfidar wurare na halitta a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin. A Amurka, Louv ne ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yara da Yanayi don tallafawa mutane da kungiyoyin da ke aiki don sake haɗa yara da yanayi. Yunkurin da ba shi da alaƙa da No Child Left Inside yana da irin wannan manufa da kasancewar a wasu jihohin Amurka. == Sakamakon da aka tsara da abubuwan da suka haifar == Bincike kan tasirin mahalli na halitta, musamman ma manufar [[Yankin birni mai laushi|sararin samaniya na birane]], ya nuna wasu da'awar goyon baya: * Bincike kan daliban digiri na Italiya ya nuna yadda za'a iya rage [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]] ta hankali da sauri ta hanyar fallasa yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berto |first=Rita |date=September 2005 |title=Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494405000381 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=249–259 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001 |url-access=subscription |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> * A [[Edinburgh]], wani bincike ya gano cewa karin bayyanar sararin samaniya yana taimakawa wajen kara Girman kai a cikin yara ƙanana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCraken |first=Deborah S. |last2=Allen |first2=Deonie A. |last3=Gow |first3=Allen J. |date=June 2016 |title=Associations between urban greenspace and health-related quality of life in children |journal=Preventative Medicine Reports |volume=3 |pages=211–221 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.013 |pmc=4929180 |pmid=27419017}}</ref> * Wani binciken da aka yi a [[Holand|Netherlands]] ya gano alaƙa tsakanin birni da batutuwan lafiyar hankali da na jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mass |first=J. |last2=Verheij |first2=R. A. |last3=de Vries |first3=S. |last4=Spreeuwenberg |first4=P. |last5=Schellevis |first5=F. G. |last6=Groenewegen |first6=P. P. |date=October 2009 |title=Morbidity is related to a green living environment |url=https://jech.bmj.com/content/63/12/967 |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=967–973 |doi=10.1136/jech.2008.079038 |pmid=19833605 |s2cid=14724097 |via=PubMed National Library of Medicine |doi-access=free}}</ref> Richard Louv ya ba da shawarar wasu dalilai na yanayin da ake tsammani na matsalar lalacewar yanayi: * Iyaye suna kiyaye yara a cikin gida don kare su daga "[[Hatsarin baƙo|Hadarin baƙo]]", don haka suna rushe alaƙarsu da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clements |first=Rhonda |date=March 2004 |title=An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play |journal=Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=938–942 |doi=10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10 |s2cid=144879568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rashin samun dama kai tsaye ga shimfidar wurare na halitta, tare da yankuna masu ƙuntatawa da alamun "kada ku yi tafiya daga hanya" a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Louv ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan kariya tana cutar da dangantakar yara da yanayi kuma tana shafar asalin su na "al'adu-al'adu".<ref name="Agitators" /> Bincike a Amurka ya gano cewa redlining ya kasance yana iyakance damar samun al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi zuwa sararin samaniya.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya ba da shawarar ƙarin fallasa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ga ƙarancin yanayi da aka tsara.[2] [[Fayil:Rat_rock_2_020.jpg|right|thumb|Shafin Bouldering a cikin wurin shakatawa na birni]] == Tattaunawa == Elizabeth Dickinson, farfesa a fannin sadarwa ta kasuwanci a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill, ta soki yanayin da aka gabatar a matsayin "kuskuren ganewar asali - maganganun muhalli na zamani wanda zai iya ɓoyewa da kuma magance matsalar". A ganinta, matsalolin da aka bayyana ta hanyar rikicewar yanayi ba ta fito ne daga damar yara zuwa waje ba amma daga "al'adun al'adu da ba su da kyau".<ref name="Dickinson">{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Elizabeth |date=1 September 2013 |title=The Misdiagnosis: Rethinking 'Nature-deficit Disorder' |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=315–335 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2013.802704 |s2cid=143904628}}</ref> Dickinson ya ba da shawarar cewa rabuwar bil'adama daga yanayi ya faru a hankali maimakon kwanan nan; cewa mutane suna da kyau ga yarantakarsu; kuma ya kamata a fadada ilimin yanayi don haɗawa da fannoni na motsin rai tare da kimiyya.<ref name="Dickinson" /> [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] cjhz8h0widhlakgxwattx9swh5qeqru Sunday Ehindero 0 154714 846722 2026-06-04T08:26:35Z Najaatu 33569 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Sunday Ehindero | image = | caption = Sunday Ehindero | birth_date = 20 Disamba 1954 | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Dan sanda | known_for = Inspector General of Police (IGP) }} '''Sunday Ehindero''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 Disamba 1954) tsohon babban jami’in rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya ne wanda ya taba rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2007. Ya zama daya daga ciki... 846722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sunday Ehindero | image = | caption = Sunday Ehindero | birth_date = 20 Disamba 1954 | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Dan sanda | known_for = Inspector General of Police (IGP) }} '''Sunday Ehindero''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 Disamba 1954) tsohon babban jami’in rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya ne wanda ya taba rike mukamin '''Inspector General of Police (IGP)''' daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2007. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin rundunar ‘yan sanda a Najeriya a lokacin mulkinsa. <ref>BBC News. "Nigeria police chief named". https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4203556.stm</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Sunday Ehindero a Najeriya, inda ya samu ilimin firamare da sakandare kafin ya shiga jami’a. Ya yi karatu a fannin kimiyya, wanda daga bisani ya taimaka masa wajen shiga aikin ‘yan sanda. Ya kuma samu horo na musamman a fannoni daban-daban na tsaro da gudanarwa. <ref>Vanguard News. "Profile of Sunday Ehindero". https://www.vanguardngr.com/</ref> == Aikin Dan Sanda == Ehindero ya shiga rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya a shekarar 1976. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a sassa daban na kasar nan, ciki har da binciken manyan laifuka da kuma kula da tsaro a matakin jiha da kasa. Kwarewarsa da jajircewarsa suka sa ya samu karin girma har ya kai matakin koli. <ref>ThisDay Newspaper. "Ehindero’s career in the police". https://www.thisdaylive.com/</ref> A shekarar 2005, an nada shi a matsayin '''Inspector General of Police''' bayan murabus din wanda ya gabace shi. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya yi kokarin inganta tsaro da kuma gyara tsarin rundunar ‘yan sanda, musamman wajen yaki da aikata laifuka da rashawa. <ref>Reuters. "Nigeria appoints new police chief". https://www.reuters.com/</ref> == Muhimman Abubuwa da Kalubale == A lokacin da yake IGP, Ehindero ya fuskanci kalubale da dama, ciki har da matsalar tsaro, rikice-rikicen siyasa, da kuma zarge-zargen rashawa a cikin rundunar. Duk da haka, ya dauki wasu matakai don inganta aiki da ladabtar da jami’ai marasa gaskiya. <ref>The Guardian Nigeria. "Challenges in Nigerian Police leadership". https://guardian.ng/</ref> == Bayan Ritaya == Bayan ya bar mukami a shekarar 2007, an taba bincikensa kan wasu zarge-zargen karkatar da kudade, amma daga baya an wanke shi daga wasu daga cikin zarge-zargen. Ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin manyan tsoffin jami’an tsaro da ake girmamawa a Najeriya. <ref>Punch Newspaper. "Court clears Ehindero". https://punchng.com/</ref> == Kammalawa == Sunday Ehindero ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya, musamman a matsayin shugabanta. Gudummawar da ya bayar ta taimaka wajen gina tsarin tsaro a kasar, duk da kalubalen da aka fuskanta a lokacin mulkinsa. <ref>Daily Trust. "Former IGP Ehindero and legacy". https://dailytrust.com/</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> mht3e94him8g0qftd9h2lue3yqe3w72 Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ehoala 0 154715 846723 2026-06-04T08:27:38Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289566553|Port d'Ehoala]]" 846723 wikitext text/x-wiki Tashar jiragen '''ruwa ta Port d'Ehoala''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], kimanin kilomita 10.&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin Tôlanaro (Fort-Dauphin) . An gina shi ne don fitar da Ilmenite daga ma'adinan QIT Madagascar Minerals da ke kusa kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2009. == Manazarta == 2ca1smzf7jh3jz4f6d5y0sng70bvfae 846724 846723 2026-06-04T08:28:18Z Engineer014 44591 846724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tashar jiragen '''ruwa ta Port d'Ehoala''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], kimanin kilomita 10.&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin Tôlanaro (Fort-Dauphin) . An gina shi ne don fitar da Ilmenite daga ma'adinan QIT Madagascar Minerals da ke kusa kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2009. == Manazarta == iiugtzgxq4k5vgyajpmb4km896kjku4 Likitan hakora na yara 0 154716 846727 2026-06-04T08:42:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354820557|Pediatric dentistry]]" 846727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Schooltandarts_School_dentist.jpg|thumb|240x240px|likitan hakora na makaranta yana nazarin hakoran yara. [[Holand|Netherlands]], 1935]] [[Fayil:Tandläkare_-_Malmö_Folktandvård-1989.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Yaro yana samun cikawa a likitan hakora. Ma'aikatar Kula da Hakki ta Kasa ta [[Malmö]] 1989.]] Ilimin hakora na yara (tsohon pedodontics a cikin Turanci na Amurka ko paedodontics a Turanci na Commonwealth) reshe ne na likitan hakora da ke hulɗa da yara daga haihuwa har zuwa balaga.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=What is a Pediatric Dentist? |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/pediatric-specialists/pages/What-is-a-Pediatric-Dentist.aspx |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=HealthyChildren.org}}</ref> Kungiyar likitan hakora ta Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialty Definitions |url=http://www.ada.org/495.aspx |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Ada.org}}</ref> Royal College of Dentists of Canada, <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCDC – Specialties |url=http://www.rcdc.ca/en/about/specialities |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Rcdc.ca}}</ref> da Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons sun amince da ƙwarewar '''Likitan hakora na yara'''. [[Fayil:First_visit_to_the_dentist.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Tafiyar yarinya zuwa likitan hakora na yara da ke nazarin hakoran yara.]] Likitocin hakora na yara (kuma na yara ko na yara) suna inganta lafiyar hakora na Yara tare da zama albarkatun ilimi ga iyaye. Cibiyar Nazarin Kula da Hakki ta Amurka (AAPD) da Cibiyar Nazari ta Yara ta Amurka (AAP) sun ba da shawarar cewa ziyarar haƙori tana faruwa bayan kasancewar haƙori na farko ko kuma ranar haihuwar yaro ta farko. AAPD ta ce yana da mahimmanci a kafa cikakkiyar dangantaka mai sauƙi tsakanin likitan hakora da mai haƙuri - yana nufin wannan a matsayin "gidan haƙori" mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2013 |title=Definition Of A Dental Home |url=http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/D_DentalHome.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824005212/http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/D_DentalHome.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2013-06-03 |publisher=AAPD}}</ref> Wannan shi ne saboda binciken baki na farko yana taimakawa wajen gano matakan farko na [[Rushewar hakori|lalacewar hakora]]. Binciken farko yana da mahimmanci don kula da lafiyar baki, canza halaye marasa kyau, da kuma bi da su kamar yadda ake buƙata kuma kamar yadda ya yiwu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba wa iyaye shirin kula da gida na rigakafi (gogewa, flossing da fluorides), kimantawar haɗarin [[Rushewar hakori|caries]], bayani game da yatsa, yatsa, da halaye masu zaman lafiya, kuma yana iya haɗawa da shawara kan hana raunin baki da hakora na yara, shawarwarin abinci, da bayani game da girma da ci gaba. == Tarihi == A cikin 1909 Minnie Evangeline Jordon ta kafa aikin haƙori na farko a Amurka wanda aka sadaukar da shi ne kawai ga marasa lafiya na yara.[1] A shekara ta 1925 ta wallafa littafi na farko a kan ilimin hakora na yara, mai taken Operative Dentistry for Children.[2][3][4][5] Kula da haƙori na farko da aka kawo makarantar jama'a shine Alfred Fones a shekara ta 1914, wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 6 bayan mace ta farko, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, wacce ta sami DDS.[6] == Ilimi == Likitan hakora na yara yana daya daga cikin ƙwarewar hakora goma da Ƙungiyar Dokta ta Amurka ta amince da su. Sauran ƙwarewa sun haɗa da lafiyar jama'a, endodontics, cututtukan baki da maxillofacial, radiology na baki da maxilofacial, tiyata ta baki da maxillafacial, orthodontics da dentofacial orthopedics, periodontics, da prosthodontics. Mataki na farko zai zama samun digiri na kwaleji a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kimiyyar lafiya, ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] muddin duk darussan kiwon lafiya sun hadu da darussan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carver |first=Rebecca B. |date=2016-04-29 |title=Promoting health literacy among non-science undergraduates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-016-9830-x |journal=Science & Education |volume=25 |issue=5–6 |pages=737–740 |bibcode=2016Sc&Ed..25..737C |doi=10.1007/s11191-016-9830-x |issn=0926-7220 |s2cid=147749151 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> . Yayinda yake a kwaleji, mutum na iya bincika sana'ar ta hanyar yin inuwa a ofishin likitan hakora na yara ko Asibitin yara, ko aiki a kan binciken ilimi wanda ke nazarin lafiyar baki na yara. Mataki na biyu zai kasance halartar makarantar likitan hakora wanda ya shafi shekaru hudu na ilimi da horo. Mutum na iya kammala karatu tare da Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) ko Doctor of Dent Medicine (DMD). Dukkanin digiri suna daidai kuma mutane suna karɓar horo iri ɗaya kamar yadda CODA (Kwamitin Kula da Hakki na Dental) ke buƙata. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na makarantar likitan hakora, ɗaliban likitan hakori za su ɗauki darussan koyarwa a kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya da hannu a kan darussan don koyon hanyoyin fasaha a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Shekaru na uku da na huɗu na makarantar haƙori suna mai da hankali kan kulawar asibiti a ƙarƙashin kulawar masu halartar ƙwarewar waɗanda ke da lasisi ga likitocin haƙori. Kafin kammala karatunsu, duk daliban likitan hakora dole ne su wuce jarrabawar likitan hakori na kasa sashi na I da sashi na II, da kuma jarrabawar ƙwarewar asibiti (misali, ADEX, WREB, da dai sauransu) don zama likitan hakoro mai lasisi.[1] Don ƙwarewa a cikin likitancin hakora na yara, ya kamata mutum ya sami ƙarin horo mai zurfi daga shirin zama na digiri na biyu. Shirin zama na likitan hakora na yara na iya zama watanni 24 ko fiye. A ƙarshe, ana ba da likitocin hakora masu zama takardar shaidar a likitan hakora na yara tare da ko ba tare da digiri na biyu ba dangane da nau'in shirin su. Horarwar ta musamman ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kula da lafiyar baki daga jariri har zuwa balaga, wanda ya haɗa da gudanar da halayyar, maganin haƙori na rigakafi, maganin haƙuri na sabuntawa, maganin haƙora na kwantar da hankali, kula da rauni na baki, maganin ƙwaƙwalwa, maganin magana da cututtukan. Yawancin horo na zama ana kashe su ne akan kula da marasa lafiya na yara a asibitin haƙori ko ɗakin aiki na asibiti inda mai haƙuri ke ƙarƙashin anesthesia. Bayan nasarar kammala karatun digiri, mutum ya zama mai cancanta ga Hukumar Kula da Dokokin Yara ta Amurka (ABPD). Sashe na farko na jarrabawar kwamitin jarrabawar rubutu ce. Da zarar ya wuce jarrabawar rubuce-rubuce, mutum yana ci gaba zuwa kashi na biyu, wanda shine gwajin jarrabawar baki akan ilimin asibiti. Samun nasarar kammala takardar shaidar kwamitin yana haifar da matsayin diflomasiyya a cikin Hukumar Kula da Dokokin Yara ta Amurka wanda ke ba da damar yin aiki a matsayin likitan hakora na yara. cye8megepgicgrh88cct79sq9wtoe59 846728 846727 2026-06-04T08:42:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 846728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Schooltandarts_School_dentist.jpg|thumb|240x240px|likitan hakora na makaranta yana nazarin hakoran yara. [[Holand|Netherlands]], 1935]] [[Fayil:Tandläkare_-_Malmö_Folktandvård-1989.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Yaro yana samun cikawa a likitan hakora. Ma'aikatar Kula da Hakki ta Kasa ta [[Malmö]] 1989.]]{{Databox}} Ilimin hakora na yara (tsohon pedodontics a cikin Turanci na Amurka ko paedodontics a Turanci na Commonwealth) reshe ne na likitan hakora da ke hulɗa da yara daga haihuwa har zuwa balaga.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-05 |title=What is a Pediatric Dentist? |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/health-management/pediatric-specialists/pages/What-is-a-Pediatric-Dentist.aspx |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=HealthyChildren.org}}</ref> Kungiyar likitan hakora ta Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialty Definitions |url=http://www.ada.org/495.aspx |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Ada.org}}</ref> Royal College of Dentists of Canada, <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCDC – Specialties |url=http://www.rcdc.ca/en/about/specialities |access-date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Rcdc.ca}}</ref> da Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons sun amince da ƙwarewar '''Likitan hakora na yara'''. [[Fayil:First_visit_to_the_dentist.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Tafiyar yarinya zuwa likitan hakora na yara da ke nazarin hakoran yara.]] Likitocin hakora na yara (kuma na yara ko na yara) suna inganta lafiyar hakora na Yara tare da zama albarkatun ilimi ga iyaye. Cibiyar Nazarin Kula da Hakki ta Amurka (AAPD) da Cibiyar Nazari ta Yara ta Amurka (AAP) sun ba da shawarar cewa ziyarar haƙori tana faruwa bayan kasancewar haƙori na farko ko kuma ranar haihuwar yaro ta farko. AAPD ta ce yana da mahimmanci a kafa cikakkiyar dangantaka mai sauƙi tsakanin likitan hakora da mai haƙuri - yana nufin wannan a matsayin "gidan haƙori" mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2013 |title=Definition Of A Dental Home |url=http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/D_DentalHome.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824005212/http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/D_DentalHome.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2013-06-03 |publisher=AAPD}}</ref> Wannan shi ne saboda binciken baki na farko yana taimakawa wajen gano matakan farko na [[Rushewar hakori|lalacewar hakora]]. Binciken farko yana da mahimmanci don kula da lafiyar baki, canza halaye marasa kyau, da kuma bi da su kamar yadda ake buƙata kuma kamar yadda ya yiwu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba wa iyaye shirin kula da gida na rigakafi (gogewa, flossing da fluorides), kimantawar haɗarin [[Rushewar hakori|caries]], bayani game da yatsa, yatsa, da halaye masu zaman lafiya, kuma yana iya haɗawa da shawara kan hana raunin baki da hakora na yara, shawarwarin abinci, da bayani game da girma da ci gaba. == Tarihi == A cikin 1909 Minnie Evangeline Jordon ta kafa aikin haƙori na farko a Amurka wanda aka sadaukar da shi ne kawai ga marasa lafiya na yara.[1] A shekara ta 1925 ta wallafa littafi na farko a kan ilimin hakora na yara, mai taken Operative Dentistry for Children.[2][3][4][5] Kula da haƙori na farko da aka kawo makarantar jama'a shine Alfred Fones a shekara ta 1914, wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 6 bayan mace ta farko, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, wacce ta sami DDS.[6] == Ilimi == Likitan hakora na yara yana daya daga cikin ƙwarewar hakora goma da Ƙungiyar Dokta ta Amurka ta amince da su. Sauran ƙwarewa sun haɗa da lafiyar jama'a, endodontics, cututtukan baki da maxillofacial, radiology na baki da maxilofacial, tiyata ta baki da maxillafacial, orthodontics da dentofacial orthopedics, periodontics, da prosthodontics. Mataki na farko zai zama samun digiri na kwaleji a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kimiyyar lafiya, ko [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]] muddin duk darussan kiwon lafiya sun hadu da darussan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carver |first=Rebecca B. |date=2016-04-29 |title=Promoting health literacy among non-science undergraduates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-016-9830-x |journal=Science & Education |volume=25 |issue=5–6 |pages=737–740 |bibcode=2016Sc&Ed..25..737C |doi=10.1007/s11191-016-9830-x |issn=0926-7220 |s2cid=147749151 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> . Yayinda yake a kwaleji, mutum na iya bincika sana'ar ta hanyar yin inuwa a ofishin likitan hakora na yara ko Asibitin yara, ko aiki a kan binciken ilimi wanda ke nazarin lafiyar baki na yara. Mataki na biyu zai kasance halartar makarantar likitan hakora wanda ya shafi shekaru hudu na ilimi da horo. Mutum na iya kammala karatu tare da Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) ko Doctor of Dent Medicine (DMD). Dukkanin digiri suna daidai kuma mutane suna karɓar horo iri ɗaya kamar yadda CODA (Kwamitin Kula da Hakki na Dental) ke buƙata. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na makarantar likitan hakora, ɗaliban likitan hakori za su ɗauki darussan koyarwa a kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya da hannu a kan darussan don koyon hanyoyin fasaha a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Shekaru na uku da na huɗu na makarantar haƙori suna mai da hankali kan kulawar asibiti a ƙarƙashin kulawar masu halartar ƙwarewar waɗanda ke da lasisi ga likitocin haƙori. Kafin kammala karatunsu, duk daliban likitan hakora dole ne su wuce jarrabawar likitan hakori na kasa sashi na I da sashi na II, da kuma jarrabawar ƙwarewar asibiti (misali, ADEX, WREB, da dai sauransu) don zama likitan hakoro mai lasisi.[1] Don ƙwarewa a cikin likitancin hakora na yara, ya kamata mutum ya sami ƙarin horo mai zurfi daga shirin zama na digiri na biyu. Shirin zama na likitan hakora na yara na iya zama watanni 24 ko fiye. A ƙarshe, ana ba da likitocin hakora masu zama takardar shaidar a likitan hakora na yara tare da ko ba tare da digiri na biyu ba dangane da nau'in shirin su. Horarwar ta musamman ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kula da lafiyar baki daga jariri har zuwa balaga, wanda ya haɗa da gudanar da halayyar, maganin haƙori na rigakafi, maganin haƙuri na sabuntawa, maganin haƙora na kwantar da hankali, kula da rauni na baki, maganin ƙwaƙwalwa, maganin magana da cututtukan. Yawancin horo na zama ana kashe su ne akan kula da marasa lafiya na yara a asibitin haƙori ko ɗakin aiki na asibiti inda mai haƙuri ke ƙarƙashin anesthesia. Bayan nasarar kammala karatun digiri, mutum ya zama mai cancanta ga Hukumar Kula da Dokokin Yara ta Amurka (ABPD). Sashe na farko na jarrabawar kwamitin jarrabawar rubutu ce. Da zarar ya wuce jarrabawar rubuce-rubuce, mutum yana ci gaba zuwa kashi na biyu, wanda shine gwajin jarrabawar baki akan ilimin asibiti. Samun nasarar kammala takardar shaidar kwamitin yana haifar da matsayin diflomasiyya a cikin Hukumar Kula da Dokokin Yara ta Amurka wanda ke ba da damar yin aiki a matsayin likitan hakora na yara. == Manazarta == f03z0iwmiyzie5tn1zlfx5nxfzoo5ay Karlen Mkrtchyan 0 154717 846729 2026-06-04T08:43:30Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306182762|Karlen Mkrtchyan]]" 846729 wikitext text/x-wiki  Q {{Reflist}} '''Karlen Mkrtchyan''' (Armenian; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Armenia wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Pyunik === Karlen Mkrtchyan ta kammala karatu a makarantar kwallon kafa ta Armenia Pyunik Yerevan . Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ya buga wa tawagar farko wasa. A [[Armenian Premier League 2008|2008]]_Armenian_Premier_League" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2008 Armenian Premier League">Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia ta 2008 ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 28, <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Профиль игрока на официальном сайте ФФА |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/teams/fcpyunik/players/karlenmkrtchyan/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref> kuma ya shiga wasan karshe da Ararat Yerevan, inda Pyunik ya lashe gasar Firimiyar . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:"Пюник" 2 - 1 "Арарат" |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/competitions/armeniapremierleague/2008/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref> Tare da Mkrtchyan a matsayin memba, Pyunik ya lashe gasar Firimiya ta Armenia a 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, Kofin Armenia a 2009 da 2010 da kuma Supercup na Armenia a 2007, 2008 da 2010. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, an ruwaito cewa Karlen ya tafi sansanin pre-season a Turkiyya tare da Kuban Krasnodar . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:"Кубань" отправилась в Турцию |url=http://fckuban.ru/news/1945/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=fckuban.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Tare da Mkrtchyan a kan sha'awar Kuban shine abokin wasan kasa Gevorg Ghazaryan . A wasan gwaji da Astana Locomotive, Mkrtchyan ya ji rauni sosai, wanda ya haifar da tiyata.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян: Травму получил не вовремя |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15802/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422004518/http://armsport.am/ |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}</ref> === Metalurh Donetsk === A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2011, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Metalurh Donetsk na tsawon shekaru uku. Bayan kuri'un da aka gudanar a shafin yanar gizon Donetsk Metalurh, an zabi Mkrtchyan a matsayin dan wasan mafi kyau na kulob din a watan Oktoba, Nuwamba da Disamba na shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян – лучший игрок "Металлурга" в октябре |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7781 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214021038/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7781 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян – лучший игрок "Металлурга" в декабре |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7954 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112010339/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7954 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2024}} === Anzhi Makhachkala === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Anzhi Makhachkala ta Premier League ta Rasha.<ref name="Karlen Mkrtchyan to Anji">{{Cite web |title=Karlen Mkrtchyan to Anji |url=http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/karlen_mkrtchyan_to_anji/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017130618/http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/karlen_mkrtchyan_to_anji/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=fc-anji.ru/news/en/}}</ref> === Tobol === A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar Kazakhstan Premier League FC Tobol, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Армянская легенда в Тоболе |url=http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3112/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701131035/http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3112/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |website=fc-tobol.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Tobol]] |language=ru}}</ref> ya bar kulob din a ranar 22 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar ta hanyar yardar juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=Тобол расстался с Минасяном |url=http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3398/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701140345/http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3398/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |website=fc-tobol.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Tobol]] |language=ru}}</ref> Bayan da aka sake shi daga Tobol, Mkrtchyan ya horar da FC Pyunik . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Карлен Мкртчян начал тренироваться вместе с Пюником (Фото) |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2015/04/30/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8F%D0%BD/607835 |access-date=1 July 2015 |website=armsport.am/ |publisher=armsport |language=ru}}</ref> === Anzhi Makhachkala === A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2015, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku don komawa Anzhi Makhachkala . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2015 |title=Карлен Мкртчян подписал контракт с Анжи |url=http://www.fc-anji.ru/news/ru/club_news/karlen_mkrtchjan_podpisal_kontrakt_s_anji260615/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627023134/http://www.fc-anji.ru/news/ru/club_news/karlen_mkrtchjan_podpisal_kontrakt_s_anji260615/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=fc-anji.ru/ |publisher=Anzhi Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Anzhi ta cire shi daga jerin sunayen Premier League na Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Mkrtchyan Russian Premier League page |url=http://www.rfpl.org/players/Mkrtchyan-Karlen |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> === Pyunik === A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da tsohon kulob dinsa Pyunik na Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2020, Pyunik ya ba da sanarwar cewa Mkrtchyan ya bar kulob din bayan kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=5 ֆուտբոլիստ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=https://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/615 |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=hy}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu ba tare da kulob din ba, ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen aikinsa saboda raunin da ya samu akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Կառլեն Մկրտչյանն ավարտեց կարիերան |url=https://sport.news.am/arm/news/130183/ |access-date= |website=sport.news.am |publisher= |language=hy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Экс-футболист "Тобола" завершил карьеру |url=https://vesti.kz/kazfutbol/eks-futbolist-tobola-zavershil-kareru-308684/ |access-date= |website=vesti.kz |publisher= |language=ru}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Pyunik ya fara shiga cikin 2008 a cikin ƙungiyar Armenia U-21 wanda a wasan gida, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙasa da kuma kwallaye ta farko na wasan da aka yi da ƙungiyar Turkey U-21. Armenia ta doke Turkiyya U-21-1 .<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Армения 2 - 1 Турция |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/youthtournaments/eurou21/2009/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян: "Мне нравится всегда побеждать" |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/977/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722020821/http://armfootball.com/rus/news/977/ |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=ArmFootball.com |language=ru}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2008, tana taka leda a babbar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Armenia. Wasan farko da aka gudanar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2008 a babban birnin Malta Valletta, a kan tawagar kasa ta gida. Wasan ya ƙare 1-0 a cikin goyon bayan ƙungiyar Armeniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karlen Mkrtchyan |url=http://armfootball.tripod.com/id291.html |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=armfootball.tripod.com |language=ru}}</ref> Mkrtchyan ya zira kwallaye na farko ga tawagar kasar Armenia a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012 a wasan sada zumunci na gida da Lithuania a minti na 50. Armenia ta ci Lithuania 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia v Lithuania Match facts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/match/2012/nov/14/armenia-v-lithuania |access-date=26 March 2013 |website=The guardian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Metalurh Donetsk |2010–11 | rowspan="5" |Gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2011–12 |19 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |23 |0 |- |2012–13 |16 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2013–14 |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |2014–15 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !54 !0 |- |Anzhi Makhachkala (an ba da rancen) |2013–14 |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |Tobol |2014 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kazakhstan |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Anzhi Makhachkala |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha |20 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |21 |1 |- |2016–17 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !23 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Pyunik |2017–18 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia |16 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- |2018–19 |22 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |25 |1 |- |2019–20 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 !3 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 !0 !0 !53 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !130 !4 !9 !0 !0 !0 !13 !1 !0 !0 !152 !5 |} '''Pyunik Yerevan''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 * Kofin Armenia: 2009, 2010 * Supercup na Armenia: 2007, 2008, 2010 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Armeniya na Shekara: 2010 * Metalurh Donetsk Mai kunnawa na Watan: Oktoba 2011, Nuwamba 2011, Disamba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hy:Հայաստանի հավաքականի ֆուտբոլիստները "Մետալուրգի" կազմում լավագույնն էին հոկտեմբերին |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/arm/news/83452/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=PanArmenian.Net |language=hy}}</ref> * Metalurh Donetsk Mai kunnawa na Rabin Farko na kakar: 2012-13 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Безальтернативный Карлен! |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/?id=9489 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310171218/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/?id=9489 |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref> * Metalurh Donetsk Mafi kyawun Dan wasan Ƙasashen waje: 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hy:Կառլեն Մկրտչյանը՝ "Մետալուրգի" լավագույն լեգեոնական |url=http://sport.news.am/arm/news/17023/karlen-mkrtchyany-metalurgi-lavaguyn-legeonakan.html |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=sport.news.am |language=hy}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 0p4ik6qlw1ujma1du7wtz0t4xq5rb1v 846731 846729 2026-06-04T08:44:27Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Q {{Reflist}} '''Karlen Mkrtchyan''' (Armenian; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Armenia wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Pyunik === Karlen Mkrtchyan ta kammala karatu a makarantar kwallon kafa ta Armenia Pyunik Yerevan . Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ya buga wa tawagar farko wasa. A [[Armenian Premier League 2008|2008]]_Armenian_Premier_League" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2008 Armenian Premier League">Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia ta 2008 ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 28, <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Профиль игрока на официальном сайте ФФА |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/teams/fcpyunik/players/karlenmkrtchyan/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref> kuma ya shiga wasan karshe da Ararat Yerevan, inda Pyunik ya lashe gasar Firimiyar . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:"Пюник" 2 - 1 "Арарат" |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/competitions/armeniapremierleague/2008/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref> Tare da Mkrtchyan a matsayin memba, Pyunik ya lashe gasar Firimiya ta Armenia a 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, Kofin Armenia a 2009 da 2010 da kuma Supercup na Armenia a 2007, 2008 da 2010. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, an ruwaito cewa Karlen ya tafi sansanin pre-season a Turkiyya tare da Kuban Krasnodar . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:"Кубань" отправилась в Турцию |url=http://fckuban.ru/news/1945/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=fckuban.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Tare da Mkrtchyan a kan sha'awar Kuban shine abokin wasan kasa Gevorg Ghazaryan . A wasan gwaji da Astana Locomotive, Mkrtchyan ya ji rauni sosai, wanda ya haifar da tiyata.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян: Травму получил не вовремя |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15802/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422004518/http://armsport.am/ |archive-date=22 April 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}</ref> === Metalurh Donetsk === A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2011, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Metalurh Donetsk na tsawon shekaru uku. Bayan kuri'un da aka gudanar a shafin yanar gizon Donetsk Metalurh, an zabi Mkrtchyan a matsayin dan wasan mafi kyau na kulob din a watan Oktoba, Nuwamba da Disamba na shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян – лучший игрок "Металлурга" в октябре |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7781 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214021038/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7781 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян – лучший игрок "Металлурга" в декабре |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7954 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112010339/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/archive/7954 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2024}} === Anzhi Makhachkala === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Anzhi Makhachkala ta Premier League ta Rasha.<ref name="Karlen Mkrtchyan to Anji">{{Cite web |title=Karlen Mkrtchyan to Anji |url=http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/karlen_mkrtchyan_to_anji/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017130618/http://fc-anji.ru/news/en/fc_anji_news/karlen_mkrtchyan_to_anji/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=fc-anji.ru/news/en/}}</ref> === Tobol === A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar Kazakhstan Premier League FC Tobol, <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Армянская легенда в Тоболе |url=http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3112/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701131035/http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3112/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |website=fc-tobol.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Tobol]] |language=ru}}</ref> ya bar kulob din a ranar 22 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar ta hanyar yardar juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=Тобол расстался с Минасяном |url=http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3398/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701140345/http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3398/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |website=fc-tobol.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Tobol]] |language=ru}}</ref> Bayan da aka sake shi daga Tobol, Mkrtchyan ya horar da FC Pyunik . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Карлен Мкртчян начал тренироваться вместе с Пюником (Фото) |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2015/04/30/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8F%D0%BD/607835 |access-date=1 July 2015 |website=armsport.am/ |publisher=armsport |language=ru}}</ref> === Anzhi Makhachkala === A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2015, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku don komawa Anzhi Makhachkala . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2015 |title=Карлен Мкртчян подписал контракт с Анжи |url=http://www.fc-anji.ru/news/ru/club_news/karlen_mkrtchjan_podpisal_kontrakt_s_anji260615/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627023134/http://www.fc-anji.ru/news/ru/club_news/karlen_mkrtchjan_podpisal_kontrakt_s_anji260615/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=fc-anji.ru/ |publisher=Anzhi Makhachkala |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Anzhi ta cire shi daga jerin sunayen Premier League na Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Mkrtchyan Russian Premier League page |url=http://www.rfpl.org/players/Mkrtchyan-Karlen |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> === Pyunik === A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Mkrtchyan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da tsohon kulob dinsa Pyunik na Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2020, Pyunik ya ba da sanarwar cewa Mkrtchyan ya bar kulob din bayan kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=5 ֆուտբոլիստ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=https://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/615 |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=hy}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu ba tare da kulob din ba, ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen aikinsa saboda raunin da ya samu akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Կառլեն Մկրտչյանն ավարտեց կարիերան |url=https://sport.news.am/arm/news/130183/ |access-date= |website=sport.news.am |publisher= |language=hy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Экс-футболист "Тобола" завершил карьеру |url=https://vesti.kz/kazfutbol/eks-futbolist-tobola-zavershil-kareru-308684/ |access-date= |website=vesti.kz |publisher= |language=ru}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tun lokacin da ya shiga Pyunik ya fara shiga cikin 2008 a cikin ƙungiyar Armenia U-21 wanda a wasan gida, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙasa da kuma kwallaye ta farko na wasan da aka yi da ƙungiyar Turkey U-21. Armenia ta doke Turkiyya U-21-1 .<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Армения 2 - 1 Турция |url=http://www.ffa.am/ru/youthtournaments/eurou21/2009/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=FFA.am |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Карлен Мкртчян: "Мне нравится всегда побеждать" |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/977/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722020821/http://armfootball.com/rus/news/977/ |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=ArmFootball.com |language=ru}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2008, tana taka leda a babbar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Armenia. Wasan farko da aka gudanar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2008 a babban birnin Malta Valletta, a kan tawagar kasa ta gida. Wasan ya ƙare 1-0 a cikin goyon bayan ƙungiyar Armeniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karlen Mkrtchyan |url=http://armfootball.tripod.com/id291.html |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=armfootball.tripod.com |language=ru}}</ref> Mkrtchyan ya zira kwallaye na farko ga tawagar kasar Armenia a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012 a wasan sada zumunci na gida da Lithuania a minti na 50. Armenia ta ci Lithuania 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia v Lithuania Match facts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/match/2012/nov/14/armenia-v-lithuania |access-date=26 March 2013 |website=The guardian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Metalurh Donetsk |2010–11 | rowspan="5" |Gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2011–12 |19 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |23 |0 |- |2012–13 |16 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2013–14 |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |2014–15 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !54 !0 |- |Anzhi Makhachkala (an ba da rancen) |2013–14 |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |Tobol |2014 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kazakhstan |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Anzhi Makhachkala |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha |20 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |21 |1 |- |2016–17 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !23 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Pyunik |2017–18 | rowspan="3" |Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia |16 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- |2018–19 |22 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |25 |1 |- |2019–20 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !44 !3 !3 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 !0 !0 !53 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !130 !4 !9 !0 !0 !0 !13 !1 !0 !0 !152 !5 |} '''Pyunik Yerevan''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Armenia: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 * Kofin Armenia: 2009, 2010 * Supercup na Armenia: 2007, 2008, 2010 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Armeniya na Shekara: 2010 * Metalurh Donetsk Mai kunnawa na Watan: Oktoba 2011, Nuwamba 2011, Disamba 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hy:Հայաստանի հավաքականի ֆուտբոլիստները "Մետալուրգի" կազմում լավագույնն էին հոկտեմբերին |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/arm/news/83452/ |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=PanArmenian.Net |language=hy}}</ref> * Metalurh Donetsk Mai kunnawa na Rabin Farko na kakar: 2012-13 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Безальтернативный Карлен! |url=http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/?id=9489 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310171218/http://metallurg.donetsk.ua/ru/news/?id=9489 |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=metallurg.donetsk.ua |language=ru}}</ref> * Metalurh Donetsk Mafi kyawun Dan wasan Ƙasashen waje: 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hy:Կառլեն Մկրտչյանը՝ "Մետալուրգի" լավագույն լեգեոնական |url=http://sport.news.am/arm/news/17023/karlen-mkrtchyany-metalurgi-lavaguyn-legeonakan.html |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=sport.news.am |language=hy}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] g5w7se25oqv77g45eh8z8j76tq5ql53 Yin wasa daidai 0 154718 846730 2026-06-04T08:43:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326927671|Play equity]]" 846730 wikitext text/x-wiki Adalci na wasa shine manufar tabbatar da cewa duk yara suna da damar yin wasa, shirye-shiryen wasanni da motsi mai lafiya. Wasanni na matasa, da kuma wasan da aka tsara da wanda ba a tsara shi ba, na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban jiki, motsin rai, zamantakewa da ilimi na matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=President's Council On Sports, Fitness & Nutrition Science Board |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Benefits of Youth Sports |url=https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/YSS_Report_OnePager_2020-08-31_web.pdf |access-date=Feb 19, 2024 |website=Health.gov}}</ref> Adalci na wasa yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin ci gaba na samar da dama da hanyoyi ga waɗannan fa'idodi ta hanyar cire shingen samun dama wanda zai iya haɗawa da tattalin arziki, jinsi, iyawa, ko kuma inda yara ke zaune. Wannan ra'ayi an tsara shi ne a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin ci gaban matasa masu kyau da ayyukan jiki, wanda aka fi sani da shi a Amurka a matsayin ci gaban matasa na wasanni. Kasuwancin wasa ya ƙunshi batun rashin samun damar albarkatu - gami da wurare, masu horar da su, shirye-shiryen da aka tsara da kayan aiki - a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da wakilci ko ƙananan kudaden shiga. == Asalin == Kalmar nan "daidaitaccen wasa" an tsara ta kuma ta gabatar da ita ne daga Shugaban Gidauniyar LA84 & Shugaba Renata Simril, wanda ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da babbar hanyar yin wasa ga matasa da ke fuskantar su a matsayin batun adalci na zamantakewa. Simril ya kuma kaddamar da ƙoƙari don magance bambance-bambance a cikin samun dama ta hanyar Tasirin hadin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin wasanni, masu ba da agaji, cibiyoyin ilimi, ƙungiyoyin wasannin matasa da masu ba da kiwon lafiya don tabbatar da damar yara su yi wasa don jin daɗin rayuwarsu ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simril |first=Renata |date=October 4, 2019 |title=LA84 Foundation 2019 Closing Remarks - Renata Simril & Marcellus Wiley |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIgrkuFi4g8 |access-date=February 19, 2024 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar wasa daidai tun lokacin da aka karɓa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai girma don samar da ƙarin matasa da damar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker |first=Anamarie A. |last2=Baker |first2=Garrett |last3=Matthews |first3=Luke J. |last4=McCombs |first4=Jennifer Sloan |last5=Barrett |first5=Mark |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Who Plays, Who Pays? Funding for and Access to Youth Sports. |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2581.html |journal=RAND Corporation |pages=1–2 |via=RAND}}</ref> don fahimtar fa'idodin wasanni da wasa don nasarar su ta gaba da jin daɗi, ta ƙungiyoyi a cikin wasanni na matasa, gwamnati, masu wasanni, kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=FOX Sports |title=FOX Sports: What We Support |url=https://www.foxsports.com/supports/what-we-support/ |access-date=Feb 18, 2024 |website=FOX Sports}}</ref> da sauransu. A cikin 'Yancin Yara na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Mataki na 31 ya bayyana cewa wasa shine haƙƙin dukkan yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office Of The High Commissioner |date=November 20, 1989 |title=Convention On The Rights Of The Child |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child#:~:text=Article%2031,-1.&text=States%20Parties%20recognize%20the%20right,cultural%20life%20and%20the%20arts. |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> Ya amince da "yancin yaro na hutawa da hutawa, don shiga cikin wasanni da ayyukan nishaɗi da suka dace da shekarun yaro da kuma shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu da zane-zane". == Tarihi == A Amurka, binciken shiga ya gano cewa yara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Positive Coaching Alliance |date=2022 |title=Why (Sports) Equity Matters |url=https://positivecoach.org/why-sports-equity-matters/ |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=Positive Coaching Alliance}}</ref> daga gidajen da ke samun kasa da $ 25,000 sun ninka sau biyar damar shiga wasanni fiye da yara daga gidaje masu wadata. Matasan baki da Latino suna da sau biyu fiye da su su zauna a yankunan da ke da sararin samaniya ga kowane mutum. Kuma kashi 80 cikin dari na matasa, da yawa a cikin al'ummomin matalauta, ba su cika jagororin tarayya don motsa jiki na yau da kullun ba. Masu ba da shawara game da wasannin matasa da shingen samun dama sun ga yanayin ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Jon |last2=Farrey |first2=Tom |date=2022 |title=State of Play 2022: Physical And Mental Health Trends |url=https://www.aspenprojectplay.org/state-of-play-2022/physical-mental-health-trends |access-date=February 19, 2024 |website=ProjectPlay.org}}</ref> tare da ƙimar shiga don matakan aiki masu kyau ga yara suna ci gaba da faduwa. Wani bangare na hauhawar rata tsakanin yara daga iyalai marasa wadata da waɗanda ke cikin iyalai masu samun kudin shiga mafi girma shine hauhawar wasanni na matasa a matsayin masana'antu mai riba yayin da a lokaci guda rage kasafin kuɗi da canza fifiko a wasu makarantun jama'a <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Physical Activity Alliance Advisory Committee |date=2022 |title=The 2022 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth |url=https://paamovewithus.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-US-Report-Card-on-Physical-Activity-for-Children-and-Youth.pdf |journal=The National Physical Activity Plan |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=11–14 |via=The Physical Activity Alliance}}</ref> sun kuma iyakance karatun ilimin jiki na gargajiya da wasanni da aka shirya a makaranta. A cikin wannan yanayi inda aka tilasta wa makarantu su rage kudade ga shirye-shiryen wadatar wasanni, an yi hasashen ribar masana'antar wasanni ta matasa a Amurka za ta kai dala biliyan 77.6 nan da 2026, Iyaye da yawa ba za su iya biyan rajistar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ba, tafiya, tufafi, kayan aiki da sauran kudade da suka shafi shiga wasanni. == Ayyuka da aikace-aikace == Wadanda ke aiki don cimma daidaito na wasa a ko'ina suna neman kawar da shingen shiga cikin wasanni masu inganci na matasa, wasa da kuma abubuwan motsa jiki masu lafiya ta yara a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, don haka kowane yaro, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki ba, ko iyawarsu, suna da damar samun kyakkyawar kwarewar wasanni na matasa. A cikin 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd, Asusun Play Equity ya kirkiro haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin wasanni 11 a Los Angeles da Orange County, mai taken Alliance, inda ƙungiyoyin suka haɗu da albarkatun su a cikin ƙoƙari na shekaru biyar [1] don taimakawa yara baƙar fata da Latino ta hanyar wasanni. A cikin 2023, Angel City Football Club ya fara wasa a matsayin kulob din NWSL a Los Angeles kuma ya shiga Alliance don kawo hadin gwiwa ga kungiyoyi 12 a Kudancin California. Wannan samfurin kungiyoyin wasanni masu goyon bayan daidaito na wasa an bi shi a [[Seattle]] a cikin 2023 tare da Seattle Alliance For Play Equity . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nv7f0477dl8rn29l93a6koxs65fnmk2 Radwan 0 154719 846733 2026-06-04T08:47:34Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306077253|Radwan (name)]]" 846733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radwan''' ko '''Redwan''' ko '''Ridwan''' (a cikin [[Larabci]] ҡырوان) sunan da aka sa mo shi daga sunan mahaifi. Shahararrun mutane da sunan sun hada da: == Patrynom == * Daular Ridwan * Abu Nu'aym Ridwan, minista kuma kwamandan soja a Masarautar Granada * [[Ali ibn Ridwan]] Al-Misri (c. 988 - c. 1061), Larabawa na asalin Masar wanda likita ne, masanin taurari da masanin tauraron dan adam * Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan (c. 1077 - 1113), Sarkin Seljuk na Aleppo daga 1095 har zuwa mutuwarsa == Sunan da aka ba shi == === Radwan === * Radwan (bishop na Poznań) (ya mutu 1172), bishop na Poznaнь mai yiwuwa a cikin shekaru 1164 zuwa 1172 * Radwan Al Azhar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya * Radwan al-Habib (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), ɗan siyasan Siriya kuma ministan gwamnati * Radwan Al Hilu (1909-1975), ɗan siyasan Larabawa na Palasdinawa * Radwan Kalaji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya * Radwan Karout (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai kokawa na Siriya kuma dan wasan Olympics * Radwan Ghazi Moumneh, injiniyan rikodin Kanada, furodusa da mawaƙa * Radwan Al-Sheikh Hassan, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya === Redwan === * Redwan Ahmed, ɗan siyasan Bangladesh kuma minista * Redwan Bourlès (an haife shi a shekara ta 2003), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa * Redwan Hussein Rameto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), ɗan siyasan Habasha kuma diflomasiyya * Redwan Al-Mousa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Saudi Arabia * Redwan Rony ko Redoan Rony, mai shirya fina-finai na Bangladesh * Redwan El-Zaouiki (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), judoka na Siriya === Ridwan === * Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Sa'ati, wanda aka fi sani da Ridwan, mai yin agogo na Siriya na ƙarni na 13, marubuci, kuma jami'in gwamnati * Ridwan Pasha (ya mutu a shekara ta 1585), ɗan siyasan Ottoman na ƙarni na 16 * Ridwan Awaludin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Ridwan Kamil (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), masanin gine-gine da kuma ɗan siyasa na Indonesia * Ridwan Kodiat (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai gina jiki na Indonesia * Ridwan Laher Nytagodien, farfesa a jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu a kimiyyar siyasa, mai ba da shawara kan siyasa mai zaman kansa * Ridwan Suwidi (1936-2022), ɗan siyasan Indonesia * Ridwan Tawainella (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia === Rizvan === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Rizvan, daidai da sunan Turkiyya == Sunan tsakiya == * Abass Ridwan Duada, ɗan siyasan Ghana kuma memba na majalisar * Mohammad Ridwan Hafiedz ko Ridho (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), dan wasan guitar na Indonesiya, mai ba da gudummawa da kuma marubucin waƙa == Sunan mahaifi == === Radwan === * Adam Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila * Alexander Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), ɗan siyasan Jamus * Ashruf Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), wanda aka fi sani da Andy Blade, mawaƙi da kuma guitarist na ƙungiyar punk ta Burtaniya mai suna EaterMai cin abinci * Edmund P. Radwan (1911-1959), ɗan siyasan Amurka * Hisham Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955), ɗan wasan volleyball na Masar * [[Lutfi Radwan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), masanin kimiyya da manomi na Burtaniya * Mahmoud Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Masar * Mohamed Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), manajan kwallon kafa na Masar * Najim al-Radwan (1972-2018), mai ɗaukar nauyi na Saudi Arabia * Noha Radwan, masanin wallafe-wallafen Amurka da aka haifa a Masar * Rashed Radwan, darektan fina-finai na Mutanen Espanya, furodusa da marubuci na asalin Iraki * Sam Radwan, abokin tarayya kuma wanda ya kafa ENHANCE International LLC, mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa * Samir Radwan, ɗan siyasan Masar * Shady Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 2001), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar * Stanley Radwan (1908-1998), dan Amurka mai karfi kuma ƙwararren mai kokawa * Tadeusz Radwan (1945-2003), ɗan ƙasar Poland * Yasser Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar === Ridwan === * Fitra Ridwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya * [[Haziq Ridwan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Malaysia * Hendra Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Kenny Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka * Muhammad Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Muhamad Ridwan (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a watan Yunin 2000), ɗan wasan ƙwallaye na Indonesiya === Dubi kuma === * Ridwan (sunan) dyjkd5rhwvxs3mmbejn45b4j06m9q2b 846734 846733 2026-06-04T08:47:51Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Radwan''' ko '''Redwan''' ko '''Ridwan''' (a cikin [[Larabci]] ҡырوان) sunan da aka sa mo shi daga sunan mahaifi. Shahararrun mutane da sunan sun hada da: == Patrynom == * Daular Ridwan * Abu Nu'aym Ridwan, minista kuma kwamandan soja a Masarautar Granada * [[Ali ibn Ridwan]] Al-Misri (c. 988 - c. 1061), Larabawa na asalin Masar wanda likita ne, masanin taurari da masanin tauraron dan adam * Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan (c. 1077 - 1113), Sarkin Seljuk na Aleppo daga 1095 har zuwa mutuwarsa == Sunan da aka ba shi == === Radwan === * Radwan (bishop na Poznań) (ya mutu 1172), bishop na Poznaнь mai yiwuwa a cikin shekaru 1164 zuwa 1172 * Radwan Al Azhar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya * Radwan al-Habib (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), ɗan siyasan Siriya kuma ministan gwamnati * Radwan Al Hilu (1909-1975), ɗan siyasan Larabawa na Palasdinawa * Radwan Kalaji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya * Radwan Karout (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai kokawa na Siriya kuma dan wasan Olympics * Radwan Ghazi Moumneh, injiniyan rikodin Kanada, furodusa da mawaƙa * Radwan Al-Sheikh Hassan, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Siriya === Redwan === * Redwan Ahmed, ɗan siyasan Bangladesh kuma minista * Redwan Bourlès (an haife shi a shekara ta 2003), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa * Redwan Hussein Rameto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), ɗan siyasan Habasha kuma diflomasiyya * Redwan Al-Mousa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Saudi Arabia * Redwan Rony ko Redoan Rony, mai shirya fina-finai na Bangladesh * Redwan El-Zaouiki (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), judoka na Siriya === Ridwan === * Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Sa'ati, wanda aka fi sani da Ridwan, mai yin agogo na Siriya na ƙarni na 13, marubuci, kuma jami'in gwamnati * Ridwan Pasha (ya mutu a shekara ta 1585), ɗan siyasan Ottoman na ƙarni na 16 * Ridwan Awaludin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Ridwan Kamil (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), masanin gine-gine da kuma ɗan siyasa na Indonesia * Ridwan Kodiat (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai gina jiki na Indonesia * Ridwan Laher Nytagodien, farfesa a jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu a kimiyyar siyasa, mai ba da shawara kan siyasa mai zaman kansa * Ridwan Suwidi (1936-2022), ɗan siyasan Indonesia * Ridwan Tawainella (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia === Rizvan === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Rizvan, daidai da sunan Turkiyya == Sunan tsakiya == * Abass Ridwan Duada, ɗan siyasan Ghana kuma memba na majalisar * Mohammad Ridwan Hafiedz ko Ridho (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), dan wasan guitar na Indonesiya, mai ba da gudummawa da kuma marubucin waƙa == Sunan mahaifi == === Radwan === * Adam Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila * Alexander Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), ɗan siyasan Jamus * Ashruf Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961), wanda aka fi sani da Andy Blade, mawaƙi da kuma guitarist na ƙungiyar punk ta Burtaniya mai suna EaterMai cin abinci * Edmund P. Radwan (1911-1959), ɗan siyasan Amurka * Hisham Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955), ɗan wasan volleyball na Masar * [[Lutfi Radwan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), masanin kimiyya da manomi na Burtaniya * Mahmoud Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Masar * Mohamed Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), manajan kwallon kafa na Masar * Najim al-Radwan (1972-2018), mai ɗaukar nauyi na Saudi Arabia * Noha Radwan, masanin wallafe-wallafen Amurka da aka haifa a Masar * Rashed Radwan, darektan fina-finai na Mutanen Espanya, furodusa da marubuci na asalin Iraki * Sam Radwan, abokin tarayya kuma wanda ya kafa ENHANCE International LLC, mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa * Samir Radwan, ɗan siyasan Masar * Shady Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 2001), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar * Stanley Radwan (1908-1998), dan Amurka mai karfi kuma ƙwararren mai kokawa * Tadeusz Radwan (1945-2003), ɗan ƙasar Poland * Yasser Radwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar === Ridwan === * Fitra Ridwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1994), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya * [[Haziq Ridwan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Malaysia * Hendra Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Kenny Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka * Muhammad Ridwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesia * Muhamad Ridwan (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a watan Yunin 2000), ɗan wasan ƙwallaye na Indonesiya === Dubi kuma === * Ridwan (sunan) imbhvp267hkdsoixvh9y11olmc2vpi7 Tsibirin Jeju 0 154720 846735 2026-06-04T08:54:26Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356541003|Jeju Island]]" 846735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeju Island'''Ita ce babbar tsibiri a Koriya ta Kudu, tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,833.2 (mil murabba'i 707.8), wanda shine kashi 1.83% na jimlar yankin ƙasar.[1] Tare da tsibiran da ke wajen, tana cikin lardin Jeju kuma ta ƙunshi mafi yawan lardin.. Tsibirin yana cikin Koriya Strait, {{Cvt|82.8|km}} kudu da mafi kusa a kan Koriya Peninsula . Mutanen Jeju 'yan asalin tsibirin ne, kuma mutane na zamani sun zauna tun farkon zamanin Neolithic. [[UNESCO]] tana ɗaukar yaren Jeju a cikin haɗari. Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na Koriya inda Shamanism ya fi dacewa. Tsibirin Jeju yana da siffar oval kuma yana da {{Cvt|73|km}} (45 gabas zuwa yamma da kilomita {{Cvt|31|km}} (19 arewa maso kudu, tare da gangara mai laushi a kusa da Hallasan a tsakiya. Tsawon babbar hanyar yana da kilomita {{Cvt|181|km}} (112 kuma bakin tekun yana da kilomita {{Cvt|258|km}} (160 mi). A arewacin tsibirin Jeju shine Gimnyeong Beach, a kudancin Songak Mountain, yammacin Suwol Peak, da gabashin Seongsan Ilchulbong. The island was formed by the eruption of a submarine volcano approximately 2 million years ago. It contains a natural [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|World Heritage Site]], the Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. Jeju Island has a subtropical climate; even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below {{Convert|0|C|F}}. Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and related economic activity. == Sunayen tarihi == [[Fayil:La-coree-ou-tchosen-7.png|thumb|Taswirar ''Quelpaërt'' ko Tchæ-Tchiou ta 1894''Che-Tchiou'']] A tarihi, an kira tsibirin da sunaye daban-daban ciki har da: * Doi (도이; 島夷; barbari) * Dongyeongju (동영주; 東́州) * Juho (주호; 州胡) * Tammora (Shugabancin) * Seomna (Game da) * Tangna (yan uwa; * Tamna (Sau da; 延羅) * Quelpart, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulbert |first=H. B |year=1905 |title=The Island of Quelpart |journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=396–408 |doi=10.2307/198722 |jstor=198722}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photographic image of map |url=http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406160926if_/http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website= |format=JPG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=R. Burnett |year=1926 |title=Quelpart Island and Its People |journal=Geographical Review |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=60–72 |bibcode=1926GeoRv..16...60H |doi=10.2307/208503 |jstor=208503}}</ref> Quelparte <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulbert |first=Archer Butler |year=1902 |title=The Queen of Quelparte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjUXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> ko Tsibirin Quelpaert <ref name="The Name of Quelpaert Island">{{Cite journal |last=Sokol |first=A. E |year=1948 |title=The Name of Quelpaert Island |journal=Isis |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.1086/348077 |s2cid=144230819}}</ref> * Junweonhado (VARW; Hoton下島 ma'ana "karamin kudancin tsibirin") * Taekseungnido, ma'ana "tsibiran zafi mai zaman lafiya a Joseon") * Samdado (삼다도; 三多島) ma'ana "Island of Three Abundance") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeju Island Facts |url=https://www.softschools.com/facts/wonders_of_the_world/jeju_island_facts/105/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021104336/https://www.softschools.com/facts/wonders_of_the_world/jeju_island_facts/105/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Softschools.com}}</ref> * Sammudo (삼무도; 三無島) * Cheju (spelling har zuwa 7 ga Yuli 2000) Kafin mamayewar Japan a 1910, tsibirin yawanci ana kiransa Quelpart (Quelpaërt, Quelpaert) ga Turawa; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Island of Quelpart |url=http://fs.unm.edu/TheIslandOfQuelpart.pdf |website=Fs.unm.edu}}</ref> a lokacin mamayewar an san shi da sunan Jafananci Saishū . Sunan Quelpart wanda ya fito daga harshen Faransanci an tabbatar da shi a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ba daga 1648 ba kuma yana iya nuna jirgin farko na Yaren mutanen Dutch don gano tsibirin, quelpaert de Brack a kusa da 1642, ko kuma wasu kamanceceniyar tsibirin daga wani kusurwa zuwa wannan aji na jiragen ruwa (ƙaramin jirgin ruwa, wanda ake kira Galiot). Masu binciken Turai na farko da suka ga tsibirin, Portuguese, sun kira shi Ilha de Ladrones (Island of Thieves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sokol |first=A. E. |date=February 1948 |title=The Name Of Quelpaert Island |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/348077 |journal=Isis |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.1086/348077 |s2cid=144230819 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> Sunan "Fungma island" ya bayyana a cikin "Atlas of China" na M. Martini wanda ya isa China a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a shekara ta 1655. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The memory and traces of marine exchange:Jeju Island in eastern and western antique maps |url=http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831171058/http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=eastsea1994.org}}</ref> == Shuke-shuke da dabbobi waɗanda sunayensu na kimiyya suka bayyana su kamar yadda suka fito daga Jeju == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa suna da maganganun kimiyya waɗanda ke bayyana su a matsayin "sun fito" ko ana samun su a Jeju-do. (Yawancin waɗannan ba a samun su a wani wuri ba.) === ''quelpartensis'' === * ''[[Okeanos quelpartensis]]'' Mai nisa, 1911 (ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙamshi) * ''[[Bekkochlamys quelpartensis]]'' (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1908) (gastropod) * ''Nesticella quelpartensis'' (Paik & Namkung, 1969) (spider) * ''[[Plectotropis quelpartensis]]'' (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1908) (gastropod) * ''[[Atypus quelpartensis]]'' Namkung, 2001 (sanyi) * ''[[Homoeocarabus maeander quelpartensis]]'' Kwon da Lee, 1984 (kwari), da sauransu. === ''Jejuensis'' === * ''Stegasta jejuensis'' Park da Omelko, 1994 (moth) * ''[[Camponotus jejuensis]]'' Kim da Kim, 1986 (ant) * Cosmetura jejuensis Storozhenko da Paik, 2009 (tsuntsu) * ''Martensia jejuensis'' Y. Lee 2004 (algae) * ''[[Huperzia jejuensis]]'' B.-Y Sun & J. Lim (lycopodium) === ''chejuensis'' === * ''[[Lycoris chejuensis]]'' KH Tae & SC Ko (lily) * ''Apodemus chejuensis'' Johnson da Jones, 1955 (tsuntsu) * ''[[Chondria chejuensis]]'' Lee & Yoon 1996 (algae) == Tarihi == Tsibirin Jeju ya kasance mazaunin mutane na zamani tun farkon zamanin Neolithic. Babu wani tarihin tarihi da aka gano game da kafa ko farkon tarihin Tamna. Wata labari ta ce masu kafa kasar guda uku - Go ({{Lang|ko|고}}), Yang ({{Lang|ko|양}}), da Bu ({{Lang|ko|부}}) - sun fito ne daga ramuka uku a ƙasa a karni na 24 BC. Wadannan ramuka, wadanda aka fi sani da Samseonghyeol (삼성 Конечно), har yanzu ana kiyaye su a Birnin Jeju . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel2/cheju/199 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Har zuwa 938 AD, tsibirin ya kasance masarauta mai zaman kanta da ake kira Tamna (wanda ke nufin 'ƙasar tsibirin') lokacin da ya zama jihar Koriya a ƙarƙashin [[Goryeo]]" id="mw_Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Goryeo">Daular Goryeo. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1330, a tsakiyar tsarkakewar siyasa na Daular Yuan, an tura Toghon Temür gudun hijira a wannan tsibirin mai nisa, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Goryeo na Koriya. A cikin 1404, Taejong na Joseon ya sanya tsibirin a ƙarƙashin iko na tsakiya kuma ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Tamna. Daga Afrilu 1948 zuwa Mayu 1949, shi ne wurin Tashin hankali na Jeju, a lokacin da aka kashe kusan mutane 30,000 kuma 40,000 suka gudu zuwa Japan. Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya ta Kudu (WPSK) ta kaddamar da tawaye a kan gwamnati a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 wanda gwamnatin Koriya ta Koriya da ke goyon bayan Amurka ta Syngman Rhee ta tsananta masa. A shekara ta 2003, Kwamitin Binciken Gaskiya na Kasa game da abin da ya faru a Jeju 3 ga Afrilu ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]]. Hukumar ta tabbatar da cewa an kashe mutane 14,373 a lokacin tashin hankali, 86% daga jami'an tsaro da 14% daga 'yan tawaye. Hukumar ta kiyasta jimlar mutuwar a kusan 30,000. Sauran kafofin sun kiyasta sama da 80,000 zuwa 100,000 da aka kashe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |date=December 2010 |title=The Korean War, 1950–53: from maneuver to stalemate |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163271.2010.519926 |journal=Korean Journal of Defense Analysis |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=421–433 |doi=10.1080/10163271.2010.519926 |issn=1016-3271 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyukan ambaton tashin hankali ana hukunta su ta hanyar duka, azabtarwa, da kuma hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku mai tsanani daga gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990, bayan haka gwamnatin Koriya da ta Kudu ta yarda cewa tashin hankali na Jeju ya faru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zelikow |first=Philip |last2=Johnson |first2=Chalmers |date=2000 |title=Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049919 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=138 |doi=10.2307/20049919 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20049919 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Jeju tsibiri ne mai fitattun wuta, wanda Hallasan ya mamaye: dutsen fitattun wuta mai mita 1,947 (6,388 kuma dutse mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Tsibirin ya kai kimanin kilomita 73 (45 a fadin, gabas zuwa yamma, da kilomita 41 (25 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Har ila yau, tsibirin yana da kusan ma'adinai 360: ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin waɗannan yanzu sanannun abubuwan jan hankali ne na yawon bude ido, kamar Geomun''Oreum'', Yongnuni Oreum, da Geum Oreum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geumak (Geum) Oreum Volcanic Cone |url=https://www.visitjeju.net/en/detail/view?contentsid=CNTS_000000000019460 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=www.visitjeju.net |language=en}}</ref> Tsibirin da aka kafa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene. Tsibirin ya kunshi basalt da lava. [[Fayil:Spirited_Garden_06.jpg|thumb|Aljanna mai ruhohi a tsibirin Jeju]] Yankin da ke rufe kusan 12% (kilomita murabba'in 24 ko kilomita murabba'i 86) na tsibirin Jeju ana kiransa gotjawal, kalmar gida don gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RISS 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기 |url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=A35499718 |website=Riss4u.net}}</ref> Wannan yanki ya kasance ba a noma shi ba har zuwa karni na 21, kamar yadda tushe na 'a'a lava ya sa ya zama da wahala a bunkasa aikin gona. Saboda wannan gandun daji ya kasance mai tsabta na dogon lokaci, yana da yanayin muhalli na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RISS 통합검색 - 학위논문 상세보기 |url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=U10812496_003 |website=Riss4u.net}}</ref> Dajin shine babban tushen ruwan kasa kuma saboda haka shine babban tushen ruwa ga mutane rabin miliyan na tsibirin, saboda ruwan sama yana shiga kai tsaye cikin ruwa ta hanyar tsagewar 'a'a lava a ƙarƙashin gandun daji. Garin Gotjawal an dauke shi wuri mai mahimmanci a duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar ta wasu masu bincike saboda wurin zama ne na nau'ikan tsire-tsire na musamman kuma shine babban tushen ruwa ga mazauna, kodayake har zuwa yau ba a ayyana shi a matsayin shafin Ramsar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramsar site list |url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=20 June 2007}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="160"> Fayil:Hallasan_2.jpg|Baengnokdam in Hallasan Fayil:KOCIS_Jeju_Island_(5982720813).jpg|Mountains in Jeju Fayil:제주_중문대포해안주상절리대_(Jeju_Jungmun_Daepo_Jusangjeolli_Cliff).jpg|Daepo Jusangjeolli Cliff Fayil:Sanbangsan_(5983281424).jpg|[[Sanbangsan]] Fayil:Seongsan_Ilchulbong_from_the_air.jpg|Seongsan Ilchulbong Fayil:Goseong-ri,_Seongsan-eup,_Seogwipo-si,_Jeju-do,_South_Korea_-_panoramio_-_song_songroov_(51).jpg|[[Seopjikoji]] (섭지코지) Fayil:Jeongbang_loin_de_la_mer.jpg|Jeongbang Waterfall Fayil:Jeju2022OSM.png|Detailed map of Jeju Island Fayil:Jeju_black_sand_beach_swimmers.jpg|A black sand beach in south-western Jeju Fayil:Bomunsa_temple_view_jeju.jpg|View from Bomunsa temple Fayil:Cheonjiyeon_waterfall_jeju_korea_2.jpg|Cheonjiyeon waterfall in Seogwipo Fayil:Jeju_Volcanic_rock_fence_and_home_in_Jeju.jpg|The island's volcanic basalt rock was traditionally used as a building material Fayil:Jeju_World_Cup_Stadium,_Jeju_Island.jpg|Jeju World Cup Stadium. </gallery> == Kafawa == * Kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata, tsibirin Jeju an kafa shi ne ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta.&nbsp; * Kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.2 da suka gabata, an kafa ɗakin magma a ƙarƙashin teku kuma ya fara fashewa.&nbsp; * Kimanin shekaru dubu 700 da suka gabata, an kafa tsibirin ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta. Ayyukan dutsen wuta sun tsaya kusan shekaru dubu 100. * Kimanin shekaru dubu 300 da suka gabata, aikin dutsen wuta ya sake farawa tare da bakin teku. * Kimanin shekaru dubu 100 da suka gabata, aikin dutsen wuta ya kafa Dutsen Hallasan . * Kimanin shekaru dubu 25 da suka gabata, fashewar gefe a kusa da Dutsen Hallasan ya bar Oreum da yawa (ƙananan 'parasitic' cones a gefen farko). * Ayyukan dutsen wuta wanda ya tsaya kuma ya tsawaita yanayin yanayi da rushewa ya taimaka wajen tsara tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:제주특별자치도 자연환경생태정보시스템 |url=http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160712043220/http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok |archive-date=12 July 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=nature.jeju.go.kr}}</ref> == Yanayi == Yawancin tsibirin Jeju yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] (''Cfa'' a cikin rarraba yanayin Köppen). Ana samun yanayi daban-daban guda huɗu a Jeju: hunturu yana da sanyi tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaici, yayin da lokacin rani yana da zafi da zafi tare da ruwan kasa mai yawa. Birnin Jeju, ɓangaren arewacin tsibirin, yana da sanyi a cikin hunturu fiye da ɓangaren kudanci saboda tasirin iskar yanayi. Gosan-ri, wanda ke gefen yammacin tsibirin, yana da mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a tsibirin. Koyaya, ba kamar yawancin sassan Koriya ba, ruwan sama na yanayi a Gosan-ri an rarraba shi daidai. Tsibirin Chuja, wanda yake na Birnin Jeju, tsibiri ne da ke tsakanin Koriya da Tsibirin Jeju kuma suna da yanayin zafi mai zafi (''Cfa'').{{Jeju City weatherbox}}Seogwipo, yankin kudancin tsibirin, ya fi zafi a lokacin hunturu fiye da Jeju City saboda Hallasan a tsakiyar tsibirin yana toshe iskar yanayi ta nahiyar. Cikin garin Seogwipo yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki mafi girma a watan Janairu a Koriya, koda idan aka kwatanta da babban yankin Koriya. Seongsan-eup, a gefen kudu maso gabashin tsibirin, yana fuskantar matsalar ruwan sama na Gabashin Asiya da Tsushima Current, don haka ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da yawa sosai. Seogwipo yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke da mafi yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Koriya.{{Seogwipo weatherbox}}Yanayin tsaunuka a tsakiyar tsibirin inda Hallasan yake ya bambanta da na sauran tsibirin. Yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa, matsakaicin zafin jiki yana raguwa kuma yanayin ya zama mai sanyi. Yankunan tsaunuka na tsibirin Jeju suna da mafi girman ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Koriya.{{Weather box}}A watan Janairun 2016, guguwar sanyi ta shafi tsibirin Jeju. Snow da yanayin sanyi sun tilasta soke jirage 1,200 a tsibirin Jeju, inda suka rataye kusan fasinjoji 90,300.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Jeju Black, asalin shanu * Jeju Black alade, asalin alade * Doki na Jeju, nau'in doki na asali * Tsibirin Jeju Volcanic da Tubes na Lava == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8x877n0thk6z0s7rd4zuitde8u8zvjx 846736 846735 2026-06-04T08:54:49Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeju Island'''Ita ce babbar tsibiri a Koriya ta Kudu, tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,833.2 (mil murabba'i 707.8), wanda shine kashi 1.83% na jimlar yankin ƙasar.[1] Tare da tsibiran da ke wajen, tana cikin lardin Jeju kuma ta ƙunshi mafi yawan lardin.. Tsibirin yana cikin Koriya Strait, {{Cvt|82.8|km}} kudu da mafi kusa a kan Koriya Peninsula . Mutanen Jeju 'yan asalin tsibirin ne, kuma mutane na zamani sun zauna tun farkon zamanin Neolithic. [[UNESCO]] tana ɗaukar yaren Jeju a cikin haɗari. Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na Koriya inda Shamanism ya fi dacewa. Tsibirin Jeju yana da siffar oval kuma yana da {{Cvt|73|km}} (45 gabas zuwa yamma da kilomita {{Cvt|31|km}} (19 arewa maso kudu, tare da gangara mai laushi a kusa da Hallasan a tsakiya. Tsawon babbar hanyar yana da kilomita {{Cvt|181|km}} (112 kuma bakin tekun yana da kilomita {{Cvt|258|km}} (160 mi). A arewacin tsibirin Jeju shine Gimnyeong Beach, a kudancin Songak Mountain, yammacin Suwol Peak, da gabashin Seongsan Ilchulbong. The island was formed by the eruption of a submarine volcano approximately 2 million years ago. It contains a natural [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|World Heritage Site]], the Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. Jeju Island has a subtropical climate; even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below {{Convert|0|C|F}}. Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and related economic activity. == Sunayen tarihi == [[Fayil:La-coree-ou-tchosen-7.png|thumb|Taswirar ''Quelpaërt'' ko Tchæ-Tchiou ta 1894''Che-Tchiou'']] A tarihi, an kira tsibirin da sunaye daban-daban ciki har da: * Doi (도이; 島夷; barbari) * Dongyeongju (동영주; 東́州) * Juho (주호; 州胡) * Tammora (Shugabancin) * Seomna (Game da) * Tangna (yan uwa; * Tamna (Sau da; 延羅) * Quelpart, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulbert |first=H. B |year=1905 |title=The Island of Quelpart |journal=Bulletin of the American Geographical Society |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=396–408 |doi=10.2307/198722 |jstor=198722}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photographic image of map |url=http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406160926if_/http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website= |format=JPG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=R. Burnett |year=1926 |title=Quelpart Island and Its People |journal=Geographical Review |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=60–72 |bibcode=1926GeoRv..16...60H |doi=10.2307/208503 |jstor=208503}}</ref> Quelparte <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hulbert |first=Archer Butler |year=1902 |title=The Queen of Quelparte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjUXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> ko Tsibirin Quelpaert <ref name="The Name of Quelpaert Island">{{Cite journal |last=Sokol |first=A. E |year=1948 |title=The Name of Quelpaert Island |journal=Isis |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.1086/348077 |s2cid=144230819}}</ref> * Junweonhado (VARW; Hoton下島 ma'ana "karamin kudancin tsibirin") * Taekseungnido, ma'ana "tsibiran zafi mai zaman lafiya a Joseon") * Samdado (삼다도; 三多島) ma'ana "Island of Three Abundance") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeju Island Facts |url=https://www.softschools.com/facts/wonders_of_the_world/jeju_island_facts/105/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021104336/https://www.softschools.com/facts/wonders_of_the_world/jeju_island_facts/105/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Softschools.com}}</ref> * Sammudo (삼무도; 三無島) * Cheju (spelling har zuwa 7 ga Yuli 2000) Kafin mamayewar Japan a 1910, tsibirin yawanci ana kiransa Quelpart (Quelpaërt, Quelpaert) ga Turawa; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Island of Quelpart |url=http://fs.unm.edu/TheIslandOfQuelpart.pdf |website=Fs.unm.edu}}</ref> a lokacin mamayewar an san shi da sunan Jafananci Saishū . Sunan Quelpart wanda ya fito daga harshen Faransanci an tabbatar da shi a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland ba daga 1648 ba kuma yana iya nuna jirgin farko na Yaren mutanen Dutch don gano tsibirin, quelpaert de Brack a kusa da 1642, ko kuma wasu kamanceceniyar tsibirin daga wani kusurwa zuwa wannan aji na jiragen ruwa (ƙaramin jirgin ruwa, wanda ake kira Galiot). Masu binciken Turai na farko da suka ga tsibirin, Portuguese, sun kira shi Ilha de Ladrones (Island of Thieves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sokol |first=A. E. |date=February 1948 |title=The Name Of Quelpaert Island |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/348077 |journal=Isis |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.1086/348077 |s2cid=144230819 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> Sunan "Fungma island" ya bayyana a cikin "Atlas of China" na M. Martini wanda ya isa China a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a shekara ta 1655. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The memory and traces of marine exchange:Jeju Island in eastern and western antique maps |url=http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831171058/http://eastsea1994.org/data/bbsData/14911233821.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=eastsea1994.org}}</ref> == Shuke-shuke da dabbobi waɗanda sunayensu na kimiyya suka bayyana su kamar yadda suka fito daga Jeju == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa suna da maganganun kimiyya waɗanda ke bayyana su a matsayin "sun fito" ko ana samun su a Jeju-do. (Yawancin waɗannan ba a samun su a wani wuri ba.) === ''quelpartensis'' === * ''[[Okeanos quelpartensis]]'' Mai nisa, 1911 (ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙamshi) * ''[[Bekkochlamys quelpartensis]]'' (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1908) (gastropod) * ''Nesticella quelpartensis'' (Paik & Namkung, 1969) (spider) * ''[[Plectotropis quelpartensis]]'' (Pilsbry & Hirase, 1908) (gastropod) * ''[[Atypus quelpartensis]]'' Namkung, 2001 (sanyi) * ''[[Homoeocarabus maeander quelpartensis]]'' Kwon da Lee, 1984 (kwari), da sauransu. === ''Jejuensis'' === * ''Stegasta jejuensis'' Park da Omelko, 1994 (moth) * ''[[Camponotus jejuensis]]'' Kim da Kim, 1986 (ant) * Cosmetura jejuensis Storozhenko da Paik, 2009 (tsuntsu) * ''Martensia jejuensis'' Y. Lee 2004 (algae) * ''[[Huperzia jejuensis]]'' B.-Y Sun & J. Lim (lycopodium) === ''chejuensis'' === * ''[[Lycoris chejuensis]]'' KH Tae & SC Ko (lily) * ''Apodemus chejuensis'' Johnson da Jones, 1955 (tsuntsu) * ''[[Chondria chejuensis]]'' Lee & Yoon 1996 (algae) == Tarihi == Tsibirin Jeju ya kasance mazaunin mutane na zamani tun farkon zamanin Neolithic. Babu wani tarihin tarihi da aka gano game da kafa ko farkon tarihin Tamna. Wata labari ta ce masu kafa kasar guda uku - Go ({{Lang|ko|고}}), Yang ({{Lang|ko|양}}), da Bu ({{Lang|ko|부}}) - sun fito ne daga ramuka uku a ƙasa a karni na 24 BC. Wadannan ramuka, wadanda aka fi sani da Samseonghyeol (삼성 Конечно), har yanzu ana kiyaye su a Birnin Jeju . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel2/cheju/199 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Har zuwa 938 AD, tsibirin ya kasance masarauta mai zaman kanta da ake kira Tamna (wanda ke nufin 'ƙasar tsibirin') lokacin da ya zama jihar Koriya a ƙarƙashin [[Goryeo]]" id="mw_Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Goryeo">Daular Goryeo. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1330, a tsakiyar tsarkakewar siyasa na Daular Yuan, an tura Toghon Temür gudun hijira a wannan tsibirin mai nisa, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Goryeo na Koriya. A cikin 1404, Taejong na Joseon ya sanya tsibirin a ƙarƙashin iko na tsakiya kuma ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Tamna. Daga Afrilu 1948 zuwa Mayu 1949, shi ne wurin Tashin hankali na Jeju, a lokacin da aka kashe kusan mutane 30,000 kuma 40,000 suka gudu zuwa Japan. Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya ta Kudu (WPSK) ta kaddamar da tawaye a kan gwamnati a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 wanda gwamnatin Koriya ta Koriya da ke goyon bayan Amurka ta Syngman Rhee ta tsananta masa. A shekara ta 2003, Kwamitin Binciken Gaskiya na Kasa game da abin da ya faru a Jeju 3 ga Afrilu ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]]. Hukumar ta tabbatar da cewa an kashe mutane 14,373 a lokacin tashin hankali, 86% daga jami'an tsaro da 14% daga 'yan tawaye. Hukumar ta kiyasta jimlar mutuwar a kusan 30,000. Sauran kafofin sun kiyasta sama da 80,000 zuwa 100,000 da aka kashe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |date=December 2010 |title=The Korean War, 1950–53: from maneuver to stalemate |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163271.2010.519926 |journal=Korean Journal of Defense Analysis |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=421–433 |doi=10.1080/10163271.2010.519926 |issn=1016-3271 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyukan ambaton tashin hankali ana hukunta su ta hanyar duka, azabtarwa, da kuma hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku mai tsanani daga gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990, bayan haka gwamnatin Koriya da ta Kudu ta yarda cewa tashin hankali na Jeju ya faru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zelikow |first=Philip |last2=Johnson |first2=Chalmers |date=2000 |title=Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049919 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=138 |doi=10.2307/20049919 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20049919 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Jeju tsibiri ne mai fitattun wuta, wanda Hallasan ya mamaye: dutsen fitattun wuta mai mita 1,947 (6,388 kuma dutse mafi girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Tsibirin ya kai kimanin kilomita 73 (45 a fadin, gabas zuwa yamma, da kilomita 41 (25 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Har ila yau, tsibirin yana da kusan ma'adinai 360: ƙananan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin waɗannan yanzu sanannun abubuwan jan hankali ne na yawon bude ido, kamar Geomun''Oreum'', Yongnuni Oreum, da Geum Oreum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geumak (Geum) Oreum Volcanic Cone |url=https://www.visitjeju.net/en/detail/view?contentsid=CNTS_000000000019460 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=www.visitjeju.net |language=en}}</ref> Tsibirin da aka kafa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene. Tsibirin ya kunshi basalt da lava. [[Fayil:Spirited_Garden_06.jpg|thumb|Aljanna mai ruhohi a tsibirin Jeju]] Yankin da ke rufe kusan 12% (kilomita murabba'in 24 ko kilomita murabba'i 86) na tsibirin Jeju ana kiransa gotjawal, kalmar gida don gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RISS 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기 |url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=A35499718 |website=Riss4u.net}}</ref> Wannan yanki ya kasance ba a noma shi ba har zuwa karni na 21, kamar yadda tushe na 'a'a lava ya sa ya zama da wahala a bunkasa aikin gona. Saboda wannan gandun daji ya kasance mai tsabta na dogon lokaci, yana da yanayin muhalli na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RISS 통합검색 - 학위논문 상세보기 |url=http://www.riss4u.net/link?id=U10812496_003 |website=Riss4u.net}}</ref> Dajin shine babban tushen ruwan kasa kuma saboda haka shine babban tushen ruwa ga mutane rabin miliyan na tsibirin, saboda ruwan sama yana shiga kai tsaye cikin ruwa ta hanyar tsagewar 'a'a lava a ƙarƙashin gandun daji. Garin Gotjawal an dauke shi wuri mai mahimmanci a duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar ta wasu masu bincike saboda wurin zama ne na nau'ikan tsire-tsire na musamman kuma shine babban tushen ruwa ga mazauna, kodayake har zuwa yau ba a ayyana shi a matsayin shafin Ramsar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramsar site list |url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=20 June 2007}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="160"> Fayil:Hallasan_2.jpg|Baengnokdam in Hallasan Fayil:KOCIS_Jeju_Island_(5982720813).jpg|Mountains in Jeju Fayil:제주_중문대포해안주상절리대_(Jeju_Jungmun_Daepo_Jusangjeolli_Cliff).jpg|Daepo Jusangjeolli Cliff Fayil:Sanbangsan_(5983281424).jpg|[[Sanbangsan]] Fayil:Seongsan_Ilchulbong_from_the_air.jpg|Seongsan Ilchulbong Fayil:Goseong-ri,_Seongsan-eup,_Seogwipo-si,_Jeju-do,_South_Korea_-_panoramio_-_song_songroov_(51).jpg|[[Seopjikoji]] (섭지코지) Fayil:Jeongbang_loin_de_la_mer.jpg|Jeongbang Waterfall Fayil:Jeju2022OSM.png|Detailed map of Jeju Island Fayil:Jeju_black_sand_beach_swimmers.jpg|A black sand beach in south-western Jeju Fayil:Bomunsa_temple_view_jeju.jpg|View from Bomunsa temple Fayil:Cheonjiyeon_waterfall_jeju_korea_2.jpg|Cheonjiyeon waterfall in Seogwipo Fayil:Jeju_Volcanic_rock_fence_and_home_in_Jeju.jpg|The island's volcanic basalt rock was traditionally used as a building material Fayil:Jeju_World_Cup_Stadium,_Jeju_Island.jpg|Jeju World Cup Stadium. </gallery> == Kafawa == * Kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata, tsibirin Jeju an kafa shi ne ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta.&nbsp; * Kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.2 da suka gabata, an kafa ɗakin magma a ƙarƙashin teku kuma ya fara fashewa.&nbsp; * Kimanin shekaru dubu 700 da suka gabata, an kafa tsibirin ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta. Ayyukan dutsen wuta sun tsaya kusan shekaru dubu 100. * Kimanin shekaru dubu 300 da suka gabata, aikin dutsen wuta ya sake farawa tare da bakin teku. * Kimanin shekaru dubu 100 da suka gabata, aikin dutsen wuta ya kafa Dutsen Hallasan . * Kimanin shekaru dubu 25 da suka gabata, fashewar gefe a kusa da Dutsen Hallasan ya bar Oreum da yawa (ƙananan 'parasitic' cones a gefen farko). * Ayyukan dutsen wuta wanda ya tsaya kuma ya tsawaita yanayin yanayi da rushewa ya taimaka wajen tsara tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:제주특별자치도 자연환경생태정보시스템 |url=http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160712043220/http://nature.jeju.go.kr/index.asp?sso=ok |archive-date=12 July 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=nature.jeju.go.kr}}</ref> == Yanayi == Yawancin tsibirin Jeju yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] (''Cfa'' a cikin rarraba yanayin Köppen). Ana samun yanayi daban-daban guda huɗu a Jeju: hunturu yana da sanyi tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaici, yayin da lokacin rani yana da zafi da zafi tare da ruwan kasa mai yawa. Birnin Jeju, ɓangaren arewacin tsibirin, yana da sanyi a cikin hunturu fiye da ɓangaren kudanci saboda tasirin iskar yanayi. Gosan-ri, wanda ke gefen yammacin tsibirin, yana da mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a tsibirin. Koyaya, ba kamar yawancin sassan Koriya ba, ruwan sama na yanayi a Gosan-ri an rarraba shi daidai. Tsibirin Chuja, wanda yake na Birnin Jeju, tsibiri ne da ke tsakanin Koriya da Tsibirin Jeju kuma suna da yanayin zafi mai zafi (''Cfa'').{{Jeju City weatherbox}}Seogwipo, yankin kudancin tsibirin, ya fi zafi a lokacin hunturu fiye da Jeju City saboda Hallasan a tsakiyar tsibirin yana toshe iskar yanayi ta nahiyar. Cikin garin Seogwipo yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki mafi girma a watan Janairu a Koriya, koda idan aka kwatanta da babban yankin Koriya. Seongsan-eup, a gefen kudu maso gabashin tsibirin, yana fuskantar matsalar ruwan sama na Gabashin Asiya da Tsushima Current, don haka ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da yawa sosai. Seogwipo yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ke da mafi yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Koriya.{{Seogwipo weatherbox}}Yanayin tsaunuka a tsakiyar tsibirin inda Hallasan yake ya bambanta da na sauran tsibirin. Yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa, matsakaicin zafin jiki yana raguwa kuma yanayin ya zama mai sanyi. Yankunan tsaunuka na tsibirin Jeju suna da mafi girman ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Koriya.{{Weather box}}A watan Janairun 2016, guguwar sanyi ta shafi tsibirin Jeju. Snow da yanayin sanyi sun tilasta soke jirage 1,200 a tsibirin Jeju, inda suka rataye kusan fasinjoji 90,300.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Jeju Black, asalin shanu * Jeju Black alade, asalin alade * Doki na Jeju, nau'in doki na asali * Tsibirin Jeju Volcanic da Tubes na Lava == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] grmnr2dnipg9rxjtp6knuoczhdbq55d Simeon Shterev 0 154721 846739 2026-06-04T09:00:23Z Sumy IB 32481 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305034549|Simeon Shterev (wrestler)]]" 846739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simeon Shterev''' (Bulgarian; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1959) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Bulgeriya|Bulgarian]] ne wanda ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekara ta 1988. <ref name="sref">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> Shterev kuma a halin yanzu shi ne kocin Stanka Zlateva wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics da gasar cin kofin duniya. Aka saka Anas djsbsdjs fkd remake dkdd dksnsd == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] suur68erure8tru2395wm7i09dr1487 846740 846739 2026-06-04T09:00:37Z Sumy IB 32481 846740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simeon Shterev''' (Bulgarian; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1959) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Bulgeriya|Bulgarian]] ne wanda ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekara ta 1988. <ref name="sref">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] dermwqshbl1xnd48g38hmkd9y6bmrck 846741 846740 2026-06-04T09:00:52Z Sumy IB 32481 846741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Simeon Shterev''' (Bulgarian; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1959) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Bulgeriya|Bulgarian]] ne wanda ya fafata a wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekara ta 1988. <ref name="sref">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/simeon-shterev-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] t3a56amc1c9jqqu8nlcfwwzpg3abg8s Hanyan Ruwa na Pikine 0 154722 846754 2026-06-04T09:31:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357725197|Pikine Drainage Network]]" 846754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanyan Ruwa na Pikine''' babbar tsarin kula da magudanar ruwa ne da ke aiki a yankunan da ke kusa da Pikine, Keur Massar, da Guédiawaye, waɗanda ke gefen [[Dakar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Wannan hanyan ruwa ita ce ta farko da aka fitar da ita ta Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales et d"Adaptation au Changement Climatique (PROGEP 2), wanda Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa suka hada shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2026, an ruwaito cewa aikin ya gina mita 46,000 na hanyoyin ruwa a garuruwan "Pikine-Keur Massar-Guédiawaye triangle". <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seneweb |date=2026-03-11 |title=Second Steering Committee meeting of PROGEP 2: ADM unveils satisfactory results |url=https://www.seneweb.com/fr/news/Societe/second-steering-committee-meeting-of-progep-2-adm-unveils-satisfactory-results_n_486111.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Seneweb |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi da Kerawa == Bangare na farko na aikin ya fara ne a kusa da shekara ta 2012, yana mai da hankali kan rage ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙananan yankunan Dalifort, Wakhinane, da Nimzatt. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainably Managing Flood Risks in Dakar’s Outer Suburbs |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/02/03/sustainably-managing-flood-risks-in-dakars-outer-suburbs |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 "Visite de terrain: l'ADM s'engage pour une gestion durable des inondations"]. ''www.pressafrik.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tsarin ya dogara da farko akan tsarin samar da hanyoyin da ruwan zai gudana ba tare da buƙatar kunno shi ba a koda yaushe, anyi amfani da yanayin kasar yankin don kwararar ruwan zuwa teku. Baya ga bude rafuka, an samar da hanyoyin ruwa mai nisan kilomita 30 wanda ke tsotse ruwa zuwa kasa, don rage kwarara ruwa a saman kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAYOBA2026">AYOBA (2026-03-11). [https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ "Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2"]. ''Walf NET'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> === Tasirin Ayyuka === Injiniyoyin ilimin ruwa sun ba da rahoton cewa tsarin yana kula da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan fiye da millimeters 130, yana ba da damar ruwa ya gudana ta hanya da karfin gravity ba tare da haifar da gagarumin ambaliya a birane ba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 "Visite de terrain: l'ADM s'engage pour une gestion durable des inondations"]. ''www.pressafrik.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Duk da nasarar, jami'ai sun tabbatar da cewa aikin bai kammala ba, yana buƙatar fadada bututun ruwa tarawa zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye da su kamar Technopôle da ci gaba da kiyayewa don hana toshewar turɓaya. <ref name=":1" /> Bankin Duniya ya ambaci samfurin PROGEP 2 a matsayin "ma'auni na kirkira" don Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin kula da ambaliyar birane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAYOBA2026">AYOBA (2026-03-11). [https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ "Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2"]. ''Walf NET'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == rzz0my2izapys1hvqji1uj2noe3tfbe Dreamer Isioma 0 154723 846764 2026-06-04T09:52:28Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330265594|Dreamer Isioma]]" 846764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dreamer Isioma''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a 2000/2001) mawaki ne ɗan asalin Najeriya kuma ɗan Amurka kuma mai waƙoƙi daga Chicago. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan waƙar Isioma mai suna "Sensitive" ta shahara a [[TikTok]] a 2020, sun {{Efn|Dreamer Isioma is [[Non-binary gender|nonbinary]] and uses ''[[they/them]]'' and ''he/him'' pronouns.<ref name="GRUNGECAKE">{{cite web |last1=Bartee |first1=Richardine |title=Nigerian R&B/Alté artist SOLIS4EVR and Dreamer Isioma beg your pardon on 'Sorry 4 Calling': Listen |url=https://grungecake.com/solis4evr-dreamer-isioma-sorry-4-calling/articles/110446 |website=GRUNGECAKE |access-date=15 August 2024 |date=25 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> This article uses ''they/them'' for consistency.}} fitar da kundin waƙoƙi na farko mai suna ''Goodnight Dreamer'' a 2022. Kundin waƙoƙinsu na biyu, ''Princess Forever'', an sake shi a 2023 ta AWAL . == Rayuwar farko == {{Quote box|quote=Basically, my parents had a plan. They’re like, this child is either gonna do music or be an athlete or both.|author=– Dreamer Isioma, quoted in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<ref name=":4" />|width=250px}}Mafarkin Isioma ya girma a gidan [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonemann2022">Konemann, Liam (February 22, 2022). [https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 "Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero"]. ''[[NME]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sun fito ne daga dangin 'yan Najeriya-Amurkawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalinsu sun yi ƙaura akai-akai, kuma sun yi yarintarsu a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], London, da Chicago. <ref name=":0" /> A Chicago sun fara koyon ka'idar kiɗa tun suna ɗan shekara uku, daga baya suka yi karatun piano da goge na gargajiya . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Sun halarci makarantar Katolika, inda suka gwada bayyanar jinsi a cikin kayan makaranta . <ref name=":0" /> Suna da shekaru 12, sun fito a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, daga baya kuma a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi bayan sun sami gogewa a ƙarshen shekarun ƙuruciyarsu. Salon su na daban wanda ke haɗa abubuwan maza da mata na al'ada an bayyana shi a cikin ''Vogue'' . <ref name=":0" /> A makarantar sakandare, Isioma ta yi ƙoƙarin canzawa daga buga waƙa zuwa zama ɗan wasa, wanda hakan ya fi dacewa da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, an hana wannan canjin saboda sun karye wuyan hannunsu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da suke da shekaru 16, sun fara yin waƙa, tare da tasirin da suka haɗa da Chief Keef da Paramore . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Samar da waƙa ya zama abin sha'awa sosai yayin da Isioma har yanzu tana makarantar sakandare; suna yin sa'o'i da yawa suna aiki a kan waƙoƙi kowace rana. <ref name=":4" /> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Isioma ta fara zuwa kwaleji a Chicago; da farko sun yi niyyar yin karatun tallan kayayyaki amma sun koma sadarwa don guje wa darussan lissafi da ake buƙata. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2021, an yi musu tiyatar ƙirji mai kama da maza kuma sun nuna farin ciki ga jinsi a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Crowell |first=Rachel |date=March 10, 2022 |title=On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic |url=https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[WRBB]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dreamer Isioma ya fara yin kiɗa a matsayin ƙwararru a shekarar 2018. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2020, waƙarsu mai suna "Sensitive" ta shahara a [[TikTok]], inda ta zama shahararriyar waƙar da suka fi so. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Waƙar, wacce ta haɗa tasirin R&amp;amp;B, hip hop, da funk, daga baya aka bayyana ta a cikin ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' a matsayin "abin mamaki mai ban sha'awa". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> An nuna ta a kakar wasa ta ƙarshe ta <nowiki><i id="mwfQ">Insecure</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":5" /> Sakamakon nasarar "Sensitive", Isioma ta sami damar samun ƙarin albarkatu don ƙirƙirar kundin waƙoƙi, ta hanyar yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu rarrabawa da kuma ƙungiyar masu ƙirƙira da kuma samun kasafin kuɗi a karon farko. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> An fara aiki akan kundin waƙoƙin a watan Maris na 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sun fitar da EP guda biyu a shekarar 2020, masu taken ''Sensitive'' da ''The Leo Sun Rises'' . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2021, Isioma ta yi rangadin farko, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya haɗa da halarta a Lollapalooza da Austin City Limits . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Isioma ta fitar da kundin wakokinta na farko ''Goodnight Dreamer'' a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2022, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonemann2022">Konemann, Liam (February 22, 2022). [https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 "Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero"]. ''[[NME]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> bayan fitowar wani babban waka da bidiyon waka mai suna "Bad Ting". AWAL ne ya rarraba kundin. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Crowell |first=Rachel |date=March 10, 2022 |title=On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic |url=https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[WRBB]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrowell2022">Crowell, Rachel (March 10, 2022). [https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ "On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic"]. ''[[WRBB]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ''NME'' ta bayyana kundin a matsayin hadewar tasirin abubuwa daban-daban ciki har da [[Afrobeats]], rock and roll, da kuma wakokin zamani na lantarki da pop, kuma ta yaba da shi a matsayin "sabo, sabo da aka gano". <ref name=":1" /> ''MTV'' ta bayyana cewa kundin ya kunshi "sauti iri-iri da jigogi na zama ainihin kai". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> WRBB ya bai wa kundin taurari hudu cikin biyar, yana mai yaba masa a matsayin "sharhi mai ban sha'awa game da soyayya da jima'i" tare da "sabon salon waka na androgynous". <ref name=":6" /> An tambayi Isioma a watan Fabrairun 2022 ta ''PAPER'' yadda za su bayyana sana'arsu saboda fitowar bidiyon kiɗan gani da kuma kiɗa, amma Isioma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "darakta mai kirkire-kirkire" maimakon musamman "mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ko mawaƙi". Sun lura cewa duk waƙoƙin da suke yi an ƙirƙira su ne da haɗin gwiwa da abokai, amma "suna alfahari da kasancewarsu babban mai shirya fina-finai". A watan Afrilun 2023, Isioma ta fitar da kundin wakoki na biyu mai suna Princess Forever . [1] Pitchfork ya haɗa da kundin wakokin, wanda AWAL ya rarraba, a cikin jerin sabbin kundin wakoki da za a saurara a kowane mako. [2] == Duba kuma == * Kehlani * Matashi MA * Santana mai yaji == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gs18f4gghb947v1m5kihz0m6i1j49re 846765 846764 2026-06-04T09:52:50Z Sardeeq 39275 846765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dreamer Isioma''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a 2000/2001) mawaki ne ɗan asalin Najeriya kuma ɗan Amurka kuma mai waƙoƙi daga Chicago. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan waƙar Isioma mai suna "Sensitive" ta shahara a [[TikTok]] a 2020, sun {{Efn|Dreamer Isioma is [[Non-binary gender|nonbinary]] and uses ''[[they/them]]'' and ''he/him'' pronouns.<ref name="GRUNGECAKE">{{cite web |last1=Bartee |first1=Richardine |title=Nigerian R&B/Alté artist SOLIS4EVR and Dreamer Isioma beg your pardon on 'Sorry 4 Calling': Listen |url=https://grungecake.com/solis4evr-dreamer-isioma-sorry-4-calling/articles/110446 |website=GRUNGECAKE |access-date=15 August 2024 |date=25 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> This article uses ''they/them'' for consistency.}} fitar da kundin waƙoƙi na farko mai suna ''Goodnight Dreamer'' a 2022. Kundin waƙoƙinsu na biyu, ''Princess Forever'', an sake shi a 2023 ta AWAL . == Rayuwar farko == {{Quote box|quote=Basically, my parents had a plan. They’re like, this child is either gonna do music or be an athlete or both.|author=– Dreamer Isioma, quoted in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<ref name=":4" />|width=250px}}Mafarkin Isioma ya girma a gidan [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonemann2022">Konemann, Liam (February 22, 2022). [https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 "Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero"]. ''[[NME]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sun fito ne daga dangin 'yan Najeriya-Amurkawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalinsu sun yi ƙaura akai-akai, kuma sun yi yarintarsu a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], London, da Chicago. <ref name=":0" /> A Chicago sun fara koyon ka'idar kiɗa tun suna ɗan shekara uku, daga baya suka yi karatun piano da goge na gargajiya . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Sun halarci makarantar Katolika, inda suka gwada bayyanar jinsi a cikin kayan makaranta . <ref name=":0" /> Suna da shekaru 12, sun fito a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, daga baya kuma a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi bayan sun sami gogewa a ƙarshen shekarun ƙuruciyarsu. Salon su na daban wanda ke haɗa abubuwan maza da mata na al'ada an bayyana shi a cikin ''Vogue'' . <ref name=":0" /> A makarantar sakandare, Isioma ta yi ƙoƙarin canzawa daga buga waƙa zuwa zama ɗan wasa, wanda hakan ya fi dacewa da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, an hana wannan canjin saboda sun karye wuyan hannunsu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da suke da shekaru 16, sun fara yin waƙa, tare da tasirin da suka haɗa da Chief Keef da Paramore . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Samar da waƙa ya zama abin sha'awa sosai yayin da Isioma har yanzu tana makarantar sakandare; suna yin sa'o'i da yawa suna aiki a kan waƙoƙi kowace rana. <ref name=":4" /> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Isioma ta fara zuwa kwaleji a Chicago; da farko sun yi niyyar yin karatun tallan kayayyaki amma sun koma sadarwa don guje wa darussan lissafi da ake buƙata. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2021, an yi musu tiyatar ƙirji mai kama da maza kuma sun nuna farin ciki ga jinsi a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Crowell |first=Rachel |date=March 10, 2022 |title=On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic |url=https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[WRBB]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dreamer Isioma ya fara yin kiɗa a matsayin ƙwararru a shekarar 2018. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2020, waƙarsu mai suna "Sensitive" ta shahara a [[TikTok]], inda ta zama shahararriyar waƙar da suka fi so. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Waƙar, wacce ta haɗa tasirin R&amp;amp;B, hip hop, da funk, daga baya aka bayyana ta a cikin ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' a matsayin "abin mamaki mai ban sha'awa". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> An nuna ta a kakar wasa ta ƙarshe ta <nowiki><i id="mwfQ">Insecure</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":5" /> Sakamakon nasarar "Sensitive", Isioma ta sami damar samun ƙarin albarkatu don ƙirƙirar kundin waƙoƙi, ta hanyar yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu rarrabawa da kuma ƙungiyar masu ƙirƙira da kuma samun kasafin kuɗi a karon farko. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Tiana |date=November 9, 2022 |title=This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender" |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRandall2022">Randall, Tiana (November 9, 2022). [https://www.vogue.com/article/dreamer-isioma "This Musician's Fashion Philosophy Is "Drip Has No Gender""]. ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> An fara aiki akan kundin waƙoƙin a watan Maris na 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sun fitar da EP guda biyu a shekarar 2020, masu taken ''Sensitive'' da ''The Leo Sun Rises'' . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2021, Isioma ta yi rangadin farko, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya haɗa da halarta a Lollapalooza da Austin City Limits . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Julious |first=Britt |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulious2022">Julious, Britt (February 11, 2022). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ent-dreamer-isioma-chicago-hip-hop-20220211-o4cwqyox2jfa5bjzcismekpu3u-story.html "Since the hit 'Sensitive,' Chicago music artist Dreamer Isioma has been in a whirlwind of fame"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Isioma ta fitar da kundin wakokinta na farko ''Goodnight Dreamer'' a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2022, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Konemann |first=Liam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[NME]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonemann2022">Konemann, Liam (February 22, 2022). [https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer-album-3166196 "Dreamer Isioma: achingly-cool, community-focused pop from a future indie hero"]. ''[[NME]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> bayan fitowar wani babban waka da bidiyon waka mai suna "Bad Ting". AWAL ne ya rarraba kundin. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Crowell |first=Rachel |date=March 10, 2022 |title=On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic |url=https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[WRBB]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrowell2022">Crowell, Rachel (March 10, 2022). [https://wrbbradio.org/2022/03/10/on-goodnight-dreamer-dreamer-isioma-is-chameleonic/ "On Goodnight Dreamer, Dreamer Isioma is chameleonic"]. ''[[WRBB]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ''NME'' ta bayyana kundin a matsayin hadewar tasirin abubuwa daban-daban ciki har da [[Afrobeats]], rock and roll, da kuma wakokin zamani na lantarki da pop, kuma ta yaba da shi a matsayin "sabo, sabo da aka gano". <ref name=":1" /> ''MTV'' ta bayyana cewa kundin ya kunshi "sauti iri-iri da jigogi na zama ainihin kai". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ural |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=[[MTV]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarrett2022">Garrett, Ural (February 28, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202033121/https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer "Dreamer Isioma, The Fearless Observer, Is Unfazed"]. ''[[MTV]]''. Archived from [https://www.mtv.com/news/6icj35/dreamer-isioma-interview-goodnight-dreamer the original] on December 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> WRBB ya bai wa kundin taurari hudu cikin biyar, yana mai yaba masa a matsayin "sharhi mai ban sha'awa game da soyayya da jima'i" tare da "sabon salon waka na androgynous". <ref name=":6" /> An tambayi Isioma a watan Fabrairun 2022 ta ''PAPER'' yadda za su bayyana sana'arsu saboda fitowar bidiyon kiɗan gani da kuma kiɗa, amma Isioma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "darakta mai kirkire-kirkire" maimakon musamman "mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ko mawaƙi". Sun lura cewa duk waƙoƙin da suke yi an ƙirƙira su ne da haɗin gwiwa da abokai, amma "suna alfahari da kasancewarsu babban mai shirya fina-finai". A watan Afrilun 2023, Isioma ta fitar da kundin wakoki na biyu mai suna Princess Forever . [1] Pitchfork ya haɗa da kundin wakokin, wanda AWAL ya rarraba, a cikin jerin sabbin kundin wakoki da za a saurara a kowane mako. [2] == Duba kuma == * Kehlani * Matashi MA * Santana mai yaji == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gu22qm9qwndxsx4p4ikld4r7ofji3po Gidaje a Victoria, Ostiraliya 0 154724 846766 2026-06-04T10:03:44Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299088491|Housing in Victoria, Australia]]" 846766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bulleen-estate2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gidaje na yau da kullun da aka samu a yawancin Victoria.]] Mazauna a jihar Victoria, Ostiraliya na da alaƙa da yawan kuɗin mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu, ƙarancin gidaje da rashin gidaje na jama'a da yawan buƙatu, kuma galibin gidaje na haya. A wajen Melbourne, gida mai kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar jihar, gidaje da haya ya fi araha. A Melbourne, samun damar samun gidajen jama'a gabaɗaya ya fi kyau, amma gidaje da haya ba su da araha. Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yawanci ana ba da su ne daga sassan gwamnatin jihar Victoria kuma suna aiki a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Gidajen Commonwealth-State, wanda gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi ke ba da tallafi ga gidajen jama'ar. Tun daga 2010, duka Victoria da Melbourne suna fuskantar haɓaka cikin sauri a yawan jama'a, suna haifar da babban buƙatun gidaje. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar gidaje, haɓaka farashin gidaje da yin tasiri akan farashin haya da kuma samun kowane nau'in gidaje.. == Gidaje masu zaman kansu == Gidaje masu zaman kansu a Victoria suna da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin su ana gina su bayan yaƙi da ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, yana fama da rashin samun dama ga kayan aikin sufuri na jama'a da abubuwan more rayuwa, dangane da wurin da yake. Ana tilasta wa mazauna da yawa mallakar mota don ba da damar samun damar abubuwan more rayuwa da ayyuka da kuma samar da sufuri zuwa da dawowa daga aiki. Yawancin matsalolin ababen more rayuwa na gidaje masu zaman kansu suna cikin gidajen haya na Victoria. Kasuwancin yanayin sufuri na jama'a a Melbourne yana kusa da kashi 10 cikin dari, yayin da yawancin garuruwan Victoria na yankin sun fi ƙasa. A ƙarshen 2000s, farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya, dangane da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, sun kasance daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa ƙasar tana fuskantar kumfa na ƙasa kamar sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2007, bashin jinginar gida ya yi daidai da 80% na GDP na Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debunking Economics |url=http://www.debunkingeconomics.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622235520/http://debunkingeconomics.com/ |archive-date=2012-06-22 |access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ya tashi zuwa mafi girman matakan da ya samu a duk lokacin tarihin Australiya, kusan sau uku na bashin masu zaman kansu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016, kashi 32.3% na gidaje a Victoria mallakar su ne, kashi 35.3% mallakar su ta amfani da jinginar gida, yayin da ake hayar 28.7.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 October 2017 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Victoria |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609051412/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2%3Fopendocument |archive-date=2019-06-09 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> == Gidajen haya == Gidajen haya a cikin Victoria a halin yanzu yana cikin buƙatu da yawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga haɓakar yawan jama'a. Sakamakon haka, gidaje na haya na iya zama da wahala a samu, musamman ma gidajen haya mai araha. Masu neman hayan gida galibi suna ba da ƙarin hayar hayar, hayan watanni da yawa a gaba da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu gida don tabbatar da gidaje. A halin yanzu babu kaɗan ko babu sarrafa haya da aka aiwatar a Victoria. == Gidajen jama'a == [[Fayil:Housing_Commission_High_Rise_Collingwood.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Babban ɗaki na jama'a a Collingwood, Melbourne]] Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yana da halin rashin wadata da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin mazauna a cikin gidajen jama'a sun kasance masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-ginen da Hukumar Gidaje ta Victoria ta gina a Melbourne a cikin shekarun 1960, kusan duk ana amfani da su a yau. Ayyukan gidaje na jama'a na baya-bayan nan sun kasance na ƙanana zuwa ƙananan matsakaicin yawa. Samun damar samun gidajen jama'a a Victoria na iya zama da wahala kamar yadda yawancin mazauna dole ne su jira a jerin jira har sai ɗakuna da gidaje sun kasance. Akwai rashin saka hannun jari a cikin gidajen jama'a, wanda ke haifar da rashin wadata da inganci. Kamar sauran jihohi da yankuna a Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar gidajen jama'a a Victoria a matsayin abin zargi, kuma galibi ana ganin su kuma "an tsara su a matsayin wuraren haɗari, kwayoyi da mugunta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sisson, Alistair |last2=Chatterjee, Pratichi |date=7 August 2020 |title=Why public housing is stigmatised and how we can fix it |url=https://theconversation.com/why-public-housing-is-stigmatised-and-how-we-can-fix-it-142913 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> Wannan zargi, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, na iya haifar da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci da cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Rowland |last2=Jacobs |first2=Keith |date=2 June 2008 |title=Public housing in Australia: stigma, home and opportunity |url=https://apo.org.au/node/311 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin gidaje na Victoria yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin sufuri a cikin amfani da yawa a lokacin ginin gidaje. Yankunan ciki na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, suna jin daɗin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, jiragen ƙasa, trams, bas da kayan aikin keke. Sabanin haka, kewayen birni da na waje na Melbourne da garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 20, suna fama da nau'ikan birane masu cin gashin kai tare da matalauta ko rashin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a. Wannan ababen more rayuwa ya tsara abubuwa da yawa na gidaje a Victoria; daga farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu, haya, farashi na gaba ɗaya, inganci, gentrification da wadatar gidaje, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa inda aka fi dacewa da jin daɗi da sufuri na jama'a. Yawancin yankuna masu wadata da masu arziki suna da kyakkyawar damar samun kayan more rayuwa da sufuri na jama'a, yayin da yankunan da ke kusa da birni da na waje galibi sun fi rahusa kuma ba su da damar samun kyawawan kayan more rayuwa. == Nau'ikan gidaje == [[Fayil:Three_storey_terraces_in_drummond_street_carlton.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidaje na Victorian, na yau da kullun a cikin birni na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki]] Nau'o'in gidaje a cikin Victoria suna mamaye gidaje guda ɗaya ko bene biyu waɗanda ke bayan gida, galibinsu sun haɗa da wuraren zama kamar iyali/ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci, da dai sauransu, gareji, gaban da/ko bayan gida da titin mota. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna na ciki na garuruwan yanki, yawancin nau'ikan gidaje suna da ƙananan matsakaicin matsakaicin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da matakan dangane da wadatar tarihi ko rashin shi na yankin. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna, manyan gidaje masu yawa kuma suna nan. Tubalan salon akwatin takalmi da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tsofaffin yankunan birni na Melbourne. Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin salon Dingbat. Yawancin manyan gine-ginen gidaje an gina su a Melbourne cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000. == Albarka da tallafi == Akwai wasu tsarin tallafi da jin dadin wadanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje a Victoria, waɗannan sun haɗa da samun dama ga cibiyoyin kamar Tenants Unions, hukumomin gwamnati kamar Kotun Jama'a da Gudanarwa ta Victoria da jin dadin kamar 'Rent Assistance' da aka rarraba ta hanyar Centrelink. == Kasuwar gidaje == Tun daga shekarun 1980s matsakaicin farashin gida a Victoria yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.9% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing Prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=econ.mq.edu.au}}</ref> Matsakaicin sashi / farashin gida yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.73% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Median House Prices - By Type and Sale Year |url=https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property/Median-House-Prices-By-Type-and-Sale-Year/i8px-csib |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=data.melbourne.vic.gov.au}}</ref> Kididdigar da ake samu, Yuni 2004: * Yawan jama'a: 4,644, 950 * Jimlar Gidaje: 1,928,617 (Mayu 2010) (Source: [http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing _and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf]) * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata: 382,981 * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi: 328,176 * Rarraba Gidaje a Kasuwar Rental: 17.9% * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi A Melbourne: 247,208 * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata na Jama'a: 62,645 * Adadin masu karɓar Taimako na Commonwealth Rent: 194,507 * Adadin gidaje masu zaman kansu tare da samun kudin shiga na mako-mako bai kai $ 500 ba: 85,186 * Adadin mazauna a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Caravan: 15,650 * Adadin mazauna a cikin Gidajen Gidaje: Ba a sani ba === Sauran kididdiga === * Kashi na duk masu haya tare da matsalolin tsari ko gyare-gyare tare da gidansu: gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% ** gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% ** gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya masu zaman kansu ba tare da dumama ba: 10% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar gaba ba: 34% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar baya ba: 55% 0zlhuf9iryb540ua6lo33cbvugnful4 846767 846766 2026-06-04T10:04:09Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DATABOX}} [[Fayil:Bulleen-estate2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gidaje na yau da kullun da aka samu a yawancin Victoria.]] Mazauna a jihar Victoria, Ostiraliya na da alaƙa da yawan kuɗin mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu, ƙarancin gidaje da rashin gidaje na jama'a da yawan buƙatu, kuma galibin gidaje na haya. A wajen Melbourne, gida mai kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar jihar, gidaje da haya ya fi araha. A Melbourne, samun damar samun gidajen jama'a gabaɗaya ya fi kyau, amma gidaje da haya ba su da araha. Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yawanci ana ba da su ne daga sassan gwamnatin jihar Victoria kuma suna aiki a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Gidajen Commonwealth-State, wanda gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi ke ba da tallafi ga gidajen jama'ar. Tun daga 2010, duka Victoria da Melbourne suna fuskantar haɓaka cikin sauri a yawan jama'a, suna haifar da babban buƙatun gidaje. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar gidaje, haɓaka farashin gidaje da yin tasiri akan farashin haya da kuma samun kowane nau'in gidaje.. == Gidaje masu zaman kansu == Gidaje masu zaman kansu a Victoria suna da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin su ana gina su bayan yaƙi da ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, yana fama da rashin samun dama ga kayan aikin sufuri na jama'a da abubuwan more rayuwa, dangane da wurin da yake. Ana tilasta wa mazauna da yawa mallakar mota don ba da damar samun damar abubuwan more rayuwa da ayyuka da kuma samar da sufuri zuwa da dawowa daga aiki. Yawancin matsalolin ababen more rayuwa na gidaje masu zaman kansu suna cikin gidajen haya na Victoria. Kasuwancin yanayin sufuri na jama'a a Melbourne yana kusa da kashi 10 cikin dari, yayin da yawancin garuruwan Victoria na yankin sun fi ƙasa. A ƙarshen 2000s, farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya, dangane da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, sun kasance daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa ƙasar tana fuskantar kumfa na ƙasa kamar sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2007, bashin jinginar gida ya yi daidai da 80% na GDP na Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debunking Economics |url=http://www.debunkingeconomics.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622235520/http://debunkingeconomics.com/ |archive-date=2012-06-22 |access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ya tashi zuwa mafi girman matakan da ya samu a duk lokacin tarihin Australiya, kusan sau uku na bashin masu zaman kansu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016, kashi 32.3% na gidaje a Victoria mallakar su ne, kashi 35.3% mallakar su ta amfani da jinginar gida, yayin da ake hayar 28.7.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 October 2017 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Victoria |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609051412/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2%3Fopendocument |archive-date=2019-06-09 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> == Gidajen haya == Gidajen haya a cikin Victoria a halin yanzu yana cikin buƙatu da yawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga haɓakar yawan jama'a. Sakamakon haka, gidaje na haya na iya zama da wahala a samu, musamman ma gidajen haya mai araha. Masu neman hayan gida galibi suna ba da ƙarin hayar hayar, hayan watanni da yawa a gaba da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu gida don tabbatar da gidaje. A halin yanzu babu kaɗan ko babu sarrafa haya da aka aiwatar a Victoria. == Gidajen jama'a == [[Fayil:Housing_Commission_High_Rise_Collingwood.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Babban ɗaki na jama'a a Collingwood, Melbourne]] Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yana da halin rashin wadata da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin mazauna a cikin gidajen jama'a sun kasance masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-ginen da Hukumar Gidaje ta Victoria ta gina a Melbourne a cikin shekarun 1960, kusan duk ana amfani da su a yau. Ayyukan gidaje na jama'a na baya-bayan nan sun kasance na ƙanana zuwa ƙananan matsakaicin yawa. Samun damar samun gidajen jama'a a Victoria na iya zama da wahala kamar yadda yawancin mazauna dole ne su jira a jerin jira har sai ɗakuna da gidaje sun kasance. Akwai rashin saka hannun jari a cikin gidajen jama'a, wanda ke haifar da rashin wadata da inganci. Kamar sauran jihohi da yankuna a Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar gidajen jama'a a Victoria a matsayin abin zargi, kuma galibi ana ganin su kuma "an tsara su a matsayin wuraren haɗari, kwayoyi da mugunta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sisson, Alistair |last2=Chatterjee, Pratichi |date=7 August 2020 |title=Why public housing is stigmatised and how we can fix it |url=https://theconversation.com/why-public-housing-is-stigmatised-and-how-we-can-fix-it-142913 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> Wannan zargi, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, na iya haifar da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci da cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Rowland |last2=Jacobs |first2=Keith |date=2 June 2008 |title=Public housing in Australia: stigma, home and opportunity |url=https://apo.org.au/node/311 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin gidaje na Victoria yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin sufuri a cikin amfani da yawa a lokacin ginin gidaje. Yankunan ciki na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, suna jin daɗin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, jiragen ƙasa, trams, bas da kayan aikin keke. Sabanin haka, kewayen birni da na waje na Melbourne da garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 20, suna fama da nau'ikan birane masu cin gashin kai tare da matalauta ko rashin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a. Wannan ababen more rayuwa ya tsara abubuwa da yawa na gidaje a Victoria; daga farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu, haya, farashi na gaba ɗaya, inganci, gentrification da wadatar gidaje, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa inda aka fi dacewa da jin daɗi da sufuri na jama'a. Yawancin yankuna masu wadata da masu arziki suna da kyakkyawar damar samun kayan more rayuwa da sufuri na jama'a, yayin da yankunan da ke kusa da birni da na waje galibi sun fi rahusa kuma ba su da damar samun kyawawan kayan more rayuwa. == Nau'ikan gidaje == [[Fayil:Three_storey_terraces_in_drummond_street_carlton.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidaje na Victorian, na yau da kullun a cikin birni na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki]] Nau'o'in gidaje a cikin Victoria suna mamaye gidaje guda ɗaya ko bene biyu waɗanda ke bayan gida, galibinsu sun haɗa da wuraren zama kamar iyali/ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci, da dai sauransu, gareji, gaban da/ko bayan gida da titin mota. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna na ciki na garuruwan yanki, yawancin nau'ikan gidaje suna da ƙananan matsakaicin matsakaicin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da matakan dangane da wadatar tarihi ko rashin shi na yankin. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna, manyan gidaje masu yawa kuma suna nan. Tubalan salon akwatin takalmi da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tsofaffin yankunan birni na Melbourne. Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin salon Dingbat. Yawancin manyan gine-ginen gidaje an gina su a Melbourne cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000. == Albarka da tallafi == Akwai wasu tsarin tallafi da jin dadin wadanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje a Victoria, waɗannan sun haɗa da samun dama ga cibiyoyin kamar Tenants Unions, hukumomin gwamnati kamar Kotun Jama'a da Gudanarwa ta Victoria da jin dadin kamar 'Rent Assistance' da aka rarraba ta hanyar Centrelink. == Kasuwar gidaje == Tun daga shekarun 1980s matsakaicin farashin gida a Victoria yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.9% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing Prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=econ.mq.edu.au}}</ref> Matsakaicin sashi / farashin gida yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.73% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Median House Prices - By Type and Sale Year |url=https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property/Median-House-Prices-By-Type-and-Sale-Year/i8px-csib |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=data.melbourne.vic.gov.au}}</ref> Kididdigar da ake samu, Yuni 2004: * Yawan jama'a: 4,644, 950 * Jimlar Gidaje: 1,928,617 (Mayu 2010) (Source: [http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing _and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf]) * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata: 382,981 * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi: 328,176 * Rarraba Gidaje a Kasuwar Rental: 17.9% * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi A Melbourne: 247,208 * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata na Jama'a: 62,645 * Adadin masu karɓar Taimako na Commonwealth Rent: 194,507 * Adadin gidaje masu zaman kansu tare da samun kudin shiga na mako-mako bai kai $ 500 ba: 85,186 * Adadin mazauna a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Caravan: 15,650 * Adadin mazauna a cikin Gidajen Gidaje: Ba a sani ba === Sauran kididdiga === * Kashi na duk masu haya tare da matsalolin tsari ko gyare-gyare tare da gidansu: gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% ** gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% ** gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya masu zaman kansu ba tare da dumama ba: 10% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar gaba ba: 34% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar baya ba: 55% 66bp09cqmg4wxyco9duysmeb4yrlz2e Luna DuBois 0 154725 846773 2026-06-04T10:21:41Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324794000|Luna DuBois]]" 846773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luna DuBois''' sunan dandamali ne na '''Tom VanDyne''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yohomo - Late Night |url=https://ra.co/events/1223725 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=ra.co |publisher=Resident Advisor Ltd}}</ref> wani ɗan Najeriya-Kanada mai wasan jan hankali kuma mai gyaran gashi wanda ya fafata a kakar wasa ta 4 ta ''Drag Race ta Kanada'' . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Tom VanDyne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Luna DuBois {{!}} Canada's Drag Race (Crave Original) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QfzsMgBaHUg |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Kanada. == Sana'a == VanDyne kwararren mai zane ne kuma mai gyaran gashi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Ali |date=2023-10-18 |title=Canada's Drag Race announces season four cast |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/18/canadas-drag-race-season-four/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125055037/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/18/canadas-drag-race-season-four/ |archive-date=2023-11-25 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=[[PinkNews]] |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya kware a fannin zane-zane . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunn |first=Bryen |date=2022-04-01 |title=Moon & Stars – Toronto's newest queer party launches April 1, 2022 |url=https://thebuzzmag.ca/2022/04/moon-stars-torontos-newest-queer-party-launches-april-1-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208033340/https://thebuzzmag.ca/2022/04/moon-stars-torontos-newest-queer-party-launches-april-1-2022/ |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TheBUZZ Magazine |language=en-CA}}</ref> Luna DuBois mutum ne mai jan hankali. Yana "aiki tare da masu wasan kwaikwayo na BIPOC kuma yana tabbatar da cewa an yi musu adalci". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Luna DuBois tana cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a ''Queer Pride Inside'', wani taron yanar gizo da Elvira Kurt ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwar CBC Gem and Buddies in Bad Times . Luna DuBois ta fafata a kakar wasa ta 4 ta Drag Race ta Kanada . [1] Ita ce 'yar Najeriya ta farko da ta fafata a wasan. [2] A kashi na biyu, Luna DuBois ta shiga zagaye na biyu na ƙasa kuma ta doke Sisi Superstar a wasan da Avril Lavigne ya buga da " Ina tare da Kai " (2002). A kashi na biyar, Luna DuBois ta yi kwaikwayon Mary Cosby ta The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City don ƙalubalen Snatch Game . Ta sake shiga zagaye na biyu na ƙasa, kuma ta sha kashi a hannun Aurora Matrix da " She's All I Wanna Be " (2022) ta Tate McRae . == Rayuwa ta sirri == VanDyne tana zaune a Toronto, kuma tana amfani da sunaye ''kamar she'' / ''her'' a cikin ja da ''he'' / ''him'' out of ja. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ "Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens"]. ''www.bbc.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ Archived] from the original on 2023-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * ''Gasar Drag ta Kanada'' ( kashi na 4 ) * ''Ku dawo da 'Yan Matana'' (2024) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4qmpkbb3y457ak7h8cq3gxowz2020u6 846774 846773 2026-06-04T10:22:05Z Sardeeq 39275 846774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luna DuBois''' sunan dandamali ne na '''Tom VanDyne''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yohomo - Late Night |url=https://ra.co/events/1223725 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=ra.co |publisher=Resident Advisor Ltd}}</ref> wani ɗan Najeriya-Kanada mai wasan jan hankali kuma mai gyaran gashi wanda ya fafata a kakar wasa ta 4 ta ''Drag Race ta Kanada'' . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Tom VanDyne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Luna DuBois {{!}} Canada's Drag Race (Crave Original) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QfzsMgBaHUg |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Kanada. == Sana'a == VanDyne kwararren mai zane ne kuma mai gyaran gashi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Ali |date=2023-10-18 |title=Canada's Drag Race announces season four cast |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/18/canadas-drag-race-season-four/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125055037/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/18/canadas-drag-race-season-four/ |archive-date=2023-11-25 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=[[PinkNews]] |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya kware a fannin zane-zane . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunn |first=Bryen |date=2022-04-01 |title=Moon & Stars – Toronto's newest queer party launches April 1, 2022 |url=https://thebuzzmag.ca/2022/04/moon-stars-torontos-newest-queer-party-launches-april-1-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208033340/https://thebuzzmag.ca/2022/04/moon-stars-torontos-newest-queer-party-launches-april-1-2022/ |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TheBUZZ Magazine |language=en-CA}}</ref> Luna DuBois mutum ne mai jan hankali. Yana "aiki tare da masu wasan kwaikwayo na BIPOC kuma yana tabbatar da cewa an yi musu adalci". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Luna DuBois tana cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a ''Queer Pride Inside'', wani taron yanar gizo da Elvira Kurt ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwar CBC Gem and Buddies in Bad Times . Luna DuBois ta fafata a kakar wasa ta 4 ta Drag Race ta Kanada . [1] Ita ce 'yar Najeriya ta farko da ta fafata a wasan. [2] A kashi na biyu, Luna DuBois ta shiga zagaye na biyu na ƙasa kuma ta doke Sisi Superstar a wasan da Avril Lavigne ya buga da " Ina tare da Kai " (2002). A kashi na biyar, Luna DuBois ta yi kwaikwayon Mary Cosby ta The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City don ƙalubalen Snatch Game . Ta sake shiga zagaye na biyu na ƙasa, kuma ta sha kashi a hannun Aurora Matrix da " She's All I Wanna Be " (2022) ta Tate McRae . == Rayuwa ta sirri == VanDyne tana zaune a Toronto, kuma tana amfani da sunaye ''kamar she'' / ''her'' a cikin ja da ''he'' / ''him'' out of ja. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ |archive-date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ "Canada's Drag Race Series 4: Meet the Queens"]. ''www.bbc.co.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/canadas-drag-race-series-4-queens/ Archived] from the original on 2023-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * ''Gasar Drag ta Kanada'' ( kashi na 4 ) * ''Ku dawo da 'Yan Matana'' (2024) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aeng75iyhncaynogczj8lfuhu15mnjt Safed Koh 0 154726 846776 2026-06-04T10:37:10Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355960485|Safed Koh]]" 846776 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Safēd Kōh''' (Dari: سلسلئہ سفید کوہ, romanized: Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh) or '''Spīn Ghar''' (Pashto: سپین غر) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka da ke kudu da Hindu Kush.[1] Ya miƙe daga gabashin Afghanistan zuwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Babbar tsaunuka ita ce Dutsen Sikaram a kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan, wanda ke da hasumiya sama da dukkan tsaunuka da ke kewaye da shi zuwa {{Convert|4755|m|ft|0}} m (15,600 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. == Magana == Pashto "Spīn Ghar" da Dari Farisa 'Safēd Kōh' duka a zahiri suna nufin 'White Mountains'.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Safed Koh}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChisholm1911">[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Safed Koh">[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Safed_Koh|"Safed Koh"&nbsp;]]</span>. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&nbsp;23 (11th&nbsp;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">994–</span>995.</cite> [[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference]]</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Khogyani_district.jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga Gundumar Khogyani, Afghanistan]] Yankin ya kai daga Kwarin Peshawar a Pakistan a gabas kimanin kilomita 160 zuwa yamma zuwa Kwarin Logar a Afghanistan. Kogin Kabul ya yanke wani karami rami ta cikin tsaunukan Spīn Ghar don gudana zuwa gabas zuwa [[Kogin Indus]]. Yankin ya haɗu kai tsaye da reshen Shandur Top na tsarin tsaunukan Hindu Kush. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_(5398022569).jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga [[Jalalabad]], Afghanistan]] Babbar tudu ita ce Dutsen Sikaram, kusa da garin Pakistan na Parachinar a cikin [[Kurram River|Kurram]]_Valley" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kurram Valley">Kwarin Kurram . Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Tari Mangal, Pewar, Alizai, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, da Landi Kotal Tehsil. Duwatsun Spīn Ghar sun samar da ruwa tsakanin tsarin kogin Kabul da Kurram. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_Mountains_-_120224-N-CI175-014.jpg|thumb|Jirgin saman Amurka yana tashi a kan duwatsu a Afghanistan]] Biranen da suka fi kusa da Spīn Ghar sune [[Jalalabad]] a arewa; Gardez a yamma; da [[Khōst, Afghanistan|Khost]], da Parachinar a Pakistan a kudu. Yankin da ke tsakanin [[Herat]] a yamma da Chaghcharan a gabas ana kiransa Paropamisus Mountains . == Ilimin ƙasa == White Mountains wani bangare ne na gefen yamma wanda ke raba [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] daga Eurasian Plate. Tushen tsaunuka ya kunshi gneisses na Proterozoic da granites tare da haɗuwa da Gabbros, duwatsun metavolcanic, marmara da Migrmatites. A kan taron akwai kankara na cirque, wasu daga cikinsu suna cike da scree. A gefen kudancin Sikaram Sar bi daga 2500 m daga kasa zuwa saman: ƙasa mai laushi a cikin kwari, dutse mai laushi da dolomite har zuwa 4000 m, wani yanki na tsakiya na dutse a 4000 m, sama da dutse mai lu'u-lu'u. == Dabbobi == An lissafa wani yanki mai girman hekta 20,000 a kudu maso yammacin Spīn Ghar a matsayin muhimmin yanki na tsuntsaye a Afghanistan. Tuddai na ƙasa galibi ba su da bishiyoyi kuma ba su da bishiyoyi, amma pine yana tsiro a manyan tsaunukan da ke samar da dazuzzukan tsaunukan gabashin Afghanistan..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Aikin noma da gandun daji === Sama da kusan gangaren da ba su da kyau, gandun daji na pine da deodar cedar sun bunƙasa a kan babban kewayon, amma lalacewa a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afghanistan ya rage albarkatun katako. Kwarin har yanzu suna tallafawa aikin gona. Kogunan White Mountains suna ba da aikin ban ruwa Wikimedia Commons yana da kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi Spīn Ghar. Kuskuren Script: Babu irin wannan tsarin "Idan an duba". na filayen da ke cikin kwarurukan kogi masu yawan jama'a, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwanƙolin Jalalabad girbi da yawa. Alkama, masara, nau'ikan kayan lambu daban-daban (albasa, wake kore, okra, tumatir, da sauransu), auduga, opium poppies, lemun tsami, rake, da zaitun suma ana noma su a kusa da Jalalabad. Babban kwarin Bara a kudu maso gabashin yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma da ake amfani da su sosai a yankunan ƙabilun Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tsoffin rahotanni suna magana game da gonakin 'ya'yan itace masu arziki a cikin kwarin Spīn Ghar tare da itatuwan mulberry da pomegranate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 349 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_355.gif |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> An fitar da itace daga gandun daji na gabashin Afghanistan galibi zuwa Pakistan tun daga karni na 19, kuma a cikin adadi mara kyau, don haka Afghanistan ta sanya cikakken haramcin fitarwa a 1975, wanda masu safarar mutane suka kewaye. Baya ga ainihin gandun daji akwai ko kuma akwai tattalin arzikin tattarawa don kwayoyin pistachio da tsaba masu cin abinci na ''Pinus gerardiana'' . == Fitarwa == [[Fayil:Tari_Mengal_Kurram_Agency.jpg|thumb|Tari Mangal, Gundumar Kurram, Pakistan, a ƙasa da Peiwar Pass]] [[Fayil:Trucks_crossing_into_Kyber_Pakhtunkhwa_at_Torkham.jpg|thumb|Ƙetare iyaka a Torkham a kan Khyber Pass a cikin 2011]] Akwai wasu sanannun hanyoyin dutse a cikin ko kusa da tsaunukan Spīn Ghar. Shahararren Khyber Pass ya haye wani sashi na Spīn Ghar . Hanya ta biyu, kusa da Dutsen Sikaram, ana kiranta Peiwar Pass ko Gawi Pass kuma tana haɗa garin Parachinar a gefen Pakistan tare da kwarin Aryob na Lardin Paktia, Afghanistan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa a kan babban tudun White Mountains ita ce Agam Pass (3586 m), wanda nisan daga Jalalabad zuwa Parachinar shine kilomita 92.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Yankin Durand Line da aka kafa a 1893 tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya ta ratsa wadannan duwatsu. A cewar bayanan soja na Amurka, yawancin mayakan [[al-Qaeda]], ciki har da [[Osama bin Laden]], sun haye Spīn Ghar don tserewa zuwa Pakistan a lokacin [[Tora Bora]]">Yakin Tora Bora a shekara ta 2001. An yi zargin cewa Bin Laden ya ɓoye a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi a arewacin yankin, wanda ake kira Tora Bora . Bayan shekara ta 2004, tsaunukan Spīn Ghar sun kasance wuri mai mahimmanci da kuma filin wasan da aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin mayakan kasashen waje na al-Qaeda da hadin gwiwar Arewacin Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan, tare da ƙarshen ƙoƙarin hana mamayewar mayakan kasashen duniya zuwa Pakistan. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tsaunuka]] * Jerin tsaunuka mafi tsawo * Koh-i-Baba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d5q7j1eqst4e7ag4mbs0tea5m9ex6wh 846777 846776 2026-06-04T10:37:24Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355960485|Safed Koh]]" 846777 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Mountain_passes_Afghanistan_Pakistan.png|thumb|290x290px|Taswirar Arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan tare da Spīn Ghar a kasa]] The '''Safēd Kōh''' (Dari: سلسلئہ سفید کوہ, romanized: Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh) or '''Spīn Ghar''' (Pashto: سپین غر) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka da ke kudu da Hindu Kush.[1] Ya miƙe daga gabashin Afghanistan zuwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Babbar tsaunuka ita ce Dutsen Sikaram a kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan, wanda ke da hasumiya sama da dukkan tsaunuka da ke kewaye da shi zuwa {{Convert|4755|m|ft|0}} m (15,600 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. == Magana == Pashto "Spīn Ghar" da Dari Farisa 'Safēd Kōh' duka a zahiri suna nufin 'White Mountains'.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Safed Koh}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChisholm1911">[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Safed Koh">[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Safed_Koh|"Safed Koh"&nbsp;]]</span>. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&nbsp;23 (11th&nbsp;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">994–</span>995.</cite> [[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference]]</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Khogyani_district.jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga Gundumar Khogyani, Afghanistan]] Yankin ya kai daga Kwarin Peshawar a Pakistan a gabas kimanin kilomita 160 zuwa yamma zuwa Kwarin Logar a Afghanistan. Kogin Kabul ya yanke wani karami rami ta cikin tsaunukan Spīn Ghar don gudana zuwa gabas zuwa [[Kogin Indus]]. Yankin ya haɗu kai tsaye da reshen Shandur Top na tsarin tsaunukan Hindu Kush. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_(5398022569).jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga [[Jalalabad]], Afghanistan]] Babbar tudu ita ce Dutsen Sikaram, kusa da garin Pakistan na Parachinar a cikin [[Kurram River|Kurram]]_Valley" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kurram Valley">Kwarin Kurram . Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Tari Mangal, Pewar, Alizai, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, da Landi Kotal Tehsil. Duwatsun Spīn Ghar sun samar da ruwa tsakanin tsarin kogin Kabul da Kurram. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_Mountains_-_120224-N-CI175-014.jpg|thumb|Jirgin saman Amurka yana tashi a kan duwatsu a Afghanistan]] Biranen da suka fi kusa da Spīn Ghar sune [[Jalalabad]] a arewa; Gardez a yamma; da [[Khōst, Afghanistan|Khost]], da Parachinar a Pakistan a kudu. Yankin da ke tsakanin [[Herat]] a yamma da Chaghcharan a gabas ana kiransa Paropamisus Mountains . == Ilimin ƙasa == White Mountains wani bangare ne na gefen yamma wanda ke raba [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] daga Eurasian Plate. Tushen tsaunuka ya kunshi gneisses na Proterozoic da granites tare da haɗuwa da Gabbros, duwatsun metavolcanic, marmara da Migrmatites. A kan taron akwai kankara na cirque, wasu daga cikinsu suna cike da scree. A gefen kudancin Sikaram Sar bi daga 2500 m daga kasa zuwa saman: ƙasa mai laushi a cikin kwari, dutse mai laushi da dolomite har zuwa 4000 m, wani yanki na tsakiya na dutse a 4000 m, sama da dutse mai lu'u-lu'u. == Dabbobi == An lissafa wani yanki mai girman hekta 20,000 a kudu maso yammacin Spīn Ghar a matsayin muhimmin yanki na tsuntsaye a Afghanistan. Tuddai na ƙasa galibi ba su da bishiyoyi kuma ba su da bishiyoyi, amma pine yana tsiro a manyan tsaunukan da ke samar da dazuzzukan tsaunukan gabashin Afghanistan..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Aikin noma da gandun daji === Sama da kusan gangaren da ba su da kyau, gandun daji na pine da deodar cedar sun bunƙasa a kan babban kewayon, amma lalacewa a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afghanistan ya rage albarkatun katako. Kwarin har yanzu suna tallafawa aikin gona. Kogunan White Mountains suna ba da aikin ban ruwa Wikimedia Commons yana da kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi Spīn Ghar. Kuskuren Script: Babu irin wannan tsarin "Idan an duba". na filayen da ke cikin kwarurukan kogi masu yawan jama'a, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwanƙolin Jalalabad girbi da yawa. Alkama, masara, nau'ikan kayan lambu daban-daban (albasa, wake kore, okra, tumatir, da sauransu), auduga, opium poppies, lemun tsami, rake, da zaitun suma ana noma su a kusa da Jalalabad. Babban kwarin Bara a kudu maso gabashin yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma da ake amfani da su sosai a yankunan ƙabilun Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tsoffin rahotanni suna magana game da gonakin 'ya'yan itace masu arziki a cikin kwarin Spīn Ghar tare da itatuwan mulberry da pomegranate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 349 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_355.gif |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> An fitar da itace daga gandun daji na gabashin Afghanistan galibi zuwa Pakistan tun daga karni na 19, kuma a cikin adadi mara kyau, don haka Afghanistan ta sanya cikakken haramcin fitarwa a 1975, wanda masu safarar mutane suka kewaye. Baya ga ainihin gandun daji akwai ko kuma akwai tattalin arzikin tattarawa don kwayoyin pistachio da tsaba masu cin abinci na ''Pinus gerardiana'' . == Fitarwa == [[Fayil:Tari_Mengal_Kurram_Agency.jpg|thumb|Tari Mangal, Gundumar Kurram, Pakistan, a ƙasa da Peiwar Pass]] [[Fayil:Trucks_crossing_into_Kyber_Pakhtunkhwa_at_Torkham.jpg|thumb|Ƙetare iyaka a Torkham a kan Khyber Pass a cikin 2011]] Akwai wasu sanannun hanyoyin dutse a cikin ko kusa da tsaunukan Spīn Ghar. Shahararren Khyber Pass ya haye wani sashi na Spīn Ghar . Hanya ta biyu, kusa da Dutsen Sikaram, ana kiranta Peiwar Pass ko Gawi Pass kuma tana haɗa garin Parachinar a gefen Pakistan tare da kwarin Aryob na Lardin Paktia, Afghanistan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa a kan babban tudun White Mountains ita ce Agam Pass (3586 m), wanda nisan daga Jalalabad zuwa Parachinar shine kilomita 92.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Yankin Durand Line da aka kafa a 1893 tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya ta ratsa wadannan duwatsu. A cewar bayanan soja na Amurka, yawancin mayakan [[al-Qaeda]], ciki har da [[Osama bin Laden]], sun haye Spīn Ghar don tserewa zuwa Pakistan a lokacin [[Tora Bora]]">Yakin Tora Bora a shekara ta 2001. An yi zargin cewa Bin Laden ya ɓoye a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi a arewacin yankin, wanda ake kira Tora Bora . Bayan shekara ta 2004, tsaunukan Spīn Ghar sun kasance wuri mai mahimmanci da kuma filin wasan da aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin mayakan kasashen waje na al-Qaeda da hadin gwiwar Arewacin Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan, tare da ƙarshen ƙoƙarin hana mamayewar mayakan kasashen duniya zuwa Pakistan. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tsaunuka]] * Jerin tsaunuka mafi tsawo * Koh-i-Baba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s2bwqto8x5641njzjtthwy9h1z723m4 846778 846777 2026-06-04T10:38:05Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846778 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== {{Databox}}====   [[Fayil:Mountain_passes_Afghanistan_Pakistan.png|thumb|290x290px|Taswirar Arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan tare da Spīn Ghar a kasa]] The '''Safēd Kōh''' (Dari: سلسلئہ سفید کوہ, romanized: Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh) or '''Spīn Ghar''' (Pashto: سپین غر) wani yanki ne na tsaunuka da ke kudu da Hindu Kush.[1] Ya miƙe daga gabashin Afghanistan zuwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Babbar tsaunuka ita ce Dutsen Sikaram a kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan, wanda ke da hasumiya sama da dukkan tsaunuka da ke kewaye da shi zuwa {{Convert|4755|m|ft|0}} m (15,600 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. == Magana == Pashto "Spīn Ghar" da Dari Farisa 'Safēd Kōh' duka a zahiri suna nufin 'White Mountains'.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Safed Koh}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChisholm1911">[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Safed Koh">[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Safed_Koh|"Safed Koh"&nbsp;]]</span>. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&nbsp;23 (11th&nbsp;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">994–</span>995.</cite> [[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference]]</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Khogyani_district.jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga Gundumar Khogyani, Afghanistan]] Yankin ya kai daga Kwarin Peshawar a Pakistan a gabas kimanin kilomita 160 zuwa yamma zuwa Kwarin Logar a Afghanistan. Kogin Kabul ya yanke wani karami rami ta cikin tsaunukan Spīn Ghar don gudana zuwa gabas zuwa [[Kogin Indus]]. Yankin ya haɗu kai tsaye da reshen Shandur Top na tsarin tsaunukan Hindu Kush. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_(5398022569).jpg|thumb|Yankin kamar yadda aka gani daga [[Jalalabad]], Afghanistan]] Babbar tudu ita ce Dutsen Sikaram, kusa da garin Pakistan na Parachinar a cikin [[Kurram River|Kurram]]_Valley" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kurram Valley">Kwarin Kurram . Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Tari Mangal, Pewar, Alizai, Khewas, Shilawzan, Luqman Khel, Maikay, Chappri Rest House, Zeran, da Landi Kotal Tehsil. Duwatsun Spīn Ghar sun samar da ruwa tsakanin tsarin kogin Kabul da Kurram. [[Fayil:Spin_Ghar_Mountains_-_120224-N-CI175-014.jpg|thumb|Jirgin saman Amurka yana tashi a kan duwatsu a Afghanistan]] Biranen da suka fi kusa da Spīn Ghar sune [[Jalalabad]] a arewa; Gardez a yamma; da [[Khōst, Afghanistan|Khost]], da Parachinar a Pakistan a kudu. Yankin da ke tsakanin [[Herat]] a yamma da Chaghcharan a gabas ana kiransa Paropamisus Mountains . == Ilimin ƙasa == White Mountains wani bangare ne na gefen yamma wanda ke raba [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] daga Eurasian Plate. Tushen tsaunuka ya kunshi gneisses na Proterozoic da granites tare da haɗuwa da Gabbros, duwatsun metavolcanic, marmara da Migrmatites. A kan taron akwai kankara na cirque, wasu daga cikinsu suna cike da scree. A gefen kudancin Sikaram Sar bi daga 2500 m daga kasa zuwa saman: ƙasa mai laushi a cikin kwari, dutse mai laushi da dolomite har zuwa 4000 m, wani yanki na tsakiya na dutse a 4000 m, sama da dutse mai lu'u-lu'u. == Dabbobi == An lissafa wani yanki mai girman hekta 20,000 a kudu maso yammacin Spīn Ghar a matsayin muhimmin yanki na tsuntsaye a Afghanistan. Tuddai na ƙasa galibi ba su da bishiyoyi kuma ba su da bishiyoyi, amma pine yana tsiro a manyan tsaunukan da ke samar da dazuzzukan tsaunukan gabashin Afghanistan..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Aikin noma da gandun daji === Sama da kusan gangaren da ba su da kyau, gandun daji na pine da deodar cedar sun bunƙasa a kan babban kewayon, amma lalacewa a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afghanistan ya rage albarkatun katako. Kwarin har yanzu suna tallafawa aikin gona. Kogunan White Mountains suna ba da aikin ban ruwa Wikimedia Commons yana da kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi Spīn Ghar. Kuskuren Script: Babu irin wannan tsarin "Idan an duba". na filayen da ke cikin kwarurukan kogi masu yawan jama'a, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwanƙolin Jalalabad girbi da yawa. Alkama, masara, nau'ikan kayan lambu daban-daban (albasa, wake kore, okra, tumatir, da sauransu), auduga, opium poppies, lemun tsami, rake, da zaitun suma ana noma su a kusa da Jalalabad. Babban kwarin Bara a kudu maso gabashin yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan noma da ake amfani da su sosai a yankunan ƙabilun Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tsoffin rahotanni suna magana game da gonakin 'ya'yan itace masu arziki a cikin kwarin Spīn Ghar tare da itatuwan mulberry da pomegranate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 349 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_355.gif |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> An fitar da itace daga gandun daji na gabashin Afghanistan galibi zuwa Pakistan tun daga karni na 19, kuma a cikin adadi mara kyau, don haka Afghanistan ta sanya cikakken haramcin fitarwa a 1975, wanda masu safarar mutane suka kewaye. Baya ga ainihin gandun daji akwai ko kuma akwai tattalin arzikin tattarawa don kwayoyin pistachio da tsaba masu cin abinci na ''Pinus gerardiana'' . == Fitarwa == [[Fayil:Tari_Mengal_Kurram_Agency.jpg|thumb|Tari Mangal, Gundumar Kurram, Pakistan, a ƙasa da Peiwar Pass]] [[Fayil:Trucks_crossing_into_Kyber_Pakhtunkhwa_at_Torkham.jpg|thumb|Ƙetare iyaka a Torkham a kan Khyber Pass a cikin 2011]] Akwai wasu sanannun hanyoyin dutse a cikin ko kusa da tsaunukan Spīn Ghar. Shahararren Khyber Pass ya haye wani sashi na Spīn Ghar . Hanya ta biyu, kusa da Dutsen Sikaram, ana kiranta Peiwar Pass ko Gawi Pass kuma tana haɗa garin Parachinar a gefen Pakistan tare da kwarin Aryob na Lardin Paktia, Afghanistan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa a kan babban tudun White Mountains ita ce Agam Pass (3586 m), wanda nisan daga Jalalabad zuwa Parachinar shine kilomita 92.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Yankin Durand Line da aka kafa a 1893 tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya ta ratsa wadannan duwatsu. A cewar bayanan soja na Amurka, yawancin mayakan [[al-Qaeda]], ciki har da [[Osama bin Laden]], sun haye Spīn Ghar don tserewa zuwa Pakistan a lokacin [[Tora Bora]]">Yakin Tora Bora a shekara ta 2001. An yi zargin cewa Bin Laden ya ɓoye a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi a arewacin yankin, wanda ake kira Tora Bora . Bayan shekara ta 2004, tsaunukan Spīn Ghar sun kasance wuri mai mahimmanci da kuma filin wasan da aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin mayakan kasashen waje na al-Qaeda da hadin gwiwar Arewacin Rundunar Sojojin Pakistan, tare da ƙarshen ƙoƙarin hana mamayewar mayakan kasashen duniya zuwa Pakistan. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin tsaunuka]] * Jerin tsaunuka mafi tsawo * Koh-i-Baba == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ngqbriaxiaolhrvmsxvu8v6bd1xjbvp Furta 0 154727 846779 2026-06-04T10:48:25Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346675079|Furta]]" 846779 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Furta</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Furta","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q302805"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Furta"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q302805"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[21.466666666667,47.133333333333],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Furta","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa ta Furta</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Countries of the world|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Hungary]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Counties of Hungary|Gundumar]] | class="infobox-data" |Hajdú-Bihar |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |4<sup>2</sup>.85 km2 (16.54 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2001)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,179 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |<sup>2</sup>.51/km2 (71.3/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]] | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+1]] ([[Central European Time|CET]]) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">• Lokacin bazara ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+2]] ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Postal code|Lambar gidan waya]] | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">4141</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Telephone numbering plan|Lambar yanki]] | class="infobox-data" |54 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:HajduBiharCounty.gif|right|thumb|300x300px|Wurin gundumar [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]] a [[Hungariya|Hungary]]]] '''Furta''' [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]] ne a cikin gundumar [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]], a yankin Arewacin Great Plain na gabashin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Furta Map: Detailed maps of Furta - ViaMichelin |url=https://www.viamichelin.co.uk/web/Maps/Map-Furta-4141-Hajdu_Bihar-Hungary |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.viamichelin.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 42.85 (murabba'in mil 17) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 1179 (2001){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} redcsnnq0hfkg1kcr6ud151n435hh0k 846780 846779 2026-06-04T10:48:49Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846780 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Furta</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Furta","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q302805"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Furta"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q302805"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[21.466666666667,47.133333333333],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Furta","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa ta Furta</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Countries of the world|Kasar]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Hungary]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Counties of Hungary|Gundumar]] | class="infobox-data" |Hajdú-Bihar |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |4<sup>2</sup>.85 km2 (16.54 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2001)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,179 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |<sup>2</sup>.51/km2 (71.3/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]] | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+1]] ([[Central European Time|CET]]) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">• Lokacin bazara ([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) &nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+2]] ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Postal code|Lambar gidan waya]] | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">4141</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Telephone numbering plan|Lambar yanki]] | class="infobox-data" |54 |} '''Furta''' [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]] ne a cikin gundumar [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]], a yankin Arewacin Great Plain na gabashin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Furta Map: Detailed maps of Furta - ViaMichelin |url=https://www.viamichelin.co.uk/web/Maps/Map-Furta-4141-Hajdu_Bihar-Hungary |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=www.viamichelin.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 42.85 (murabba'in mil 17) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 1179 (2001){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} gdsf6zcuiapgnhykg0hso7l5dc6ntvt Birnin Brisbane 0 154728 846783 2026-06-04T10:52:48Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299034834|City of Brisbane]]" 846783 wikitext text/x-wiki       '''Birnin Brisbane''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma (LGA) wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ciki na Greater Brisbane, babban birnin Queensland, Ostiraliya . Hukumar da ke kula da ita ita ce Majalisar Birnin Brisbane . Ƙungiyoyin LGAs a sauran manyan jihohin ƙasar (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth da Adelaide) gabaɗaya suna da alhakin gundumomin kasuwanci na tsakiya kawai da kuma unguwannin ciki na waɗannan biranen. Koyaya, Birnin Brisbane yana gudanar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Babban Birnin Brisbane (GCCSA), wanda ya kai kusan rabin yawan jama'arta. Don haka, tana da yawan jama'a fiye da kowace karamar hukuma a Ostiraliya. Birnin Brisbane ita ce karamar hukumar Ostireliya ta farko da ta kai fiye da mutane miliyan daya. Yawanta ya yi kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Yankin Arewa a hade. A cikin 2016-2017, majalisa ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi fiye da dala biliyan 3, [3] mafi girma a kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na City of Sydney da City of Melbourne LGAs.. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Council Annual Plan and Budget 2016–17 |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619002513/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Sydney Annual Report General Purpose Financial Statements 2016/17 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/annual-reports/previous-annual-reports/financial-reports-2016-17.pdf?download=true |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Sydney |pages=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Plan and Budget 2016-2017 |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Melbourne |pages=18-20}}</ref> Birnin ya samo asali ne daga birane, garuruwa da yankuna waɗanda suka haɗu a 1925. Babban ofisoshin da babban ɗakin karatu na majalisa suna a 266 George Street, wanda aka fi sani da Brisbane Square. Gidan Birnin Brisbane yana da Gidan Majalisar, ofisoshin Ubangiji Mayor da Mataimakin Mayor, dakunan taro da karɓar baƙi da Gidan Tarihi na Brisbane. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Birnin Brisbane yana da yawan mutane 1,242,825. Birnin Brisbane ya hada da wadannan ƙauyuka: == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Map_of_Brisbane_at_time_of_amalgamation_(8072989293).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Brisbane a lokacin hadewa]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg|thumb|Story Bridge da Kogin Brisbane, 2006]] [[Fayil:Queensland_State_Archives_169_Brisbane_City_Hall_Adelaide_Street_Brisbane_c_1932.png|thumb|Birnin Brisbane a cikin shekarun 1930]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_Administration_Centre.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ofisoshin majalisa, 2010]] Gwamnatin Queensland ta ƙirƙiri birnin Brisbane da nufin haɗa yankin babban birnin Brisbane a ƙarƙashin tsari guda ɗaya da tsarin mulki. Dokar Birnin Brisbane ta 1924 ta sami izini daga Gwamna a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1924. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1925, an soke kananan hukumomi ashirin masu girma dabam kuma aka hade su cikin sabuwar birnin. wato: * '''Birane''': Brisbane Kudancin Brisbane ** Brisbane ** Kudancin Brisbane * '''Garuruwa''': Hamilton Ithaca Sandgate Toowong Windsor Wynnum ** Hamilton ** Itaca ** Sandgate ** Toowong ** Windsor ** Wynnum * '''Shires''': Balmoral Belmont Coorparoo Enoggera Kedron Moggill Sherwood Stephens Taringa Tingalpa Toombul Yeerongpilly ** Balmoral ** Belmont ** Coorparoo ** Enoggera ** Kedron ** Moggill ** Sherwood ** Stephens ** Taringa ** Tingalpa ** Toombul ** Yeerongpilly Har ila yau, majalisar ta ɗauki alhakin hukumomin gwamnati masu cin gashin kansu da yawa, kamar Brisbane Tramways Trust. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Selected historical census data for City of Brisbane local government area ! |- ! colspan="3" |Census year !2001 !2006 !2011 !2016 !2021 |- | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Population |Estimated residents on census night | align="right" |873,780 | align="right" |956,129 | align="right" |1,041,839 | align="right" |1,131,155 |1,242,825 |- | align="right" |LGA rank in terms of size within Queensland | align="right" | | align="right" |1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | |- | align="right" |% of Queensland population | align="right" |24.37% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;24.49% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.05% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;24.05% | |- | align="right" |% of Australian population | align="right" |4.66% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.82% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.84% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.83% | |- ! colspan="3" |Cultural and language diversity ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Ancestry,<br /><br />top responses |English | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |25.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.3% | |- |Australian | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |23.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;20.2% | |- |Irish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |9.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | |- |Scottish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |7.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;7.4% | |- |Chinese | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |4.1% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;5.2% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Language,<br /><br />top responses<br /><br />(other than English) |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.9% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;2.6% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.1% | |- |Cantonese | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.5% | |- |Vietnamese | align="right" |1.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.6% | |- |Italian | align="right" |1.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.8% | align="right" | | |- |Greek | align="right" |0.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.7% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |Spanish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |0.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;0.9% | |- |Korean | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |1.0% | |- ! colspan="3" |Religious affiliation ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Religious affiliation,<br /><br />top responses |Catholic | align="right" |28.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;27.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;26.3% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;23.1% | |- |Anglican | align="right" |19.5% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;17.2% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;14.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;11.0% | |- |No religion | align="right" |15.0% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;23.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;31.6% | |- |Uniting | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;6.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;5.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.0% | |- |Presbyterian | align="right" |3.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;3.2% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |[[Buddha|Buddhism]] | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |3.0% | align="right" | | |- ! colspan="3" |Median weekly incomes ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Personal income |Median weekly personal income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$556 | align="right" |A$696 | align="right" |A$770 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.3% | align="right" |120.6% | align="right" |116.3% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Family income |Median weekly family income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1403 | align="right" |A$1873 | align="right" |A$2091 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.8% | align="right" |126.5% | align="right" |120.6% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Household income |Median weekly household income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1157 | align="right" |A$1547 | align="right" |A$1746 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |112.7% | align="right" |125.4% | align="right" |121.4% | |- ! colspan="3" |Dwelling structure ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Dwelling type |Separate house | align="right" |74.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;71.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;70.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;67.4% | |- |Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse | align="right" |6.7% | align="right" |7.9%{{Increase}}&nbsp; | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;10.4% | |- |Flat or apartment | align="right" |17.2% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;19.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.8% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;21.3% | |} Majalisar Birnin Brisbane tana kula da Brisbane Local Heritage Register, jerin wuraren da aka zaba waɗanda suka gamsu da ka'idodin al'adun majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEENSLAND HERITAGE ACT 1992 – SECT 113 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222125934/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |website=Queensland Consolidated Acts |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Birnin Brisbane yana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Birni na Brisbane, mafi girman majalisa a Ostiraliya. Majalisar birnin Brisbane tana da ikonta da aka raba tsakanin magajin gari, majalisa irin ta majalisa mai kansiloli ashirin da shida masu wakiltar gundumomi guda 30,000 kusan masu jefa kuri'a 30,000 (daidai da girman masu zabe na jihohi), da majalisar ministocin farar hula da ta hada da magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari (wanda aka zabo daga mafi rinjaye a majalisa) da kuma shugabannin kwamitocin majalisa bakwai. Saboda matsayin birnin Brisbane a matsayin karamar karamar hukuma mafi girma a kasar, babban magajin gari ne aka zaba ta mafi girma mai wakilai daya a Ostiraliya. Kamar duk masu unguwanni a Queensland, magajin gari yana da ikon zartarwa mai faɗi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansom |first=Graham |date=September 2012 |title=Australian Mayors: What Can and Should They Do? |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000019/https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=University of Technology, Sydney}}</ref> The Brisbane City Council operates under the ''City of Brisbane Act 2010'', while other local governments in Queensland are governed by the ''Local Government Act 2009''. Council meetings are held at Level 2, City Hall, 64 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting dates & locations |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010441/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> every Tuesday at 2pm except during recess and holiday periods. This temporary venue is in use due to the restoration work being performed on the traditional venue Brisbane City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Hall Restoration |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807151113/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Council Meetings generally open to the public, excluding the Civic Cabinet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wards == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! colspan="1" |Wards ! colspan="1" |Gidan Gida na yanzu (Dotal 26 Wards) '' (Dukan 26 Wards) '' |- | {{Australian party style|LNP}} | |Ƙasar Liberal| {{bartable|19||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|LNP}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | |Aiki| {{bartable|5||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Green| {{bartable|2||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | |Mai zaman kansa| {{bartable|1||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |Wuri !Jam'iyyar !Mai ba da shawara |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin Bracken |LNP |Sandy Landers |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Calamvale |Aiki |Emily Kim |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Tsakiya |LNP |Vicki Howard |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Chandler |LNP |Ryan Murphy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Coorparoo |LNP |Fiona Cunningham |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Deagon |Aiki |Jared Cassidy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Doboy |LNP |Lisa Atwood |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Enoggera |LNP |Andrew Wines |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Tafkin daji |Aiki |Charles Strunk |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Hamilton |LNP |Julia Dixon |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Gidan shakatawa na Holland |LNP |Krista Adams |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Jamboree |LNP |Sarah Hutton |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |MacGregor |LNP |Steven Huang |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Mai tafiya |LNP |Fiona Hammond |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |McDowall |LNP |Tracy Davis |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Moorooka |Aiki |Steve Griffiths |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Safiya |Aiki |Lucy Collier |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Northgate |LNP |Adam Allan |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Paddington |Green |Alamar Chong Wah |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Pullenvale |LNP |Greg Adermann |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Runcorn |LNP |Kim Marx |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} |  |Tennyson |Mai zaman kansa |Nicole Johnston |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Gabba |Green |Trina Massey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin daidaituwa |LNP |Steven Toomey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Walter Taylor |LNP |Penny Wolff |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Wynnum Manly |LNP |Alex Givney |} == Heraldry == [[Fayil:CoA_of_Brisbane.svg|thumb|180x180px|Alamar makamai ta Brisbane]] Taken Birnin Brisbane shine ''Meliora sequimur'', [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don ''Muna da niyyar abubuwa mafi kyau''. Taken kamfanonin majalisa ''An sadaukar da shi ga Brisbane mafi kyau''. Launuka na birnin sune shuɗi da zinariya. An gabatar da tambarin kamfaninsa a 1982 a shirye-shiryen Wasannin Commonwealth da aka shirya a Brisbane a wannan shekarar. Yana da fasalin salo na Brisbane City Hall wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1930. Alamun furanni na birnin sune (baƙon abu) poinsettia da Brisbane wattle, kuma alamun dabbobi sune kwari mai kyau da koala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Brisbane City Council yana aiki da dakunan karatu a Annerley, Ashgrove, Banyo, Bracken Ridge, Brisbane CBD (Brisbane Square), Bulimba, Carina, Carindale (Westfield Carindale), Chermside, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Everton Park, Fairfield, Upper Dutsen Gravatt (Garden City), Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly Inala Kenala, Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly, Hamilton, Inala Kenala Mitchelton, Dutsen Coot-tha (Lambunan Botanic), Dutsen Gravatt, Dutsen Ommaney, Sabon Farm, Nundah, Sandgate, Duwatsu Corner, Sunnybank Hills, Toowong, West End, Wynnum, da Zillmere.[1] Bugu da kari, yana aiki da sabis na ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu zuwa Aspley, Bellbowrie, Brighton, Ellen Grove, Lake Forest, Manly West, Dutsen Crosby da Gap.[2] Hakanan akwai ɗakin karatu mai faɗowa wanda ke halartar al'amuran al'umma da bukukuwa, da kuma ziyartar wuraren shakatawa daban-daban a kusa da Brisbane don zaman tarihin yara (an buga jerin ranaku da wuraren da aka buga wasu watanni kafin nan.). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=The Pop-up Library |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140929/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=[[Brisbane City Council]]}}</ref> == Biranen 'yan uwa == Biranen 'yan uwa na Brisbane sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Sister Cities |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602234907/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Nice, Faransa ta kasance 'yar'uwar Brisbane har sai an yanke dangantakar a 1995 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da shawarar da gwamnatin [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] ta yanke na ci gaba da gwajin nukiliya a cikin Tekun Pacific. [[Bangkok]] ta zama 'yar'uwar Brisbane a shekarar 1997, amma haɗin gwiwar ta ƙare a shekarar 2017 a ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD:928382335:pc=PC_71 |access-date=19 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083018/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |website=International Affairs Division – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration}}</ref> gxv1diopxv33qrfvgooxrs2yv6xlq98 846784 846783 2026-06-04T10:53:50Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299034834|City of Brisbane]]" 846784 wikitext text/x-wiki       '''Birnin Brisbane''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma (LGA) wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ciki na Greater Brisbane, babban birnin Queensland, Ostiraliya . Hukumar da ke kula da ita ita ce Majalisar Birnin Brisbane . Ƙungiyoyin LGAs a sauran manyan jihohin ƙasar (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth da Adelaide) gabaɗaya suna da alhakin gundumomin kasuwanci na tsakiya kawai da kuma unguwannin ciki na waɗannan biranen. Koyaya, Birnin Brisbane yana gudanar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Babban Birnin Brisbane (GCCSA), wanda ya kai kusan rabin yawan jama'arta. Don haka, tana da yawan jama'a fiye da kowace karamar hukuma a Ostiraliya. Birnin Brisbane ita ce karamar hukumar Ostireliya ta farko da ta kai fiye da mutane miliyan daya. Yawanta ya yi kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Yankin Arewa a hade. A cikin 2016-2017, majalisa ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi fiye da dala biliyan 3, [3] mafi girma a kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na City of Sydney da City of Melbourne LGAs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Council Annual Plan and Budget 2016–17 |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619002513/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Sydney Annual Report General Purpose Financial Statements 2016/17 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/annual-reports/previous-annual-reports/financial-reports-2016-17.pdf?download=true |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Sydney |pages=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Plan and Budget 2016-2017 |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Melbourne |pages=18-20}}</ref> Birnin ya samo asali ne daga birane, garuruwa da yankuna waɗanda suka haɗu a 1925. Babban ofisoshin da babban ɗakin karatu na majalisa suna a 266 George Street, wanda aka fi sani da Brisbane Square. Gidan Birnin Brisbane yana da Gidan Majalisar, ofisoshin Ubangiji Mayor da Mataimakin Mayor, dakunan taro da karɓar baƙi da Gidan Tarihi na Brisbane. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Birnin Brisbane yana da yawan mutane 1,242,825. Birnin Brisbane ya hada da wadannan ƙauyuka: === Yankunan da ke cikin gida ===  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Map_of_Brisbane_at_time_of_amalgamation_(8072989293).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Brisbane a lokacin hadewa]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg|thumb|Story Bridge da Kogin Brisbane, 2006]] [[Fayil:Queensland_State_Archives_169_Brisbane_City_Hall_Adelaide_Street_Brisbane_c_1932.png|thumb|Birnin Brisbane a cikin shekarun 1930]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_Administration_Centre.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ofisoshin majalisa, 2010]] Gwamnatin Queensland ta ƙirƙiri birnin Brisbane da nufin haɗa yankin babban birnin Brisbane a ƙarƙashin tsari guda ɗaya da tsarin mulki. Dokar Birnin Brisbane ta 1924 ta sami izini daga Gwamna a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1924. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1925, an soke kananan hukumomi ashirin masu girma dabam kuma aka hade su cikin sabuwar birnin. wato: * '''Birane''': Brisbane Kudancin Brisbane ** Brisbane ** Kudancin Brisbane * '''Garuruwa''': Hamilton Ithaca Sandgate Toowong Windsor Wynnum ** Hamilton ** Itaca ** Sandgate ** Toowong ** Windsor ** Wynnum * '''Shires''': Balmoral Belmont Coorparoo Enoggera Kedron Moggill Sherwood Stephens Taringa Tingalpa Toombul Yeerongpilly ** Balmoral ** Belmont ** Coorparoo ** Enoggera ** Kedron ** Moggill ** Sherwood ** Stephens ** Taringa ** Tingalpa ** Toombul ** Yeerongpilly Har ila yau, majalisar ta ɗauki alhakin hukumomin gwamnati masu cin gashin kansu da yawa, kamar Brisbane Tramways Trust. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Selected historical census data for City of Brisbane local government area ! |- ! colspan="3" |Census year !2001 !2006 !2011 !2016 !2021 |- | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Population |Estimated residents on census night | align="right" |873,780 | align="right" |956,129 | align="right" |1,041,839 | align="right" |1,131,155 |1,242,825 |- | align="right" |LGA rank in terms of size within Queensland | align="right" | | align="right" |1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | |- | align="right" |% of Queensland population | align="right" |24.37% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;24.49% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.05% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;24.05% | |- | align="right" |% of Australian population | align="right" |4.66% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.82% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.84% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.83% | |- ! colspan="3" |Cultural and language diversity ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Ancestry,<br /><br />top responses |English | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |25.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.3% | |- |Australian | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |23.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;20.2% | |- |Irish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |9.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | |- |Scottish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |7.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;7.4% | |- |Chinese | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |4.1% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;5.2% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Language,<br /><br />top responses<br /><br />(other than English) |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.9% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;2.6% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.1% | |- |Cantonese | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.5% | |- |Vietnamese | align="right" |1.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.6% | |- |Italian | align="right" |1.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.8% | align="right" | | |- |Greek | align="right" |0.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.7% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |Spanish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |0.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;0.9% | |- |Korean | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |1.0% | |- ! colspan="3" |Religious affiliation ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Religious affiliation,<br /><br />top responses |Catholic | align="right" |28.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;27.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;26.3% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;23.1% | |- |Anglican | align="right" |19.5% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;17.2% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;14.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;11.0% | |- |No religion | align="right" |15.0% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;23.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;31.6% | |- |Uniting | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;6.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;5.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.0% | |- |Presbyterian | align="right" |3.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;3.2% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |[[Buddha|Buddhism]] | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |3.0% | align="right" | | |- ! colspan="3" |Median weekly incomes ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Personal income |Median weekly personal income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$556 | align="right" |A$696 | align="right" |A$770 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.3% | align="right" |120.6% | align="right" |116.3% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Family income |Median weekly family income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1403 | align="right" |A$1873 | align="right" |A$2091 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.8% | align="right" |126.5% | align="right" |120.6% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Household income |Median weekly household income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1157 | align="right" |A$1547 | align="right" |A$1746 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |112.7% | align="right" |125.4% | align="right" |121.4% | |- ! colspan="3" |Dwelling structure ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Dwelling type |Separate house | align="right" |74.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;71.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;70.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;67.4% | |- |Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse | align="right" |6.7% | align="right" |7.9%{{Increase}}&nbsp; | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;10.4% | |- |Flat or apartment | align="right" |17.2% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;19.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.8% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;21.3% | |} Majalisar Birnin Brisbane tana kula da Brisbane Local Heritage Register, jerin wuraren da aka zaba waɗanda suka gamsu da ka'idodin al'adun majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEENSLAND HERITAGE ACT 1992 – SECT 113 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222125934/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |website=Queensland Consolidated Acts |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Birnin Brisbane yana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Birni na Brisbane, mafi girman majalisa a Ostiraliya. Majalisar birnin Brisbane tana da ikonta da aka raba tsakanin magajin gari, majalisa irin ta majalisa mai kansiloli ashirin da shida masu wakiltar gundumomi guda 30,000 kusan masu jefa kuri'a 30,000 (daidai da girman masu zabe na jihohi), da majalisar ministocin farar hula da ta hada da magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari (wanda aka zabo daga mafi rinjaye a majalisa) da kuma shugabannin kwamitocin majalisa bakwai. Saboda matsayin birnin Brisbane a matsayin karamar karamar hukuma mafi girma a kasar, babban magajin gari ne aka zaba ta mafi girma mai wakilai daya a Ostiraliya. Kamar duk masu unguwanni a Queensland, magajin gari yana da ikon zartarwa mai faɗi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansom |first=Graham |date=September 2012 |title=Australian Mayors: What Can and Should They Do? |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000019/https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=University of Technology, Sydney}}</ref> The Brisbane City Council operates under the ''City of Brisbane Act 2010'', while other local governments in Queensland are governed by the ''Local Government Act 2009''. Council meetings are held at Level 2, City Hall, 64 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting dates & locations |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010441/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> every Tuesday at 2pm except during recess and holiday periods. This temporary venue is in use due to the restoration work being performed on the traditional venue Brisbane City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Hall Restoration |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807151113/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Council Meetings generally open to the public, excluding the Civic Cabinet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wards == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! colspan="1" |Wards ! colspan="1" |Gidan Gida na yanzu (Dotal 26 Wards) '' (Dukan 26 Wards) '' |- | {{Australian party style|LNP}} | |Ƙasar Liberal| {{bartable|19||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|LNP}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | |Aiki| {{bartable|5||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Green| {{bartable|2||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | |Mai zaman kansa| {{bartable|1||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |Wuri !Jam'iyyar !Mai ba da shawara |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin Bracken |LNP |Sandy Landers |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Calamvale |Aiki |Emily Kim |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Tsakiya |LNP |Vicki Howard |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Chandler |LNP |Ryan Murphy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Coorparoo |LNP |Fiona Cunningham |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Deagon |Aiki |Jared Cassidy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Doboy |LNP |Lisa Atwood |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Enoggera |LNP |Andrew Wines |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Tafkin daji |Aiki |Charles Strunk |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Hamilton |LNP |Julia Dixon |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Gidan shakatawa na Holland |LNP |Krista Adams |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Jamboree |LNP |Sarah Hutton |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |MacGregor |LNP |Steven Huang |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Mai tafiya |LNP |Fiona Hammond |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |McDowall |LNP |Tracy Davis |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Moorooka |Aiki |Steve Griffiths |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Safiya |Aiki |Lucy Collier |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Northgate |LNP |Adam Allan |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Paddington |Green |Alamar Chong Wah |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Pullenvale |LNP |Greg Adermann |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Runcorn |LNP |Kim Marx |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} |  |Tennyson |Mai zaman kansa |Nicole Johnston |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Gabba |Green |Trina Massey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin daidaituwa |LNP |Steven Toomey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Walter Taylor |LNP |Penny Wolff |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Wynnum Manly |LNP |Alex Givney |} == Heraldry == [[Fayil:CoA_of_Brisbane.svg|thumb|180x180px|Alamar makamai ta Brisbane]] Taken Birnin Brisbane shine ''Meliora sequimur'', [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don ''Muna da niyyar abubuwa mafi kyau''. Taken kamfanonin majalisa ''An sadaukar da shi ga Brisbane mafi kyau''. Launuka na birnin sune shuɗi da zinariya. An gabatar da tambarin kamfaninsa a 1982 a shirye-shiryen Wasannin Commonwealth da aka shirya a Brisbane a wannan shekarar. Yana da fasalin salo na Brisbane City Hall wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1930. Alamun furanni na birnin sune (baƙon abu) poinsettia da Brisbane wattle, kuma alamun dabbobi sune kwari mai kyau da koala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Brisbane City Council yana aiki da dakunan karatu a Annerley, Ashgrove, Banyo, Bracken Ridge, Brisbane CBD (Brisbane Square), Bulimba, Carina, Carindale (Westfield Carindale), Chermside, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Everton Park, Fairfield, Upper Dutsen Gravatt (Garden City), Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly Inala Kenala, Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly, Hamilton, Inala Kenala Mitchelton, Dutsen Coot-tha (Lambunan Botanic), Dutsen Gravatt, Dutsen Ommaney, Sabon Farm, Nundah, Sandgate, Duwatsu Corner, Sunnybank Hills, Toowong, West End, Wynnum, da Zillmere.[1] Bugu da kari, yana aiki da sabis na ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu zuwa Aspley, Bellbowrie, Brighton, Ellen Grove, Lake Forest, Manly West, Dutsen Crosby da Gap.[2] Hakanan akwai ɗakin karatu mai faɗowa wanda ke halartar al'amuran al'umma da bukukuwa, da kuma ziyartar wuraren shakatawa daban-daban a kusa da Brisbane don zaman tarihin yara (an buga jerin ranaku da wuraren da aka buga wasu watanni kafin nan.). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=The Pop-up Library |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140929/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=[[Brisbane City Council]]}}</ref> == Biranen 'yan uwa == Biranen 'yan uwa na Brisbane sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Sister Cities |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602234907/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Nice, Faransa ta kasance 'yar'uwar Brisbane har sai an yanke dangantakar a 1995 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da shawarar da gwamnatin [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] ta yanke na ci gaba da gwajin nukiliya a cikin Tekun Pacific. [[Bangkok]] ta zama 'yar'uwar Brisbane a shekarar 1997, amma haɗin gwiwar ta ƙare a shekarar 2017 a ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD:928382335:pc=PC_71 |access-date=19 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083018/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |website=International Affairs Division – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration}}</ref> 3d4rc7k24rjc4kikxqpftmr5nxznapl 846785 846784 2026-06-04T10:54:22Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 846785 wikitext text/x-wiki      {{Databox}} '''Birnin Brisbane''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma (LGA) wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ciki na Greater Brisbane, babban birnin Queensland, Ostiraliya . Hukumar da ke kula da ita ita ce Majalisar Birnin Brisbane . Ƙungiyoyin LGAs a sauran manyan jihohin ƙasar (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth da Adelaide) gabaɗaya suna da alhakin gundumomin kasuwanci na tsakiya kawai da kuma unguwannin ciki na waɗannan biranen. Koyaya, Birnin Brisbane yana gudanar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Babban Birnin Brisbane (GCCSA), wanda ya kai kusan rabin yawan jama'arta. Don haka, tana da yawan jama'a fiye da kowace karamar hukuma a Ostiraliya. Birnin Brisbane ita ce karamar hukumar Ostireliya ta farko da ta kai fiye da mutane miliyan daya. Yawanta ya yi kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Yankin Arewa a hade. A cikin 2016-2017, majalisa ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi fiye da dala biliyan 3, [3] mafi girma a kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na City of Sydney da City of Melbourne LGAs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Council Annual Plan and Budget 2016–17 |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619002513/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Sydney Annual Report General Purpose Financial Statements 2016/17 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/annual-reports/previous-annual-reports/financial-reports-2016-17.pdf?download=true |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Sydney |pages=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Plan and Budget 2016-2017 |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Melbourne |pages=18-20}}</ref> Birnin ya samo asali ne daga birane, garuruwa da yankuna waɗanda suka haɗu a 1925. Babban ofisoshin da babban ɗakin karatu na majalisa suna a 266 George Street, wanda aka fi sani da Brisbane Square. Gidan Birnin Brisbane yana da Gidan Majalisar, ofisoshin Ubangiji Mayor da Mataimakin Mayor, dakunan taro da karɓar baƙi da Gidan Tarihi na Brisbane. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Birnin Brisbane yana da yawan mutane 1,242,825. Birnin Brisbane ya hada da wadannan ƙauyuka: === Yankunan da ke cikin gida ===  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Map_of_Brisbane_at_time_of_amalgamation_(8072989293).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Brisbane a lokacin hadewa]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg|thumb|Story Bridge da Kogin Brisbane, 2006]] [[Fayil:Queensland_State_Archives_169_Brisbane_City_Hall_Adelaide_Street_Brisbane_c_1932.png|thumb|Birnin Brisbane a cikin shekarun 1930]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_Administration_Centre.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ofisoshin majalisa, 2010]] Gwamnatin Queensland ta ƙirƙiri birnin Brisbane da nufin haɗa yankin babban birnin Brisbane a ƙarƙashin tsari guda ɗaya da tsarin mulki. Dokar Birnin Brisbane ta 1924 ta sami izini daga Gwamna a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1924. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1925, an soke kananan hukumomi ashirin masu girma dabam kuma aka hade su cikin sabuwar birnin. wato: * '''Birane''': Brisbane Kudancin Brisbane ** Brisbane ** Kudancin Brisbane * '''Garuruwa''': Hamilton Ithaca Sandgate Toowong Windsor Wynnum ** Hamilton ** Itaca ** Sandgate ** Toowong ** Windsor ** Wynnum * '''Shires''': Balmoral Belmont Coorparoo Enoggera Kedron Moggill Sherwood Stephens Taringa Tingalpa Toombul Yeerongpilly ** Balmoral ** Belmont ** Coorparoo ** Enoggera ** Kedron ** Moggill ** Sherwood ** Stephens ** Taringa ** Tingalpa ** Toombul ** Yeerongpilly Har ila yau, majalisar ta ɗauki alhakin hukumomin gwamnati masu cin gashin kansu da yawa, kamar Brisbane Tramways Trust. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Selected historical census data for City of Brisbane local government area ! |- ! colspan="3" |Census year !2001 !2006 !2011 !2016 !2021 |- | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Population |Estimated residents on census night | align="right" |873,780 | align="right" |956,129 | align="right" |1,041,839 | align="right" |1,131,155 |1,242,825 |- | align="right" |LGA rank in terms of size within Queensland | align="right" | | align="right" |1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | |- | align="right" |% of Queensland population | align="right" |24.37% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;24.49% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.05% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;24.05% | |- | align="right" |% of Australian population | align="right" |4.66% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.82% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.84% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.83% | |- ! colspan="3" |Cultural and language diversity ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Ancestry,<br /><br />top responses |English | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |25.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.3% | |- |Australian | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |23.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;20.2% | |- |Irish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |9.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | |- |Scottish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |7.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;7.4% | |- |Chinese | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |4.1% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;5.2% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Language,<br /><br />top responses<br /><br />(other than English) |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.9% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;2.6% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.1% | |- |Cantonese | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.5% | |- |Vietnamese | align="right" |1.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.6% | |- |Italian | align="right" |1.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.8% | align="right" | | |- |Greek | align="right" |0.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.7% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |Spanish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |0.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;0.9% | |- |Korean | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |1.0% | |- ! colspan="3" |Religious affiliation ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Religious affiliation,<br /><br />top responses |Catholic | align="right" |28.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;27.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;26.3% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;23.1% | |- |Anglican | align="right" |19.5% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;17.2% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;14.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;11.0% | |- |No religion | align="right" |15.0% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;23.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;31.6% | |- |Uniting | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;6.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;5.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.0% | |- |Presbyterian | align="right" |3.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;3.2% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |[[Buddha|Buddhism]] | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |3.0% | align="right" | | |- ! colspan="3" |Median weekly incomes ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Personal income |Median weekly personal income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$556 | align="right" |A$696 | align="right" |A$770 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.3% | align="right" |120.6% | align="right" |116.3% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Family income |Median weekly family income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1403 | align="right" |A$1873 | align="right" |A$2091 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.8% | align="right" |126.5% | align="right" |120.6% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Household income |Median weekly household income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1157 | align="right" |A$1547 | align="right" |A$1746 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |112.7% | align="right" |125.4% | align="right" |121.4% | |- ! colspan="3" |Dwelling structure ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Dwelling type |Separate house | align="right" |74.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;71.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;70.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;67.4% | |- |Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse | align="right" |6.7% | align="right" |7.9%{{Increase}}&nbsp; | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;10.4% | |- |Flat or apartment | align="right" |17.2% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;19.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.8% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;21.3% | |} Majalisar Birnin Brisbane tana kula da Brisbane Local Heritage Register, jerin wuraren da aka zaba waɗanda suka gamsu da ka'idodin al'adun majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEENSLAND HERITAGE ACT 1992 – SECT 113 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222125934/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |website=Queensland Consolidated Acts |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Birnin Brisbane yana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Birni na Brisbane, mafi girman majalisa a Ostiraliya. Majalisar birnin Brisbane tana da ikonta da aka raba tsakanin magajin gari, majalisa irin ta majalisa mai kansiloli ashirin da shida masu wakiltar gundumomi guda 30,000 kusan masu jefa kuri'a 30,000 (daidai da girman masu zabe na jihohi), da majalisar ministocin farar hula da ta hada da magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari (wanda aka zabo daga mafi rinjaye a majalisa) da kuma shugabannin kwamitocin majalisa bakwai. Saboda matsayin birnin Brisbane a matsayin karamar karamar hukuma mafi girma a kasar, babban magajin gari ne aka zaba ta mafi girma mai wakilai daya a Ostiraliya. Kamar duk masu unguwanni a Queensland, magajin gari yana da ikon zartarwa mai faɗi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansom |first=Graham |date=September 2012 |title=Australian Mayors: What Can and Should They Do? |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000019/https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=University of Technology, Sydney}}</ref> The Brisbane City Council operates under the ''City of Brisbane Act 2010'', while other local governments in Queensland are governed by the ''Local Government Act 2009''. Council meetings are held at Level 2, City Hall, 64 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting dates & locations |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010441/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> every Tuesday at 2pm except during recess and holiday periods. This temporary venue is in use due to the restoration work being performed on the traditional venue Brisbane City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Hall Restoration |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807151113/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Council Meetings generally open to the public, excluding the Civic Cabinet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wards == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! colspan="1" |Wards ! colspan="1" |Gidan Gida na yanzu (Dotal 26 Wards) '' (Dukan 26 Wards) '' |- | {{Australian party style|LNP}} | |Ƙasar Liberal| {{bartable|19||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|LNP}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | |Aiki| {{bartable|5||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Green| {{bartable|2||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | |Mai zaman kansa| {{bartable|1||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |Wuri !Jam'iyyar !Mai ba da shawara |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin Bracken |LNP |Sandy Landers |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Calamvale |Aiki |Emily Kim |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Tsakiya |LNP |Vicki Howard |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Chandler |LNP |Ryan Murphy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Coorparoo |LNP |Fiona Cunningham |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Deagon |Aiki |Jared Cassidy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Doboy |LNP |Lisa Atwood |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Enoggera |LNP |Andrew Wines |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Tafkin daji |Aiki |Charles Strunk |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Hamilton |LNP |Julia Dixon |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Gidan shakatawa na Holland |LNP |Krista Adams |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Jamboree |LNP |Sarah Hutton |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |MacGregor |LNP |Steven Huang |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Mai tafiya |LNP |Fiona Hammond |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |McDowall |LNP |Tracy Davis |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Moorooka |Aiki |Steve Griffiths |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Safiya |Aiki |Lucy Collier |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Northgate |LNP |Adam Allan |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Paddington |Green |Alamar Chong Wah |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Pullenvale |LNP |Greg Adermann |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Runcorn |LNP |Kim Marx |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} |  |Tennyson |Mai zaman kansa |Nicole Johnston |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Gabba |Green |Trina Massey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin daidaituwa |LNP |Steven Toomey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Walter Taylor |LNP |Penny Wolff |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Wynnum Manly |LNP |Alex Givney |} == Heraldry == [[Fayil:CoA_of_Brisbane.svg|thumb|180x180px|Alamar makamai ta Brisbane]] Taken Birnin Brisbane shine ''Meliora sequimur'', [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don ''Muna da niyyar abubuwa mafi kyau''. Taken kamfanonin majalisa ''An sadaukar da shi ga Brisbane mafi kyau''. Launuka na birnin sune shuɗi da zinariya. An gabatar da tambarin kamfaninsa a 1982 a shirye-shiryen Wasannin Commonwealth da aka shirya a Brisbane a wannan shekarar. Yana da fasalin salo na Brisbane City Hall wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1930. Alamun furanni na birnin sune (baƙon abu) poinsettia da Brisbane wattle, kuma alamun dabbobi sune kwari mai kyau da koala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Brisbane City Council yana aiki da dakunan karatu a Annerley, Ashgrove, Banyo, Bracken Ridge, Brisbane CBD (Brisbane Square), Bulimba, Carina, Carindale (Westfield Carindale), Chermside, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Everton Park, Fairfield, Upper Dutsen Gravatt (Garden City), Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly Inala Kenala, Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly, Hamilton, Inala Kenala Mitchelton, Dutsen Coot-tha (Lambunan Botanic), Dutsen Gravatt, Dutsen Ommaney, Sabon Farm, Nundah, Sandgate, Duwatsu Corner, Sunnybank Hills, Toowong, West End, Wynnum, da Zillmere.[1] Bugu da kari, yana aiki da sabis na ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu zuwa Aspley, Bellbowrie, Brighton, Ellen Grove, Lake Forest, Manly West, Dutsen Crosby da Gap.[2] Hakanan akwai ɗakin karatu mai faɗowa wanda ke halartar al'amuran al'umma da bukukuwa, da kuma ziyartar wuraren shakatawa daban-daban a kusa da Brisbane don zaman tarihin yara (an buga jerin ranaku da wuraren da aka buga wasu watanni kafin nan.). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=The Pop-up Library |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140929/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=[[Brisbane City Council]]}}</ref> == Biranen 'yan uwa == Biranen 'yan uwa na Brisbane sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Sister Cities |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602234907/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Nice, Faransa ta kasance 'yar'uwar Brisbane har sai an yanke dangantakar a 1995 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da shawarar da gwamnatin [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] ta yanke na ci gaba da gwajin nukiliya a cikin Tekun Pacific. [[Bangkok]] ta zama 'yar'uwar Brisbane a shekarar 1997, amma haɗin gwiwar ta ƙare a shekarar 2017 a ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD:928382335:pc=PC_71 |access-date=19 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083018/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |website=International Affairs Division – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration}}</ref> qrm9v2m41vj85s9nqv8gpkeyg9wllvm 846786 846785 2026-06-04T10:55:31Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 846786 wikitext text/x-wiki      {{Databox}} '''Birnin Brisbane''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma (LGA) wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ciki na Greater Brisbane, babban birnin Queensland, Ostiraliya . Hukumar da ke kula da ita ita ce Majalisar Birnin Brisbane . Ƙungiyoyin LGAs a sauran manyan jihohin ƙasar (Sydney, Melbourne, Perth da Adelaide) gabaɗaya suna da alhakin gundumomin kasuwanci na tsakiya kawai da kuma unguwannin ciki na waɗannan biranen. Koyaya, Birnin Brisbane yana gudanar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Babban Birnin Brisbane (GCCSA), wanda ya kai kusan rabin yawan jama'arta. Don haka, tana da yawan jama'a fiye da kowace karamar hukuma a Ostiraliya. Birnin Brisbane ita ce karamar hukumar Ostireliya ta farko da ta kai fiye da mutane miliyan daya. Yawanta ya yi kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Yankin Arewa a hade. A cikin 2016-2017, majalisa ta gudanar da kasafin kuɗi fiye da dala biliyan 3, [3] mafi girma a kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na City of Sydney da City of Melbourne LGAs. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=Council Annual Plan and Budget 2016–17 |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619002513/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-rates/news-publications/council-annual-plan-budget-2016-17 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Sydney Annual Report General Purpose Financial Statements 2016/17 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/annual-reports/previous-annual-reports/financial-reports-2016-17.pdf?download=true |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Sydney |pages=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Plan and Budget 2016-2017 |url=https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/sitecollectiondocuments/annual-plan-budget-2016-17.pdf |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=City of Melbourne |pages=18-20}}</ref> Birnin ya samo asali ne daga birane, garuruwa da yankuna waɗanda suka haɗu a 1925. Babban ofisoshin da babban ɗakin karatu na majalisa suna a 266 George Street, wanda aka fi sani da Brisbane Square. Gidan Birnin Brisbane yana da Gidan Majalisar, ofisoshin Ubangiji Mayor da Mataimakin Mayor, dakunan taro da karɓar baƙi da Gidan Tarihi na Brisbane. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Birnin Brisbane yana da yawan mutane 1,242,825. Birnin Brisbane ya hada da wadannan ƙauyuka: === Yankunan da ke cikin gida ===  Tarihi[[Fayil:Map_of_Brisbane_at_time_of_amalgamation_(8072989293).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Brisbane a lokacin hadewa]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_CBDandSB.jpg|thumb|Story Bridge da Kogin Brisbane, 2006]] [[Fayil:Queensland_State_Archives_169_Brisbane_City_Hall_Adelaide_Street_Brisbane_c_1932.png|thumb|Birnin Brisbane a cikin shekarun 1930]] [[Fayil:Brisbane_Administration_Centre.jpg|thumb|Tsohon ofisoshin majalisa, 2010]] Gwamnatin Queensland ta ƙirƙiri birnin Brisbane da nufin haɗa yankin babban birnin Brisbane a ƙarƙashin tsari guda ɗaya da tsarin mulki. Dokar Birnin Brisbane ta 1924 ta sami izini daga Gwamna a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1924. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1925, an soke kananan hukumomi ashirin masu girma dabam kuma aka hade su cikin sabuwar birnin. wato: * '''Birane''': Brisbane Kudancin Brisbane ** Brisbane ** Kudancin Brisbane * '''Garuruwa''': Hamilton Ithaca Sandgate Toowong Windsor Wynnum ** Hamilton ** Itaca ** Sandgate ** Toowong ** Windsor ** Wynnum * '''Shires''': Balmoral Belmont Coorparoo Enoggera Kedron Moggill Sherwood Stephens Taringa Tingalpa Toombul Yeerongpilly ** Balmoral ** Belmont ** Coorparoo ** Enoggera ** Kedron ** Moggill ** Sherwood ** Stephens ** Taringa ** Tingalpa ** Toombul ** Yeerongpilly Har ila yau, majalisar ta ɗauki alhakin hukumomin gwamnati masu cin gashin kansu da yawa, kamar Brisbane Tramways Trust. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Selected historical census data for City of Brisbane local government area ! |- ! colspan="3" |Census year !2001 !2006 !2011 !2016 !2021 |- | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Population |Estimated residents on census night | align="right" |873,780 | align="right" |956,129 | align="right" |1,041,839 | align="right" |1,131,155 |1,242,825 |- | align="right" |LGA rank in terms of size within Queensland | align="right" | | align="right" |1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1{{Small|st}} | |- | align="right" |% of Queensland population | align="right" |24.37% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;24.49% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.05% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;24.05% | |- | align="right" |% of Australian population | align="right" |4.66% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.82% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.84% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.83% | |- ! colspan="3" |Cultural and language diversity ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Ancestry,<br /><br />top responses |English | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |25.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;24.3% | |- |Australian | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |23.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;20.2% | |- |Irish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |9.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | |- |Scottish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |7.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;7.4% | |- |Chinese | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |4.1% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;5.2% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Language,<br /><br />top responses<br /><br />(other than English) |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.9% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;2.6% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;4.1% | |- |Cantonese | align="right" |1.4% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Steady}}&nbsp;1.5% | |- |Vietnamese | align="right" |1.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.4% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;1.6% | |- |Italian | align="right" |1.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.8% | align="right" | | |- |Greek | align="right" |0.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;0.7% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |Spanish | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |0.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;0.9% | |- |Korean | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |1.0% | |- ! colspan="3" |Religious affiliation ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Religious affiliation,<br /><br />top responses |Catholic | align="right" |28.0% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;27.1% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;26.3% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;23.1% | |- |Anglican | align="right" |19.5% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;17.2% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;14.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;11.0% | |- |No religion | align="right" |15.0% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.5% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;23.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;31.6% | |- |Uniting | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;6.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;5.6% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;4.0% | |- |Presbyterian | align="right" |3.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;3.2% | align="right" | | align="right" | | |- |[[Buddha|Buddhism]] | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" |3.0% | align="right" | | |- ! colspan="3" |Median weekly incomes ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Personal income |Median weekly personal income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$556 | align="right" |A$696 | align="right" |A$770 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.3% | align="right" |120.6% | align="right" |116.3% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Family income |Median weekly family income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1403 | align="right" |A$1873 | align="right" |A$2091 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |119.8% | align="right" |126.5% | align="right" |120.6% | |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Household income |Median weekly household income | align="right" | | align="right" |A$1157 | align="right" |A$1547 | align="right" |A$1746 | |- | align="right" |% of Australian median income | align="right" | | align="right" |112.7% | align="right" |125.4% | align="right" |121.4% | |- ! colspan="3" |Dwelling structure ! ! ! ! ! |- | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Dwelling type |Separate house | align="right" |74.7% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;71.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;70.9% | align="right" |{{Decrease}}&nbsp;67.4% | |- |Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse | align="right" |6.7% | align="right" |7.9%{{Increase}}&nbsp; | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;9.7% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;10.4% | |- |Flat or apartment | align="right" |17.2% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;19.3% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;18.8% | align="right" |{{Increase}}&nbsp;21.3% | |} Majalisar Birnin Brisbane tana kula da Brisbane Local Heritage Register, jerin wuraren da aka zaba waɗanda suka gamsu da ka'idodin al'adun majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEENSLAND HERITAGE ACT 1992 – SECT 113 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222125934/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/qha1992188/s113.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=14 September 2012 |website=Queensland Consolidated Acts |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Birnin Brisbane yana ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Birni na Brisbane, mafi girman majalisa a Ostiraliya. Majalisar birnin Brisbane tana da ikonta da aka raba tsakanin magajin gari, majalisa irin ta majalisa mai kansiloli ashirin da shida masu wakiltar gundumomi guda 30,000 kusan masu jefa kuri'a 30,000 (daidai da girman masu zabe na jihohi), da majalisar ministocin farar hula da ta hada da magajin gari, mataimakin magajin gari (wanda aka zabo daga mafi rinjaye a majalisa) da kuma shugabannin kwamitocin majalisa bakwai. Saboda matsayin birnin Brisbane a matsayin karamar karamar hukuma mafi girma a kasar, babban magajin gari ne aka zaba ta mafi girma mai wakilai daya a Ostiraliya. Kamar duk masu unguwanni a Queensland, magajin gari yana da ikon zartarwa mai faɗi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansom |first=Graham |date=September 2012 |title=Australian Mayors: What Can and Should They Do? |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000019/https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/1349323703_Mayors_Discussion_Paper.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-17 |website=University of Technology, Sydney}}</ref> The Brisbane City Council operates under the ''City of Brisbane Act 2010'', while other local governments in Queensland are governed by the ''Local Government Act 2009''. Council meetings are held at Level 2, City Hall, 64 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting dates & locations |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010441/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/committees-meetings-minutes/meeting-dates-locations |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> every Tuesday at 2pm except during recess and holiday periods. This temporary venue is in use due to the restoration work being performed on the traditional venue Brisbane City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Hall Restoration |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807151113/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/parks-venues/brisbane-city-hall/brisbane-city-hall-restoration-2010-2013 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Council Meetings generally open to the public, excluding the Civic Cabinet.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Wards == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar ! colspan="1" |Wards ! colspan="1" |Gidan Gida na yanzu (Dotal 26 Wards) '' (Dukan 26 Wards) '' |- | {{Australian party style|LNP}} | |Ƙasar Liberal| {{bartable|19||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|LNP}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} | |Aiki| {{bartable|5||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Green| {{bartable|2||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}}} |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} | |Mai zaman kansa| {{bartable|1||20||background:{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |Wuri !Jam'iyyar !Mai ba da shawara |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin Bracken |LNP |Sandy Landers |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Calamvale |Aiki |Emily Kim |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Tsakiya |LNP |Vicki Howard |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Chandler |LNP |Ryan Murphy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Coorparoo |LNP |Fiona Cunningham |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Deagon |Aiki |Jared Cassidy |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Doboy |LNP |Lisa Atwood |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Enoggera |LNP |Andrew Wines |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Tafkin daji |Aiki |Charles Strunk |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Hamilton |LNP |Julia Dixon |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Gidan shakatawa na Holland |LNP |Krista Adams |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Jamboree |LNP |Sarah Hutton |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |MacGregor |LNP |Steven Huang |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Mai tafiya |LNP |Fiona Hammond |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |McDowall |LNP |Tracy Davis |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Moorooka |Aiki |Steve Griffiths |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}} |  |Safiya |Aiki |Lucy Collier |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Northgate |LNP |Adam Allan |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Paddington |Green |Alamar Chong Wah |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Pullenvale |LNP |Greg Adermann |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Runcorn |LNP |Kim Marx |- | {{Australian party style|Independent}} |  |Tennyson |Mai zaman kansa |Nicole Johnston |- | {{Australian party style|Greens}} |  |Gabba |Green |Trina Massey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Rashin daidaituwa |LNP |Steven Toomey |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Walter Taylor |LNP |Penny Wolff |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal Nationals}} |  |Wynnum Manly |LNP |Alex Givney |} == Heraldry == [[Fayil:CoA_of_Brisbane.svg|thumb|180x180px|Alamar makamai ta Brisbane]] Taken Birnin Brisbane shine ''Meliora sequimur'', [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don ''Muna da niyyar abubuwa mafi kyau''. Taken kamfanonin majalisa ''An sadaukar da shi ga Brisbane mafi kyau''. Launuka na birnin sune shuɗi da zinariya. An gabatar da tambarin kamfaninsa a 1982 a shirye-shiryen Wasannin Commonwealth da aka shirya a Brisbane a wannan shekarar. Yana da fasalin salo na Brisbane City Hall wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1930. Alamun furanni na birnin sune (baƙon abu) poinsettia da Brisbane wattle, kuma alamun dabbobi sune kwari mai kyau da koala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbols used by Council |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023556/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/council-information-and-rates/council-history/symbols-used-by-council |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Brisbane City Council yana aiki da dakunan karatu a Annerley, Ashgrove, Banyo, Bracken Ridge, Brisbane CBD (Brisbane Square), Bulimba, Carina, Carindale (Westfield Carindale), Chermside, Coopers Plains, Corinda, Everton Park, Fairfield, Upper Dutsen Gravatt (Garden City), Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly Inala Kenala, Grange, Hollandoo Inala, Hamilly, Hamilton, Inala Kenala Mitchelton, Dutsen Coot-tha (Lambunan Botanic), Dutsen Gravatt, Dutsen Ommaney, Sabon Farm, Nundah, Sandgate, Duwatsu Corner, Sunnybank Hills, Toowong, West End, Wynnum, da Zillmere.[1] Bugu da kari, yana aiki da sabis na ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu zuwa Aspley, Bellbowrie, Brighton, Ellen Grove, Lake Forest, Manly West, Dutsen Crosby da Gap.[2] Hakanan akwai ɗakin karatu mai faɗowa wanda ke halartar al'amuran al'umma da bukukuwa, da kuma ziyartar wuraren shakatawa daban-daban a kusa da Brisbane don zaman tarihin yara (an buga jerin ranaku da wuraren da aka buga wasu watanni kafin nan.). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=The Pop-up Library |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140929/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/facilities-recreation/libraries/opening-hours-locations/pop-library |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=[[Brisbane City Council]]}}</ref> == Biranen 'yan uwa == Biranen 'yan uwa na Brisbane sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane Sister Cities |url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602234907/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Brisbane City Council}}</ref> Nice, Faransa ta kasance 'yar'uwar Brisbane har sai an yanke dangantakar a 1995 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da shawarar da gwamnatin [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]] ta yanke na ci gaba da gwajin nukiliya a cikin Tekun Pacific. [[Bangkok]] ta zama 'yar'uwar Brisbane a shekarar 1997, amma haɗin gwiwar ta ƙare a shekarar 2017 a ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities – Brisbane City Council<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD:928382335:pc=PC_71 |access-date=19 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brisbane |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083018/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=35 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |website=International Affairs Division – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration}}</ref> 3z2r7vg1qr51n0ry8njk2jnstb4qv9r DP Duniya Berbera Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa 0 154729 846787 2026-06-04T11:36:34Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351015205|DP World Berbera New Port]]" 846787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta DP World''' ( Somali Berbera, Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''DP World Berbera''', ita ce sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta DP World a birnin Berbera kuma ita ce reshe ɗaya tilo a [[Somaliland|Jamhuriyar Somaliland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP WORLD Berbera &#124; DP World -Berbera |url=http://www.dpworldberbera.com/dp-world-berbera |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206013223/http://www.dpworldberbera.com/dp-world-berbera |archive-date=2020-12-06 |access-date=2021-02-18 |website=www.dpworldberbera.com}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Sultan_Ahmed_Bin_Sulayem,_Group_Chairman_and_CEO,_DP_World_with_Dr_Saad_Ali_Shire.jpg|left|thumb|Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Shugaban Rukunin Kamfanonin DP World tare da Dr. Saad Ali Shire, Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya, Jamhuriyar Somaliland a bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jebel Ali da ke Dubai.]] A watan Mayun 2016, DP World ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 442 da gwamnatin [[Somaliland]], domin gudanar da aiki da kuma aiwatar da cibiyar kasuwanci da sufuri ta yanki a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera. Aikin, wanda za a fara shi a mataki-mataki, zai kuma kunshi kafa yankin 'yanci. A ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, Habasha ta zama babbar mai hannun jari bayan yarjejeniya da DP World da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Somaliland. DP World tana da kashi 51% na hannun jari a aikin, Somaliland tana da kashi 30%, yayin da Habasha ke da sauran kashi 19%. [[Fayil:President_Muse_Bihi_Abdi_and_Sultan_Ahmed_Bin_Sulayem,_inaugurated_the_first_phase_of_the_new_terminal_of_DP_World_Berbera.png|left|thumb|Shugaba Musa Bihi Abdi tare da Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Mustafa Muhummed Omer (Agjar), shugaban yankin Somali na Habasha da Ahmed Shide ministan kudi da [[Dagmawit Moges]] ministar sufurin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] sun kaddamar da kashi na farko na sabon tashar ta DP World Berbera.]] A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2021, an kaddamar da sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera a hukumance ta hannun Muse Biixi Abdi, Shugaban Somaliland, Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem, Shugaban Rukunin kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na DP World da kuma tawagar gwamnati daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]], karkashin jagorancin Ahmed Shide Ministar Kudi da [[Dagmawit Moges]] Ministar Sufuri. An bude sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 400 da kuma cranes guda uku na jiragen ruwa masu karfin TEU 500,000 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Terminal Opens at Somaliland's Berbera Port |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_modern-terminal-opens-somalilands-berbera-port/6207468.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP World, Somaliland open new terminal at Berbera Port |url=https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/June/24-06/DP-World-and-Somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-Berbera-Port}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP World and Somaliland open new terminal at Berbera Port |url=https://ajot.com/news/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port}}</ref> === Hanyar Berber === [[Fayil:Berbera_corridor_road.jpg|left|thumb|Berbera Corridor, kuma aka fi sani da titin Berbera – Wajaale]] Gina hanyar jirgin ruwa ta Berbera wani muhimmin bangare ne na yarjejeniyar kwangila da gwamnatin Somaliland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da kamfanin tashar jiragen ruwa mallakarta na Dubai Ports World suka kulla. Hanyar jirgin ta hada tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera da [[Hargeisa]], babban birnin Somaliland, ta ratsa ta Tog Wajaale ta kuma hade da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Ahmed M. |date=18 January 2023 |title=The Berbera Corridor Development & Somaliland’s Political Economy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/land-investment-and-politics/berbera-corridor-development-somalilands-political-economy/1193617AC545EDE6369B00A0ED806EBD |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> === Hasashen faɗaɗawa da ci gaba === [[Fayil:Port_of_Berbera_Volume_Prospect.jpg|thumb|300x300px]] A cewar Bankin Duniya, ana sa ran yawan kayan da ake sarrafawa a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera zai karu daga tan miliyan 3.0 a shekarar 2016 zuwa tan miliyan 18.1 a shekarar 2050. Tare da kimanin kashi 47.1 cikin 100 na yawan kayan da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera ke sarrafawa a shekarar 2050, ana hasashen cewa yawan kayan da ake sarrafawa a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera zai zama mafi girman nau'in kayan da ake sarrafawa, sai kuma kwantena mai kashi 39.4 cikin 100 da kuma kayan da ake sarrafawa a shekarar 2050. Ana raba kayan da ake sarrafawa a cikin kwantena daidai gwargwado tsakanin shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya, yayin da ake sa ran yawan kayan da ake fitarwa a cikin kwantena za su kunshi dukkan kayan da ake fitarwa. Fitar da kaya gaba daya ya kai kimanin kashi 90 cikin 100 na jimlar kayan da ake fitarwa a shekarar 2050, tare da dabbobi su ne babban kayan da ake fitarwa. Da tan 10,000 kacal (kimanin na'urorin hawa 7,000) a shekarar 2050, motocin suna wakiltar mafi karancin nau'in kayan da ake sarrafawa. Ganin cewa babu fitar da ɗanyen mai daga ƙasashen waje, yawan ruwan da ake fitarwa ba wani muhimmin abu ba ne a cikin shekarar 2050, wanda ke wakiltar tan miliyan 0.8 kacal a shekarar 2050. Ana sa ran jimillar yawan zai ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan ci gaban kowace shekara na kashi 8.7 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2016-2030, kashi 3.8 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2030-2040, da kuma kashi 2.7 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2040-2050. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan ci gaban shi ne saboda ana sa ran Berber za ta kama kashi 7.5 cikin ɗari na kwantena na Habasha, busassun kaya, da kuma yawan kaya tsakanin shekarar 2021 da 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa: Prospects and Challenges |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/963231561663013431/pdf/Country-and-Port-Fact-Sheets-and-Projections.pdf |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Somaliland]] * DP World * [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera]] * [[Somaliland|Sufuri a Somaliland]] == Manazarta == mfdub5vm5qa965o6mg3xvp7e2kud7cg 846788 846787 2026-06-04T11:37:04Z Engineer014 44591 846788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta DP World''' ( Somali Berbera, Arabic ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''DP World Berbera''', ita ce sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta DP World a birnin Berbera kuma ita ce reshe ɗaya tilo a [[Somaliland|Jamhuriyar Somaliland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP WORLD Berbera &#124; DP World -Berbera |url=http://www.dpworldberbera.com/dp-world-berbera |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206013223/http://www.dpworldberbera.com/dp-world-berbera |archive-date=2020-12-06 |access-date=2021-02-18 |website=www.dpworldberbera.com}}</ref> == Bayani == [[Fayil:Sultan_Ahmed_Bin_Sulayem,_Group_Chairman_and_CEO,_DP_World_with_Dr_Saad_Ali_Shire.jpg|left|thumb|Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Shugaban Rukunin Kamfanonin DP World tare da Dr. Saad Ali Shire, Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya, Jamhuriyar Somaliland a bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jebel Ali da ke Dubai.]] A watan Mayun 2016, DP World ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta dala miliyan 442 da gwamnatin [[Somaliland]], domin gudanar da aiki da kuma aiwatar da cibiyar kasuwanci da sufuri ta yanki a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera. Aikin, wanda za a fara shi a mataki-mataki, zai kuma kunshi kafa yankin 'yanci. A ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, Habasha ta zama babbar mai hannun jari bayan yarjejeniya da DP World da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Somaliland. DP World tana da kashi 51% na hannun jari a aikin, Somaliland tana da kashi 30%, yayin da Habasha ke da sauran kashi 19%. [[Fayil:President_Muse_Bihi_Abdi_and_Sultan_Ahmed_Bin_Sulayem,_inaugurated_the_first_phase_of_the_new_terminal_of_DP_World_Berbera.png|left|thumb|Shugaba Musa Bihi Abdi tare da Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Mustafa Muhummed Omer (Agjar), shugaban yankin Somali na Habasha da Ahmed Shide ministan kudi da [[Dagmawit Moges]] ministar sufurin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] sun kaddamar da kashi na farko na sabon tashar ta DP World Berbera.]] A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2021, an kaddamar da sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera a hukumance ta hannun Muse Biixi Abdi, Shugaban Somaliland, Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem, Shugaban Rukunin kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na DP World da kuma tawagar gwamnati daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]], karkashin jagorancin Ahmed Shide Ministar Kudi da [[Dagmawit Moges]] Ministar Sufuri. An bude sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 400 da kuma cranes guda uku na jiragen ruwa masu karfin TEU 500,000 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Terminal Opens at Somaliland's Berbera Port |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_modern-terminal-opens-somalilands-berbera-port/6207468.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP World, Somaliland open new terminal at Berbera Port |url=https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/June/24-06/DP-World-and-Somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-Berbera-Port}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DP World and Somaliland open new terminal at Berbera Port |url=https://ajot.com/news/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port}}</ref> === Hanyar Berber === [[Fayil:Berbera_corridor_road.jpg|left|thumb|Berbera Corridor, kuma aka fi sani da titin Berbera – Wajaale]] Gina hanyar jirgin ruwa ta Berbera wani muhimmin bangare ne na yarjejeniyar kwangila da gwamnatin Somaliland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da kamfanin tashar jiragen ruwa mallakarta na Dubai Ports World suka kulla. Hanyar jirgin ta hada tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera da [[Hargeisa]], babban birnin Somaliland, ta ratsa ta Tog Wajaale ta kuma hade da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Ahmed M. |date=18 January 2023 |title=The Berbera Corridor Development & Somaliland’s Political Economy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/land-investment-and-politics/berbera-corridor-development-somalilands-political-economy/1193617AC545EDE6369B00A0ED806EBD |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> === Hasashen faɗaɗawa da ci gaba === [[Fayil:Port_of_Berbera_Volume_Prospect.jpg|thumb|300x300px]] A cewar Bankin Duniya, ana sa ran yawan kayan da ake sarrafawa a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera zai karu daga tan miliyan 3.0 a shekarar 2016 zuwa tan miliyan 18.1 a shekarar 2050. Tare da kimanin kashi 47.1 cikin 100 na yawan kayan da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera ke sarrafawa a shekarar 2050, ana hasashen cewa yawan kayan da ake sarrafawa a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Berbera zai zama mafi girman nau'in kayan da ake sarrafawa, sai kuma kwantena mai kashi 39.4 cikin 100 da kuma kayan da ake sarrafawa a shekarar 2050. Ana raba kayan da ake sarrafawa a cikin kwantena daidai gwargwado tsakanin shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya, yayin da ake sa ran yawan kayan da ake fitarwa a cikin kwantena za su kunshi dukkan kayan da ake fitarwa. Fitar da kaya gaba daya ya kai kimanin kashi 90 cikin 100 na jimlar kayan da ake fitarwa a shekarar 2050, tare da dabbobi su ne babban kayan da ake fitarwa. Da tan 10,000 kacal (kimanin na'urorin hawa 7,000) a shekarar 2050, motocin suna wakiltar mafi karancin nau'in kayan da ake sarrafawa. Ganin cewa babu fitar da ɗanyen mai daga ƙasashen waje, yawan ruwan da ake fitarwa ba wani muhimmin abu ba ne a cikin shekarar 2050, wanda ke wakiltar tan miliyan 0.8 kacal a shekarar 2050. Ana sa ran jimillar yawan zai ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan ci gaban kowace shekara na kashi 8.7 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2016-2030, kashi 3.8 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2030-2040, da kuma kashi 2.7 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2040-2050. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan ci gaban shi ne saboda ana sa ran Berber za ta kama kashi 7.5 cikin ɗari na kwantena na Habasha, busassun kaya, da kuma yawan kaya tsakanin shekarar 2021 da 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa: Prospects and Challenges |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/963231561663013431/pdf/Country-and-Port-Fact-Sheets-and-Projections.pdf |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Somaliland]] * DP World * [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera]] * [[Somaliland|Sufuri a Somaliland]] == Manazarta == a60y650l35uxdunhwwa9iypqnkqeim3 Durtu 0 154730 846789 2026-06-04T11:37:41Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322080974|Durtu]]" 846789 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Durtu</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="fa">[[Persian language|Farisa]]: دورتو<span lang="fa" dir="rtl">Duttuka</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Ƙauyen</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Iran_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Durtu is located in Iran]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:55.335%;left:31.686%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Durtu]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Durtu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 31°25′23′′N 49°59′44′′E / 31.42306°N 49.99556°E / 31. 42306; 49.995556 <indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Durtu&params=31_25_23_N_49_59_44_E_dim:1km_type:city(328)_region:IR-06 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°25′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">49°59′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.42306°N 49.99556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">31.42306; 49.99556</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Iran |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Khuzestan |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Bagh-e Malek |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Tsakiya |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar Karkara | class="infobox-data" |Haparu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2016) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2016)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |328 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+3:30 (STIR) |} '''Durtu''' (Persian) {{Efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Dūrtū'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3823262|Durtu}}</ref>}} ƙauye ne a, kuma babban birnin gundumar karkara ta Haparu na Gundumar Tsakiya ta Bagh-e Malek County, Lardin Khuzestan, Iran . == Yawan jama'a == === Yawan jama'a === A lokacin kididdigar kasa ta 2006, yawan mutanen ƙauyen ya kai 472 a cikin gidaje 86. Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya a cikin 2011 ta ƙidaya mutane 369 a cikin gidaje 86. Ƙididdigar shekara ta 2016 ta auna yawan mutanen ƙauyen a matsayin mutane 328 a cikin gidaje 83. == Dubi kuma == Tashar Iran j9dtdctt811ph2aq3f1mpsloxz0rs2q Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Thukela 0 154731 846790 2026-06-04T11:38:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976577|Thukela Water Management Area]]" 846790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thukela WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Thukela (wanda aka lakafta: 7)''', (wanda kuma aka sani da Tugela WMA), Ya ƙunshi babban kogi kawai: [[Kogin Tugela|Kogin Thukela]], kuma ya rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * [[Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Craigie|Craigie Burn Dam]] [[Mnyamvubu River|Kogin Mnyamvubu]] * [[Kogin Tugela|Kogin Tugela na]] [[Driel Barrage]] * [[Kogin Mooi (Tugela)|Kogin]] [[Mearns Dam]] * [[Dam din Ntshingwayo|Madatsar ruwa ta Ntshingwayo Kogin]] [[Ngagane River|Ngagane]] * Madatsar ruwa ta Spioenkop Kogin [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]] * [[Dam din Wagendrift|Wagendrift Dam]] [[Kogin Bushman|Kogin Boesmans]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Woodstock Kogin [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]] * Kogin [[Dam ɗin Zaaihoek|Zaaihoek Dam]] [[Kogin Slang|Slang]] == Iyakoki == Babban yankin magudanar ruwa V. == Manazarta == 383n4dbtmc4e60k2e1ja2fkqyn7j87r 846791 846790 2026-06-04T11:38:25Z Engineer014 44591 846791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thukela WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Thukela (wanda aka lakafta: 7)''', (wanda kuma aka sani da Tugela WMA), Ya ƙunshi babban kogi kawai: [[Kogin Tugela|Kogin Thukela]], kuma ya rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * [[Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Craigie|Craigie Burn Dam]] [[Mnyamvubu River|Kogin Mnyamvubu]] * [[Kogin Tugela|Kogin Tugela na]] [[Driel Barrage]] * [[Kogin Mooi (Tugela)|Kogin]] [[Mearns Dam]] * [[Dam din Ntshingwayo|Madatsar ruwa ta Ntshingwayo Kogin]] [[Ngagane River|Ngagane]] * Madatsar ruwa ta Spioenkop Kogin [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]] * [[Dam din Wagendrift|Wagendrift Dam]] [[Kogin Bushman|Kogin Boesmans]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Woodstock Kogin [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]] * Kogin [[Dam ɗin Zaaihoek|Zaaihoek Dam]] [[Kogin Slang|Slang]] == Iyakoki == Babban yankin magudanar ruwa V. == Manazarta == 3lszuy697cqgroos8jj97m6hyrahxsn 1968 Kofin Zakarun Afirka 0 154732 846792 2026-06-04T11:39:32Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350618020|1968 African Cup of Champions Clubs]]" 846792 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1968''' ita ce gasa ta 4 ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a yankin CAF (Afirka), wato gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka . Ta tabbatar da zakaran [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyin]] a [[Afirka]] a wannan shekarar. Ƙungiyoyi 20 ne suka buga gasar kuma an yi amfani da tsarin knock-out tare da kunnen doki da aka buga gida da waje. TP Englebert daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Congo-Kinshasa]] ta lashe wasan ƙarshe, kuma ta zama zakaran ƙungiyar CAF a karo na biyu a jere a karon farko wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai riƙe da tarihin adadin kofunan da aka lashe. == Zagayen farko == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Etoile du Congo]]'''|Republic of the Congo|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Mighty Blackpool]]|SLE|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Augustinians FC]]|GAM|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Somali Police FC|Police (Mogadishu)]]'''|SOM|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Cosmopolitans FC]]|TAN|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Secteur 6]]|NIG|2–4|'''[[Union Sportive de Ouagadougou|US Ouagadougou]]'''|Upper Volta|1–1|1–3}} |}<sup>1</sup> Mighty Blackpool, Augustinians FC da Cosmopolitans FC duk sun janye. == Zagaye na farko == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]'''|KEN|4–2|[[Saint-George SA]]|ETH|1–1|3–1}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Africa Sports]]|CIV|6–4<sup>1</sup>|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|2–0|4–4}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Etoile du Congo]]|Republic of the Congo|4–6|'''[[Oryx Douala]]'''|CMR|1–2|3–4}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|3–0|[[ASC Diaraf|Foyer France]]|SEN|2–0|1–0}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Mighty Barrolle]]|LBR|1–2<sup>2</sup>|'''[[Hafia FC|Conakry II]]'''|GUI|1–2|n/p<sup>2</sup>}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Somali Police FC|Police (Mogadishu)]]|SOM|2–4|'''[[Al-Mourada]]'''|SUD|1–1|1–3}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Stationery Stores]]'''|NGR|4–4<sup>3</sup>|[[Cape Coast Dwarfs]]|GHA|3–2|1–2}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Union Sportive de Ouagadougou|US Ouagadougou]]|Upper Volta|1–6|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|1–4|0–2}} |}An kori <sup>1</sup> [[Afrika Sports d'Abidjan|Africa Sports]] daga gasar da aka yi don fitar da 'yan wasa uku da ba su cancanta ba. An dakatar da Mighty Barolle daga buga <sup>wasa 2</sup> bayan da FIFA ta dakatar da Liberia. Shagunan Kayan Aiki <sup>guda 3</sup> sun yi nasara bayan an yi musu zane a wurare daban-daban. == Kwata-kwata na ƙarshe == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]'''|KEN|4–3|[[Al-Mourada]]|SUD|3–0|1–3}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|3–0|[[Hafia FC|Conakry II]]|GUI|3–0<sup>1</sup>|n/p<sup>1</sup>}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|2–2<sup>2</sup>|[[Stationery Stores]]|NGR|1–0|1–2}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|5–0|[[Oryx Douala]]|CMR|3–0|2–0}} |}An yi watsi da zagaye na <sup>farko</sup> a minti na 72 inda Étoile Filante ke kan gaba da ci 3-0 bayan Conakry II ta fita don nuna rashin amincewa da alkalancin kuma ta janye daga gasar; an yi kaca-kaca da zagaye na biyu kuma Étoile Filante ya yi nasara. <sup>2</sup> An buga wasa na uku a [[Dakar]] bisa yarjejeniyar juna: bayan wannan wasan ya ƙare da ci 2-2 lokacin da lokacin ƙarin lokaci ya ƙare, FAR Rabat ta yi nasara bayan an yi kunnen doki da 'yan wasa. == Wasan kusa da na ƙarshe == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]|KEN|2–4|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|2–0|0–4}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|4–2|[[FAR Rabat]]|MAR|1–1|3–1}} |} == Ƙarshe == <templatestyles src="Module:Football box/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Football box/styles.css"></templatestyles>''TP Englebert ta samu nasara da ci 6-4 a jumulla.'' == Zakara == {| width="95%" |- align="center" |'''Kungiyoyin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na 1968'''<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|COD|1963|size=100px}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''TP Englebert'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''Lakabi na Biyu''' |} == Manyan masu jefa kwallaye == Ga jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1968: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Matsayi ! Suna ! Ƙungiyar ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | 1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[Pierre Kalala Mukendi|Pierre Kalala]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 7 |- | rowspan="1" | 2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[Kamunda Tshinabu]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 5 |- | rowspan="3" | 3 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[Joe Kadenge]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 3 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[John Nyawanga]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 3 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Driss Bamous]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[FAR Rabat]] | 3 |- | rowspan="6" | 6 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[André Kalonzo]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} ... Nyembo "Toyota" | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[John Ambani]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Moulay Driss Cherika]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[FAR Rabat]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Désiré Ananou]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Étoile Filante du Togo|Etoile Filante]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Edmond Apéti Kaolo|Likita Kaolo]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Étoile Filante du Togo|Etoile Filante]] | 2 |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup68.html Takaitaccen sakamakon RSSSF] a Rec. Sport. Gidauniyar Kididdigar Ƙwallon ƙafa {{African Cup of Champions Clubs}}{{1968 in African football (CAF)}}{{International Club Football}} qdm1ujvrzwjc8jjb2c913j1e9a510is 846796 846792 2026-06-04T11:40:59Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 846796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1968''' ita ce gasa ta 4 ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a yankin CAF (Afirka), wato gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka . Ta tabbatar da zakaran [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyin]] a [[Afirka]] a wannan shekarar. Ƙungiyoyi 20 ne suka buga gasar kuma an yi amfani da tsarin knock-out tare da kunnen doki da aka buga gida da waje. TP Englebert daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Congo-Kinshasa]] ta lashe wasan ƙarshe, kuma ta zama zakaran ƙungiyar CAF a karo na biyu a jere a karon farko wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai riƙe da tarihin adadin kofunan da aka lashe. == Zagayen farko == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Etoile du Congo]]'''|Republic of the Congo|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Mighty Blackpool]]|SLE|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Augustinians FC]]|GAM|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Somali Police FC|Police (Mogadishu)]]'''|SOM|[[Walkover|w/o]]<sup>1</sup>|[[Cosmopolitans FC]]|TAN|—|—}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Secteur 6]]|NIG|2–4|'''[[Union Sportive de Ouagadougou|US Ouagadougou]]'''|Upper Volta|1–1|1–3}} |}<sup>1</sup> Mighty Blackpool, Augustinians FC da Cosmopolitans FC duk sun janye. == Zagaye na farko == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]'''|KEN|4–2|[[Saint-George SA]]|ETH|1–1|3–1}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Africa Sports]]|CIV|6–4<sup>1</sup>|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|2–0|4–4}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Etoile du Congo]]|Republic of the Congo|4–6|'''[[Oryx Douala]]'''|CMR|1–2|3–4}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|3–0|[[ASC Diaraf|Foyer France]]|SEN|2–0|1–0}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Mighty Barrolle]]|LBR|1–2<sup>2</sup>|'''[[Hafia FC|Conakry II]]'''|GUI|1–2|n/p<sup>2</sup>}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Somali Police FC|Police (Mogadishu)]]|SOM|2–4|'''[[Al-Mourada]]'''|SUD|1–1|1–3}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Stationery Stores]]'''|NGR|4–4<sup>3</sup>|[[Cape Coast Dwarfs]]|GHA|3–2|1–2}} {{TwoLegResult|[[Union Sportive de Ouagadougou|US Ouagadougou]]|Upper Volta|1–6|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|1–4|0–2}} |}An kori <sup>1</sup> [[Afrika Sports d'Abidjan|Africa Sports]] daga gasar da aka yi don fitar da 'yan wasa uku da ba su cancanta ba. An dakatar da Mighty Barolle daga buga <sup>wasa 2</sup> bayan da FIFA ta dakatar da Liberia. Shagunan Kayan Aiki <sup>guda 3</sup> sun yi nasara bayan an yi musu zane a wurare daban-daban. == Kwata-kwata na ƙarshe == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]'''|KEN|4–3|[[Al-Mourada]]|SUD|3–0|1–3}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|3–0|[[Hafia FC|Conakry II]]|GUI|3–0<sup>1</sup>|n/p<sup>1</sup>}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[FAR Rabat]]'''|MAR|2–2<sup>2</sup>|[[Stationery Stores]]|NGR|1–0|1–2}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|5–0|[[Oryx Douala]]|CMR|3–0|2–0}} |}An yi watsi da zagaye na <sup>farko</sup> a minti na 72 inda Étoile Filante ke kan gaba da ci 3-0 bayan Conakry II ta fita don nuna rashin amincewa da alkalancin kuma ta janye daga gasar; an yi kaca-kaca da zagaye na biyu kuma Étoile Filante ya yi nasara. <sup>2</sup> An buga wasa na uku a [[Dakar]] bisa yarjejeniyar juna: bayan wannan wasan ya ƙare da ci 2-2 lokacin da lokacin ƙarin lokaci ya ƙare, FAR Rabat ta yi nasara bayan an yi kunnen doki da 'yan wasa. == Wasan kusa da na ƙarshe == {{TwoLegStart}} {{TwoLegResult|[[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]]|KEN|2–4|'''[[Étoile Filante du Togo|Étoile Filante (Lomé)]]'''|TOG|2–0|0–4}} {{TwoLegResult|'''[[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]]'''|COD|4–2|[[FAR Rabat]]|MAR|1–1|3–1}} |} == Ƙarshe == <templatestyles src="Module:Football box/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Football box/styles.css"></templatestyles>''TP Englebert ta samu nasara da ci 6-4 a jumulla.'' == Zakara == {| width="95%" |- align="center" |'''Kungiyoyin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na 1968'''<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|COD|1963|size=100px}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''TP Englebert'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''Lakabi na Biyu''' |} == Manyan masu jefa kwallaye == Ga jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1968: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Matsayi ! Suna ! Ƙungiyar ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | 1 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[Pierre Kalala Mukendi|Pierre Kalala]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 7 |- | rowspan="1" | 2 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[Kamunda Tshinabu]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 5 |- | rowspan="3" | 3 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[Joe Kadenge]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 3 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[John Nyawanga]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 3 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Driss Bamous]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[FAR Rabat]] | 3 |- | rowspan="6" | 6 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[André Kalonzo]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} ... Nyembo "Toyota" | align="left" |{{Flagicon|COD|1966}} [[TP Mazembe|TP Englebert]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[John Ambani]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} [[AFC Leopards|Abaluhya United]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Moulay Driss Cherika]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[FAR Rabat]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Désiré Ananou]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Étoile Filante du Togo|Etoile Filante]] | 2 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Edmond Apéti Kaolo|Likita Kaolo]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TOG}} [[Étoile Filante du Togo|Etoile Filante]] | 2 |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup68.html Takaitaccen sakamakon RSSSF] a Rec. Sport. Gidauniyar Kididdigar Ƙwallon ƙafa {{African Cup of Champions Clubs}}{{1968 in African football (CAF)}}{{International Club Football}} bxz7zisd8dx551v8gim73tlaklhju2h Mai aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa 0 154733 846793 2026-06-04T11:39:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281044224|Port operator]]" 846793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa''' hukuma ce ko [[kamfani]] da ke yin kwangila da hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar kaya ta tashar jiragen ruwa a mafi ƙarancin matakin samar da kayayyaki. Suna iya zama mallakar gwamnati (musamman ga hukumomin tashar jiragen ruwa) ko kuma na masu zaman kansu. Aikin ya ƙunshi kula da motsin kwantena na kaya tsakanin jiragen ruwa na kaya, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]] da jiragen ƙasa na jigilar kaya da kuma inganta kwararar kayayyaki ta hanyar kwastam don rage lokacin da jirgin ruwa ke ɓatar a tashar jiragen ruwa. Kula da inganci ya haɗa da sarrafawa da haɓaka kekunan hawa, ma'ajiyar jiragen ruwa, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], [[Titi|hanyoyi]], wuraren ajiya, kayan sadarwa, [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] da kwangilolin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa. Mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa kuma yana kula da takardu, hayar jiragen ruwa, aminci da tsaron tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Engber |first=Daniel |date=February 22, 2006 |title=I'm Running a Port - What Do I Do? |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2136783/ |website=Slate}}</ref> == Manyan masu gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa == Wannan shine jerin manyan masu gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheema |first=Ramish |date=February 28, 2023 |title=12 Biggest Port Terminal Operators |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/12-biggest-port-terminal-operators-031930163.html |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ajay |date=July 23, 2023 |title=11 Major Container Termal Operators in the World |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/11-major-container-terminal-operators-in-the-world/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mai Gudanar da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ! Ƙasa |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Adani &amp;amp; SEZ |{{Flag|India}} |- | Tashoshin AP Møller |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |- | Kamfanin China Merchants Port Holdings Limited |{{Flag|China}} |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na COSCO |{{Flag|China}} |- | DP World |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |- | Kamfanin Ruwa na Evergreen |{{Flag|Taiwan}} |- | Tashar Kwantena ta Eurogate |{{Flag|Germany}} |- | Hamburger Hafen da Logistik Aktiengesellschaft |{{Flag|Germany}} |- | Kamfanin Hutchison Port Holdings |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |- | Ayyukan Tashar Kwantena ta Ƙasashen Duniya |{{Flag|Philippines}} |- | PSA ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa |{{Flag|Singapore}} |- | Ƙungiyar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya ta Shanghai |{{Flag|China}} |- | Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta SSA |{{Flag|United States}} |- | Kamfanin Terminal Investment Limited |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |} == Manazarta == he2cscfh1phlvyrsiumi3slpo0qfwhe 846794 846793 2026-06-04T11:40:09Z Engineer014 44591 846794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa''' hukuma ce ko [[kamfani]] da ke yin kwangila da hukumar tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar kaya ta tashar jiragen ruwa a mafi ƙarancin matakin samar da kayayyaki. Suna iya zama mallakar gwamnati (musamman ga hukumomin tashar jiragen ruwa) ko kuma na masu zaman kansu. Aikin ya ƙunshi kula da motsin kwantena na kaya tsakanin jiragen ruwa na kaya, [[Babban mota|manyan motoci]] da jiragen ƙasa na jigilar kaya da kuma inganta kwararar kayayyaki ta hanyar kwastam don rage lokacin da jirgin ruwa ke ɓatar a tashar jiragen ruwa. Kula da inganci ya haɗa da sarrafawa da haɓaka kekunan hawa, ma'ajiyar jiragen ruwa, [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], [[Titi|hanyoyi]], wuraren ajiya, kayan sadarwa, [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] da kwangilolin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa. Mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa kuma yana kula da takardu, hayar jiragen ruwa, aminci da tsaron tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Engber |first=Daniel |date=February 22, 2006 |title=I'm Running a Port - What Do I Do? |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2136783/ |website=Slate}}</ref> == Manyan masu gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa == Wannan shine jerin manyan masu gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheema |first=Ramish |date=February 28, 2023 |title=12 Biggest Port Terminal Operators |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/12-biggest-port-terminal-operators-031930163.html |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ajay |date=July 23, 2023 |title=11 Major Container Termal Operators in the World |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/11-major-container-terminal-operators-in-the-world/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mai Gudanar da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ! Ƙasa |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Adani &amp;amp; SEZ |{{Flag|India}} |- | Tashoshin AP Møller |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |- | Kamfanin China Merchants Port Holdings Limited |{{Flag|China}} |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na COSCO |{{Flag|China}} |- | DP World |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |- | Kamfanin Ruwa na Evergreen |{{Flag|Taiwan}} |- | Tashar Kwantena ta Eurogate |{{Flag|Germany}} |- | Hamburger Hafen da Logistik Aktiengesellschaft |{{Flag|Germany}} |- | Kamfanin Hutchison Port Holdings |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |- | Ayyukan Tashar Kwantena ta Ƙasashen Duniya |{{Flag|Philippines}} |- | PSA ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa |{{Flag|Singapore}} |- | Ƙungiyar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya ta Shanghai |{{Flag|China}} |- | Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta SSA |{{Flag|United States}} |- | Kamfanin Terminal Investment Limited |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |} == Manazarta == q2zekehff9rytpiunskm6vvrn4vq1av Ruwan ruwa na Leeu-Gamka 0 154734 846795 2026-06-04T11:40:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332930488|Leeu-Gamka Dam]]" 846795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]], kusa da Beaufort West, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1959 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3). == Tarihi == An gina madatsar ruwa ta farko mai wannan suna a shekarar 1928. Madatsar ruwa ce da hukumar ban ruwa ta gina kan fam 60,000, tsayinta ya kai mita 13 da tsayinta kuma mita 460. <ref name="stan01" /> A shekarar 1928 aka gyara ta bayan da aka karya madatsar ruwa kuma aka lalata ta sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> A ƙarshe, zaftarewar ƙasa ta rage ƙarfin madatsar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> A shekarar 1959, an gina sabuwar madatsar ruwa a nisan kilomita 3 daga tsohon madatsar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == byq86detq4tl9m9srgu5p87f27yrhun 846797 846795 2026-06-04T11:41:18Z Engineer014 44591 846797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wadda take a [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]], kusa da Beaufort West, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1959 kuma tana aiki ne musamman don ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya mata matsayi mafi girma a cikin haɗarin da madatsar ruwan (3). == Tarihi == An gina madatsar ruwa ta farko mai wannan suna a shekarar 1928. Madatsar ruwa ce da hukumar ban ruwa ta gina kan fam 60,000, tsayinta ya kai mita 13 da tsayinta kuma mita 460. <ref name="stan01" /> A shekarar 1928 aka gyara ta bayan da aka karya madatsar ruwa kuma aka lalata ta sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> A ƙarshe, zaftarewar ƙasa ta rage ƙarfin madatsar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> A shekarar 1959, an gina sabuwar madatsar ruwa a nisan kilomita 3 daga tsohon madatsar ruwa. <ref name="stan01" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 9jwpij7xo0agreciw9dzcg6a7hn9y7v Ambaliyar ruwa a Tunisia 0 154735 846798 2026-06-04T11:42:14Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334148598|Floods in Tunisia]]" 846798 wikitext text/x-wiki Ambaliyar ruwa a [[Tunisiya]] na faruwa ne musamman saboda ruwan sama mai yawa, musamman a lokacin hunturu, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a koguna da rafuka. Koguna kamar [[Oued Merguellil]], Oued el Hadjar, da Oued el Hattab. A cewar bayanai daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Kasa [[Tunisiya|ta Tunisiya,]] an sami ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia's National Institute of Meteorology |url=https://www.meteo.tn/en/pluviometries#:~:text=The%20amounts%20of%20rainfall,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=millimeters%20during%20the%20last,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=of%20the%2011%2D01%2D2025%20at,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=to%2012%2D01%2D2025%20at%2007%3A00,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, wasu yankuna sun fuskanci tarin ruwan sama har zuwa 120.&nbsp;mm a cikin kwanaki huɗu, wanda ya zarce ninki biyu na matsakaicin ruwan sama na wata-wata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Mar 2022 {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2022-000190-tun#:~:text=On%20Saturday%2019%20March,heavy%20rain.&text=country%20and%20central-west%20regions,heavy%20rain.&text=to%20locally%20reach%20an,heavy%20rain.&text=a%20second%20person%20is,heavy%20rain. |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta kai kusan kashi 60% na jimillar asarar tattalin arziki da ta shafi bala'i a [[Tunisiya]] daga 1957 zuwa 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank and AFD Join Efforts to Strengthen Tunisia's Disaster Resilience Capacities |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/03/11/world-bank-and-afd-join-efforts-to-strengthen-tunisia-s-disaster-resilience-capacities#:~:text=Tunisia%20is%20highly%20exposed,560,000%20people).&text=sand%20encroachment,%20and%20snowstorms.,560,000%20people).&text=1957%20and%202018),%20floods,560,000%20people).&text=percent%20of%20total%20losses),,560,000%20people). |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, sama da mutane 560,000 ambaliyar ta shafa. == Jerin Ambaliyar Ruwa == === Satumba 2020 === * A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a garuruwa da birane da dama na Tunisiya, ciki har da Monastir, Sousse, Mahdia, da [[Tunis]] . Jimillar ruwan sama ya kai 47.8&nbsp;mm a cikin Monastir da 89&nbsp;mm a Kairouan cikin awanni 24. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-06 |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Sep 2020 {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ff-2020-000204-tun |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a Tunis ta haifar da zurfin ruwa sama da mita ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da rufe hanyoyi da lalacewar gine-gine. A cewar Hukumar Kare Fararen Hula ta Tunisiya, ambaliyar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane shida, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Recent heavy rains kill at least six September 12 |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2020/09/tunisia-recent-heavy-rains-kill-at-least-six-september-12 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Tunisia: Recent heavy rains kill at least six September 12 {{!}} Crisis24 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Celestial |first=Julie |date=2020-09-15 |title=At least 6 dead after days of heavy rains trigger flooding in Tunisia |url=https://watchers.news/2020/09/15/tunisia-flood-september-2020/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Watchers |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sama da mutane 40,000 sun jikkata, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura da asarar dukiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia – Floods Leave 6 Dead After Days of Heavy Rain – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/tunisia-floods-september-2020 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF n° MDRTN009 |url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/9e66501c-b340-32df-976e-ead7381b444e/MDRTN009do.pdf}}</ref> === Janairu 2026 === * A watan Janairun 2026, akalla mutane hudu sun mutu a Moknine, inda aka ruwaito wani wanda ya mutu, sannan hudu suka bata, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Tunisiya, lamarin da ya jawo ruwan sama mafi karfi a kasar tun shekarar 1950. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Tunisia flood death toll rises to five, with four missing |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/tunisia-flood-death-toll-rises-five-four-missing |publisher=The New Arab}}</ref> Tituna sun cika da ruwa, motoci sun nutse, kuma harkokin yau da kullum sun tsaya cak. Makarantu a Tunis, Nabeul, Sousse, da Béja sun rufe, kuma an shafi harkokin sufuri da kotuna, inda ruwan sama ya kai {{Convert|206|mm}} a cikin Sidi Bou Said . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=At least four dead as floods sweep across Tunisia |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/least-four-dead-floods-sweep-across-tunisia-2026-01-20/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=Four killed by floods after Tunisia’s worst rainfall in 70 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/four-killed-by-floods-after-tunisias-worst-rainfall-in-70-years |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Manazarta == nrjpxd1wxzsb2e2mblcdmwwnejkoyd2 846799 846798 2026-06-04T11:42:51Z Engineer014 44591 846799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ambaliyar ruwa a [[Tunisiya]] na faruwa ne musamman saboda ruwan sama mai yawa, musamman a lokacin hunturu, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a koguna da rafuka. Koguna kamar [[Oued Merguellil]], Oued el Hadjar, da Oued el Hattab. A cewar bayanai daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Kasa [[Tunisiya|ta Tunisiya,]] an sami ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia's National Institute of Meteorology |url=https://www.meteo.tn/en/pluviometries#:~:text=The%20amounts%20of%20rainfall,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=millimeters%20during%20the%20last,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=of%20the%2011%2D01%2D2025%20at,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.&text=to%2012%2D01%2D2025%20at%2007%3A00,Rapha%C3%ABl%202.1.0.}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, wasu yankuna sun fuskanci tarin ruwan sama har zuwa 120.&nbsp;mm a cikin kwanaki huɗu, wanda ya zarce ninki biyu na matsakaicin ruwan sama na wata-wata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Mar 2022 {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2022-000190-tun#:~:text=On%20Saturday%2019%20March,heavy%20rain.&text=country%20and%20central-west%20regions,heavy%20rain.&text=to%20locally%20reach%20an,heavy%20rain.&text=a%20second%20person%20is,heavy%20rain. |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta kai kusan kashi 60% na jimillar asarar tattalin arziki da ta shafi bala'i a [[Tunisiya]] daga 1957 zuwa 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank and AFD Join Efforts to Strengthen Tunisia's Disaster Resilience Capacities |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/03/11/world-bank-and-afd-join-efforts-to-strengthen-tunisia-s-disaster-resilience-capacities#:~:text=Tunisia%20is%20highly%20exposed,560,000%20people).&text=sand%20encroachment,%20and%20snowstorms.,560,000%20people).&text=1957%20and%202018),%20floods,560,000%20people).&text=percent%20of%20total%20losses),,560,000%20people). |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, sama da mutane 560,000 ambaliyar ta shafa. == Jerin Ambaliyar Ruwa == === Satumba 2020 === * A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a garuruwa da birane da dama na Tunisiya, ciki har da Monastir, Sousse, Mahdia, da [[Tunis]] . Jimillar ruwan sama ya kai 47.8&nbsp;mm a cikin Monastir da 89&nbsp;mm a Kairouan cikin awanni 24. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-06 |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Sep 2020 {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ff-2020-000204-tun |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa a Tunis ta haifar da zurfin ruwa sama da mita ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da rufe hanyoyi da lalacewar gine-gine. A cewar Hukumar Kare Fararen Hula ta Tunisiya, ambaliyar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane shida, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Recent heavy rains kill at least six September 12 |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2020/09/tunisia-recent-heavy-rains-kill-at-least-six-september-12 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Tunisia: Recent heavy rains kill at least six September 12 {{!}} Crisis24 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Celestial |first=Julie |date=2020-09-15 |title=At least 6 dead after days of heavy rains trigger flooding in Tunisia |url=https://watchers.news/2020/09/15/tunisia-flood-september-2020/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Watchers |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sama da mutane 40,000 sun jikkata, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura da asarar dukiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia – Floods Leave 6 Dead After Days of Heavy Rain – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/tunisia-floods-september-2020 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Flash Floods - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF n° MDRTN009 |url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/9e66501c-b340-32df-976e-ead7381b444e/MDRTN009do.pdf}}</ref> === Janairu 2026 === * A watan Janairun 2026, akalla mutane hudu sun mutu a Moknine, inda aka ruwaito wani wanda ya mutu, sannan hudu suka bata, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Tunisiya, lamarin da ya jawo ruwan sama mafi karfi a kasar tun shekarar 1950. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Tunisia flood death toll rises to five, with four missing |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/tunisia-flood-death-toll-rises-five-four-missing |publisher=The New Arab}}</ref> Tituna sun cika da ruwa, motoci sun nutse, kuma harkokin yau da kullum sun tsaya cak. Makarantu a Tunis, Nabeul, Sousse, da Béja sun rufe, kuma an shafi harkokin sufuri da kotuna, inda ruwan sama ya kai {{Convert|206|mm}} a cikin Sidi Bou Said . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=At least four dead as floods sweep across Tunisia |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/least-four-dead-floods-sweep-across-tunisia-2026-01-20/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=Four killed by floods after Tunisia’s worst rainfall in 70 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/four-killed-by-floods-after-tunisias-worst-rainfall-in-70-years |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Manazarta == hjuv1ghgelyf1rmn4p67vq80vzfy7oy Kogin Masallaci 0 154736 846800 2026-06-04T11:43:16Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1183432348|Mosque River]]" 846800 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Masallaci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mosque River is located in British Columbia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:31.006%;left:45.868%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mosque River]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin bakin Kogin Masallaci</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Kanada |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |British Columbia |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |[[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Omineca |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_45_9_N_127_16_50_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°45′9′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°16′50′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.75250°N 127.28056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.75250; -127.28056</span></span></span>]</span></span><ref name="BCGNIS" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,700 m (5,600 ft) <ref name="geolocator" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |673 m (2,208 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |50 km (31 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Girman kwandon</div> | class="infobox-data" |499 km<sup>2</sup> (193 sq mi) <ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; matsakaici&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |15.4 m<sup>3</sup>/s (540 cu ft/s) <ref name="watertool" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Masallaci wani magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Skeena a Yankin Stikine na lardin British Columbia, Kanada. Ya samo asali ne daga Tatlatui Range na Dutsen Skeena, kuma yana kwarara kudu maso yamma kimanin kilomita 50 (mil 31) zuwa Kogin Skeena, kimanin kilomita 140 (mil 87) a arewacin Hazelton da kuma kimanin kilomita 160 (mil 99) a gabashin Stewart.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}</ref> Ruwan ruwansa ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 148 (sq mi 57), kuma matsakaicin fitarsa ​​a shekara shine mita cubic 15.4 a kowace daƙiƙa (540 cu ft/s).<ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca "Northwest Water Tool"]. </cite></ref> Dukan kogin yana cikin yankin gargajiya na Gitxsan First Nation kuma yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawa a halin yanzu don Taken asalin ƙasar bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia . <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci . == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Masallaci ya samo asali ne a gefen gabas na [[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] . Yankin nahiyar yana gudana a gefen gabas da arewacin kogin Masallaci. Kimanin kilomita {{Convert|5|km}} (3.1 arewa maso gabashin asalin Kogin Masallaci, a fadin rarraba nahiyar, yana da Tafkin Thutade, tushen Kogin Finlay . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallaci gabaɗaya yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma, yana tattara wasu magudanan da ba a san su ba kafin ya shiga cikin Kogin Skeena. Rashin ruwa yana cikin ɓangaren Dutsen Skeena kuma a cikin Dutsen Omineca . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Manyan duwatsu a ciki da kewayen kogin sun hada da Fort Mountain ({{Convert|2030|m}} ), Diagonal Mountain ({{Convert|2210|m}} m (7,250 ), South Pass Peak ({{Convert|1896|m}} ), Bird Hill ({{Convert|1870|m}} ), da Masallacin Mountain (2, 026 ). Yankunan Skeena da Omineca a cikin kogin Masallaci sun haɗa da Tatlatui Range, Hogem Ranges, da Slamgeesh Range.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> == Tarihi == Kogin Masallaci yana cikin yankin Gitxsan First Nation . Gidan kamun kifi na salmon na Gitxsan suna cikin wurare da yawa a gefen Kogin Skeena, gami da haɗuwar Kogin Skeina da Masallaci.<ref name="SFC">{{Cite web |last=Gottesfeld |first=Allen S. |last2=Babnett |first2=Ken A. |date=January 2007 |title=Skeena Watershed Fish Populations and their Habitat |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/327687.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Skeena Fisheries Commission}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci, wanda ke gefen kudancin kogin. Akalla wasu rafi biyu suna da suna tare da Dutsen Masallaci: Islam Creek da Minaret Creek, dukansu suna gudana a kudu daga Dutsen Masarautar zuwa Kogin Sustut. An sanya sunan Dutsen Masallaci a cikin 1940, saboda siffar dome wanda aka yi tunanin yayi kama da masallaci. Kogin Masallaci yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawar a halin yanzu don taken asalin Gitxsan bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2021 tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tana cikin mataki na huɗu na tsari. <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society "First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation"]. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallacin ya fada ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya guda biyu. Yankin arewacin ruwa an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Upper Skeena Laxyip . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Skeena Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/upper_skeena_final_all_parites_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> Yankin kudancin an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/sustut_sea_final_all_parties_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin koguna na British Columbia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Gitxsan Nation |url=https://gitxsan.ca |publisher=Gitxsan Huwilp Government}} * {{Cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Atlas of Resource Values in the Gitxsan Watersheds—Phase 2: Upper Skeena Watershed |url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/dss/external/!publish/web/Gitxsan_Wshed_Atlas/UpperSkeena_Web_Proof.pdf |access-date=27 July 2021 |publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development}} * {{Cite web |date=May–June 2019 |title=Gitxsan Gald'm Mahlasxw Newsletter |url=https://gitxsan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Gitxsan_Newsletter_Vol2-SPREADS-1.pdf |publisher=Huwilp Gitxsan Government}} rk2bdfet4mgl9rwhqmbktibfx1fbj1y 846801 846800 2026-06-04T11:44:05Z Pretty Fulani 44366 846801 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox"{{Databox}} ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Masallaci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mosque River is located in British Columbia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:31.006%;left:45.868%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mosque River]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin bakin Kogin Masallaci</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Kanada |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |British Columbia |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |[[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Omineca |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_45_9_N_127_16_50_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°45′9′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°16′50′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.75250°N 127.28056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.75250; -127.28056</span></span></span>]</span></span><ref name="BCGNIS" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,700 m (5,600 ft) <ref name="geolocator" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |673 m (2,208 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |50 km (31 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Girman kwandon</div> | class="infobox-data" |499 km<sup>2</sup> (193 sq mi) <ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; matsakaici&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |15.4 m<sup>3</sup>/s (540 cu ft/s) <ref name="watertool" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Masallaci wani magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Skeena a Yankin Stikine na lardin British Columbia, Kanada. Ya samo asali ne daga Tatlatui Range na Dutsen Skeena, kuma yana kwarara kudu maso yamma kimanin kilomita 50 (mil 31) zuwa Kogin Skeena, kimanin kilomita 140 (mil 87) a arewacin Hazelton da kuma kimanin kilomita 160 (mil 99) a gabashin Stewart.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}</ref> Ruwan ruwansa ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 148 (sq mi 57), kuma matsakaicin fitarsa ​​a shekara shine mita cubic 15.4 a kowace daƙiƙa (540 cu ft/s).<ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca "Northwest Water Tool"]. </cite></ref> Dukan kogin yana cikin yankin gargajiya na Gitxsan First Nation kuma yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawa a halin yanzu don Taken asalin ƙasar bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia . <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci . == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Masallaci ya samo asali ne a gefen gabas na [[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] . Yankin nahiyar yana gudana a gefen gabas da arewacin kogin Masallaci. Kimanin kilomita {{Convert|5|km}} (3.1 arewa maso gabashin asalin Kogin Masallaci, a fadin rarraba nahiyar, yana da Tafkin Thutade, tushen Kogin Finlay . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallaci gabaɗaya yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma, yana tattara wasu magudanan da ba a san su ba kafin ya shiga cikin Kogin Skeena. Rashin ruwa yana cikin ɓangaren Dutsen Skeena kuma a cikin Dutsen Omineca . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Manyan duwatsu a ciki da kewayen kogin sun hada da Fort Mountain ({{Convert|2030|m}} ), Diagonal Mountain ({{Convert|2210|m}} m (7,250 ), South Pass Peak ({{Convert|1896|m}} ), Bird Hill ({{Convert|1870|m}} ), da Masallacin Mountain (2, 026 ). Yankunan Skeena da Omineca a cikin kogin Masallaci sun haɗa da Tatlatui Range, Hogem Ranges, da Slamgeesh Range.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> == Tarihi == Kogin Masallaci yana cikin yankin Gitxsan First Nation . Gidan kamun kifi na salmon na Gitxsan suna cikin wurare da yawa a gefen Kogin Skeena, gami da haɗuwar Kogin Skeina da Masallaci.<ref name="SFC">{{Cite web |last=Gottesfeld |first=Allen S. |last2=Babnett |first2=Ken A. |date=January 2007 |title=Skeena Watershed Fish Populations and their Habitat |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/327687.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Skeena Fisheries Commission}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci, wanda ke gefen kudancin kogin. Akalla wasu rafi biyu suna da suna tare da Dutsen Masallaci: Islam Creek da Minaret Creek, dukansu suna gudana a kudu daga Dutsen Masarautar zuwa Kogin Sustut. An sanya sunan Dutsen Masallaci a cikin 1940, saboda siffar dome wanda aka yi tunanin yayi kama da masallaci. Kogin Masallaci yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawar a halin yanzu don taken asalin Gitxsan bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2021 tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tana cikin mataki na huɗu na tsari. <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society "First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation"]. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallacin ya fada ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya guda biyu. Yankin arewacin ruwa an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Upper Skeena Laxyip . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Skeena Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/upper_skeena_final_all_parites_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> Yankin kudancin an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/sustut_sea_final_all_parties_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin koguna na British Columbia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Gitxsan Nation |url=https://gitxsan.ca |publisher=Gitxsan Huwilp Government}} * {{Cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Atlas of Resource Values in the Gitxsan Watersheds—Phase 2: Upper Skeena Watershed |url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/dss/external/!publish/web/Gitxsan_Wshed_Atlas/UpperSkeena_Web_Proof.pdf |access-date=27 July 2021 |publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development}} * {{Cite web |date=May–June 2019 |title=Gitxsan Gald'm Mahlasxw Newsletter |url=https://gitxsan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Gitxsan_Newsletter_Vol2-SPREADS-1.pdf |publisher=Huwilp Gitxsan Government}} kr4hk8pt26xuihmn6z171mpz3pl6to1 846802 846801 2026-06-04T11:44:28Z Pretty Fulani 44366 846802 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Masallaci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mosque River is located in British Columbia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:31.006%;left:45.868%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mosque River]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin bakin Kogin Masallaci</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Kanada |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |British Columbia |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |[[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Omineca |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_45_9_N_127_16_50_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°45′9′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°16′50′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.75250°N 127.28056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.75250; -127.28056</span></span></span>]</span></span><ref name="BCGNIS" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,700 m (5,600 ft) <ref name="geolocator" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Duwatsun Skeena |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2′′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosque_River&params=56_31_2_N_127_33_28_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°31′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">127°33′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51722°N 127.55778°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">56.51722; -127.55778</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |673 m (2,208 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |50 km (31 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Girman kwandon</div> | class="infobox-data" |499 km<sup>2</sup> (193 sq mi) <ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; matsakaici&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |15.4 m<sup>3</sup>/s (540 cu ft/s) <ref name="watertool" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Masallaci wani magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Skeena a Yankin Stikine na lardin British Columbia, Kanada. Ya samo asali ne daga Tatlatui Range na Dutsen Skeena, kuma yana kwarara kudu maso yamma kimanin kilomita 50 (mil 31) zuwa Kogin Skeena, kimanin kilomita 140 (mil 87) a arewacin Hazelton da kuma kimanin kilomita 160 (mil 99) a gabashin Stewart.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}</ref> Ruwan ruwansa ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 148 (sq mi 57), kuma matsakaicin fitarsa ​​a shekara shine mita cubic 15.4 a kowace daƙiƙa (540 cu ft/s).<ref name="watertool">{{Cite web |title=Northwest Water Tool |url=https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=BC Water Tool |publisher=GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nwwt.bcwatertool.ca "Northwest Water Tool"]. </cite></ref> Dukan kogin yana cikin yankin gargajiya na Gitxsan First Nation kuma yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawa a halin yanzu don Taken asalin ƙasar bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia . <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci . == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Masallaci ya samo asali ne a gefen gabas na [[Diagonal Mountain|Dutsen Diagonal]] . Yankin nahiyar yana gudana a gefen gabas da arewacin kogin Masallaci. Kimanin kilomita {{Convert|5|km}} (3.1 arewa maso gabashin asalin Kogin Masallaci, a fadin rarraba nahiyar, yana da Tafkin Thutade, tushen Kogin Finlay . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallaci gabaɗaya yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma, yana tattara wasu magudanan da ba a san su ba kafin ya shiga cikin Kogin Skeena. Rashin ruwa yana cikin ɓangaren Dutsen Skeena kuma a cikin Dutsen Omineca . <ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> Manyan duwatsu a ciki da kewayen kogin sun hada da Fort Mountain ({{Convert|2030|m}} ), Diagonal Mountain ({{Convert|2210|m}} m (7,250 ), South Pass Peak ({{Convert|1896|m}} ), Bird Hill ({{Convert|1870|m}} ), da Masallacin Mountain (2, 026 ). Yankunan Skeena da Omineca a cikin kogin Masallaci sun haɗa da Tatlatui Range, Hogem Ranges, da Slamgeesh Range.<ref name="topo">{{Cite web |title=Canadian 1:50K topographic maps |url=https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=TopoQuest.com |format=map}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=56.51774&lon=-127.55422&datum=nad27&zoom=16&map=50k&coord=dms&mode=pan&size=l&cross=on "Canadian 1:50K topographic maps"] <span class="cs1-format">(map)</span>. </cite></ref> == Tarihi == Kogin Masallaci yana cikin yankin Gitxsan First Nation . Gidan kamun kifi na salmon na Gitxsan suna cikin wurare da yawa a gefen Kogin Skeena, gami da haɗuwar Kogin Skeina da Masallaci.<ref name="SFC">{{Cite web |last=Gottesfeld |first=Allen S. |last2=Babnett |first2=Ken A. |date=January 2007 |title=Skeena Watershed Fish Populations and their Habitat |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/327687.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Skeena Fisheries Commission}}</ref> An sanya sunan Kogin Masallaci a cikin 1940, tare da haɗin gwiwar Dutsen Masallaci, wanda ke gefen kudancin kogin. Akalla wasu rafi biyu suna da suna tare da Dutsen Masallaci: Islam Creek da Minaret Creek, dukansu suna gudana a kudu daga Dutsen Masarautar zuwa Kogin Sustut. An sanya sunan Dutsen Masallaci a cikin 1940, saboda siffar dome wanda aka yi tunanin yayi kama da masallaci. Kogin Masallaci yana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tattaunawar a halin yanzu don taken asalin Gitxsan bisa ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar British Columbia. Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2021 tattaunawar yarjejeniyar tana cikin mataki na huɗu na tsari. <ref name="gitxsantreaty">{{Cite web |title=First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/gitxsan-hereditary-chiefs-treaty-society "First Nations Negotiations: Gitxsan Nation"]. </cite></ref> Kogin Masallacin ya fada ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya guda biyu. Yankin arewacin ruwa an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Upper Skeena Laxyip . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Skeena Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/upper_skeena_final_all_parites_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> Yankin kudancin an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustut Laxyip Strategic Engagement Agreement |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/agreements/sustut_sea_final_all_parties_signed.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Government of British Columbia}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin koguna na British Columbia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Gitxsan Nation |url=https://gitxsan.ca |publisher=Gitxsan Huwilp Government}} * {{Cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Atlas of Resource Values in the Gitxsan Watersheds—Phase 2: Upper Skeena Watershed |url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/dss/external/!publish/web/Gitxsan_Wshed_Atlas/UpperSkeena_Web_Proof.pdf |access-date=27 July 2021 |publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development}} * {{Cite web |date=May–June 2019 |title=Gitxsan Gald'm Mahlasxw Newsletter |url=https://gitxsan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Gitxsan_Newsletter_Vol2-SPREADS-1.pdf |publisher=Huwilp Gitxsan Government}} rk2bdfet4mgl9rwhqmbktibfx1fbj1y